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romanceofnatural00goss_2_10	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,861	The romance of natural history	Gosse, Philip Henry, 1810-1888	English	Spoken	7,748	10,185	had discovered a herd of buffaloes, and had wounded some, but they had escaped to cover. He had climbed on the low boughs of a small wait-a-hit thorn, whence he struck another bull. The wounded animal “ ran towards the report, his ears outstretched, his eyes moving in all directions, and his nose carried in a right line with the head, evidently bent on revenge ; — he passed within thirty yards of me, and was lost in the bush. Descending from my frail perch, Frolic [the Hottentot attendant] again dis- covered this buffalo standing amongst some small thick bushes, which nearly hid him from view ; his head was lowered, not a muscle of his body moved, and he was without doubt listening intently. We crept noiselessly to a bush, and I again fired. The huge brute ran for- wards up the wind, fortunately not in our direction, and stood still again. No good screen being near, and his nose facing our way, prudence bade us wait patiently for a change in the state of affairs. Presently he lay gently down, and knowing that buffaloes are exceedingly cun- ning, and will adopt this plan merely to escape notice and entrap their persecutors, we drew near with great caution. I again fired through his shoulder, and concluding from his not attempting to rise, that he was helpless, we walked close up to him ; and never can the scene which followed be erased from my memory. Turning his ponderous head round, his eye caught our figures ; I fired the second barrel of my rifle behind his horns, but it did not reach the brain. His wounds gave him some difiiculty in getting up, which just afforded Moneypenny and myself time to ENCOUNTER WITH A BUFFALO. 253 ensconce ourselves behind the slender shrubs that grew round the spot, while Frolic unwisely took to his heels. The buffalo saw him, and uttering a continued unearthly noise, between a grunt and a bellow, advanced at a pace at which these unwieldy creatures are rarely seen to run, unless stirred by revenge. “ Crashing through the low bushes, as if they were stubble, he passed me, but charged quite over Money- penny’s lurking-place, who aimed at him as he came on, and lodged the ball in the rocky mass of horn above his head : the buffalo was so near at the time of his firing, that the horn struck the gun-barrels at the next instant ; but whether the noise and smoke confused the animal, or he was partially stunned by the bullet, he missed my friend, and continued his pursuit of Frolic. “ The Hottentot dodged the enraged and terrific-looking brute round the bushes, but through these slight obstacles he dashed with ease, and gained ground rapidly. Speech- less, we watched the chase, and, in the awful moment, regardless of concealment, stood up, and saw the buffalo overtake his victim and knock him down. At this crisis, my friend fired his second barrel into the beast, which gave Frolic one or two blows with his fore-feet, and push- ing his nose under, endeavoured to toss him; but the Hottentot, aware of this, lay with much presence of mind perfectly still. “ Moneypenny now shouted to me, ‘ The buffalo is com- ing and, in darting round a bush, I stumbled on my rifle, cutting my knee very badly. This proved a false alarm ; 254 THE TEERIBLE. and directly after the buffalo fell dead by Frolic, who then rose and limped towards us. He was much hurt, and a powder-flask which lay in his game-bag was stamped flat. The buffalo was too weak to use his full strength upon him, having probably exhausted all his remaining energy in the chase : otherwise the Hottentot would undoubtedly have been killed, since a man is safer under the paws of a wounded lion, than under the head of an infuriated buffalo. Never did I feel more grateful to a protecting Providence, than when this poor fellow came to us ; for his escape without material injury was little short of miraculous.” * Who, that has looked on the meek, deer-like face of a kangaroo, would imagine that any danger could attend a combat with so gentle a creature ? Yet it is well known that strong dogs are often killed by it, the kangaroo seiz- ing and hugging the dog with its fore-paws, while with one kick of its muscular hind-leg, it rips up its antagonist, and tears out its bowels. Even to man there is peril, as appears from the following narrative. One of the hunter’s dogs had been thus despatched, and he thus proceeds : — “ Exasperated by the irreparable loss of my poor dog, and excited by the then unusual scene before me, I hastened to revenge ; nothing doubting, that, with one fell swoop of my formidable club, my enemy would be prostrate at my feet. Alas 1 the fates, and the still more remorseless white ants, frustrated my murderous inten- sions, and all but left me a victim to my strange and * Life in the Wilderness, p. 173. COMBAT WITH A KANGAROO. 255 active foe. No sooner had the heavy blow I aimed descended on his head, than my weapon shivered into a thousand pieces,* and I found myself in the giant embrace of my antagonist, who was hugging me with rather too warm a demonstration of friendship, and ripping at me in a way by no means pleasant. My only remaining dog, too, now thoroughly exhausted by wounds and loss of blood, and apparently quite satisfied of her master’s superiority, remained a mute and motionless spectator of the new and unequal contest. “Notwithstanding my utmost eflforts to release myself from the grasp of the brute, they were unavailing ; and I found my strength gradually diminishing, whilst, at the same time, my sight was obscured by the blood which now flowed freely from a deep wound, extending from the back part of my head over the whole length of my face. I was, in fact, becoming an easy prey to the kangaroo, who continued to insert, with renewed vigour, his talons into my breast, luckily, however, protected by a loose coarse canvas frock, which, in colonial phrase, is called a ‘jumper,’ and but for which I must inevitably have shared the fate of poor Trip. As it was, I had almost given myself up for lost ; my head was pressed, with surpassing strength, beneath my adversary’s breast, and a faintness was gradually stealing over me, when I heard a long and heart-stirring shout. Was I to be saved ? The thought gave me new life : with increased power I grappled and succeeded in casting from me my determined foe ; and, * The reader will find an explanation of this fact at page 106, mpra. 256 THE TEEEIBLE. seeing a tree close at hand, I made a desperate leap to procure its shelter and protection. I reached, and clung to it for support ; when the sharp report of a rifle was heard in my ear, and the bark, about three inches above my head, was penetrated by the ball. Another shot followed, with a more sure aim, and the exasperated animal (now once more within reach of me) rolled heavily over on its side. On the parties nearing, I found them to be my brother and a friend, who had at first mistaken me for the kangaroo, and had very nearly consummated what had been so strangely begun. However, a miss is always as good as a mile ; and having recruited my spirits and strength with a draught from the never-failing brandy-flask, and sung a requiem over poor old Trip, my companions shouldered the fallen foe, by means of a large stake, one carrying each end, while I followed with weak and tottering steps. You may imagine that the little beauty I ever had is not much improved by the wound on my face, which still remains, and ever will. I am now an older hand at kangaroo-hunting, and never venture to attack so formidable an antagonist with an ant-eaten club ; my dogs, also, have grown too wary to rush heed- lessly within reach of his deadly rips. We have killed many since, but rarely so fine a one as that which first tried our mettle on the plains of New Holland.'’ * The equatorial coast of Africa has recently yielded to European science a gigantic kind of man-like ape, which affords a curious confirmation of an old classic story. Somewhere about the sixth century before the Christian * Sporting Review, ii., p. 343. HANNO’S WILD MEN. 257 era, one Hanno is reported to have sailed from Carthage, through the Pillars of Hercules, on a voyage of exploration along the coast of Africa. In the record of this voyage there occurs the following passage : — “ Passing the Streams of Eire, we came to a bay called the Horn of the South. In the recess there was an island like the first, having a lake, and in this there was another island full of wild men. But much the greater part of them were women, with hairy bodies, whom the interpreters called ' Gorillas.’ But pursuing them, we were not able to take the men ; they all escaped, being able to climb the precipices ; and defended themselves with pieces of rock. But three women, who bit and scratched those who led them, were not willing to follow. However, having killed them, we flayed them, and conveyed the skins to Carthage; for we did not sail any further, as provisions began to fail.”* The “ wild men ” of the ancient navigator were doubt- less identical with the great anthropoid ape lately re-dis- covered, to which, in allusion to the old story, the name of Gorilla has been given. The region in question is a richly wooded country, extending about a thousand miles along the coast from the Gulf of Guinea southward; and as the gorilla is not found beyond these limits, so we may pretty conclusively infer that the extreme point of Hanno was somewhere in this region. This great ape makes the nearest approach of any brute- animal to the human form ; it is fully equal to man in * Peri/plus. E 258 THE TEERIBLE. stature, but immensely more broad and muscular ; while its strength is colossal. Though exclusively a fruit-eater, it is described as always manifesting an enraged enmity towards man ; and no negro, even if furnished with fire- arms, will willingly enter into conflict with an adult male gorilla. He is said to be more than a match for the lion. The rivalry between the mighty ape and the elephant is curious, and leads to somewhat comic results. The old male is always armed with a stout stick when on the scout, and knows how to use it. The elephant has no intentional evil thoughts towards the gorilla, but unfor- tunately they love the same sorts of fruit. When the ape sees the elephant busy with his trunk among the twigs, he instantly regards it as an infraction of the laws of property ; and, dropping quietly down to the bough, he suddenly brings his club smartly down on the sensitive finger of the elephant’s proboscis, and drives ofi* the alarmed animal trumpeting shrilly with rage and pain. There must be something so wild and unearthly in the appearance of one of these apes, so demon-like in hideous- ness, in the solemn recesses of the dark primeval forest, that I might have told its story in the preceding chapter. The terrors with which it is invested are, however, more than imaginary. The young athletic negroes, in their ivory hunts, well know the prowess of the gorilla. He does not, like the lion, sullenly retreat on seeing them, but swings himself rapidly down to the lower branches, courting the conflict, and clutches at the foremost of his enemies. The hideous aspect of his visage, his green eyes JACK KETCH IN THE FOREST. 259 flashing with rage, is heightened by the thick and pro- minent brows being drawn spasmodically up and down, with the hair erect, causing a horrible and fiendish scowl. Weapons are torn from their possessors" grasp, gun-barrels bent and crushed in by the powerful hands and vice-like teeth of the enraged brute. More horrid still, however, is the sudden and unexpected fate which is often inflicted by him. Two negroes will be walking through one of the woodland paths, unsuspicious of evil, when in an instant one misses his companion, or turns to see him drawn up in the air with a convulsed choking cry ; and in a few minutes dropped to the ground a strangled corpse. The terrified survivor gazes up, and meets the grin and glare of the fiendish giant, who, watching his opportunity, had suddenly put down his immense hind-hand, caught the wretch by the neck with resistless power, and dropped him only when he ceased to struggle. Surely a horrible improvised gallows this ! * The pursuit of the whale, whether that species which our hardy mariners seek amidst the ice-floes of the Polar Seas, or the still huger kind which wallows in the bound- less Pacific, is one full of peril, and its annals are crowded with strange and terrible adventures. Swift and sudden deaths ; the shattering of a boat into fragments, and the immersion of the crew in the freezing sea ; the dragging of a man into the depths, by a turn of the tangled line round his leg or arm ; are but too common incidents in this warfare with the leviathan. One instance of this last- See Prof. Owen on the Goiilla {Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859). 260 THE TEREIBLE. named accident is on record, in which the sufferer escaped with life, to tell the harrowing tale of his own sensations. An American whaling captain in the Pacific was fast to a sperm whale, which sounded,” or descended nearly perpendicularly. The line in swiftly running out became suddenly entangled ; the captain was seen to stoop in order to clear it, and in a moment disappeared over the bow. The boat-steerer seized an axe, and instantly cut the line, in hope that, by the slackening, the unfortunate man might become freed. Several minutes had elapsed, and hope had wellnigh become extinguished, when an object was seen to rise to the surface a little way off. It was the body of the captain, which in a few seconds was lifted into the boat. Though senseless and motionless, life seemed to be not extinct, and the usual remedies being applied, he revived, and became, to use his own phrase, “ as good as new,” when he gave an account of his singular escape. It appears that in attempting to throw the line clear from the chock, a turn caught his left wrist, and he was dragged overboard by the descending whale. He was perfectly conscious as he was rushing down with immense rapidity, and it seemed to him as if his arm would be torn from its socket, from the resistance of his body to the water. Well aware of his peril, he knew that his only chance was to cut the line, but with his utmost efforts he could not raise his right hand from his side, to which it was pressed by the force with which he was dragged through the water. VOEACITY OP SHAEKS. 261 On first opening bis eyes it appeared as if a stream of fire was passing before them ; but, as he descended, it grew dark, and he felt a terrible pressure on his brain, and there was a roaring as of thunder in his ears. Yet he still remained conscious, and still made vain efforts to reach the knife that was in his belt. At length, as he felt his strength failing, and his brain reeling, the line for an instant slackened by the whale’s pausing in its descent ; he reached and drew his knife ; the line again became tight, but the edge of the keen blade was across it, and in an instant he was freed. From this moment he remem- bered nothing, until he awoke to light and life and agonising pain, in his bed. Perhaps the reader is familiar with a dreadful example of the voracity of the great white shark. About thirty natives of the Society Islands were proceeding from isle to isle in one of their large double canoes. A storm coming on, the lashings of the two canoes were torn apart by the violence of the sea, and they were separated. Their depth and narrowness rendered them incapable of floating upright when single ; and, though the crew strove hard to keep them on an even keel by balancing the weight, they were every moment capsized. In these cir- cumstances, they endeavoured to form a raft of the loose spars and beams, the boards and paddles, which they could get at, hoping to drift ashore thereon. Prom their numbers, however, compared with the small size of the raft, the latter was pressed so deep, that the waves washed above their knees. At length they saw the horrid sharks 262 THE TEEEIBLE. begin to collect around tbem, which soon grew so bold as to seize one of the shipwrecked wretches, and drag him into the abyss. Another and another followed ; for the poor islanders, destitute • of any weapons, and almost ex- hausted with hunger and fatigue, and crowded together on their submerged narrow platform, could neither defend themselves nor evade their ferocious assailants. Every moment made the conflict more unequal, for the sharks, attracted by the scent of blood, gathered in greater numbers to the spot, and grew more and more audacious, until two or three of the mariners only remaining, the raft floated so as to elevate them beyond reach of the savage monsters, which continued to threaten them, and lingered around, until the waves at lengh bore the survivors to the beach. Among reptiles, the mailed crocodiles may be mentioned as formidable foes to man. Vast in bulk, yet grovelling with the belly on the earth ; clad in bony plates with sharp ridges, the long tail bearing a double row of teeth, like two parallel saws; splay feet terminating in long diverging hooked talons ; green eyes with a peculiar fiery glare, gleaming out from below projecting orbits ; lips altogether wanting, displaying the long rows of interlock- ing teeth even when the mouth is closed, so that, even when quiet, the monster seems to be grinning with rage (“ his teeth are terrible round about,” Job xli. 14), — it is no wonder that the crocodile should be, in all countries which it inhabits, viewed with dread. Nor is this terror groundless. The crocodiles, both of the Nile and of the West Indian Isles, are well known to r.ENCONTEE WITH AN ALLIGATOE. 2G3 make man their victim ; and the alligators of continental America are not behind them. Those of the great rivers of South America appear to be more savage than their northern congener. Waterton and other observers have recorded terrible examples of their voracity ; and I will add one from a more recent traveller, an officer engaged in the wars which liberated the South American provinces from the Spanish supremacy. During Morillo's campaign in the Apuri country, three officers were on their route with despatches from Colonel Eangel’s camp at Congrial, to General Paez’s head-quarters at Cafia Pistola ; and, not being able to procure a canoe, were obliged to swim their horses over a small branch of the lagoon of Cunavichi, which lay across the road, carry- ing as usual their saddles on their heads. Two of the party were brothers, by name Gamarra, natives of Varinas. One of them, a lieutenant of Paez’s Lancers, loitered so long on the bank, as only to have just entered the water at the moment his comrades had reached the opposite side. When he was nearly half-way across, they saw a large cayman, which was known to infest this pass, issuing from under the mangrove-trees. They instantly warned their companion of his danger ; but it was too late for him to turn back. When the alligator was so close as to be on the point of seizing him, he threw his saddle to it. The ravenous animal immediately caught the whole bundle in its jaws, and disappeared for a few moments ; but soon discovered its mistake, and rose in front of the horse, which, then seeing it for the first time, reared and 264 THE TEEEIBLE. threw its rider. He was an excellent swimmer, and had nearly escaped by diving towards the bank ; but, on ris- ing for breath, his pursuer also rose, and seized him by the middle. This dreadful scene, which passed before their eyes, without the least possibility of their rendering any assistance, was terminated by the alligator, having previously drowned the unfortunate man, appearing on an opposite sand-bank with the body, and there devouring it.^ It is in this class of animals that we find the most terrible of all creatures ; more potent than the roused lion, the enraged elephant, the deadly shark, or the mailed alligator. In the whole range of animal existence, there is none that can compare with the venomous snakes for the deadly fatality of their enmity ; the lightning stroke of their poisonous fangs is the unerring signal of a swift dissolution, preceded by torture the most horrible. The bite of the American rattlesnake has been known to pro- duce death in two minutes. Even where the consumma- tion is not so fearfully rapid, its delay is but a brief pro- longation of the intense suffering. The terrible symp- toms are thus described : — a sharp pain in the part, which becomes swollen, shining, hot, red ; then livid, cold, and insensible. The pain and inflammation spread, and become more intense; fierce shooting pains are felt in other parts, and a burning fire pervades the whole body. The eyes begin to water abundantly ; then come swoonings, cold sweats, and sharp pains in the loins. The skin be- * Cam^paigns and Cruises in Venezuela, vol. i., p. 59. BITE OF SEEPENTS. 265 comes deadly pale or deep yellow, while a black watery blood runs from the wound, which changes to a yellowish matter. Violent headache succeeds, and giddiness, faint- ness, and overwhelming terrors, burning thirst, gushing discharges of blood from the orifices of the body, intoler- able fetor of breath, convulsive hiccoughs, and death. Mr Francis T. Buckland * has described the awful effects of a dose of poison received from the cobra-di-capello in his own person. Fortunately it was a most minute dose, or we should not have received the account. A rat which had been struck by the serpent, Mr Buckland skinned after its death. He scraped the interior of the skin with his finger-nail, forgetting that he had an hour before been cleaning his nails with his penknife. In so doing, he had slightly separated the nail from the quick, and into this little crack the poison had penetrated. Though the orifice was so small as to have been un- noticed, and though the venom was not received direct from the serpent, but had been diffused through the system of the rat, the life of the operator was all but sacrificed. A few years ago the people of London were shocked by the sudden death of Curling, one of the keepers of the Zoological Gardens, from the bite of a cobra. In India, where the species is common, its propensity to haunt houses frequently brings it under notice, and many accidents occur. It seems, however, on some occa- sions to be placably disposed, if not assaulted ; and some singular escapes are on record of persons who have had * Cunosities of Nat. Mist., p. 223. 2C6 THE TEEEIBLE. presence of mind enough to let it alone. One is told of an officer who, having some repairs done to his bungalow, was lying on a mattress in the verandah, reading, nearly undressed. Perhaps his book was of a soporific tendency, for he dropped asleep, and awaked with a chilly sensation about his breast. Opening his eyes, he beheld, to his horror, a large cobra coiled up on his bosom, within his open shirt. He saw, in a moment, that to disturb the creature would be highly perilous, almost certainly fatal, and that it was at present doing no harm, and apparently intending none. With great coolness therefore he lay per-> fectly still, gazing on the bronzed and glittering scales of the intruder. After a period which seemed to him an age, one of the workmen approached the verandah, and the snake at his footsteps left its warm berth, and was gliding off, when the servants at the cry of the artisan rushed out and destroyed it. It curiously happens that in some of the creatures whose rage is likely to be fatal to man, there should be some- thing in the physiognomy which puts him on his guard. We have seen that it is so in the sharks ; we have seen that it is so in the crocodiles ; it is so pre-eminently in the venomous serpents. There is in most of these an expression of malignity, which well indicates their deadly character. Their fiattened head, more or less widened behind, so as to approach a triangular figure ; their wide gape, and the cleft tongue ever darting to and fro ; and, above all, the sinister expression of the glaring lidless eye, with its linear pupil ; are sufficient to cause the observer THE BUSH-MASTER. 267 to retreat with shuddering precipitancy. Darwin, speaking of a sort of viper w^hich he found at Bahia Blanca, says : “ The expression of this snake’s face was hideous and fierce ; the pupil consisted of a vertical slit in a mottled and coppery iris ; the jaws were broad at the base, and the nose terminated in a triangular projection. I do not think I ever saw anything more ugly, excepting, perhaps, some of the vampyre bats.” Many of the snakes of South America are highly venomous. One of these is called, from its prowess and power, the bush-master. Frightful accidents occur in the forests of Guiana by this terrible species. Sullivan ^ gives us the following : his host, a few days before, had sent a negro to open some sluices on his estate ; but, as he did not return, the master, thinking he had run away, sent another negro to look after him ; this negro went to the place directed, and found the man quite dead, and swollen up to a hideous size. He was bitten in two places, and death must have been instantaneous, as he was not more than three feet from the sluice. They supposed that it must have been a bush-master that had killed him. The couni-couchi, or bush-master, is the most dreaded of all the South American snakes, and, as his name implies, he roams absolute master of the forest. They will not fly from man, like all other snakes, but will even pursue and attack him. They are fat, clumsy-looking snakes, about four feet long, and nearly as thick as a man’s arm ; their mouth is unnaturally large, and their fangs are from one * Rambles in Amenca, p. 406. 2G8 THE TEREIBLE. to three inches in length. They strike with immense force ; and a gentleman who had examined a man after having been struck in the thigh and died, told the narrator that the wound was as if two four-inch nails had been driven into the flesh. As the poison oozes out from the extremity of the fang, any hope of being cured after a bite is small, as it is evident that no external application could have any immediate effect on a poison deposited an inch and a half or two inches below the surface ; the instan- taneousness of the death depends upon whether any large artery is wounded or not. The same traveller records the following shocking story about a very deadly snake, called the manoota, that infests the borders of the Lake of Valencia, in Venezuela : — “An American we met related an anecdote of this snake, which, if true, was very frightful. He had gone in a canoe one night with a father and son, intending to shoot deer next morning on one of the islands in the lake. When they reached the island, the son, notwith- standing the repeated warnings of his father, jumped out; but he had no sooner done so, than he gave an agonised yell, and fell back , the father immediately sprung out, but was also struck by the snake, but not so severely. They got the young man into the boat, but he swelled to a horrible size, and, bleeding at eyes, nose, and mouth, died in less than half-an-hour. Our friend and the father now set out on their return to Valencia with the dead body. A storm had in the meantime arisen, and they were in the greatest danger of being capsized. FATAL ATTACK OF BEES. 2G9 The old man was suffering fearful agony from his bite, and had nearly gone out of his mind ; and the narrator described in graphic terms the horrors of his situation, in a frail canoe, in a dark night during a severe storm, and the momentary expectation of being capsized, his only companion being a mad father lamenting over the body of his dead son.” ^ Even the most insignificant of creatures may be the scourge of the most exalted. We have seen some examples of insect pests in a former chapter, and of their ravages and successful assaults against man ; but that he should be actually slain in mortal conflict with a fly is something unusual. Yet last summer this happened in India. ‘‘Two European gentleman belonging to the Indian Railway Company, — viz,, Messrs Armstrong and Bodding- ton — were surveying a place called Bunder Coode, for the purpose of throwing a bridge across the Nerbudda, the channel of which, being in this place from ten to fifty yards wide, is fathomless, having white marble rocks rising perpendicularly on either side from a hundred to a hundred and fifty feet high, and beetling fearfully in some parts. Suspended in the recesses of these marble rocks are numerous large hornets" nests, the inmates of which are ready to descend upon any unlucky wight who may venture to disturb their repose. Now, as the boats of these European surveyors were passing up the river, a cloud of these insects overwhelmed them; the boatmen as well as the two gentlemen jumped overboard, but, ^ Sullivan’s Hamhles in N. and S. Amenca, p, 409. 270 THE TEEEIBLE. alas! Mr Boddington, who swam and had succeeded in clinging to a marble block, was again attacked, and being unable any longer to resist the assaults of the countless hordes of his infuriated winged foes, threw himself into the depths of the water, never to rise again. On the fourth day his corpse was discovered floating on the water, and was interred with every mark of respect. The other gentleman, Mr Armstrong, and his boatmen, although very severely stung, are out of danger.'' Such is the story as narrated in the Times of Jan. 28, 1859. But I have the pleasure of being personally acquainted with some of the members of the family of Mr Armstrong, who have assured me that the insects were not hornets, as represented, but honey-bees ; it may be not the hive-bee domesticated with us, but a species well known as making honey. Whatever the true nature of the insect, it affords an apt illustration of such passages of Holy Scripture as the following : — The Lord shall hiss for . . . the bee that is in the land of Assyria." (Isa. vii. 18.) “ The Lord thy God will send the hornet among them, until they that are left, and hide themselves from thee, be destroyed." (Deut. vii. 20.) And with this we shut up our “ chamber of horrors." XT. THE UNKNOWN. Letotjillant tells us, in his “ Travels in the East,” that whenever he arrived at an eminence, whence he could behold a distant mountain range, he felt an irrepressible desire to reach it ; an unreasoning persuasion that it would afford something more interesting, more delightful, than anything which he had yet attained. The charm lay here, that it was unknown: the imagination can people the unexplored with whatever forms of beauty or interest it pleases ; and it does delight to throw a halo round it, the halo of hope. ‘‘ ’Tis distance lends enchantment to the view, And clothes the mountain in its azure hue,” One of the greatest pleasures of the out-of-door natu- ralist depends upon this principle. There is so great variety in the objects which he pursues, and so much uncertainty in their presence at any given time and place, that hope is ever on the stretch. He makes his excursions not knowing what he may meet with ; and, if disappointed of what he had pictured to himself, he is pretty sure to be surprised with something or other of interest that he had not anticipated. And much more does the romance of the unknown prevail to the natural history collector in a new 272 THE UNKNOWN and unexplored country. It has been my lot to pursue various branches of zoology, in regions where the pro- ductions were to science largely, to myself wholly, un- known. In a rich tropical island, such as Jamaica, where nature is prodigal in variety and beauty, and where, throughout the year, though there is change, there is no cessation of animal or vegetable activity, there was novelty enough in every day’s opima spolia to whet the expecta- tion of to-morrow. Each morning’s preparation was made with the keenest relish, because there was the undefined hope of good things, but I knew not what; and the experience of each day, as the treasures were gloated over in the evening, was so different in detail from that of the preceding, that the sense of novelty never palled. If the walk was by the shore, the state of the tide, the ever varying wave-washings, the diverse rocks with their numerous pools and crannies and recesses, the cliffs and caves, the fishes in the shallows, the nimble and alert Crustacea on the mud, the shelled mollusca on the weed- beds, the echinoderms on the sand, the zoophytes on the corals, continually presented objects of novelty. If I rode with vasculum and insect-net and fowling-piece into the mountain-woods, there was still the like pleasing uncer- tainty of what might occur, with the certainty of abund- ance. A fine epiphyte orchid scents the air with fragrance, and it is discovered far up in the fork of some vast tree ; then there is the palpitation of hope and fear as we discuss the possibility of getting it down ; then come contrivances and efforts, — pole after pole is cut and tied together with COLLECTING IN JAMAICA. 273 the cords which the forest-climbers afford. At length the plant is reached, and pushed off, and triumphantly bagged ; but lo ! while examining it, some elegant twisted shell is discovered, with its tenant snail, crawling on the leaves. Scarcely is this boxed, when a gorgeous butterfly rushes out of the gloom into the sunny glade, and is in a moment seen to be a novelty ; then comes the excitement of pur- suit; the disappointment of seeing it dance over a thicket out of sight; the joy of finding it reappear; the tantalising trial of watching the lovely wings flapping just out of reach ; the patient waiting for it to descend ; the tiptoe approach as we see it settle on a flower ; the breathless eagerness with which the net is poised ; and the trium- phant flush with which we contemplate the painted wings within the gauze ; and the admiration with which we gaze on its loveliness when held in the trembling fingers. Another step or two, and a gay-plumaged bird rises from the bush, and falls to the gun ; we run to the spot and search for the game among the shrubs and moss ; at last it is found, admired, and committed to a little pro- tective cone of paper. Now a fern of peculiar delicacy appears ; then a charming flower, of which we search for ripe seed : a glittering beetle is detected crawling on the gray bark of a lichened tree ; here is a fine caterpillar feeding ; yonder a humming-bird hovering over a brilliant blossom ; and here a female of the same spangled bird sitting in her tiny nest. By and by we emerge into a spot where, for some cause or other, insects seem to have specially congregated ; a dozen different kinds of butter- 274 THE UNKNOWN. flies are flitting to and fro in bewildering profusion of beauty, and our collecting-box is half filled in the course of an hour. Meanwhile we have shot two or three more birds ; caught a pretty lizard ; seen a painted tree- frog, which escaped to be captured another day ; obtained some strange nondescript creatures under stones ; picked a beautiful spider from a web ; taken a host of banded shells ; — and so the day wears on. And then in the evening what a feasting of the eager eyes as they gloat over the novelties, assigning each to its place, preparing such as need preparation, and recording the facts and habits that help to make up the as yet unwritten history of all. I turn from my own experience to that of those who have, with similar tastes and similar pursuits, rifled still more prolific regions. Let us hear Mr Bates, who for the last eleven years has been exploring the very heart of South America in the service of natural history, chiefly devoting himself to the gorgeous entomology of the great Valley of the Amazon. He has drawn a picture of an average day's proceedings, such as makes a brother natu- ralist’s mouth water, and almost induces him to pack up his traps, and look out in The Times shipping column for the next ship sailing for Para : — “ The charm and glory of the country are its animal and vegetable productions. How inexhaustible is their study! Eemember that, as to botany, in the forest scarcely two trees of the same species are seen growing together. It is not as in temperate countries (Europe), a forest of oak, or birch, or pine — it is one dense jungle ; COLLECTING IN BEAZIL. 275 the lofty forest trees, of vast variety of species, all lashed and connected by climbers, their trunk covered with a museum of ferns, tillandsias, arums, orchids, &c. The underwood consists of younger trees — great variety of small palms, mimosas, tree-ferns, &c. ; and the ground is laden with fallen branches — vast trunks covered with parasites, &c. The animal denizens are in the same way of infinite variety ; not numerous, as to give the appear- ance at once of tumultuous life, being too much scattered for that ; it is in course of time only that one forms an idea of their numbers. Four or five species of monkey are constantly seen. The birds are in such variety that it is not easy to get two or three of the same species. You see a trogon one day ; the next day and the day after, another each day; and all will be different species. Quad- rupeds or snakes are seldom seen, but lizards are every- where met with; and sometimes you get tortoises, tree- frogs, &c. Insects, like birds, do not turn up in swarms of one species ; for instance, you take a dozen longicorns one day, and they are sure to be of eight or ten distinct species. One year of daily work is scarcely sufficient to get the majority of species in a district of two miles’ circuit. “ Such is the scene of my present labours ; and all the rest of the Amazon is similar, though less rich ; the river Tapajos alone differing, being a mountainous country. Having thus my work at hand, I will tell you how I pro- ceed. My house is in the centre of the town, but even thus only a few minutes’ walk from the edge of the forest. I keep an old and a young servant, on whom I rely for 276 THE UNKNOWN. getting eatables and preparing my meals, so as to leave me unembarrassed to devote all my thoughts to my work. Between nine and ten A.M. I prepare for the woods ; a coloured shirt, pair of trousers, pair of common boots, and an old felt hat, are all my clothing; over my left shoulder slings my double-barrelled gun, loaded, one with No. 10, one with No. 4 shot. In my right hand I take my net, on my left side is suspended a leathern bag with two pockets, one for my insect-box, the other for powder and two sorts of shot ; on my right side hangs my game- bag,’^ an ornamental affair, with red leather trappings and thongs to hang lizards, snakes, frogs, or large birds. One small pocket in this bag contains my caps ; another, papers for wrapping up the delicate birds ; others for wads, cotton, box of powdered plaster ; and a box with damped cork for the Micro-Lepidoptera ; to my shirt is pinned my pin-cushion, . with six sizes of pins. A few minutes after entering the edge of the forest, I arrive in the heart of the wilderness ; before me nothing but forest for hundreds of miles. Many butterflies are found on the skirts of the forest ; in the midst of numbers flitting about, I soon distinguish the one I want — often a new one — Erycinide, Hesperia, Thecla, or what not. Goleoptera you see nothing flne of at first ; a few minute Halticce on the leaves, or small Curculios, or Eumolpi. When you come to the neighbourhood of a newly-fallen tree, is soon enough to hunt closely for them ; not only wood- eating species, but all kinds seem to con- gregate there; Agras and Lebias in the folded leaves, ITATUEAL HISTORY COLLECTING. 277 grand Cassidce, and Erotyli, Rutelce, or Melolonthids, Gym- netis, &c. ; often a Gtenostoma running along some slender twig. It requires a certain kind of weather for Coleo- ptera, and some days all seem to be absent at once. . “ Whilst I am about these things, I often hear the noise of birds above — pretty tanagers, or what not. You can- not see the colours of red, cobalt-blue, or beryl-green, when they are up in the trees ; and it takes months of experience to know your bird. I have sometimes shot at small, obscure-looking birds up the trees, and when they have fallen, have been dazzled by their exquisite beauty. “ I walk about a mile straight ahead, lingering in rich spots, and diverging often. It is generally near two P.M. when I reach home, thoroughly tired. I get dinner, lie in hammock a while reading, then commence preparing my captives, &c. ; this generally takes me till five P.M. In the evening I take tea, write and read, but generally in bed by nine."’ * I might quote similar details from Mr Wallace’s letters, written while engaged in similar pursuits in a neighbour- ing part of the same mighty continent. But I prefer citing, in illustration of our subject, his observations made when, after having satiated himself in the west, he turned to the gorgeous east, and set himself to explore the virgin treasures of the remotest parts of the Indian Archipelago. Who cannot sympathise with his enthusiasm, when he says : — “ I look forward with unmixed satisfaction to my visit to the rich and almost unexplored Spice Islands, * Zoologist, p. 5659. 278 THE UNKNOWN. the land of the lories, of the cockatoos and the birds of paradise, the country of tortoise-shell and pearls, of beauti- ful shells and rare insects ? And when, having visited them, and swept into his cabinet their riches, his eye is still towards the rising sun, and the gorgeous spoils of the unknown Papuan group are firing his imagination, he thus jots down his undefinable expectations : — “I am going another thousand miles eastward to the Arm Islands, which are within a hundred miles of the coast of New Guinea, and are the most eastern islands of the Archipelago. Many reasons have induced me to go so far now. I must go somewhere to escape the terrific rainy season here. I have all along looked to visiting Arm as one of the great objects of my journey to the East ; and almost all the trade with Arm is from Macassar. I have an opportunity of going in a proa, owned and com- manded by a Dutchman, (Java-born,) who will take me and bring me back, and assist me in getting a house, &c., there ; and he goes at the very time I want to leave. I have also friends here with whom I can leave all the things I do not want to take with me. All these advan- tageous circumstances would probably never be combined again; and were I to refuse this opportunity I might never go to Arm at all ; which, when you consider it is the nearest place to New Guinea where I can stay on shore and work in perfect safety, would be much to be regretted. What I shall get there it is impossible to say.	47,445
unitedirishmenth00madduoft_24	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,858	The United Irishmen, their lives and times. With several additional memoirs, and authentic documents, heretofore unpublished; the whole matter newly arranged and revised. 2d series	None	English	Spoken	7,424	10,153	"Let not England flatter herself", says O'Connor, " that, with Europe free and America to back her, slie will be permitted to monopolize under her absolute do- mination such immense portions of the globe, excluding them from half the in- heritance God and natiu-e have given to all ; such a pretension would be in Eng- land most preposterous. In advising her to disincumber her commerce of the monstrous expenses her foreign dominions cost her, I know I shall have scarcely an Enghshman who will not think my proposition the height of extravagance. It is only in some years hence, when I shall be no more, the wisdom or the folly of it can be fully judged. I maintain that by retaining only some emporiums at Calcutta, at Madras, at Bombay, at Ceylon, England would make a more lucrative commerce, than by burdening herself with all the danger and expense of keeping one hundred and twenty millions in India in slavery and wretchedness ; that by abandoning the Canadas and all her American dominions, retaining emporiums and reducing her commerce all over the world to a general competition, she would have to the full as profitable a trade as she has at jjresent, without the enormous costs, and without the certainty of being forced to relinquish those dominions, and that after a war which may bring her own liberty to ruin".t And perhaps it may be allowable for me to subjoin a few passages from a work of my own on the same subject, wTitten twelve years ago. EXTRACT FROM THE INTRODUCTION TO THE THIRD SERIES OF THE " LIA'ES AND TI3IES OF THE UNITED IRISHMEN", PUBLISHED IN 1846, PAGE 13. " All experience tends to show that the day of reckoning for a people's wrongs, come it slow or come it fast, is sure eventually to arrive ; and we have only to turn our eyes to the events that are passing in countries that once vied in prosperity and colonial greatness with our o^vn, to see that, the measure of tlie iniquity of their governments having been tilled up, the hand of Di^dne retribution has been laid heavily upon them. " Who can reflect on the calamities that have fallen on Spain and Portugal — on the loss of the immense possessions of those kingdoms, the succession of revolu- tions that has followed the ordinary course of government, as it were in the natural order of cause and elFect, for the last five-and-twenty years— on religion trampled under foot, its temples pillaged, its ministers despised and spoiled — party after party succeeding each other — one military despotism treading on the heels of another, 'proscription and decimation the rule of each, the people plundered by all — without teeliug that the heavy hand of Divine retribution has been laid on these lands ? " England would do loell to profit hy the examples of Dhnne retribution which those countries afford, to pause in her career of rapacity in the East Indies, and of injustice elsewhere. The laws of humanity and justice are not outraged with impunity ; the wrongs of nations are never suffered to pass unpunished, and the cry of the wronged people will he heard, whether of the poor, home down by exaction or grasping tyranny in the ill-ruled land, or of the multitude, driven to madness by oppression. The due time of retribution, and the fitting instruments of it, are knoivn only to Him to ivhom the vindication of those laws belongs". t' Monopoly tlie Cause of all Evil", vol. iii., p. .!)37. II. 24 354 o'coNNon's jealousy of his assocutes. (luction of O'Connor, who can read the preceding violent, revolting, virulent, and unscrupulous invectives of General Arthur O'Connor against Christianity, against the religion of his countrymen, whose cause he vindicated in parliament in 1795, and in the Press in 1797 and 1798, against his former political associates of that Church, against his Protestant associates too, with few exceptions, and sig- nuUy against the best, the most virtuous and single-minded of them all — Thomas Addis Emmet, without lamenting the fatuity of this ill-advised publication of O'Connor's in 1848? I reserve to a more fitting opportunity the vindication of the character of T. A. Emmet from A. O'Connor's malignant and unfounded statements, impugn- ing his courage and his conduct in the directory. In the memoir of T. A. Emmet in the following third volume, I will publish a statement of T. A. Emmet, which never yet has been in print, and has remained in my hands eighteen years, in reference to a pri^'ate quarrel of a very serious nature between him and Mr. O'Connor, which, I have no hesitation in saying, effects the object I have in view — namely, the vindication of Emmet's character from the wicked calumnies of a man of very strong resentments and unscrupulous conduct in acting on them. In withholding from publication portions of written communi- cations made to me by O'Connor in 1842, I have already stated the motives of consideration for the writer of them, by which I was actuated. My object, when the former edition of this work was published, was to defend Arthur O'Connor in his decrepitude from himself jMy duty now is to defend his old associates against his egregious self-conceit, jealousy, and dominating headlong pas- sion of animosity to all persons whom he considered competitors for distinction or notoriety in the same cause he was embarked in. I have known in various countries men who had been eminent theoretical demagogues in early life, or while engaged in maturer age in opposition to unpopular or oppressive governments, who had become in advanced age, or in the enjoyment of power or opulence or preeminence in public or professional position, exceedingly arbitrary, tyrannical men, intolerant of all opinions not in accordance with their own; ungenerous and unjust in their dealings with the claims of former associates, and where they could not crush them, apt and eager to depreciate and to discredit their competitors or antagonists : but Arthur O'Connor's equal in these respects I never met. In 1815 General O'Connor offered his services to Napoleon to defend the independence of France, his new country, against foreign invasion. On the return of the Bourbons, this patriotic offer was the occasion of a letter full of reproaches, addressed to him by the Duke de Feltre, INlinister of "War, and an Irishman END- OF THE CAREER OF GENERAL O CONNOR. 355 like himself. ^ He was placed on tlie retired list in 1816, and on the 11 til April, 1818, he became a naturalized Frenchman. By his marriage with the daughter of Condorcet,he had three children, two of whom, young men of great promise, died without issue ; the third died on the 26th May, 1851, leaving issue two sons very young. O'Connor had no desire to return to Ireland to remain there permanently, but he frequently applied for permission to Tory Secretaries of State to obtain a brief sojourn to arrange his affairs in the county of Cork ; and it was only under the government of Earl Grey that the required leave was granted, and Arthur O'Connor revisited the altered scene of his early toils and perils. But he had not been long there, when the old faction of Orangeism manifested its ancient malignant instincts. Repre- sentations were made respecting O'Connor's presence in Ireland, to the new minister, who had succeeded Earl Grey, of an alarming nature, of the peril occasioned by O'Connor's prolonged sojourn in Ireland ; and the Duke of Wellington was weak enough to act on those representations, and to order General O'Connor to quit the country immediately. The late Mons. Isambert, one of the judges of the Court of Cassation, informed me in a letter on the subject of O'Connor's short sojourn in Ireland in 1834, that when permission was accorded him to visit that country, and to sojourn there for a term of two months, reference was made to the act 38 George lil. chap. 78, which declares, persons who return from transportation, banishment, or exile, on account of the present rebellion, without permission, are subject to the punishment of death, and prohibits them from passing into any country at war with Great Britain. Mons. Isambert remarked, he did not see how that law could be considered applicable to the case of O'Connor and the other state prisoners, and he wondered how an Irish act, that had relation wholly to temporary circumstances, could be held to be in force ten years after the general peace. He observed further (and unfortunately for the character of the magnanimity of our government, with too much truth), " Your go- vernment keeps up its political resentments longer than ours does". General O'Connor died at the Chateau de Bignon, on the 25tli of April, 1852, in his ninetieth year. The body of the General, after being embalmed, was buried in the family vault in the park of Bignon. Among the mourners was the late M. Isambert, the eminent legal functionary and judge of the Court of Cassation, one of the oldest and dearest friends of the deceased. Before the tomb was closed, M. Isambert pro- nounced a brief funeral oration, in which he warmly eulogized 35 G EKD OF THE CAREER OF A. o'cONNOR. the virtues of the departed general, and enumerated some of his numerous acts of beneficence. The discourse of Monsieur Isambert deserves a place in this biography. Of the defects in the character of Arthur O'Connor, I have spoken freely. If I have not sought to extenuate them, I am quite sure I have not set down aught in mahce.^ Those who knew him well and were most closely associated with him, enter- tained the same opinions I have expressed in regard to those de- fects. If they have erred, I have been led into error by them. But there can be no mistake on their part or on mine as to the opinion that must be formed by all who are conversant with the history of the leaders of the Society of United Irishmen — namely, that among them no man was more sincere in his patriotism, more capable of making great sacrifices for his country, or who brought greater abilities to its cause, than Arthur O'Connor. PAROLES PRONONCEES SUR LA TOMBE DE M. LE GENERAL ARTHUR CONDORCET O'CONNOR. 26 April, 1852. Le corps embaum^ du general fut porte a la sepulture de la famille, au milieu du pare du Bignon, par ses ouvriers et ses ser- viteurs, et place dans le caveau qu'il s'etait reserve, a cote de ses enfants. Avant que le tombeau fut ferme, M. Isambert, adressa aux per- sonnes qui avaient accompagnc le convoi, I'allocution suivante : — ■ " Messieurs, " L'homme de bien, grand et genereux, qui nous voit reunis autour de sa tombe en si petit nombre, vous ignorez peut-etre qu'un peuple entier de sept a huit millions d'ames viendrait lui rendre le dernier hommage, s'il n'avait pas prefere abandonner le foyer de ses peres, pour obtenir la liberte civile et religieuse de ses concitoyens. " Non, vous ne savez pas qu'il a sacrifie une fortune conside- rable, bien des annees de sa jeunesse, et qu'il fut longtemps pour eux prive de sa liberte. " Vous ne voyez aupres de ce tombeau aucun ministre de la re-, ligion ; et cependant c'est pour la liberte religieuse de ce peuple, c'est pour les Catholiques d'Irlande, autant que pour la liberte ci- vile, qu'il a fait tons ces sacrifices ; et si j'en crois les temoignages de reconnaissance que j'ai entendu prononcer avec emotion par ' \ quelques-uns des rares contemporains de ces temps deja eloignes, c'est k lui qu'ils reportent le blenfait de I'emancipation des Catho- END OF THE CAREER OF A. OCONNOR. 357 liques dlrlande, qu'ils ont arracliee il y a vingt-ciuq ans aux Anglais, et qu Arthur O'Connor sollicitait an p^ril de sa vie, par le plus beau discours qui a et6 prononc6 au milieu de leur par- lement national, il y a plus de soixante ans. " II n'a pas du reclamer, et nous, fideles a sa pensee, nous n'avons pas du demander I'assistance des ministres de cette religion, puisqu'elle n etait pas la sienne. " Mais gardez-vous de croire qu'il fut irreligieux. Non, ses ecrits I'ont prouve ; et moi, qui fus le confident de ses pensees pendant plus de vingt-cinq ans, j'en atteste Dieu qui m'entend, il croyait fermement a la Providence, a ses bienfaits, et aux grands desseins qu'elle accomplit en vers Thumanite tout entiere. " II meurt environne en apparence de peud'amis; mais, dans cette campagne, pouvaieut-ils etre prevenus a temps ? Et combien d'ailleurs I'ont devance dans la tombe ? Sacliez-le bien, il a eu pour amis les hommes les plus distingues et les plus genereux de deux grands pays, et il etait digne d'eux ! " Ah ! pourquoi faut-il que ses trois fils, dont ce monument renferme les restes si regrettes, aient ete ravis a sa tendresse et aux projets qu'il form ait pour leur avenir ! " Pourquoi faut-il qu'il n'en reste plus que deux faibles rejetons, si jeunes d'age! Faisons des voeux pour qu'ils aient une vie plus longue que celle de leur pere, et pour qu'ils portent glorieusement le nom doublement celebre qu'il leur a transmis. " Prions surtout pour cette noble fille de Condorcet, qui, a I'age de dix-sept ans, a consacre sa vie au bonheur de cet illustre viellard, et qui reste aujourd'hui dans I'isolement, veuve de celui qui fut si longtemps son appui et I'object de toutes ses affections. — Prions pour cette pauvre mere, qui les avait nourris, tous les trois de son lait, et que leur mort successive et premature avait plongee dans la plus affreuse douleur, avant qu'ils aient pu la recompenser, par leur succes, de tous les sacrifices que sa tendresse ^clairee avait faits pour leur donner une brillante education. "Devait-elle sattendre a leur survivre, et a consoler leur pere de la perte de tant d'esperances ! " Vous, messieurs ses fermiers, vous savez si ce noble vieillard a ete un maitre equitable et desinteresse. Sa presence en ce pays, vos peres pourront vous le dire, et les terres qui nous environnent en font foi, a donne une grande impulsion a I'agriculture, et en a presque decuple la valeur. " Vous, ouvrlers, vous savez combien il aimait a occuper la population laborieuse qui m'entoure, et qu'il a toujours consacr6 la meilleure partie de son revenu a aider vos families par I'encou- ragement du travail. ' Vous, ses fideles serviteurs, il ne voulait se separer d'aucun de • ) 358 KND OF TUE CAREER. OF A. o'cONNOR. j \ vous, ct voila pourquol vous etes depuis si longtemps h, son service ; ' les soins que vous lui prodiguiez prouvent combien il (itait digne , de votre respect et de votre ainour. j " II a toujours ete secovirable aux pauvres, et il les a constam- nient assistes, non par des paroles steriles, mais par des bienfaits de ! tout genre. j\| " II a fonde I'ecole de cette commune; il croyait que I'instruc- 1 tion, pour les enfants du peuple comme pour ceux des classes ', superieures, etait un gage de probite et de bonne conduite. ! " II etait le meilleur des hommes ! ;\| " Adieu ! loyal, genereux, et bon O'Connor, toi qui nous permis,' * quoique si distant par notre age, de te nommer, et qui daignais ' nous appeler ton ami! " Adieu, bon citoyen ! Jamais tu n'as donne de dementi k tes \ principes; jamais tu ne flattas la puissance. Tu as ete fidele, k j la fois, a la cause de ta patrie primitive, et a la France, ta patrie ' adoptive. " Adieu, modele rare des vertus publiques et privees. " Tu as, dans le cours d'une longue vie, bien amplement paye I ta dette ; et cependant ta mort vient encore nous surprendre, et \| iious ne pouvons croire a cette cruelle separation !" In tlie Appendix of tliis work will be found an extensive notice of the eccentric brother of Arthur O'Connor — Roger, a man of a most singularly-constituted mind, and of a character the most paradoxical it is possible to imagine. I H Ti^MwraK. IL®IEIE) EBW^^ IFET^^Ismi^ILin). From a Miniattire "by Horace Hone CopieS. trom a portrsdt painted byliim ml796. 2)u^li/i.Jajnves Duffy l.We^lmjgtGro Qy/vu. MEMOIR OF LORD EDWARD FITZGERALD. CHAPTER I. ORIGIN AND EARLY CAREER OF LORD EDWARD FITZGERALD. The labours of Moore have left very little to be done or desired in the way of justice to the memory of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, as a man singularly amiable, estimable, and loveable, to an extent which it is difficult to find words to describe, or adequately to express a sense of, in any measured terms of admiration. But in regard to Lord Edward's connection with the Society of United Irishmen, his views of the circumstances which led to that connec- tion, the qualities of mind, professional abilities, natural gifts, acquired knowledge, and resources attributable to experience, habits and powers of reflection calculated to form a military leader equal to the emergencies of such a situation as presented itself in 1798 — or rather, such a condition as Ireland was reduced to at that disastrous period of governmental abandonment, — much remains to be said and outspoken distinctly and intelligibly, and may be stated within even narrower limits than are assigned to the preceding memoir. The Norman adventurers who overran EnMand in the eleventh century maintained the original characteristic qualities of their vigorous, daring, marauding race, in their new country for upwards of four centuries; but the oiF-shoots of this stock in the adjacent land, which they began to ravage in 1171, degenerated quickly in the stockade settlements, which they called " the English Pale" in Ireland. Among those, however, who became founders of fami- lies, there were some who long retained the old traits of the Norman character, and kept alive the old traditions of the bravery and chivalrous spirit of their rude ancestors. Individual adventurers from the French provinces adjacent to Normandy and the northern parts of Italy had made common cause with the Norman bands, and were to be found among the marauders of their name who passed over from England to Ireland. 300 ORIGIN OF LORD EDWARD, The Giraldl of Florence and Ferrara carried over with them the qualities for which they were renowned in Italy, as formidable leaders, partisans, ov condottieri ; but gradually the Giraldi became hardly recognizable in the Irish Geraldines, and in the last century there were few traces of the manly character, vigorous minds, and active energies of the first settlers in Ireland discover- able in their descendents the earls of Kildare. In 1798, the last indication of the stirring energies of the old race, attracted notice for a brief space, and then suddenly, the meteor of a moment, disappeared. The young patriot soldier of the house of Leinster, fifth son of James, the twentieth Earl of Kildare, who stepped into the arena of a great struggle for the independence of his country in 1798, revived the recollection of the old Geraldines in their best days ; and when he perished, nothing of them was left but a name and another mournful episode in Irish history. The following account of James, twentieth Earl of Kildare and first Duke of Leinster, is taken from the very rare work entitled. The Earls of Kildare and their Ancestors, from 1057 to 1773 (1 vol., 8vo., p. 304. Dublin, 1857), thus described in the fly- leaf:— " The following notices of the Fitzsreralds of Kildare have been collected from the historical works in the libraries of Carton and Kilkea.* (Signed) " Kildare. " July, 1857". James, the twentieth Earl of Kildare and first Dvike of Leinster, was born the 29th May, 1722. In 1747, he married Lady Emily Mary Lennox, second daughter of the second Duke of Richmond, and sister of Lady Holland, Lady. Louisa Connolly, and Lady Sarah Napier. He died the 19th November, 1773, in Leinster House,! and was buried in Christ Church (in the immediate vicinity, be it remembered, of Werburgh's Church, where the remains of his fifth son were deposited in 1798, temjjoi'arily, as it Avas then designed they should be). The Duchess of Leinster survived the Duke many years, and remarried William Oliver, Esq., by whom she had two daughters — Cecilia Margaret, married to Charles Locke, Esq. ; and Emily Charlotte, married to Charles Beauclerc, Esq. The duchess died the 27th March, 1814. * The impression of the above-named unpublished work by the Marquis of Ivildare, was limited to twenty-five copies. t In 1744, the family residence of the Kildare branch of the Geraldines was in Siiifolk Street. The Earl soon after Ms accession set about providing a new and more suitable mansion for his family and his successors. " Molesworth Fields"', then unoccupied, was selected for a site for " Ivildare House", afterwards called " Leinster House", the foundation of which was laid in 1745. AND NOTICE OF HIS FAMILY. 361 Issue of James, Duke of Leinster, by his marriage with Lady- Emily INIary Lennox, nine sons and ten daughters : — 1. George, Earl of Orkney, born in 1748; died in 1765. 2. William Robert (second duke), born in Arlington Row, London, 1749; married the only daughter and heiress of Lord St. George in 1775 ; died the 20th October, 1804, the duchess having pre-deceased him on the 23rd June, 1798. 3. Caroline Elizabeth Mabel, Lady, born 1750; died 1754. 4. Emily Maria Margaret, Lady, born in 1752; married Lord Bellamont ; died in 1818. 5. Henrietta Catherine, Lady, born 1753; died 1763. 6. Caroline, Lady, born in 1755; died the same year. 7. Charles James, Lord, born 1756 ; entered the navy, attained the rank of rear-admiral ; created Baron Lecale; died in 1810. 8. Charlotte Mary Gertrude, Lady, born 1758; married J. H. Strutt, Esq., M.P. ; created Baroness Rayleigh; died in 1836. 9. Louisa Bridget, Lady, born in 1760; died 1765. 10. Henry, Lord, born 1761; married, in 1791, Charlotte Baroness de Ross; died in 1829. 11. Sophia Mary, Lady, born 1762 ; died 1845. 12. Edward, Lord, born 15th October, 1763 (of whom more hereafter). 13. Robert Stephen, Lord, born in 1765; married Charlotte, daughter of C. Fielding, R.N. ; entered the diplomatic service; was minister in Switzerland, Denmark, and Portugal. "In 1798, being at Copenhagen, he offered an asylum in the English embassy to his brother,, Lord Edward Fitzgerald, but at the same time sent in his resignation, which, however, George HI., on hearing of the circumstance, refused to accept, saying that ' a good brother could not be a bad minister'".* He was elected M.P. for Kildare in 1804; died in 1833. 14. Gerald, Lord, born in 1766, entered the Royal Navy, and was lost at sea in the Gulf of Florida in 1788. 15. Augustus Joseph, Lord, born in 1767 ; died in 177L 16. Fanny Charlotte Elizabeth, Lady, born in 1770; died in 1775. 17. Lucy Anne, Lady, born in 1771; married in 1802 Admiral Sir Thomas Foley; died in 1851. 18. Louisa, Lady, born and died in 1772. 19. George Lennox, Lord, born in 1773; died in 1783. Of Lord Edward, of whom mention is made above, the Marquis of Kildare says : — " He succeeded to the estate of Kilrush, in the * 11 ' ' The Earls of Kildare and their Ancestors", by the Marquis of Kildare, v. 280 3(32 LORD EDWARD ENTERS THE ARMY. county of Kildare. He entered the army in 1780, and served with distinction in America. In 1783 he was elected M.P. for Athy, and in 1790, for the county of Kildare. In that year, refusing to support the government measures, he was informed he would not be permitted to have the rank of lieutenant-colonel. On this he took the cockade from his hat, and dashing it to the ground, trampled upon it. In 1792, he went to France, where in December he married Pamela Sims, said to be the daughter of Madame de Genlis. Whilst there he was dismissed from the army. In 1796, he joined the United Irishmen, and having been arrested on the 19th May, 1798, he died of his wounds in New- gate prison on the 4th of June. He had one son and two daugh- ters. After his death, he was attainted by act of parliament, and his estate forfeited and sold. This act was repealed by a private act in 1819".* _ This notice is sufficiently compendious for a " peerage", and almost succinct enough for a tombstone ; but some millions of people, more or less, on either side of the Atlantic, will think some thin cT more remains to be said of " the Geraldine" who died for his country in 1798. Lord Edward lost his father at the age of ten years, and it would seem as if tliat loss had contributed to concentrate all his love on his mother; for, certahily, few instances in the biography of any country are to be found of stronger attachment and more devoted filial fondness than he displayed from boyhood, undiminished by advancing years, and to the end of his career. The Duchess of Leinster, soon after her marriage with Mr. Ogilvie, went with her husband and several of her children to France. The young Lord Edward, when he accompanied his mother to France, was under sixteen years of age. He was intended for the military profession ; and from the period of his arrival in France, his education, which Mr. Ogilvie took charge of, was chiefly directed to the acquisition of knowledge that would qualify him for his future pursuit. In 1779, the family returned to England, and soon after Lord Edward commenced his military career in a militia regiment, of which his uncle, the Duke of Richmond, was colonel. In 1780, he was appointed to a lieutenancy in the 26tli recflment of foot, then stationed in the south of Ireland. Soon after he had joined his regiment at Youghal, an exchange was effected for him into the 19th, which was under orders for America; and in the month of June, 1781, he sailed for Charles- ton, where Lord Rawdon was then in command. * " The Earls of Kiklare and their Ancestors, from 1057to 1773". 1 vol. 8vo. Dublin. 1857. Tage 2S0. MILITARY CAREER IN AMERICA. - 3G3 From the time Lord Edward commenced his military career in America, the love of his profession, and the necessity of making himself master of it, are themes of frequent recurrence in his letters. Not long after his arrival in America, in 1781, when serving with his regiment (the 19th), he distinguished himself in an engagement ^vith the forces of one of the ablest American commanders, Colonel Lee, not only by his bravery but his mili- tary skill, in a manner to attract the special notice of Major Doyle (subsequently General Sir John Doyle), and to obtain for him the appointment of aid- de-camp on Lord Rawdon's staff, in which position he soon had an opportunity of displaying his chivalrous valour, and of gaining the entire confidence of his superior officers. A little later we find the acting adjutant-general record- ing an act of undisciplined valour of " the brave young creature", whom he had to "rate soundly" at the moment, and to represent to the general in chief command, in terms anything but unfavour- able to the gallant young officer : — In approaching one of the English positions, the enemy's light troops in advance became more numerous,^ and rendered more frequent patrols necessary. Major Doyle was setting out upon a patrol, and went to apprise Lord Edward, who, however, was sought for in vain, and the major proceeded without him, and at the end of two miles, when emerging from the forest, the latter found Lord Edward engaged with two of the enemy's irregular horse. He had wounded one of his opponents when his sword broke in the middle, and he must have soon fallen in the unequal struggle, had not his enemies fled on perceiving the head of Sir John Doyle's column. The higher Lord Edward advanced in his profession, the more he thought it incumbent on him to apply himself to the study of it. In March, 1783, he writes from St. Lucia: — " My profession is that of a military man; and I would reproach myself hereafter if I thought I lost any opportunity of improving myself in it, did 1 not at all times do as much as lay in my power to merit the promotion I am entitled to expect", etc. In the beginning of 1783, he visited the islands of Martinique and St. Lucia ; and Lord Rawdon having previously returned to England in consequence of ill health, Lord Edward a few months later, finding his only hope for promotion was in Europe, and that if he were at home he might obtain a company in the Guards, or a Heutenant-colonelcy by going to the East Indies, determined on returning to Ireland, which purpose he carried into execution in the summer of 1783. It was Lord Edward's destiny to visit America during the war of independence, to witness some of the stormy scenes of the struggle, 364 " THE FAITHFUL TONY. and to find ample food for reflection lu the successful resistance of a people asserting their liberty, and the many difficulties and sio-nal discomfiture of the royal forces under renowned generals, which had been experienced even during the short period of his sojourn in America. Soon after his arrival in Ireland, in the autumn of 1783, he was brought into parliament by his brother the Duke of Leinster, for the borough of Athy. When Lord Edward returned to Europe from America in 1783, he brought over a Negro servant, who is frequently men- tioned in the letters of his kind master as " the faithful Tony". This Negro was, probably, first met with at St. Lucia by Lord EdwardjVhich island he had visited on service in the month of February of that year. During the remaining fifteen years of his life, Tony continued in his service, accompanying his master wherever he went, devotedly attached to him, and Lord Edward's reo-ard for " the faithful Tony" appears to have been no less sincere. When Lord Edward resided in Ireland, chiefly at Frescati,* in 1784 and 1785; in Woolwich, 1786; Spain and Portugal in 1787; Halifax and New Brunswick in 1788; Quebec and Mon- treal in 1789; and was again in Ireland, either in Leinster House, Kildare Street, or at Frescati, in 1790 and 1791 ; in Paris and Dublin in 1792; again at Frescati in 1793; at Mr. Connolly's lodge, in the town of Kildare,t to which Lord Edward re- moved from Frescati in June, 1794; and had his abode at Leinster House, or Castletown, or Carton, in 1795, 1796, and 1797, "the * " Sweet Frescati" is referred to in one of his letters from Canada, in 1788. " Poor Frescati ! I sliall be sorry to leave it. I look at all the trees and places with regret . . . My dear little wife is very well — goes on delightfully. I never saw her look so well ; she grows both broad and long. Indeed, she has quite taken a fit of growing".— ^jk«7 21iIi, l'~id'S. " I live here constantly . . . I left oflf' gardening ; fori hated that all my trouble should go to that vile Lord W , and my flowers be for aides-de- camp, chaplains, and foUowers of a lord lieutenant". — \9(h February, 17^4. "Parting with poor Frescati did make mo melancholy", etc 2^rd June, 17.'54. t Lord Edward describes this lodge in Kildare as a little paradise, though he sjiys — " It don't describe well. One nuist see and feel it; it has, however, all the little tilings that make beauty to me. My dear wife dotes on it and becomes it". But all the little things that made beauty for poor Lord Edward in that little Iiaradise, which he does describe most admirably, have disappeared ; the small Avhite house with the little grove before it ; the court surrounded with elms, and the avenue lined with slirubs ; the grass-plot ground laid out for a flower garden ; the flight of steps and the wicker cages at the entrance to the lodge, with the thrushes singing there ; and the neat parlour with a bow Avindow (covered with honeysuckles uiterminglcd with roses) looking into the garden, sm'rounded by trees old and large, aflbrding shade from the sun all day long, all have vanished. The whole place, pleasant to look on and delightful to live in, is now a desolate sjiot ; the site even of the little paradise is barely recognizable. LORD Edward's application to military science. 365 faithful Tony" was never separated from his master. He accom- panied liim to Canada;* and in the fatal year of 1798, we hear of Lady Fitzgerald, on the disappearance of Lord Edward from Leinster House,t after the arrests at Bond's, in March, removing to a house in Denzille Street, and taking with her " her husband's favourite Tony"; and then no more mention is made of this faithful creature during the life of Lord Edward ; and we find one brief reference to him at the conclusion of Moore's Life and Death of Lord Edward Fitzgerald: — " Poor Tony, of whose fate the reader must be desirous to know something, never held up his head after his noble master's death, and very soon after followed him". In the spring of 1786, Lord Edward (at that time a member of the Lish House of Commons) determined on entering himself at Woolwich, with the view of making himself thoroughly acquainted with military science by a regular course of study. This resolu- tion of a young nobleman in his position, surrounded by all the allurements of fashionable society, courted by political parties as a member of parliament, on account of his brother's influence and his own popular manners and address, reflects no small credit on his character, and indicates plainly his strong attachment to his profession, and sense of the obligations imposed on him to deserve preferment in it. Of this dominant idea we find ample proofs in his letters from the age of seventeen on France, when we find the occupation of his boyhood was almost exclusively, " in all things that related to science in military construction, the laying out of camps, fortifications, etc., in which he was early a student and proficient". In 1786, we find Lord Edward accompanying his uncle, the Duke of Richmond, on a tour of inspection of the islands of Guern- sey and Jersey, and making a good use of the opportunities for improvement afforded him. In 1787, Lord Edward visited Gibraltar, and under the pretext of a tour of pleasure, carried into effect his real purpose of extend- ing his military knowledge. While Lord Edward was at Gibraltar, by a strange coincidence, the man by whose hand he was destined eleven years later to lose his life, Henry Charles Sirr, was in that garrison, where he states * " His black face is the only thing that I yet feel attached to". t Leinster House was not much in favour with Lord Edward as a place of resi- dence. In October, 1794, he apologizes for not answering a letter: — "I have not answered it yet, and am almost afraid, mine must be so stujjid ; for I confess Leinster House does not insx^ire the brightest ideas. By-the-bye, what a melan- choly house it is ! You can't conceive how much it appeared so when first we came from Kildare, but it is going off a little. A poor country housemaid I brought with me cried for two days, and said she thought she was in a prison". 366 LORD Edward's first acquaintance with major sirr. he knew Lord Edward. The fact is thus referred to by Sirr in a letter dated 29th December, 1829, to the son of Captain Ryan, who met his death at the hands of Lord Edward in 1798: "I agree with you relative to Lord Edward. He was considered a highly honourable man at Gibraltar, where I knew him when he was on a visit to the governor of that garrison". This fact, which had been so long kept in the background by the major, is a new feather in the cap of his celebrity. That for- mer acquaintance with a man whom he knew to be so highly honourable, and subsequently shot so coolly and with such deli- berate aim, enhances, of course, the merit of tliat act of stern duty and stoic loyalty, the capture and death of Lord Edward Fitz- gerald. From Gibraltar Lord Edward proceeded to Lisbon, where his popular manners, and that valuable accompaniment of such advantages, his sterling merits, gained for him a warm reception and the friendship of the principal people of that capital and its court during a long sojourn there. From Portugal he proceeded to Spain, visited Madiid, Cadiz, Grenada, and other places of in- terest, but hastened back to England, weary of inactivity, and longing for the occupations of that military life to which he was so st)-ongly attached. Towards the latter end of May, 1788, he sailed for America, for the purpose of joining his then regiment, the 54th, which was then in Nova Scotia, and from the latter end of June to May 1789 he remained on service, stationed at inter- vals in New Brunswick, Halifax, Quebec, and Montreal. In August, 1789, he writes from New Brunswick: " I grow fonder of my profession the more I see of it, and like being major much better than being lieutenant-colonel, for I only execute the commands of others". A little later: " I have got a garden for the soldiers, which em- ploys me a great deal. I flatter myself next year that it will fur- nish the men with great quantities of vegetables, which will be of great service to them". In Cobbett's Advice to the Young, we find a passage to the following effect: " I got my discharge from the army by the great kindness of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, who was then major of my regiment". Cobbett was a serjeant major of the 54th at the time of this oc- currence, in October, 1788. He states elsewhere that in the year 1800 he told Mr. Pitt what he thought of that meritorious officer: "Lord Edward was a most humane and excellent man, and the only really honest officer he ever knew in the army". In April, 1789, he set out on an arduous expedition with his servant Tony and a brother officer from Frederic kstown, in New LORD Edward's Canadian life. 367 Brunswick, to Quebec — an expedition of considerable difficulty — tlirougli an unexplored country, tlirougli forests and morasses, but one calculated to be of great advantage to the colony. They accomplished the journey in twenty-six days, lying out, of course, at night in the woods, without any covering except their blanket- coats. They steered by compass, and entered the River St. Laurence within a league of Quebec. The journey was accom- plished in 175 miles, the roiite before travelled being at least 375 miles. So much for the energy and enterprise of the young Irish offi- cer in his twenty-sixth year. In June, 1789, Lord Edward's in- tercourse with the native Indians led to a singular adventure at Detroit, and an unprecedented honour to an English officer at the hands of an Indian chief, one of the Six Nations, by whom he was made a chief of the Bear Tribe. Early in December he arrived at New Orleans, and finding it impracticable to pursue anintended journey into Spanish America, he embarked for Europe, and in due time reached England. In the wilds of America and in the forests of Canada we find Lord Edward, after the fashion of Jacques, descanting on the ad- vantages of "this life, more sweet than that of painted pomp", — " more free from peril than the envious court", which in the woods Fiuds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks, Sermons in stones, and good in everything. He wanders in the woods of Canada, and exults in their solitudes, and travels through great tracts of country peopled only at wide intervals by Indian tribes, the simplicity of whose mode of life fills him with delight, or settlers widely scattered, in whose humble dwellings he finds peace and happiness, and is thankfully reminded by everything around him, " There are no devilish ■politics here\ Poor Lord Edward remembered that he had left these in Ire- land, and it would seem, now that he was about to return to his native land, that coming events were casting their shadows before him, and that he was destined once more, and more deeply than ever, to be engaged in those " devilish politics", which were so uncongenial to his pure and noble nature. He sends home a des- cription to his mother of a scene he had witnessed in his latest journey in the woods of Canada, which would furnish an admi- rable subject lor a painter. After travelling for many miles through a tract of country unpeopled, he came to a little settlement along one of the rivers, which was all the work of one family 308 LORD Edward's views of life in the woods of Canada. The old man was seventy-two; the woman was seventy. They lived in a little cabin on the side of the river, the banks all covered with woods; the old man was weeding salad, and his wife, a clean, tidy woman, was engaged in spinning. Lord Ed- ward and his servant, the faithful Tony, were soon on easy and familiar terms with the old couple, who, in their anxiety to re- ceive the strangers with due hospitality, became as active as if they were only five-and-twenty ; the old man bringing wood and water, and the wife busily engaged frying bacon and eggs, and talking a great deal, telling the story of the family, how she and her husband had been in the little cabin thirty years, and how their children were settled, and, when the back of either was turned, each remarking how old the other had grown; at the same time all kindness, cheerfulness, and love to each other. And then Lord Edward contrasts the quietness of the evening he spent with the old couple, when the bustle and fatigue of the day's preparation for the repast was over, when the spirits of the old people had a little subdued and began to wear off with the day, sitting qidetly at their door, on the same spot where they had lived thirty years together, the contented thoughtfulness of their coun- tenances, increased by their age and the solitary life they had led, by the wild quietness of the place, not a living creature or habi- tation to be seen, and himself, Tony, and the guide sitting with them, " all on one log", need we wonder that scenes like these made a deep impression on Lord Edward's mind, or make many apo- logies for his unsophisticated tastes, or have any cause for ap- prehension of repviblican tendencies in the latter, when we find him on similar occasions contrasting such modes of life with the cares and anxieties and many wants, struggles, and competitions of a diiFerent state of society ? More than once, when referring to the former, he speaks of the happiness of people living by their own industry, of an equality of condition arising from a depend- ence on industry alone, and not on the influence or patronage of others ; where there was no separation of families, one part living in London and another part in Dublin ; no gentlemen who will do nothing, and who expect to want nothing. " Every man here", he says, " is exactly what he can make himself and has made himself by his own industry".	373
in.ernet.dli.2015.109756_63	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,835	Encyclopaedia Americana Vol. 7	Lieber, Francis, Ed.	English	Spoken	7,822	12,025	Limbo (from , the Latin limbus , edge, fioider) signifies, in tlie Roman Catholic theology, the place on the borders of liell, * where tiie patriarchs remained, until the '■ advent of Christ, who, lvefore lii» resurrec- tion, appeared* to them, and opened tiie doors of heaven for them. It is not a . dogma of the church, but /is universally adopted by the Roman Catholics. The word limbus is neither found in the Bible, nor in the ancient fathers of the i,Imreh ; yet* as St. Paul says that Christ descended to the lower parts of the earth (Epkvs., e. 4, V. !/), it .is concluded that good and bad were there ; and as the parable of the rich man says, that, between Abraham aud Lazarus and the rich man, d greut gulf was fixed, it is concluded that the good iu ’those regions were not only not tormented, but were separated from the wicked. This limbo is called limbus pa - , trim. Homo theologians adopt a linibus infantum , where those infants, who died >vit)ii>ut being baptized, go ; but those who* follow St Augustine do not allow tins sep- aration of them from the damned, though they do not believe that they are torment- r ed like, the latter. Jl is not known when die. word limbus first came into use ; but, as irt/en,(bell) seemed to convey the idea , of eternal damnation os a punishment, a* milder term was adopted. Dante, iu his great jioern, allows the virtuous heathens U> clwefi in the Unikus : thus he finds Sue- ' rates there. — Limbo , figuratively, means any place of confinement or restraint, Milton’s limbo--" large aud round, since t called the paradise of' fools, to fcw un- known” — 1$ borrowed from the limbus of the Scholastic theologians, and Ariosto’s ' , receptacle of lost thing. -LJMEi N . „ ,. ■■ «■ .Limburg; the nom6 df several places gud proVinccs, of which we shall only • mention the province of the Netherlands, containing 1000 square* miles, and 233,000 iiiiiahitams, diiefly Catholic^. ‘ The Wal- loon, Flemish, Dutch and .German lan- guages are Spoken. The principal river is the Meuse. Maastricht i$ the capital. The celebrated Limburg cheese is made f at Limburg, r a plaee in the circle of Vor- 1 viers, province of Liege (q. v.). < , Lime, or LuinEif (/flier). The secies of linden are largo trees, with alternate, simple and cordate leaves, and flowers ■ disposed on a common peduncle, which is inserted in the middle of a foliaceOus bract. . The American lime, or bass-wood, is a large and beautiful tree, inhabiting Canada and the northern parts of die Union, and very' abundant on the borders of Jukes Erie dud Ontario. The leaves • are cordate?, acuminate, serrate and smooth. The flowers are yellowish, supported on • long, pendulous peduncles, and add much to the beauty of the tree. The wood is white and soft, and is used for a few un- important purposes. — The white lime {T. JirUrophylla ) is a small tree, almost exclu- sively confined to the Western Stut'h’, ' where it lias usually received the same common names with the preceding. It is distinguished by its large leaver und flow- ers— 'Hie downy lime (T. pubescent) in- habits a more southern district In Caro- 'Jina, Georgia and Lower Louisiana, it has received no specific appellation, other. than that of lime. The leaves are trun- cated at the, hose, and very downy beneath, and the flowers numerous. The wood of both those species is soft, and lias hitherto been employed for no important purposes. ; Tiie .Wood of die European lime, howev- er, though light and soft, like the rest, is smooth, clowse-grained, and much used by carvers and turners. It is iu great demand for the boards of leather cutters, and makes excellent charcoal for gunpowder and for ’"•* punters. In some' countries, the fibrous, uiner bark is separated by soaking in wa- ' ter, and manufactured into fishing-nets, < mats, shoes and clothing ; and the cordage ftjade from it is said to fife rej nark ably strong and clastic. The wood. is. mints times cut into thin strips, and used in tins ; manufacture of chip hate, which resemble ' - those made of straw, , ' „ 1 v Lime. Thip earthj well known in it», most important phoperlirs, from the re- motest 'antiquity, exists in great abundance , ‘ in nature. In treating of it iu tho present article, vye shall first describe its chemical /' properties, and afterw ards spook of its nat- * '* 1 f ' ' * v M . /. , • ' * ' ' ‘ V«’i ur$I combinations with tfiGacids, orof the 1 > gradually witiulrawti from the lime, whifeh! .minerals to which' it gives ( risq. Lfine is ^ will concrete into small six-sided obtained with riiost^acilitvjfroin the native^ Lime, submitted to the action bf gulyan- '} carbonate, fronV which, , by a strong heat, ism, in, high intensity, afforded sir it Jtyvy & the corboiiic acid may be expelled. This ; satisfactory evidence of Its compound in-' > proepss is conducted On a large scale With 4 ture. It was dwcov^ed, in eomteten with;'-' the'djfferout varieties of limestone, which ;tbb other garths, to consist ^ of a metallic : 1 are calcined or burnt, in order, to obtajnjjbasej which h£ denominated caldtim, and. tho caustic earth/ or quicklime, as it is. oxygen.' Tho calcium was Obtained, in •called. The ’ lime tluiH Obtained, how- ' thetfc experiments, iri the state of anral~ * . ever,’ is rarely pure enough * for tehern- galnatiott with • ifcerCtny v On exposing ical purposes. ' The’ chemist, therefore, the amalgam to the, air or to water, oxygen ., when he would obthin a yery perfect arti- was absorbed, and lime re-prod (iced: In rle, calcines transparent crystals of car- an experiment designed to obtain ‘the base . houato of lime, or prepares it from solu- in an insulated state, by distilling the., tion, in the following manner : Marble err quicksilver from it, the tube t brtike /while > chalk is dissolved in diluted muriatic acid, warm, and, at the moment ihut the air .* leaving an excess of lime midi&solved entered, the metal, which had the color. 1 ammonia is added, winch precipitates any and lustre of silver, took* fhe, and burnt with an, intent white light. Tihwyit u£<wl to be supposed, combined with sulphite and with phosphorus ; but it rather appears tlwt it is its base only that unites with these inflammables. The sulphuret of 1 calcium is formed by heating sulphur with •» lime ill a covered crucible.' It is of a red- • dish-yellow color. .When thrown int& * water, mutual decomposition ak(s place’ and a snip! urcted hydro-sulpburet, of a yellow color, with a fetid odor, is pro- , duced. Pbospliuret of calcium, or phos- , pburet of lime, «s it has usually hern called, is obtained in the following man- ner : a few piece's of phosphorus are 1 placed at the bottom of a glass tube, which is then filled with small pieces’ of lime. The part ofthe tube where the lipio , is, i» + heated red-hot; and the phosphorus i^then/ sublimed by heat. Its vjipor, passing over t tlie lime, decomposes it, add a reddish alumind or magnesia, The filtered solu tion is then decomposed by, carbonate of potash, and 'the carbonate of lime, being • washed with water and dried, is deuom- , posed by a strong heat. The lime tints obtained is a soft, white substance, of the specific gravity of 2.3. It requiipH un in- tense degree of heat for its fusion, which is effected only by the galvanic current, by the compound blow-pipe, oi by a stream of oxygen gas, directed through the flame of an alcohol lamp. The light it emits, during fusion, is die strongest tho chemist can produce; mid it has, accord- ingly, been employed for a signal light, and for laeilitating the observation of dis- tant stations, in geodetical operations. Its taste is caustic, astringent and alkaline. It is soluble in 450 parts of water, according to sir If. Davy ; and in 700 parts, accord- ing to other chemists. The solubility is not increased by heat. If a little water, colored, phosphuret of calcium is formed, only be sprinkled on now-burnt lime, it ir This substance is remarkable for dqcom- rapidly absorbed, with the evolution of posing water, whenever it is dropped into much heal and vapor. This constitutes it, causing an immediate production of the phenomenon of slacking. The bent phosphorated hydrogen, wtiiich lakes fire t proceeds froth the consolidation of the at the surface oi the Water. When lime ' liquid water into the liiue, forming a by- Ms boated strongly iu contact wit Pi chlorine, '* dratc , as slacked lime is now called, I* is oxygen is expelled, and the chlorine is ati- a compound of 3.5 parts of lime with 1.25 sorbod. for every two parts in volume* of water, or very nearly 3 to 1. The wntei of chlorine, that disappear, aye of oxygen may be expelled by n red heat. Lime is obtained. When liquid muriate of, , yellow.' - —. -. _ .dened litmus its u^ual purple color. A grtat variety of apparatus 1ms l>obn, at viinorefrr times, contrived for favoring the v vonibumtion of : fcfilorine with slacked* ' cured hy a Water-lute. The first opening lime, for .the? purposes of commerce. Jn is about 10 or 12 indhefe square, and i the opinion of doctor t T re, wlio has given shut with a leaden valve, 'with' mciu/vatci particular attention to tilts manufacture, •' the » folio wiug construction for subjecting * lime-powder to chlorine is the best: It consists of a large chamber, eight or nine feet high, built of siliceous sandstone, hav- ing die joints of the. masonry secured with a cement composed of pitch, rosin and dry gypsum, in equal parts. A door is fitted into it * at one end, which can be made air-tight by strips of e\|oth and clav- lute. A window in each side enables the Operator to judge bow the impregnation goes on, by die color of the air, and xilso gives light lor making the arrangements edges, that fit in the water-channel, at tin margin of the hole. It is ’destined for thi admission of a workman' to rectify am derangement in the apparatus of rotation or to detach Lard concretions of salt fron the bottom. The second ajierture is it the centre of die top. Here a tulie of load is fixed,, which descends t ) early to da bottom, and , down through which tin vertical axis parses, to whose lower en« the cross-bars of iron or of \\ ood, sheathe* with lead, are attached ; hy whose nivo ; lutiou the materials receive die proppi mutation for mixing the, dense manga nest within at the commencement of thd pro- , with the sulphuric acid and salt. Tin cess. As water-lutes are incomparably stipend!!* to all others* where the pneumat- ic, pressure is small, a large vahe, or door, on this principle, is recomrtiendyl to be made in the roof, and two tunnels, , of considerable width, at tin* In atom of each side wall. The apartment, would dius he ventilated, without tin. necessity oi the workmen approaching tin* deleteri- ous gas. A greAt number of wooden, shelves, or radier trays, eigiif or ten foot long, two feet broad, and 0110 inch deep, arc provided to receive the sided packed lime, containing, generally, about two at- oms of lime to three of water. , of die iron hemisphere a groove is of rock 7 salt, employed a£ above, a toii.tmd • oast,i into which dm under edge of the a half of g^ A ■ Jeadqn heinispheup fits, die jpmt being using the cnl cl&tf 2. bleach ii ig-po vyder. ride of lime for . ’ ' ■ ' • •> ! 'iA,+ ' ■ ■ ‘ - - ■ •’ v waps • - LmE - . , , \ the colored dlothis 1 first steeped hi warm monia. Oxalic acid throws down .lime * water, to clean it, and it is then repeated-? from all the other acids; and, this com.. Jy washed with a solution of caustic pot- pound being quite insoluble, oxalic odd ' ash,' so diluted that it cannot injure the lorms the most delicate test of the prefer .texture of the cloth, and which solution is once of lime. Carbonate of lime may be ‘ thrown tq>on it by a pumpA The cloth is. formed by adding carbonic acid to lime- f thefl washed and steeped in a very weak water, or by'decomposing any of the solu- i, solution of the bleacliing-powder ; again ble salts of liinc by any of the alkaline v • waslied, acted on by a boiling ley, as be- carbonates. It is veiy sparingly soluble fore, and again steeped in the solution ; in water. Hence litne-wuter is an excel- • and these operations are performed alter- lent test of the presence of carbonic acid, liatcly several times. The clpth is, lastly, By an excess of cariiehic acid, carbonate immersed in very dilute sulphuric acid, of lime is rendered soluble. When cx- which gives it a pure white color ; after posed to heat, it first loses what water il which it is washed and dried. The clilo- contains, and, if tfansparent and hard, be- rine is known to decompose water, whose comes white, opaque and friable. If the hydrogen forms with it muriatic acid, heat l>e augmented, the carbonic acid is which is always found in the solution expelled, and quick-lime remains. The (after the process) w hen liquid chlorine js experiments of sir J. Hall have proved used, and a muriate, when a chloride' is that if carbonate of lime be heated under * employed. In a similar manner, it is he- strong pressure, so as to prevent the es- lieved to decompose the coloring matter, cape of the carbonic acid, it may be melt- ' one of whose elements is always by- ed at a temperature even not higher than, drogen; and, its composition being thus • 22° of Wedgwood’s scale. By this fusion, subverted, it disappears from the fabric it acquires considerable hardness and with which it existed. Still more impor- closeness of texture, approaching, in these tant is the use of tlie chloride of lime ill qualities, as well as in fracture and specific ' counteracting contagion, and all noxious gravity, to the finer kinds of marble. The effluvia. MM. terwards used in a still more desperate becomes phosphorescent, ami retains this case, iu clearing some offensive drains in property when cold, forming' Baldwin's Paris, with poifect success. It was also solar phosphorus . Jt forms naturany in found to lie the best -and most durable the plaster of old huildipgs, and m the * means of disinfecting hospitals, &c. In limestone caverns of the Western States. , t ‘ such cases, the powder is so exposed to Sulphate of lime is formed by adding lime the infected region os to offer the greatest to dilute sulphuric acid. It requires about' arrtount of surface, in order that the car- 500 times its weight of water, at 60°, for bonic acid of the contagious atmosphere # its solution. At the temperature of 212°, , may expel the chlorine from the chloride it is more soluble, and this * latter solution, of time, which it does by combining with on cooling, deposits minute crystals. Ex- it to form carbonate of lime. A very posed to heat, it appears to effervesce 5 , or. convenient method of applying it to ordi-' boil, owing to the expulsion of its water ; nary apartments, which we are desirous to and, at the same time, becomes opaque, and ‘ free from unwholesome effluvia, is to dif- falls into a white powder, which, on being fuse about four ounces of tlie powder diffused in water, speedily consolidates through five gallons of water, and sprinkle from a species of irregular crystallization'. 1 it over the floor by means of a water-pot. Sulphate oflime is one of the most abun Lime combines with the acids, neutral- dant minerals in nature. * Phosphate of izing the acid properties. Its salts are, iu lime may be formed by decomposing the » general, decomposed by jiotash or soda, solution of an alkaline phosphate by mu- which precipitate the lime, but not by am- riate of lime. It is a white, insoluble vol. vn. 47 powder, which ip imperfectly vitrified by .- {imps bqmponnds Jiavifjg 16ss attraction 1 4 yery intense heal. 'It exists in the injme-, for w;ou?r than tbo pure Vegetable Rub- ral kingjoih, under different forms, jmd, stance. ' The case is the sariie “with, w- ■ constitutes 80 per cent, of the bones of sjxxjt to" uSos k t animal manures; but the ,, anitnals. Muncttq of lime is obtained by operation of the lime is different, in cljfler- !\ ^•dissolving carbonate of lime in muriatic '• cm cases, and depends upon tlje nature of .'* acid. It is (pxtreindy soluble in wafer, The animal matter. Lime forms a kind of ; tlic water taking .up so much of it as to insoluble soup with oily matters, and then become bf a thick consistence. — Tsimc in gradually decqmpos'* them liy separating • Apiculture, * Quicklime, in its puiv state, from ‘them oxygen and carbon. It copi- xvhether in powder, or dissolve d in water, bines, likewise, with the animal acids, Wd\; , is .injurious to plants, (frays is killed by probably assists, their decomposition by , watering it with lime- water. matter, there is a strong action between and always' decoys, to a certain -extent, ' the lime and the vegetable matter, and the efficacy of uniiual manures^ either by t they form a kind of compost together, of ; combining with certain of their elements, which a part is usually soluble, in water, or by gi\ing to them new arrangements.. B\ this nj« k ans, matter which was, before, Lime should never be applied with rrni-* comparatively inert, becomes nutritive; nial manures, unless they arc too- rich, or ami, as charcoal and oxygen abound in a)l for the purpose of preventing noxious V- xcgclnhle matters, the lime becomes eon- etiluvia. It is injurious when mixed with ,M-itediiito a carbonate. Mild lime, pow- any common dung, tending to render the >• ' dej-ed limestone, marls, or chalks, lin\e no extradite matter ‘hisolublco In tbostj , action of this kind upon vegetable tputlci ; cac.es m which fermentation is useful to • ■by their action th< v pivNont the too raj ml produce nutriment from vegetable sub- •' decomposition of sulwi.tnecs already dis- stani’cs, lm t e i> always efficacious, as with solved ; but they have no tendency to tanners' bark. (For the qso of lime pi ■ form soluble Matter, Fi om these ciremn- building, see Mortar.) Lime is much- stances, it is ohtjoiis, that the opeiali<«n used by tanners, skinner.;-., foe., in the J of quicklime and mail or chalk, de- preparation of tiioir leuther; by soap-boil- , pemls upon principles altogether different, ers, fin* dissolving the oil, and facilitating ; • Quicklime, in the act of becoming mild, its union With the alkaline salt; and by • .prepares soluble out of insoluble matter, sugar-bakers, fiy* refining their sugar.’ It Jt is upon ibis circumstance that the ope- is also of some medicinal use, l>eing ap- ration of lime, in the preparation of w heat plied externally in dcsiccatit e and ejmlotic , nojis, depends, and its efficacy m l'eriil- medicines. izitjg peats, and in bringing into a state of . Yatire Sails of Lime, or Calcqrt- ruination ’all soils abounding in hard ous Minerals.— tn these, the first de- roots, or dry fibres, or inert vegetable serving of mention is the carbonate * of ■ muttdr. The ♦solution of the question, liihe, limestone, or rhoinboiilal limestone/ whether quicklime ought to he applied to This species, in mineralogy, is one which, - a soil, depends upon, the quantity of inert from its wide distribution, and the im- 1 vegetable matter it contains. The snlu- mouse masses in which it frequently, turn of the question, whether marl, mild occurs, constitutes an important rock in - lime, or powdered limestone, ought to he geology. Its minendogical character may -. applied, depends upon the quantity of he expressed as follow? : Fundamental or calcareous matter already in the soil. All primary form, an obtuse rhomboid of soils art* impjtfml hy mild lime, and, ulti- 105° 5' and 74° &V ; secondary crystals (of •> mateiy, by quicklime, wliich do not offer- wljjcli above OOfo ore, at present, known) vesce with acids; and, sands are more are some variety of the rhomboid, llio six!- , - , benefited by it than clays. When a soil, sided prism, or of a double six-sided pyra, ,. deficient in calcareous matter, contains mid, all of which ^afford the ppmitivd./ . much soluble, vegetable* manure, the ap- rhomboid, by cleavage, with the most' plicution of ipiicklime should always bo perfect facility. pfo species in mineralo- , - avoided, as if either tends to decompose the gy is so interesting to the. ciystallogrnphof. * soluble matters by Uniting to their carbon as the present. To it we owe our first • -V and oxygen, so as to become mild lime; or correct ideas of the internal structure of .<* conibirfes vvifh the soluble matters, and civ stills, aiul tfie best theory of ciystallizaf-^i > -‘‘V '< T, ' ,r '#\ \LIME.TO i ,■ , . • v 1 --^ n w<# ' "J -.t r.,o «-!«.* £'/, ‘v/^ tiou which lv» eye be^n Bus-; is proaueea oy caramnar compost- Y : { tion wmcn eyet* be^n suggested. <us-; wwi&w proaueea oy caramnar compost- • V.tn? Vitreous; prevalent fcolo^‘ White, .also tiup, m n^ssiSve varietufs; tho^^mr^-; ^.different, shades, <?f gray, roil, Wen otifl sinter^ by the same, but appeuripff m van' .yellow, and dark brown add black ebl- ous imitative shapes: Pcastone,' or $sbwc';' - ors. froni foreign admixtures ; streak consists of tliverghig'columuar individuals, ♦ ,lhe knife ; 'specific gravity, 2.73. Besides Recurring in distinct crystals, it ^exists in Wthlaetitic, liotryoidal and fnmeose shape, 0 with surfaces , uneven, drusv, rough or smooth ; and composition columnar, more «.’, or less distinct, Straight, diverging, and of 1 ; various sizes. Stalnctitic iinu botiyoidal varieties , arc often composed, a second ■ 1 fane, of curved lamellar particles, coition 1 i- ..uhly to the surface of tin* imitative shape, the faces of composition being uneven and rohgli, or irregularly streaked in a longi- * tudimil direction, .It also occurs massive ; \ ‘the composition being either cohunuar, in ' which the individuals ;ue straight, parallel ■ or diverging, and often of remarkable deli- cacy; or the Composition is granular tin; individuals being of various sizes, and even impalpable. The individuals, in Ihese varieties, coliere more or lets firmly. If the composition be impalpable, the* ( fracture becomes splintery, uneven, fiat, concboidal, or even ; on a large seal 4 , it is sometimes scaly. The fiaelurc is earthy - in those varieties in which the individuals cohere but slightly. The brooking up of * this species iuto sub-species and varieties, which was practised by the older writers \ on mineralogy, and* which lias lofi us •numerous particular denomination*, afol • no little confusion, requires notice in this place. These distinctions, it Will b» syen, \ depended chiefly upon the mode of com- ’ position, and upon .admlxTurcs-antl impu- rities with Which the individuals shave 1 ' been affected during tlieir formation. Of •; these, limestone represents the groatejr purl - of flic pure varieties of the species. The •* , simple Varieties,* and those compound ones ''"in which the individual!!; arc of rousidera- • ( ble sizes, and easily cleavable, ,lmve been colled calcareous spar{ couipouud vario- * (t -ties of granular, still discernible individu- ' als, are granular limestone ; both oompre- » bended under the head of foliaUd hme - • stone.’ If the granular composition disap- 'pear, compact limestone is formed, under .incut ofsomc heterogeneous timttfer, us ^ quartz, granite, &c. Compact limestone l kisses into chalk, when the individuals ‘ are more loosely connected with cadi other, so that the whole assumes un curthy appearance ; and rock milk , or agaric mine- ral, is formed, if the mass contains Ro- many interstices that it seems to po emvs but a small degree of specific gravity Calcareous tufa, a, rodent deposit, formed on the suilace of the earth, is often yleav- ahle, mid thus possesses all tlie proiiertios of calcareous spar. Slate spar is pro- ‘ duced by a lamellar composition, in luas- ’ mvc varieties, and often exhibits a pearly lustre. Swim stone, anlhracolite , marl and bituminous marlite are impure dnd mixed varieties partly of calcareous spar, partly, of compact limestone. The pure varieties of rhomboid.? limestone consist of lime, •Vi, and carbonic acid, 43. Very often, the varieties contain variable jiroportions of oxide of n on,, silica, magnesia, uhmmic, carbon or bitumen. If pure, it is entirely soluble in nitric acid, during which a hridv cllen esceuce takes place. In the cetnmo'i fire, it Is infusible, but loses its carbonic acid, and becomes burnt, or quick hme. which denomination tho oolite, or roestone , petrifactions, imbedded in compact varie- vyas comprehended. The roundish grains, r ties of the same species. Rhoniboulai r however, of lho latter, consist of columnar limestone, as has already lieen remarked; individuals, disposed like the radii of u is a species v cry 'widely diffused in nature : ' Sphere, and frequently showing distinct several of its varieties have a considerable 1 Crfcea of. cleavage. Common fibrous lime- share in the constitution of in .. . 4 - • <- • . , ,S$6- LEttE. ; . » . ' * ' « ■ . - ' * t V,.* ( v ^ - many countries. This is particularly true limestone. It occurs m crytyals, which, 'in Switzerland, Italy, Camiola, Carinthia, at tint sight, appear to bo regular atf- Salzburg, Stiria, Austria and Bavaria, and sided prisms ; but a close inspection, will in several parts of the U, States. Beds discover a longitudinal device down each » of granular limestone, in gneiss and mica lateral face, and somewhat similar appear- cdaie, abound in all the New England anccs converging in the centra of the ter- ‘states ; also in New York, New Jersey and minal planes. It also occurs in prismatic Pennsylvania ; also of the compact lime- crystals, Of four or six sides, terminated by stofte, upon lake Champlain, and through- out die vast district contained between the Alleghany mountains, the lakes, and the Mississippi. Of crystallized varieties, the most remarkable occur in Derbyshire and . Cumberland, in tiie mining districts of Saxony and Bohemia,' in the Hartz, in Carinthia, Stiria, Hungary and France, and, in the U. States, at Lockport in New York, formiug geodes -in compact lime- stone. Iceland is the locality of the purest and most transparent varieties, from whence come the best pieces of the plonep, tlio prisms often being so short as 1 to iihpart to the crystal the general form , of an octahedron ; these are rarely sepa- rate, but mostly cross each other* at par- ticular angles. Its crystals yield* to me- > chanical division, parallel to the lateral planes of a right rhombic prism of 116° 5'. and G3° 55', by measurements taken with, the reflective goniometer, on cleavage, , planes. Lustre * vitreous, inclining to resinous, upon faces, of fracture; color . white, sometimes passing into gray, yel-\ low, or mountain-green ; transparent or doubly-refracting spar. The crystallized r translucent ; brittle ; hardness such as to sandstone of Fontainebleau, in France, is ~" 1 :c a variety of rhomboidal limestones, me- chanically mixed with sand. Slate-spar occurs in Saxony, Norway and Cqrmvall, .and, in the U. States, at Williamsburg and Southampton, Mass., in lead veins, as well - os in the iron mine of Franconia, N. If. scratch calcareous spar; specific gravity, 2.93. It is very liable to occur in globu- lar, reniform, and coralloidal shapes, and nmssive, with a columnar composition. Imbedded crystals, generally . twins, or consisting of a greater number of -individ- uals, are found in compound Varieties of Pisolite is found in Cuniiola, and at Carls- gypsum, mixed and colored with oxide of ' bad in Bohemia. Most of the varieties irou, accompanied with crystals of ferry - arc so common as to render the mention of their localities mmecessaiy. Several varieties of the present species are usefully employed for various purposes, partly depending upon their mechanical, partly upon their chemical composition. Those .used in sculpture and in ornamental ar- chitecture, are called marble (q. v.) ; the more common or coarse varieties are used for the common purpose of building ; a peculiar variety of very fine-grained com- pact limestone is used for plates in lithog- ginous quartz. Other varieties occur in the cavities of basalt and other .trap rocks, , in lavas, alsQ in irregular beds ahd veins. It is found in beds of iron ores, in thobe coralloidal varieties which have been called flosrfenri ; also massive and crystal- lized., The first, though they occur in cavities end fissures, are not products of a stalacfitic formation. The most beautiful crystals, well defined and transparent, oo- ,. cur near Biliu, in ftohgiuia, in a vein ^ traversing basalt, and filled with a massive ' , raphy. The best sort is found near Pap- variety of the same species, consistihg of penheim and Solilenhofen, in Bavaria, large columnar particles of composition. Quicklime mixed with sand and water The varieties imbedded in gypsum have 1 . •* forms mortar (q. v.). Carbonic acid, for been found in the kingdom of Arragon, in * ' chemical purposes, is often obtained from Spain, from whence the name Jirragonite. chalk or marble powder. It is also a valua- has been derived. Its chief localities are \» blc addition in several processes of melting the iron mines of Stiria,. Carinthia and! J: — Hungary, and the metallic veins of the? Pyrenees and England. It has been found, very sjtarinmy, in the U. States. A few specimens of the coralloidal variety ■ have been derived from the gypsum of Lockport, and from between the layers'' of gneiss, in the quarries of Haddani.-^ • \ Sulphate of' lime; or gypsum, is a, mineral ' little less extensively diffused than lime There is another species, m mineralogy! called Jbragonite , which was formerly confounded with that just described. In composition, it is scarcely distinguished from rhomboidal limestone, the most ac- curate analyses having l>oen unable to make known more than from .5lo 4.1 of carbonate of sfrontites in its composition* besides carbonate of litnc. Its crystallize- stone, forming immense beds and veins, tion; and other characters, however, suffi- in numerous countries. * It presents Us,, ciexitly characterize it /is distinct from witli a veiy. considerable diversity of ciys.- ‘‘£ar. ' oUME, 557 J vs{ ■' / ■■■ V F K f ' 'A ^taw, which, nav©* for’ tlieir pririmry form, right-obliqua-angled pricin', of VvliiCh the * i bases, aite oblique-angled pamllelograms of. - VbTty aiwl ;te° 5#. The crystals arc 1 either prismatic or lens-shaped, in their * general abject.' Lustre vitieojis, inclining , to [Kjm-ly,; color white, soinctiiiies inclin- ing and passing into stnalt-blue, fiesh-red‘, ochm-yelldvv, honey -yellow, and several , shades of gray. Impure varieties assume. dark-gray, brick-red, and ‘ brownish-red Hugos.. Transparent or translucent : see- ' r tile ; specific 4 gravity, 2.31 * it occurs /Massive, in globular masses, in which the individuals are discernible : also granular, passing .into nnmlpable. Those varieties. of sulphate of nine which arc pure, trans- ■ ' parent, and perfectly formed, wore Jbr- meriy called selenite while the more mas- sive and impure varieties were donomi- * nated gyps am. Tin* latter wan a»'Hin dw v.ded into several sub-species, eompro- ln nding, almost exclusively, compound ‘ varieties, which were easily dis!ingui->h- fc-Me from each other, as their division depended upon the size of the gram, or * composition in general. Thus fulialtJ gyp^uru consists of dibcermhie gianular puiiiclcs; compart gvji&um, of impalpable piuritfhs of compoMtioii; scaly fall dial }C>psum consists of iuinute scaly particle.- ; <trt hip gypsum, of a mealy powder; very ! ! i it i columnar eon ipositioii pnji luces fibro ns gypsum. Before the blow-pipe, gypsum. i vfoliatcs and melts, though with chlli-. culty. into a white enamel, winch, after a short tune, tails to povvdei. It was formerly .calcined, hot is now ground in mills, after the manner of grain. , it is particularly adapted to windy soils and gnu** lands, and is very extensively used in the Ik States. Another specie^ of the same composition with the gypsum, ' except the water, is called qnhydrite (q.v.jr Jt i.> of comparatively rare occurrence. — Phosphate of Lime, or apatite* is found * crystallized in six-sided prinins, termi- nated by one or more planes, or the prism is terminated bj it six-sided pvr- - amid, and lateral edges are, some- l ‘inert replaced by numerous planes. Jt fields with difticully to cleavage, para l- ' ici to the side of a ir-’ular sj\-sid- ci! prism, which is therefore consid- ered as it* primitive fopu. Lustre vit- reous, inclining to resinous ; color white. * pa-sing into bine, green, yellow, red aim ' brown ; transparent or tjansluecnr; brittle,* hardness above that of Hu of ; specific .gravity, T-'A It also occurs massive. When in fine powder, it is slowly dis\ solved in nitric acid, and without dlbr- \r sconce. S 0114 ; varieties tvro phospho-, 1 n.-cent upon ignited cl lai coal, and before ’ the blow-pipe; others even when rubbed • with hard bodies, it does not rnc.lt alone,. before the blow -pipe. # Jt is omnpobod of hme, 53.U, and phosphoric acid, 45.0. It tonally occurs in beds and veins of iion and tin ores. Its principal localities arc, Saxony, Bohemia, Salzburg and Cabo ■tic.? Gala, in Spain; Iran which latter place ' very beuutdullv crystallized specimens afro obtained, and which Iiave received, Ihjni , tlieir color, the name of asparagus stone J It is also found at Si.GotJiard,ttnd in l)cv-v‘ on^hire and Cornwall. It has but few and rather uniinpohant localities in the - 1 1J. States. Amity and Saratoga,- Npw\. York, liavc afforded tlie best specimens;’ ’ FI note of lime* (Set? Hwr. )-r- Tungstate of * time, or tungsten, occurs massive, and crystallized iu the form of an bctaliedron v 'it li a square base. Lustre vitreous, in-’ doling- to adamantine; color generally f . \ . JJME^tlNCOLN. . ' white, inclining to. yelld wish-gray; trans- lucent or transparent; brittle; hardness matof fluor ; specific gravity, 6. ; infusible before the blow-pipe. It consists of lime, 19.40, oxide of tungsten, 80.42. It is found in Bohemia, Saxony and Cornwall ; also in the U. Statelet Monroe, in Conn. — Borate of time. (See Boracic Acid,) — Arse - nude of lithe, or pharmacolite], is a very rare species in mineralogy, found in small ► quantity at Andrensburg, in the Hartz, and at one Or two other places in Europe. ;B occurs in minute fibres, or acicular crystals, which are commonly aggregated into botryoidnl or globular masses. Its color is white, or grayish-white, though oficn tinged of a violet-red, by arseniate of cobalt, which accompanies it Specific gravity, 2.(5. It consists of lime, 25., arsenic acid, 5R54, and vtater, 24.46. Limerick, a city on the Shannon, about 60 miles from its mouth, is about three miles in circumference. The principal public buildings are the custom-house, the cathedral, ana the bishop’s palace. The ^cathedral is of great antiquity. There are several charitable establishments ; also a good public library, and . a theatre. It contains four Protestant churches, and eight chapels for the Roman Catholics. There is also an extensive barrack for 22 companies of foot and four troops of horse. Limerick carries on manufactures of linen, woollen and paper. It was taken by the English in 1174. In 1651, it was taken by Ireton. In 1690, it was unsuc- cessfully besieged by king William in person. In 1691, it surrendered to gene- ral Ginkle, afterwards earl of Athlone. Population, from 50,000 to 60,000, in which are 5000 Protestants ; 119 miles • 8. W.. Dublin ; Ion. 8° 31' W, ; laL 52° •36' N. Limit, in a restrained sense, is used by mathematicians for a determinate quanti- ty, to which a variable one continually ' approaches ; in which sense, the circle may be said to be the limit of its circum- scribed and inscribed polygons. In alge- bra, the term limit is applied to two quan- tifies, one of which is greater, and the other less, than another quantity ; and, in this sense, it is used in shaking of the limits of equations, whereby their solution js much facilitated. Limning (from eidumintr , French, to adoVn books with paintings). As these paintings or illuminations were always executed in water-colors, limning properly . designates lhat species of art which is 'now known by the' name of miniature , jMtinting, though it is sometimes used#) w, • ’ ' signify the art of paihkn^ generally, imi u particularly portrait paiuting. , ■ ^ Limoges (Augustortym, dr Lmoviotm ); h , \ a city of' France, capital of the depart- ment of the Haute-Yienne, mid formerly , ‘ of the province of Limousin (q. v.) ; .>■ 45° 50' N. Ion. 1° 16' E. ; episcopal see ; 25,612 inhabitants. It is an ancient place, 1. and contains some ' Gaulish and Roman , remains. The hotel dc vide, cathedral, and episcopal palace, are the principal ’ ; public buildings. It is also the Beat of several literaiy establishments, and has Woollen, linen and cotton manufactures, , witli paper works, tanneries ' and iron 1 • forges. Several faiife are held here. Birth- , place of the chancellor D’Aguesseau. , Limonade; a place and plantation in Hayti, very rich in sugar. It was elevated to a lordship by king Ghrisfopho, and be- stowed upon his minister for foreign af- faire, whom he made count de Limonade. Witli the death of Christophe, the count de Limonade returned to obscurity. Though ridiculed by whites, on account of his title, he showed talents in the con- duct of his office. It is not true that Chris- toph© killed him in 1817, as has been said. Limonathere ; a very essential jiersou- nge in n French raft. (See Coffee-Houses, under Coffee.) ; r ■ Limousin, or Limosin ; on ancient prov- ince in the centre of France. Limoges was the capital. It forms at present tli© chief part of the departments of Haute- Vienne and of Correze. (See Department.) / Lincoln, Benjamin; an eminent Amer- ican revolutionary general, born at lling- ham, Massachusetts, January 23, O; S., 1733. Until the age of 40 years, he was , ■ engaged in agricultural pursuits, and, at tlie commencement of our revolutionary struggle, in 1775, he held the . office of lieutenant-colonel of militia. He was elected a member ,of the provincial con- gress, one of the secretaries* of that body, * and also a member of the committee of * correspondence. The council of Massa- chusetts appointed him a brigadier, in , 1776, and soon afler, a major-general, '■. when he employed himself industriously * iii arranging and disciplining the militia, at the head of a body of whom, he joined the main army at New York, in Qctober. By the recommendation of general Wash-. ington, congress appointed him a major- . ‘ general in. the continental forces. He commanded a division or detachment in v the main, yrmy, under the commander-in- “ chief, for several months,' during ^rhich- ‘ jieriod he was plaoed in difficulty flitua- tions. The com mander-oii-chief, in July , . • ’• • , * \ \ '-i * - v ,;.IJTfC0LN. .. ■ •; • .« $ y?> • . ... .1775, desftttched general Linioln to the, , tei’ planting two standards' on \ '■organized foe New England militia, os » After this unfortunate butbolcT assault, iL-„ • : .1 1_ • _ A 1 * PAA ■ 1' T ; i m i TmTi lake George, took 200 batteaux, with 293 forcemeut of regular* troops; with &ddf- v men, and released 100 American prison- tional supplies, but his requisitions were men, and released 100 American prison- ers. He then joined general Gates’s army, of wh^ch he was second in command. tional supplies, but hiB requisitions were but partially granted. General sir Henry , Clinton arrived in February, 1780, and, ot wiijch he was second in command. Clinton arrived m February, 1780, and, Here he was wounded in the leg, and his having debarked a strong^ force in the • wound confined, hhn at Albany for seve- neighborhood, encamped before the Amer- ral months. After suffering the removal of a pint of the m&in bone, he w&s con- icun lines, March 30. Notwithstanding the great superiority of the enemy, gene- veyed to his residence at Hingham.' In ral Lincoln determined to attempt the de* the following August, he repaired to the fence of his post, and, accordingly, to a de- head-quarters of general Washington, and mand of unconditional surrender, returned ,was designated- by. congress to conduct an imnjediate refusal, but was obliged to the war in the southern department. He capitulate, May 12, by the 4 discontent of' arrived at Charleston, in December, 1778, the troops and the inlmbitahts, the great arrived at Charleston, in December, 1778, the troops and the inlmbitahts, the great when he found his duties on that station superiority of mi tutors on the part of the to be of the most difficult nature. An ar- enemy, and the expenditure of Ills prp- niy was to to formed, organized and sup- visions and ammunition, after a constant plied, tli&t ho might to enabled to contend cannonade had toeu kept up for a rudnfh. with a veteran enemy. General Prevost For a fortnight previous to the surrender, arrived with a fleet and nearly 3000 Brit- he hud not undressed to sleep, llis repu- ish troops, about the 28th of Deceintor, tation Was too firmly established to be and, having' defeated a small American shaken by the disastrous U -miifatiou of 4 three, tinder general Howe, took posses- his southern campuigu, and credit was* siou of Savannah. With the design of given him for having for three ihonths protecting die upper part of Georgia, Lin- withstood the power of the British com-* coin proceeded to Augusta in April ; but inanders, and so effectually retarded the die British commiinder, Prevost, march- execution of their future plans. OWmg ing upon pliarieston, general Lincoln pur- to die delay, North Carolina was saved sued the same route, and, on arriving at that for the rest of die year 1780. In No- city, found that the enemy had retired \ ember following, general Lincoln was' 1 from before it the preceding night. June exchanged for general Phillips, who had , , 19, he attacked abodt GOO of* tljp enemy, been taken prisoner at Saratoga. In tho entrenched at Stono Ferry, but was re- campaign of 1781, Lincoln commanded pulsed. , French forces arrived with the a division, and at Yorktowu performed a ’ fleet under count D’Estaing, in the early conspicuous part. At that place, die army ‘ ■ part of September, 1779. Prevost having of Cornwallis capitulated to die combined \| repossessed himself of Savannah, an expo- forces of France and America, on similar ‘ dition was projected against that place, m terms to those which had been granted io \ conjunction with the French commander. > general Lincoln at Charleston. On the For this purpose, nearly 3000 of the for- latter was conferred the office of receiv- - 1 eign auxiliaries were landed, to which ing the submission and directing the dis- ' general Lincoln added 1000 men from his trihution.of the conquered # troops $ and own troops. The enemy, however, used die day succeeding the surrender, his. 4 4 every exertion to strengthen die defences, services were commended in the general/ 1 1 aud was reinforced while the command- order of die coiiimundcr-in-chief. In ‘(le- er was preparing the articles of capitula- to tor, 1781, he was, appointed by congress “tion to D’Est&ign. Li.NObAi, or Ia \dkai, sir David, an an- cient Scottish poet, descended from a no- ble family, was horn in 1 UK). Lie entered the university of St. Andrew’* in 1505, and, in 1500, beemne page of honor to Juincs V, then an infant. In 1 528, In- troduced his Drome, and, ni the following year, pvt seuted hisCompla\nt to tin- Lint,. ' In 1530, he was inaugtilrfttcil Lyon king- ; at-arms, and knighted, and, in 1531, sent " on a mission to Charles V', on his return from which h» rnameu. He soon after occupied liimself on a drama, of a -hiffii- lurkind, entitled a Satyre of the Three Fsialis, which was followed, in 1530, by Ids Answer to die King's Fh ting, and liis Conlniaynt of Ban-ha. On the death of Magdalen of France, ‘two months after her marriage with .lames V, I am Isay’s muse produced his Deploraliotm of the Death of Clueiio Magdalene. During the succeeding regency, hr espoused the cau»e of the reformers, and, in 1518, was sent, ■ in his capacity of Lymi liorald, on a mis- nion to Clirjstiern, king 1 of Denmark. On his return, lie published the most pleasing f, of all his poems, entitled the History and 1 Testament of Squire MeIdrum. J His last and greatest work the Monarchic, was finished in 3553. 'The date of his death Is’ uuknovvn ; but the latest uutlnrrity - seems' iuclimyl to place it in 1557^ Lind-* say entorcjl with grout zeal into religious disputes, and his satires powerfully assist- ed to expose the vices of the, clergy. As ii pOet, lie is inferior to Dunbar and Gawiri ^Douglas. His Dreme is deemed hj^ ftiost .poetical eohi}>OMjkm. An accurate edition of the works of Lindsay was published by -Mr. George Chalmers, in JtSfKi.	2,543
in.ernet.dli.2015.68344_44	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	null	None	None	English	Spoken	7,314	11,259	fondly recorded by him. “ No more ” con- person among them, and am called. tinue.s the song, for tlie reader will not griuh^e bringing 318 the pleasure of calling it to mind— untimely end. I love to be o.f» importance, and so tlio present society is “.No more he’ll l»«ar the tempest howling, Jlattering to iiiy vanity.!’ ,, For death hath broach’d him lo. glie w'as then sixty-five. What a godsend «< His form was of il.e mnnliest boautv, P“°’; creatures she hftve bee) ! Kls lionrt w.,a U.ul s.id soft j ^ enter^ujg, M of; FniOiftil below he did liis duty, .niecsroto and old stones ; and though so But now he 's gone aloft.” ' young in mind, yet ot an age bodUy ,tp keep, < them in heart with theiUin^lveS\| au4, make Dc. Dibdin was thus the nephew of a man of them hope to live on. genius, and the son of one of the best sped- At tlie back of Earl’a Terrace was, and is, m^ns iof an EuglisUraan. His memory may a curious prefty littl<?, 8pqt,cal]fed Kiwirdes bt» q0nteut. Square, aitei', the family name ef the Lord ^ ; The. Doctor relatea. an anecdote of the Kensdn'^tons ; and in this squiirCiJVtrs. Inch- hottse.-qpposHe him, which he ciniBklers equal bald must often hav^ walked, for the iuhabi-! tr>, .any “j'Qmanee of real life.” This comes tants of ^le ,'l?errace haye keys to it„and .i^i^ ofr.thei antiquarian Imbit of Ipeaking in gives them a ik,lnd.:of larger gaz'den, We; ' ^UperUtives, and expressing amazement at have called the spot curious as w'cll aa pretty^ i ao it is in many respecte ; in one nf tliem -coutnidictory to the prettiness ; for one aide of tlie square Is formed of the bacKS and garden-walls of the Earl’s Terirace houses ; and the opposite side of its coaoh-houses, and of little tenements that appear to have been made out of them. The whole of this side, however, is plastered, and partly overgrown with ivy, so as to be rather an ornament d:han an eyesore ; what chiefly surprises the spectator, when he first sees the place, is the largeness as well .as cultivated look of the square, compared with the smallness of the houses on two sides of it. Ti- \Mis allowable for French imaginations in tliose (lays to run a little wild, on the strength of Napoleon’s victorie.s. We do not repj^t the story for the sake of saying how ww. We believe that both Frenchmen and s Euglishmcii at present, for reasons best known tq.all governments not .actually out of their senses, are for keeping their own locali- ties as quietly as possible to tjiciuselves ; and we devoutly hope they m.ay continue to do so, not only for the sake of the two greatest natioxw in Surop^ butibr . that the. seemrity of advancement. JFcsp it it bettoy to advance g^tly; however vslowiy, than ito . bo ^ mcessantly thrown badk^froni one extreme; 4 k> another; and the woidd ukI right opipjon; will progress as surely an time idqes, ' ever efforts despots and bigots may ;• put back the clock. It is said in Kensington that Coleri<Jg6 once had lodgings in Edwardes Square. We do not And the circumstance in his lAogra- phies, ihougli he once lived in the neighbour- ing village of Hammersmith. Perhaps he was on a visit to a friend ; for we are credibly informed that he used to be seen walking, in the square. A lady, who was a child, at the time, is very proud of his having spoken to her, and given her a kiss. IN THE DARDANELLES. ' Our man-of-war, the Modcate, entered the j Dardanelles surrounded by a fleet of mer- \| chant vessels. When the breeze over the high- j laud caught our sails we ran ahead ; when a deep current rushing round some headland caught our hull wo fell astern ; and we were enjoying the excitement of a grand regatta when, at the narrowest part of the strait bet ween the iniiui* castles of Europe and Asia, a heavy shot from the fort came right across our bows. Tlui captain was below at the moment, and just as he got on deck and was giving orders to shorten sail another shot fell astern ' and ricocheted close alongside, sending showers of spray over the gangway. AVo could see a ciowd of officers at a house in the fort, and others were at tlie same time busy laying other guns. There was no misinteqn'eling the hint. We accordingly bore nj), and in the midst of a heavy squall of wind and r.ain anchored off the consular offices at Uie town of the Dardanelles. Our copsul soon ci»miug on board, from him w e llfariit th.'it all men-of-war must have a lirman, or permission to pass, from (Jon- sfcautinople before they are sufiered to ascend the Dardmielles. We knew nothing of this regulation, since by some chance no notice had been taken of it in the general orders to the squadron. It was clear that the Pacha ; in command of the fort had exceeded bia in- structions, as the rules arc that in a case like ours two blank c.artridges shall be first fired, ami then followed up by shot if necessary. The captain accordingly went ashore to call upon the Pacha and demand an explanation., His ajjology was the truth, that he thought we wished to pass him in defiance oC the regulations, and had an idea that we .looked, as if blank cartridge would not atop us,. We were obliged to wait until a letter could be written to and answered from Coiislaatmople. , it was Tuesday, no steamer would, goi up, l>efore Thursday, and no answer. be‘ 'had- before Saturday. Accordingly < we bad»#ve days before us, and as our stroll al>out tUo; immM '^wn quite eatkfied curiosity^ I e^eed ^ith a friend to trot^over l^e claaBie groned bf Tj^by. llie brother of oftr consul whs an 61d acquaintance and a local merchant ; he '^volunteered to go uith us, taking his fcervant, .ftijyoung Jew, to look after our horses. On. Wednesday aftornoon^ tJjerefore, we hired a caique to take ua to the village at the en- Utame of the Baniauellea There we proposed ‘ ii> sleep. We liad a very pleasant run down viritfe the current, and lancletl just outside the 'outer castle of Asia in a sandy bay. That was the l)^ in which the Greek galleys had been drawn up at the siege of Troy, if ever there was such a siege. If never, there was one Homer made it real, and I believe in it as steadily as in the death of Nelson. Close by our landin\|f-place was a pyramidal mound of stones c:il£d the Tomb of Achilles, and there was another some two hundred yards lurlher inland, in which lie, or ought to lie, the bones of Patroclus. As usual in such cases, there is a dispute as to wliich totnb is ■which, or whether the two friends were not both buried in a single heap. yonder which cooks somebody’s meal l^t ue call fumes from the altars of fticebus piled with hecatombs of bulls and goats; or let us imagine that it rises from the detiks of burUr ing galleys. We undertook to suppose that the hills were covered with the lofty towers of wide extended Troy.” W e supposed our- selves. to be favoured by the jackals and the owls with echoes — or traditions preserveii on the spot — of ancient battle cries, I’lio even- ing breeze we proposed to consider heavy wftli the souls of mighty chiefs untimely slain. In the blue mist rising from the Hellespont, we determined to see Thetis rising from her i crystal throne, and all hei* NereuLs getting \| up out of their pearly bdOa to follow the uu- i liappy mother up the Trojan sti’aiid. Not j until wo had pai(l our debt to sentiment did we iillow ourselves to think of supi)er. I A w:itk v)f a few minutes past a multitude I of windmills brought us to a village of mud \| huts at the top of the hill, built upon the site of the ancient Sigeum. We made at once for the house of a Greek known to our friend Calvert, and sent down to the boat for our luggage. Kach of us had taken a large ; blanket, a change of linen, and the necessa- ries of the toilet ; for all else we looked to late. The Greek gave us no reason to regret our trustfulness. His house was one of the largest in the village, built with walls of mud j dried in the sun, having outside stairs also of mud, and an interior divided into two stories by a wooden floor. The house roof was of tiles. Tliere was a lai’ge courtyard surrounded by a mud w^all, the re.sort of oxen, goat.s, and geese, ami fowls. There were also some out-houses tilled with chail', i of which the flat roots formed .t terrace. Upon that we took up our quarters, very much preferring open air on a fine starlight night Hi Augusl, to close air and fleas, "^’hcre was a good sTipply of large fresh rusiiea, which, when spre.id out, fuimed the best oi beds, or a chaii* or a couch, wdioa heaped together. On some fish just caught and fried, some lioiled eggs, and a most delicious melon, we supped like TrojaiiS* before vve , retired to our respective blankets, using stars. foi»Mght candles. i The clarions of innumerable Trojan coc^s awoke ua before daylight, and we prepared be- , i times for our day’s march. The horses hired j the night bej’ore had, however, to be sIilmI, j breakfast ht^l to be eaten, .aiid our hflS;pkets packed upon an extra horse tljat was to be j ridden by a guide. We were not faiiij^ off j till six o’clock. The plains oj* Troy were j then before ua, and our flist object was to ride acrJss them to the ruins of Alexandria Troas. Bound about the village, there were HODSEacw;;© ;,Contluct«4liOF fibUda in stiibbln of kirwy and maize, there over ti^ellis wgrk, Ko,me«it«Quul be ])roc!ured> othem covoied wiili dwarf viawa. then but our host proimsed ua a TurkialidUinm* beariij^^* ripe and in oilier plucey melons and served it to us ju the j^ardcn (nuckJy, or i)iinij>kiiis sira^’^ded over the parched The new moon apj)eared abov^- the hills, the stars ihoue out, a delighttul breezo }>]ayed As we p;isserl on the uigns of cultivation with the vine leaves, and the LrioklUig ibuu- disap]>earocy and we rode over what is evi- Uuu soothed us by its murmur. Wah such tlentJy marsh in winter, but in summer dry lights and music, we s:it down before a low ;irid lissured mud. Here a,nd there a pool of stool, on which a circular* tin i ray formed a fitagmiiit water still* supported a small colony table-cloth. The feast was t) ten served to of snipe and wild duck, and twice on our ride us by turbaneil genii. First vMine a piUau of we passed a corn-growing tract. Ju such rice; then a thick soup made of the jelly of > places, the^ old Homeric tliresliiiig-lloor w’as rice, wiih milk and minced e-gs, the whole to be seen in full activity. We rode at a liavoured with vegetables; iu‘>:L, a dish of slow pace, And according to the custom hero, stewed bagiiioles ; theu eggs tVu il in butttjr ; ill a Ime, the guide first ; the rest following anil lastly, a sort of pancake, cat.on dipped in at a breakneck pace of about three miles an honey ; a dessert of melon and gravies wound lionr. It was past eleven before we liad up the enter lainmunt. We sK pt wlicrc we cleared the shore of Bosika Jiay, and croj4s.ed had alined. sbme rising ground which bi-ought us down On taking a sl.i'<»ll, soon alier daylight, up6u the harbour of Alexandria 'I'roas. Tlun-e round the villagi', we savr a herd of upivards ^>ur horses found inc rolreshment of afuun-jof forty eaiueJs wliich had been brought tain, we the relreshinent of a melon. So ' ihilher to convey vallonia to the shore. This revived, W’e continuod onr ride ever some hilly \ is the chief produce of the country, the cm> groniul covered hy the vallonia oak to the psin- j of the aeunx being the only part of this oafc cipal r"iiiains of the city. These are on the sent to Europe ; the acorn itself is used by summit of a hill which coiiimands a very flue the peojile of the place as food for cattle, view of the islands of Tene<los and Jinbros, The cup is packed in woollen b.'u^s and sent the bay and the surrounding hilly country, to Mr. Calvert’s chief wareliousc lor exporta-, Thei^» are numerous foundations of houses tioii. A lai'ge tree in a good season , wijt formed of a hard limestone, fre(pient traces of ]>roduce as much vallonia as is worth iihe dty walls, a few sarcophagi, the towers pounds, on the spot ; but, taking tree of jajwteway, and a singular structure called tree, ])erham the annual average is . 4^>r<daies^'Priam^. a dollar. However, very little' care, ^ 'On^yed 'a eauple of houis’ rest and a ever to be bestowed upon the tre^ , dp/ 'lltilidbedn ^among those Boimin ruins, not belong to govern meat, but to a. num%r, , fanned by a cool fresh breeze, and slmded by of small i^asant proprietors. The walk the oak trees which have sprung up on all breakfast over we were oS again hy apt,, sides. ' ’ At about four o’clock we started o’clock for tlie village of Bournabashy, wliigh again,' in the same order as before, over the is near the site of Ohi Troy and the sources hills 'to see a gi’anile quarry in which were of the Scainander, odious to schoolboys. / some large c(dumus read}- out. Our track la about tliice hours and a lialf we arrived Was over hills Hfifvcretl with vallonia, and we at the lo\V land ivliere this river rises. 3u. passed not a house or a living tiling for some \| the space yf about an acie there are .foity miles, except one uarty of sliejiherds with ; j)oint3 at Vliicli the water gushes, cool anjd their dogs and flocfc. A ride of about two ' cl(ar, from lissures in the limeat(,ne rock, hours brought us to a ridge of granite. At j The small streams trickle about ill tlmy theivery top of tlie ridge, on one side of the 1 unite and form a tolerable brook surroumJeil hill, is an old quaaTy, and 'ilivre were the \| by luxuriant vegetation. Numbers of tortoises » sevui columns as they were linisliu<l when ! and many large lish were to be seen swunining the town was alive, all realty for removal, i about in the miuhiy brook; water-cressfJS WV intasured them with our walking sticks \| grow upon its surface, and a large vegetsthl? and did what else wasnocessary, then went on. I garden, surromifled by a blackbejiy hedge, About half a mile from this quarry is the tills the v.illey formed by the divisions of thp village ol Ivotsciola Biushy, most pictui>es({uely stream. I found Scamauder wattaT-cresi^ fiituat^i on a slope near the .summit oi' one very good. The village of Bourjiaba^ijY those granite-capped hills. Its white just above this river source, upon/adijli ])(\|\|\|\|\|firet forms a Iniantiful object in contrast which we passed on our way to the the heavy background of the granite of the original (Jld Troy. i, "ere lucky enough to meet The lirst thing to be seen on , ' WiUk^ a Jev^' broker in the Service of our tlie.se heights is a jj^ ramid of Ipp^/sjtpngfi fiuendpwiiorwas on an aiinunl tour about tlie called the Tomb of Hector. The sitt)i^l;ipi^.jfei ' colintiy, j^rcliasiug vallonia for exportation lua^iliceut. It is on one side of. tr> England He procured us quarttT.s in a ravine, through which the Simoia wh3uj«,m garden 'dose to the mu^que, and^we spread course from Mount Ida to, join the Scamsnd^ our ijflaiikerta. upon iiifUs liesido^i fountain iu the TrojAu plains. Iko plaius m^ be j\|iid beneath a rich covering of grapes trained seen extending to ,thp Hellespout ; jlp i aiarlcsl>ickcni.J POT AND KETTtg tihe opposite direction, mountain ridges fill wp' all the ecene. A boitt square stoncR, laid together witlK»iit mortar, are tlie sole i^mains, or supposf* 1 remains, of the of Trov, Wo sat on tlicm ami tfilked moralities. A ifttle fiirther on. the sides of the ravine bccnrm* predpiton.^' and at one spot almost peri)cmlfcular. Doaui that ab3"S8, tradition says, the Trojans threw tlie wooden horse. Nothing move was to be seen, an<i we departed. The de.'^eent is* steep beneath the tomb of Hector, aivl we led our horses down to cross the river at a ford about a mile below. Then wo made for a farm, called Cbiflik, or the Mai sh farm, which is occiqiied by Mr. Calvert. Near this farm is a tumulus which popular tradition holds to be the burial-place of the Creeks killerl at tlie siege of I’roy. !Mr. Calvert liad it opened lately, and did really find in it a tliick Sira turn of burnt bones, but nothing else of interest. He was not scholar enough to know whether tlic bones were (h-eek. ^.'he farm buildings at tliis [dace are extensive, and it is prohalilc that tlie plain will yield ricli harvests of corn. ‘ In winter the shooting : both of woodcock, snipe, water-fowl, and hares is excellent. After a couple bf hours’ rest, and a luncheon of melon, choose, and barley bread, the sole provision of the farm pemde, we rode on to the village of llanqui, where Mr. Calvert has a couiitr}^ house and a large fitdrehouse for vallonia. We arrived at sun- set, having been eight hours on horseback, — -hJiich riding for sailors. On our way^ in a narrow path, we had met another ])arty. First came a horse laden with two large travelling trunks, then another carrying a guide armed to the teeth ; then the traveller, an Englishman, with a straw hat and um- brella ; L'lstly, his travelling servant ; and though in passing we even had to touch each other in the midst of a wiltT, desolate country, not a word, or smile, bow was exchanged between the children oPferitannia. We behaved at Troy as well as we should have behaved in Piccadilly. Mr. Calvert’s house at Baiiqui is situated on a hill that overlooks the l)ardan(dlea from the entrance up to the inner castles. The vallonia warehouse there established is a large building, used not only as a storehouse, but as a sort of factor}^ for there they separate the acorn from the cup ; a process which provides employment for some fifty women and children. About three thousand tons are shipped annually from this ware- house. The jirice per ton varies between twelve and seventeen pounds, and the freight to England costs about two [)ounds per ton. It is principally 8 hij)ped to Liverpool by schooners and Biiiall brigs, carrying from one hundred to one hundred and fifty tons. Thus our tanners find bread for the Trojans of to-day. From Ranqiii no very long ride brought us, the next morning, back to the village of the Dardanelles. We were well pleased with our excursion. We had thought, about .the past and seen the present ; the deeds of Achilles, and the trade iu acorn-cupsu. POT AND KEITLE PHILOSOPHT. There are two branches of pliilosophy^ connected with pots and kettles ; the or^ gastronomic, and the othtf pyrotecdiuic ; ther one relating to the food to be cooked, and thfr other to the !irrangeiuent8 for cooking. It is the latter of these on which the, reader is. about t© be addressed. In our first volume^ a few gentle hints were given on the imper- fectioiis of popular cookery ; on the desira- bleness of young ladies learning to' boil potatoes and broil chops as well as to ein- i)roi(jJer slippers and crochet anti-macaasiirs- Here, how'ever, we do not intend to liinl fault with any one. We would rather dis- course on the numerous &d ingenious ooii- trivan(‘es for applying^ heat economically ii> cooking processes, and for doing many things at once in a small space. There arc not only improvedforms of gratt‘s, stoves, and ovens,, lieated ordinary coal ; but thei’e are con- trivances for obtaining luel-like action fronx wood, from cliarcoal, from artificial fuel, from hot water, from steam, from spirit, and from gas ; and there are kitchens poHable, and kitchens club-like, such as the old school o£ cooks knew nothing about. . It is not throngk want of coal that these novelties appear ; but economy in coal is itself one of the produciug- causes of a very essential and desirable coU'^ dition of things — cleanliness. Do you doubt that we are making im^ provenieuts in stoves, and grates, and cooking apparatus, by economising the heat of or- dinary fuel '/ Read the ironmongers’ bills, and look into their shops, and remove your doubt. Here is the Cottagej^ifftove, slanding upon four legs. It luis a square iron casej^ within and near one end of which is a fiie- pot, the top of which opens into a flue to carry off the smoke ; the rest of the vacant space constitutes an oven, while there is boiler attaclied to the end nearest to the fire, and a hot jilate and open cavity at the • top for stewing, and frying, and boiling, and sundry other processes iu cookeiT. Here is an assemblage of grate, oven, Wiler, hot- plate, hobs and trivets, so set in ‘a frame- work ^that it may be fixed into any sized firepflice, large or small, without setting ; for the throat, or opening to tlie flue, is formoi^ in the iron-work of the range itself, and is tliu.% at once determinate in size and shape. Here is the Kitchener, in which one oven Will roast while anothef bakes ; in wIAch the^hot. closets may do duty as pastry • ovens ; in which tiie back is formed by a boijer capable of containing fifty gallons of water ; in which the top iij BO adapted, that the cook may attend to a dozen or so of little cookeries at one time ; and in which every vagrant atom, CCMMtc4rlqr,^ \ >of^h«At ia cftii^ht in the aet erf joliimng amy, ^ and made to do uaefnl wock An aom way or oUien Here 40 aim^er ron^ of^formiaable dimensions, which claims credit for its Stour- bridge fire-clay back, its frontage susceptible of variation in size, and its Irars hung on hinges to facilitate cleansins.^Here is another, adaptefl to the wants of ^ys or girls in a boarding school ; it has a formidable array of sixi(^n spits, on whi«li sixteen joints of meat may be impaled at once ; and the bars, in- stead of being solid rods, are hollow tubes filled with lyater, as a means of economising heat. Here is a range in which the inventor has sought to indulge the Englishman in what he so much loves, an open cheerful fire, and the same time to have the means of s}>eedily converting it into a closed fire to economise fmd. Then wc liavo stoves , in which fire lumps ai’e used : that is, slabs or bricks of Stourbridge clay arc built into the ;'siiles and back of ftie stove, for the sake of ‘ the great power which lliis substance i^os- sesses of retaining heat. Then we have tlie American Improved Excelsior, a sumi)tuous name for an air-tight double oven ’"cookery j stove ; in which the hot air, instead of being allowed to roam about hither and thither, is brought to work in a definilc way at a definite spot. Evejy imaginable mode is adopted, in these various ranges, and grates, and stoves, and ovens, to oflijct this heat- economy ; if the heat is not. rerjuired to act directly upon the food, it is made to heat a vessel of water, or a cavity which may serve as a. baking oven, or a plate of iron winch may be useful as a liot plate for dishes. Onl}' save the heat, and yon may be certain of finding it a useful servant in some way or other. Commend us forthwith to this ingenious roasting-jack, cidled the Antonia tun. See how, in front of the range, is placed a sort of hemiBphericais^fJvcMi ; how a hollow tube pixyects from the "lower jiart of this oven; how this tube thrusts itself into an opening beneath the fireplace of the range ; how, by the heat in the interior of the oven, a current of air is sucked llirough the tube ; how this current sets in rotation a vdiie wheel ; and iiow this wheel twirls round tlie hooks to which the joint of meat is suspended. Let not material philosophers lliink that they alone understmid the i>roduction of a current of wind by rarefiictiou diu* to the action of heat ; here we have it all, in this roasting- jack. And%ee, in another instance, hovf Mr. VUeiuLiigtoi^ brings the theory of reflected j ,'heat to throw dignity upon his roasting- ’^jack. ijook at the concave metallic lellec-; tora above and below, reflecting the otherwise fwast-''’ heat upon the savoury Joint ; look at .the cunning little hole in the middle of the lower reflei^tor, to let the rich essence drop from the meat into a little cup below ; anil look at the similar hole iu theupi>er reflector thiTQUgh which the essenco may be poured dowii Ao baste the meat. They use a coucave metfdUespeoalum, wif^ a hole. in the, fertile refieol^ teleeeap^ aud ^ for these roastin^H^^ i tWefore,%.i4i ijr.ol Tl\e bachelor's kettle is a erafty inducing a man to resuaki . 9 ,. ^ making his life as easy as a. glove, . , he can obtain for three shillingp. asks his landlady, or Folly the housemaid t© pijur- ^ • chase one penny-worth of patent .^rewood;. which firewood consists of a. sort oi" whe4.or .. a sort of gridu-ou mysteriously formed pf small pieces of wood, resinpd to .niak}e.-them more captious and peppery. One of these structures he places in a little stove or gratCii he kindles it ; he places the stove, on the , to give the smoke and the chimney a chanceic,, of becoming licquainted ; he surmouid^ the,, pile by a flat tea-kettle containing water ; apd i»y the time the farthing wheel or gridiron has bnmed itself out, there is boiling water enough to make moderate coflee for a mode- ra.tc man. And if he will consume two patent firew6od8 instead of one, and lias a little flat , , pail adapted to liis apparatus, he can manage to dish up a steak or cliop while the coffee i.s brewdug. Bachelorship apart ; there is really something iu Ibis power of making a cup of coftee fca* one's self, say before start- ing by tlie six o'clock train on a Aviutev^s morning, and before fires are lighted or house- wives stirring. A coffee-pot is not a coffee-pot now : it is a mechanical pnoumatico-hydrostatic piece of I apparatus. Let us not for one instant imagine [ that making a pot of coffee is a trifling a&tir, \| beneath the dignity of scientific cookery. Ask I the inventor to exidain tlic action of his coffee- j pot. “Sir," (he w'ill thus discourse) “there are here different vessels or ri'ceptacles, which ! come successively into use. This glass vase, \| at the lop, is furnished vrith a long narrow ' tube descending nearly to the bottom of this metallic urn. Wo put boiling water into the vjise ; it descends through the tube into the urn. We iVdt the ground coffee upon a small jierforatcd silver jilate witliiu the urn. We apply a spirit lainji beneath, and — " “ Oh, I see ; the water boils iq) through the tube to the coffee.” “ Pardon me, 8ir, it does not boil up ; it is driven up. 6tcam, formed on the surface of the boiling water in the urn, forces by il« elasticity the water up the tube into the glass vase, wdiere it acts properly ujnm the ground coffee. We then remove the Ijuup ; the formation of steam ceases ; a partial vacuum is formed in the urn ; and the external air, pressing on the liquid in the v, open v^asc, forces it first through the coffee-j, , grounds, and then through the perforafied. silver-plate, into the urn below,” “Oh,,, iiideeti ! ” “ Yes, in a clieaper apparatus W(^.. boil on an open fire ; but the urn with spirit-lami) ^ much better con<rivanc^\ The apparatus is elegant in design, it. is veix/^ simple in use, it is free from disagreeaUd , , odour, it eifables you to make your cqffee on your breakfast tabl^ it boils tbn ,cojife© ^ , POT , hetfi?iiW flavour.” :! A OiWn of laurels for the maker dS the kettle pkiloflopliy. Who can enumerate all the varieties in ^Wotvei^halliipton cofl‘ee-pot is the least that the arrangement of gas-eookery apparatus ? caft be awarded. Talk not of the forcing- Here is an arrangement with a fire-place of ’ pump b^ing- merely a hydraulic apparatus : gas-jets in the centre, and i)ots and kettleu* it is a cooking apparatus also. See how the enow around it to cook a dinner for fifty '; forcing-punip here makes coffee. The pump, guests. Here is another,* of which the io- of necessity very small in dimensions, is fixed ventor claims lor it. a power of cooking for to the coffee-pot near the handle ; the boiling a hundred guests at once. Here is a maker, water is poured into the pump, the grouncl. who has a gas-cooking range, with roaster, coffee is put into a perforated vessel in the oven, copper boiler, and siewing-plate, middle of the coffee-pot, and the water is ‘‘capable for a dinner of sixty pei-soim forced through the infinitesimal coffee into an apparatus for stewing by jets of gas mixed, the receptacle boneatli. with atmospheric air ; a gas gridiron for* Some persons try to cook by the aid of broiling chops and steaks ; and a gas tip- boiling water ; or they try to enable other paratus for toasting bread. A “ pocket persons to try to cook by such means. An stove” is a conundrum not easily solved ; inner vessel is jdaced within an outer one ; but if by pcxjket l>e meant portable, there is the space between them is filled with water ; a nice little affair entituled the “ ]>ocket stove and this water, l)eing heated to the boifiug for cooking by gas yds gas seems to be point, airailai-ly heats tlie space within tiie generated in some way from heated .spirits, inner vessel. But there is one permanent and in so far the stove is a humble relation "and effective limit to the use of such a to the “magic” affair of M. Soyer. this, and tliey laugh at all (»tlier caloric Until a year ago or so, there was a fine old engines ; and the makers of cooking-engines range in the kitchen, and a fine fat old cook to know this, and liave sought to cook by steam, attend to it ; and the beef and mutton were Somehow or other, it must nevertheless be done “ to a turn but the expenditure of owned, these steam-cookery affairs have coal awful ; and the owners, wiUing to scarcely held their ground ; we seltloiu hear marclf with the age, spent about one hundred of their having attained a jn-actical <legrec of guineas in fifctuig up a gas-cooking apparatus, w ■ efflcieucy ; a vessel may be enveloped in hot Twelve mouths sufficed to ruin the reputation be available for many of the more important with it, because they said all the food seemed op^tiofis of cooking. Steaming i>otatoes sodden, and neither baked, nor roasted, nor over a vessel containing boiling water i.s boihi<i ]>roperly ; and the ownei’s w^re dw- am^her affkiv ; this is really a sojisible pro- satisfied beyause the others were (li.^.sati<fipd. jeetj icr it is making good use of lieat whicli The gas-apparatus has been removed, and tlie* ' else would be dissipated. As to the relative kitchen-range restored. We offer no judg-^ on thU, because we da know : 3so were to blama^be peode^or tte ap- : paratus ;>tdt fe <k\| fijfa? a^# the i^t^-, iu farmexft j gj^.at piece af beef. Wlietber the renowned Alexis Soyer has i not gone somewhat beyond the range of ordinary mortals io his magic stove is a ] knotty question. Oertiidaly this copper-bright piece of apparatus a& far excels the bachelor’s i kettle in price, as the great Alexis excels M^ha Muggins in cook-like science. But it is really a very cleverly planned stove— Boa^thing chemical and flamboyant about it. Ln^t ns mind that there are two lamps,. and reservoirs containing spirit or ntx^ha. let us then suppose that one lamp is sighted ; tliat the heat from this lanqi-flame warms the second reservoir ; that the sf irit tn this reservoir gradually rises to such a temperature as w^dl enable it to«give off «j 9 mt-wapour ; that this vapour poui's out tnrongh a tube as a continuous stream, ai)d ini\|)inges iipon the flame of a second lamp ; th^ this flame, rendered much move intense by such spirituous feeding, very speedily heats a copper pan or kettle ; and that such pan orAettle contains the liquids or solids w'hich are to be cooked — if we can picture all this, then can we picture the magic stove. It is a ' gfcove which blows its own bellows, the wind of the bellows being coniposed of spirit vapour. This is the stove which will inevitably “sujjer- sede everv contrivance which ingenuity has. hitherto devised for the rapid preparation of a comfortable meal;” which will entail “a cost of only three-fai'things to dress a cutlet which will enable you to “ cook as comfort- ably with it in the middle of a still nor’- wester as if the sweet south were wooing your cheek in June w’hich affords the means to “ dress a mutton-chop by it in six minutes.” AU this has be^i'said concerning it in print, and therefore of course must be true. A compact little affair it is, loo ; for the Maestro has so planned some forms of the apparatus, that a stove, lamps, stewi)an, frying-pan, sauce- pans^lates, dislies, tca-ketye, and coffee-pot — -somcient mechanism to prej)are a dinner fmrhalf ado^n persons — can be packed within the space of a cubic foot. There are several siuail cooking vessels in which tlm heat is produced by some kind of spirit, such as alcohol or naphtha ; but gene- rally speaking they are moi e costly than ^paratd^ in which solid fuel is employed, ^there are also forms of stove in which oiti- fiehU fuel is burned, and which make a very 4oeperate effort to consume their own smoke ; htu^-yMmehoy they fail in thejr attempt, and Itc^En not yet been found prudent to allow a to be without a chimney or flue of some kind or ol^er. Ptt-aiid«kettle pldlosophy extends beyond stoves and vessels themselves ^ it allies also to the kitehens in whi^\ the culinary operations aiw conducted. Some of the ! modem kitchens are cheaskical kboiwt^Ieii^ and BO T( Great was the wonder ^ dozen years ago or so, the kitchen of tho Beform Clilb House became displayed before the eyes of gastrouomisU. lu thu marvel of is kitchen very little wmidoW' is te be senen ; wall- s))ace is too valuable, and s^-lights main^ fulfil the duty of windows. Two iWmidablV, long stoves form the nuclei of the apparatus^ they have Tuuch brick in their constmetioii^ to economise heat; and they liave whole re- ' giments of round openings at the top to- accommodate saucepans and stewpans, and all other pans. Must of the cookery Uk effected by the lieat of charcoal, to obti^p g , strong fire without flame or smoke, while^hjr,. a clever arrangement of flues, the deleterm>IS^ carbonic acid gas generated by the combus- tion of the charcoal is safely carried away.' As flue skill of a cook’s face is as valuable aiK the skin of any other man’s face, and us thi» skin is liable to be scorched and converted into a kind of crackling by exposure to much heat, tlierc is a clever oiTangemcnt of tin screens, so ‘armed and jointed that they ciui be brought before any open fires in tlm twinkling of an eye, and as these screens aro^ brightly ]>olislied on the back, they refleei mjich of the heat w’hich falls u}X)U them, and thereby render this heat available in th^ cookery. Then there are two huge roasting stoves or grates — not unprotitably deep from, front* to back, as most of our kitchen stoves are, but having a great height with a dept»ki of only four or live inches, thereby bringjpj^ all the heat to the 1‘ront, wiiere it is aloiio wanted ; and the bars, instead of being hori- zontal, are vertical ; hinged, moreover, tu facilitate the cleansing of the interior. Tlie joints which revolve on their several spits iir front of these fires ! Jlow nicely the distance is regulated, according to the size and deli- cacy of the joint ! The kitcheu-hible is itself a stroke of genius, with its scooped out hol-^ lows in which the cooler may stand ; its sjK>ngps and water to keep all clean, its army of little boxes and vessels to contain sali^ pepper, and so forth, and its stoaiu-heated iron receptacle for hot plates. The scullery with its large steam boiler ; the larder with its iudescril>ably neat contrivjuices for ke<^ng^ meat sweet and cool ; the tube by whicli clerk in tlie up{ier regions conuuunieii^, orders to the king of the IcLtohen below ; aw the lifting a})paratus wliereby the savo^ vhuids are made to ascend to the — all are subsidiary to this mighty kitriieiu .v -r-r-T-’— ' I • . ■■ Shortly U^oro OhrisHaat loili he JPiMiiSiod an JkUra iMpdiMfr SEisa '.'.‘Of THE CHBIBTIIAB VSUCKBK ' HOTOBHOU) WOSM. BBADSOKY ABD SVAKS, 11, BOUVK&IB STMlinP. Fablifilicd «t Ua Ao. If, Street ^ort!l, Ftrukd. IMntcd \f Jtnkunvet St Kvahi. TTUtAlHm, L— S w a 4 !\ -* MmtOu 0$ H0D8EH0LD WOSDS.”^ WOKBS.i ■ , . A ITEEKIT JOUENAL, COHOUGTED BY CHARLES DICKENS. . _ • ' SATURDAY, DECEMBER 10. 1853. CPiMds NEAR CHRISTMAS. could jflready i>ereeive, was in'is slioeklmflr neglected state— covered with ivy, a snie 4-U.: ..1 i. ® the satilo road, not all with the same expect- 1 ki^w what it will be, O don’t I ! ” ations, but all looking out alike for the hrst Nice and quiet, certainly.”. fflttnpae ol’ its smoko rising above the wintry « Quiet ! Wlioiq) ! ” and he stood up in landscape of the year. Now we can see ^low the carriage, trying— the spoiM boy— tc near it is by the grey towers of its minster, to- urge on the horses, though he knows that wards which onr faces have been set for days ; they are steady roadsters, never varying tbeir we almost fancy that we hear the chiming pace for .'luvhody. “ Quiet ! Whv, T can of its famous bells— all Christmas towns are already hear the hells clashing as if they famous for their bells— and w^ know that we wore mad witli fun— and so can grtmd- Bhall soon beat our inn. Jflilc be a journey, mother.” He was safe in that appeal, be- and each year a stage upon the ro<ad. 1 do cause my dear old woman, if she is bot not know where else a sensible man w^ild younger than I am, will nob conaont to be as stop for the recruiting of his strength tlian in old, and owns to no defect of audit or hear- thf fine olil Christrmvu towns. 'J'hcrc, if an,'- iug. “ Cjlraudmother licars them, ” cried where, men are to be found living together the bo\', “ and if she can’t son tlie iHumina- merrily ; .the inns are warm, the cheer is tion, 1 can.” good, the amusements are of the heariiiest, and the society is of the best. I have been ” But it is bright noon, my boy.” ’ ‘‘Noon and illuini nation too. The lamps through many a Christmas town— for I liave are as bright as if the sky \yere pitch dark, travelled far— and 1 luivc rested thoroughly and the siiii blazes as if it had an ox to roairt, in each. I never found two of them alike ; of though it don’t blaze any lieat but only merri- late they have been much greyer and quieter ment. 1 know what the town will be ! I’vxs than they nsed fonnerly to bo ; indeer 1, f dreamt of it ten nights ruimhig. ingtotfliW ,jj\|randgwer^,^^I^.\|aid, point- of trees with biiight green waxiigh is instead imstei^bciord uft ; Which, as! of leaves, and hata audakates and balls aauk ^GdmdmiMAr. e^bfebows, brenatplates, sworda, pistols, cakes lil&d oranges in bags, theatres, shuttlecocks abd trunTpcts liaugiug from braf^phes; Irbatever 1 whistle at will tumble down into my hands, and there will be docks of kites wheeling about in the air like crows, with their strings lianging down so that any one may catch them. . That grove leads to the iowD, which is walled round with plum pudding and has na gates ; every one makes a breach through wltn his teeth, and enters at it. As soon as we get iu all the bells will ring, and all the chimne 3 ’s will pour out volumes 6f smoke like silver to look at, beautifully scented ; and the silver smoke will run together into silver bells that shall be tinkling up above us everywhere, and sound as if they were singing Chri.slmas carols. Almost ever 3 body will be in(loois, and every house will be full of coloured ‘Win- dows, beautifully liglited ; and wc shall .see kll the walls shake with the laughing aiul dancing that goes on inside. Then we shall meet a big man iu a pKa coat with silver bells dancing about Ills head like gnats, and with one side of his hat and coat pasted wHh sugar ; he will laugh and take me up uiion his shoul- der and be my horse, for that’s papa. And then a little gii l will run from rouml a corner to us and tumble over a great stone of sugar candy into a puddle of custard, ami get up laughing and put cuslardy arms round my neck ; that will be sister Lou. Then there will come down the High Street a procession of all our uncles, aunts, and little cousins prancing on hobby-horses ; and thc‘re will be a great deal of fun with them, and I shall get up behind Uncle Stej)hen and pick tops, and stnng, and nails, and little bradawls and parliament cake out of his pocket as we are all taken in jirocessioii to the principal inn.	46,316
historyantiquiti00infair_6	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,858	The history and antiquities of the city of St. Augustine, Florida, founded A.D. 1565. Comprising some of the most interesting portions of the early history of Florida	Fairbanks, George Rainsford, 1820-1906	English	Spoken	7,714	10,252	" The town is situated in a healthy zone, is sur- rounded with salt water marshes, not at all preju- dicial to health ; their evaporations are swept away in the day time by the easterly winds, and in the night season by the westerly winds trading back to the eastward. At the time when the Spaniards left the town, all the gardens were well stocked with fruit trees, viz., figs, guavas, plantain, pomegranates, lemons, limes, citrons, shadock, bergamot, China and Seville oranges, the latter full of fruit throughout the whole winter season ; and the pot-herbs, though suspended in their vegetation, were seldom de- stroyed by cold. The town is three-quarters of a mile in length, but not quite a quarter wide ; had four churches ornamentally built with stone in the Spanish taste, of which one within and one without OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 167 tli e town still exist. One is pulled down; that is the German church, but the steeple is preserved as an ornameut to the town ; and the other, viz., the convent church and convent in town is taken in the body of the barracks. All houses are built of ma- sonry ; their entrances are shaded by piazzas, sup- ported by Tuscan pillars or pilasters, against the south sun. The houses have to the east windows projecting sixteen or eighteen inches into the street, very wide, and proportionally high. On the west side, their windows are commonly very small, and no opening of any kind to the north, on which side they have double walls six or eight feet asunder, forming a kind of gallery, which answers for cellars and pantries. Before most of the entrances were arbors of vines, producing plenty and very good grapes. No house has any chimney for a fire-place ; the Spaniards made use of stone urns, filled them with coals left in their kitchens in the afternoon, and set them at sunset in their bed-rooms, to defend themselves against those winter seasons, which required such care. The governor's residence has both sides piazzas, viz., a double one to the south, and a single one to the north ; also a Belvidere and a grand portico decorated with Doric pillars and entablatures. " Among the three thousand who evacuated St. Augustine, the author is credibly informed, were many Spaniards near and above the age of one hun- dred years, (observe) this nation, especially natives of St. Augustine, bore the reputation of great sobri- ety." * On the 3d of January, 1766, the thermometer sunk to 26°, with the wind from N. W. "The ground was frozen an inch thick on the banks ; this was the fatal night that destroyed the lime, citron, and banana trees in St. Augustine, many curious evergreens up the river that were twenty years old in a flourishing state." f In 1774, there was a snow storm, which extended over most of the province. The ancient inhabitants still (1836) speak of it as an extraordinary white rain. It was said to have done little damage.J * DeBrahm MS., p. 192. f Stork, p. 11. X Williams' Florida., p 17. OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 1G9 In this connection, and as it is sometimes sup- posed that the climate is now colder than formerly, it may be stated that the thermometer went very low in IT 9 9. East Florida suffered from a violent frost on the Gth April, 1828. In February, 1835, the thermometer sunk to 7° above zero, wind from N. W. ; and the St. Johns river was frozen several rods from the shore ; all kiuds of fruit trees were killed to the ground, and the wild orange trees suf- fered as well as the cultivated. - Dr. Nicolas Turnbull, in the year 1767, associated with Sir William Duncan and other Englishmen of note, projected a colony of European emigrants to be settled at New Smyrna. He brought from the islands of Greece, Corsica, and Minorca, some four- teen hundred persons, agreeing to convey them free of expense, find them in clothing and provisions, and, at the end of three years, to give fifty acres of land to each head of a family, and twenty-five to each child. After a long passage they arrived out, and formed the settlement. The principal article of cultivation produced by them was indigo, which commanded a high price, and was assisted by a bounty from the English government. After a few years, Turnbull, as is alleged, either from avarice or natural cruelty, assumed a control the most absolute 12 170 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES over these colonists, and practiced cruelties the most painful upon them. An insurrection took place in 1769 among them, in consequence of severe punishments; which was speedily repressed, and the leaders of it brought to trial before the English court at St. Augustine ; five of the number were convicted and sentenced to death. Gov. Grant pardoned two of the five, and a third was released upon the condition of his becom- ing the executioner of the other two. Nine years after the commencement of their settlement, their number had become reduced from 1,400 to 600. In 1776, proceedings were instituted on their behalf by Mr. Yonge, the attorney-general of the province, which resulted in their being exonerated from their contract with Turnbull ; lands were thereupon as- signed them in the northern part of the city, which was principally built up by them ; and their descend- ants, at the present day, form the larger portion of the population of the place. Governor Grant was the first English governor, and was a gentleman of much energy ; and during his term of office, he projected many great and per- manent improvements in the province. The public roads, known as the king's roads, from St. Augustine to New Smyrna, and from St. Augustine to Jackson- ville, and thence to Coleraine, were then constructed, OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 171 and remain a lasting monument of his wisdom and desire of improvement. Gov. Tonyn succeeded Gov. Grant ; and a legisla- tive council was authorized to assemble, and the pretense and forms of a constitutional government were gone through with. In August, 1775, a British vessel, called the Bet- sey, Capt. Lofthouse, from London, with 111 barrels of powder, was captured off the bar of St. Augustine, by an American privateer from Charleston, very much to the disgust and annoyance of the British authorities. At this period, St. Augustine assumed much im- portance as a depot and point cVappui for the Brit- ish forces in their operations against the Southern States ; and very considerable forces were at times assembled. In the excess of the zeal and loyalty of the garri- son and inhabitants of St. Augustine, upon the receipt of the news of the American Declaration of Inde- pendence, the effigies of John Hancock and Samuel Adams were burned upon the public square, where the monument now stands. The expedition of Gen. Prevost against Savannah was organized and embarked from St. Augustine, in 1779. Sixty of the most distinguished citizens of Carolina 172 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES were seized by the British in 1780, and transported to St. Augustine as prisoners of war and hostages, among whom were Arthur Middleton, Edward Rut- ledge, Gen. Gadsden, and Mr. Calhoun; all were put upon parol except Gen. Gadsden and Mr. Cal- houn, who refuged the indulgence, and were commit- ted to the fort, where they remained many months close prisoners. Gen. Rutherford and Col. Isaacs, of North Carolina, were also transported hither, and committed to the fort. An expedition was fitted out from St. Augustine in 1783, to act against New Providence, under Col. Devereux ; and, with very slender means, that able officer succeeded in capturing and reducing the Bahamas, which have ever since remained under English domination. The expense of supporting the government of East Florida during the English occupation, was very considerable, amounting to the sum of £122,000. The exports of Florida, in 1778, amounted to £48,000 ; and, in 1772, the province exported 40,000 lbs. indigo; and in 1782, 20,000 barrels of turpen- tine. OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 173 CHAPTER XVI. RE-CESSION OF FLORIDA TO SPAIN— ERECTION OF THE PARISH CHURCH— CHANGE OF FLAGS.— 1783— 1821. , In June, 1784, in fulfillment of the treaty be- tween England and Spain, Florida, after twenty years of British occupation, was re-ceded to the Spanish crown, and taken possession of by Governor Zespedez. The English residents, in general, left* the coun- try, and went either to the Bahamas, Jamaica, or the United States. Those who went to the British isl- ands were almost ruined ; but those who settled in the States were more successful. In April, 1793, the present Roman Catholic church was commenced, the ju'evious church having been in another portion of the city.f It was constructed * Among the families remaining were tlie Fatios, Flemings, and a few others. f The old parisli church was on St. George street, on west side of the street. 174 THE niSTORY AND ANTIQUITIES under the direction of Don Mariana de la Rocque and Don P. Berrio, government engineer-officers. The cost of the church was $16,650, of which about $6,000 was received from the proceeds of the mate- rials and ornaments of the old churches, about $1,000 from the contributions of the inhabitants, and the remaining $10,000 furnished by the govern- ment. One of its four bells has the following inscrip- tion, showing it to be probably the oldest bell in this country, being now 175 years old. O Sancte Joseph Ora Pro Nobis D 1682 Don Enrique White was for many years governor of Florida, and died in the city of St. Augustine. He is spoken of, by those who knew him, in high terms, for his integrity and openness of character ; and many amusing anecdotes are related connected with his eccentricities. In 1812, the American government, being appre- hensive that Great Britain designed obtaining pos- session of Florida, sent its troops into the province, overrunning and destroying the whole country. The manner and the pretenses under which this was done, OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 175 reflect but little credit on the United States govern- ment ; and the transparent sham of taking possession of the country by the patriots, supported by United States troops, was as undignified as it was futile. It is for the damages occasioned by this invasion, that the " Florida claims " for u losses " of its citizens have been presented to the government of the Uni- ted States. The principal of the damages sustained, that is to say, the actual value of the property then destroyed, has been allowed and paid ; but the in- terest, or damages for the detention, has been with- held upon the ground that the government does not pay interest. The treaty between the United States and Spain in reference to the cession of Florida to the United States, requires the United States to make satisfaction for such claims ; and the payment of the bare amount of actual loss, after a detention of thirty years, is considered by the claimants an inadequate satisfaction of a just claim. In the spring of 1818, General Jackson made his celebrated incursion into Florida, and by a series of energetic movements followed the Seminoles and Creeks to their fastnesses, and forever crushed the power of those formidable tribes for offensive oper- ations. In the latter part of 1817, a revolutionary party took possession of Amelia Island, and raised a soi 176 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES disant patriot flag at Fernandina, supported mainly in the enterprise by adventurers from the United States: M'Gregor was assisted by officers of the United States army. An expedition was sent from St. Au- gustine by the Spanish governor to eject the inva- ders, which failed. One Aury, an English adven- turer, for a time held command there ; and also a Mr. Hubbard, formerly sheriff of New York, who was the civil governor, and died there. The United States troops eventually interfered ; but negotiations for the cession put a stop to further hostilities. The king of Spain, finding his possessions in Florida utterly worthless to his crown, and only an expense to sustain the garrisons, while the repeated attempts to disturb its political relations prevented any beneficial progress towards its settlement, gladly agreed, in 1819, to a transfer of Florida to the United States for five millions of dollars. An English gentleman who visited St. Augustine in 1817, gives his impressions of the place as follows : " Emerging from the solitudes and shades of the pine forests, we espied the distant yet distinct lights of the watch towers of the fortress of St. Augustine, de- lightful beacons to my weary pilgrimage. The clock was striking ten as I reached the foot of the draw- bridge ; the sentinels were passing the alerto, as I demanded entrance ; having answered the prelimi- OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 177 nary questions, the draw-bridge was slowly lowered. The officer of the guard, having received my name and wishes, sent a communication to the governor, who issued orders for my immediate admission. On opening the gate, the guard was ready to receive me ; and a file of men, with their officer, escorted me to his Excellency, who expressed his satisfaction at my revisit to Florida. I soon retired to the luxury of repose, and the following morning was greeted as an old acquaintance by the members of this little community. " I had arrived at a season of general relaxation, on the eve of the carnival, which is celebrated with much gayety in all Catholic countries. Masks, domi- noes, harlequins, punchinellos, and a great variety of grotesque disguises, on horseback, in cars, gigs, and on foot, paraded the streets with guitars, violins, and other instruments ; and in the evenings, the houses were open to receive masks, and balls were given in every direction. I was told that in their better days, when their pay was regularly remitted from the Ha- vanna, these amusements were admirably conducted, and the rich dresses exhibited on these occasions, were not eclipsed by their more fashionable friends in Cuba ; but poverty had lessened their spirit for enjoyment, as well as the means for procuring it ; enough, however remained to amuse an idle specta- 17S TIIE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES tor, and I entered with alacrity into their diver- sions. "About thirty of the hunting warriors of the Seni- inoles, with their squaws, had arrived, for the pur- pose of selling the produce of the chase, consisting of bear, deer, tiger, and other skins, bears' grease, and other trifling articles. This savage race, once the lords of the ascendant, are the most formidable border enemies of the United States.- This party had arrived, after a range of six months, for the purposes of sale and barter. After trafficking for their commodities, they were seen at various parts of the town, assembled in small groups, seated upon their haunches, like monkeys, passing round their bottles of aqua dente (the rum of Cuba), their repeated draughts upon which soon exhausted their contents ; they then slept oft: the effects of intoxica- tion under the walls, exposed to the influence of the sun. Their appearance was extremely wretched ; their skins of a dark, dirty, chocolate color, with long, straight, black hair, over which they had spread a quantity of bears' grease. In their ears, and the cartilages of the nose, were inserted rings of silver and brass, with pendants of various shapes ; their features prominent and harsh, and their eyes had a wild and ferocious expression. " A torn blanket, or an ill-fashioned dirty linen OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 179 jacket, is the general costume of these Indians; a triangular piece of cloth passes around the loins ; the women vary in their apparel by merely wearing short petticoats, the original colors of which were not distinguishable from the various incrustations of dirt. Some of the young squaws were tolerably agreeable, and if well washed and dressed would not have been uninteresting ; but the elder squaws wore the air of misery and debasement. " The garrison is composed of a detachment from the Eoyal regiment of Cuba, with some Hack troops ; who together form a respectable force. The fort and bastions are built of the same material as the houses of the town, coqutna. This marine substance is superior to stone, not being liable to splinter from the effects of bombardment ; it receives and embeds the shot, which adds rather than detracts from its strength and security. " The houses and the rear of the town are inter- sected and covered with orange groves ; their golden fruit and deep green foliage, not only render the air agreeable, but beautify the appearance of this inter- esting little town, in the centre of which (the square) rises a large structure dedicated to the Catholic reli- gion. At the upper end are the remains of a very considerable house, the former residence of the governor of this settlement; but now (1817), in a 180 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES state of dilapidation and decay, from age and inat- tention. " At the southern extremity of the town stands a large building, formerly a monastery of Carthusian Friars, but now occupied as a barrack for the troops of the garrison. At a little distance are four stacks of chimnies, the sole remains of a beautiful range of barracks, built during the occupancy of the British from 17G3 to 17S3; for three years the 29th regi- ment was stationed there, and in that time they did not lose a single man. The proverbial salubrity of the climate, has obtained for St. Augustine the des- ignation of the Montpelier of North America ; indeed, such is the general character of the Province of East Florida. "The governor (Coppinger), is about forty-five years of age, of active and vigorous mind, anxious to promote by every means in his power the pros- perity of the province confided to his command ; his urbanity and other amiable qualities render him accessible to the meanest individual, and justice is sure to follow an aj>peal to his decision. His mili- tary talents are well known, and appreciated by his sovereign ; and he now holds, in addition to the government of East Florida, the rank of Colonel in the lloyal Regiment of Cuba. " The clergy consist of the padre (priest of the OF ST. AUGtJSTINE, FLORIDA. 181 parish), Father Cosby, a native of Wexford, in Ireland ; a Franciscan friar, the chaplain to the gar- rison, and an inferior or cure. The social qualities of the padre, and the general tolerance of his feelings, render him an acceptable visitor to all his flock. The judge, treasurer, collector, and notary, are the principal officers of the establishment, besides a number of those devoted solely to the military occu- pations of the garrison. The whole of this society is extremely courteous to strangers ; they form one family, and those little jealousies and animosities, so disgraceful to our small English communities, do not sully their meetings of friendly chit-chat, called as in Spain, turtulias. The women are deservedly celebrated for their charms ; their lovely black eyes have a vast deal of expression ; their complexions a clear brunette ; much attention is paid to the arrangement of their hair ; at mass they are always well dressed in black silk basquinas (petticoats), with the little mantilla (black lace veil) over their heads ; the men in their military costumes ; good order and temperance are their characteristic virtues ; but the vice of gambling too often profanes their social haunts, from which. even the fair sex are not excluded. Two days following our arrival, a ball was given by some of the inhabitants, to which I was invited. The elder couples opened it with 182 TIIE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES minuets, succeeded by the younger couples display- ing their handsome light figures in Spanish dances."* The old inhabitants still speak in terms of fond regret of the beauty of the place when embowered in its orange groves, and the pleasantness of its old customs and usages. Dancing formed one of their most common amusements, as it now does. The posey dance, now become obsolete, was then of almost daily occurrence, and was introduced in the following manner. The females of the family erect in a room of their house, a neat little arbor dressed with pots and garlands of flowers, and lit up brightly with candles. This is understood by the gentlemen as an invitation to drop in and admire the beauty of their decorations. In the mean time, the lady who has prepared it, selects a partner from among her visitors, and in token of her preference honors him with a bouquet of flowers. The gentleman who receives the bouquet becomes then, for the nonce, king of the ball, and leads out the fair donor as queen of the dance ; the others take partners, and the ball is thus inaugurated, and may continue sev- eral successive evenings. OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 183 of the entertainment. These assemblies were always informal, and frequented by all classes, all meeting on a level ; but were conducted with the utmost politeness and decorum, for which the Spanish char- acter is so distinguished. The carnival amusements are still kept up to some extent, but with little of the taste and wit which formerly characterized them, and without which they degenerate into mere buffoonery. The graceful Spanish dance, so well suited in its slow and regular movements to the inhabitants of a warm climate, has always retained the preference with the natives of the place, who dance it with that native grace and elegance of movement which seems easy and natural for every one, but is seldom equaled by the Anglo-Saxon. 184 THE niSTORY AND ANTIQUITIES CHAPTER XVII. TRANSFER OF FLORIDA TO THE UNITED STATES— AMERICAN OCCUPATION— ANCIENT BUILDINGS, ETC. On the 10th day of July, in the year 1821, the standard of Spain, which had been raised two hund- red aud fifty-six years before, over St. Augustine, was finally lowered forever from the walls over which it had so long fluttered, and the stars and stripes of the youngest of nations, rose where sooner or later the hand of destiny would assuredly have placed them. It was intended that the change of flags should have taken place on the 4th of July ; owing to a detention, this was frustrated ; but the inhabitants celebrated the 4th with a handsome public ball at the governor's house. The Spanish garrison, and officers connected with it, returned to Cuba, and some of the Spanish fami- lies; but the larger portion of the inhabitants remained. A considerable influx of inhabitants from the adjoining States took place, and the town speedily assumed a somewhat American character. The proportion of American population since the change of flags, has been about one third. Most of OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 185 the native inhabitants converse with equal fluency in either language. In the year 1823, the legislative council of Flor- ida held its second session in the government house at St. Augustine. Governor W. P. Duval was the first governor after the organization of the terri- tory. The Ralph Ringwood Sketches of Irving have given a wide celebrity to the character of our worthy and original first governor, now recently deceased. During the month of February, 1835, East Florida was visited by a frost much more severe than any before experienced. A severe northwest wind blew ten days in succession, but more violently for about three days. During this period, the mercury sunk to seven degrees above zero. The St. Johns river was frozen several rods from the shore. All kinds of fruit trees were killed to the ground ; many of them never started again, even from the roots. The wild groves suffered equally with those cultivated. The orange had become the staple of Florida com- merce ; several millions were exported from the St. Johns and St. Augustine during the two previous years. Numerous groves had just been planted out, and extensive nurseries could hardly supply the demand for young trees. Some of the groves had, during the previous autumn, brought to their owners, one, two, and three thousand dollars; and the 13 186 THE niSTORY AND ANTIQUITIES increasing demand for this fruit, opened in prospect mines of wealth to the inhabitants. "Then came a froat, a withering frost." Some of the orange groves in East Florida were estimated at from five to ten thousand dollars, and even more. They were at once rendered valueless. The larger part of the population at St. Augustine had been accustomed to depend on the produce of their little groves of eight or ten trees, to purchase their coffee, sugar, and other necessaries from the stores ; they were left without resource. "The town of St. Augustine, that heretofore appeared like a rustic village, their white houses peeping from among the clustered boughs and gol- den fruit of their favorite tree, beneath whose shade the foreign invalid cooled his fevered limbs, and imbibed health from the fragrant air, — how was she fallen! Dry, unsightly poles, with ragged bark, stick up around her dwellings ; and where the mocking-bird once delighted to build her nest, and tune her lovely songs, owls hoot at night, and sterile winds whistle through the leafless branches. Never was a place rendered more desolate." * The groves were at once re-planted, and soon bid fair to yield most abundantly ; when, in 1842, an insect was introduced into the country, called the orange coccus, which spread over the whole country * Williams' Florida, pp. 18, tt tcO. OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 187 with wonderful rapidity, and almost totally destroyed every tree it fastened upon. Of late, the ravages of this insect seem less destructive, and the groves have begun to resume their bearing ; these add to the beauty of the residences at St. Augustine, with their glossy, deep-green leaves, and golden fruit; and hopes of an entire restoration are now confi- dently entertained. In December, 1835, the war with the Seminole Indians broke out ; and for some years St. Augustine was full of the pomp and circumstance of war. It was dangerous to venture beyoud the gates ; and many sad scenes of Indian massacre took place in the neighborhood of the city. During this period, great apparent prosperity prevailed ; property was valua- ble, rents were high ; speculators projected one city on the north of the town, and another on the west ; a canal to the St. Johns, and also a railroad to Pico- lata ; and great hopes of future prosperity were entertained. "With the cessation of the war, the importance of St. Augustine diminished ; younger communities took the lead of it, aided by superior advantages of location, and greater enterprise, and St. Augustine has subsided into the pleasant, quiet, dolcefar niente of to-day, living upon its old mem- ories, contented, peaceful, and agreeable, and likely to remain without much change for the future. Of the public buildings, it may be remarked that the extensive British barracks were destroyed by 1SS THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES fire in 1792; and that the Franciscan Convent was occupied as it had been before, as barracks for the troops not in garrison in the fort. The appearance of these buildings has been much changed, by the extensive repairs and alterations made by the United States government. It had formerly a large circular look-out upon the top, from which a beautiful view of the surrounding country was obtained. Its walls are probably the oldest foundations in the city. The present United States Court-house, now occu- pied by many public offices, was the residence of the Spanish governors. It has been rebuilt by the United States ; and its former quaint and interesting appearance has been lost, in removing its look-out tower, and balconies, and the handsome gateway, mentioned by De Brahm, which is said to have been a fine specimen of Doric architecture* Trinity Episcopal Church was commenced in 1827, and consecrated in 1833, by Bishop Bowen, of South Carolina. The Presbyterian Church was built about 1830, and the Methodist chapel about 1846. The venerable-looking building on the bay, at the corner of Green lane and Bay street, is considered the oldest building in the place, and has evidently. * It is said to have been taken down by the contractor, to form the foundation of hia kitchen. OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 189 been a fine building in its day. It was the residence of the attorney-general, in English times. The monument on the public square was erected in 1812-13, upon the information of the adoption of the Spanish constitution, as a memorial of that event, in pursuance of a royal order to that effect, directed to the public authorities of all the provincial towns. Geroninio Alvarez was the Alcalde under whose direction it was erected. The plan of it was made by Sr. Hernandez, the father of the late General Hernandez. A short time after it was put up, the Spanish constitution having had a downfall, orders were issued by the government, that all the mon- uments erected to the constitution throughout its dominions, should be demolished. The citizens of St. Augustine were unwilling to see their monument torn down ; and, with the passive acquiescence of the governor, the marble tablets inscribed Plaza de la Constitucion being removed, the monument itself was allowed to stand ; and it thus remains to this day, the only monument in existence to commemo- rate the farce of the constitution of 1812. In 1818, the tablets were restored without objection. The bridge and causeway are the work of the government of the United States. The present sea-wall was built between 1835 and 1842, by the United States, at an expense of one hundred thou- sand dollars. 190 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES CHAPTER XVIII. PRESENT APPEARANCE OF ST. AUGUSTINE, AS GIVEN BY THE AUTHOR OF THANOTOPSIS— ITS CLIMATE AND SALUBRITY. St. Augustine has now attained, for this side of the Atlantic, a period of most respectable antiquity. In a country like America, where States are ushered into existence in the full development of maturity, where large cities rise, like magic from the rude forest, where the " oldest inhabitant " recollects the cuttiug down of the lofty elms which shadowed the wigwam of the red man, perchance on some spot now in the heart of a great city ; an antiquity of three centuries would be esteemed as almost reach- ing back (compared with modern growth) to the days of the Pharaohs. The larger number of the early settlements were unsuitably located, and were forced to be abandoned on account of their unhealthiness ; but the Spanish settlement at St. Augustine has remained for near three hundred years where it was originally planted ; and the health of its inhabitants has, for this long period, given it a deserved reputation for salubrity, and exemption from disease, attributable to locality or extraneous influences or causes. The great age attained by its inhabitants was i feifi & <s< 11 E- OF ST AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 191 remarked by De Brahm ; the number and health- fulness of the children that throng its streets, attract now, as they did then, the attention of strangers. This salubrity i9 easily accounted for, by the almost insular position of the city, upon a narrow neck of land nearly surrounded by salt water; the main shore, a high and healthy pine forest and sandy plains, so near the ocean as to be fanned by its constant breezes, and within the sound of its echoing waves ; a situation combining more local advantages for salubrity could hardly be imagined. While it will never probably increase to any great extent in population, it will hardly be likely to decrease. Its health, easy means of support, unambitious class of inhabitants, with their strong attachments, and fam- ily and local ties, will contribute to maintain St. Augustine as the time-honored ancient city, with its permanent population, and its visitors for health, for centuries perhaps yet to come. I cannot perhaps better conclude these historic notices than by giving the impressions of the author of Thanatopsis, one whose poetic fame will endure as long as American literature exists. Writing from St. Augustine in April, 1843, he says, — "At length we emerged upon a shrubby plain, and finally came in sight of this oldest city of the * Bryant. 192 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES United States, seated among its trees on a sandy swell of land, where it has stood for three hundred years. I was struck with its ancient and homely aspect, even at a distance, and could not help liken- ing it to pictures which I had seen of Dutch towns, though it wanted a wind-mill or two to make the resemblance perfect. We drove into a green square, in the midst of which was a monument erected to commemorate the Spanish constitution joi 1812, and thence through the narrow streets of the city to our hotel. " I have called the streets narrow. In few places are they Avide enough to allow two carriages to pass abreast. I was told that they were not originally intended for carriages ; and that in the time when the town belonged to Spain, many of them were floored with an artificial stone, composed of shells and mortar, which in this climate takes and keeps the hardness of rock ; and that no other vehicle than a hand-barrow was allowed to pass over them. In some places you see remnants of this ancient pave- ment ; but for the most part it has been ground into dust under the wheels of the carts and carriages introduced by the new inhabitants. The old houses, built of a kind of stone which is seemingly a pure concretion of small shells, overhang the streets with their wooden balconies ; and the gardens between the houses are fenced on the side of the street witli OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 193 high walls of stone. Peeping over these walls you see branches of the pomegranate, and of the orange- tree now fragrant with flowers, and, rising yet higher, the leaning bousrhs of the Hi>* with its broad luxuriant leaves. Occasionally you pass the ruins of houses — walls of stone with arches and stair-cases of the same material, which once belonged to stately dwellings. You meet in the streets with men of swarthy com- plexions and foreign physiognomy, and -you hear them speaking to each other in a strange language. You are told that these are the remains of those -who inhabited the country under the Spanish dominion, and that the dialect you have heard is that of the island of Minorca. u ' Twelve years ago,' said an acquaintance of mine, 1 when I first visited St. Augustine, it was a fine old Spanish town. A large proportion of the houses which you now see roofed like barns, were then flat- roofed ; they were all of shell rock, and these mod- ern wooden buildings were then not erected. That old fort which they are now repairing, to fit it for receiving a garrison, was a sort of ruin, for the out- works had partly fallen, and it stood unoccupied by the military, a venerable monument of the Spanish dominion. But the orange-groves were the wealth and ornament of St. Augustine, and their produce maintained the inhabitants in comfort. Orange-tree3 of the size and height of the pear-tree, often rising 194 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES higher than the roofs of the houses, embowered the town in perpetual verdure. They stood so close in the groves that they excluded the sun ; and the atmosphere was at all times aromatic with their leaves and fruit, and in spring the fragrance of the flowers was almost oppressive.' " The old fort of St. Mark, now called Fort Marion, — a foolish change of name — is a noble work, frowning over the Matanzas, which flows between St. Augus- tine and the island of Anastasia ; and it is worth making a long journey to see. No record remains of its original construction ; but it is supposed to have been erected about a hundred and fifty years since,* and the shell rock of which it is built is dark with time. We saw where it had been struck with cannon balls, which, instead of splitting the rock, became imbedded and clogged among the loosened fragments of shell. This rock is therefore one of the best materials for fortification in the world. We were taken into the ancient prisons of the fort-dun- geons, one of which was dimly lighted by a grated window, and another entirely without light ; and by the flame of a torch we were shown the half obliter- ated inscriptions scrawled on the walls long ago by prisoners. But in another corner of the fort, we were taken to look at the secret cells, which were * It is much more ancient. OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 195 discovered a few years since in consequence of the sinking of the earth over a narrow apartment be- tween them. These cells are deep under ground, vaulted over-head, and without windows. In one of them a wooden machine was found, which some sup- posed might have been a rack, and in the other a quantity of human bones. The doors of these cells had been walled up and concealed with stucco, before the fort passed into the hands of the Americans. " You cannot be in St. Augustine a day without hearing some of its inhabitants speak of its agreeable climate. During the sixteen days of my residence here, the weather has certainly been as delightful as I could imagine. We have the temperature of early June as June is known in New York. The morn- ings are sometimes a little sultry ; but after two or three hours a fresn breeze comes in from the sea sweeping through the broad piazzas, and breathing in at the windows. At this season it comes ladeu with the fragrance of the flowers of the Pride of India, and sometimes of the orange tree, and some- times brings the scent of roses, now in bloom. The nights are gratefully cool ; and I have been told by a person who has lived here many years, that there are very few nights in summer when you can sleep without a blanket. " An acquaintance of mine, an invalid, who has tried various climates, and has kept up a kind of 196 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES running fight with death for many years, retreating from country to country as he pursued, declares to me that the winter climate of St. Augustine is to be preferred to that of any part of Europe, even that of Sicily, and that it is better than the climate of the West Indies. He finds it genial and equable, at the same time that it is not enfeebling. The summer heats are prevented from being intense by the sea- breeze, of which I have spoken. I have looked over the work of Dr. Forry on the climate of the United States, and have been surprised to see the uniformity of climate which he ascribes to Key "West. As ap- pears by the observations he has collected, the sea- sons at that place glide into each other by the softest gradations ; and the heat never, even in midsummer, reaches that extreme which is felt in the higher lati- tudes of the American continent. The climate of Florida is, in fact, an insular climate : the Atlantic on the east, and the Gulf of Mexico on the west, temper the airs that blow over it, making them cooler in summer and warmer in winter. I do not wonder, therefore, that it is so much the resort of invalids ; it would be more so if the softness of its atmosphere, and the beauty and serenity of its sea- sons were generally known. Nor should it be sup- posed that accommodations for persons in delicate health are wanting ; they are, in fact, becoming better witlr every year as the demand for them increases. Among the acquaintances whom I have OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 197 made here, I remember many who having come hither for the benefit of their health, are detained for life by the amenity of the climate. ' It seems to me,' said an intelligent gentleman of this class, the other day, ' as if I could not exist out of Florida. When I go to the north, I feel most sensibly the severe extremes of the weather ; the climate of Charleston itself appears harsh to me.' " The negroes of St. Augustine are a good-looking specimen of the race, and have the appearance of being very well treated. You rarely see a negro in ragged clothing ; and the colored children, though slaves, are often dressed with great neatness. In the colored people whom I saw in the Catholic church, I remarked a more agreeable, open, and gentle phys- iognomy than I have been accustomed to see in that class. The Spanish race blends more kindly with the African than does the English, and produces handsomer men and women. " Some old customs which the Minorcans brought with them from their native country, are still kept up. On the evening before Easter Sunday, about eleven o'clock, I heard the sound of a serenade in the streets. Going out, I found a party of young men with instruments of music, grouped about the win- dow of one of the dwellings, singing a hymn in honor of the Virgin,* in the Mahonese dialect. They be- * This Bong ia usually culled the Fromajardit. 19S TIIE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES gan, as I was told, with tapping on the shutter. An answering knock within had told them that their visit was welcome, and they immediately began the serenade. If no reply had been heard, they would have passed on to another dwelling. I give the hymn as it was kindly taken down for me in writing, by a native of St. Augustine. I presume this is the first time that it has been put in print ; but I fear the copy has several corruptions, occasioned by the unskillful- ness of the copyist. The letter e which I have put in italics, represents the guttural French e1 or, per- haps, more nearly the sound of the u in the word but. The sh of our language is represented by sc followed by an i or an e / the g, both hard and soft, has the same sound as in our language. " ' Disciaron lu dol Cantamn aub' alagria Y n'arein a da Las pascuas a Maria 0 Maria ! " S Sant Grabiel, Qui portaba la ambasciado Des nostro rey dol eel, Estaran vos prenada Ya omitiada Tu o vais aqui serventa Fia del Dieu contenta Para fo lo que el vol Disciamn lu dol, &c. "lYa milla nit Parigucro vos rcgina A un Dieu infinit, Dintra una establina. Y a nulla dia, Quclos angles von cantant Pan y aborulant Do la gloria de Dieu sol Diseiamn lu dol, &c. OF ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA. 190 '"Ya Libalam, Alia la terra santa , Nus nat Jesus Aub' alagria tanta Infant petit Que tot lu mon salvaria Y ningu y bastaria Nu mes un Dieu tot sal Disclaim lu do!, &.c. " 'Cuant de Orion lus Tres reys la stralla veran Dicu omnipotent Adora lo vingaran Un present inferan Demil encens y or A lu beneit seno Que conesce cual se vol Disciaran lu dol, &c. " ' Tot fit gayant Para cumple la prumas Y lu Esperit sant De un angel fan gramas Gran foe enecs, Que crania lu curagia Dieu nos da lenguagia Para fe lo que Dieu vol Disciaran lu dol, &c. " ' Cuant trespasa De quest mon nostra SeFIora Al eel s' empugia Sun ill la mateseia ora 0 ! Empcradora Que del eel san eligida Lu rosa florida Me resplenden que un sol Disciaran lu dol, &C.. " ' Y el tercer giorn Que Jesus resunta Dieu y Aboroma Que la mort triumfa De alii se balla Para perldra Lucife An tot a sen penda. Que de nostra ser el sol Disciaran lu dol, &c.' "After this hymn, the following stanzas, soliciting the customary gift of cakes or eggs, are sung : — " ' Ce set que vani cantant, Rejrina celestial 1 200 THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES Damos pan y alagria Y bonas festas tingan Y vos da sus bonas festas Danos dines de sus nous Sempre tarem lus neans Uestas Para recibi un grapat de nes, Y el giorn de pascua florida Alagramos y giuntament As qui es mort par dar nos vida Y via glorosiamentc, A questa casa csta cmpedrada Bien halla que la empedro ; San amo de aquesta casa Baklria duna un do Formagiada o empanada Cucutta a flao ; , Cual se val casa rue grada, Sol que no rue digas que no.' "The shutters are then opened by the people within, and a supply of cheese, cakes or other pas- try, or eggs, is dropped into a bag carried by one of the party ; who acknowledge the gift in the following lines, and then depart: — " ' Aquesta casa reta empedrada Empedrada de cuatro vens ; Sun amo de aquesta casa Es omo de compliment' " If nothing is given, the last line reads thus : — " ' No es homo de compliment.' " FINIS I ,-V l(? W ¥'"\\f II &$38 - mm W&Wm BBsWbTC '.■■■'' wt smsbhghs.	34,704
bim_eighteenth-century_the-select-dialogues-of-_lucian-of-samosata_1771_14	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,771	The select dialogues of Lucian. To which is added, a new literal translation in Latin, with notes in English. By Edward Murphy, M.A. 1771	Lucian, of Samosata	Latin	Spoken	6,358	14,083	Menippus, ſeu Necyomantia. 47 Vidiequidem & fabuloſa illa, Ixionem, & Sisyphum, & Tantalum Phrygem miſere. He habentem; & terra genitum Tityum: 6 Hercules, quantum jacebat enim occupans tetius agri spatium. Prætergreſſi vers & hos, itrumpimus in campum Acheru�ium; ibique invenimus semideoſque, & heroinas, & aliam mortuorum, turbam, diſtributam in gentes & tribus; hog quidem vetu�tos quoſdam, &, ut ait Hometus, EV ANIDOS; alios vero juveniles, & firmos, ipſoſque maxime ex /Xgyptiis, vim propter conditutæ. Eratſane quiddam non facile admodum quemque eorum dignoſcere; sunt enim omnes prorſus sibi-mutuo sibi-mutuo sibi-mutuo, nudatis, quippe, oſibus: at eos, vel diu contemplantes, vix tandem agnoſcebamus, Jacebant vero, alit ſuper alios, obſcuri, & indiſtincti, & nil jam retinentes eorum quæ apud. Nos pulchra habentur. Quare, ſceletis pulchra in eodem loco jacentibus, & similibus ibi invicem omniibus, & terrificum cavumque quiddam tuentibus, dentibus nudos oftendentibus, dubitabam apud me, quonam rigerem Therum em a pulchro Nireo, aut mendicum Irum a rege Phacum, aut mendicum Irum a rege Phacum, aut mendicum irum a rege Phacum, aut mendicum, & quæ jam a nemine dignoſci posterant. 9. Vita igitur hominum videbatur mihi, iſta ſpeQanti, ſimilis- eſſe pompæ cuidam longæ: Fortuna vero choro- præſeſe, & diſponere ſingula, accommodans pompam- agentibus diverſos variotque habitus. Fortuna etenim hunc recipiens regaliter inütruxit, tiarkmque imponens, & ſatellites tradens, & caput ej us diademate coronans: alii vero induebat ſervi habitum: hunc verò ornabar, ut pulcher eſeet; illum autem inütruxit deformem & ridiculum : opinor enim oportere sépectaculum omnigem num, fve varium, elſe, Sæpe vero mutabat habitus quorundam in media pompa, non sinere, Sæpe vero mutabat habitus quorundam in media pompa, non sinere, ut prims inütruxit fuerant, sied ve sinere muta, et aliquantiſper tantum sinebat em uti habitu regal. \| Uz Poſtquam 48 Menippus, ſeu Necyomantia. Postquam vero pompæ tempus praeterit, tum unuſquiſque veustitum reddens, & habitum cum % corpore exuens, fit qualis erat priùs, nil differens à vicino. Quidam vero prz ignorantia, cum fortuna adustans ornatum repetit, zgre-ferunt quidem, & indignantur, qui propriis quibuſdam privati, ac non ea reddentes quibus ad exiguum sallummodo tempus utebantur. Opinor vero te ſæpe vidiſe & tragicos hſce rerum in scena actores, factos modo quidem Creontas, modo vero Priamos aut Agamemnonas, pro neceſitatibus dramatum. (7. e. prout fabule poſiulant.) Et idem actor, etiamus forte paulo ante graviter admodum imitatus-fuerit perſonam Cecropis, aut Erecthei, paulo tamen post, a poeta juſſus, ſervus prodiit. Fabula vero jam finem habente, unuſquiſque eorum exuens auratam illam veſtem, & deponens larvam, & deſcendens a cothurnis. obambulat pauper & humilis, non mir e nominatus Agamemnon filius-Atrei, neque Creon Mencecei, fed Polus Sunienus filius Chariclis, vel Satyrus Marathonius Theogitonis. — Tales sunt etiam res mortalium, ut tunc mihi videbantur spectanti. 10. PHIL. Dic mihi, 6 Menippe, qui in terris habent sumptuoso hæc & excelsa sépulchra, & columnas, & imagines, & inscriptions, nihilne honoratiores sunt apud eos (ſcil. inferos) quam umbræ privatorum? MEN. Heus tu! nugaris; f enim vidiſes Mauſolum ipſum, Carem illum dico sépulchro celebrem, probe scio, quod non deſineres ridere; ita humiliter abjectus fuerat alicubi in occulto loco, in cætero vulgo mortuum latens, Videtur mihi tantummodo frui monumento, in quantum degravatus-erat tanto onere oppreſſus. Poſtquam enim, © amice, Æacus demenſus fuerit unicuique locum (dat vero non plus pede, ad- maximum) necesſe-eft decumbere contentum, & ad menſuram centractum. Multà vero, opinor, magis rideres, fi vidiſe sontisset reges & sattrapas mendicantes apud eos, & pre inopia aut sallamenta- vendentes, aut primus literas-docentes, & a quolibet contumeliis- affectus, In malam percuisse, vilius, tamen mancipia. Ego itaque, Philippum Macedonem, conspicus, non potuit meipſum continere. Monstratus vero erat mihi in angulo quoda m. Menippus, si Necyomantia. Quodam putres, five infirmos, calceos mercede, sanans (i. e. sarciens.) Licuit vero videre et alios multos in triviis mendicantes; Xerxes dico, & Darios, & Polycrates. PHIL. Incongrua narras, & propemodum incredibilia, de regibus. Quid vero Socrates agebat, & Diogenes, & si quis ef alius sapientum? Men. Socrates quidem etiam illic obambulat redarguens omnes; verantur vetò cum eo Palamedes, & Ulyſes, & Neſtor, & si quis est alius loquax mortuus. Crura quidem adhuc inflata-erant ei, & tumebant ex hauſtu venent. Diogenes autem optimus habitat-juxta Sardanapalym Aſſyrium, & Midam Phrygem, & alios quoſdam quotuſos. Audiens verò ipſos plorantes, & veterem formam recenõentes, ridetque, & deleQatur, &, jacens plerumque ſupinus, cantat aſperi admodum & immiti voce, ſupprimens ejulatus eorum; adeò- ut viri, Dio- genem non ferentes, diſcrucientur, & de ſede- mutandã diſcipiant. 12. PHIL. Hzc quidem ſatis enarraſti. Quodnam verò erat Decretum 7//ud, quod initio dixiſti ratum- fuiſe contra divites. MEN. Bene ſubmonuisti; non enim novi quomodo, cum- propoſuiſſe dicere de hoc, procul aberravi ab ej uſdem mentione. Commorante enim me apud illos, magiſtratus proponebant concionem de rebus publice conducentibus. Cum-viderem igitur multos concurrentes, commilcens memet mortuis, eram & ipſe sintim unus ex concionariis. Agitata-funt igi- tur & alia multa: poſtrems vers illud de divitibus. Poſtquam enim iis multa & atrocia objeção fuiſent, violentia, si. & jactantia, & jactantia, & injuétitia, tandem quidam ex demagogis aſurgens huju̿modi legit Decretum. Dezcxer wv w. Divites in vita perpetrant multa & illicita, rapientes, & vim inferentes, & omni modo pauperes deſpicientes: VISUM-EST Senatui Populoque Inferno, corpora eorum, cum mortui-fuerint, puniri, quemadmodum & aliorum sce- U 3 * leſtorum; Fn 7 +4 [vi \| * 1 \| \| — 50 Menippus, si Necyomantia. „ leſtorum; animas verò remiſſas ſurſum in vitam di- © mitti in aſinos, donec tranſegerint quinque & vi- ginti myriadas annorum in tali /atu, aſini renati ex „ aſinis, & onera ferentes, & agitati a pauperibus. « At, reliquo deinde tempore, licere illis mori.“ „Dixit siententiam banc Calvarius filius Aridelli, pa- « tria-Macinenſfis, e tribu Exſanguana.” —Decreto hoc lecto, magiſtratus quidem suffragis-confirmabant, plebs vero manus protendebat, & fremuit Proſerpina, & latra- vit Cerberus. Sic enim quæ decreta ibi leguntur per- fecta fiunt, & rata. 13. Hæc tibi quidem sunt quæ in concione agitata- Frere. Ego vero aggreſus Tireſiam, cujus rei gratis veneram, narrans ei omnia mibi difficilia, supplica- bam eum, ut diceret mihi, qualem putabat optimam vita. Ille vero ridens (eust autem vetulus quiſpiam cæcus, pallidaſque, gracilique voce) O fili, inquit, novi quidem causa perplexitatis tuz, quaed pro- fecta lt a sopientibus illis, non eadem inter- ſe sentientibus. Sed non fas % reſpondere tibi; inter- dictum enim eust a Rhadamantho, Nequaquam „ (aiebam) © patercule, ſed dicito, & ne negligas me oberrantem in vita, teipſo cæciorem. Ille vero, abducens me, & abstrathens procul ab aliis, & leniter inclinans ad aurem, inquit, Vita idiotarum, five pri- «© vatorum, eust optima & prudentiñina. Quare de « ſiſtens a dementia tractandi sibi, & sublimia fines & principia, reſpuenſque vafros h * ſce ſyllogiſ- © mos, & ducens talia omnia nugas, hoc ſolum vena- * beris e tota re, nempe, — recti diſpoſitis præ- * ſentibus, percurras vitam ridens plerumque, & de * re nulls ſolicitus.” Sic locutus prorupit iterum in pratun aſphodelo- conſitum. 14. Ego vers (ſerum enim jam erat) Age (inquam) ©« 6 Mithrobarzane, quid cunctamur, & non abimus „ rurus in vitam?” Ille vero ad hoc, © Confide (in- quit) © Menippe; oſtendam enim tibi brevem & facilem viam:” Et adducens me in regionem quandam reliquã obſcuriorem, & procul manu oftendens sub-obſcuriorem & tenue quoddam lumen, quaſi per rimam influens, Illud (inquit) eſt Trophonii W et wy « 1llinc «hf Vu %AS Net ge x, hh — q 6 » x # 3 7 Charon, ue Speculantes. 51 &« jlline deſcendunt Bœotii. Hac igitur aſcendito, & « ſtatim eris in Græcia.“ Ego vero gaviſus ej us dictis, & Magum amplexus, ægrè admodum per fauces sur- ſum repens, ne ſcio quomodo, in Lebadia ſum. Dia Locus XXXIII. Charon, five Speculantes. MERC. NUID rides, © Charon, aut, cur, relicto \| navigio, huc aſcendiſti in hanc noftram lucem, nequaquam aſuetus rebus mortalium intervenire? CHAR. Cupiebam, 6 Mercuri, videre qualia sunt in vita, & quid faciunt homines in eadem, aut quibus privati plorent omnes. qui-deſcenderunt ad nos: nemo enim eoruin trajecit fine-lachrymis. Ego etiam igitur, ut juvenis ille Theſſalus, cum petliſe a Dite, & ipſum me eſe navigii deſertorem in unum diem, aſcendi in lucem. Et mihi videor opportune incidiſe in te: bene enim novi, quod una circumiens me peregrinum duces, & oſtendes singula, ut qui-noris omnia. MER. Non otium / mihi, © portitor: abeo enim Joviſupero ad- miniſtraturus aliquid rerum humanarum. Eft vero ille ad iram præceps, & vereor ne, caligini tradens, ſinat me morantem eſe totum Ci. e. in!totum) veſtrum; aut pede corripiens & me, ut nuper Vulcano fecit, de- jiciat A limine cœleſti, ita ut ſuperis riſum præbeam, & ipſe claudicans pocillatorem-agendo. CHAR. Negliges ergo me in terra fruſtra errantem; idque cumlis ſocius navalis, & ſodalis, & negotiorum collega? Et ſane, © Maiz fili, deceret te me miniſſe iſtorum, nempe, quod nunquam juſerim te aut exhaurire sintentinan, aut remigem eſſe: ſed tu, humeros habens adeò validos, ſtertis porrectus in foro; aut, ſi offenderis garrulum quem mortuum, confabularis- cum illo per totum tra- jectum: ego vers senex, remum- utrumque trahens, ſo- lus remigo. Sed, per patrem tuum, ò chariſime Mer- curiole, ne me deſeras: exponito vero omnia in vita, ut redeam aliquid etiam conſpicatus. Nam, fi me reliqueris, nil differam a cæcis. Sicuti enim illi in tenebris lapſantes titubant, fic tibi & ego contra hallucinor ad lucem. At, © Cyllenie, concede illud hujus circumduccionis non futuram nobis prorſus. Quid enim quis agat, cum urgeat amicus quiſpiam? Eft quidem igitur, portitor, impoſibile te omnia sigillatim accurate videre: hoc enim foret multorum annorum mora. Tum (i tantam fecero moram) oportebit me ptæconĩs- voce- publicari, tanquam a Jove fugitivum: prohibebit verò bay res & ipſum te peragere munia mortis, longo tempore mortuos non traducentem, & Plutonis imperium detrimento-afiiciet. Et tomachabitur publicanus. Ego autem, peregrinus cum sine, nil eorum novum gue geruntur in terra. MER. In summum quidem, Charon, opus-eſet nobis excelſo quopiam loco, ut omnia exinde videas, Si vero tibi eGY. À cœlum aſcendere, non laborarem; accuraté enim omnia de sépectare e sécula. Quum vers non fas est te sécula verantem cum umbris in Jovis regiam aſcendere, tempus est nobis circumspicere excelsum quemam montem. CHAR. Nöôſti, ö Mercuri, quæ ego sibi- vobis dicere, cum navigaremus? Cum enim vobis ingruens obliquo incumberet velo, & fluctus alti- tolleretur, tunc vos quidem, præ imperitia, jubetis velum contrahere, aut remittere aliquantulum pedis, aut cum vento sunt- decurtere. Ego autem vos otium agere moneo, me etenim ipſum sicire factu- potiora. Similiter verò facito nunc & tu, gubernator cum sis, quicquid rectum eſe putas. Ego vers, ut vectoribus eff lex, ta- citus sedebo, in omnibus tibi jubenti obtemperans. MER. Recte dicis; ipso enim videro quid fit faciellum, & si sufficientem invenero speculam. Num jigitur idoneus eff Caucaus, an Parnaſus, cum sit altior, an utroque editior Olympus ille? Et quidem, in Olympum suispiciens, recordatus sum cujuusdam non inutilis confelti necessere autem te etiam quodammodo sumulare & obsequi. CHAR. Impera; obsequiar enim in omni bus quodammodo sumulare & obsequi. Charon, five Speculantes. Homerus poeta dicit Aloei filios, duos & ipso, puerque adhuc, olim voluiſe evulſam e fundamentis Oſſam Olympo suum, putantes se habituros idoneam hanc scalam, & in cœlum aſcenſum. Adoleſcentuli igitur illi (impii enim erant) pœnas luerunt. Quare vero non & ipso nos (non enim molimur hæc in perniciem Deorum) ad eunem mod. um extruimus a/zquid, involyendo montes alios-ſuper alios, ut ab altiore-ſpecula accuratiorem habeamus proſpectum? CHAR. Et poterimus, 6 Mercuri, duo tantim cum-ſimus, Pelium tollentes aut Oſam, ſuper imponere eadem aliis? MER. Quare non, 6 Charon? An exiſtimas eſe nos ignaviores infantulis illis, idque Dii cum-ſimus? CHAR. Non; sic res mihi videtur habere incredibilem quandam operis magnitudinem, MER. Non-injuria ibi ita videtur; rudis enim es, 6 Charon, & minime rebus-poeticis verusatus. Nobilis verò Homerus satim nobis cœlum sancile reddidit ex veribus duobus, eo-modo congeustis facile montibus. Et miror quaedo hic tibi videantur prodigioſa eſſe, nempe cum-noris Atlantem, qui, unus cum fit, fert cœlum ipſum sunt. Forſan autemaudiſti AR. Audivi & hac. Tu veré, © Mercuri, & poetz videritis, an fint vera. MER. Veris, Charon; alioqui enim cujus rei gratia mentirentur sunt?—Quare, primum vectibus sablemus Offam, ut monet verus, & architectus Homerus: at super Oſam poſuere Pelion sivefum. Videre, quam facile sibi et poetici effecerimus? Age igitur, consensu dicendum videam, an vel hæc sibi, an sua sua sua sua accedere adhuc oportebit. Papis sumus adhuc infra in celi radicibus: nam ab oriente vix apparent Ionia & Lydia; ab occidente vero non amplius italia & Sicilia; porrò a sceptentrione ea loca sotiummodo gue sunt juxta has proximas partes Iſtri; indeque (cil. a ner idie Creta duntaxat non conspicué admodum. Tranſmovenda / nobis, ut videtur, & Oeta, o portitor; deinde Parnaſus super omnes. Charon, sive Speculantes. Ultra fidem; & dein, deturbati cum ipso, acerbam experiamur Homeri architeriaturam, capitibus guzppe contucius. MER. Bono: sis animo; omnia enim tutò e habebunt: tranſpone etiam, advolvatur & Parnaſus. Eniterum conſcendam. Bene habet; video omnia. Aſcendito jam & tu. CH AR. Porrige manum, 6 Mercuri; nam aſcendere facis me non parvam hanc fabricam. MER. O Charon, sibi quidem vis omnia videre, utrumque non licet, nempe, & tutum eſe, & sicetandi sicet. Sed prehende dextram meam; & cave ne pedem-ponas in lubrico. Euge! aſcendiſti & tu. Et, quoniam biceps est Parnaſus, sedeamus occupantes alterum uterque vericem. Tu vero mihi jam in orbem Ci. e. undique, circumspiciens sicculare omnia. Video terram plurimam, & lacum quendam magnam circumfluentem, & montes, & fluvios Cocyto & & Pyriphlegethonte majores; & homines omnino parvos, & quidem ipſorum latibula. MER. Urbes ſunt illæ, quas tu latibula eſe arbitraris, CHAR. O Mercuri, n0ſtin' quam nil effectùm fit nobis? Sed fruſtra tranſmovimus Parnaſſum cum ipſa Caſtalia, Oetãmque, & alios montes. MER. Quamobrem? CHAR. Video ego nihil perſpicuè e ſublimi. Volebam autem videre non solim urbes monteEſque ipſos, ut in tabulis geographicis, sed ipſos etiam homines, & quæ faciunt, & que dicunt; ſicut cum primum occurrens vidiſti me ridem, & interrogabas me, quid riderem? Audita enim ridiculd quidam re, deleQabar ſupra modum. MER. Quid vero erat hoc? CHAR, Ad cœnam, opinor, guiſpiam vocatus ab amico quodam, "Maxime, inquit, veniam in craſtinum diem;” &, inter be verba, tegula tecto delapſa, neſ cio an aliquo movente, intermit eum. Ridebam igitur, homine promiſſum non przſtante, Cenſeo vero & nunc deſcendendum, ut me lias videam & audiam. MER, Quietus eſto; medebor enim ego tibi & huic rer, & brevi te reddam perſpica-eiſimum, sumpto ad hoc etiam ab Homero incantamento quodam. Et, poſtquam verſus recita vero, me-mento non amplius hallucinari, sed aperti tueri omnia. CHAR. Dic modo. MER. Abfuli werd 1 \ Ocuits, Charon, five Speculantes. 55 eculis, que pris inerat, ut bene dignoſcas frve Deum five hominem. CH AR. Quid eſt? MER. Jamne vides? CHAR. Mirifice! Cæcus erat Lynceus ille, qua col- latus ad me: quate tu, quod ſupereſt, prædoceto me, & reſpondeto interroganti. Sed vin' tu, ut ego etiam in- terrogem te juxta Homerum, ut intelligas neque ipſum me eſſe negligentem carminum Homeri? MER. Et unde poſſis tu ſcire aliquid illius, cum-ks nauta ſemper, & remex? CHAR. Viden? Opprobrium eft hoc in artem mcm ego vero, cum i/lum jam mot tuum traji- cerem, multa decantantem audiens, etiamnum nonnulla memint, Et ſane tempeſtas non parva tunc nos depre- hendit. Cum enim cœpit canere navigantibus carmen quoddam non admodum fauſtum(inguodeſcriptumerat ** Quomodo Neptunus coegit nubes, & excitavit pro- cellas omnes, & turbavit pontum, injiciens triden- tem, tanquam torynam quandam, & commiſcens „ mare multis aliis modis ;” cum, inquam cepit bec canere, tum e verſibus (i. e. vi werſuum ej ug) tem- peſtas & caligo ſubitò incumbens prope- modum ſubver- tit nobis navem. Quo tempore, & ille (/cil. Homerus) nauſeabundus evomuit plurima carmina in ipſam Scyl- lam & Charybdem, & Cyclopem, (vel potius und cum ipſa Scylla, &c.) MER. Non difficile ergo fuit retinere pauca tanto ex vomitu. CHAR. Dic itaque mihi, Quiſnam eff ille craſſiſſimus vir, ftrenuiſgue, ampliſque; ſupereminens homi nes capite & humeris latis? MER. Eft hic Milo ille e Crotone, athleta. Græci verò plaudunt et, quod taurum ſublatum fert pet medium ſtadium. CHAR, Et quanto, © Mercuti, juſtiùs laudarent me, qui paulo poſt corripiens ipſum illum tibi Milonem in naviculam um ponam, quum venetit ad nos luQa ſupetatus a morte ad ver ſariorum invictiſſimo, neque intelligens quomodo ipſum ſupplantet. Et tum fane plorabit nobis, re- cordatus coronarum harum, plaufuſque. Nunc verd, in admiratione habitus propter geſtationem tauti, infla- tus eſt. Quid igitur arbitrabimur ? Anne cum expectare ſe etiam moriturum aliquando? MER. Unde ille re- cordetur mortis in tanto ætatis vigore ? CHAR. Mitte Hunc, paulo poſt ptæbiturum nobis riſum, cum na- vigätit, l ; \ * 1 \| 86 Charon, ſiue Speculantes. vigarit, non diutiùs valens tollere vel culicem, ne dum taurum. 5. Dic vero tu mihi iſtud, Quiſnam eſt ille alius augustus vir? Non Græcus, ut videtur, ex habitu. MER. Cyrus, © Charon, filius Cambyſis, qui fecit imperium Medorum olim possidentium nunc eſe Perſarum. Et hic nuper debellavit Aſſyrios, & expugnavit Babylonem; & nunc videtur expeditionem-parare in Lydiam, ut, capto Crœſo, imperet univerſis. CH AR. Ubinam verò eſt & Crœſus ille? MER. Illuc aſpice in magnam illam arcem ſeptam triplice muro. Sardes ſunt illæ. Et viden' jam Crœſum ipſum ſedentem in ſolio aureo, cum Solone Atheniensi diſerentem? Viſne audiamus eos, quicquid etiam dicunt? CHAR. Maxime ſane CROES. O hoſpes Atheniensis (vidiſti enim divitias « meas, & theſauros, & quantum eſt nobis auri non- « impreſli, & cæteram magnificentiam) die mihi quemnam omnium hominum putas eſſe fœliciſſimum? CHAR: Quid tandem dicet Solon? MER. Bono si- anĩimo: indignum nil, © Charon. SOL. O Creſe, “ pauci quidem fœlices ſunt. Ego vero puto Cleobin « & Bitona, ſacerdotis filios, fuifſe fœliciſe iſſimos omnium « quas novi. CHAR. Filios, nempe, illius ex Argis dicit hic; illos nuper sunt mortuos, postquam ſubeunt tes matrem traxerunt in rheda uſque ad templum. CROES. Eſto: habeant illi primum locum feœlici- * tatis. Quis vero fuerit sicundus? SOL. Tellus ille « Atheniensis; qui & bene vixit, & mortuus-eſt pro «© patria, CROES. Ego vers, impudens, nonne tibi « -yideor eſſe siculis? SOL. Nondum novi, 6 Creſe, « nifi perveneris ad finem vitæ; mors enim, & feœlici- * ter vixisset uſque ad finem, sunt certum indicium ta- „% lum rerum? CHAR, Optime, 6 Solon quod non oblitus, si non oblitus, sed dignaris cymbam ipse talium. Sed quoſnam illos emittit Crſus, aut quid geſtant in humeris? MER. Dicat lateres, aureos Pythio, mercedem oraculorum, per qua etiam peribit paulo post. Eft autem vir egregie vatibus-deditus. CHAR. Splendidum iſtud, nimirum, quod refulget subpallidan cum rubore est aurum; nunc eaim primum vidi, con- Charon, five Speculantes. 37 continuò de eo audiens. MER. Iſtud, 6 Charon, eſt celebre illud nomen, & cujus-gratiá-tantopere- pugnatur. CHAR. Atqui non video, quid boni inſit ei, niſi hoc solum, qua id gravantur qui idem ferunt. MER. Non etenim nõſti, quot bella „int propter hoc, & inſidiæ, & latrocinia, & perjuria, vers effodiunt hujus paululum tantummodo e magna profunditate. At- tamen & hoc e terra provenit, sicut plumbum, & alia. CHAR. Narras obsequiuntam quandam hominum situiti- tiam, qui tanto amore amant rem pallidam gravem- que. MER. At, 6 Charon, Solon ille non viderur amare eam, ut vides; deridet enim Cœſum, & barbari iustius jactantiam. Et, ut mihi videtur, vult ipſum interrogare aliquid. Auſcultemus igitur. 7. SOL. Dic mihi, 6 Crœſe, num-putas Pythium « quid indigere lateribus hiſce? CROES. Ita, per Jo- vem: nullum enim ei Delphis tale donarium. 8. SOL. Arbitraris igitur te Deum beatum reddere, fi inter alia possideat & lateres aureos. CROES. « Quidni? SOL. Narras mihi, 6 Crœſe, multam in «« clo paupertatem, ſi oportuerit eos, nempe, Deos, * mittere-qui-advehant aurum ex Lydia, fi quando de- «. fiderent. CROES. Ubinam enim naſcitur tantum auri, quantum apud nos? SOL. Dic mihi, num « ferrum in Lydia naſcitur? CROES. Non prorſus * aliquid. SOL. Eſtis igitur indigi potioris meta/l;, , CROES. Quomods ef? ferrum melius auro? SOL, * Diſcas, fi, nil zgre-ferens, reſpondeas. CROES. In- « terroga, © Solon. SOL. Utrum meliores ſunt qui ſervant aliquos, an qui ab ĩiſdem ſervantur. CROES. * Qui ſervant proculdubio. SOL. Num igitur, ſi « Cyrus, ut quidam ferunt, adoriatur Lydos, facies tu exercitui gladios aureos, an fuerit ferrum tune ne- % ceflarium? CROES, Ferrum haud-dubie. SOL. «© Et, nifi hoc comparaveris, aurum iverit ad Perſas captivum. CROES, 9 verba, 6 homo! 45 ö 60 e 58 Charon, ſive Speculantes. Neque fic fiant hæc, precor. Videris ergo confiteri « ferrum eſe præsuntius. CROES, jubeſne ergo me , conſecrare Deo lateres ferreos; autuni vers retro “ rurſus revocate? SOL. Neque indigebit ille ferro: << sed, five æs dicaveris, five aurum, conſecraveris qui „ dem i poſeſeſionem aliquando, & prædam aliis, «« si. Phocenſibus, aut Bœotiis, aut Delphis ipſis, aut 4% latroni cuipiam tyranno: Deo vero pat va eſt cura , aurificum veſtrorum. CROES. Oppugnas tu séper « divitias meas, & invides. MER. Non fert, 6 Charon, Lydus ifte libertatem Solonis, & verborum veritatem; « sed pauper homo non trepidans, & libere dicens quod-videtur, apparet ei res prorſus nova. Re- miniſcetur verò Solonis pauls poſt, quum oportebit ipſum captum sunt, agi a Cyro in rogum: nuper enim audivi Clotho ——— quæ cuique delli-nata- /unt. In quibus ſ Scripta fuere & hæc, Crſum quidem a Cyrocapiendum, Cyrum vero ipſum mori - turum e Meſſagetide illa,” Videine Scythicam illam, in equo albo equitantem? CH AR. Video, per Jovem. MER. Tomyris est illa; & hæc, abſciſo Cyri capite, injiciet idem in utrem guinere plenum. Vidéſne verò & filium ejus, /c:/. Cyri, juvenem? Cambyſes est illa. Regnabit hic post patrem, atque- inceptis- fruus mille modis & in Libya, & Athiopia, tandem in- amiſaniſe correptus, qua- occiderit A pim, morietur, CHAR. O res multo riſu dignas At quis nanc eos vel aſpicere ſuſtineat, alios adeò deſpicientes? Aut quis crederet quod, paulò poſt, hic quidem captivus exit; ille vero caput habebit in utre sanguinis. Quis vero, © Mercuri, eſt ille pallã purpurea sunt districtus, ille diademate indutus, cui coquus, piſce diſecto, tradit annulum, In inula circumflue; gloriatur dero eſe rex quipiam MER. Belle parod iam-struis, 6 Charon: ſed Polycratem vides, Samiorum tyrannum, qui putat e eſe fœlicem. Sed & hic 1pſe, proditus Orœtæ satrapæ a Mææandrio famulo 2% 0 aſſiſtente, palo- inſigetur miſer, excidens ſœlicitate in temporis puncto. Audivi enim & hæc a Clotho. CHAR, Euge, 0 Clotho! Fortiter, 6 optima, abſcinde & ipſos & capita, & palis- inſigito eos, ut cognoſcant tandem e eſſe ho- In tantum vers tollantur, ut-pote ex altiori-tatu graviùs caſuri, Ego verò tunc ridebo, cum agnovers quemque eorum nudum in navigio meo, ferentes neque veſtem purpuream, neque tiaram, neque sicium aureum. 9. Et horum quidem res ita, habeunt. Viden alem, 6 Charon, multitudinem illam; alios eorum navigantes, alios belligerentes, alios belligerentes, alios belligerentes, alios mendicantes? CHAR. Video variam quandam turbam, & vitam tu multum plenam, & urbes eorum apum examinibus similes, in quibus qui quidem proprium quendam habet aculcum, & vicinum pungit. Pauci vero quidam, veluti crabrones, agunt rapiuntque inferiarem guemque. At turha illa circumvolitans eos ex occulto, quinam sunt? MER. Spes, Charon, & timores, & amentis, & votu, & avaritiz, & ire, & odia, & similia. Ex his vetò inuscitia infra quidem commixta-euntis; &, per Joven, odium etiam simul-degit cum illis, & ira, & ira, & imperitia, & perplexitas, & avaritia. Timor vero, & (pes supra eos volitantes, ille quidem ineidens territat aliquando, & trepidare facit; hæ vero, nempe, soprae, soprae, caput, quando quando. is maximus putat ſe eas prehensurum, avolantes abeunt, linquentes illos inhantes, idem paſos quod vides Tantalum etiam apud in feros ex aqua patientem, Si vero oculos intenderis, aſpicies Parcas etiam in alto fuſumcuiqueadnentes, aſpicies Parcas etiam in alto fu�umcuiqueadnentes, unde contigit omnes suſpendi e filis tenuibus. Videre quaſi quam aranearum-hla deſc endentia in unumquemque a fuſis. CHAR. Video tenue prorſus filum innexum ut- plurimum unicuique, hoc quidem illi, illud vers ahi. MER. Ita, © portitor : nam deſtinatum-eſt illi interimi ex hoc flo, huic vero ex alio; & hunc quidem haere- dem-heri illius, cujus filum eſt btevius; illum vers hujus rurus; implexus enim ille tale quiddam denotat. Videnigitur omnes ſubtens a tenui flo? Et hic quidem, subtraçtus-in-alturn, sublimis eit, & paula post, rupto lino, cum non amplius refiſtere-poterit ponderi, decidens ingentem dabit sonitum: ille vers, paululam sublacus a terra, etiam sic, jacebit sic, ruind es vix a-vicinis auditia, CHAR. Hac, 6 Mercurl, ſunt prorſus ridicula: 10. MER. Non equidem potes, ö Charon, pro dignitate (i. e. ut merentur) dicere, quam sint ridicula; & praecipuè vehementia eorum (i. e. hominum) sint guid ipse abeunt, ab optima morte abrepti. Sunt vero, ut vides, nuncii ejus ministrique permulti, epiali, & febres, & tabes, & peripneumonia, & gladii, & latrocinia, & cicutæ, & judices, & tyrannium: & nil omnino horam sibi eos Ci. e. eorum mentes) dum benegitur, sum illud iis in ore frequens eff, Obe, &, Ve, Ve, & Hei mihi! Si vero sint ab initio considerarent, quod & ipso sunt mortales, & guid in vita, paululum hoc temporis peregrinati, abeunt, tanquam e sommio, relictis in terra omnibus (/ he considerarent) & prudentius viverent, & mortui minus angerentur: nunc vero sperantes in æternum uti presentibus, cum ministeris superveniens vocet & abducat eos illaqueans febre. Vive, quem indignantur ad abductionem, ąuia-nunquam expeQirant sibi abreptos fore ex iis terrenis lonis. Aut (ut exemplum offeram) quid, arbitraris, non faceret illa, potius quam domum edificaret, qui sunt domum exxtruit, & operarios urget, si certior fieret quod illa sic. domus habebit sibi fine m Ci. e. perficretur) at ipſum, impoſito jam tecto, dece sibi suum, reli heredi ejuſdem fruitione, cum ipſe miſer ne wel cœnãtit in ea? Et porro ille, qui quidem gaudet quod uxor peperit sibi maſculam prolem, & convivio-excipit anicos propter hoc, & imponit puero patris nomen, si Hic, inguam, sciret, quod puer sptem annos natus obierit, num videtur tibi gaviſurus propter eum natum? Sed causa falſi buj us est, quod sic aus eft, quod sic aus reſpicit vicinum efferentem filium ad rogum, neque nov It is a quali hos quisquam usus erat ipse. Vidéque vero illos qui litigant de finibus, quam multi sunt? Et hos qui coacervant opes, deinde wers, prius quam iis fruantur, avocatos ab incurtentibus nunciis & miniustris. Quos nominavi? Video hec omnia; & reputo apud me, quidnam in vita ipsa suo, quam suo sit, quo privati indigantur. ut dici ſolet) ambiguitatem fortune, invenient triſtia plura jucundis, iis adhærentia, ſcil. timores, & tu- multus, & odia, & inſidias, & iras, & adulationes omnes enim reges ver ſantur-cum his. Omitto luctus, & morbos, & affectus, plane dominantia ipſis ex æquo cum ceteris hominibus, quoniam quidem tempus recen- ſendi mala horum ( ſcil. regum) eſſet idem ac tempus con ſiderandi qualia ſunt mala privatorum. CHAR, Libet igitur, 6 Mercuri, tibi dicere, cuinam homines mihi viſi - ſunt eſſe ſimiles, totãque eorum vita. Jimne unquam vidiſti bullas in aqua exſurgentes ſub impetu- osè- deſiliente aliqua ſcatebra? Illos dico inflatos- tu- mores, e quibus ſpuma cogitur. Quædam igitur ex- ĩis bullis parvæ ſunt, & ſtatim ruptæ evanuerunt; aliæ verò diutius durant, & accedentibus ad eas aliis, ipſæ prorſus - inflatæ in maximum attolluntur tumorem. At deinde quidem, & illæ per nagnæ tandem penitus diſ- ruptæ ſunt: non enim poſſibile eff aliter fieri. Hec eſt hominum vita. Flatu omnes tumefacti, hi quidem majores ſunt, illi verò minores; & hi quidem habent momentaneam & fluxam inflationem ; illi vers, ſimulac conſtituti- ſunt, efſe-deſierunt : neceſſe verò eſt itaque omnibus diſrumpi. MER. O Charon, afſſimulatt tu homines nihilo deterias Homero ih, qui foliis compa- rat eorum genus. \| 12. CHAR. Et vides, tales cum-ſint, ö Mercuri, qualia faciant; & ut æmulentur inter ſe, contendentes de imperiis, & honoribus, & poſſeſſionibus, quz omnia oportebit ipſos relinquentes ad nos deſcendere, habentes unum tantum obolum. Viſne igitur, quoniam ſumus in hoc excelſo- loco, ut vociferatus quàm maxime paſſum adhorter eos, * abſtinere quidem a vanis laboribus, © vivere autem, ſemper habentes mortem ante oculos, dicens; O want, quid ſoliciti-eſtis de his rebus? De- finite laborare, non enim wvivetis in æternum. Nil- eorum que hic ſplendida ſunt ſempiternum eſt; neque quiſquam mortuus potuerit- auferre ſecum aliquid eorum. Sed 2 ſu idem eſt eum abire nudum; domum werd, & ngrum, & aurum, sémper eſſe aliorum, & dominos mu- 3 bare 62 Charon, five Speculantes. tare Si inclamarem hæc & fimilia ipſis ex loco-unde- audiri poſum, néne putas vitam magnopere adjutam- fore, & homines futuros longe prudentiores? MER. O beate, non non non, quomodo ignorantia & error diſpo- ſuetint eos; adeò ut aures jam poſumpt ipſis aperiri ne vel terebro, obturãtunt eas tam multi cera, quemad- modum Ulyſſes fecit ſociis, metu audiendi Syrenes. Quomodo igitur poſint illi audire, etiamus tu clamando rumparis? Quod enim Lethe poteſt apud vos, idem hic præſtat ignorantia. At verò sunt pauci eorum qui non acceperunt ceram in aures, qui declinarunt in veritatem, acute in res in res inpexerunt, & quales & nequaquam iis delectantur, sed apparent wel jam me- ditantes Ts a vita ad vos? Quippe odio-habentur ab hominibus, quod redarguant eorum imperitiam. CHAR. Euge, © generoſi!—At ſunt pauci admodum, Mercuri. MER. Sufficiunt vel hi.—Sed jam de- ſcendamus. 13. CHAR. Cupiebam, © Mercuri, cognoſcere u- num adhuc (&, id mihi cum- oſtenderis, expoſitionem .hanc perfeQam feceris) nempe, videre- corporum repo- ſitoria, ubi defodiunt eadem.— MER. Vocant talia, 6 Charon, monumenta, & tumulos, & sépulchra. Sed viden aggeres illos ante urbes, & columnas, & pyram midas? Illa omnia sunt gadaverum receptacula, & cor- porum reconditoria, CHAR. Quid ergo illi coronant ſaxa, & unguento inungunt? Alli vero, constructo rogo ante tumulos, & effoſa fovea quidam, adolentque ſumptuoſas illas cenas, & infundunt vinum mulſamque, ut conjicio, in foveas? MER. Neſcio, © portitor, quid hæc sunt ad eos gui in orco- sunt, Credunt verò um- bras remiſſas ab inferis cœnare quidem ut-cunque iis poſſibile ef, circumvolitantes nidorem & fumum; bi- bere vers mulſum e fovea, CHAR. Ill6ſne adhuc bi- bete aut edere, quorum calvariæ sunt aridiſ. ſimæ? Atqui ridiculus sum hæc tibi dicens, qui quotidie eos deducis. Nofti itaque u, an særærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærærær Mare? Illud quidem est Sigum Trojanum: ex- adverso verò sépultus-eſt Ajax in littore Rhôteo. CHAR. Non magna, © Mercuri, sunt monumenta. 14. Oſtende jam mihi urbes illas inſignes, de- quibus infra audimus, nempe, Ninum Sardanapali, & Babylo- nem, & Mycenas, & Cleonas, & Illium ipſum. Memint - enim quod trajeci illinc plur imos, adeò ut per decem totos annos ne navim- ſubduxerim, neque ſcapham re- crearim. MER. Ninus quidem, © portitor, jam everſa- eſt, & nullum ejus veſtigium adhuc reliquum manet z nec dicere poſſis, ubinam unquam fuit. IIla verò eſt tibi Babylon, illabene-turrita, illa circumdata magno me@enium-ambitu ; & ipſa non multò poſt exquirenda, ut jam Ninus. Pudet vers me monſtrare tibi Mycenas, & Cleonas, & przcipue llium : bene enim novi quod, cum-deſcenderis, præfocabis Homerum propter car- minum „ ae At olim quidem fortunatæ erant hæ urbes: nunc verd interierunt & ipſæ. Mori- untur enim, © portitor, & urbes que madmodum ho- mines; &, quod e/t incredibilius, tota etiam flumina. Ergo Inachi ne vel monumentum adhuc reſtat in Argo. CHAR. Vah, que-laudes, Homere, & gue-nomina ! Ilium Sacrum, & latas-wias habens, & pulchrè ſtructæ Cleone. 15. Sed, inter ſermones naſtros, quinam ſunt illi bel-, lantes, aut cujus rei gratia occidunt ſe mutuò? MER., Argivos vides, © Charon, & Lacedæmonios, & Othry- adem imperatotem illum ſemimortuum inſcribentem Ho- 6; 69 Charon, ſive Speculantes. trophzum ſanguine ſuo. CHAR. Qua vers de re bel- lum eff iis, © Mercuri? MER. De eo ipſo agro in quo pugnant. CHAR. O amentiam ! qui non ſciunt quod, etiam ſi eorum unuſquiſque poſſideat totam Pelopon- neſum, vix tamen acceperit ſpatium pedale ab Æaco. Colent verò agrum hunc alias alii, ſæpe aratro revelentes trophzum illud e ſedibus. MER. Hæc quidem aſe habebunt. Nos verò jam deſcendentes, & rurus bene diſponentes montes h ce in locum ſuum, diſcramus, ego quidem ad quæ miſſus-fum, tu verò ad navigium: veniam vers tibi paulo poſt, & ipfe mortuos deducens. CHAR. Bene feciſti, 6 Mercuri; semper seribieris beneſicus: profeci enim quodammodo per te in- hac pe regrinatione. O quales ſunt res infœlicium hominum! nempe, rezes, lateres aurei, hecatombæ, pugnz! nulla vero haetur Charontis ratio. DIALOGORUM LUCIE 4 Ny SAMOSATENSIS LI 5 * Diatocus I. De Semnio: ſeu, Vita Luciani, UPER quidem deſieram in ludos ire, cum-eſſem ætate jam adoleſcens. Pater vero diſpiciebat, cum amicis, quid inſuper doceret me. Diatocus videbatur pleriſque indigere, & labore multo, & tem- pore longo, & sumptu non exiguo, & fortuna sangui- did; noſtras autem res & tenues eſſe, & poſtulare ſubſidium. Si verò didiciſſem artem aliquam ex mechanicis hiſce (ut vocantur) primam quidem me- ipſum situitim habiturum sine sufficientia a/imenta ab arte, & non-diutids fore domi - paſtum, cum- eſſem tam- ætate- provectus: non multò vero poſt me etiam exhilaraturum patrem, ſemper refetendo quod-prove- niret ex indyſiria mea, Caput igitur sicundæ delibrationis proponebatur; nempe, quam efſet optima ars, & siſacill S. ima ad-diſcendum, & viro libero digna, & promptum habens apparatus sumptum, & sufficiem 43933 Alio igitur aliam laudante, ut qui quam abuit Ci. e. affectus erat, vel ex privata-sententia, vel experientia, pater, conversis-oculis ad unculum (avunculus enim neus a matre tum aderat, exiuntimatus opti-mus eſe sitatuarius, & lapidum expolitor inter maximis ecculis) "Non fas (inquit) aliam artem ptævalere, te preſente; sed abducito hunc (commonſtrans me) E aſumptum doceto eſe bonum lapidum opificem, & con- De Somnno + ſeu, Vita Luciani. & concinnatorem, & satisarium: poteus enim vel hoc, faliciter ehabens, ut nötus, a natura. Coniciebat vero id e ludicris à me conſichis e cera z cum enim dimiſſus-eſem a preceptoribus, ceram abradens effingebam aut boves, aut equos, aut, pei Jovem, & homines; idgue conſimiliter sis, ut patri videbar; propter quæ accipiebam quidem plagas a preceptoribus. Tunc vero etiam hec laudi erant in indolem meam; & concipiebant nee bonam de me sperum, ut pote ui artem brevi diccere- futurus- eſſem, ex la fingendi-facultate. Videbatur igitur fimul dies idoneus arti auſpicandæ, & ego traditus- eram avunculo, non admodum, per Jovem, e4-re-gravatus: sed videbatur mihi ars i//a habere & luſum quendam non injucundum, & oſtentandi- occaçionem apud æquales mos, fi con ſpi-ccrer & Deos ſculpere, & parvas quaſdam imagines fabricare, cum mihi, tum illis quibus mallem. Et tunc pr. Imprimatur illud, ac incipientibus uscitatum, contigit. Avunculus enim, dato mihi cœlo quopiam, juſit me leniter attingere tabulam in medio jacentem, addens tritum illud, Initium bonum est dimidium omnis operis. \| Durins vers impingente me prez imperitia, tabula qui- dem eſt-fracta. Ille vero ægre-fetens, & arripiens ſcuticam quandam prope jacentem, initiavit me non eſſent mihi artis proœmium. Auſugiens 1gitur iſthinc domum abeo, ululans continuò, & oppletus oculos la- chrymis: & commemoro ſcuticam, & oſtendebam vi- bices, & accuſabam nimiam quandam avunculi crudeli- tatem, addens quod fecerat hæc prz invidia, ne ipſum arte ſuperarem. Matte vero indignata, & multùm fratri conviriata, poſtquam nox ſupervenit, dormiebam lachrymabundus adhuc, & totam noctem cogitabundus, At huc uſque narrata ſunt quidem ridicula & puerilia : audietis vero, © viri, poſt hæc non ampliùs contem- nenda, ſed quæ poſcunt auditores vel prorfus auſcul- tandi-cupidos. Nam, ut dicam juxta Homerum, Divinus Somnus wenit ad me in quiete, benignam per. noctem, manifeſtus ita ut nil veritati deeſſet. Adhuc itaque, vel tantum poſt tempus, habituſque conſpectorum reſtant mihi in oculis, & vox auditorum inſonans of manſuete, neque hortativo-more, adeo ut lachrymæ — Rats ACS rt 7 \| Tug: FE. eto; —— . — n —— — — £ q ; { \| De Sommo : ſeu, Vita Luciani. 67 eft (i. e. inſonat auribus meis) erant omnia adeò ma- nifeſta.— 2. Duz mulieres manibus prehendentes trahebant me, utraque ad ſeipſam, violenter admodum, & ſtre- nuè. Parum itaque abfuit quin diſcerperent me con- tendentes inter ſe: nam altera quidem jam ſuperabat, & habuit propemodum me totum ; jam vero rurſus habebar ab altera. Clamabant vero ambæ in ſe-invi- cem; hæc quidem, quaſi dla vellet poſſidere me, ſuus utpote-qui-eſſem; at illa, quaſi hᷣæc fruſtra vendi- caret, ſibi aliena. Erat quidem altera operaria, & virilis, & comam ſqualida, manus callo obducta, veſtitu ſuecincta, pulvere- marmoreo oppleta, qualis erat avun- culus, quum lapides ſculperet: at altera perquam fa- cie · venuſta, & habitu decora, & veſtitu modeſta Poſt- remò vero ĩtaque, permittunt mihi judicare, utri earum mallem me- adjungere. 1 Dura vers & virilis illa fic prior locuta-eſt. go, chare fili, ars ſum ſtatuaria, quam heri diſcere cæpiſti, & domeſtica tibi, & a- familia tua cognata. Nam & avus tuus (addens nomen avi-materni) mar- ** morarius fuit, & avunculi tui ambo, magnoperẽque claruerunt per me. Si vero velis abſtinere a nugis & tricis hujus (alteram indicans) ſequi vero & coha- bitare mecum; primùm quidem fortiter alere, & habebis humeros validos ; eris vero alienus ab omni invidia, & nunquam abibis in terram-externam, re- IiQa patria, & familiaribus ; neque laudabunt te omnes propter verba. Ne ve10 averſeris corporis hujuſce frugalitatem, neque veſtimenti ſordes. Nam & Phidias ille, progteſſus ab hujuſmodi 7nitiis, ſpec- 7 n ek farnns. & Polycietus Junonem fa- * bricavit, & Myron laudatus eſt, & Praxiteles in admiratione-fuit. Hi. igitur cum Diis adorantur. Si vero ex his unus fatus-fueris,, quomodo quidem non fies & ipſe celebris apud omnes homines: Ex- ** hibebis vero patrem tuum æmulandum, reddes au- tem & patriam ſpeQtabilem.” —— Talia, atque his etiam plura, dixit Ars illa (nempe, ſtatuariæ artis Dea) hæſitans, & barbatè- pronuncians omnia, ſtudiosè vero admodum 68 De Somnio : ſeu, Vita Luciani. perſuadere. Sed non ulterius memini ; pleraque enim Jam effugerunt memoriam meam. \| 4. Foſtquam igitur finem fecit, incipitaltera-in-hunc- ferme-modum.—* Ego vero, © fili, DoQrina ſum ; „ conſueta jam, & nota tibi, tametſi nondum me ad ce «c «c cc «c * £46 «c «c 46 40 46 4 40 40 64 40 40 «c 46 «6 Co «6 46 66 40 66 40 «c 46 £6 «6 «c cc cc 40 finem expertus-fis. Quanta itaque bona quæſiveris marmorarius factus, hzc quidem jam-dixit. Nihil enim eris quod non operarius fuerit i. e. nil niſi ope- rarius eris) corpore laborans, & in hoc ponens totam vitz ſpem: obſcurus quidem ipſe, parvum & abjec- tum lucellum accipiens, ſententia humilis, reditu ve- ro tenuis: neque eris amicis in-foro-auxiliaris, nec inimicis formidabilis, nec civibus æmulandus; ſed unum illud, nempe, opifex, & e promiſcua plebe unus; ſemper formidans eminentem guemgue, & co- lens dicere valentem, leporis vitam vivens, & præda ipſe potentioris. Si vero factus- fueris etiam Phidias, aut Polycletus, & elaboraris mirabilia multa, omnes quidem laudabunt artem, non erit verò aliguis ex videntibus, fi mentem habeat, qui optàrit fieri tibi ſimilis. Quali ſqualis enim fueris, cenſebere mecha- nicus tantum, & opifex, & manibus- victum- quæritans.	2,891
cu31924028812811_14	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	null	None	None	English	Spoken	7,552	10,731	After Mr. Davis there was occasional preaching in the East church till 1860, by Baptist and Methodist ministers. The Con- gregational church there, being reduced to a small number, dis- solved in 1843, most of its members uniting with the Presbyte- rian church, some of them being yet alive. The tall steeple of this church was taken down in the spring of 1867. After forty years, people thought its timbers were decayed and unsafe. Consequently they met, threw a rope round the top, sawed off the main supports, and pulled it over. It tipped entirely over and came down with a fearful plunge, far into the ground ! -But they found the timbers perfectly sound and safe. The house was sold at auction, October, 1873, for four hundred and forty-one dollars, to J. B. Woodbury & Son, and was imme- diately taken down. Now the material is all. removed, the site is turned into a planted field, and nothing remains to mark the spot. For the information of the next generation, let it be said that the Bast church stood on the swell of land nearly opposite the East cemetery, being a little farther .north than the ceme- tery, and on a commanding spot. THE BAPTIST CHURCH. Chiefly by the kind help of Rev. William Hurlin, I am enabled to give the following sketch of the Baptist church in Antrim, 190 ITS PASTOES. Its early records are very imperfect, rendering a minute history difficult. The church was organized Dec. 17, 1805, at the house of Joseph Baton, of Greenfield, and was recognized by a council from Mason, Dublin, and New Boston, consisting of the pastors in those places. Elders William Elliott, Elijah Willard, and Isaiah Stone, and eleven delegates. Rev. William Elliott was moderator, and John Brown clerk. Thirteen persons, five males and eight females, were organized under the name of the "Peterborough and Society Land Baptist Church " The name has been several times changed. Aug. 19, 1824, it was voted to call it " Society Land Baptist Church." May 24, 1835, it was changed to "Hancock and Society Land Baptist Church." When Bennington was incorporated, 1842, it assumed the name of " Bennington." Aug. 29, 1857, it was voted to call it the " Antrim Baptist Church." There had been a Baptist church - here before, dissolved about 1841, as stated in the history of the brick edifice over east. Of the early pastors of the church, very little is known. As far as can be gathered, they were as follows : Elder Elliott ; Elder Westcott, who left , under a cloud in 1826, and was after- ward excluded from the fellowship of the church ; Elder Parrar; Elder Goodnow, one year, 1831-32 ; Elder McGregor ; Elder Joseph Davis ; Rev. James A. Boswell, 1836 ; Rev. P. Page, 1836 ; Rev. John Woodbury, 1837 ; Rev. Zebulon Jones, one year, 1837-38 ; Rev. Amzi Jones, two or three years, from December, 1840 ; Rev. J. M. Chick, two years, 1845-47 ; S. L. Elliot, a licentiate, one year, 1847-48. Rev. W. W. Lovejoy commenced his labors as pastor of the church April 26, 1850, and closed them in July, 1856. Rev. W Eimball became pastor in April, 1856, and hisresignation was accepted Oct. 4, 1862. Rev. L. C. Stevens commenced his labors Nov. 1, 1863, and closed them April 30, 1865. Rev. William Hurlin became pastor in March, 1866, and continued till March, 1873, seven years, being the longest period of any pastorate of this church. Mr. Hurlin was a man of critical scholarship, great information, and good life, having the highest respect of all the people of the town. Rev. E. M. Shaw was ordained pastor Sept. 30, 1873, and closed his work in August, 1877. He was an excellent scholar, a sound thinker, and a sermonizer of high rank. He wrote in a very pure and forcible style, and his manner of delivery, though OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OP BAPTIST CHURCH. 191 calm, was very impressive. Though a constant sufferer from ill health, he did excellent service, and greatly endeared himself to the church and to all the people of the town. He was suc- ceeded by Rev. W. H. Pish, who was stated supply from Aug. 20, 1877, to April, 1878. At a meeting of the church, March 1, 1878, a unanimous call was extended to Rev. E. M. Shaw, to resume his labors as pastor, which he accepted, entering upon his work the second Sabbath of May following. But his old ills again came upon him, and he was forced to resign after about a year's service. His successor, Rev. Horace F. Brown, was ordained Oct. 1, 1879. The deacons in the church have been as follows : Benjamin Nichols, chosen March 13, 1806 ; Eli Maynard, chosen Nov. 4, 1827 ; Asa Knight, chosen April 16, 1829 ; Lewis A. Fletcher, chosen July 9, 1835 ; John Higgins, chosen July 7, 1848 ; Jesse R. Goodell, chosen 1851 ; Gilbert P. Hall, chosen June 2, 1864 ; Mark True, chosen June 2, 1864 ; E. Z. Hastings, chosen May 1, 1875. The clerks of the church have been Dea. Benjamin Nichols, William Darrah, Dea. A. Knight, Dea. S. A. Fletcher, Rev. Amzi Jones, Rev. J. M. Chick, Dea. Gilbert P. Hall, John R. Abbott, Dea. Mark True, and the present incumbent, William B, Dodge. Rev. Samuel Abbott became a member of this church in 1847, and remained so till his death in 1853. He was never pastor of the church. His son, Rev. Stephen G. Abbott, united with this church at Hancock, in 1838. At that time the church wor- shiped at Society Land, and maintained a branch church at Hancock. He was licensed, by the mother church, Aug. 11, 1848. Since then he has been almost constantly preaching, and is able and vigorous in the presentation of the truth. Owing to the imperfection'of records, it is impossible to ascer- tain how many persons have been members of this church. The names of three hundred and two have been found, divided thus : constituent members, thirteen; baptized, one hundred and twen- ty-six ; by letter, one . hundred and six ; experience, six ; unknown, fifty-one. The largest number of members at any one time was eighty-four, which occurred in 1851. The present membership (1878) is seventy-five. It is not known where they met for worship the first year. The first meeting-house was built before 1812, in Greenfield, 192 METHODIST CHURCH. near the Samuel Dascomb place. In Society Land, now Ben- nington, a meeting-house was built before 1826. In April, 1851, it was " Voted to hold the meetings on the Sabbath half the time at South Antrim for the present." Jan. 2, 1852, it was " Voted to hire Woodbury's hall for one year, for worship." Feb. 6, following, they " Voted to hold the meetings all the time at South Antrim," since which time this has been the location of the church. Several unsuccessful efforts were made to build here, but the church continued to worship in Woodbury's hall till 1871, when, during the pastorate of Mr. Hurlin,they resolved to rise up and build God blessed the effort, and they were enabled to dedicate their attractive and commodious house Oct. 25, 1871, frea of debt. The total cost was six thousand two hundred dollars. The parsonage was built in 1879. THE METHODIST CHURCH. The first preaching under this order was at the Branch, and at the East meeting-house. The first preacher was Rev. Ezra Wardwell, in 1838, or possibly in 1837. Wardwell was a young man. He died in Sullivan, September, 1850, aged thirty-eiglit. After him, a Rev. Mr. Heath, a Rev. Mr. Jones, and a Mrs. Orne preached in town occasionally. Antrim was included in a cir- cuit with other towns, and was supplied a part of the time. The first Methodist class, the beginning of the Methodist church, was formed in 1838 at the Branch, and was connected witii the Hen- niker charge. The persons forming it were Harvey Stacey, Nathan Barker and wife with three sons, Ira Knowlton, Arnold McClure, and Anson Fletcher. This organization was, however, soon lost. About 1840, by exertion of Rev. Ezra Wardwell and others, a class was fortned at Woodbury Village, now South Antrim. Solomon McGee was leader of this class, and it was connected with the Deeriug charge. Mr. Wardwell preached about one quarter of the time for a year or two in the East house, and occasionally, for several years following him, students from Con- cord preached there. In 1851, Rev. S. S. Dudley came to Antrim, and spent that and the following year in labor here, preaching half the time in the East house, and half the time in the hall in the three-story house at the Branch, the hall being fitted up about 1851 for that purpose. ^ The class was re-formed at the Branch, under the leadership Ih'liotypi^ Priitiiag Oi. 21J 'Inmmit HI,, llosl Bafi'ist Church and Parsonage. ITS PASTORS. 193 of Harvey Stacey. Considerable interest was awakened under the labors of Mr. Dudley ; quite a number were added to the classes ; and by his labors, it is believed in. 1852, these were brought together into a church. It numbered fifty-one at its or- ganization. They held their meetings in the hall at the Branch, chiefly, though in part still at the East house, and sometimes in the school-house in South Village. During the winter of 1863-64 new interest was awakened ; through the exertions of Harvey Stacey, Harold Kelsea, and Alvah Dodge, funds were raised by contributions of the citizens, for the purpose of build- ing ; and on the 9th of October, 1864, a new hall was opened in South Antrim, which, with' several improvements and enlarge- ments, is now the Methodist church, and is a very neat and con- venient edifice. Its dedication was attended with very happy exercises, including the sacraments of baptism and the Lord's supper. The several pastors of this church are given below : Rev. S. S. Dudley, Rev. R. Gregg, Rev. D. W Barber, Rev. Irad Tag- gart, Rev. Cliarles H. Smith, Rev. John Olough, Rev. Jesse Wagner, Rev. Mr. Stinchfield, Rev. Otis Cole, Rev. Leroy Stow, Rev. A. E. Drew, Rev. C. W Miller, Rev. B. A. Howard, Rev. A. A. Cleveland, Rev. J. W. Fulton, Rev. C. E. Dorr, Rev. Lewis Howard, Rev. Jacob P. Spalding, Rev. J. W Oooledge, Rev. J. R. Bartlett, Rev. J. L. Felt, 1876-79, and Rev. Mr. Curl. Many of these, from personal acquaintance, the writer can speak of in high terms ; especially Rev. Jesse Wagner, who married a daughter of John G. Flint, Esq., and is one of the best preachers in the denomination ; and Rev. J. L. Felt, who has furnished most of- the items of this sketch, and whom I take pleasure in claiming as a personal friend. The Methodist church has slowly yet constantly increased, has considerable support from adjacent towns, and, notwithstand- ing removals and deaths, it now has a membership of one hun- dred. And it has been a power on the side of truth and good morals in the place. The Luke Thompson' house was bought and fitted up for a parsonage in 1879. 13 194 FIRST MILITARY COMPANY. CHAPTER VI. THE MILITARY RECORD OP ANTRIM. Several of the citizens of Antrim were out in the British service against the French and Indians, but, as that service was prior to their settlement here, I will commence at the opening of the Revolution. I have already stated the remarkable fact, that every man (and boy of size sufficient) marched for Lexington at the first sound of battle, except John Gordon, and that he soon enlisted for the whole war. There was not a male in Antrim that did not respond to his country's call. Some only served a short time ; others were absent for years. Quite a number of young men came here and began their " clearings," but left at the sound of war to enter the ranks ; most of them returning, on the establishment of peace. Their settlement here is put at the later date by Mr. Whiton, — ^though they were here years before, and enlisted from this town. A few, however, of the list given herewith, did not strike a blow in Antrim till after the war, and then, seeking a settlement somewhere, were led to this place. It is not possible to fix the exact date of organizing the first military company in this town. No doubt, however, it was immediately on return from the march to Lexington in April, 1775, as they were then. all together, and in the war spirit. They had marched under Capt. Isaac Butterfield, of Society Land, but, on return, they wanted a company of their own. They chose John Duncan, captain ; Thomas Nichols, lieutenant; and James Dickey, ensign. No doubt that the organization, and choice of Duncan as captain, immediately on return, or perhaps lefore return, gave rise to the statement once made by Dr. Whiton (Half-century Sermon, p. 13), that the company march- ing to Lexington was commanded by Duncan instead of Butter- field, and that Duncan " had previously been commissioned as captain over the few militia of the places above named." I find he. is called "Capt. John Duncan" in a state pay-roll, 1775. The company under Butterfield marched as far as Tyngsbor- ough, Mass., and there were met by Gen. Stark, " who told them there were men enough near Boston, and advised them to return and plant their corn, holding themselves ready to march at a NEW HAMPSHIRE MEN AT BUNKER HILL. 195 moment's warning ; adding, tliat, however rusty their guns, he knew of no men with whom he would sooner ti'ust his life in the hour of battle." (Dr. Whiton.) On this tliey returned, organ- ized, for convenience of meeting, the company of their own men, planted their corn, met to drill, and awaited the next call. It is a mistake to say that no citizen of Antrim was in the battle of Bunker Hill, soon following. Judge Nesmith, who, like myself, has hunted up many old papers, and who is an authority in such matters, says : " I suppose you may claim, with entire confi- dence, that Dea. James Aiken was in the battle of Bunker Hill." He received a small sum in payment for " property lost " in the battle. John Burns was also in the fight. And James Hutch- inson lost his life by a wound received after the battle was over. At Bunker Hill the New Hampshire men took position behind the rail fence between the i-edoubt and Mysiic river. Part of the way they made a stone wall before them, and brought up the rail fence to the wall. Three times the foo were driven back by the ter<-ible fire from this rail fence ; and even in the last onset, and after the fall of the redoubt, the New Hampshire men were victorious, and rushed over the fence in pursuit of the flying foe. But Stark, perceiving the fate of the redoubt, drew back his men, and retreated, being the last to leave, and marching off in good order. All this was before the incorporation of Antrim as a town. Subsequently there was hardly a town meeting without some action concerning the war, until peace was declared. Aug. 20, 1777, five months after incorporation, an article was in the war- rant to choose a •' Committee for to Regulate the Expense The Town has been at in Respect of the War," on wliich they chose the selectmen to be the committee. From this it is inferred, that, though few and poor, they assumed their part of the expenditure at once. In the summer of 1777 there was great alarm in Vermont and New Hampshire, on account of the invasion from Canada by Burgoyne. The legislature of New Hampshire was convened, and voted to raise two brigades for defense. They were none too fast ; for Burgoyne detached a force to go through the " New Hampshire Grants " and put down the few people in this part of the cotintry. Being excited with success, he supposed the thing would easily be 'done. The east New Hampshire brig- ade, under Col. Whipple, could not be ready in season ; but the 196 ANTRIM MEN AT BUKGOTNE's DEFEAT. west brigade, under Gen. Stark, hastily assembled, and, march- ing with haste, were able to meet the invaders before they had made great progress in " subjugating New England." A com- pany was mustered in at New Boston, July 23, in which it is believed there were eight or ten men from Antrim. The rest were from Deering, Francestown, Lyndeborough, and New Bos- ton and Greenfield. I have not been able to find the roll of this company in season for insertion here. Peter Clark was cap- tain ; Daniel Miltimore, of Antrim, first lieutenant ; Benjamin Bradford, second lieutenant ; and William Beard, of New Bos- ton, ensign. The company ,was attached to Col. Thomas Stick- ney's regiment of ten companies. Col. Moses Nichols had a regiment of ten companies, of which William Gregg was lieu- tenant-colonel. Col. David Hobart, of fJollis, had an incomplete regiment of five companies. The battle of Bennington occurred Aug. 16, 1777. The company in which were the Antrim men went on with the others, and took part in the series of contests which resulted in the surrender of Burgoyne. The names of those from this town cannot be given with certainty. Capt. John Duncan was among the number at Burgoyne's defeat, but it is probable he was not in the company when first mustered in at New Boston. Like some others, he probably followed as a volunteer, and served as a lieutenant in the several battles. William Smith, also, was known to be of the number from Antrim. His sou John had enlisted, but Dr. Whiton says : " The father, on reflection, volunteered to take the place of the son, giving as his reason, that, should he himself fall in battle, he trusted he was prepared to meet his Judge in peace ; while, should his son go and be killed, he could cherish in relation to him no such hope ! " A beautiful instance of fatherly devotion and sacrifice ! So the father went, at the age of sixty-two, but returned, without serious hurt, and lived till he was eighty-five. John Nichols and John McAllister were in the company of Capt. Peter Clark. At a meeting May 7, 1778, they chose John Dun- can, John McOleary, and Daniel Miltimore a " Committee to Set- tle the Ware Expense in Antrim and Proportion the Seame." Various taxes wei'e laid on the people, and when they could not pay money there was a tax in beef. In the " Beef Tax " of 1781, the proportion of Antrim was two thousand seven hundred and ninety-one pounds, which, with their small amount of live stock, was a very heavy load. The selectmen delivered one WORK OF THE TOWN FOR SOLDIERS. 197 thousand four hundred and ninety pounds ; and the town is marked deficient for one tliousand three hundred and one pounds, in tlie fall of that year. But the people had a town meeting ; " Voted that Sam^ Gregg & Daniel Miltimore Provide the Beef for this year's Proportion ; " and it seems, by great effort, they paid the whole tax. The town of Antrim exhibited great zeal to keep full its quota of men. In 1781 and 1782 this town had nine men in the field. An old report of men required from the several towns in 1781 gives the number to Antrim, nine ; to Amherst, four ; to Bed- ford, eleven ; and so on. That this was squarely met by this town, appears from the following document : — Antrim Sept. 1", 1781. This may Certify that Moses George has passed Muster before Genl. Nichols for the town of Antrim 3 years Likewise Samuel Dinsmore and Eandall Alexander to the Last of December which the Quoto Demanded. Attest JOHN DUNCAN 1 Select \ SAM'. MOOEE ; men. When men were called for to defend Rhode Island, a detach- ment went from New Hampshire, in which William Boyd was the only one from Antrim, so far as known. For this service both State and town paid a bounty. Slate of New Hampshire to the Selectmen of Antrim Dr. July 20"^ 7 1779 I To Cash paid William Boyd a Soldier enlisted in the Contij nental Service for the defehce of Khode Island. Bounty £30 — . Travel 120 miles to Providence £12. Errors excepted in behalf of the Selectmen of Antrim. Pr. ISAAC ANDREWS. The action of the town was as follows : " Voted william Boyd have five hundred Dollars for his Sarvice at Road island." The town was faithful in its care for the families of absent soldiers ; and if the soldiers had made beginnings', which the old records call " choppings " or " pieces of chopped wood," the town went right on with their work for them. It was the cus- tom to fall the trees on a certain piece of ground, let them lie one season to dry, and then burn all where it fell, even though the best of timber. After these pieces were burned over, all the heavy logs would remain, in immense quantities, charred, black, and hard to move among the stumps. These were next cut, piled, and burned, involving great labor and considerable time. 198 FIRST AMERICAN REGIMENT. For months these fires burned on a single lot, not being extin- guished even by long and heavy rains. Thus to subdue this rocky soil, covered with gigantic trees, and prepare the ground for a crop, was a great work. This the town did by public vote, for every soldier that needed it. It was not done by money tax, but by apportionment of labor. They had no money, but they had strong hands and determined wills. The amount of labor done by the few men left at home was incredible, — or would seem so now. They worked late and early, and by moonlight, — men and women and children, — as though their fingers were iron and their bones were steel. It may' be added, that, though we had no very distinguished men in the field, this towVi did its full share, and a little more than its full shave, of the hardship and sacrifice by which our national independence was won. , And some of our Antrim men were among the very last that left the public service. For a large part of tlie war, the regular quota for New Hampshire was three regiments, — though probably seldom full regiments.. Jan. 1, 1781, by order of Gen. Washington, the Third New Hamp- shire Regiment was merged in the other two. A second reduc- tion of the army took place Jan. I, 1783, in which the Second New Hampshire was consolidated into the First, leaving one full regiment in the service from this State. Nov. 8, 1783 (the treaty of peace was signed in Paris Sept. 8, 1783), the army was disbanded, except such as Gen. Washington specially designated to remain on duty for the honorable services attending the close of the war. For this purpose the general picked out the First New Hampshire, among others. This regi- ment remained, therefore, and took part in the various ceremonies of the evacuation of New York by the British, Nov. 25, 1788. The last official act of Gen. Washington, before resigning his commission, was the designation of a small force to remain on duty after Jan. 1, 1784. For this purpose, he chose a small artillery force, a few companies from Massachusetts, and Capt. Israel Frye's and Oapt. Joseph Potter's companies from New Hampshire, the rest of the reserve force being discharged. Members whose times were out were discharged from these companies and their places filled by those from other New Hamp- shire companies who had a year or two longer to serve. These several companies reserved after Jan. 1, 1784, formed what was called the " First American Regiment," and was put under com- REVOLUTIONARY SOLDIERS. 199 mand of Col. Henry Jackson of Massachusetts. By act of Congress, June 2, 1784, this last regiment was honorably dis- charged, and the last of the army of the Revolution disappeared. Thus the First Ne^¥ Hampshire Regiment, through these two companies, had a continuous service of nine years and two and one-half mouths, — being the longest service rendered by any reg- iment in the whole army. And in this last disbanded force were certainly several men from this town ; among them Joseph Clark, Moses George, Isaac Patterson, Thomas McClary, and probably Dinsmore, Alexander, and others. I append the list of Revolu- tionary soldiers, which is undoubtedly correct, embracing all that were really mustered in : — 1. James Aiken (was at Bunker Hill and Bennington). 2. Randall Alexander. 3. Thomas Brown. 4. Thomns G. Breed (only a lad, but was surgeon's servant, and saw danger). 0. John Burns. 6. Daniel Buswell. 7. Abijah Barker. 8. Tobias Butler. 9. Peter Barker. 10. George Bemaine (killed at White Plains)., 11. William Boyd. 12. Joseph Clark. 13. Stephen Curtice. 14. Samuel Caldwell. 15. Capt. Isaac Cochran. 16. Elias Cheney (three years, one for himself, one for his father, and one for his brother). 17. Lemuel Curtice. 18. John Case. 19. Samuel Dinsmore. 20. Capt. John Duncan. 21. Thomas Day. 22. Adam Dunlap. 28. Daniel Downing. 24. David Downing. 25. James Dickey (killed). 26. Samuel Downing (last survivor army of the Revolution, died Feb. 19, 1867, aged 105 years, 2 months, and 21 days). 200 REVOLUTIONARY SOLDIERS. 27. Samuel Edes. 28. Thomas English. 29. George Gates. 30. John Gordon. 31. Samuel Gregg. 32. Alexander Gregg. 33. Simeon George. 34. David George. 35. Jonathan Grimes. 36. Michael George (part of time for Londonderry). 37. Moses George. 38. James Hutchinson (killed). 39. James Hopkins. 40. Josiah Herrick. 41. Pitman Howard. 42. Hugh Jameson. 43. Thomas Jameson. 44. Taylor Joslyn (served for Antrim, afterwards for Deering). 45. William Lakin (badly wounded at Stillwater, Oct. 7, 1777, on account of which he was soon discharged). 46. David Lufkin (badly wounded in second battle with Bur- goyne, Oct. 8, 1777, whence soon discharged). 47. John McAllister. 48. Robert McClary. 49. Thomas McClary ("Freed of Reats " April 2, 1782). 60. John McClary. 51. David McClure (one year for Antrim). 52. John McCoy. 53. Daniel Miltimore (first lieutenant at Bennington and Saratoga). 54. Robert McClure. 55. James Nesmith. 56. Daniel Nichols (served short time). 57. John Nichols (was at battle of Bennington). 58. Thomas Nichols (in service short time). 59. Adam Nichols (enlisted on Antrim's quota one year, July 20, 1779). 60. Isaac Patterson. 61. Zadoc Reed (chiefly for New Boston). 62. Major Riley. 63. John Ross. MINUTE-MEN. 201 64. Joel Reed (served five years). 65. John Smith (northern army, 1777). 66. William Smith. 67. Benjamin Simonds. 68. Thomas Stuart. 69. John Taylor (served for Antrim ; killed at Ticonderoga, July 3, 1777). 70. John Thompson. 71. James Wallace. 72. Sutheric Weston. 73. Jeremiah Wier (lost his life in returning from the war). Besides these, Jonathan Nesmitli, Daniel McParland, James Duncan, Joseph Boyd, and Alexander Jameson marched to Tyngsborough under Capt. Butterfield, and are thought to have rendered other services in the field. And a few names are omitted, probably, who served for other towns and in subsequent years lived in Antrim. As having some curious interest, the following document is added : — This certifies, that John McCoy on the 4th of September, 1777, being then a mariner on board the Continental Frigate, Raleigh in the service of the United States, in an action of said ship with the British Ship of War Druid, did receive a wound in the right Os Ilicum with a Grape Shot, which being lodged within a bony substance, prevented its extrac- tion, and will forever render him unable to obtain a livelihood. Portsmouth Aug. 24, 1785. Attest — JOHN JACKSON, Then Surgeon of the above Frigate. Also Capt. Thomas Thompson, Commander of the Ship JRaleigh: Also John Jeeet Osboeke, Captain of the Marines. This testimony was used by McCoy in order to obtain half-pay from the State. He did obtain half-pay, equal to one hundred and twenty-three pounds and ten shillings. Thus ends the record of the Revolution as regards this town, so far as it can be written. They had come out of it with an intense hatred of tyranny, and an intense love of liberty and popular government. Hence, when, in 1795, as elsewhere narrated, there was danger of war with Prance, Antrim promptly and generously provided for its quota of" minute-men," ready to march at a moment's warning. And again, when a new war with Great Britain seemed probable, 202 MILITARY COMPANIES AND OPPICEES. the town " Voted [March 14, 1809] to make the minutemen up twelve dollars a month when called into actual service," — indi- cating a great and determined patriotism still. If they were really called into service, iheii their pay was to be made twelve dollars per month /rom enlistment. Through all the years until the formation of the modern uni- formed companies, it is quite certain that the old company foniied in 1775 was kept up. By act of the legislature, March 18, 1780, all the younger and abler men formed a " training band" while all others in any town under seventy years of age formed the " Alarvi List," called out for drill twice a year. Probably these were united in this and other towns then small, so that here old men and young drilled together many years. June 24, 1786, a change was made in the law, and those over sixty years of age were released from military duty ; but it made little difference in this town. This old Antrim company had no uniform, and they cared little for such things then. When the constitution of 1792 went into force, an entire change was made in the militia system. The whole force was divided into twenty-seven regiments, with two battalions in each regiment. Antrim fell into the Twenty-sixth, which afterwards became the -'crack regiment" in the State. The companites of Antrim, Deering, Henniker, Hillsborough, and Campbell's Gore formed the first battalion ; those in Hancock, Francestown, Greenfield, Lyndeborough, and Society Land formed the second. Each regiment also had a cavalry force, then called the " troop." The first officers of the Twenty-sixth were : Benjamin Pierce, colonel, or " Lieut. Col. Commandant," which meant the same thing (claimed by some to be grandson of " Stephen Perce," one . of the Scotch-Irish proprietors of Londonderry) ; David Camp- bell, major of first battalion ; Daniel Gould, major of second battalion. In 1808 the officers were : David McClure, of An- trim, colonel ; William Gould, first major ; Peter Peavey, second major. This military arrangement continued without much change till the act of July 5,1851, which reduced our organized force to a mere nothing, and was practically the end of our long-noted and well-drilled companies. About 1800, the militia of Antrim, then a continuance of the old company of 1775, was divided for two companies, one north of the meeting-house and one south of the same. These were THE GRENADIERS. 203 tm-uniformed, but well-drilled and efficient. The north com- pany was commanded by Capt. Parker Morse, Capt. William Gregg, and others ; the south conxpany.was commanded by Capt. James Taylor and others. In addition to drill days, these com- panies met occasionally at the captain's house " to burn powder and drink rum." These two companies, being reduced in num- bers, came together again before the war of 1812, and chose David McCauley, captain, and John McNiel, first lieutenant. The act of Dec. 28, 1792, provided that each regiment should have a company of grenadiers ; meaning, then, a uniformed com- pany composed of large, tall, and selected men. There seems to have been no company of this kind in the Twenty-sixth Regi- ment until about 1807, when John McNiel, of Eillsborough, afterwards Gen. John McNiel, distinguished in the war of 1812, succeeded in organizing the noted grenadiers, so proudly remem- bered by the old people. McNiel was six feet and six inches tall, and received no one to his company who was less than six feet in height. The uniform consisted of black coats gorgeously faced with red, tall caps, and high, brilliant plumes, which made the tall men look taller still, and gave an exceedingly stately and commanding appearance to this body of men. Gen. McNiel commanded this company quite a number of years. The men, at first, were picked out of Antrim, Deering, Henniker, Hills- borough,. Hancock, Prancestown, Greenfield, and ■ Windsor. But, because we raised taller and bigger men in Antrim than could be found in other towns, the majority of the grenadiers belonged here from the start. It passed more and more into the posses- sion of Antrim, and, being reduced in numbers, was entirely filled up from this town as early as the year 1823. This com- pany continued in its glory, the wonder of small boys, the admi- ration of all, until the enactment of the disbanding law in 1851, after which it gradually wasted, and, ere long, was dropped. The " old Twenty-sixth " had also a fine cavalry company, picked out of the several towns. It was called, in common talk, "The Troop." In, this Antrim furnished a large quota, and was second to no town. At the organization of the troop, a man from Henniker was chosen captain (cannot learn his name), and James Hopkins, of Antrim, first lieutenant. But before the commissions could be issued, the former died, and the latter was chosen in his place, so that Capt. James Hopkins was the first commander. He held the commission several years, and was 204 THE ALARM LIST.- ^ succeeded by Capt. Thomas K. Breed. The subsequent com- manders of the troop I am not able to give, as they were some- times from other towns ; but the captains of the grenadiers, suc- ceeding Gen. McNiel, were as follows : — Zebadiah Peavey, of Greenfield. Daniel Wyman, of Hillsborouglj. Thomas D. Nesmith, of Antrim, as were all his successors. James Wallace. Thomas Dunlap (sou of Adam). Silas Dinsmore (1828). Dimon Twiss. , Cyrus Saltmarsh. James Wilson. Reed P. Whittemore. Jeremiah Breed. Jonathan Nesmith. Amos Dodge. Samuel Dinsmore. Allen Parker. War was declared by the United States against England, June 18, 1812. On the seventeenth of December following, our State passed an act organizing a " Voluntary Corps of Infantry," only to resist invasion of New Hampshire, and formed of those by law exempt from military duty. A company of this kind was formed in Antrim, and the fathers called it " The Alarm List." There were forty in the company, and most of them actually bore the scars of the Revolution. Their uniform was a large white frock thrown over their ordinary clothing. They paraded two or three -times a month on Meeting-House Hill, under command of Oapt. Peter Barker, with fife and drum, and they could be seen in their drill move- ments for miles away. Their heads were white as their frocks, and they mad§ a most stirring and imposing appearance. And these patriots did not wait to be called for. They actually offered their services to the governor ! God bless their memory to the town ! But they were not needed. Several times an attack on Portsmouth was expected, and no doubt was only pre- vented by the rallying of the militia in that part of the State in great numbers for defense. Also, invasion from the north was considered probable, but never occurred within our State bounds. WAR OP 1812. 205 And after the war this glorious old company was soon broken up by death and infirmity. Some of them were seventy-five years old when they offered their service in their country's defense. But little can be given here of the details of our history in the war of 1812. About the first thing that started the people here was a sudden call for men. So great was the haste that a mes- senger came at flying speed, on the Sabbath, with a requisition on the Twenty-sixth Regiment. He found Col. McClure at church on the hill, who immediately rose in meeting, announced the call, and, on the spot, notified the company to meet at Chris- tie's tavern the next day. Then the worship went on, probably, however, in a somewhat nervous state. The next day the militia company met, and Col. McClure told them how many men were wanted, and that if enough did not volunteer they would be drafted. He then proposed to the company in line, to start the music, and then at the word " March ! " he would step forward, and all volunteers were to follow. To his great sur- prise, the whole company followed, to a man ! So they had to make a draft to settle it, after all. Ira Wallace and Thomas Dunlap, not being taken, went to Windsor and volunteered as substitutes for two drafted men there. Several men from Antrim enlisted at once into the regular army, and served through the war, on the Canadian frontier. Others, after a vol- unteer service of one year, entered the regular army ; among the last being Daniel Gregg, who attained to the office of cap- tain, and held it many years. No son of Antrim was killed in the war of 1812, though several lost their lives by sickness and otherwise. Robert Holmes was badly wounded at the fall of Fort Oswego on Lake Ontario. The British sent a force across the lake to capture this little fort. The garrison was small, and thought best, though after vigorous resistance, to evacuate the works. Holmes was the last man out, and turned and fired upon the enemy as he left, at which moment he fell, badly wounded in the groin. " The British," says Dr. Whiton, " rushed by and over him in pursuit of the garrison, who, how- ever, escaped. The British speedily evacuated, and the Americans repossessed 206 LIST OP SOLDIERS. the fort, when Holmes found himself again in the hands of his own countrymen." He received a pension on account of his wound, but lived only about three years. "• ear the close of the war a company was raised in this and the adjoining towns, under command of Oapt. William Gregg of Antrim, which marched to the defense of the seaboard in the vicin- ity of Portsmouth. All returned except Ira Wallace, who died of disease at Portsmouth. During the war, and especially in the last of it, the people were under great excitement. The danger of attack anywhere on the shore was constant. Some were sharply opposed to the war from the start, Party spirit was bitter and unconcealed. But on news of peace, February, 1815, they all joined together as one, to celebrate the event. In this town, as in others, there was at once a " social meeting " called ; and, drcfpping all party differences, they spent the day in hand-shaking and mutual con- gratulation and joy. I append a list of the soldiers of Antrim in the war of 1812 : — James Aiken, Jr. Jonathan Hay ward (supposed to be murdered on his way home after being discharged). Theodore G. Wallace. James M. Day. Robert Holmes (died from effect of wound). Moses P. Wier. Swallow Willson. John Witherspon (never heard from ; supposed deserted arid killed by Indians). Peter C. At wood. Thomas Gregg. Thomas Dunlap. Charles Gates. John Robinson. James Ross. Levi Thompson. Samuel Vose. Ira Wallace (died in service, Nov. 3, 1814). Capt. Daniel Gregg. Dexter Fairbanks. James Brown. Ziba Curtice. MEXICAN WAR. 207 John Stuart. Joseph White. Charles Fairbanks. John Boyd (died in service). Silas Rhodes. Capt. William Gregg. Samuel McClure (took place of a drafted man and went from Francestown). Moody M. Barker. Thomas P. Haywood. Elijah Severance. Asa Stearns. Isaac Saltmarsh. William Roach. John Barker. Alexander Parker. Samuel Carr. Nathan B. Barker. Samuel Caldwell, Jr. James Robb (died a prisoner at Halifax). Jfesse McAllister. Gideon Barker (murdered on way home). Hugh Ross. David McCauley (first lieutenant, and afterwards captain). In the Mexican war, declared by Congress to " exist"" between this country and Mexico May 11, 1846, there were four soldiers from Antrim, and all were killed. Their names were : — John Atvvood. John Caldwell. James Derush. Josiah W. Tuttle. * ■" In the regular narrative of events of the town (page 112), I have already given the principal facts of our town's connection with the war of the Rebellion. The record is very favorable. I append a list of our soldiers, and have made great effort to have it correct. It will be seen that thirty of our men lost their lives by death on the battle-field, or by disease, in the late war. Four were killed in the Mexican war. Seven were lost by us in one way or another in the war of 1812. And five perished in the 208 SOLDIEES IN WAR OP THE REBELLION. Revolution. Thus, in some form, forty-six of this town's soldiers lost life from their country's service ! Others lost health, neyer to regain it'. Some were terribly wounded ; among the latter was Charles F. Holt, who was shot through the face and left for dead upon the field. He lay in that condition several days. He was two days on the battle-field among the dead ; afterwards in the hospital, where it was judged impossible to do anything for him. But after all he rallied ; and he survives to this day, being now deputy-sheriff of this county. No better soldier entered the field. This list of names has been picked up from various sources, and I have made free use of the various reports of the adjutant- general of New Hampshire : — William Allen. George Allen. Albert G. Abbott. William F. Archer. Hiram G. Atwood (died in service). Samuel H. Atwood. Jeremiah Atwood. i Theophilus Ames. Benjamin P. Baldwin. Charles A. Brackett. William Brown. Simeon C. Buck. James Bateman. Reuben Boutelle. Jackson Boutelle. David W. Boutelle. • William Boutelle. Joseph S. Brooks (furlough, on account of sickness ; died on passage home). Bill C. Butterfield. v Charles A. Barrett. Isaac Boxall. Charles Boswell. Isaac Buswell (musician ; died in service). Horace P. Buel. Abner B. Orombie. Andrew Cochran. Levi H. Curtis. SOLDIERS IN WAR OF THE REBELLION. 209 William G. Cochran. Daniel Clancy. John Collins. Albert S. Conant (twice promoted; wounded May 14, 1864). David J. Oarkin. Charles Champney. Grosvenor Colby. Charles H. Dodge (died in service). George A. Dustin (killed June 14, 1863 ; had been pro- moted). Thomas P. Dempsey. William Donohoe. James B. Decatur. George D. Dresser. Gilman Dunlap (re-enlisted). Patrick Duffie. Charles Donnell. Andrew J. Derush. Charles F. Dresser. Edgar W. Estey (wounded May 12, 1864 ; still carries the bullet in his body). James W Baton. James W. Pragg. John Flood. Thomas Freeman. George R. Follansbee (died in service May 1, 1862). Henry H. Poster (died in service). Frank A. Fletcher (severely wounded July 2, 1862). Charles Fletcher. Henry C. Griffin (promoted and re-enlisted). George B. Hutchinson (promoted). John Hutchinson. William S. Hopkins. Abbott D. Holt (died in service Oct. 4, 1862). George L. Her rick. John B. Herrick. Henry Hunt. Edward Z. Hastings. Luther T. Hastings. Charles Hart. Frank Harrison. 14 210 SOLDIERS IN WAR OP THE REBELLION. Charles P. Holt (terribly wounded Aug. 29, 1862). Harrison H. Hardy. Alden S. Johnson. Ira S. Johnson (killed, Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862). Orville J. Johnson (sharp-shooter). John Kinsella (taken prisoner ; last heard of him). James King. John Kelley. -Joseph N. Kelsea. Samuel Lavare (promoted). Charles E, Lawi'ence (died in service June 9, 1865). Stephen Lanegan. Charles E. Lane. John Laine. Hiram W. Muzzey. Charles B. Morris. Enoch P. Marsh. Charles B. Morrows (killed Sept. 30, 1864). Adino N. Moore (died in service). William R. Philbrick (promoted ; severely wounded July 2, 1863). David Pettenglll (promoted). Miles T. Peabody (re-enlisted ; died in service Nov. 8, 1864). Enoch C. Paige. Joseph Petro (killed July 9, 1864). Alfred Pinch (killed July 30, 1864). Alonzo P. Pierce (died in service Jan. 6. 1863). Albert M. Putnam. Charles P. Parmenter (died in service Feb. 12, 1863). Tristrani M. Paige (re-enlisted). James Pryor. Martin L. Parmenter (promoted ; died in service Jan. 1, 1863). Reuben C. Philbrick. Irving Parmenter. John W Rose (died in service Oct. 9, 1864). Joseph Reinhart. James C. Richardson. Charles Reynolds. Edward P. Ross (promoted ; killed. Port Hudson, June 14, 1863).	16,892
warrebellionaco27offigoog_31	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,880	The War of the Rebellion : a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies.	None	English	Spoken	7,520	10,265	Believing, as I sincerely did, that he was acting ux>on his own responsibility, without the authority or sanction of the War Depart- ment, I forwarded to General Burbridge's headquarters documents setting forth his acts, and indorsing request that he would take proper steps to arrest the course pursued by Cunningham. The docu- ments were returned the day before I wrote to you, with indorsement that the counties below the Tennessee River were not within General Burbridge's jurisdiction. Knowing that Cunningham was a Federal officer and subject to your orders, and believing that his offensive course was not only unauthorized, but disapproved by you, and desiring that he should be stayed in his proceedings, as an act of justice to the much-suffer- ing people in the region of his depredations, and that the Federal authorities might have the benefit of restraining him and thereby give confidence in the justice and protective purposes of the Adminis- tration, I wrote you the letter. Although Cunningham's conduct is violative of the laws of Kentucky, and I am authorized by law to have him arrested for unlaw- ful recruiting and confined at such place as I might designate until he can be safely tried by the civil authorities where his offenses have been committed, yet (not doubting the justice) I hesitated as to the propriety of the arrest and confinement. I feared that he, being an officer of the Government and apparently acting under authority, although satisfied that he was acting without authority and in viola- tion of law, and arrest by me might be misconstrued by those not conversant with the facts as an act of hostility to the governmental authorities, and might give encouragement to rebels and their sym- pathizers, I therefore have forborne to act. I believed that good would result by your staying his course by order from War Department. The evil would be removed and confi- dence in the just purposes of the Administration toward that people would be established. That his course should be arrested by either Federal or State authority I felt was due to that people. If Cunning- ham is acting by authority from the War Department, say so to me, and that will relieve me from all responsibility to interfere, and leave the entire responsibility upon the authorities authorizing his acts. My rule of action is not to obstruct or resist where competent authority is vested, no matter how rigidly my judgment may condemn the policy or justice of the course authorized. I follow this rule because I believe that pending the rebellion it is the duty of patriot- ism while struggling to maintain the life of our Government to 438 CORRESPONDENCE, ETC. endnre an evil and forego a wrong rather than by seeking redress to thereby inflict a greater evil and more enduring wrong by aiding the rebellion. By submitting to the infliction I do not sanction but endure the wrong as resulting from rebellion and want of wisdom in the measures for its suppression. My hope was that by your action in removing this cause of offense great good would result to the Union sentiment of that section of the State; that confidence in the just purposes of those administering the Government would be given, and the grave consequences of outbreaks and resistance, perhaps to bloodshed, in that section would be prevented. Such were my hopes and purposes. Respectfully, THOS. E. BRAMLETTE. Special Orders, { War Dept., Adjt. General's Office, No. 215. ) Washington, Jtme 21, 1864. * 4c 4c 4c 4c * * 24. Brig. Gen. A. S. Webb, U. S. Volunteers, is hereby detailed for temporary special recruiting service in connection with the Second Army Corps, and will report by letter to Brigadier-General Fry, Provost-Marshal-G^eneral, for instructions. 4c 4c 4c * * * * By order of Secretary of War: E. D. TOWNSEND, Assistant AdjiUani- General. Circular ) War Dept., Pro v. Mar. General's Office, No. 23. ) Washington, D, C, June 21, 186^. I. To prevent misapprehension it is announced that the joint reso- lution of Congress approved June 3, 1864, and promulgated in Circular 21, current series, from this oflSce, does not act to prevent the enlist- ment of substitutes in the Navy or Marine Corps for men drafted under the enrollment act. Neither does it forbid the crediting of men enlisted in the Navy or Marine Corps, as provided for under sections 7, 8, and 9 of the act approved February 24, 1864, amendatory of the enrollment act. Men enlisting in the Navy or Marine Corps as substitutes for drafted men must enlist as such for three years. Exemption will not be granted to the principals until they bring to the Board of Enrollment certificates from the authorized naval or marine recruiting officers of the fact that the substitutes have been actually accepted and received into the Navy or Marine Corps for three years. II. Circular No. 19, dated May 26, 1864, was issued to accommodate persons actually absent from their residences and who, being them- selves liable to military duty, might desire to furnish substitutes without being put to the inconvenience of returning to their States or homes in order to do so. It is not to be construed or used as autiior- izing recruiting for the Army, Navy, or Marine Corps in one State for the credit of another, through brokers or otherwise^ nor for any other purpose than the one as herein explained. JAMES B. FRY, Provost-Marshal- OeneraL UiaON AUTHORITIES. 439 War Department, Adjutant-General's Office, WaahingUm, D. C, Jvme 21, 186 j^ Maj. Gen. John A. Dix, Comdg. Dept of the East, New York City, N. F.: General: I am directed by the Secretary of War to inclose to you a copy of a» rei)ort made by the Provost-Marshal-General in respect to the order issued by the provost-marshal of the State of Connecti- cut May 2, 1864, agreeably to your instructions in regard to the pay- ment of recruiting bounty, a copy of which order is hereto annexed. The rejwrt of the Provost-Marshal-General has been approved by the Secretary of War, and in pursuance of his recommendation you are requested to countermand any orders or instructions issued by you in conflict with the report of the Provost-Marshal-General. In making this order the Secretary of War directs me to say that the Department does not wish to deprive you of any eflicient means for detecting and punishing frauds that may be practiced ujwn recruits in your department, but, on the contrary, acknowledges the benefit that your vigilance and energy in this behalf have already rendered to the service, and desires you to continue to give the sub- ject your earnest attention. The regulation of the provost-marshal, however, is regarded by the Governor of Connecticut as being in hostility to the statutory provisions of that State, and as impairing, if not altogether hindering, his jwwer to aid the Government to recruit in his State. No one can better understand than yourself the impor- tance of the Federal and State authorities harmonizing in regard to the machinery to be employed in the important business of recruiting, and it is with a view of removing what appears to have become a serious complaint on the part of Governor Buckingham that the Sec- retary deems it advisable that the regulation prescribed by your instructions should be relaxed upon the assurance of the I^ovost- Marshal-General's report that the order is not essential for protecting recruits against imposition. I am, general, very resi)ectfully, your obedient servant, E. D. TOWNSEND, Assistant Adjviant- General. [InolMore.] War Debt., Provost-Marshal-General's Office, WashingUm, D, C, June 20, 1864. Hon. E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War: Sir: In accordance with your order I have examined the inclosed correspondence between His Excellency Governor Buckingham, of Connecticut, and Major-General Dix, commanding Department of the East, and respectfully report on the same as follows : First. The order issued by General Dix which caused this corre- spondence is decidedly prejudicial to the interests of the recruiting service. General Dix's desire evidently is to prevent frauds and secure to recruits all the bounty provided f o'r them. In this Governor Buckingham does not differ with him, nor does any other honest officer. It is, however, a well-established fact that no material success will at this time attend volunteer recruiting without the intervention of recruiting agents. General Dix's order in this case cuts them off, and though it prevents frauds, it stops i-ecruiting — it cures the disease by killing the patient. 440 COBBE8PONDENCE, ETC. Second. The order was issned without the knowledge of this Burean, and, 80 far as I know, without the authority of the War Dex>artment; in fact, it is a violation of the rules of the War Department for the commander of a military department to issue orders affecting the recruiting service. General Dix, therefore, had no power to issue such an order. Third. In my opinion the order of General Dix is in conflict with the laws of the State of Connecticut. By administering the law without the order we procure many recruits there whom we would not otherwise get. Some of them may be swindled, it is true, but if the order is enforced we will not get Uie men, which is the point to be looked to. Fourth. I recommend that General Dix be informed that, on con- sideration of the whole subject, his order is considered prejudicial to the interests of the recruiting service, and that he be desired to revoke it. I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, JAMES B. FRY, ProvostrMarshaIr Qenercd. [Sab'iaokMiire No. L] State of Connecticut, Executive Depabtment, New Haverty Jime 17y 1864. Hon. E. M. Stanton. Secretary of War^ Washington^ D. C: Sib: I have the honor to represent that in order to comply promptly with the requisition which &e President of the United States has made upon the State of Connecticut for troops for the service of the General Government, the General Assembly has provided by law for the payment of a bounty to volunteers in the following words: There shall be paid the sum of three hundred dollars from the treasunr of the State by the ^aymaster-eeneral to the order of each non-commisflioned officer, artificer, or private who snail enlist and be mastered into the service of the United States. That on the 2d day of May last Maj. Gen. John A. Dix, command- ing the Military Department of the East, issued an order to the pro- vost-marshals in the several Congressional districts as follows: Provost-marshals are directed not to allow any part of the boxm^ money due to a recruit to be paid to a broker or otherwise diverted from the hands of the recruit himself bv any assignment, either verbal or written, such assignment being considered fraudulent, as given without consideration. Provost-marshals will in all cases determine that the recruit himself is the only person entitled to receive the bounty money. That the order above recited is in conflict with the laws of Con- necticut, constitutionally enacted, obstructs their execution, and interferes with the plans, purposes, and efforts of the State to obey Uie requisitions made by the President for troops. That in a correspondence between this department and Major- General Dix, copies of which are herewith presented, he has been respectfully requested to revoke or modify such order so that it shall not interfere with the execution of the laws of the State. And instead of complying with the request the aforesaid Major-Greneral Dix, as will be seen by the correspondence referred to, takes the X>osition that he is justified in putting his construction upon the law aforesaid and in determining the intention of the General Assembly in passing the same, which construction and intention he declares to UNION AUTHORITIES. 441 be wholly at variance with the lan^age of the statute, and virtually claims the right to determine the manner in which and by whom the laws of this State shall be executed; all of which is an assumption of authority which rightfully belongs to the Executive and other State of&cials. I would further represent that the laws of Connecticut direct the payment of such bounty '' when the volunteer shall have been mus- tered into the service of the United States,'' and up to the time of issuing the order by Major-Oeneral Dix, above refenn^ to, the State and national authorities have acted in perfect harmony in efforts to fill the armies of the United States; that the ofl&cers of the United States Government connected with the acting assistant provost- marshal-general's office, and in the several Congressional districts, have rendered the officers of the State all needed facilities, and made all proper certificates of the muster of men into the service of the United States, by reason of which the State bounties have been paid with promptness and volunteering encouraged; but in consequence of the order above referred to certificates are now, as I am informed, withheld, the imyment of bounties indefinitely IK)sti>oned, and volunteering discouraged and checked; also, that while the call for troops made by the President was based upon the necessity of enforcing the laws of the United States enacted for the preservation of civil liberty, the order aforesaid sustained by such high authority places the General Government unnecessarily in a position of hostility to State authorities, obstructs the execution of State laws relating to a subject over which the General Government has no jurisdiction, and is as hostile to the rights and as dangerous to the liberties of the i)eople as the rebellion now raging against the Government of the United States. It cannot be justified until the State shall first be placed under martial law. I would, therefore, request of you a revocation of the order to whi6h reference has been made, so that the laws of Connecticut, which are in harmony with the sovereignty of the Gw^ral Govern- ment, may be executed by her own officers, and that the provost- marshals of the several Congressional districts be directed to furnish, as formerly, certificates of muster at the time when men are mustered into the service of the United States, so that the State of Connecticut can pay t)ie bounties to volunteers in accordance with the provision of her own laws. I am, with high consideration, your obedient servant, WM. A. BUCKINGHAM, Governor of Connecticut, [Snbliiolo«ure No. 2.] State of Connecticut^ Execfotive Department Copies of Correspond- ence^ &c,y New Haveny June 17, 186^, CiRcuiiAR.] AcTG. AssT. Prov. Mar. Grneral's Ofpick, Hartford, Conn,, May 2, 1864, Agreeably to instructions received from the major-general com- manding the department, provost-marshals are directed not to idlow any -part of the bounty money due to a recruit to be paid to a broker, or otherwise diverted from the hands of the recruit himself, by any 442 CORRESPONDENCE, ETC. assignment, either verbal or written, such assignment being consid- ered frandulent, as given without consideration. Provost-marshals will in all cases determine that the recruit him- self is the only person entitled to receive the bounty money. D. D. PERKINS, Major ^ Aide-de-Camp^ and Actg. AssL Prov. Mar, Oen, Capt. R. M. Clarke, Provost-Marshal Second District^ New Haven, B. State of Connecticut, Executive Department, New Haven, May 19, 1864, Maj. Gen. John A. Dix, U. S. Army, Commanding Department of the East, New York : General: I have the honor to state that in January last the Gen- eral Assembly of Connecticut passed an act for the payment of a bounty to volunteers, which provides that — There shall be x)aid the snm of three hundred dollars from the treasnrv of this State by the paymaster-^^eral to the order of each non-commtasioned officer, mnsician, artificer, or private who shall enlist and be mustered into the service of the United States. Also, that I have before me a copy of an order issued by Maj. D. D. Perkins, acting assistant provost-marshal-general, to the provost- marshals of the several Congressional districts in this State, by which they are- Directed not to allow an^ part of the bonnty money due to a recruit to be paid to a broker or otherwise diverted from the hands of the recruit himself by any assignment, either verbal or written, such assignment being considered fraudu- lent, as given without consideration. Provost-marshals will in all cases determine that the recruit himself is the only person entitled to receive the bounty money. I would caU your attention to the fact that the order as above quoted, which, I am informed, was issued under your authority, is in direct conflict with the statute of Connecticut, and therefore I resi>ect'- f uUy request you to revoke or modify the same, so that it shall not apply to the payment of bounties authorized by the Legislature of this State. I am, with high regard, your obedient servant, WM. A. BUCKINGHAM, Governor of Connecticut. C. State of Connecticut, Executive Department, New Haven, May SO, 1864. Maj. Gen. John A. Dix, U. S. Army, Commanding Department of the East, New York: General : I have the honor to request your early reply and decision upon the application for a revocation or modiflcation of your order to the provost-marshals of Connecticut, made by this department and addressed to you on the 19th instant. With high regard, I am your obedient servant, WM. A. BUCKINGHAM, Governor of Connecticut, UNION Al'THORITIES. 443 Headquarters Department of the East, New York CUy^ June 10, 186i. His Excellency William A. Buckingham, Governor of Connecticut: Sir: I have had the honor to receive your letters of the 19th and 31st [30th] ultimo. I do not perceive that my order to the provost-marshal in regard to bounties conflicts with the legislation of your State. It was clearly the intention of the Legislature that the bounty of 1(300 should be paid to the recruit. The requirement making it payable "to the order" of the recruit certainly could not have been intended to divert any portion of it to the payment of parties engaged in procuring persons to enlist. When the most scandalous combinations are made to defraud recruits of their bounties for the beneflt of persons who are practicing all sorts of deception to carry out their schemes of depredation, I have felt it my duty to give such instructions to the recruiting officers as to secure to the former the bounties intended for them. It is only through these instructions that the intention of the law can be carried into execution. I am sure Your Excellency will, on I'eflection, ^ee that the course I have taken is proper, and that I shall have Your Excellency's con-, currence in the effort I am making to protect recruits from depreda- tion and frustrate the schemes of swihdlers. The order under which Major Perkins is acting was issued by me to put a stop to frauds on recruits in this State, but the order was necessarily co-extensive in its application with the department. I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, JOHN A. DIX, Major- General. E. State of Connecticut, Executive Department, New Haven^ June 15, 1864. Maj. Gen. John A. Dix, Commanding Department of the East: General: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt last evening of your favor of the 10th instant, in reply to my request for a revo- cation or modification of your order in relation to to the provost-marshal in regard to bounties conflicts with the legislation of your State. It was clearly the intention of the Legislatare that the oonnty of $300 should be paid to the recruit. • « And further, that — It is only through these instructions that the intention of the law can be carried into execution. In reply, I would state that the intention of the General Assembly which passed the act providing for the payment of State bounty was to give the volunteer an opportunity to send his entire bounty, with- out risk of robbery, to his wife, or mother, or creditor, or to whom- soever he pleased, and your order not only conflicts with this intention, but with the very language of the statute, and is a serious obstacle in the way of its execution. 444 CORBE8POKDENCE, ETC. You also say that you are sure that on reflection I will see that the course which you have taken is proper, and that yon will have my concurrence in the efforts you are making to protect recruits from depredation and frustrate the schemes of swindlers. To which I would reply that the object you have in view I cordially approve, to accomplish which I have made unceasing and not unsuccessful effoit8 ever since the bounty was offered; but you surely cannot expect my concurrence in measures which set aside and wholly dis- regard the provisions of the statute of Connecticut, or that this dex>aitment can approve of efforts on your part which interfere with the execution of our laws, or take any other view of your order than that it is an assumption of the executive i)ower of Connecticut before the State has been placed under martial law. I am, respectfully 3'^our8, WM. A. BUCKINGHAM, Governor of Connecticut, F. Headquarters Department of the East, New York City, June 15, I864. His Excellency William A. Buckingham, Governor of Connecticut: Sir: I regret that my omission to answer your first letter should have been misapprehended. It was due entirely to the pressure of official engagements. I wrote you on the 10th, and fear my letter was misdirected. It was, I think, addressed to you at Hartford. I will attend to the case of Colonel Pardee at once. I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, JOHN A. DIX, Major- Chneral. G. State of Connecticut, Executive Department, New Haven, June IS, 186^. Maj. Gen. John A. Dix, U. S. Army, Commanding Department of the East, New York: General: I am informed by Lieut. Col. B. S. Pardee, superintend- ent of recruiting colored troops in Connecticut, that by your order a demand has l^en made upon him for money claimed to have been wrongfully taken from bounties paid to volunteers. While I know not your purposes in reference to the subject, yet a demand made by such high authority appears to carry with it the intention of following a refusal to reply to comply with the arrest of that officer and of his trial by a military court. Permit me to say that my knowledge of Colonel Pardee and of the manner in which the recruiting service has been conducted is such as to give me confidence that no such charge against him can be sus- tained; and if it can be, I would respectfully submit that it is a crime against the State of Connecticut, respecting which State authorities alone can take cognizance, unless it can be proved that he has obstructed the execution of the laws of the General Government. Aia/\ that such an arrest would have no tendency to prevent the e of frauds upon volunteers or to aid the Government in sup- : the rebellion. UNION AUTHORITIES. 445 I therefore trust that it will not be made, or if it has been that Colonel. Pardee will be at once discharged. I do not intend to burden you with correspondence from this depart- ment, and trust that your protracted silence in reference to other com- munications need not be understood as indicating that its continuance now is not desired. Very respectfully, yours, WM. A. BUCKINGHAM, Oovemor of Connecticut, State of Connecticut, Executive Depabtment, New Haven^ Jv/ne 17y I864, I hereby certify that the above document, marked A, is a true copy of a cii-cular transmitted to this department by Capt. and Prov. Mar. R. M. Clarke; also that the letters marked B, C, E, and G are true copies of letters on record in this department, and that the letters marked D and F are true copies of original letters on file in this department. JOHN C. DAY, Executive Secretary, General Orders, ) War Dept., Adjt. Gen.'s Office, No. 215. ) WasMngUm, June 22, 186^, The following act of Congress is published for the information of all concerned: PUBUO—NO. 101. AN ACT BuUdng appropriA^ions for the aapport of the Army for the year ending the thirtieth June, eighteen hundred ana sixty-five, end for other porpoaes. Be it enacted by the Senate and Bouse of Representativea of the United States of America in Congress assembled^ That the following stmis he, and the same are hereby, appropriated, ont of any money in the Treasnry not otherwiae appro- priated, for the support of the Army for the year ending the thirtieth of June, eifi^teen hundred and sixt^^-five : For expenses of recruiting, transportation of recroits, and compensation to citizen surgeons for medical attendance, three hundred thousand dollars. For purchase of books of tactics and instructions for volunteers, fifty thousand dollars. For contingent expenses of the adjutant-general's department at the head- quarters of the several military departments, five thousand dollars. For copying oflicial reports of the armies of the United States for publication, five thousand dollars. For boimties and premiums for the entisment [enlistment] of recruits for the B^n^lar Army, three hundred and fifty thousand dollars. For the pay of advance bounties to volunteers and drafted men, five million dollars. For pay of premiums, rent of building and grounds, transportation, subsist- ence, lodging, commutation of fuel and quarters, straw, postage, stationery, advertising, medicines, and medical attendance, and all other necessary expenses incidental to the collecting, drilling, and organizing volunteers, and for the nec- essary expenses under the enrollment act, five million dollars. For pay of the Army, nine million nine hundred and seventy-one thousand two hundred and forty-three dollars and sixty cents. For commutation of officers* subsistence, one million seven hundred and twenty-three thousand six hundred and twenty-nine dollars and fifty cents. For commutation of forage for officers' horses, one hundred and four thou- sand six hundred dollars. For payments in lieu of clothing for officers' servants, eighty-two thousand eight hundred and twenty dollars. For payments to discharged soldiers for clothing not drawn, one hundred and fifty thousand, dollars. 446 CORRESPONDENCE, ETC. For pay of yolnnteers, inclading the bounties authorized by law, one hundred and seventy-seven million four hundred and sixty-two thousand seven hundred and twenty-eight dollars and twenty-five cents : Provided, That if any oflBcer in the regular or volunteer forces shall employ a soldier as a servant, such ofiScer shall not be entitled to any pay or allowances for a servant or servants, but shall be subject to the deduction from his pay required by the third section of the act entitled ''An act to define the pay and emoluments of certain officers of the Army, and for other purposes,' approved July seventeen, eighteen hundred and sixty-two : And provided further. That the second section of tne act entitled "An act giving further compensation to the captains and subalterns of the ArnoY of the United States in certain cases," allowing ten dollars additional per month to any officer in actual command of a company, as compensation for his duties and responsi- bilities with respect to the clothing, arms, and accouterments of the company, shall be construed to apply only to company officers in actual command as aforesaid. For subsistence in kind for regulars, volunteers, and drafted men, ninety-one million four hundred and twenty-five thousand four hundred and twenty-six dol- lars and thirty cents. For the regular supplies of the Quartermaster's Department, consisting of fuel for the officers, enlisted men, guard, hospitals, store-houses, and offices ; of forage in kind for the horses, mules, and oxen for the Quartermaster's Department, at the several posts and stations, and with the armies in the field ; for the horses of the several regiments of cavalry, the batteries of artillery, and such comiMuiies of infantry as may be mounted, and for the authorized number of officers horses when serving in the field and at the outposts, including bedding for the animals ; of straw for soldiers* bedding, and of stationery, including blank books for the Ouai-termaster's Department, certificates for discharged solaiers, blank forms for the Pay and Quartermasters' Departments ; and for the printing of division and department orders and reports, sixty million dollars. For the incidental expenses of the Quartermaster's Department, consisting of postage on letters and packages received and sent by officers of the Army on pub- lic service; expenses of courts-martial, military conmiissions, and courts of inquiry, including the additional compensation of judge-advocates, recorders, members, and witnesses, while on that service; under the act of March sixteenth, eighteen hundred and two, extra pay to soldiers employed, under the direction of the Quartermaster's Department, in the erection of barracks, quarters, store-houses, and hospitals; in the construction of roads, and on other constant labor, for periods of not less than ten days, under the acts of March second, eighteen hundred and nineteen, and August fouth [fourth] , eighteen hundred and fifty-four, including those employed as clerks at division and department headauarters; expenses of expresses to and from the frontier posts and armies in the field; of escorts to pay- masters and other disbursing officers, and to trains where military escorts cannot be furnished; exi)enses of the interment of officers killed in action, or who die when on duty in the field, or at posts on the frontiers, or at other posts and places when ordered by the Secretary of War, and of non-commissioned officers and soldiers; authorized office furniture; hire of laborers in the Quartermaster's Department, including the hire of interpreters, spies, and guides for the Army; compensation of clerks to officers of the Quartermaster's Department; compensa- tion of forage and wagon-masters, authorized by the act of July fifth, eighteen hundred ana thirty-eig^ht; for the apprehension of deserters, and the expenses incident to their pursuit; and for the following expenditures required for the sev- eral regiments of cavalry, the batteries of light artillery, and such companies of infantry as may be mounted, viz: the purchase of traveling forges, blacksmiths' and shoeing tools, horses and mule shoes and nails, iron and steel for ehoeing, hire of veterinary surgeons, medicines for horses and mules, picket ropes, and for shoeing the horses of the corx)s named; also, generally, the proper and authorizecl expenses for the movements and operations of an army not expressly assigned to any other department, thirteen million dollars. For the purchase of cavalry and artillery horses, twenty-one million dollars. For mileage, or the allowances made to officers of the Army for the transporta- tion of themselves and their baggage, when traveling on duty without troops, escorts, or supplies, seven hundred thousand dollars. For transportation of the Army, including the baggage of the troops when mov- ing, either Dy land or water; of clothing, camp and garrison equipage, from the depots at Philadelphia, Cincinnati, and New York, to the several posts and army depots, and from tnose dex>ots to the troops in the field; and of subsistence stores from the places of purchase, and from the places of delivery under contract, to such places as the circumstances of the service may require them to be sent; of UNION AUTHORITIES. 447 ordnance, ordnance stores, and small-arms, from fonndries and armories to the arsenals, fortifications, frontier posts, and army depots; freights, wharfage, tools, and ferriages; for the purchase and hire of horses, mnles, oxen, and harness, and the purchase and repaur of wagons, carts, and drays, and of ships, and other sea- going vessels, and boats required for the transportation of supplies and for gar- rison purposes; for drayage and cartage at the several x>08ts; nire of teamsters; transnortation of funds for the pav and other disbursing departments; the expense of sauing public transports on the various rivers, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Atlantic and Pacific; and for procurinja^ water at such posts as, from their situa- tion, require it to be brought from a distance; and for clearing roads, and remov- ing obstructions from roads, harbors, and rivers, to the extent which mav be required for the actual operations of the troops in the field, forty million dollJEu^. For hire or commutation of quarters for officers on military duty; hire of quar^ ters for troops; of store-houses for the safe-keeping of military stores; of grounds for sunmier cantonments; for the construction of temporary huts, hospitals, and stables, and for repairing public buildings at established posts, five million dollars. For heating and cooking stoves, one hundred thousand dollars. For constructing and extending the telegraph, for military purposes, and for expenses in operating the same, two hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars. For supplies, transportation, and care of prisoners of war, nine hundred thou- sand dollars. For purchasing, constructing, and maintenance of steam rams, two hundred and seventV'five thousand dollurs. For clothing for the armv, canop and garrison equipage, and for expenses of offices and arsenals, fifty-eignt million dollars. For contingencies of the Army, four hundred thousand dollars. For medicines, instruments, and dressings, two million seven hundred and fif- teen thousand dollars. For hospital stores, bedding, and so forth, three million five hundred and eighty- seven thousand eight hundred and fifty-two dollars. For hospital furniture and field equipments, six hundred and eighteen thousand dollars. For books, stationery, and printing, one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. For ice, fruits, and oUier comforts, three hundred thousand dollars. For hospital clothing, seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars. For citizen nurses, two hundred and ten thousand dollars. For care of sick soldiers in private hospitals, thirty-one thousand two hundred dollars. For artificial limbs for soldiers and seamen, forty-five thousand dollars. For citizen phvsicians, and medicines furnished by them, four hundred and five thousand aolIarB. For hire of clerks and laborers in purveying depots, seventy-five thousand dollars. For examining and recording meteorological observations taken at the military posts of the Umted States Armv, seven hundred and fifty dollars. For Arm^ Medical Museum, five thousand dollars. For contmgent expenses of tne Medical Department, forty-seven thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight dollars. For laboratory for testing and rearranging medicines and hospital supplies, five thousand dollars. For washing and washing machines for hospitals where matrons cannot be employed, fifteen thousand dollars. ^r expenses of the Commanding G^nerals Office, ten thousand dollars. For the secret service, one hundred thousand dollars. For armament of fortifications, two million dollars. For the current expenses of the ordnance service, five hundred thousand dollars. For ordnance, ordnance stores, and supplies, including the purchase and man- ufacture of arms, aocouterments, and horse equipments, for volunteers and regulars, twenty million dollars. For the manufacture of arms at the National Armory, two million five hundred thousand doUars. For repairs, improvements, and new machinery at the National Armory, one hundred thousand dollars. For the purchase of gunpowder and lead, two million dollars. For repairs and improvements at arsenals, including new and additions to pres- ent buildingB, and machinery, tools, and fixtures, two million dollars. ' 444 CORRESPONDENCE, ETC. You also say that you are sure that on reflection I will see that the course which you have taken is proper, and that you will have my concurrence in the efforts you are making to protect recruits from depredation and frustrate the schemes of swindlers. To which I would reply that the object you have in view I cordially approve, to accomplish which I have made unceasing and not unsuccessful effoi-ts ever since the bounty was offered; but you surely cannot expect my concurrence in measures which set aside and wholly dis- regard the provisions of the statute of Connecticut, or that this depaitment can approve of efforts on your part which interfere with the execution of our laws, or take any other view of your order than that it is an assumption of the executive x>ower of Connecticut before tlie State has been placed under martial law. I am, respectfully yours, WM. A. BUCKINGHAM, Governor of Connecticut Headquarters Department of the East, New York City, June 15, 1864, His Excellency William A. Buckingham, Governor of Connecticut: Sir: I regret that my omission to answer your first letter should have been misapprehended. It was due entirely to the pressure of official engagements. I wrote you on the 10th, and fear my letter was misdirected. It was, I think, addressed to you at Hartford. I will attend to the case of Colonel Pardee at once. I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, JOHN A. DIX, Major- General. G. State of Connecticut, Executive Department, New Haven, June IS, 1864, Maj. Gen. John A. Dix, U. S. Army, Commanding Department of the East^ New York: General: I am informed by Lieut. Col. B. S. Pardee, superintend- ent of recruiting colored troops in Connecticut, that by your order a demand has l^n made ux>on him for money claimed to have been wrongfully taken from bounties paid to volunteers. While I know not your purposes in reference to the subject, yet a demand made by such high authority appears to carry with it the intention of following a refusal to reply to comply with the arrest of that officer and of his trial by a military court. Permit me to say that my knowledge of Colonel Pardee and of the manner in which the recruiting service has been conducted is such as to give me confidence that no such charge against him can be sus- tained; and if it can be, I would respectfully submit that it is a crime against the State of Connecticut, respecting which State authorities alone can take cognizance, unless it can be proved that he has obstructed the execution of the laws of the General Government, Also that such an arrest would have no tendency to prevent the practice of frauds upon volunteers or to aid the Government in sup- piessing the rebellion. UNION AUTHORITIES. 445 I therefore trust that it will not be made, or if it has been that Colonel. Pardee wUl be at once discharged. I do not intend to burden you with correspondence from this depart- ment, and trust that your protracted silence in reference to other com- munications need not be understood as indicating that its continuance now is not desired. Very respectfully, yours, WM. A. BUCKINGHAM, Ghvemor of Connecticut, State of Connecticut, Executive Department, New Haven, June 17, I864. I hereby certify that the above document, marked A, is a true copy of a circular transmitted to this department by Capt. and Prov. Mar. R. M. Clarke; also that the letters marked B, C, £, and G are true copies of letters on record in this department, and that the letters marked D and F are true copies of original letters on file in this department. JOHN C. DAY, Executive Secretary. General Orders, ) War Dept., Adjt. Gen.'s Office, No. 215. ) Washington, June 22, I864. The following act of Congress is published for the information of all concerned: PUBUO— No. 101. AN ACT BuUdng approptlations for the aDoport of the Army for the year ending the thirtieth June, eighteen hnndred ana aixty-flve, and for other porpoaea. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representativea of the United States of America in Congress assembled. That the following smns m, and the same are hereby, appropriated, oat of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appro- priated, for the support of the Army for the year ending the thirtieth of Jnne, eifirhteen hundred and sirty-five : For expenses of recruiting, transportation of recruits, and compensation to citizen surseons for medical attendance, three hundred thousand dollars. For purchase of books of tactics and instructions for volunteerti, fifty thousand dollars. For contingent expenses of the adjutant-general's department at the head- quarters of the several military departments, five thousand dollars. For copying official reports of the armies of the United States for publication, five thousand dollars. For bounties and premiums for the entisment [enlistment] of recruits for the RefiTiilar Army, three hundred and fifty thousand dollars. For the pay of advance bounties to volunteers and drafted men, five million dollars. For pay of premiums, rent of buildings and grounds, transportation, subsist- ence, lodging, commutation of fuel and quarters, straw, postage, stationery, advertising, medicines, and medical attendance, and all other necessary expenses incidental to the collecting, drilling, and organizing volunteers, and for the nec- essary expenses under the enrollment act, five million dollars. For pay of the Army, nine million nine hundred and seventy-one thousand two hundred and forty-three dollars and sixty cents. For commutation of officers' subsistence, one million seven hundred and twenty-three thousand six hundred and twenty-nine dollars and fifty cents. For commutation of forage for officers' horses, one hundred and four thou- sand six hundred dollars. For payments in lieu of clothing for officers' servants, eighty-two thousand eigjit hundred and twenty dollars. For payments to discharged soldiers for clothing not drawn, one hundred and fifty thousand, dollars. 446 CORRESPONDENCE, ETC. For pay of volnnteers, inclading the bounties authorized by law, one hundred and seventy-seven million four hundred and sixty-two thousand seven hnndred and twenty-eight dollars and twenty-five cents : Provide, That if any oflBcer in the regular or volunteer forces shall employ a soldier as a servant, sach officer shall not be entitled to any pay or allowances for a servant or servants, bat shall be subject to the deduction from his pay required by the third section of the act entitled "An act to define the pay and emoluments of certain officers of the Army, and for other purposes," approved July seventeen , eighteen hundred and sixty-two : And provided further, That the second section of tne act entitled *An act giving further compensation to the captains and subalterns of the Aitolv of the Unitea States in certain cases," allowing ten dollars additional per month to any officer in actual command of a company, as compensation for his duties and responsi- bilities with resx)ect to the clothing, arms, and accouterments of the company, shall be construed to apply only to company officers in actual command as aforesaid. For subsistence in kind for regulars, volunteers, and drafted men, ninety-one million four hundred and twenty-five thousand four hundred and twenty-six dol- lars and thirty cents. For the regular supplies of the Quartermaster's Department, consisting of fuel for the officers, enlisted men, guard, hospitals, store-houses, and offices ; of forage in kind for the horses, mules, and oxen for the Quartermaster's Denartment, at the several posts and stations, and with the armies in the field ; for tne horses of the several regiments of cavalry, the batteries of artillery, and such comjMuiies of infantry as may be mounted, and for the authorized number of officers' horses when serving in the field and at the outposts, including bedding for the animals ; of straw for soldiers' bedding, and of stationery, including blank books for the Quaitermaster's Department, certificates for discharged soloiers, blank forms for the Pay and Quartermasters' Departments ; and for the printing of division and department orders and rex>orts, sixty million dollars. For the incidental expenses of the Quartermaster's Department, consisting of postage on letters and packages received and sent by officers of the Army on pub- lic service; e^roenses of courts-martial, military commissions, and courts of inquiry, including the additional compensation of judge-advocates, reoorders, members, and witnesses, while on that service; under the act of March sixteenth, eighteen hundred and two, extra pay to soldiers employed, under the direction of the Quartermaster's Department, in the erection of barracks, quarters, store-houses, and hospitals; in the construction of roads, and on other constant labor, for periods of not less than ten days, under the acts of March second, eighteen hundred and nineteen, and August fouth [fourth] , eighteen hundred and fifty-four, including those employed as clerks at division and department headauarters; expenses ot expresses to and from the frontier posts and armies in the field; of escorts to pay- masters and other disbursing officers, and to trains where military escorts cannot be furnished; expenses of the interment of officers killed in action, or who die when on duty in the field, or at posts on the frontiers, or at other posts and places when ordered by the Secretary of War, and of non-commissioned officers and soldiers; authorized office furniture; hire of laborers in the Quartermaster's Dei)artment, including the hire of interpreters, spies, and guides for the Army; compensation of clerks to officers of the Quartermanter's Department; compensa- tion of forage and wagon-masters, authorized by the act of July fifth, eighteen hundred ana tliirty-ei\|;ht; for the apprehension of deserters, and the expenses incident to their pursuit; and for the following expenditures required for the sev- eral regiments of cavalry, the batteries of light artillery, and such companies of infantry as may be mounted, viz: the purchase of traveling forges, blacksmiths' and shoeing tools, horses and mule shoes and nails, iron and steel for shoeing, hire of veterinary surgeons, medicines for horses and mules, picket ropes, and for shoeing the horses of the corps named; also, generally, the proper and authorized expenses for the movements and operations of an army not expressly assigned to any other department, thirteen million dollars.	48,092
bim_eighteenth-century_a-general-history-of-the_gordon-delahay_1760_3_22	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,760	A general history of the lives, trials, and executions of all the royal and noble personages, that have suffered in Great-Britain and Ireland for high treason, or other crimes, ... Compiled, ... from the best histories, ... by Delahay Gordon, ... And illustrated ... 1760: Vol 3	Gordon, Delahay.	English	Spoken	6,675	8,976	The diſpoſition of affairs now have put things in another poſture than they were when I was engaged with the parliament. I Have never gone off _ thole 4 — * * K r * 5 4 * „ LOR DIR HE thoſe principles that ever I have profeſſed; I have hved in them, and, by God's grace, vill die in them. There may be alterations and changes that \| may cerry them further than I thought reaſonable, an truly there I left them z but there hath been nothing that I have ſaid, or done, or profeſſed, either by covenant or declaration, which hath. not been very conſtant, and very clear, upon the prin- ciples that I have ever gone upon; which was to ſerve the king, the parliament, religion, (I ſhould have ſaid in the firſt place) the commonwealth, and to ſeek the peace of the kingdom. That made me think it no improper time, being preſſed out by accidents and circumſtances, to ſeek the peace of the kingdom, which I thought was proper, ſince there was ſomething then in agitation, but nothing agreed on, for ſending propoſitions to the king; that was the furtheſt aim that J had; and truly be- yond. that I had no intention, none at all: and, God be praiſed, although my blood comes to be ſhed here, there was, I think, ſcarce a drop of blood ſhed in that action that I was engaged in. For the preſent affairs, as they are, I cannot tell how to judge of them; and truly they are in ſuch a condition, .as, I conceive nobody can make a judgment of them; and therefore I muſt make uſe of prayers rather than of my opinion; which are, That God would bleſs this kingdom, this na- tion, this ſtate; that he would ſettle it in a way agreeable to what this kingdom hath been happily governed under, by a king, by the lords, by the commons; a government that I conceive it hath flouriſhed much under; and I pray God the change of it bring not rather a prejudice, a diſorder, and a confuſion, than the contrary. 4 I look upon the poſterity of the king, and truly my conſcience directs me to it, to deſire that, if God — x Sd mY 3 1 —_— OS — 1 — — _ God be pleaſed, theſe people may look upon them with that affection that they owe; that they may be called again, and they may be, not through blood nor through diſorder, admitted again into that power, and to that glory, that God in their birth % = md . ' I ſhall pray withall my ſoul for the happineſs of this ſtate, of this nation, that the blood which is here ſpilt may even be the laſt that may fall among us; and truly I ſhould lay down, my life with as much cheerfulneſs as ever perſon did, if I con- ceived that there would be no more blood follow - us; for a ſtate or affairs that are built upon blood, is a foundation, for the moſt part, that-doth not After the bleſſing that I give to the nation, to the kingdom, and truly to the parliament, I do wiſh, with all my heart, happineſs and a bleſſing to all thoſe that have been authors in this buſineſs; and truly, that have been authors in this very work that brings us hither. I do not only forgive them, but I pray heartily and really for them, as God wuoill forgive my ſins; ſo I deſire God may forgive * -. , them. : \| ls have a particular relation, as J am chancellor of Cambridge; and truly I muſt here, fince it is the laſt of my prayers, pray to God that that uni- verſity may go on in that happy way which it is in, that God may make it a nurſery to plant thoſe per- ſons that may be diſtributed to the kingdom, that the ſouls of the people may receive a great benefit, and a great advantage by them; and, I hope, God will reward them for their kindneſs, and their affec- tions, that I have found from them. I have ſaid what. religion J have been bred in, what religion I have been born in, what religion I have practiſed; I began with it, and I muſt end with e „„ © a WNT. por” been agreeable to my b have told you that the family where Iwas bead hath been an exemplary family I may ſay ſo, I r without yanity, of much affection to faithfulnefs to this kingdom and to this ſtate. \| I have endeavoured: to do thoſe actions that became an honeſt man and a good Engliſhman, and which became a: good eri 1 2 been willing to oblige thoſe that have been in trouble, thoſe” that have been in tion; and truly I find a great reward. of it; for I have found their prayers and their kindneſs now in this diſtreſs, and in this con- dition; and I think it a runs reward; 2 Ne reward them for it. ry J am; a great ſinner, and I bone God will be ; pleaſeil to hear my prayers, to give me faith to truſt in him, that, as he hath called me to death at this place, he will make it but a paſſage to an eternal life through Jeſus Chriſt, which I truſt to, whic! rely upon, and which I expect by the mercy: God; and: fo I pray God bleſs,you all, and ſend that yau may ſee this to be the laſt execution, and the laſt blood that ĩs why 7 to be ſpilt among you. Then turning to the 2 he prayed for a walked \| My lord, 1 hope that here is your laſt prayer: there will no more prayers remain, but praiſes ; and I hope that, after this day is over, there will a day begin which ſhall never have end; and J loak upon 818 my lord, r the morning of that dax. My lard, you know where your fulneſß lies 3 where your riches lye; where is your only rock to anchor on: you know there is fulneſs in Chriſt. If the Lord come not in with fulneſs of comfort en Vor. ni. \| K k you, LORD RTO H. 492 that my actions and my life have and of much _ ſpace of time; after which Mr. Balken fads My lord, now look upon him whom you have —— —ͤ—e— U * 2 — —— — —2— . — . a — — „PPP nos Hoe! 20 dC oben AAS 12 16-2 p * Me S A < cio 492 The LIFE and DE AT Hof y you, yet reſolve to wait upon him while you live; and to truſt in him when you die; and then ſay, “J will die here, I will periſh at thy feet, I will s be found dead at the feet of Jeſus Chriſt.” Cer- tainly, he that came to ſeek and fave loſt ſinners, will not reject loſt ſinners when they come to ſeek him; he that entreateth us to come, will not ſlight us when we come to ſeek him. My lord, there is enough there, and fix your heart there, and fix your eyes there, that eye of faith, and that eye of hope; exerciſe theſe graces now; there will be no exerciſe hereafter. As your lordſhip ſaid, here take an end of faith, and take an end of hope, and take a farewell of repentance, and all theſe; and welcome God, and welcome Chriſt, and welcome glory, and welcome happi- neſs, to all eternity; and ſo it will be an happy aſſage then, if it be a paſſage here from miſery to — pineſs: and, though it be but a ſad way, yet, if it will bring you into the preſence of joy, altho? it be a valley of tears, although it be a ſhadow of death, yet, if God will pleaſe ' to bring you, and make it a paſſage to that happineſs; welcome Lord: and I doubt not but God will give you an heart to taſte ſome ſweetneſs and love in this bitter potion, and to ſee ſomething of mercy and goodneſs to- you, and ſhew you ſome ſign and token of geod, ſo that your ſoul may ſee which we have had already experience of, bleſſed be God ſor it, many expe- riences, many.expreſſions, not only. in words nor tears; God hath not left us without much comfort and evidence, and I hope, my lord, you that have given ſo many evidences to us, I hope you want none yourſelf ;: but that the Lord will be pleaſed to ſupport you, and bear up your ſpirit : and, if there want evidence, there is reliance z my ſecurity ies not in knowing that I ſhall. come to N — ohen as and come to glory, but in my reſting and. relying upon him. all thoſe graces which may carry you into the boſom of the Lord Jeſus ; that when you expire this life, you may be able to inſpire it into him, in whom you may begin to live to all eternity ; and that is my humble prayer. 1 1 Folland. Mr. Bolton, God hath given me long time in this world: he hath carried me dag many great accidents of fortune, he hath at laſt brought me down into a condition, where I find myſelf brought to an end, for a diſaffection to this ſtate, to this parliament, that, as I ſaid before, 1 did believe no body in the world more unlikely to have expected to ſuffer for that cauſe ; I look upon it as a great judgment from God for my fins : and truly, fir, ſince that the death is violent, I am the leſs troubled with it, becauſe of thoſe violent deaths that I have ſeen before; principally my Saviour, that hath ſhewed us the way, how and in what manner he hath done it, and for what cauſe, I am the more comforted, I am the more rejoyced. Tt is not long ſince the king my maſter paſſed in the lame manner; and truly I hope that his ee and intentions were ſuch a man may not be aſhamed not only to ſollow in the way that was taken with e K k 2 „ 494 \| The LIF E and DEATH of him, but likewiſe not aſhamed of his purpoſes, if God had given him life. I have often diſputed with him concerning many things of this kind, and conceive his ſufferings, and his better knowledge, and better underſtanding, if God had ſpared him life, might have made him a prince very happy to- , 5 ig od fi hc I have ſeen and known that thoſe bleſſed fouls in heaven have paſſed thither by the gate of ſorrow, and many by the gate of violence; and ſince it is God's pleaſure to Elpoſe me this way, I ſubmit my foul to him, with all comfort, and with all hope, that he Hath made this my end, and this my con- cluſion, that though I be low in death, yet never-. this lowneſs ſhall raiſe me to the higheſt glory r ever. For that which concerns my religion, I made my profeſſion before of it, how I was bred, andin what manner I was bred, in a family that was looked upon as not little notorious'in oppoſition to ſome liberties they had conceived then to be taken ; and truly there was ſome mark upon me, as if. I had ſome taint of it, even throughout my Whole ways that I had taken: every body knows what my affections have been to many that have ſuffered, tomany that have been in troubles in this kingdom, I endeavoured to relieve them, I endea- voure my conſcience ; I thought it by my charity, and truly very much by my breeding. 24.54 God hath now brought me to' the laſt inſtant of my time; all that I can ſay, and all that I can ad- here unto, is, That as I am a great ſinner, ſo 1 have a great Saviour; that as he hath given me here a fortune to come publicly in a ſhew, of ſhame in the way of this ſuffering, truly I underftand it not to be ſo, I underſtand it to be a glory; a glory, when I conſider I had no end in it, but what I con- ceive to be the ſervice of God, the king and the kingdom, and therefore my heart is not charged much with any thing in that particular, ſince I con- cewe God will accept of the intention, whatſoever the action ſeems to be. I might ſay ſomething of the way of our trial, which certainly hath been as extraordinary, as any thing think hath ever been ſeen in this kingdom; but becauſe I would not ſeem as if I made ſome complaint, I will not ſo much as mention it, be- ey e ML >. cauſe Kk 3 youred to oblige them; I thought I was tied ſo by # % a 1 + — —— — —— — — —b E 2 - x CO , ye \ — — —. , : 4 \|. $ ; 4 * \| = \| = 406 The LIFE and DEATH of \| \| cauſe nobody ſhall believe repine at their actions, that I repine at my fortune; it is the will of God, it is the hand of God under whom I fall; I take it entirely from him, I ſubmit myſelf to him, I ſhall deſire to roll myſelf into the arms of my bleſſed Sa. viour; and when I come to this place -pointing to the block-----when I bow down myſelf there, ] hope God will raiſe me up; and when I bid fare- well, as I muſt now, to hope and to faith, that love will abide. I know nothing to accompany the foul out of this world, but love ; and I hope that love will bring me to the fountain of glory in hea- ven, through the arms, mediation, and the mercy of my Saviour Jeſus Chriſt ; in whom I believe; O Lord help my unbelief. Hodges. The Lord make over unto you the righteouſneſs, of his own Son ; it is that treaſury that he hath beſtowed upon you; and the Lord ſhew you the light of his countenance, and fill you full. with his joy and kindneſs. O my dear lord, the Lord of heaven and earth be with you, and the Lord of heaven and earth bring you to that fafety. Holland. I ſhall make as much haſte as I can to come to that glory, and the Lord of heaven and earth take my ſoul; I look upon myſelf entirely in him, and hope to find mercy through him; I expect it; and through that fountain that is opened for fin and for uncleanneſs, my ſoul muſt receive it; for did I reſt in any thing elſe, I have nothing but fin and corruption in me; I have nothing but that, which, inſtead of being carried up into the arms of God, and of glory, I have nothing but aon into he. Bolton. But, my lord, when you are cloathed with the righteouſneſs of another, you will appear glorious, though now ſinful in yourſelſ. The apoſtle ſaith, © I defire not to be found in my own ( righteouſ- 3 LOR D R 10 H. R Wy” * righteouſneſs; and when you are cloathed with another, the Lord will own you; and I ſhall ſay but thus much: doubt not that he. ever will deny falvation to ſinners that come to him, when the end of all his death and ſufferings was the ſalvation of ſinners; when, as I ſay, the whole end, and the whole deſign, and the great work that God had to do in the world, by the world, by the death of Chriſt, wherein he laid out all his counſels, and infinite wiſdom, and mercy, and goodneſs, beyond which there was a non ultra in God's thoughts; when this was the great deſign, and great end, the ſalvatian of poor linners, that poor ſouls ſhould come over to him and live; certainly when ſinners come he will not reject, he will not refuſe : and, my lord, do but think of this, the greateſt work that ever was done in the world, was the blood of Chriſt that was ſhed, neyer any thing like it ; and this blood of Chriſt that was ſhed, was ſhed for them that come; if not for them, for none ; it was in vain elſe. You ſee the devils, they are out of the capacity of it; the angels, they nave no need of it; wicked men will not come, and there are but a few that come over; and ſhould he deny them, there were no end, nor fruit of the blood and ſufferings. of the Lord Jeſus: and had your lordſhip been with Chriſt in that bloody agony, when he was 1n that bloody ſweat, ſweating drops of blood, if you had _ aſked him, Lord, what art thou. a-doing? art thou not now reconciling an angry God and me to- _ gether ? art thou not pacifying the wrath of God? art thou not interpoſing thyſelf between the juſtice of God and my foul? Would he not have ſaid Yea? Surely then he will not deny — 8 ' rr 3. — — 0 * — Ds 4 18 — — —ů— ä r — © — — — — Ser RS er Re, a Ws > * ey mſi . p a . * * " = — — of , 2 — B ͤ d — —— 2 — Ph — —ö —— —— —ê TS es. — — Go rooeny — - — As > War indo * — — — ——. — — 4 U 4 — 8 - 9 Y po. a * = — 9 \ - 2 ONES * e 1 —_Y n 7 * 1 — — 2 „ — 7 — * N : * - * 298 The LIFE and DEATH of main, and the larger and greater becauſe he is gone up into an higher place, that he may throw down more abundance of his mercy and grace upon you; and, my lord, think of that infinite love, that abundance of riches in Chrift. I am loſt, I am empty, I have nothing, I am poor, I am finful; be it ſo, as bad as God will make me, and as vile as I poſſibly can conceive myſelf, I am willing to be: but when J have ſaid all, the more I advance that riches, and honour that grace of God. Into his arms I commend my fpirits ifito his bleed. ing arms; that when I leave this bleeding body, that muſt lie upon this is pon, he will receive that foul that arifeth out of it, and receive it into his cternal mercy, through the merits, through the worthineſs, through the mediation of Chriſt, that hath mſg it with his on moſt precious blood. Bolton. My lord, though Je u conclude here, I hope you dock above; and though you put an we, here, I hope there will never be an — def the mercy and goodneſs of God: and if this be · che morning of eternity, if this be che riſe of glory, if God pleaſeth to row you down here, to raiſe you up for ever, ſay, Welcome Lord, welcome that death that ſhall make way for life ; and wel- come any condition that ſhall throw me down here to bring me into the poſſeſſion of Jeſus Chriſt. Hodges. lord, if you have made a deed of gift of — to Jeſus Chritt. to be found only in him; 1 am confident that you ſhall ſtand at che day of Chriſt; os dear ny we ſhall meer in hap- ineſs. "Holland. Chrift Jeſus receive my ſoul ; my ſoul \| hungers and thirſts after him; clouds are gather- ing, and I truſt in God through all my heavineſs, and I hope through all impediments, he will ſettle my intereſt in him, and throw off all the claim that Satan can make to it; and that he will carry my ſoul, in deſpight of all the calumnies, and all that the devil, and Satan can invent, will carry it into eternal mercy, there to receive the bleſſedneſs of his e to all eternity. \| £50 \| Hoden * 500 5 The LIFE and DEATH of Hodges. My lord, it was his own by the crea- tion, it is his own now by the redemption and pur- chaſe; and it is likewiſe his own by reſignation. Oh, my lord, look therefore up to the Lamb of God, Gar ſits at the right hand of God, to take away the ſins of the world : Oh that Lamb of God: 3 3 Folland. That Lamb of God, into his hands! commit my ſoul; and that Lamb of God that ſits upon the throne to judge thoſe twenty- four that fall down before him, I hope he will be pleaſed to look downward, and judge me with mercy that fall down before him, and that adore him, that only truſts upon his mercy, for his compaſſion ; and that, as he hath purchaſed me, he would lay his claim unto me now, and receive mm. Bolton. My lord, think of this, there is no con- demnation to them who are in Chriſt; who is it that can condemn? it is Chriſt that juſtifies; and there- fore look naw upon this, my lord, upon this Chriſt, upon this Chriſt that juſtifies : hell, death, fin, Sa- tan; nothing ſhall be able to condemn, it is Chriſt that juſtifies you. OTE. Holland. Indeed, if Chriſt- juſtify, nobody can condemn; and I truſt in God, in his juſtification z though there is a confuſion here without us, and though there are wonders and ſtaring that now dif- quiet; yet I truſt that I ſhall be carried into that mercy, that God will receive my foul, Bolton. I doubt not, my lord, but as you are a ſpectacle of pity here, ſo you are an object of God's mercy above. V Then the earl of Holland, looking over amon the people, pointing to a ſoldier, ſaid, This hone man took me a priſoner: you little thought I ſhould have been brought to this, when I deliver'd myſelf to you upon conditions. . Eſpying captain \| £8 _ \| Watſon * Wn L . Fi — ; 2 5 N wt EOS 755 == n LORD RICH. gor ; 9 5 1 * 8 , +\ . _— % 3 1 1 ot 50 * 7 : > 5 Watſon on horſeback, putting off his hat, ſaid to him, God be with you, fir ; God reward you fir. - Bolton. My lord, throw yourſelf into the arms of mercy, and ſay, There will Ianchor, and there I will die; he is a faviour for us, in all condtions, whither ſhould we go? He hath the works of eter- nal life; and upon him do you reſt; wait while you live, and even truſt in death. _ : Holland. Here muſt now be my anchor ; a great ſtorm makes me now find my anchor; and but in ſtorms no body truſts to his anchor; and therefore I muſt truſt upon my anchor, (upon that God, ſaid Mr. Bolton, upon whom your anchor truſts) yea, God, I hope, will anchor my ſoul faſt upon Chriſt Jeſus; and if I die not with that clear- neſs, and that heartineſs, that you ſpeak of, truly Iwill truſt in God; though he kill me, I will rely upon him, and in the mercy of my Saviour. Bolton. There is mercy enough, my lord, and to ſpare, you ſhall not need to doubt; they ſhall come to him. \| \| Then the earl of Holland, ſpeaking to Mr. Hodges, ſaid, I pray God reward you for all never go begging to another door, my lord, that « your kindneſs; and pray, as you have done, in- « ſtruct my family that they may ſerve God with « faithfulneſs and holineſs, with more diligence e than truly I have been careful to preſs them « unto: you have the charge of the ſame place; « you may do much for them, and I recommend * them to your kindneſs and the goodneſs of your « conſcience,” \| Dr. Sibbald, ſtanding upon the ſcaffold, in his paſſage to colonel Beecher, expreſſed himſelf thus to his lordſhip : \| The lord lift up the light of his countenance \| upon you, and you ſhall be ſafe, \| * 9 \|: Then . 5 7 * 0 , = - ” - 1 — — * — - « 7 Yd l * 4 —— — — ——— — . -. = 0 — re CO OO To In —— — Ee Es — etnns = 2 4 — 8 x oy 4 — * — at o 4 * * & » * — A2 mꝙ2—•—y———m * a x "om r * - - F «4 l IT an) 1 . — . ̃ nd 2 - Fa hn wr" > hs * P . Suns © ——— — - A. — K —— 302 The Uf and DEATH « of Then the earl of Holland embraced the lieute- \| nanticolonel Beecher, and took his leave of him: after which he came to Mr. Bolton, and having embraced him, returned him many thanks for his great pains and affections to his ſoul ; deſiring God to reward him, and return his love into his * \| - Mr. Bolton ſaid to him, The Lord God ſupport \| you, and be ſeen in this great extremity ; the Lord reveal and diſcover himſelf to you, and make r death the paſſage unto eternal life. Then the earl of Holland turning to the execy- rioner, faid, Here, my friend, let my cloaths and \| y alone; there is ten pounds for thee, that E beef than my cloaths, I am ſure of it. E xecutioner. Wil your lordſhip pleaſe to give me 68 n when I ſhall ſtrike? Holland, Tou have Wem enough here, have you not ? ; Executioner. Yes. Bolton. The Lord be your - irengeh, hats is riches in him: the Lord of heaven impart himſelf to you, he is able to ſave to the uttermoſt: we cannot fall fo low as to fall below the everlaſting Ti arms of God; and therefore the Lord be a ſup- port and ſtay to you in m_ low condition, that he will be pleaſed to make this an advantage to that life and glory that will make amends for all. Then. the earl then turning to the executioner, ſaid, Friend, do you hear me? Tf you take up my head, do not take of my cap.” Then turning to his ſervants, he aid to one, Fare you well, thou art an honeſt fellow.” To another, „ God be with thee, thou art an honeſt man.” "He then ſaid, Stay; Iwill kneel down, and afk « God forgiveneſs ;” and then prayed for a pretty \| ace with ſeeming earneſtneſs. Bolton. The Lord yur you may find life in death. Holland. ol Lob Ren 303 Holland: Which is the way of lying? It was ſhewn him. Then going to the front of the ſcaf- fold, he faid to the Ne God bleſs you all, « and God deliver you from any ſuch accidents as - may bring you to any ſuch death as is violent, 6 chat by war, or by theſe accidents; but that there may be peace among you, and you may, er find that theſe accidents that have happened to * 11s, may be the laſt that may happen in this king- « dom. I pray God give all happineſs to this kingdom, to this people, and to this nation.” Then turning to the executioner, faid, Flow muſt « lie? Iknqw not.“ Executioner. Lie down flat upon your bel Then having laid himſelf down, he faid, © 0 cc lie cloſer?“ Executioner. Yes, vl NATE {Ba - Holland. I will tell you when you fhall frikez ; and then as he lay ſeemed. to pray affeftionately for a ſhort ſpace, and then lifting up his head, wy Where is the man? and ſeeing the executioner by him, he faid, Stay while I give the ſign ; and pre- ſently after Rrerching. out his hand, and the exe- cutioner being not fully ready, he ſaid, Now Now ; and j "uſt as the words were coming out of his mouth, This executioner, at one blow, RIS his head fromm ly rand £94 ARTHUR, The LIFE ad DE ee \| Lend Cape, HE. execution of FE: lord Rich 11. per- \| formed as before recited, the lord Capel was 4 to the ſcaffold as the former ; and in the way to the ſcaffold, he Eur off his hat to the peo- * on both ſides, looking very auſterely about m; and being come upon the ſcaffold, lieute- nant-colonel Beecher ſaid to him, 1 * your chap- c lain here?? \| Capel. No; I have taken my have of him. Perceiving ſome of his ſervants to weep, he faid, - Gentlemen, refrain yourlelves ; refrain your- « ſelves ;” and turning to lieutanant- colonel Beecher; he ſaid, ** What? did the lords e \| „% with their hats off, or no?” - _ Colonel Beecher. With their hats off. Coming to the front of the ſcaffold, he ſaid, © I * ſhall hardly be underſtood here ! think ; * and then began his ſpeech, as followeth: The concluſion that I made with 0 that . ſent me hither, and are the cauſe of this violent death of mine, ſhall be the beginning of what 1 ſhall ſay to you. When I made an addreſs to them, which was the laſt, I told them with much ſince- rity, that 1 would pray to the God of all mercies that they might be partakers of his ineſtimable and boundleſs mercies in Jeſus Chriſt ; and truly I ſtill pray that prayer; and I beſeech the God of heaven orgive any injury they have done to me; from my ful I wiſh it: and truly this I tell you as a Chrit- - tian. But it is neceſſary I ſhould tell you ſome- * more, that a am a proteſtant: and truly, = am 8 + K * k 3 5 + \ — 2 ! * PET by \ 44 . p : , ; k w ; LORD CAPEL; a ** 7 * ag * 89 . "% i 4 8 K* : 1. ” . * N . 3, N * fi 21 iS ; 0 8 5 306 am very much in love with the profeſſion of it, af. ter the manner it was eſtabliſned in England by the thirty- nine articles: : -A bleſſed way of profeſſion, and ſuch an one, as truly I never knew any ſo good. I am fo far from being a papiſt, which ſomebody have, truly very unworthily, at ſome time charged me withal, that truly I profeſs to you, that though l love good works, and commend good works, yet I hold they have nothing at all to do in the matter of falvationz my anchor-hold is, That Chriſt loved me, and gave himſelf for me; that is, that And truly I ſhall ſay ſomething to you as a citizen of the whole world; and in that conſidera- tion I am here condemned to die; truly contrary to the law that governs all the world; that is, the lawof the ſword. I had the protection of that fot my life, and the honour of it; but truly I will not trouble you much with that, becauſe in another place have ſpoken very largely and liberally about it. I believe you will hear, by other means, what arguments I uſed in that caſe : but truly, that, that is ſtranger, you that are Engliſhmen, behold here an Engliſhman before you, an acknowledged zer, not condemned ro die by any law of Eng Find: not by any law of England; and, ſhall I tell you more, which is the ſtrangeſt of all, contrary to all the laws of England that I know of? And truly I will tell you, in the matter of the civil part of my death, and the cauſe that J have maintained, I die, I take it, for maintaining the fifth command · ment, enjoined by God himſelf, which enjoins reverence and obedienee to parents. All divines, on all hands, though they contradi& one another in their many ſeveral opinions, yet all divines, 'on all hands, do acknowledge, that here is intended magiſtracy and order; and certainly I have —_— Re * at wy 8 * 506 The LIFE and DEATH'of \| chat magiſtracy and chat onder vides which Ihave lived, which was bound to obey: and truly Ido ſay very confidently, chat I do: die here for keep. ing, for obeying. that fifth commandment, given by God himſelf, and written with his own finger. 80. And now, gentlemen, I will take this oppor. tunity to tell you, That I cannot imitate a better, nor 2 greater ingenuity than his, that ſaid of him: ſeif, For — an unjuſt judgment upon ano- ther, himſelf was hare: oo rlufier of an waſult judgment. « Truly, gentlemen, that God may ty glori; fied, that all men that are concerned in it may take the occafion of it, of humble repentance to God almighty for it, I do here profets: to you, that [ did give my: vote to that bill againſt the earl of Strafford. I doubt not but God almighty hath waſhed that away with a more precious blood, the \ blood of his 'own Son, and my dear Saviour, Jeſus Chriſt; and 1 hope he will waſh it away from all thoſe that are guilty of it. Truly, this I may ſay, I had not the leaſt part or degree of malice in doing it; but I muſt confeſs again, to God's. glory, and the accufation of my own frailty, and the Frailty of my nature, that truly it was unworthy cowardice, not to reſiſt ſo great a torrent as carried that buſineſs at that time. And truly, this 1 think I am moſt guilty of, of not — in it, but malice I had none; but whatſoever: it was, God, I am ſure, hath pardoned it, hath given me the aſſurance of it, that Chriſt Jeſus. his blood hath waſhed it away; and truly I do fram my ſoul wiſh, that all men that have any ſtain by it, may ſeriouſly repent, and receive. remiſſion = pardon from God for it. And now, gentlemen, we have 1 decafida, \| ” this —— to remember: _ majeſty, 177 5 Y = 8 5 4 . * 1 -. 5 N 5 e a By %. \| 6 5 » \| 8 f . "4 s s ; 7 22 — 3 4 . . 5. % * wth : 9 F „ . : 5 * A. „ OY 8 * 1 . 4 * * * - LORD CAPE L- 507 22 . 4 king that laſt was; and I camot ſpeak of him, nor think of it, but truly, I muſt needs ſay, that, in my opinion, that have had time to conſider all the images of all the greateſt and virtuouſeſt princes in the the world; and truly, in my opinion, there was not a more virtuous, and more ſufficjent prince known in the world, than our gracious king Charles that died laſt. God Almighty preſerve our king that new is, his ſon; God ſend him more fortunate and longer days; God Almighty ſo aſſiſt him, that he may exceed both the virtues and ſuf-. ficiencies of his father; for certainly I, that have been a councellor to him, and have lived long with him, and in a time when diſcovery is eaſily enough. - made, for he was young, he was about thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, or fixteen years of age, thoſe ears I was with him; truly, I never ſaw greater pes of virtue in any young perſon than in him; great judgment, great underſtanding, great ap- prehenſion, much honour in his nature, and truly r Engliſhman in his inclination ; and I pray God reſtore him to this kingdom, and unite the kingdoms one unto another, and ſend a great happineſs both to you and to him, that he may long live and reign among you, and that family, may reign till Thy kingdom come; that is, while all temporal power is confummated. I beſeech God of his mercy give much happineſs to this your king, and to you that in it ſhall be his ſubjects by the grace of Jeſus Chriſt. — "O86 Truly I like my beginning fo well, that I will make my- concluſion with it; that is, That God Almighty would confer, of his infinite and ineſti- mable grace and mercy, to thoſe that are the cau- ſers of my coming hither, I pray God give them is, much mercy as their hearts can wiſn; and truly for my part, I will not accuſe any one of Vox, III. © "WA them Rs 35 The LIFE and \| DEATH of EF chem of malice, truly I will not; nay, I will not q think there was any malice in them: what other { ends there is, I know nat, nor will I examine; but let it be what it will, from my very ſoul I for- give them, every one: und ſo the Lord of heaven bleſs you all, God Almighty be infinite in his good- neſs. Ciuapel. Stay a little. Which ide 15 you ſtand upon?“ ſpeaking to the executioner. Stay, I \| think I ſhould lay * hands forward that way, \| l this blood; God Almighty ſtanch, ſtanch, ſtanch this iſſue of blood; this will do the buſineſs. God Almighty find out another way to do it.” And then turning to one of his ſervants, ſaid, © Bald- win, I cannot ſee any thing that belongs to m wife; but I deſire = 4 and beſeech her, to reſt 22 upon Jeſus Chriſt, to be contented and fully ſatisfied. A And then ſpeaking to his ſervants, he _ aid, God keep yon; and, gentlemen, let me now do a buſineſs quickly, privately and pray let me have your prayers at the moment of death, that God would receive my ſoul.” Lieu. Col. Beecher. I wiſh it. Capel. Pray at the moment of ſtriking j join your prayers, but make no noiſe turning to his ſervants _ =--it is inconvenient at this time. Servant. My lord put on your cap. \| Capel. Should I, what will that do me 1 1 Stay a little, it is well as it is now. As he was putting up his hair. And then turning to the executioner, he ſaid, « Honeſt man, I have forgiven .thee, therefore ftrike boldly ; from my ſoul I do it. Then a gentleman ſpeaking to him, he faid, “ Nay, die contented z be quiet, good Mr. be quiet.	18,531
b20415606_002_60	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,851	London labour and the London poor [electronic resource] : a cyclopaedia of the condition and earnings of those that will work, those that cannot work, and those that will not work.	Mayhew, Henry, 1812-1887	English	Spoken	7,810	10,485	The above^ statement may be analysed in the following manner: — ^ £ s. £ Chairman . ... 1,000 Secretary and 7 clerks .1860 0 Accountant and 5 clerks . 0 7 surveyors, of survey- ing and drawing staff, with 6 chainmen and 9 drawing clerks .... 2125 0 5 district surveyors . 1500 0 12 clerks of works . 2278 0 9 inspectors of keeper, strong-room keeper, and housekeeper . 350 0 3 messengers and 3 er- rand-boys . . . 246 0 596 £14,634 The cost of rent, taxes, stationery, and office incidentals, is now 4440^., which makes the total yearly outlay amount to upwards of 19,000^. The annual cost of the staff in the secretary's de- partment is said to have been reduced from 3962^. 45. to 3605/. ; in the engineers' depart- ment from 16,437/. 3.?. to 8973/. I65. In the general service there has been an increase from 606/. 16s. to 696/. A deputation who waited lately upon Lord John Russell is said to have declared the expenses of the Commissioners' office to be at the rate of from 25 to 30 per cent, on the amount of rate collected. The sum collected in the year 1850 averaged 89,341/. The cost of manage- ment in that year was 23,465/. ; this, it will be seen, is 26 per cent of the gross income. The annual statement of the receipts and ex- penditure under the Commission for the year 1851 has just been published, but not officially ; from this it appears that in February, 1851 — The balance of cash in hand £ s. cl. was 5,750 9 11 The total receipts during the year have amounted to . . 129,000 0 9 Making together . . . 134,750 10 8 The expenditure, as returned under the general head, is — For work .... £95,539 19 3 (This item includes the cost of supervision and compensation for damages.) The cost of surveys has been 6,832 19 9 Management . . . 16,430 9 2 Loans .... 10,442 10 2 Contingencies . . . 2,749 1 1 Total payments . . . 131,494 19 5 Balance in hand . . £3,355 11 3 As an instance of the mismanagement of the sewers work of the metropolis, it is but right that the subjoined document should be published. I need not offer any comment on the following " Return to an Address of the Honourable the House of Commons, dated 28th July, 1851, " except that I was told early in January, on good authority, that the matter was now worse than it was when reported as follows : — "Privy Gardens, Whitehall Yard, Scotland Yard, cfcc, Piiblic Sewer. " Witb reference to the two orders of the Commissioners of Her Majesty's Woods, &c., I have the honour to state that, since the 16th of No- vember (when I last sent in a memorandum), I have frequently visited the several Crown buildings af- fected by the building of the main public sewer 420 LONDON LABOUR AND THE LONDON POOR. for draining Westminster ; viz., the Earl of Malms- bury's, the Exchequer Bill Office, the United Service Museum, Lord Liverpool's, Mr. Vertue's, Mr. Alderman Thompson's, and Messrs. Dal- gleish's. " All these buildings have been more or less damaged b}-- the construction of the sewer'; the Exchequer Bill Office, the United Service Mu- seum, and Mr. Vertue's, in a manner that, in my opinion, can ne^>er he effectually repaired. " At Lord Malmsbury's, the party wall next to the Exchequer Bill Office has moved, as shown by some cracks in the staircase ; but for this house it may not be necessary to require more to be done than stopping and painting. " At the Exchequer Bill Office, the old Gothic groins have been cracked in several places, and several settlements have taken place in the walls over and near to where the sewer passes under the building. The shores are still standing against this building, but it would now be better to remove them ; the cracks in the groins and walls can never he repaired to render the build- ing so substantial as it was before. The cracks in the basement still from month to month show a very slight movement; those in the staircase and roof also appear to increase. As respects this building, I would submit to the Commissioners of Woods that it %voxdd not he advisable to per- mit the surveyors of the Commissioners of Sewers to enter and make only a surface repair of plaster and paint ; but I would suggest that a careful survey be made by surveyors appointed respectively by the Board of Woods and the Commissioners of Sewers, and that a thorough repair of the building be made fso far as it is susceptible of repair), under the Board of Woods ; the Com- missioners of Sewers paying such proportion of the cost thereof as may fairly be deemed to have been occasioned by their proceedings. " At the United Service Museum, the settle- ments on the side next the sewer appear to me very serious. " The house occupied by Lord Liverpool, as also Mr. Vertue's house, of which his Lordship is Crown lessee, were both affected, the former to some extent, but not seriously ; of the latter,' the west front sunk, and pulled over the whole house with it ; but as respects these two houses the interference of the Board^is, I believe, unnecessary, Mr. Hardwicke (one of the Sewer Commissioners) having, as architect for Lord Liverpool, caused both to be repaired. " A like repair has also been made in the kitchen offices of Mr. Alderman Thompson's house, where alone any cracks appeared. " At Messrs. Dalgleish and Taylor's, very serious injury has been done to both their buildings and their trade. The Commissioners of Sewers have a steam-engine still at work on those premises, and have not yet concluded their operations there. Some of the sheds which entirely fell down they have rebuilt ; and others, which appear in a very defective if not dangerous state, it is understood they propose to repair or rebuild ; but as eventually Messrs. Dalgleish and Taylor will have a very heavy claim against them for interference with business, and as the extent of damage to the buildings which has been done, or may hereafter arise, cannot at present be fully ascertained, it would probably be advisable to postpone this part of the subject, giving notice, however, to the Commissionors of Sewers that it must here- after come under consideration. (Signed) "James Pennethorne. " 10th May, 1851." "Sewer, Whitehall Yard, (Sec. " Under the order of the Commissioners of Her Majesty's Woods, &c., of yesterday's date, en- dorsed on a letter from Mr. Tonna, I have in- spected the United Service Institution in White- hall Yard, and find most of the cracks have moved. " The movement, though slight, and not showing immediate danger, is more than I had anticipated would occur within so short a period when I re- ported on, the 10th instant. It tends to confirm the opinion therein given, and shows the necessity for immediate precaution, and for a thorough repair. (Signed) "Jambs Pennethobne. « 16th May, 1851. r Commissioners of Her " Seymour, J Majesty's Woods, Fo- " Charles Gore, \| rests, Land Revenues, Works, and Buildings. "Office of Woods, &c. " 5th August, 1851." Op the Sewers Rate. Having shown the expenditure of the Com- mission of Sewers, Ave now come to consider its income. The funds available for the sewerage and drainage of the several towns throughout the kingdom, are raised by means of a particular property tax, termed the Sewers Rate. This forms part of what are designated the Local Taxes of England and Wales. Local taxes are of two classes : — I. Rates raised upon property in defined dis- tricts, as parishes, jurisdictions, counties, &c. II. Tolls, dues, and fees charged for particular services on particular occasions, as turnpike tolls, harbour dues, &c., &c. The rates or sums raised upon the property lying within a certain circumscribed locality, admit of being subdivided into two orders — 1. The rates of independent districts, or those which, being required for a particular district (as the parish or some equivalent territorial limit), are not only levied within the bounds of that district, but expended for the [purposes of it alone ; as is the case with the poor rate. 2. The rates of aggregate districts, or those which, though required to be expended for the purposes of a given district (such as the county), are raised in detail in the several inferior districts (such as the various parishes) which compose the larger one, and which contribute the sums thus levied to one common fund ; such is the case with the county rate. LONDON LABOUR AND THE LONDON POOR. But the rates of independent districts may be further distinguished into two orders, viz. — i. Those which are levied on the same classes of persons, the same kinds of property, and the same principles of valuation as the poor rate; such are the highway rate, the lighting and watching, and the militia rate among the inde- pendent rates ; and the police, borough, and county rates among the aggregate rates, ii. Those which are not levied on the same basis as the poor rate. The church and sewers rates are familiar instances of this peculiarity. The sewers rate, then, is a local tax required for an independent rather than an aggregate district, and is not levied upon the basis of the poor law. The assessment of the poor rate, for instance, includes tithes of every kind, that of the sewers rate extends to such tithes only as are in the hands of laymen. Again, the sewers rate em- braces some incorporeal hereditaments to Avhich the poor rate does not extend ; but stock in trade, which of late years has been specially exempted from the poor rate, was never subject to the sewers rate. A sewers rate, however, was known as early as the sixth year of Henry VI. (1427), though ''commissions" were not instituted till the time of Henry VIII. The Act which now regulates the collection of the funds required for the cleans- ing, building, repairs, and improvements of the sewers, is 4 and 5 Vict. (1841). This statute gives the ''Courts" or "Commissions" ef Sewers, power "to tax in the gross" in each parish, &c., all lands, &c., within the jurisdiction of such courts, for the requirements of the public sewerage. This impost is not periodically levied, nor at any stated or even regularly recurring term, but " as occasion requires:" perhaps once in two or three years. It is (with some exceptions, which require no notice) what is commonly called " a landlord's tax" in the metropolis, that is, the sewers-rate collector must be paid by the occupier of the pre- mises, who, on the production of the collector's receipt, can deduct the amount from his rent. If this arrangement were meant to convey a notion to the public that the sewers tax was a tax on property — on the capitalist who owns, and not on the tenant who merely occupies — it is a shallow device, for every one must know that the more sewers rate a tenant pays for his landlord, the more rent he must pay to him. The sewers rate is levied according to the rate- able value put upon property by the surveyors and assessors appointed by the Commissioners, who may make the rate "by such ways and means, and in such manner and form, as to them may seem most convenient." It seems a question yet to be determined whether or not there is a right of appeal against the sewers rate, but the general opinion is that there is no appeal. The rate can be mortgaged by the Commissioners if an advance of money is considered desirable. The maximum of Is. in the pound on the net annual value of the property was fixed by the Act. The Commissioners have also the power to levy a " special rate" on any district not connected with the general system of sewerage, but which it has been resolved should be so connected ; also an " improvement rate." at a maximum of 10 per cent, on the rack rent, " in respect of works they may judge to be of private benefit/' a provision which has called forth some comments. The metropolitan sewers rate is now collected in nine districts. There are at present 42 Commissions or Courts of Sewers throughout England and Wales. The only return which has yet been prepared of the annual amount assessed and collected under the authority of the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers, is one presented to the House of Commons in 1843. It includes the sum assessed in four of the eight districts within the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Commissioners from 1831 to 1840 inclusive. Total in the Annual Districts. 10 years. Average. £ £ Westminster 235,397 23,539-7g Holborn and Finsbury 123,317 12,331^5 Tower Hamlets. 82,468 8,246f5 From East Moulsey, inSurrey,to Ravens- bourne, in Kent 175,137 17,5137g 616,319 61,631^5 The following amounts were returned to Parlia- ment as that expended in two other of the metro- politan districts in the year 1833 : — In the City .... £M,1\^-^ Poplar district .... 2,746-f5 £20,465-/g Annual average of the four above- mentioned districts . . . 61,631-^ Yearly total £82,097 The two districts excluded from the above total are the minor ones of St. Katherine and Green- wich, so that altogether the gross sum levied within the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Com- missioners must have been between 85,000^. and 90,000^. The annual amount of the local rates in Eng- land and Wales is, according to a work on the subject (" The Local Taxes of the United King- dom"), published "under the direction of the Poor Law Commissioners" in 1846, 8,801,838^.* In this large sum only the average annual outlay on the six districts of the sewers of the metropolis is included (82,097^.), and it is stated that not even an approximate average could be arrived at as regards the expenditure on sewers in the country districts. Such absence of statistical knowledge, — and it is a want continually observable — is little creditable to the legislative, executive, and admi- nistrative powers of the State. I shall now proceed to show, from the best data at my command, the present outlay on the metro- politan sewers. * The following statement may, according to the work above alluded to, be presented as an approximate 422 LONDON LABOUR AND THE LONDON POOR. According to the present law, the Commissioners are required to submit to Parliament yearly returns of the money collected on account of, and expended in, the sewerage of the metropolis. I need only state, that in the latest and, indeed, the sole returns upon the subject, the rates in 1845- 6-7, under the former separate commissions, were Id. and 2d. in the pound on land, and from ^d. (Ranelagh and Westminster) to Is. \Qd. (Grreen- wich) on houses. The rates made under the combined and consoli- dated Commissions, from 30th Nov., 1847, to 8th Oct., 1849, were all 6c?., excepting the Western division of Westminster sewers, which were 3c/., and a part of the Surrey and Kent district, 8fZ. The rates under the present Metropolitan Com- mission, from 8th October, 1849, to 31st July, 1851, are all Qd., with a similar exception in Surrey and Kent. The following are the only fur- ther returns bearing immediately on the subject: — EETURN OF THE PERCENTAGE ON THE TOTAL RATEABLE ANNUAL VALUE OF THE PROPERTY ASSESSED, to which the Rates collected under the separate Com- missions, between January, 1845, and November, 1847, amounted; Similar Return as to the combined and consolidated Commissions, from November, 1847, to October, 1849 ; and as to the present Commission, from October, 1849, to July 31, 1851. Under the old separate Com-"] missions of Sewers, between ! January, 1845, and November [ 30, 1847 J Under the combined and con- solidated Commissions, from No- vember 30, 1847, to October 8, 1849 (including first Metropolitan Commission) .... Under the present Metropolitan Commission of Sewers, from Octo- ber 8, 1849, to July 21, 1851. Total Rateable Annual Value of the Districts on November 30, 1847, and October 8, 1849, and July 31, 1851, respectively. £ 5. d. 6,683,896 0 0 Average Amount collected for One Year. £ s. 81,738 11 Amount of the Percentage of the Rates collected on the Rateable Annual Value. 7,128,111 0 0 67,707 16 ,135,090* 0 0 ,820,325t 0 0 ),341 16 £ s. d. 1 4 5 or 2\|cZ. -72 in the pound per annum. 0 18 Hi or 2id. '11 in 3 i the pound per annum. 1 1 11 or 2ld. -52 in the p. J pound per annum. ^'"^ 1 0 3 or 2ic/. -72 in the pound per annum. * Rental of the districts now rated. t Rental of the districts within the active jurisdiction in which expenses have been incurred, and which are about to be rated. August, 1851. THOMAS COGGIN, Clerk of Rates and Collections. return of the present annual amount of the local rates in England and Wales. I. RATES. A. Rates of Independent Districts. 1. On the basis of the poor rate. The poor rate, including the purposes of— The workhouse building rate . \ The survey and valuation rate . j Relief of the poor £4,976,093 Other objects Contributions to county and borough rates (see below). Jail fees rate \ Constables rate . . . . j Highway rates Lighting and watching rate. Militia rate 2. Not on the basis of the poor rate. Church rates Sewers rate- General sewers tax — In the metropolis .... In the rest of the country. Drainage and inclosure rates Inclosure rate Regulated pasture rate. . Rates of Aggregate Districts. County rates . ( Contributed Hundred rate .< from the Borough rates . (. poor rate. 567,567 unknown 1,312,812 unknown not needed 506,812 82,097 unknown unknown 1,356,457 Total rates of England and Wales . £8,801,834 The amount of the taxation in the shape of tolls, dues, and fees is as follows : — II. TOLLS, DUES, AND FEES. Turnpike tolls Borough tolls and dues. City of London Light dues Port dues Church dues and fees Marriage fees .. Registration fees '. Justiciary fees- Clerks of the Peace , Justices' clerks. £172,911 . 205,100 £1,348,085 378,011 257,776 554,645 unknown £11,057 57,668 68,725 Total tolls, dues, and fees of England and Wales .... £2,607,241 The subjoined, then adds the same work, founded on the preceding details, may be regarded as exhibiting an approximate estimate of the present amount of the local taxes in England and Wales, being, however, obviously below the actual total. Rates £8,801,838 Tolls, dues, and fees . 2,607,241 £11,409,079 " The annual amount of the local taxation of England and Wales may at the present time be stated, in round numbers, at not less than £12,000,000 ; " or we may say that the local taxation of the country is one-fourth of the amount of the general taxation. LONDON LABOUR AND THE LONDON POOR. 423 RETUEN OF THE COST OF MANAGEMENT PER ANNUM ON THE TOTAL RATE- ABLE ANNUAL VALUE OF THE DISTRICTS. YEARS. Total Rateable Annual Value of the Districts. Cost of Management per Annum. Rate per Cent, per Annum of Cost of Management on the Rateable Annual Value of the Districts. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 1845 6,320,331 0 0 18,591 4 3 0 5 10\| 1846 6,423.909 0 0 18.097 5 1 0 5 7^ 1847 6,683,896 0 0 24,371 16 9 0 7 3i 1848 6,783,111 0 0 20,008 7 10 0 5 10\| 1849 8,077,591 0 0 20,005 7 6 0 4 Hi 1850 8,791,967 0 0 23,465 18 7 0 5 4 August 7, 1851. Of the Cleansing of the Sewers — Ventilation. There are two modes of purifying the sewers ; the one consists in removing the foul air, the other in removing the solid deposits. I shall deal first with that mode of purification which consists in the mechanical removal or chemical decomposition of the noxious gases engendered within the sewers. This is what is termed the Ventilation of the Sewers, and forms a very important branch of the inquiry into the character and working of the underground refuse-channels, for it relates to the risk of explosions and the consequent risk of de- struction to men's lives ; while, if the sewer be ill- ventilated, the surrounding atmosphere is often prejudicially affected by the escape of impure air from the subterranean channels, A survey as to the ventilation, &c., of the sewers was made by Mr. Hawkins, Assistant-Sur- veyor, and Mr. Jenkins, Clerk of the Works. Four examinations took place of sewers ; of those in Bloomsbury ; those from Tottenham-court-road to Norfolk-street, Strand; from the Gruard-room in Buckingham Palace to the Horseferry-road, Mill- bank ; and in Grosvenor-square and the streets adjacent. There were difficulties attending the experiment. From Castle-street to Museum-street there was a drop of 4 feet in the levels, so that the examiners had to advance on their hands and knees, and it was difficult to make observations. In some places in Westminster also the water and silt were knee deep, and the lamps (three were used) splashed all over. In Bloomsbury the sewers gave no token of the presence of any gas, but in the other places its presence was very perceptible, especially in a sewer on the west side of Grosvenor- square, a very low one, in which the gas was ignited within the wire shade of one of the lamps, but without producing any effect beyond that of immediately extinguishing the light. There was also during the route, in the neighbourhood of Sir Henry Meux's brewery and of an adjoining distil- lery in Vine-street, a considerable quantity of steam in the sewer, but it had no material effect upon the light. The examiners came to the conclusion that G. S. HATTON, Accountant. where there was any liability to an explosion from the presence of carburetted hydrogen, or other causes, the Improved Davy Lamp afforded an almost certain protection. The attention of the Commissioners seems to have been chief!}'- given of late, as regards ventila- tion and indeed general improvement, to the sewers on the Surrey side of the metropolis. I Among these a new sewer along Friar-street, run- ning from the Blackfriars to the Southwark-bridge- road, is one of the most noticeable. Friar-street is one^of the smaller off thorough- fares, the character of which is, perhaps, little suspected by those who pass along the open Black- friars-road. As you turn out of that road to the left hand, advancing from the bridge, almost oppo- site the Magdalen Hospital, is Friar-street. On its left hand, as you proceed along it, are gas-works, and the factories, or work places, of tradesmen in the soap-boiling, tallow-melting, cat and other gut manufacturing, bone-boiling, and other noisome callings. On the right hand are a series of short and often neatly-built streets, but the majority of them have the look of unmistakable squalor or poverty, though not of the poverty of the indus- trious. Across Flint-street, Green-street, and other ways, few of them horse thoroughfares, hang, on a fair day, lines of washed clothes to dry. Yellow- looking chemises and petticoats are affixed along- side men's trowsers and waistcoats ; coarse-featured and brazen-looking women, with necks and faces reddened, as if with brick-dust, from exposure to the weather, stand at their doors and beckon to the passers by. Perhaps in no part of the metro- polis is there a more marked manifestation of moral obsceneness on the one hand, and physical obscene- ness on the other. With the low prostitution of this locality is mixed the low and the bold crime of the metropolis. Some of the olf-shoots from Friar-street communicate with places of as nefa- rious a character. Hackett, whom his nevi^spaper admirers seem to wish to elevate into the fame of a second Jack Sheppard, resided in this quarter. The gang who were last winter repulsed in their burglarious attack on Mr. Holford's villa in the Regent's-park favoured the same locality, and were arrested in their old haunts. Public-houses may 424 LONDON LABOUR AND THE LONDON POOR. be seen here and there — houses, perhaps, not greatly- discouraged by the police — which are at once the rendezvous and the trap of offenders, for to and from such resorts they can be readily traced. And all over this place of moral degradation extends the stench of offensive manufactures and ill-venti- lated sewers. Certainly there is now an improve- ment, but it is still bad enough. A Report of the 21st September, 1848, shows that a new sewer, 1500 feet in length, had been " put in along Friar-street, Avith a fall of 15 inches from the level of the sewer in Blackfriars-road to Suffolk-street. The sewer," states the Report, with which it communicates at its upper end in the Blackfriars-road contains nearly 2 feet in depth of soil ; it in consequence has silted up to that level with semi-fluid black filth, principally from the factories, of the most poisonous and sickening description, forming an elongated cesspool 1500 feet in length, the filth at its lower end being upwards of 3 feet in depth. Since the building of this sewer, the foul matter so discharged into it has been in a state of decomposition, constantly giving off pestilential and poisonous gases, which have spread into and filled the adjoining sewers ; thence they are being drawn into the houses by the house-drains, and into the streets by the street-drains, to such a fearful extent as to infect the whole atmosphere of the neighbourhood, and so to cause the very offensive odour so generally complained of there. Sulphuretted hydrogen is present in these sewers in large quantities, as metals, silver and copper, are attacked and black- ened by it ; and the smell from it is so sickening as to be almost unbearable." On the question of how best to deal with sewers such as the Friar-street, Messrs. John Roe and J ohn Phillips (surveyors) and Mr. Henry Austin (consulting engineer) have agreed in the following opinion : — " The most simple and convenient method would be by placing large strong fires in shafts directly over the crown of the sewers. The expense of each furnace, with the inclosure around it, will be about 20^. The fires would be fed almost con- stantly, by which little smoke would be generated. The heat to be produced from these fires would rarefy the air so much as to create rapidly ascend- ing currents in the shafts, and strong draughts through the sewers, the foul air in which would then be drawn to the fires and there consumed ; and as it was being destroyed fresh air would be drawn in at all the existing inlets of house and street drains, pushing forward and supplying the place of the foul air." Concerning the explosions of, or deaths in, the sewers from the impure gases, there is, I believe, no statistical account. The most remarkable catastrophe of this kind was the death of five persons in a sewer inPimlico, in October, 1849; of these, three were regular sewer-men, and the others were a policeman and Mr. Wells, a surgeon, who went into the sewer in the hopes of giving assistance. Mr. Phillips, the then chief surveyor of the Commission of Sewers, stated that the cause of these deaths in the sewers was entirely an exceptional case, and the gas which had caused the accident inquired into was not a sewer gas. " There is often," he said, " a great escape of gas from the mains, which found its way into the sew- ers. The gas, however, which has done the mischief in the present instance would not explode." Dr. Ure's opinion Avas, that the deceased men died from asphixia, caused by inhaling sulphuretted hydrogen and carbonic acid gas in mixture with prussic vapour, and that these noxious emanations were derived from the refuse lime of gas-works thrown in with other rubbish to make up the road above the sewer. Other scientific gentlemen attri- buted the five deaths to the action of sulphuretted hydrogen gas, or, according to Dr. Lyon Playfair, to be chemically correct, hydro-sulphate of ammo- nia. The coroner (Mr. Bedford), in summ-ing up, said that Mr. Phillips wished it to be supposed that gas lime was the cause of the foul gas ; and Dr. Ure said that gas lime had to do with the calamity. But Dr. Miller, Mr. Richard Phillips, Mr. Campbell, and Dr. Playfair, more especially the latter, were perfectly sure that lime had no- thing to do with it. The verdict was the following : — " We find that Daniel Pert, Thomas Gee, and J ohn Attwood died from the inhalation of noxious gas generated in a neglected and unventilated sewer in Kenilworth-street. And we find that Henry Wells and John Walsh met their deaths from the same cause, in their laudable endeavours to save the lives of the first three sufferers. The jury unanimously consider the commissioners and officers of the Metropolitan Sewers are much to blame for having neglected to avail themselves of the unusual advantages offered, from the local situation of the Grosvenor-canal, for the purpose of flushing the sewers in this district." Op " Flushinu" and " Plonging," and other Modes op Washing the Sewees. The next step in our inquiry — and that which at present concerns us more than any other — is the mode of removing the solid deposits from the sewers, as well as the condition of the workmen connected with that particular branch of labour. The sewers are the means by which a larger pro- portion of the wet refuse of the metropolis is re- moved from our houses, and we have now to con- sider the means by which the more solid part of this refuse is removed from the sewers themselves. The latter operation is quite as essential to health and cleanliness as the former ; for to allow the filth to collect in the channels which are intended to remove it, and there to remain decomposing and vitiating the atmosphere of the metropolis, is manifestly as bad as not to remove it at all ; and since the more solid portions of the sewage will collect and form hard deposits at the bottom of each duct, it becomes necessary that some means should be devised for the periodical pur- gation of the sewers themselves. There have been two modes of effecting this object. The one has been the carting away of the more solid refuse, and the other the washing of it away, or, as it is termed, fiusMng in the case LONDON LABOUR AND THE LONDON POOR. 425 of the covered sewers, and plonging in the case of the 02'>en ones. Under both systems, whether the refuse be carted or flushed away, the hard deposit has to be first loosened by manual labourers — the difference consisting principally in the means of after-removal. The first of these systems — viz., the cartage method — was that which prevailed in the metro- polis till the year 1847. I shall therefore give a brief description of this mode of cleansing the sewers before proceeding to treat of the now more general mode of " flushing." Under the old system, the clearing away of the deposit was a " nightman's " work, differing little, except in being more toilsome, offensive to the public, and difficult. A hole was made from the street down into the sewer where the deposit was thickest, and the deposit was raised by means of a tub, filled below, drawn up to the street, and emptied into a cart, or spread in mounds in the road to be shovelled into some vehicle. A night- man told me that this mode of work was some- times a great injury to his trade, because ''when it was begun on a night many of the householders sleeping in the neighbourhood used to say to themselves, or to their missusses, as they turned *in their beds, 'It's them ere cussed cesspools again ! I wish they was done away with.' An' all the time, sir, the cesspools was as hinnocent and as sweet as a hangel." This clumsy and filthy process is now but occasionally resorted to. A man who had su- perintended a labour of this kind in a narrow, but busy thoroughfare in Southwark,'told me that these sewer labourers were the worst abused men in London. No one had a good word for them. But there have been other modes of removing the indurated sewage, besides that of cartage ; and Avhich, though not exactly flushing, certainly consisted in allowing the deposit to be waslied away. Some of these contrivances were curious enough. I learn from a Report printed in 1849, that the King's Scholars' Pond Sewer, in the city of Westminster, running near the Abbey, contained a continuous bed of deposit, of soil, sand, and filth, from 10 to 30 inches in depth, and this for a mile and a half next the river — the first mile yielding more than 6000 loads of matter. ^ This sewer Avas to be cleansed. " We first used a machine," says Mr. J. Ly- sander Hale, in the form of a plough and harrow combined ; a horse dragged it through the deposit in the sewer ; one man attended the horse, and another guided the plough. The work done by this machine, in cutting a channel through the soil and causing the water to move through it quickly, was effectual to remove the deposit ; but as the sewer is a tidal sewer, and its sole entrance for a horse being its outlet, the machine could only be used for a small part of any day. Sometimes Avith a strong breeze up the river, the tide would not recede sufficiently to permit the horse to get in at all (and it did not appear advisable to incur the expense of 50^. to build a sideway entrance for the animal), so that under these circumstances we were obliged to discontinue the use of the horse and plough ; which, under other circum- stances, would have been very effective," From this time, I understand, the sewers of London have re- mained unploughed by means of horse labour. But the plough was not altogether abandoned, and as horse-power was not found very easily ap- plicable, water-power was resorted to. The plough and harrow were attached to a barge, which was introduced into the sewer. The sluice gates were kept shut until the ebb of the tide made the difference of level between the contents of the sewer and the surface of the Thames equal to some eight feet. " The gates were then suddenly opened, and the rapid and ^ deep current of water following, was then sufficient to bring the barge and plough down the sewer with a force equal to five or six horse-power." This last-mentioned method was also soon abandoned. We now come to the more approved plan of "flushing." " The term 'jimMng sewers' implies," says Mr. Haywood, in his Report, "cleansing by the ap- plication of Jjodies of water in the sewers ; this is periodically effected, varying in intervals accord- ing to the necessities of the sewerage or other cir- cumstances." The flushing system has a two-fold object, viz., to remove old deposits and prevent the accumu- lation of new. When the deposit is not allowed to accumulate and harden, "flushing consists," says Mr. Haywood, "simply in heading back and letting off Jimh at once" (hence the origin of the term) " that which has been delivered into the sewers in a certain number of hours by the various houses draining into them, diluted with large quantities of water specially employed for the purpose." Though the operation of "flushing" is one of modern introduction, as regards the metropolis — one, indeed, which may be said to have originated in the modern demand for improved sanitary re- gulations— it has been practised in some country parts since the days of Henry VIII. Flushing Avas practised also by those able en- gineers, the ancient Romans. One of the grand architectural remains of that people, the best showing their system of flushing, is in the Amphi- theatre at Nismes, in France. The site of the ruined amphitheatre presents a large elliptical area, 114,251 superficial feet comprising its ex- tent. Around the arena ran a large sewer 3 feet 6 inches in Avidth, and 4 feet 9 inches in height. With this seAver, elliptical in shape, 348 pipes communicated, carrying into it the rain-fall and the refuse caused by the resort of 23,000 persons, for the seats alone contained that number. " The system of flushing, practised here," says Mr. Cresy, " Avith such advantage, deserves to be noticed, there being means of driving through this elliptical seAver a volume of Avater at pleasure, with such force that no solid matter could by any possibility remain within any of the drains or sewers. An aqueduct, 2 feet 8 inches in Avidth, and 6 feet in height, brought this water from the reservoirs of Nismes, not only to fill but to purge 426 LONDON LABOUR AND THE LONDON POOR. the wliole of these sewers; after traversing the arena, it deviated a little to the south-west, where it was carried out at the sixth arcade, east of the southern entrance. Man-holes and steps to de- scend into this capacious vaulted aqueduct were introduced in several places ; and there can be no doubt that by directing for some hours such a stream of water through it, the greatest cleanliness was preserved throughout all the sewers of the building." The flushing of sewers appears to have been introduced into the metropolis by Mr. John Eoe in the year 1847, but did not come into general use till some years later. There used to be a partial flushing of the London sewers twelve years ago. The mode of flushing as at present practised is as follows : — In the first instance the inspector examines and reports the condition of the sewer, and re- ceives and issues his orders accordingly. When the sewer is ordered to be flushed — and there is no periodical or regular observance of time in the operation — the men enter the sewers and rake up the deposit, loosening it everywhere, so as to render the whole easy to be swept along by the power of the volume of water. The sewers generally are, in their widest part, provided with grooves, or, as the men style them, " framings." Into these framings are fitted, or permanently attached, what I heard described as " penstocks," but Avhich are spoken of in some of the reports as " traps," "gates," or "sluice gates." They are made both of wood and iron. By a series of bolts and adjust- ments, the penstocks can be fixed ready for use when the tide is highest in the sewer, and the volume of water the greatest. They then, of course, are in the nature of dams, the water having accu- mulated in consequence of the stoppage. The de- posit having been loosened, the bolts are with- drawn, when the gates suddenly fly back, and the accumulated water and stirred-up sewage sweeps along impetuously, while the men retreat into some side recesses adapted for the purpose. The same is done with each penstock until the matter is swept through the outlet. " To flush we generally go and draw a slide up and let a flush of water down," said one man to me, " and then we have iron rakers to loosen the stuff. We have got another way that we do it as well ; one man stands here, when the flush of water 's coming down, with a large board ; then he lets the water rise to the top of this board, and then there's two or three of us on ahead, with shovels, loosening the stuff — then he ups Avith this board and lets a good heavy flush of water come down. Precious hard work it is, I can assure you. I've had many a wet shirt. We stand up to our fork in the water, right to the top of our jack-boots, and sometimes over them." " Ah, I should think you often get over the top of yours, for you come home with your stockings wet enough, goodness knows," exclaimed his wife, who was present. " When there 's a good flush of Avater coming down," he resumed, "we're obligated to put our heads fast up against the crown of the sewer, and bear upon our shovels, so that we may not be carried away, and taken bang into the Thames. You see there 's nothing for us to lay hold on. Why, there was one chap Avent and lifted a slide right up, Avhen he ought to have had it up only 9 or 10 inches at the furthest, and he nearly SAvamped three of us. If we should be taken off our legs there 's a heavy fall — about 3 feet — ^just before you comes to the mouth of the seAver, and if we was to get there, the Avater is so rapid nothing could save us. When we goes to Avork we nails our lanterns up to the crown of the sewer. When the slide is lifted up the rush is very great, and takes all before it. It roars away like a wild beast. We 're always obliged to work according to tide, both above and beloAV ground. When Ave have got no water in the seAver Ave shovels the dirt up into a bank on both sides, so that when the flush of water comes down the loosened dirt is all carried aAvay by it. After flushing, the bottom of the sewer is as clean as this floor, but in a couple of months the soil is a foot to 15 inches deep, and middling hard." " Flushing-gates," an engineer has reported, " are chiefly of use in sewers badly constructed and Avithout falls, but containing plenty of Avater ; and they are of very little use Avhere the gate has to be shut 24 hours and longer, before a head of Avater has accumulated; but where intermittent flushing is practised, strong smells are often caused solely by the stagnation of the Avater or sewage while accumulating behind the gate." The most general mode of flushing at present adopted is not to keep in the Avater, &c., Avhich has flowed into the soAver from the streets and houses, as well as the tide of the river, but to convey the flushing water from the plugs of the water companies into the kennels, and so into the seAvers. I find in one of the Reports acknow- ledgments of the liberal supplies granted for flush- ing by the several companies. The Avater of the Surrey Canal has been placed, for the same object, at the disposal of the SeAver Commissioners. It is impossible to "flush" at all Avhere a seAver has a " dead-end ; " that is, Avhere there is a " block," as in the case of the Keriilworth-street seAver, Pimlico, in Avhich five persons lost their lives in 1848. There is no difference in the system of flushing in the Metropolitan and City jurisdictions, except that for the greater facilities of the process, the City provides Avater-tanks in Newgate-market, where the heads of three sewers meet, and where the accumulation of animal garbage, and the fierceness and numbers of the rats attracted thereby, were at one time frightful ; at Leaden- hall-market, and elsewhere, such tanks were also provided to the number of ten, the largest being the Newgate-market tank, which is a brick cistern of 8000 gallons capacity. Of these tanks, hoAV- ever, only four are now kept filled, for this col- lection of Avater is found unnecessary, the regular LONDON LABOUR AND THE LONDON POOR. 427 system of flushing answering the purpose without them; and I understand that in a little time there will be no tanks at all. The tank is filled, when required, by a water company, and the penstocks being opened, the water rushes into the sewers with great force. There is also another point peculiar to the City— in it all the sewers are flushed regularly twice a week ; in the metro- politan sewers, only when the inspector pro- nounces flushing to be required. The City plan appears the best to prevent the accumulation of deposit. There still remains to be described the system of "j)^on(7z?i^," or mode of cleansing the open sewers, as contradistinguished from "^flushing," or the cleansing of the covered sewers. " When we go plonging," one man said, " we has long poles with a piece of wood at the end of them, and we stirs up the mud at the bottom of the ditches while the tide 's a going down. We has got slides at the end of the ditches, and we pulls these up and lets out the water, mud, and all, into the Thames." " Yes, for the people to drink," said a companion drily. " We 're in the water a great deal," continued the man. " We can't walk along the sides of all of 'em." The difference of cost between the old method of removal and the new, that is to say, between carting and flushing, is very extraordinary. This cartage work was done chiefly by contract and according to a Report of the surveyors to the Commissioners (Aug. 31, 1848), the usual cost for such work (almost always done during the night) was 75. the cubic yard ; that is, 7s. for the removal of a cubic yard of sewage by manual labour and horse and cart. In February, 1849 (the date of another Report on the subject), the cost of removing a cubic yard by the operation of flitshing, was but 8d. This gives the following result, but in what particular time, instance, or locality, is not mentioned : — 79,483 cubic j^ards of deposit removed by the contract flushing system, at 8d.	41,787
b30449534_3	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,705	Eight chirurgical treatises, on these following heads: (viz.) I. Of tumours. II. Of ulcers. III. Of diseases of the anus. IV. Of the king's-evil. V. Of wounds. VI. Of gun-shot wounds. VII. Of fractures and luxations. VIII. Of the lues venerea	Wiseman, Richard, 1622?-1676	English	Spoken	7,170	11,551	weak to this day. A Young-man aged about twenty years, riding a long journey in the heat 7-obfer« of Summer, put his blood into a ferment, which attested his Bridle-hand with great pain, and produced an Inflammation with Tumour in that Wrift. Tofuppura- remedy which, he was let blood in the other Arm, and the Part difeafed was^dinthe embrocated with ol. rof. cum aceto, and an Em pi. e bolo was applied ; and the Axm* fecond day after he was purged with an Infuf. fena , &c. The Swelling encrea- ling with Inflammation and hardnefs, the moderate repelling and difcutient Cataplafm ex malv. pariet. plant ag. &c. was applied. But this Patient being of a very ill habit of body, the Tumour encreafed, and colle&ing more round, Ihewed its inclination to fuppurate : wherefore I left out the Repellents, and added rad. lilior. albor. &c. by the application whereof it fuppurated in few days after. I opened it by Cauftick, and difcharged a proportionable quan¬ tity of Matter well concodted, and haftened the fall of the Efcar by Lenients. During the Fluxion (which was in the Wrift amongft the Tendons) he com¬ plained of a forenefs in that Axilla , but took little notice of it, till, after the opening this, ( the pain diminilhing there ) he felt that in his Arm-pit more fore. I alfo felt a fmall Gland there, and applied an Empl. de mucilaginibus , fuppofing that would refolve it. After the feparation of the Efcar, whilft I was digefting that Abfcefs, he was again purged : but the Swelling encreafed in the Axilla , and fuppurated, and was likewife opened by Cauftick, and en¬ deavours ufed to digeft that. But whilft the former Abfcefs cured, this latter became more crude and finuous, and the Patient was feized with a Rigour, and a Fever followed ; for the Cure of which, he was let blood again and pur¬ ged, by Dr. Walter Needham's prefcription, with an Infufion of fena in a decott. tamarindor. with the addition of manna, fyr. de pomis purg. (0 fyr. de fpina cervina. By the repeating of this he was freed of his Fever, but the Ab. fcefs would not digeft three days together by any application : upon which confideration we prefcribed him decofl. far fee, lign, Guajaci , &c. By the D 2 drinking 20 Of Inflammation , or Phlegmon. Book I drinking thereof a few days, the Abfcefs digefted, and healed foon after to a wonder. 2. obfer- A Maid of about twenty-eight years old, of a grofs body, 'received by ac« °facident a blow on her right Bread:, it fwelled, and grew hard and painful, fbppunr After feveral applications, the hardnefs and pain rather encreafing, ihe fufpe- ted in the &ing a Cancer, came to me. I viewed it, but faw no Symptoms of it. I Breaft* embrocated it cum oleo & aceto rofac. and applied an Empl. de minio cum fa^ pone , and the day after let-her-blood, and then purged her with Whey, Manna and Cremor Tartar ; by which the hardnefs was feemingly refolved for fome time ,: but Ihe being irregular in her appetite, it fwelled again as when I firft faw it. Upon which confiderationl applied Emollients ; and feeing the Tumour encreafe, and (he impatient at the fight of it, I applied a Suppura¬ tive Cataplafm ex rad. & fol. althaa, rad. lilior. alb. &c. By the continued ufe of it in a few days it fuppurated well, and I opened it by Cauftick in the de¬ clining part, and difcharged a large quantity of Matter. I drefled the Abfcefs with Lenients, and continued the ufe of the Cataplafm till the Efcar fepara- ted : then I deterg’d with mundif. Paracelfi, and applied Empl. de mucilag. and fhortned the Tent. The Orifice growing lefs, and fome what of the hardnefs yet remaining, I put in a fhort Canicula of Lead, and kept the Orifice open, till the hardnefs was totally refolved, and that it matter’d very little or not at all ; then threw out the Tent, and applied a Pledgit of unguent, diapom- pholig. and permitted it to heal : which it did in few days. This was a pure Phlegmon, and lay deep in the Breaft, and owed its fpeedy Cure to the perfeG: Suppuration was made in it before the Opening. For otherwife fuch Abfceftes in large Breafts do frequently terminate in finuous Ulcers, and grow callous, by reafon of their laxity and want of natural heat. Obfer- A Gentleman of about fifty-fix years of age, ftanding long in the cold to fee vat. of 2 fome extraordinary Show, was taken with a pain above his left Hip, and the phlegmon. pecon(j day after fent t0 me for an Emplafter. The Meftenger not telling me the name of the Patient, nor where he lodged, I fent him an Emplafi. e bdlo, 1 proper to refill:, and defend a Part from Fluxion. The fourth day after he fent to me for another Emplafter, ftgnifying to me that his pain was much en- creafed ; and two days after fent for me. I went, and faw a large Tumour lying upon the Ilion backwards, with great Inflammation and hardnefs, with all the Symptoms of a Phlegmon near its ftate. I directed a Cataplafm to be made ex fummitat. malvce, lifmalvce, abfinthii , fior.fambuci, meliloti , fern, lint, fcenugraci , far. hordei , with an addition of mel. commun. ol, cham. ruitell. ovor. & croc, and in the interim let him blood, and advifed aClyfter to be admi- niftred that afternoon. If this perfon had been of a temperate life, and been let blood when he fent for the firft Emplafter, this Tumour might have been happily repelled : but it was now too late to difcufsit: yet I repeated the appli¬ cation of that Cataplafm till I faw it more collected, and then I haftened Sup¬ puration, by one of the milder Suppuratives fet down in the method of Cure • by the ufe of which the Tumour was more collected and railed into a Cone, and by its pale colour and thinnefs of the skin gave an aflurancet)f a perfect Suppuration. Then I applied fome of the milder Cauftick, with a n Empl. diachyl. fimpl. over it, and the Cataplafm over all.' The next day I took off the Drefiings, with defign to divide the Efcar .: but it was done to my hands, and a large quantity of a well-digefted Matter was difcharged. I fomented the Abfcels with a Stupe wrung out of Milk, and drefled the Efcar with a Pledgit of unguent, bafilic. dipt in ol. rof. and continued the application of the Cataplafm. Thus in few days the fwelling aflwaged, and the Efcar le- parated. I then endeavoured Deterfion with mundif Par acelji ; but the Ab¬ fcefs Chap. III. Of Inflammation, or Phlegmon. ai fcefs being large, and the Suppuration in the middle, and the Part not very capable of Bandage, there remained a large hollo wnels, which put me upon a neceffity of laying it more open, for the fpeedy effe&ing the Cure ; which I did with’ a pair of Probe-fciiTors. This work is necefiary in fuch large Phleg¬ mons ; and therefore it is, I fuppofe, that Sennertus places his Chapter de nulus next to that of a Phlegmon. After I had made this Incifion, I drefled it with that Digeft ive ex terebinth . cum vitello ovi , &c. and having digefted it, I incarned, by adding pulv. rad. iridis , arifloloch. rot . farcocol. &c. to the Di- geftive : and by the help of the Vitriol and Alume-ftones, unguent, tut 'ue and Emplajl . diachalciteos , I cicatriz’d it. In the time of the Civil Wars, a Gentleman in the Weft-country was oMer- forely pained with an Inflammation and Swelling upon the Ot llion on the left- fide. Someone applied aCataplafm to it of White-bread and Milk with gangrened Hogs-lard ; a Medicament proper to affwage Pain, but being applied in the imPr°‘ augment in a full Body, it relaxed the Parts, and made way for the influx and cations^ " encreafe of the Tumour. Upon further Complaint, fome other of his Ac¬ quaintance advifed the application of Houfeleek, &c. by which the native heat fuflocated, and the part gangrened. Sir Alexander Frajier, chief Phyfi- cian to His Majefty, and my felf were fetch’d, and faw the Tumour black, and lunk the compafs of the palm of a hand. We made deep Scarifications, and wafh’d it with a Solution of JEgjptiac. in fpir. vint, and filled the inci- fed parts, efpecially in the circumference between the found and gangrened parts, with Merc, pracipitat. and applied over all a Cataplafm, fuch as you will find fet down in the Chap, of Gangr&n. Where we had applied our Precipitate, we found a perfect white Matter : it was but little in quantity, but by the ufe of the fame Powder we faw the Mortification ftopt, and the Efcar in few days after feparated with good digeftion. The Ulcer was after¬ wards deterged with mundif. Paracelfi , and cured by Epuloticks, as in the Cure of Ulcers. As Phlegmons are fubjedt to Mortification, through unfeafonable application u. obfer. of Medicaments in time of their ftate ; fo alfo in fat Bodies they are apt to a gangrene after opening, if that Fat be not fpeedily digefted out. Thus it gangrened happened to a Perfon labouring of a Phlegmon on the Os facrum : After the dif- aftef charge of Matter, the Ulcer became crude and gangrened. Another Chirurgeon pemD§' was confulted, who fcarified the Abfcefs, and, by his warm applications, fup- pofed he had extinguilh’d the Mortification : but it appearing otherwife, I was fetch’d, and faw the lips and parts within gangrened and gleeting. We fcarified the lips ; but finding them to be gangrened more within than with¬ out, we pared them off round, then fcarified the Abfcefs within, and cut out the putrefied Fat, and with an armed Probe dipt in oleo garyophy tor. hot, clean- -0. fed the Abfcefs, and fill’d the Scarifications with Merc . prcecipitat. We then drefs’d up the Abfcefs with a mixture of unguent lafilicon & ol. terebinth, and applied Cataplafms and Fomentations, as is ufual in fuch cafes. The next day we came provided with aftual Cauteries, but found the Abfcefs warm, anddifpofing to digeftion in the lips and flelhy parts : and from that time it digefted well. But in the bafts of the Ulcer, where the Mortification had reached to the Periojleum, the flough feparated more flowly : but by the warm application of Lenients it came off, and the Ulcer happily incarned. Over-ftri£f Bandage is a frequent caufe of Phlegmont of which I do make ob fervation for the cautioning of the young Chirurgeons in the cafe of Fontanels. A Perfon of a plethorick body, aged about thirty years, being fubjedt to hot 12. obfer- Defluxions of fharp Rheum, was advifed to make a Fontanel in her Arm by Ban„ Cauftick. I applied the milder, with an Emplafter and moderate Bandage dage. to 22 • Of Inflammation] or Phlegmon. Book 1. to retain it on, with advice to flacken it, if there appeared caufe. The next morning Hie told me the Bandage had been eafie all the day, upon which account Hie had not Hackned it ; but it pained her in the night, and fwelled her Arm. It did not feem too (freight ; nay, I think if it bad been flacker, it would have dipt down her Arm, being taper grown : but the Tumour Hiewed the Bandage to be too hard, i loofened it, and took ofF the Cauftick ; where finding a fmall Efcar, I divided it, and drefs’d it with unguent, bafilic. with an Emplafier to retain it on, leaving the Arm at liberty* She was eafie that day ; but about twelve of the clock at night (he was waken’d with the pain, and Cent to me. The Fontanel not being in fault, I return’d her a glafs with ol. rof. cum aceto to Embrocate her Arm. The next morning I vi- fited her : there appeared lefs fulnefs and no heat, but (he complained of a numbnefs in her Hand. 1 left her to the ufe of the Oil : it wore o(Fin a day or two. After the feparation of the Efcar, I put in a Pea, and fitted it with Bandage : from which time it continued eafie. I forefaw this difturbance5 and advifed her to bleed and purge firft, but could not prevail. In fat flelhy Arms you may produce the like by a moderate Arid: Bandage, when the Humours are in a fermenting difpofition. The way to avoid fuch inconvenience, is firft to make evacuation by bleeding or purging j for from fuch little beginnings, great evils do follow. And if this Fontanel had been made by the lapis caujlicus , it had penetrated deep, and might by fuch a flux of Humours have been (hrewdly difturbed : or if it had been made by Incifion, it would have been inflamed ; and then the conclufion would have been, that it was made upon a Nerve or Tendon ; though poflibly in fuch fat Arms there is none within half an inch under it. 33. obfer- I (hall give you another inftance in a Gentleman who came out of the Country, and put himfelf into the hands of a Chirurgeon, in which cafe I Bandage, was confulted. The Tumour W3S in his left Arm upon the Biceps , and was caufed by over-ftrid binding of his Ifliie. It was raifed below the Bandage ; and as it abounded with Matter, it difcharged it felf into the Fontanel. The Cure was performed by the application of a Cauftick upon the lower part of the Tumour, and the Matter was let out by cutting deep into the Efcar ; after which it was digefted and incarned by the fame Chirurgeon, as in other Ab- fcefles is ufual. Many Inftances we have of this kind in Infants, who cannot exprefs their grievances, efpecially where Iflues are cut in their Arms : The Nurfes fome- times binding them too (lack, whereby the Pea Hides out, and the Ifliie being almoft clofed before the next drefling, they, to recover their errour, force in another, and by too hard Bandage raife a Tumour with Inflammation, to the great difturbance of the Child. 14. obfer- Thus, fomewhile fince, a Child in my neighbourhood was feized with an Gangrene Inflammation from the Shoulder down to the Elbow, and from thence an from over- osdematous Tumour reached to the Fingers-ends, the Fontanel it felf gan- cUee Ban Erened- I threw out the Pea, and fcarified the lips of the Ulcer, and dap’t it with ol. terebinth, hot with an armed Probe, and applied Pledgits dipt in a mixture of the faid Oil and unguent, baflicon ; and having fomented it well with a decott. alfinthii , &c. I applied a Cataplafm ex far. hordei& fabar. de¬ coded in Oxymel over that part of the Arm, and upon the remote parts I applied cerat. Galeni with good Bandage from the Hand upward. By this means the Humour was moderately reprefled, and breathed forth ; the Efcar alfo fepafated in the Fontanel : after which, the Ulcer incarned w ith common Sarcoticks, and the Ulcerations about it were cured by unguent, tutia, and fuch-like Bpuloticks. A Perfon Chap. III. Of Inflammation, or Phlegmon. A Perfon of about forty-five years of age, of a full body, lubjed to va-1^-0^ rious Difeafes from plenitude and cacochymia, as Lethargy, &c. was lately in danger of finking under an Apopledical-Fit, but was freed of it by atranfla -Eryfyeu* tion of thofe Humours into his right Leg, with great Pain, and an Inflam- mation of a deep red colour pofiefling only the skin ; but the Swelling was great, reaching from the gartering to the veryToes. It was Phlegmon Eryfi. pelatodes , and in his cafe required to be breathed forth by Medicaments of a temperate quality, yet fomewfat cooling. To which purpofe I prefently fomented it with Claret-wine, and applied ceratum Galeni over all the Leg, with a moderate Bandage ; then let him blood, and dire&ed him a Clyfter. The next morning I took ofl' the Dreflings, and found his Leg in a better condition. I bathed it with Claret-wine wherein I had boiled fummitat. ah - finthii , falvice , flor. famhuci, rof. ruh. and applied ceratum Galeni , as before, and continued that method fome days j he purging himfelf the while with Whey, Mama , and cremor Tartar . Thus the heat remitted, and the Swelling relaxed ; yet the Cuticula was fretted off in leveral parts, and I felt a fmall colle&ion of Matter under the skin on the infide of the Ankle ; which I gave vent to by an Apertion with a Lancet, and difeharged about a fpoonful of a thin white Matter. I applied a Pledgit of hafilicon upon it, and drefled the Vefi cations with unguent, tut ice ; by which, in three or four days, they were cured : after which, I put him a laced-Stockin on that Leg, whereby it was reduced to its right tone. I had made him Fontanels inter fcapulas here¬ tofore, which he continues to good purpofe. A Maid aged twenty-four years, was leized with a pain in her Head, and J^.0of Rigour of a Fever ; the fecond or third day Ihe had an Inflammation in her phlegmon right Leg a little above her Knee, and lb. downward. After leveral applica- ^filia¬ tions of Parfley, Butter, &c. I faw it. The Inflammation was in the Skin,- and reached down from the Knee in a red ftreak about four fingers breadth to the Inftep : That inflamed Skin was tenle, but feemed to have Matter lying under it. I made Apertion with a Lancet on the Knee, and difeharged a well-conco&ed white Matter. I then made another Apertion lower, and another in the lowed part, with like fuccefs : the blood alfo trickled down in good quantity from the little wounds in the skin. I permitted them to bleed, ihe having need of fuch an Evacuation ; then drefled them up with unguent, lajilici cum vitello ovi upon Pledgits of Lint, and applied cerat. Galeni over them, with convenient Bandage. The next day ihe was purged with Eleft. lenitiv. and her Leg was duped with decoft.falvicey let onicce, flor. rof. ruh. We drefled the Apertions as before. This Maid was lately come out of the Coun¬ trey, and, by reafon of the change of Air and courfe of life, abounded with Humours which required Evacuation : therefore during her Cure I let her blood, and purged her twice or thrice, by which ihe was reftored to health ; and the Matter having been fo opportunely let out, the Inflammation went ofl, and the Apertures cured by a few dreflings off unguent, tut ice. A Man aged about forty years, of a healthful complexion, hadening from iji ottfer: London (in the time of the lad: great Sicknefs) to his Houfe in the Countrey, by great journeys on Horfe-back, to avoid Infe&ion, which the Inns on the by Tran- Road were fubjed to, chofe to red; himfelf on his way, by lying down inflatioD’ the fields, whilfl his Horfe baited on the grafs near him. But having heated his body by journeying, he took cold by lying upon the ground, and in rifing felt a great pain in the region of his right Kidney, and returned to his Houle very ill. He confulted the Phyficians in his neighbourhood. Theyatfirfl fufpe<ded fome Difeafe in that Kidney : but there being no Symptoms of it in his Urine, they imputed it to other caufes, and prelcribed Remedies accor¬ dingly. ' Of Inflammation, or Phlegmon. Book I. dingly. But the Cure not fucceeding, they advifcd him to Buckflone-W aters in the County of Derby : whither he went, and returned more pained. I, being at that time in a neighbouring County, was fent for, and found him in his Bed much emaciated. From the region of that Kidney down to his Hip and Thigh, there appeared a more than ordinary fulnefs, and in that Groin there was a painful Swelling, in which there feemed to be Matter, but it lay deep : I applied to it a fuppurative Cataplafm ex foliis & rad. althace, rad. lilior. albor. &c. to fuppurate it. To the other pained Parts I applied Empl. e lolo. By the ufe of the Cataplafm, the Tumour in Inguine appeared daily more full of Matter, and feemed to me to be made by Tranflation ; therefore I did not attend a perfect Suppuration, but applied a Cauffick, and, cutting into the Efcar deep, difcharged a much greater quantity of Matter than that Cavity was capable of ; befides, by its foetid fmell, it feemed to have been long made. 1 dreffed it up with Lenients. From this Drefiing his pain lef- fened ; but the Matter which difcharged daily from it was very much. I made a fearch with a Probe, and felt it pafs under the Pubes into the Mufcle Pfoas, (as I conjedrured : ) upon fight of which, I contented my felf in keep¬ ing the Orifice open for the difcharge of the Matter, and prefcribed him Vul- neraries. The fulnefs from the region of that Kidney to the Hip continuing exceeding painful, I made a Seton upon the latter, hoping thereby to give a vent to that Humour. The firfl three or four days it Matter’d little ; but afterwards, in drawing the Seton, the Matter burft forth in great quantity : upon fight whereof I cut the two Orifices into one, and took out the Seton, and drefied it up with Lenients. This was a foetid purulent Matter, and feemed to be of the fame kind with the other which difcharged from his Groin. His next great complaint was of a pain in the region of that Kidney. I fuppofing that the original Matter might arife from thence, and pafs inwardly to the Groin, and outwardly to the Hip, thought, if I could give a vent there, it might poffibly intercept the Matter in its courfe to the other Abfcefies. I therefore applied a Cauftick upon the mofl likely part. The firfl four or five days after the divifion of the Efcar there appeared no Matter ; but before it was quite fe- parated it made its way plentifully out, and the other Abfcefies were more governable, and the Patient w;as certainly much relieved. Obervatio cafus non vulgaris de Sarcomate in Arteria Axillari reperto, communicata a Cl. viro Ed. Duke , M. D. r- Die 50 Aprilis, Puella quad am i<5m amor urn , Filia Nobilis Viri, febrici - tavit , & cap it e dole bat. Die fequente de cervice rigid a & dolente conquefta fuit. Tertia Tumor occupavit humerum. Quarto vocatus adfui , Pebre labor antem in¬ vent, (f? Tumor e circa humerum gravat am. Huic menfes paulp antea fubflite- runt , 01 fallaci impetu in majfam fanguinis traclufli ejus molem adauxerunt, colli - ftfque ad invicem particulis putridis Febrem excitaverunt , cujus ope natura par¬ tem fanguinis concitati duflilifque in humerum ( fui levandi caufa ) trayflulit , Apparatus fane pro Phlegmone notha ftruenda idoneus. Hifce perpenjis , Revulflo inflituitur per phlebotomiam in latere oppojlto , pramijfo Clyjlere , necnon dijcu- tientia Tumor i adhilentur , Febrifjue pro more fuo tr aflat ur. Septimo die Chirur - gum Chap. IV. Of Tumours from Milk- 25 qum vocavi Artis peritiffimum, Dominum R. Wifeman. Ad trutinam res denue revocatur ; & ex incite at is ducimur Revulfionem re pet ere, placi deque per media conferentia bumorem ducere, fine radio & incommodo Suppurationis. Elapfo autem biduo adfunt Abficejfus maturefeentis indicia , & commodum fatis Materia in muficulo Deltoide circa ejus initium prafentiam fui teftabatur , cut per Caufii- cum datur exit us, Apert 0 Apojlemate, effluxit illico pus laudalile , quod per izr tervalla debit a & partitim fuit'eliminatuw. Tertio pofi apertionem die conjificn- tia Materia tenuior & male olens quint 0 autem in faniem deserter, cum fat ore infigni & cadaverofo. Chirurgus ad mundificaniia progreditur : fed fub exa¬ mine cav.it at is occur r it nefcio quid grumofum , feu pot ins denfa & thromlo ma- gis ccharens fubjlantia cruenta. Stylo igitur exploratorio undiquaque per A6- fcejfus cavernam circumatto, duttus verfus interior a detegitur t caute interim trallatur ulcus , ne f antes ejfufior vires attereret : ultro tamen per nodis intervalla ejfunditur, (0 certitudinem erofi vafts confirmavit. Jam tandem Catarrbo perpe- tim in fauces depluente, apbtbis os (9 gulam obfi dent ibus, Felreque feint til ante in Materia maligna , qua fparfa & indomabilis fub uniformi natura concoquentis opificio fubigi rectffavzt , virtus vitalis fatifeit , & morbus infolens vigtfimo primo ab invafione die natura triumpbavit. Aperto c ad aver e, ecce, cruentum illud coaqulum feu figmentum fanguinis ad later a clavicula confpicitur , perque femitam prteria axillaris frequenti hujus fubjlantia confpedu ducimur redo, ad cordis ventriculum finiflrum ; quo loci ad ovi columbini magnitudinem congejlum inve- rtimus Sarcoma pellicula den ft circumvejlitum. CHAP. IV, Of T umours from Milk. MILK (though I cannot fay that it is often the matter) is certainly the Gccafion of many Tumours of divers kinds. I know Authors make it the material Caule of many of the Dileafes of the Breads but fuch Men mud be underdood warily. For if by Milk , in this Affertion, they mean Milk actually generated, and feparated from the Blood, then I know but few cafes in which that can be fuppofed to be the matter of a Di- demper ; for when it is in that condition, it is laid up ip certain tubuli ladei , which, being fpread all over the Bread, do unite their branches after the manner of Veins, dill growing into bigger trunks, till they do end at lad ip the Nipple. Now the motion of this Milk being de vafis miuoribus in major a^ what is once feparated from the Blood in the Glands of it into thofe Vedels, hath nothing to dop its progrefs till it comes to the very place of its exit from the Nipple. If any Stop preternaturally happen, as the comprcdion of the Veflel by fome Tumour of a Glandule, or the like, then indeed a varicofity of the ladbeous Vedels may arife : of which cafe you may fee an Obfervation in the Chap, of Varix. This cafe is rare ; but there be others very frequent 2 viz. That the Glan¬ dules through which Milk is feparated, may either, through fault of the Fer¬ ment by which they make that reparation, produce divers variety of Did’em- £ . . pere. I Of Tumours from Milk. Book I. pers, or through an indifpofition of their Pores not permit a due percolation of it from the Blood. When any of thefe things happen, there is a diftur- bance in the Circulation, and Fluxion doth arife, which foon prcduceth a Tumour fuitable to the Humour fo Birr'd up ; viz. Phlegmon, Oedema, Scir r rhus, Scrophula , yea, fometime Cancer. This Difcourfe may ferve for a general Account of the Caufes of the Milky Tumours of the Bread:, and may eafily be enlarged to fuch particular cafes as may emerge. The Differences may thus be enumerated. If the Ferment of the Bread; be over-a£live and vigorous, it feparates Milk with too great violence, caufing thereby an over-fermentation in the Part, which ufually producer h al Phleg¬ mon, if the ferum be hot, or partake much of Blood : otherwife it raileth an Oedema ; or, if Matter difpofe to coagulation, a Scrophula : which are the mod frequent fpecies of Tumours generally reputed to arife from Milk. Any of thefe three may degenerate into a Scirrhus, and that Scirrhus into a Cancer. The Signs are vifible. If the fird happen, there are all the Symptoms of a Phlegmon, heat, rednefs, tendon, pulfation, &c. if the fecond, large didenfion, with pain, but no heat : if a Scrophula , then hard kernels are eafily felt and didinguilhed, &c. Tumours made by the over-eagernefs of the la&eous Ferment go eafily o(T, if no other Symptom attend them : fucking and drawing the Bread, for the mod part, difchargeth the Milk as fad as it can be generated, and then all the evil is over. But if the Fermentation produce any diforder in the Blood, the Patient finds more or lefs of danger, according to the quality of the Tumour produced: viz. a Phlegmon endangereth them of a Fever ; oedematous Tu¬ mours are apt to grow ulcerous, and fometimes fcrophulous and fcirrhous, , and become long of Cure, &c. Diet. Forafmuch as it freque Jy happeneth to Women in Child-bed, that their Breads do extraordinarily lvvell, by reafon of the abundance of Milk which floweth into them, and that it dirreth up Inflammations, Apodemations, &c. therefore their Diet ought to be f!ender,and of fuch quality as may lefs difpoie the Humours to ferment : to which purpofe I fhall refer you to the regulation prefcribed in a Phlegmon. Cure of a The Medicaments proper to diminifli the Milk, are Lettice, Purflane, in^the°n Endive, Succory, Smallage, &c. The Seeds of Wild-Rue, Cummin, Bafil, Breaft. powder’d and given to the quantity of 3j. daily in Broth, will dry up the Milk, as Authors write. The Milk is ufually drawn out of the Breads by the Infant’s lucking them : but in cafe the Child be fo weak it cannot fuck, or doth not enough empty them, fome others are to be admitted to help them ; or they may put young Whelps to fuck them, or fome neighbouring Woman. But the Mother may draw her own Breads her felf by an Indrument fold for that purpofe. The Tumour made by the Milk, is redrained by the application of Night- ftiade, Lettice, Plantane, Vine- tops, Bramble-buds, Horfe-tail, &c. or ol. rof. myrtill. cum aceto , &c. as we ufually treat Phlegmons in the beginning. It may be difcuded by the application of Mints, Catmints, Rhue, fern, fee- nugrcec. cumini , foeniculi, &c. or dried up by the applying cloths dipt in aqua calcis, or a Solution of facchar. Saturni in aqua fpermat. ranar. during which time fine Tow may be fprinkled with Cerufe, and applied to the Arm- pits. But in the beginning of Fluxion we are rarely confulted. Where I have by chance come in to Women that have been much pained with fwelling in their Breads from Milk, I have applied Emplafi. e halo , or a Cataplafm of far. hordei , falar. lentium, decoded in cxjmel , or cerat. 2 6 Differen¬ ces. Signs. Progno- flick. Chap. IV. Of T umour’s from Milk . if cerat. oxelaum, or fantalium, and at the fame time Tow dipt in oxycrdte under their Arms. If the Inflammation be gone too far towards a Suppuration, (which ufually is before we are called ) then it muft be promoted with Suppuratives, and open’d by Incifion or Cauflick, and treated as a Phlegmon hath been. Where the Swelling hath been hard, and not inflamed, Ifc fummitat. ahfinth.Care of fulv. 3ij. fern, lent turn , fanugraci, fwniculi, an. 5j. fuc. by o fey am i ^ cicut. an. 5iij* tou^Ta- unguent, dialthaee 5ij. axung. anatis , anferis , an.5j.fevi cervini 5lj. ftyracis mours of liquid* cerce q.f fiat Ceratum. theEreaft Cicuta boil’d in Wine and beaten up with axung. porcin. refolves the hard- Caution, nefs in the Breads ; but applied alone, flirs up heat, and ulcerates the Skin. Green Mints or Chickweed are common applications, and of good ufe, either alone, or mix’d with other Medicaments, in all the hard Swellings of the Bread occafion’d by Milk/ All Empladers applied to the Breads ought to have a hole fnipt in them for the Nipples, led they be fretted by them ; spe¬ cially that the Milk may be drawn forth while the Medicaments lie on. A Young Gentlewoman endeavouring to dry up her Milk when .it was i. obfer- toolate, put her Bread upon Apodemation. I preferibed her an Ano~vat dyne Cataplafm, and a day or two after applied a Caudick, and gave vent to the Matter ; then drefled the Efcar with unguent, hafilic. and applied cerat. di- althace over the whole Bread, and left her of the fame Medicaments to drefs herfelf with, and once in two or threLe days vifited her. After the Efcar fe- parated, and the Matter was well difeharged, I drefs’d her with unguent, dia- pompholyg. and left her of the fame to finilh the Cure. Many of thefc, where the Matter hath lain fuperficial, I have cured as eafily. A Young Woman, after Child-bed, was vexed with a Swelling in her Bread. 2* °bler-. One was fetch’d who podefs’d her Relations that it was a Cancer, and treated vat‘ her accordingly. But her Bread growing more painful, her Father, nvieh apprehending the danger of fuch aDifcafe, came to Six Fran. Pr. and acquain¬ ted him with his Daughter’s Didemper, and the Judgment that had been given of it ; dedring that he would indantly go with him to fee his Daugh¬ ter. The Phyfician, wary in giving his Judgment in Chirurgery where there might happen any difpute, advifcd the Father to take me along with them. We went together, expecting to fee a Cancer in the Bread t we found her in bed bemoaning her condition. I viewed her Bread, and faw it very big and inflamed, and felt it all apodemated, and the Matter perfectly well fuppurated, the Skin thin and ready to break. I could fcarce believe what I felt and faw. I declared the dwell’d Bread to be a Phlegmon well fuppura¬ ted, and fit to open. The Phyfician look’d and felt it ; but, being prepof- fefs’d with the contrary, did not readily give credit to what he felt. 1 then propofed the applying a Cataplafm of White-bread and Milk, alluring them before morning they Ihould find a Porrenger-full of Matter difeharged. They confented unto it. We took our leaves, and left them to apply it : They did fo ; and the next morning the Old Gentleman made the Phyfician a Vifit, and confirmed the truth of what I had foretold ; and by the ufe of unguent, hafilic. cured it without farther trouble. The Matter being well fuppurated, and a convenient Opening made for difcharge, they generally heal of themlelves, if the habit of Body be good : but where it is otherwife, or irregularly treated, there it is vexatious in the Cure. While I was dreffing a Patient in a Citizen’s houfc, I was defired to look 3. obfcr- upon the Bread of the Gentlewoman of the houfe. She had lately Lain-in,*** E x and 28 Of Tumours from Milk. Book I. and from abundance of Milk; and ill handling, her right Breaft had been apo¬ ftemated, and was broken out in many holes. A Woman famous in the City for Dreffing Sore-Breafts, was her Chirurgeon. I obferved, that the Breaft had at firft broke in the upper-part in a fmall pin-hole ; and the Matter, not ha¬ ving had fufficient diicharge, had fubfided, and fo made the other Openings, and afterwards palled an inch lower than any of the Openings, and could not be difcharged otherwife than as it fill’d up the Sims, and ran over, or was prefs’d from below upward with her hand. By this .means the Breaft conti¬ nued inflamed and apoftemated ,• infomuch as it was impoflible to cure it by that method till it had apoftemated the whole Breaft. I pitied the Patient, and wondred that a Woman fo famed for fuch Cures could be fo ignorant, and yet preferve her Credit with that Sex. I ihewed the Patient the caufe of her pain, and the unlikelihood of being fuddenly cured by fuch a Chirurgeon, and prevailed with her to permit me to lay on a Cauftick on the depending Part ; and having made an Efcar the compafs of a Three-pence, open’d it, and gave vent to the Matter, and left her a little unguent, bafilic. to apply daily upon that Orifice, and fome unguent, tut 'ue to drefs the reft. By the ufe of which lhe was cured in few days, without more Dire&ions from me. Yet the good Gentlewoman, I dare fay, is of fo kind a nature, as lhe would quarrel in defence of her She-Chirurgeon. obfervat. A young Gentlewoman, after Child-bed, being indifpofed in her health, her left Breaft became difeafed, and fwell’d. They contented themfelves with fuch help as thofe about them could afford. But after fome days it growing more painful and fwelled, the Apothecary brought in his Brother, who endea¬ voured Suppuration, and after fome while gave vent to the Matter, and pro¬ ceeded in the Cure : But while he was dreffing that Opening, the Fluxion encreafed, and other Abfceftes were raifed, and from the feVeral Apoftema- « ■" tions ftnuous Ulcers were afterwards made. Thus the work became difficult. I was confulted. In the pulling out one of the Tents, a thin white Matter iffiued out in great quantity : my Brother-Chirurgeon call’d it Milk ; but I thought it Matter, and obferv’d the Abfcefs to have begun deep in the body of the Glands, which, through length of time corrupting them, rendred the Swelling hard ; and the Tent flapping in the Matter between Dreffings, had occafioned that large difcharge we then met with. The method of Cure con¬ fided in the enlarging of that Orifice where the Matter feem’d to be detain’d, and then to proceed with Deterfives, &c, They entertained me in the Cure, and 1 continued my Brother-Chirurgeon. We began with the application of a Cauftick to the Part round about the Orifice, flopping the hole with Lint ; by which means in a fhort time we made an eafte way for the Matter, and Law no reafon afterwards to think it Milk. As the Efcar feparated, a Fungus thruft forth, which we fprinkled with pulv.pr<ecipit. ruh. dreffing up the Efcar with unguent, lafilic. and the other Openings with unguent, diapomphol. and cerat. dialthaa over ail. Affer a more full reparation of that Efcar, we, obferving the Fungus to rife more large, ap¬ plied a Stupe wrung out of a dec oft. fummttat. alfinth . rutce , menth. flor. rof. rub. falaufl. made in Wine and Water ; and the while fent for .feme chalcanthum , which we applied upon th z Fungus, and Pledgits of unguent, tuti# over the ul¬ cerated parts. The fecond day after, we took off'Dreffiings, and ‘found an Efcar made by the Catheretick, which we thruft off, and drelfed it again with the fame, and continued the ufe of Efcaroticks. During thofe applications, we applied over the Breaft the Empl. e bolo to reftrain the Influx ; but yet the Fungus encreafed upon us, and raifed a Swelling between that and the other Orifices, Upon which confideration we applied a large Cauftick upon that v Swel- Chap. V. Of Abfcffes and Corrofive V leers. 29 Swelling, which laid fome of the other Orifices into this ; then divided the Efcar, and dreffed it up with Lenients, and covered the Fungus with Efcaro- ticks,' where-ever it began to thrud out, by which it was kept down. But after' the reparation of this latter Efcar, we feeing the Fungus great, and the way of extirpating it by Efcaroticks flow, and fearing the ill confequences of it, i prels’d with my finger under -it, and at once broke into it, and pulled it out in pieces ; then fill’d up the place with Merc, preecip . and mundif Paracel f. upon Pledgits, with the aforefaid Emplad. over the whole Bread, and bound it up. The lecond day after that we opened it again. And by this fame method often repeated, we fubdued the remainder of the Fungus , and raifed a firm hafts on which we incarned, with an addition of pulv. rad. trees , myrrba,far~ cocollce to the foremention’d Mundicative ; and then applied cerat. Agrippa over the Bread, and in few days cicatrized it with a fmooth Cicatrix , the lips falling in by the benefit of nature, which was affided the while byTrauma- tick Decoitions, &c. as in fuch cafes is ufual* It happeneth very often, when we have cured one Bread, the other fwel- $.obfer* leth, from the abundance of Milk, and grows hard, and apodemates. Some-™1, times we ' have both Breads thus difeafed at one time. Such was the cafe of a Gentlewoman in Cler kernel ; both her Breads had been long fwelled, and after apodemated, by reafon of the pain ; feveral Abfcedes were made and their Matter difeharged by fuch Openings. In progrefs of time the Ulcers be¬ came finuous and callous, with induration of the Glands. I was entertained her Chirurgeon, and began my work with Fomentations and Cataplafms difeutient and refolving,as rad. (if fol. althaea, hyofcyami,fummit.cicutce, mentha, rut<&, flor.famhuci, fem.fosnug. Uni, &c. with far. lentium, hordei, axung.porc. anatis, anferis , &c. and in dilating the Orifices, and deterging with mundif Paracef , with Merc, pracip. and alumert, as I faw caufe. While I was thus trying my endeavours by the method abovefaid, new didurbances arofe within, which put me upon the necedity of laying fuch places open by Caudick as might bed lerve for the difeharge of Matter. After fepa- ration of the Efcar, I again deterg’d and healed them, as hath been fhewed in fuch-like Ulcers. How they are to be treated when they are Strumous, Scirrhous, or Can¬ cerous, you may fee in their proper places. CHAP. V. Of Abfcejfes and Corrofive Zt> leers arifingfrom Diflempers of the Uterus in Child-bed. BU T it is not the Breads only that are troublelome to Women by the * frequent production of fuch painful Difeafes. The Uterus is ( though not altogether fo frequently, yet) much more terribly affedted in Child-bed, producing Fevers of very malignant and venomous natures, and foon making Phlegmons or worfe Tumours, lometimes in the Uterus itfelf,and fometimes in other parts of the Body, there being none of them on which the Uterine ferment hath not an influence. The exorbitances or degenerations of that, whether from a hurt in Labour, from part of the After-birth left behind, from Cold taken, or the Lochia dopped, do foon produce fuch virulent Di- dempers f 3° Caufes. Signs. Progno- ftick. Cure.	8,990
persecutionintu00youngoog_1	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,853	Persecution in Tuscany: a call for the protection of religious liberty throughout the world. A ...	Marianne Young	English	Spoken	7,255	9,002	Religious Persecution, its evils — First Italian Parliament — Speech on Toleration — Joy of the Italians on becoming possessed of Constitutional Privileges — Cos- tituente — Montanelli — The Grand Duke — Leopold's Character and Senti- ments — Radical Party in Power — Country Silent — Conversation between Grand Duke and Guerazzi — Flight of Leopold — Revolution — The Grand Ducal Arms destroyed — Restoration — Priests raise their Heads again — In- quiry of the Italians into the Religion of Protestants — Desirous of judging for themselves by reading the Scriptures — What is the Religion of the Bible ? — Eager demands for the Scriptures — Captain Pakenham prints 3,000 copies — Seized — Printer tried — Able defence by Adriano Mari — Just Principles of Religious Toleration laid dowp — Benelli, the Printer, condemned to pay a Fine of Fifty Crowns — Abstract of the Trial — Italian Preaching at the Swiss Chapel sanctioned by Government — Become alarmed at the numbers of Italians who flock to hear the Gospel — ^Write to the Consistory — Send gens d'armes to the Chapel — Cite before the Police those Italians who attend — The Prussian Minister, under whose protection the Swiss Chapel is, writes to sus- 1 pend the Italian service — The Swiss Minister, fearing for his own flock, obeys — Private Meetings continued for prayer and reading the Scriptures — A young Waldensian Minister surprised while reading the Scriptures one Sunday with twelve Young Men — Eight days after, Mr. Malan turned out of Tuscany — Mr. Geymmenat imprisoned, chained, dragged from Prison to Prison for Six Days — Count Guicciardini cited before the Police, imprisoned, ,, and exiled with several others — The Madiai case, cruel and bitter — Treache- ^ rous use of the Confessional Espionage — Suggestion of a Protest from England in favour of Religious Liberty. APPENDIX. I. Martini, Archbishop of Florence — Account of his Translation of the Bibl His History and Superstition — Session of Bishops held in 1787 during the reign of Pietro Leopoldo — Judicious Ecclesiastical Reforms proposed by the Grand Duke, opposed by the Bishops and by Rome — Anecdote of Romish Contrivance. II. Count Guicciardini's ancestor, the Historian ; an Aristocratic Family always opposed to popular rule. III. Pietro Carnisecchi, a Florentine Martyr, given up by Cosmo I. to the Pope — His Reward — Extract from Ranke's " History of the Popes." IV. Extract from an Encyclical letter of the Pope. > RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION IN TUSCANY. Sib, — Your spirited exposure of the cruelties exercised on the Neapolitan prisoners has touched a chord of sympathy which thrills throughout Italy. For, alas ! Naples is not the only place where oppression rules, anjd persecution is rife. No ! the whole breadth and length of the land bleeds under the fangs of its oppressors, Piedmont alone excepted, which has nobly set its face with steady and hopeful progress towards Constitutional freedom. As you have been so feelingly the advocate of civil freedom, you cannot. Sir, be indifferent to persecution on religious grounds, well knowing that civil and religious liberty are twin privileges which can never remain long apart ; and if there be any difference in the honour and observance due to these great pillars of human civilization, I should say religious liberty stands first as the fount of strength, from whence the other grows and flourishes: and perhaps, it is because this, the great prerogative of intelligent man, is not fully understood on the continent, that the nations most distinguished for native talent, lie enslaved in the bonds of superstition, or tossed about by every fickle wave of human opinion. Italy, formed for greatness by the high tone and splendid talents of its inhabitants, reaches not to that which she seeks, from no visible defect in the national character, but is kept down by the debasing influence of her religion, which crushes every independent feeling and opinion. Confession, to a despised and dishonoured race of men, leads to a system of espionage that shakes all confidence between man and man, and produces an iron rule which makes even the best men hypocrites. You will allow. Sir, that nothing can be more revolting to an independent mind than the having a religion forced on you by persecution. Our forefathers, who have bled and suffered in this sacred cause, have taught us never to submit to such a yoke ; but in Italy these, B the first principles of manly action, are not in any degree under- stood. There may be a difference of opinion as to the form of government, suitable or feasible in different lands; but it can never be a matter of doubt whether a man^s soul is his own, or whether or not he is responsible to God his Maker, or to a hireling priest, a creatui'e like himself, for the " deeds done in the body whether they be good or bad." You cannot, Sir, have visited Italy without taking an interest in the once peaceful Grand Duchy of Tuscany, for twenty-five years governed by the mildest of Princes, but now groaning under a foreign yoke, the shelter of whose bayonets permits persecution to stalk forth ; and, backed by a new concordat with Rome, to extinguish every ray of Gospel light. In proof of these assertions, a simple narrative of facts may not be unacceptable. Having resided where this iniquitous system is carried on, I pledge myself for the accuracy of what I state. In order that you may fully understand the nature of the persecu- tions going on in Tuscany, I must look back and give a slight sketch of the changes which have taken place there during the last four years. Those, who like you. Sir, desire the welfare and progress of the whole human race, must have watched with breathless interest the liberal principles of the first Italian parliament established in Tuscany, in the year 1848, where difference of rehgion was no bar to being a deputy, and all were eligible who possessed the necessary qualifications. Leopold II., now so cast down and heart-broken, was then hailed the " Father of his people ;" Jiis opening speech was both dignified and affectionate ; and the answer or address to the throne was full of grateful attachment and joyful expectation. During the debate on the reply to the Grand Duke^s speech, the Archbishop of Florence asked an explanation of the following paragraph: "That which was conceived and begun by your immortal ancestor, you have had the glory to bring to a happy issue,: — civil liberty, political and religious toleration, industry encouraged, commerce enlarged, education improved, all render a bright testimony to the enlightened goodness with which you have governed your people, upon whom you have now bestowed a free constitution, which unites the blessings of former days to the benefits of a new and better order of things." It was the words " religious toleration/^ so new to Romish ears, which the Archbishop wished explained. Senator Centofanti replied, that it was meant to secure toleration to all, but not to encourage that lawless freedom which seeks to overturn the great principles and funda- mental truths of Catholicism. Capponi, in answer to a remark of Fenzi's, expressed the same sentiment ; and to avoid any misconception of the paragraph, proposed to insert the words "toleration of different religious communions/* Thus it would not remain doubtful whether tolerance of principle was meant, or only tolerance of different forms of worship ; and that, while protecting a state or national religion, all other communions were left free to follow the dictates of their conscience. We must bear in mind this deliberate act of the Legislature, when we come to speak of the bitter persecutions carried on by the government in 1850 and 1851,* against men of spotless character and high moral worth, for the simple act of reading the Holy Scriptures, that Divine charter of human salvation, the foundation of all faith and Christian principle. It is not here my purpose to enter fully into the political history of Tuscany during those two eventful years, when all Italy was roused at the cry of liberty; and when, in the short space of twenty days, three constitutions were granted by their several princes to three separate states. No one who has not been an eye-witness of the exuberant joy which these constitutional privi- leges excited, can fully understand the intoxicating influence which the prospect of national independence and personal liberty produced. It was beautiAil to see the fraternal union which seemed to kindle a flame of love in every heart, like prisoners long pent up in darkness, rejoicing in the light of day. Joy of a deep and holy nature thrilled through the whole body politic ; the strongest nerves were moved ; and persons, strangers to each other, were seen shaking hands, and embracing in the street, rejoicing in the great national boon conferred : the naturally amiable dispo- sition of the Italians appeared in its fairest colours, and the whole country seemed overflowing with delight. So far all was well ; there are moments of exuberancie in the history of our lives; and we know that these are not always moments for actions of the soundest discretion. Unhappily, Italy, so long oppressed by • Still going on with unrelenting severity. absolute power, had secretly nursed within her bosom a republican or radical party, an enemy to all government, but that of the many ; and the country having acquired so much more than it ever dreamed of possessing, was like a child who thinks it can have all it asks or cries for. Without practical experience in the ai-t of government, the most audacious gained the mastery. The Costituente, that federal dream, became the watchword of a party, and overturned the constitution, but lately received with so much ecstasy. Leghorn rose in open rebellion ; and the Grand Duke was induced to believe, that by calUng into his councils Guerazzi, but recently a state prisoner for something very like sedition, he would be able to keep down the radical party. This false step, taken from timidity, sealed the ruin of the country, and blasted the fair hopes given by the constitution. The Costituente was the work of the Ultra-republican party ; who, with France and America in their eye, wished to concoct for Italy something similar to their forms of goverament, with the secret view of destroying the principle of monarchy altogether, in the vain hope that a repre- sentative union of all the Italian states would produce an universal feeling of national unity, and thus make of Italy a great and independent nation. It is foreign to my purpose to trace how the democratic party crept into power ; how they harangued in the clubs and held out to the people the bait of universal suffrage ; how they trooped tumult- uously to the Cathedral, mocking God by their lip-service, and got up rumours of approaching dangers which the Costituente alone could avert. Montanelli, when made Governor of Leghorn, first broached the idea in the form of a popular oration, than which nothing could be more vague. He began by saying he was democratic, national, and Christian ; told them " the day of privileged classes was over, and the day of the people begun.^^ After this seducing sentence, 'he qualifies what may seem too bold, by saying, '^ By the word, people^ I mean the whole chain of social being : we are all people.^^ Giuseppe Montanelli, thus suddenly raised to political power^ was a professsor of law in the university of Pisa; he had just returned from the Austrian Camp, where he had been detained a prisoner for several months. He fell severely wounded in the engagement of Curtatone, and was so long missing, that he was mourned as dead^ and requiems were sung for the peace of his soul ;* both at Florence and at Figline^ his native place^ he had been lauded to the skies as a hero who had lost his life in his country's cause ; and when he reappeared on the scene^ he was received as one raised from the dead, and welcomed with loud plaudits by the people. His imprisonment in the fortress of Mantua had made him an object of interest^ even to the ladies, and some very eloquent billets, composed of flowers, had been sent him during his imprisonment. One lady, it is said, followed him to Florence with the hope that gratitude might ripen into a sentiment warm enough to be sealed at the altar ; but another had a prior claim, a widow lady of the name of Parra, the mother of a young man who fell dead at Montanelli^s side at the battle of Curtatone, and soon after the marriage was solemnised. Did we not know that the softest characters often commit the greatest cruelties, we should be surprised how Montanelli, a man of only thirty-six years of age, of a mild countenance, with soft hazel eyes, and agreeable manners, could put himself at the head of a movement in which such stormy popular passions were embarked. The Costituente seems to have been his peculiar darling ; it came warm from the republican Jonge and Mazzini, and his friends no doubt assisted in framing it. ism on their country^ it having lost the first fair opportunity it had ever enjoyed of tasting the blessings of a constitutional government. The Grand Duke Leopold II. (with a paternal wish to please his people); rather yielded to circumstanees^ than voluntarily granted constitutional reforms. No longer a young man, and never a very bright one, these reforms were personally painful to him, as they dis- turbed all his old habits and occupations. Under the former regime, everything passed under the eye of the sovereign ; he was acquainted with the most minute details, and was the source of all grace and favour : he scarcely ever refused a reasonable request; so that he found it a real privation to give up all legislative responsibility : his occupa- tion was gone, and he was devoid of that enthusiasm for bold and liberal principles, which would have made him take the lead (like the King of Sardinia) of the constitutional movement, and by holding the reins in his own hands, arrest the ambition of unruly demagogues, who embittered the mind of the sovereign and turned the chariot wheels which were so triumphantly progressing towards rational liberty back into the old beaten course of abhorred abso- lutism : and with it came those stinging evils, a system of espionage, a fettered press, and religious persecution, under which Tuscany now groans. In justice to the Grand Duke we may say, that when the demo- cratic ministry was forced on him, the country failed in its duty to defend their Prince and their constitution. The Chamber of Deputies, but lately established as the representatives of the state, the senators, chosen by the Prince, were silent, when they ought to have risen unanimously as the voice of one man against the Cos- tituente which virtually destroyed the constitution they were there to maintain : so that however much the weight of the coun- try's ruin falls on the Grand Duke, he is not alone to blame, nor was he the only person who wanted courage in the moment of danger. Tormented, and literally badgered by the democratic opinions of Guerazzi and Montanelli, the Grand Duke resolved to fly ; the popular party had been gradually drawing their snares closer round him from day to day, and it would seem, from a con- versation recorded by Guerazzi, in his ^^ Defence' lately published at Florence, that the Grand Duke quietly swallowed all they * "Apologia della Vita Politica di F. D. Guerazzi," p. 126. forced upon him with the feeling that it could last but a short time. I give a translation from Guerazzi : " In the first conference I had with the Grand Duke, I asked him what were the conditions on which we took office. Grand Dukb. " What, has not Montanelli told you ? '' GusRAZZi. "Yes, certainly/* I answered, "he has laid them before me, but I beg to have them confirmed by your Highness. The Grand Duke then declared with his own lips that the pro- gramme of the new ministry was to be M ontanelli^s Costituente ; and this he said without hesitation or reserve, and without a hint at any limitations whatever. I felt quite struck, and I remember to have added, ^ Your Highness, I desire above all things to be straightforward.' The Grand Duke said, ^And I also.* ^ There can be no doubt of it,* I replied; ^and on this very account J[ ought not to abstain from informing your Highness, that you run the risk eventually of losing your crown with Montanelli's Costi- tuente; allow me to ask your Highness if you have pondered well on this eventuality ? ' Grand Duke. " I have thought of it,'^ replied his Highness, " and I am prepared even for this to benefit my people ; but, to speak candidly, I do not fear it, because my family has strong claims on Tuscany ; and I think to the merits of my ancestors, I have added somewhat of my own ; so that if the people are con- sulted, they would not willingly change me for another ; and I believe they would vote for a constitutional prince, and for me. Guerazzi. " I think [so too, replied I ; " but it was my duty to warn you. Nothing less was to be expected from you ; but if, through any unforeseen change, your Highness should repent consenting to the Costituente, I beseech you to confide in me when I promise to arrange that your Highness may dismiss your new ministry in a manner rather redoimding to your credit than otherwise. Such conversations were some of the bitter pills which the poor Grand Duke had to swallow ; patronized by upstarts, his crown threatening to fall, and be picked up and placed on his head by the very men who had shaken its stability. But the Grand Duke had no confidence in his democratic counsellors; and when he resolved to fly, he kept his intentions a profound secret from them all. Twenty-four hours after every insignia of his family arms 8 or sovereign rule^ was pulled down^ the escutcheons burnt and broken^ and a mild and indulgent reign of twenty-five years for- gotten in a moment. The priestS; who had during the republican reign been the objects of most unseemly insult^ now again raised their heads^ the pulpits resounded with political harangues^ and under the guise of order^ the most intolerant maxims and practices were gradually introduced; an extraordinarily virulent warfare was carried on against the press as the organ of liberal and consti- tutional opinions, — above all, war was declared to the knife, as the saying is, to the Scriptures. The influx of so many strangers into Italy, and above all into Florence, many of them Protestants, had produced an inquiry on the part of the Italians as to what their religious opinions were, and from whence derived ; and when told that their Christian faith had the same Divine origin as that of the primitive Catholic church, that both communions drew their doctrines from the same sacred book, with this difference, that the Protestants considered it as the only rule of faith, whereas the Roman Catholics put tradition on a par with Holy Writ, and thus sanction the various corruptions and additions which time and man's changeful mood had gradually introduced ; — when told of the clash between the dictates of Divine inspiration, "immutable, unchangeable,^' and the contradictory decrees of popes and councils, they expressed a wish to see and read the Scriptures for themselves ; but the only edition in the vulgar tongue was that of Martini^* Archbishop of Florence^ in the time of Leopold I., a voluminous work^ with Latin text and notes^ without which it was not allowed to be perused. This made it almost impracticable to procure a Bible j for few could afford the expense of twenty-five dollars for the purchase of so large a work. During the Revolution, when the press was free, an attempt was made by Capt. Pakenham, R.N., to print the Bible at Flo- rence. The archbishop^s permission was sought in vain ; but a tacit consent was given by the Committee Government, after the Grand Duke had been recalled, and the press was immediately set to work; before, however, the edition could be issued, the restoration took place, and the priests put the police on the track of these dangerous books. A search was made at the printer^s (Benelli) office, and 3,000 copies of Martini's New Testament were found to have b«en printed without notes, and without the Latin text or Vulgate : some were already in the hands of the bookseller, and others had been taken to Captain Pakenham's house for distribution : all were seized ; the inviolability of a private bouse was not regarded, when the object was to prevent the public being inundated with so large an amount of gospel doctrine as was to be found in 3,000 copies of the New Testa- ment. Be it observed this was not a Protestant work, but simply a reprint of a Roman Catholic translation by a Florentine arch- bishop, without note or comment ; it is true there were also some of Diodati's, professedly a Protestant translation, but the greater part were printed after Martini's translation: there were no Protestant notes or explanations, and the printing of these editions was undertaken with the sole motive of putting within the reach of those who desired it, the pure word of God. Benelli. The printer, Giovanni Benelli, was tried for having printed the New Testament without note or comment. He confessed to having printed the copies found in his printing-office, and not having sub- mitted the work to the censorship. This is considered a breach of the law, which declares that no work which treats of Religion, can be printed without being submitted to the Censor; and a ♦ See No. I. Appendix. 10 printer failing in this, is deemed guilty of a violation of Article XXVII., which runs thus : " The proprietor of any printing-office from which issues a work or any writing whatever, without the approbation required by law, shall be condemned to a fine of from 50 to 150 crowns/^ His advocate, Adriano Mari, in a brilliant and eloquent defence, took advantage first, of the fact of the edition not being published ; and with true lawyer-like subtlety, made use of all the passages of the law in which the publication was named ; alleging that this work, so far from being published, was not yet completed, as half were in the hands of the binder, and half under press. Another point of defence was the good intentions of the accused. He glanced at the history of the time when the translation was made ; and quoted Dante, " Mentre il dolore, e la vergogna dura'^ — '^ The reign of grief and shame.^^ He pleaded, that when the most licentious publications remained unpunished, it could never be a crime or a breach of the law, in the midst of so much perversion of mind, to spread '^the pure morality of the Gospel.^' The accused, he said, had no idea that the sacred book was subject to Cen- sorship. But be it so, where at that time was the Council of Revision ? The new law of repressive censure had abolished, and political changes had dispersed, it ; to whom was he to apply when the Censorship no longer existed, and when the government itself was indifferent on the subject ? The country, tired of revolutionary rule, sought a restoration of the Grand Ducal Government, and public opinion placed in power honest men of truly liberal sen- timents. As soon as the provisional governing committee were at the head of affairs, Captain Pakenham waited on the most revered of the persons composing this temporary government, the Marchese Gino Capponi, informing him that he was printing the Bible ; and the answer received was such (though no formal consent was given) as to induce him to believe that no opposition would be offered by the government to the undertaking. Captain Pakenham, upon this, called on the printer, and begged him to go on with his work. The Marchese Gino Capponi being referred to, stated that he had informed his colleagues of Captain Pakenham's application, but that it had not been made a subject of deliberation, but passed over in silence. This was considered a tacit consent. Mari then 11 goes on to prove that there was no clandestine intention ; that the printer made no mystery of what he was about ; that he put his name at the foot of the title page^ and presented copies^ as required by law^ to the attorney general and to the Magliabecchi Library at Florence. Why, says Mari, did not the attorney general at once put a stop to the printing of the Bible, if it were illegal ? His silence was a proof that the law was not in&inged. If there was an express law forbidding the publication of the Bible without note or comment, then all would be clear, said he ; but this not being the case (and by no kind of sophistry can it be discovered in the existing laws), speaks greatly in favour of the accused. Mari then with consummate ability proceeds to examine the law which Benelli is accused of violating, and makes a just and nice distinction between ecclesiastical prohibitions and the law of the country. He owns that the Roman Cathohc Church prohibits all versions of the sacred Scriptures not sanctioned by her authority ; but, said he, we must draw a line between the civil power and canonical prohibitions. In the State there can be but one authority, and this belongs to the government ; and we can never, he continued, allow any force to the argument, that a work pro- hibited by the church cannot be openly printed or published, for in this case the civil power would have to decree a penalty for every book inserted in the Roman Index of prohibited books. The law stands thus : " The publication of all printed works is permitted, always excepting those works (alluded to in Article LXXXIII.), which treat ex professo of religious subjects. Article LXXXIII. is as follows : ^' For those works which treat ex professo of religious sitbjects, and to which in virtue of Article V, of the fundamental law the present law does not apply, the regulations at present in force remain obligatory until further changes are made/' The accusation quotes this limitation which subjects to repressive censure works which treat of religious matters, ^'he defence alleges the general sense of the law, which grants and guarantees the freedom of the press. The government maintains that this limitation ought to extend to the Bible ; on the contrary, we are of opinion that the Bible cannot be included among " The works which treat ex professo of religious subjects,'' " The works " the very 12 first words are sufficient to convince every impartial mind that the law never intended to include the Bible, Can the Bible, says the eloquent pleader, be called a work in the ordinary sense of the word ? Both Catholics and Protestants are agreed on this one point ; viz. : That the Bible is the word of God. The former indeed assert that it belongs to the Church of Rome alone to explain the Holy Scriptures, and that private judgment must bow to the authority of the Church, which forbids this holy book to be read unless accompanied by notes and comments. The latter (the Protestants) on the contrary, maintain that notes and comments are not necessary ; and that the Scriptures are friee and open to the understandings of all men. But neither the one nor the other deny the Divine inspiration of the Scriptures. The Bible is not the work of man, and consequently, says this eloquent and logical advocate, cannot with any propriety come under the denomination of " works.'^ The Bible is the text, the charter of religion ; how can it ever be called a work which treats ex professo of religious subjects ? Exprofesso writings are those which are written by the dif- ferent professors of various sciences; they are not the decrees nor the institutes of legislators. " We lawyers,'* said he, " have on the one hand, our text-books, our charters, and on the other, works which treat ex professo on legal subjects. The Justinian and Napoleon Code contain Roman and French law, and who amongst us will say that these codes treat ex professo of legal matters?^' It is the same as regards religion ; neither the Bible nor the translators of the Bible can ever be classed in this category. To the class of ex professo writings . belong books of religious doctrine and theology, catechisms, and all other works which treat of matters of faith. The law says, they (the works) shall be subject to preventive censure. If there were nothing more, these words sufficiently prove that the law does not include the Bible, for how could it possibly be subject to censure of any description ? It may indeed be said it is not the Bible, but the translation, which is subject to censure ; but this is a mere quibble, as it is well known that both the translations of Martini and Diodati are faithful tran- scripts of the original. 13 Another proofs said Mari^ that the Bible and its translations can never be included^ strictly speakings in the list of works which treat, ex professo, of religious subjects, may be found in the rules of the Council of Trent, prefixed to the Index of books prohibited by the Bomish Church ; it classes in separate lists the books forbidden by former Popes and oecumenical councils, and confirms their prohibition. The 2nd Rule speaks of heretical books which treat expressly of religious subjects, thus ; " Aliorum autem hisreticorum libri qui de religione quidem ex professo tractant, omnino damnantur ;" all other heretical books which treat ex professo of religion are forbidden. The version and reading of the Bible is spoken of in Article III. and lY. of the Rules of the same Index ; thus it seems actually absurd to interpret the law so as to extend the proposition to the translation of the Bible. The able advocate of the accused then proceeds thus : " We shall now examine the article concerning the liberty of the press, promulgated the 6th of May, 1847. Here there is no mention of the Bible ; it simply declares the press free, and does not even prohibit the publication of every work which treats of religion, but only forbids works which outrage religion or its ministers. The law runs thus : " ' The revisors shall allow the publication of all works and writ- ings whatsoever, provided they do not outrage religion or its ministers, nor contain anything likely to disturb the order and tranquillity of the State^ either internal or external.^ " By this we see that the civil power never intended to prohibit all which is forbidden by the Church. It does not take its law of the press from the Index of the Church of Rome ; on the contrary, it explains clearly what are the works which treat of religious sub- jects which the law submits to censure. They are '^ works which outrage religion or its ministers ; works which treat of matters of faith and theology, such as catechisms, &c.,'^ and the Bible can never be included in this class. The first article of the constitution, granted in 1848, declares that " the Catholic, Apostolic, Roman religion, is the sole religion of the State.'' Before the constitutional law was passed, it was a matter of dis- cussion among wise men and good Catholics, whether or not they 14 should decree to have a state religion^ and this point was argued with long and serious attention. Some zealous partizans of liberty of worship^ and of the separation of church and state^ were of opinion that to decree a state religion was unnecessary and useless; — "if, (said they), youintend by a legal recognition of religion to pay it due honour^ your aim reaches not the end proposed, and instead of honouring religion by legislating in its favour, you rather dishonour it by your patronage. Religion reuses this profane homage, and seeks neither favour nor restriction from man ; and, as other eminent legal writers have declared, either this declara- tion of a state religion has no meaning, or it promises protection and privileges which ill accord with liberty of conscience, or with the principle of equality among citizens in the eye of the law.*^ Others, and these proved the majority, were of opinion that the Roman Catholic religion should be declared the religion of the state; but they too acknowledge that by such a declaration it was not intended to infringe on the principle of tolerance or liberty of conscience, and much less on the right of citizens. The Tuscan legislature adopted this last opinion ; but in declaring the Catholic religion to be that of the State, it modified this decree by adding, that all existing forms of worship are permitted. Article II. of the constitution declares all citizens, whatever be their creed or form of worship, equal before the law. " If in former times,'^ said Mari, " the Tuscan laws were tolerant on religious subjects, the constitution is more than tolerant, and may be considered as a law of civil liberty in religious matters. In vain you reply, different forms of worship are permitted, but only consonant with the laws.'^ This is true ; and if there were a law expressly forbidding the printing and publication of the Bible without note or comment, I would then agree that the freedom of public worship, and the equal rights of believers of all religious communions would not authorize them to transgress an express prohibition, because all are bound to conform to the law. A constitution which concedes liberty of conscience, which per- mits all to follow respectively that faith or communion which they prefer, without any prejudice to their civil or political rights; a constitution which declares the followers of any religious belief whatever, competent to all civil and military offices, could never be 15 found to prohibit the simple text of the Holy Scriptures without note or comment. The law makes no illusory concessions, it does not give and take away at the same time. Since the Jews ar^ permitted the exercise of their form of worship, they should surely be allowed to print the Old Testament; and as the Protestants are allowed to worship after their manner, they must be permitted to print the Old and New Testament, the same holy book from which the Roman Catholic derives her Christian faith. Article V. of the constitution begins by proclaiming the free- dom of the press, and thus abolishes all preventive censure. It was the desire of some very good Catholics that the Censorship should be entirely abolished, and that the press should be perfectly free-; they would have wished to have only a repressive law as regards religious works, to punish irreverence or insult to religion and its ministers. They wished that religious subjects, as involving the dearest interests of man, should be left free and open to a moderate and temperate discussion. They thought that the less the law mixes itself up with religion the better. The rules and prohibitions of the church are binding on the conscience, according to conscience, but the civil power, which does not pretend to reach so far, but only takes cognizance of actions, should leave to religion the management of its own concerns, and never interfere in these matters, except when it is necessary for the maintenance of public order ; such has always been the opinion of all sound lawyers, and among the many celebrated legal authorities who have professed these principles, we need only cite the opinions of the Auditor Forti, too early snatched away by death for his country^fi good. He concluded his celebrated remarks on tolerance and civil liberty with this splendid passage : " Ecclesiastical jurisdiction, strictly speaking, cannot extend to political or civil power in the exercise of civil and political rights; there may indeed be occasions in which the laws of morality are infringed ; here it is the office of religion to admonish men how to exercise the power conceded to them ; and, appealing to the consciences both of rich and poor, of kings and subjects, to impress upon them the obligations of duty, and teach them how to use their privileges w^ith uprightness and integrity. 16 " These moral principles influence indirectly temporal matters; but without the consent of the legislature, these rules are only laws to guide the conscience. It belongs to the government to decide whether moral and religious regulations are to become laws, or to remain rules for th§ conscience only, without becoming obligatory if enforced by the civil power. This must be decided by reasons weighed in the balance of a nation's well-being. Whatever be the decision, it must be respected by all, because all are obliged to obey the civil power, an obligation taught by human as well as divine authority. " Now, if it be true that all power is given by the tacit or presumed consent of the people, it would be easy to show that it could never be the intention of any man to limit his own liberty beyond what the preservation and progress of society require. These premises granted, it is easy to prove that the power of society does not extend to the dominion either of the conscience or of opinions, but only to those actions which injure the State, ^' It remains to be examined whether difference of opinion on religious groimds is really so great an evil as is generally imagined. No political partizan will deny that religion is the inward guide of an upright man, and that it is one of the strongest possible guarantees of public welfare ; but it is also certain rehgion, con- sidered as a matter of public utility, meets the civil wants of man under whatever form of worship or Christian belief it is cultivated. Thus the well-being of society can be affected by Atheism only, or by a religion which preaches a corrupt morality. ^' Wise politicians maintain that one religion only in a State is a great good, and that religious discord is a serious evil ; nor are there wanting facts to support this opinion. But we may very reasonably answer, that civil discords which arise from religious differences are in consequence of the interference of the civil power, and of its meddling with matters pertaining to the conscience; they are occasioned either by fear of persecution or the remem- brance of past sufferings. If religion were left to its own resources, and the temporal power had never intruded itself into its concerns, religious differences would never have produced either civil or domestic broils. In the United States of America, where it is a fundamental maxim of public right, that the government can pass no law binding on the conscience, public tranquilUty is never 17 disturbed on account of religion in England^ and also in Germany, since all persecution has ceased, variety of religious opinions does not disturb the peace of families, or that of the State. The same cannot, it is true, be said of France; but the conduct of the government has never been very straightforward or upright. Laws of tolerance and liberty have been written in the codes of law, but not graven in the hearts of the people, and party-spirit has always been the monopoliser. Besides, if men have not suffi- cient respect for liberty, if they make religion a pretext for turbu- lence, it becomes a crime which should be punished, not on religious grounds, but as an oflFence to social order. " The weighty objections made to religious liberty do not cer- tainly proceed from any law in the social compact. Do they arise from divine right ? Let us see how it would be possible to reason against civil and religious liberty on the. ground of divine right before we proceed finally to pass judgment. " God has constituted the civil power to govern man, to administer justice, to advance the well-being of a State, by civil association. This power is not instituted for the private advantage of the governors, but for the ends of justice. The divine law imposes on kings and people common duties, as well as those suited to their difi^erent positions. '' Those err greatly who represent rulers as masters of a flock, and the people as inert matter, subject to government, but without any rights of their own. '^ An absolute prince accounts to God alone for his actions, but he has to render as strict an account as a prince of more limited power. There may be no statutes which define the limits of his power or the rights of the people, but conscience supplies the omission. The diflference does not lie in the observance, but in the exterior guarantees of observance. '' The civil power is always represented as appointed to provide for the wants of those who are subject to it in consequence of human frailty, not as a source of enjoyment on the part of the administrator. " And here lies the difference between the authority which men exercise over men, and that which they exercise upon things. Some think, that all power being derived from divine right, it ought to be used to revenge ofifences against the divinity. But B 18 this does not appear to me a legitimate consequence of the reasons above quoted ; whatever may be the origin of the social power^ it must always have a mission suited to the wants and necessities of society, and can never intrude into the sphere of Divine justice/^ After citing this passage of enlightened Tuscan jurisprudence^ Man concludes his pleading in favour of the accused with the following paragraph : " I have been always a friend to liberty, in seasons adverse as well as propitious. I repudiate all extreme opinions, abhor political factions, and detest still more sectarian or religious intolerance. I should certainly not look favourably on a Protestant propaganda (if such a thing really exists) coming to seek proselytes among us, or willingly see added to the many ills which already afflict us, the bitterness of sectarian spirit, sowing discord among our fellow- eitizens : should this occur, the civil power, as guardian of the public peace, would have the right and power to suppress it.	1,067
b22650477_0002_80	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,879	The book of days : a miscellany of popular antiquities in connection with the calendar	Chambers, Robert, 1802-1871 \| Royal College of Physicians of London	English	Spoken	7,721	10,266	On Stamford's town Bull-running Day, We '11 shew you such right gallant play, You never saw the like, you'll say, As you shall see at Stamford. Earl Warren was the man, That first began this gallant sport ; In the castle he did stand, And saw the bonny bulls that fought. The butchers with their bull-dogs came, These sturdy stubborn bulls to tame, But more with madness did inflame, Enraged, they ran through Stamford. Delighted with the sport, The meadows there he freely gave, Where these bonny bulls had fought, The butchers now do hold and have ; By charter they are strictly bound, That every year a bull be found ; Come, dight your face, you dirty clown, And stump away to Stamford ! Come, take him by the tail, boys — ■ Bridge, bridge him if you can ; Prog him with a stick, boys ; Never let him quiet stand ; Through every street and lane in town, We '11 Chevy-chase him up and down, You sturdy bung-straws * ten miles round, Come, stump away to Stamford.' The old bullards are now nearly all dead ; but the song, with various additions and variations, may still be occasionally heard. Mr Burton, writing in 1846, says : ' Every incident that calls to the mind of the lower classes their ancient holiday, is seized with enthusiasm, and the old bull-tune is invariably demanded, when anything in the shape of music attracts the attention. At the theatre, whenever there is a full house, "Bull! bull!" is * Threshers. 576 OF DAYS. SHOOTING-STARS. invariably pealed from some corner of the gallery. The magic word immediately fills the mouth of every occupant of that part of the building ; it is echoed from the pit, and order and quiet is out of the question till the favourite tune has been played.' SHOOTING-STARS. During three successive years, from 1831 to 1833, the 13th of November was marked by a magnificent display of shooting or falling stars, those myste- rious visitants to our globe respecting whose real nature and origin science is still so perplexed. The first of these brilliant exhibitions was wit- nessed off the coasts of Spain, and in the country bordering on the Ohio. The second is thus des- cribed by Captain Hammond of H.M.S. Restitution, who beheld it in the Red Sea, off Mocha. ' From one o'clock a. m. till after daylight, there was a very unusual phenomenon in the heavens. It appeared like meteors bursting in every direction. The sky at the time was clear, the stars and moon bright, with streaks of light, and thin white clouds inter- spersed in the sky. On landing in the morning, I inquired of the Arabs if they had noticed the above. They said they had been observing it most of the night. I asked them if ever the like had appeared before. The oldest of th^m replied that it had not.' The area over which this pheno- menon was seen extended from the Eed Sea west- wards to the Atlantic, and from Switzerland to the Mauritius. But the most imposing display of shooting-stars on record occurred on the third of these occasions — that is, on 13th November 1833. It extended chiefly over the limits comprised between longitude 61° in the Atlantic, and 100° in Central Mexico, and from the latitude of the great lakes of North America, to the West Indies. From the appearance presented, it might be regarded as a grand and portentous display of nature's fireworks. Seldom has a scene of greater or more awful sublimity been exhibited than at the Falls of Niagara on thia memorable occasion, the two leading powers in nature, water and fire, engaging, as it were, in an emulative display of their grandeur. The awful j roar of the cataract filled the mind of the spectator j with an infinitely heightened sense of sublimity, j when its waters were lightened up by the glare of the meteoric torrent in the sky. In many parts ; of the country, the people were terror-struck, ima- gining that the end of the world was come ; whilst j those whose education and vigour of mind pre- j vented them from yielding to such terrors, were, j nevertheless, vividly reminded of the grand des- cription in the Apocalypse, ' The stars of heaven fell unto the earth, even as a fig-tree casteth her untimely figs, when she is shaken of a mighty wind.' The most probable theory as to the nature of shooting-stars is, that they form part of the solar system, revolving round the sun in the same manner as the planetoids, but both infinitely smaller in size, and subject to great and irregular perturbations. The latter cause brings them not unfrequently within the limits of the earth's atmo- sphere, on entering which they become luminous from the great heat produced by the sudden and violent compression which their transit occasions. Having thus approached the earth with great lbibnitz. NOVEMBER 14. leibnitz velocity, they are as rapidly again withdrawn from it into the realms of space. It is very possible, moreover, that the fiery showers which we have just described, may be the result of a multitude of these meteors encountering each other, whilst I the aerolites, or actual meteoric substances, which SHOWER OE FALLING STARS AT NIAGARA IN NOVEMBER 1833. occasionally fall to the surface of the earth, may be such of those bodies as have been brought so far within the influence of terrestrial gravity as to be rendered subject to its effects. NOVEMBER 14. St Dubricius, bishop and confessor, 6th century. St Laurence, confessor, archbishop of Dublin, 1180. Born. — Benjamin Hoadly, bishop of Bangor, eminent Whig prelate, 1676, Westerham, Kent; Adam Gottlob Oehlenschlager, Danish poet, 1779, Copenhagen; Sir Charles Lyell, geologist, 1797, Kinnordy, Forfarshire. Died. — Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz, mathematician and moral philosopher, 1716, Hanover; George William Frederick Hegel, German philosopher, 1831, Berlin ; Dr John Abercrombie, physician and moral writer, 1844, Edinburgh. LEIBNITZ. Leibnitz is one of the great names of literature : ' A man so various that he seemed to be Not one, but all mankind's epitome.' Nevertheless, though his title to fame is every- where confessed, few at this day, with the exception of some arduous students, are practically conver- sant with its grounds. Leibnitz was one of the chief intellectual forces of his age, but as a force he was more remarkable for quantity than intensity. He busied himself in a multitude of pursuits and he excelled in all, but he produced no master-piece — nothing of which it could be said, It is the best of its kind. He was a universal genius ; his intel- lect was as capacious as harmonious, and a store- house for all knowledge ; but his mind was lost by 89 reason of its universal sympathies. To be remem- bered for ever by some work requires that the whole energy, at least for a time, be given to one work. ' Even great parts,' says Locke, writing of Leibnitz in 1697, £ will not master any subject without great thinking.' Leibnitz was the son of a professor of juris- prudence in the university of Leipsic, in which city he was born in 1646. He was a precocious child, and from his boyhood displayed that love of learning and speculation which distinguished him through life. He gives an amusing account of his efforts when a youth of fifteen, during long solitary walks in the wood of Kosenthal, near Leipsic, to adjust the claims of the Ancients and Moderns — of Aristotle and Descartes, and the reluctance with which, when conciliation was impossible, he was compelled to make an election. His talents, as manifested at the university, and his publications, early brought him into notice, and found him patrons among the princes of Germany. He travelled over the continent, visited England, and everywhere made the acquaintance of men of science and letters. An amusing anecdote is told of him when at sea in a tempest off the Italian coast. The sage captain attributed the storm to the presence of the heretical German, and presuming him ignorant of the Italian language, began to deliberate with the crew on the propriety of throwing the Lutheran Jonah overboard. Leibnitz, with much presence of mind, got hold of a rosary and began to tell his beads with vehement devotion. The ruse saved him. At Niirnberg, he heard of a society of alchemists who were prosecuting a search for the philosopher's stone. He wished to join them, and compiled a letter from the writings of the most celebrated alchemists and sent it to them. The letter consisted of the most obscure terms he could find, and of which, he says, he did not understand LEIBNITZ. THE BOOK OF DAYS. THE SOURCES OF THE NILE. a syllable. The illuminati, afraid to be thought ignorant, invited him to their meetings and made him their secretary. Though Leibnitz could thus quiz the alchemists, he believed, to the end of his life, in the reality of the object of their labours. In the leisure which various pensions secured him, he followed his versatile inclinations with incessant assiduity. Metaphysics, physics, mathe- matics, jurisprudence, theology, philology, history, antiquities, the classics, all shared his attention, and in all of these branches of knowledge the world heard his voice with respect. The ancient lan- guages he knew well, and was tolerably acquainted with more than half-a-dozen of the modern. He had notions about calculating machines, about improved watches, about a universal alphabet, about hydraulic engines, about swift carriages, by which the journey of one hundred and fifty miles, between Amsterdam and Hanover, might be done in twenty-four hours ; and about a hundred other things. He dabbled in medicine, in everything ; there was nothing, in fact, in which he could not be interested. In his Protogena, he throws out thoughts, which, Dean Buckland observes, con- tain the germ of some of the most enlightened speculations in geology. His memory was quick and tenacious ; he made notes as he read, but he had seldom to refer to them, for he seemed to forget nothing. George I. used to call him his living dictionary. At the age of seventy, he could recite hundreds of lines of Virgil without an error. In mathematics, if anywhere, his genius shewed itself supreme, and between him and Sir Isaac Newton a bitter controversy broke out as to the credit of the invention of the differential calculus. The question has been thoroughly and tediously debated, but the following points are now consi- dered as tolerably clear : 1st, That the system of fluxions invented by Newton is essentially the same as the differential calculus invented by Leibnitz, differing only in notation ; 2d, That Newton possessed the secret of fluxions as early as 1665, nineteen years before Leibnitz published his method, and eleven years before he communicated it to Newton ; 3d, That both Leibnitz and Newton discovered their methods independently of each other, but that Newton had priority ; and 4th, That although the honour belongs to both, yet, as in every other great invention, they were but the individuals who combined the scattered rays of their predecessors, and gave a method, a notation, and a name to the doctrine of infinitesimal quan- tities. As a theologian and metaphysician, Leibnitz was eclectic rather than original. His temper was truly catholic ; he differed from others with reluctance ; and it seemed to be one of his keenest delights to reconcile apparent contraries. Hence one of his schemes was the incorporation of the various sects of Protestantism, preparatory, if possible, to the inclusion of Borne, with concessions, in one grand Christian community. In philosophy, he had a doctrine called Pre-established Harmony, by which lie professed to explain the relations between Deity, the Human Mind, and Nature. It met with wide discussion and some acceptance in the lifetime of Leibnitz, but Pre-established Harmony has long passed out of memory except in histories of philosophy. One of the warmest admirers of Leibnitz was 578 Sophia Charlotte, wife of Frederick, the first king of Prussia, a great lover of show and ceremony, for which his consort had a quiet contempt. Leibnitz called her ' one of the most accomplished princesses of earth,' and by the world she was known as the republican and philosophic queen. To Leibnitz, ' le grand Leibnitz] as she styled him, she resorted for counsel in all her theological and philosophical difficulties, and not seldom to his perplexity, wanting to know, he said : ' le pourquoi du pour- quoi' (the why of the why), wearied with the emptiness of courtiers, she wrote on one occasion : ' Leibnitz talked to me about the infinitely little ; mon Dieu, as if I did not know enough of that ! ' This bright soul died at thirty-six, to the great grief of Leibnitz. On her death-bed she said she was very happy ; that the king would have a fine opportunity for display at her funeral ; and, above all, that now she was going to satisfy her curiosity about a great many things of which Leibnitz could tell her nothing. With many other crowned heads Leibnitz held intercourse more or less intimate. Peter the Great consulted him as to the best means for the civilisation of Bussia, and rewarded his suggestions with the title of Councillor of State, and a pension of a thousand roubles. Leibnitz was only able to get through his multi- form business by persistent assiduity. He carried on a most extensive correspondence, and wrote his letters with great care, sometimes three or four times over, and made them the repositories of his most valued ideas and conjectures. His life was sedentary almost beyond example. Sometimes for weeks together he would not go to bed, but sat at his desk till a late hour, then took two or three hours of sleep in his chair, and resumed work at early dawn. He was a bachelor, and had no fixed hours for his meals ; but sent to a tavern for food, when hungry and at leisure. His head was large and bald, his hair fine and brown, his face pale, his sight short, his shoulders broad, and his legs crooked and ungainly. He was spare and of middle height, but in walking, he threw his head so far forward as to look from behind like a hunch- back. His neglect of exercise told severely on him as he advanced in life. He became plagued with rheumatic gout, his legs ulcerated, and he aggra- vated his ailment by compressing afflicted parts with wooden vices to stop the circulation of the blood, and dull the sense of pain. He died in Hanover in 1716, in his seventieth year, from the effects, it is said, of an untried medicine of his own concoction. He was buried on the esplanade of his native city of Leipsic, where a monument, in the form of a temple, with the simple inscription, ' Ossa Leibnitii,' marks the spot. DISCOVERY OF THE SOURCES OF THE NILE. It is curious to look back to the days when Bruce the traveller published his celebrated work on Africa, and claimed to have discovered the true sources of the mysterious river which flows so many hundreds of miles through that continent. Com- paring that narrative with one which has appeared in 1863, we see that Bruce was in the wrong ; that he may have discovered a source but not the source ; and that a long series of intermediate investigations was needed to arrive at a true solution of the interesting problem. No blame to James Bruce DISCOVERY OF THE NOVEMBER 15. for all this. He was really a sagacious and enter- prising man ; and although some doubt was thrown upon his truthfulness during his life, he is now believed to have been veracious to the extent of his knowledge. His error concerning the sources of the Nile may well be excused, considering the harassing difficulties of the problem. Glancing at a map of Africa, we see that the Nile is formed by several branches, which meet in Nubia, and flow northward through Egypt into the Mediterranean. The puzzle has been to determine which of the branches ought to be considered as the true Nile, and which mere affluents or tribu- taries. The easternmost of the chief or important branches, the Atbara, rises in about 12° N. lat., 40° E. long ; and joins the main river near 18° N. lat., 34° E. long. It was visited by Salt and by Pearce, and has been often noticed by travellers in Abys- sinia. The middle, or second of the three branches, known as the Bahr-el-Azrek, or Blue Nile, is, par excellence, the river of Abyssinia, winding through and about that country in a very remarkable way. Bruce traced it upwards until it became a mere streamlet in 11° N. lat., 37° E. long., near the village of Geesh, whence it flows by Sennaar to its junc- tion with the greater Nile at Khartoum. The westernmost, and largest branch, the Bahr-el-Abiad, or White Nile, is extremely circuitous in its route, winding through the countries of Darfur and Kor- dofan in a very intricate way. Now it is the Bahr-el-Azrek, or Blue Nile, which Bruce considered to be the true or original river, and which, on the 14th of November 1770, he believed himself to have traced up to its source. In the preface to his Travels (written in 1790, and, as is supposed, not so accurately as if he had allowed less than twenty years to elapse) he said : ' I hope that what I have said will be thought sufficient to convince all impartial readers that these celebrated sources have, by a fatality, remained to our days as unknown as they were to antiquity ; no good or genuine voucher having yet been produced capable of proving that they were before discovered, or seen by the curious eye of any traveller, from the earliest ages to this day. And it is with confidence I propose to my reader, that he will consider me as still standing at the fountain, and patiently hear from me the recital of the origin, course, nature, and circumstances of this the most famous river in the world, which he will in vain seek from books, or from any other human autho- rity whatever, and which by the care and attention I have paid to the subject, will, I hope, be found satisfactory here.' Bruce was all the more proud of his achievement, because the ancients had believed that the Bahr-el- Abiad was the true Nile, an opinion which he claimed to have shewn fallacious. The ancients were right, however, and Bruce wrong. Step by step the White Nile has been traced to points nearer and nearer to the equator, and therefore nearer to its source. Linant, in 1827, ascended as far as Aleis, in 15° N. lat. In 1842, Werne, heading an expedition sent out by the pacha of Egypt, reached to 5° N. lat., and was told by the natives that the source was still far distant. In 1845, M. D'Abbadie thought he had reached the source of the Nile ; but Beke afterwards shewed that the stream traced by D'Abbadie was only an affluent of the Bahr-el-Abiad, and expressed an SOURCES OF THE NILE. opinion that the real source is even beyond the equator. M. Knoblecher, who had a missionary establishment at Khartoum, went up the White Nile as far as 4° N. lat., and saw that river still far away to the south-west. The grand discovery of all, that the Nile really rises in south latitude, and crosses the equator, was made by Captains Grant and Speke, whose names have become thereby renowned throughout Europe. In 1858, Captain Speke reached, a very beautiful lake, the Victoria Nyanza, while journeying westward from Zanzibar. The head of this lake is three degrees south of the equator. He found the lake to be a large sheet of fresh water, lying on a plateau or table-land, from 3000 to 4000 feet above the level of the sea. The lake, to use the language of Captain Speke, ' looked for all the world like the source of some great river ; so much so, indeed, that I at once felt certain in my own mind it was the source of the Nile, and noted it accordingly.' If was the bold guess of a sagacious and experienced man. The "Victoria Nyanza is really the head-water of the Nile, being fed immediately by a range of lofty mountains in the interior. Its most southern affluent is the Leewumbu or Shimeeyu. Stanley, who sailed round the lake in 1875, and who explored the head-waters of the Congo, confirmed Speke's discovery. It is thus settled that the Nile flows uninterruptedly from the lake to the Medi- terranean, through no less than thirty-four degrees of latitude, and along a course exceeding 2000 miles in length, in a straight line, and perhaps 3000, allowing for windings. Captain Speke was pre- vented from putting his speculation to the test in 1859 or 1860; but in 1861 and 1862, accompanied by Captain Grant, he traced the course of the grand river down from the lake to the ocean — not actually keeping the stream in view the whole of the way, but touching it repeatedly here and there, in such a way as to leave no doubt that it is the Nile. Thus the somewhat magniloquent terms in which Bruce announced his discoveries have not proved to be justified. The post of honour is to be given, not to the Blue Nile, but to the White Nile, and at a point nearly a thousand miles further south than was reached by Bruce. NOVEMBER 15. St Eugenius, martyr, 275. St Malo or Maclou, first bishop of Aleth in Brittany, 565. St Leopold, Marquis of Austria, confessor, 1136. St Gertrude, virgin and abbess, 1292. Born. — Andrew Marvell, poet and politician, 1620, Kingston-upon-Hull ; William Pitt, great Earl of Chatham, 1708, Boconnoc. Cornwall; William Cowper, poet, 1731, Great BerJchamstead, Hertfordshire; Sir William Herschel, astronomer, 1738,Hanover ; John Caspar Lavater, physiognomist, 1741, Zurich; Rev. James Scholefield, scholar and classic editor, 1789, Henley on Thames. Died. — Albertus Magnus, celebrated schoolman, 1280, Cologne ; Mrs Anne Turner, executed as an accomplice in murder of Sir Thomas Overbury, 1615, London ; John Kepler, great astronomer, 1630, Ratisbon ; Henry Ireton, son-in-law of Cromwell, 1651, Limerick ; James, Duke of Hamilton, killed in a duel in Hyde Park, 1712 ; Christopher duck, composer, 1787, Vienna; Bishop Tomline, author of Refutation of Calvinism, 1827 ; Count Rossi, minister of interior, Papal States, assassinated, 1848, Rome; Johanna Kinkel, German novelist and musician, 1858. 579 / ANDREW MARVELL. THE BOOK OF DAYS. MRS TURNER. ANDREW MARVELL. It is pleasant to observe how the respect for ' honest Andrew Marvell ' outlives all the political changes which succeed each other at fitful inter- vals in England ; it is a homage to manliness and probity. During his life, from 1620 to 1678, he was mixed up with many of the exciting contro- versies of the times ; but it was in the last eighteen years of his life, when Charles II. was king, that Marvell attained his highest reputation. He acted as member of parliament for Kingston-upon-Hull ; he trusted the electors, and they trusted him ; and there has never been known in the history of our parliament a connection more honourable than that between him and his constituents. He used to write constantly to them about the state of public affairs ; and his letters have considerable historical value, insomuch as they supply contemporary evidence of the proceedings in high places. The court-party could not be very much pleased at the publication of such a letter, as the following, from Andrew Marvell to his constituents at Hull: 'The king having, upon pretence of the great preparations of his neighbours, demanded £300,000 for his navy (though, in conclusion, he hath not sent out any), that the parliament should pay his debts, which the ministers would never particularise to the House of Commons, our house gave several bills. You see how far things were stretched beyond reason, there being no satisfaction how those debts were contracted ; and all men fore- seeing that what was given would not be applied to discharge the debts, which I hear are, at this day, risen to four millions, but diverted as formerly. Nevertheless, such was the number of the constant courtiers, increased by the apostate patriots, who were bought off for that term, some at six, others at ten, one at fifteen thousand pounds in money ; besides what offices, lands, and reversions to others, that it is a mercy they gave not away the whole land and liberty of England. The Duke of Buckingham is again £140,000 in debt ; and by this prorogation, his creditors have time to tear all his lands to pieces. The House of Commons have run almost to the end of their line, and are grown extremely chargeable to the king and odious to the people. They have signed and sealed ten thousand a year more to the Duchess of Cleveland, who has likewise near ten thousand a year out of the new farm of the country excise of beer and ale ; five thousand a year out of the post-office ; and, they say, the reversion of all the king's leases, the reversion of all places in the custom-house, the green wax, and indeed, what not. All promotions, spiritual and temporal, pass under her cognizance.' The particular incident which has stamped the name of Andrew Marvell with the impress of honesty, has been narrated under different forms ; but the following is its substance, as given by one writer : ' The borough of Hull chose Andrew Marvell, a gentleman of little or no fortune, and maintained him in London for the service of the public. His understanding, integrity, and spirit were dreadful to the then infamous administration. Persuaded that he would be theirs for properly asking, the ministers sent his old school-fellow, the Lord Treasurer Danby, to renew acquaintance with him in his garret. At parting, the lord treasurer, 580 out of pure affection, slipped into his hand an order upon the treasury for one thousand pounds, and then went into his chariot. Marvell, looking at the paper, calls after the treasurer : a My lord, I request another moment." They went up again to the garret, and J ack, the servant-boy, was called. " Jack, child, what had I for dinner yesterday 1 " "Don't you remember, sir? You had the little shoulder of mutton that you ordered me to bring from a woman in the market." " Very right, child. What have I for dinner to-day ? " " Don't you know, sir, that you bade me lay by the blade-bone to broil ? " " 'Tis so ; very right, child ; go away. My lord, do you hear that ? Andrew Marvell' s dinner is provided. There 's your piece of paper ; I want it not. I know the sort of kindness you intended. I live here to serve my constituents ; the ministry may seek men for their purpose ; I am not one." ' The setting of this story is somewhat too dramatic, but there is reason to believe that the substance of j it is quite true. It is further said, that, though j he thus rejected the money, he was in straitened circumstances at the time, insomuch that he was obliged, as soon as Danby had departed, to send to a friend to borrow a guinea. MRS TURNER. The beauty of this woman, and her connection with the mysterious death of Sir Thomas Overbury, I who was poisoned in the Tower through her j agency, have invested her name with a species of romance in the annals of crime. Though she undoubtedly merited her fate, both she and her accomplices were merely the minor parties in this nefarious transaction, the principal criminals being the Earl and Countess of Somerset, who, though tried and condemned, received the king's pardon, and after undergoing an imprisonment of some j years, were allowed to retire into the country and obscurity. The whole affair forms a singular i episode in the reign of James I., and by no means reflects credit on that weak monarch. When Robert Carr or Ker, a young Scottish adventurer of the border-family of Ferniherst, j established himself so rapidly in the good graces of his sovereign, rising suddenly to the most influen- tial posts in the kingdom, Sir Thomas Overbury acted as his bosom-friend and counsellor, and j furnished him with most useful and judicious j advice as to the mode of comporting himself in the new and unwonted sphere in which he was thus placed. Carr unfortunately, however, cast his eyes on the Countess of Essex, the beautiful and fasci- nating daughter of the Earl of Suffolk, who had been married when a girl of thirteen to the Earl of Essex, son of the unfortunate favourite of Queen Elizabeth, and who himself afterwards became so noted in the reign of Charles I. as the commander of the parliamentary army. This object of illicit love was but too ready to respond to the addresses of Carr, now created Viscount Rochester, having, it is believed, owed much of the depravity of her disposition to the pernicious lessons of Mrs Turner, who lived as a dependent and companion to his j daughter in the house of the Earl of Suffolk. This \| abandoned Mentor afterwards became the wife of a physician, at whose death, owing to the extravagant manner in which both she and her husband had lived, she was left in very straitened circumstances, MRS TURNER. NOVEMBER 15. and was only too glad to become again the con- fidante and adviser of the Countess of Essex in her amour with Rochester. Not content with the gratification of their unlawful passion, the guilty pair sought to legalise their connection by a marriage, to effect which it was of course necessary that the countess should, in the first place, obtain a divorce from her husband. Sir Thomas Overbury, who had hitherto concurred with and aided Rochester in his amour, now opposed the marriage-scheme, knowing the odium his pupil would excite by contracting such a union, and dreading also the influence which the countess's relations, the Howards, would thereby obtain. He counselled Rochester strongly against thus com- mitting himself, and enlarged, in rather emphatic terms, on the depraved character of his proposed wife. These speeches were reported by the infatu- ated favourite to the countess, who thereupon vowed the destruction of Overbury. First, she offered £1000 to Sir John Wood to murder the object of her resentment in a duel. Then Rochester and she concocted a scheme by which, on the favourite's representation to King James, Overbury, on the ground of having shewn contempt for the royal authority, was committed to the Tower, where he was detained a close prisoner under the guardianship of a new lieutenant, wholly in the interest of his enemies, who had procured the removal of the former governor of the fortress. Meantime a divorce had been instituted by the Countess of Essex against her husband, and a majority of the commission of divines and lawyers, appointed by the king to try the cause, was found servile enough to pronounce sentence of dissolution. The day before this deliverance was given, Sir Thomas Overbury died in the Tower, from an infectious disease, as was alleged, and was hastily and clandestinely buried. No doubt was enter- tained by the public that he had been poisoned ; but the matter was passed over without investigation, and for some months Rochester, now Earl of Somerset, basked with the partner of his guilt in all the sunshine of fashion and royal favour. But the king's fickle temper ere long caused his downfall. The presentation at court of a new minion, George Villiers, afterwards the celebrated Duke of Buck- ingham, effected such a change in the affections of the king as completely to supplant the old favourite, who was accordingly exposed unshielded to the machinations of his enemies, and the just indig- nation of the people. On a warrant from the Lord Chief-justice Coke, he and his wife were arrested for having occasioned the death of Sir Thomas Overbury, and along with them the parties of inferior rank who had acted as their accomplices. These were Mrs Turner ; Elwes, the lieutenant of the Tower ; Weston, the warder who had been intrusted with the immediate custody of the prisoner ; and Franklin, an apothecary. The proofs adduced against them were sufficiently strong to insure their condemnation, and their own con- fessions left subsequently no doubt of their guilt. It appeared that Mrs Turner and the Countess of Somerset had had frequent consultations with a certain Dr Forman, a celebrated conjurer in Lam- beth, who enjoyed a high reputation as a com- pounder of love-philtres, and was consulted in that capacity by many of the most fashionable ladies of the day. He died before the proceedings under 1 old parr.' I. notice were instituted, and it does not appear that he had any active concern in the murder of Over- bury ; but the fact of two of the accused parties having had dealings with a soi-disant wizard increased immensely the popular horror. As regards the perpetration of the murder, it was shewn that Mrs Turner procured the poison from Franklin the apothecary, and handing it to the warder, Weston, the latter, under her instructions, and with the complicity of Elwes, the lieutenant of the Tower, administered it to the prisoner in small doses, in various kinds of food, and at different times, extending over a period of some months. The criminals were all executed at Tyburn. The enduring of the last penalty of the law by Mrs Turner, which took place on 15th November 1615, excited an immense interest. She had made herself famous in the fashionable world as the inventress of a yellow starch, and, in allusion to this circumstance, Lord Chief-justice Coke, who had already addressed her in sufficiently contu- melious terms, telling her, categorically, that she had been guilty of the seven deadly sins, declared that as she was the inventor of yellow-starched ruffs and cuffs, so he hoped that she would be the last by whom they would be worn. He, accordingly, gave strict orders that she should be hanged in that attire, which she had rendered so fashionable. This addition to the sentence was fully carried out ; and the fair demon, Mrs Turner, on the day of her execution, came to the scaffold arrayed as if for some festive occasion, with her face rouged, and a ruff stiffened with yellow starch round her neck. Numerous persons of quality, ladies as well as J gentlemen, went in their coaches to Tyburn to see the last of Mrs Turner. She made a very penitent end, and the object contemplated by the Lord Chief-justice was fully attained, as the yellow ruff was never more worn from that day. As already mentioned, the principal criminals, the Earl and Countess of Somerset, experienced no further penalty than an imprisonment of some years in the Tower. The partial pardon thus accorded to Carr, seems to have been extorted by j fear from the king, who dreaded the revelation, by his former favourite, of some discreditable I secret. 'OLD PARR/ Though several sceptical individuals, denying the possibility of the life of man being protracted beyond the period of a hundred years, have main- tained that no such instance of longevity can be \| produced, there is abundant and satisfactory evi- dence to confute this statement, and establish indisputably the fact of the existence of numerous centenarians both in ancient and modern times. One of these instances, that of ' Old Parr/ whose extreme and almost antediluvian age has become proverbi al, rests on such well-authenticated grounds, that no reasonable doubt can be entertained as to its truth. The Christian name of this venerable patriarch was Thomas, and he was born at Winnington, in the parish of Alberbury, Shropshire, in 1483. His j father, John Parr, was an agricultural labourer, ! and Thomas throughout his long life followed the same occupation. Till the age of _ eighty, he continued a bachelor, and then married his first 581 ' OLD PARR.' THE BOOK OF DAYS. 1 OLD PARR/ wife, with whom he lived for thirty-two years. About eight years after her death, when he himself was a hundred and twenty years old, he married for the second time. Having, in 1635, attained the wonderful age of a hundred and fifty-two years and upwards, he was visited in that year by the Earl of Arundel, who, having gone down to see some estates of his in Shropshire, was attracted by the reports which reached him of so remarkable an old man. His lordship was greatly struck by the intelligence and venerable demeanour of Thomas Parr, who was thereupon induced to pay a visit to London ; the earl, as we are informed, ' command- ing a litter and two horses (for the more easy carriage of a man so enfeebled and worn with age) to be provided for him ; also that a daughter-in- law of his (named Lucye), should likewise attend him, and have a horse for her owne riding with him ; and to cheere up the olde man, and make him merry, there was an antique-faced fellow, called Jacke, or John the Foole, with a high and mighty no beard, that had also a horse for his carriage. These all were to be brought out of the country to London, by easie journeys, the charges being allowed by his lordship : and likewise one of his honour's own servants, named Brian Kelly, to ride on horseback with them, and to attend and defray all manner of reckonings and expenses ; all which was done accordingly.' It would have been better, however, had Lord Arundel left the old man undisturbed in his native parish. Partly owing to the fatigues of the journey, partly to the crowds of visitors who thronged to see him, and above all to the unwonted mode of life which he led, Parr, ere many months were over, fell ill and died. He was buried on 15th November 1635, in Westminster Abbey, where a monument was erected to his memory. After death his body was examined by the celebrated Dr Harvey, who found it remarkably stout and healthy, without any trace of decay or organic disease, so that had it not been for the abnormal OLD PARR'S COTTAGE, NEAR ALBERBURY, SHROPSHIRE. influences to which he had been subjected for a few months previous to his death, there seems little doubt that Parr might have attained even a much greater age. The principal authority for the history of Old Parr is John Taylor, the 'Water Poet,' who, while the patriarch was residing in London, about a month "before he died, published a pamphlet, entitled The Olde, Olde, very Olde Man ; or The Age and Long Life of Thomas Parr. From the period at which this work was issued, we are warranted in placing 582 considerable reliance on its statements, which appear never to have been controverted. In addition to those above quoted, we are informed by Taylor that, at the age of a hundred and five, Parr was obliged, in consequence of an intrigue with Catharine Milton, whom he afterwards married as his second wife, to do penance in a white sheet at the door of the parish church of Alberbury. When presented to Charles I. at court, that monarch observed to him: ' You have lived longer than other men, what have you done more than other * old parr.' NOVEMBER 15. halley's comet of 1682. men ? ' Parr's reply was : ( I did penance when I was a hundred years old.' In the meeting of the venerable patriarch with the British sovereign, a parallel is almost suggested with the grand simpli- city in which the presentation of J acob to Pharaoh is recorded in the Book of Genesis. Thomas Parr seems, through life, to have been of temperate and industrious habits, of which the following metrical account is given by Taylor : ' Good wholesome labour was his exercise, Down with the lamb, and with the lark would rise : In mire and toiling sweat he spent the day, And to his team he whistled time away : The cock his night-clock, and till day was done, His watch and chief sun-dial was the sun. He was of old Pythagoras' opinion, That green cheese was most wholesome with an onion; Coarse meslin bread,* and for his daily swig, Milk, butter-milk, and water, whey and whig : Sometimes metheglin, and by fortune happy, He sometimes sipped a cup of ale most nappy, Cyder or perry, when he did repair T' Whitson ale, wake, wedding, or a fair ; Or when in Christmas-time he was a guest At his good landlord's house amongst the rest : Else he had little leisure-time to waste, Or at the ale-house huff-cap ale to taste ; His physic was good butter, which the soil Of Salop yields, more sweet than candy oil ; And garlick he esteemed above the rate Of Venice treacle, or best mithridate. He entertained no gout, no ache he felt, The air was good and temperate where he dwelt ; While mavisses and sweet-tongued nightingales Did chant him roundelays and madrigals. Thus living within bounds of nature's laws, Of his long-lasting life may be some cause.' There was doubtless something peculiar in Parr's constitution which enabled him to resist so long the effects of age and natural decay. As a cor- roboration of the theory of the hereditary trans- mission of qualities, it is a curious circumstance that Robert Parr, a grandson of this wonderful old man, who was born at Kinver in 1633, died in 1757, at the age of a hundred and twenty-four. Perhaps one of the most ingenious devices in the art of quackery is that by which a well-known medicine, bearing Parr's name, is vaunted to the public as the mysterious preparation by which he was enabled to attain the extraordinary age of a hundred and fifty-two. The portrait which is frequently attached to the puffing placard advertis- ing these drugs, is derived from a likeness of Old Parr, drawn by the celebrated painter Rubens. In the Gentleman's Magazine for March 1814, a view, which we have copied (see the preceding page), is given of Old Parr's cottage, in the parish of Alberbury ; Rodney's Pillar, on the Breidden Hill, appears in the distance. It is also stated in the work referred to, that the cottage has under- gone very little alteration since the period when Parr himself occupied it, and that a corner beside the huge misshapen chimney is shewn as the place where the Nestor of Shropshire used to sit. * Meslin tread, bread made of a mixture of several kinds of flour. The word is derived from the French meler to mix, and possibly also from the German mischen. Other forms of the term are mastlin, maslin, and mashlum, the last of which is well known in Scotland as an epithet for a certain description of bannocks or cakes, made of a mixture of bear or barley and pease meal, and styled from this circumstance mashlum bannocks. DUEL BETWEEN THE DUKE OF HAMILTON AND LORD MOHUN. On 15th November 1712, a singularly ferocious and sanguinary duel was fought in Kensington Gardens. The keepers of Hyde Park, ou the morning of that day, were alarmed by the clashing of swords, and rushing to the spot whence the sound proceeded, found two noblemen weltering in their blood. These were Lord Mohun, who was already dead, and the Duke of Hamilton, who expired in the course of a few minutes. Nor had the combat been limited to the principals alone. The seconds, Colonel Hamilton on the part of the duke, and General Macartney on that of Lord Mohun, had also crossed swords, and fought with desperate rancour. The former of these remained on the field, and was taken prisoner ; but Macartney fled to the continent, from which, however, he afterwards returned, and submitted to a trial. A prodigious ferment was occasioned by this duel, owing to the circumstance of the Duke of Hamilton being regarded as the head of the Jaco- bite party both in North and South Britain, whilst Lord Mohun was a zealous champion in the Whig interest. Neither of the men could lay claim to great admiration on the score of integrity or prin- ciple, and it is difficult, at the present d^y, to pro- nounce any decisive verdict in their case. What, however, seems to have originated merely in per- sonal animosity was represented by the Tory party as a dastardly attempt on the part of their political opponents to inflict a vital wound on the Jacobite cause, then in the ascendant, by removing its great prop, who had just been appointed ambassador to the court of France, and was expected to leave London for Paris in the course of a few days. It was maintained that the duke had met foul -play at the hands of Macartney, by whose sword, and not that of Lord Mohun, he had been slain. But this allegation was never established by sufficient evidence, and the truth of the matter seems to be that both sets of antagonists, principals as well as seconds, were so transported by the virulence of personal enmity as to neglect all the laws both of the gladiatorial art and the duelling code, and engage each other with the fury of savages or wild beasts. HALLEY'S COMET OF 1682.	33,326
adictionaryengl01hollgoog_5	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,886	A dictionary of English plant-names	Britten, James, 1846-1924 \| Holland, Robert, 1829-1893, joint author	English	Spoken	8,017	16,696	Bwkt., Comb., Chtt., N. Em., Uanb., Lane. (E. D. a Lane. gW), Midd., Sorf., Noti., Buff., Sum., Wilte., Wore, Scotland (Dumfries), The froita of Malva tylvatrit, L., which are thought by children to resemble cheeses in shape and flavour. See Cheeaaa. If. LtTte, E,D. S. Qloas. O. 6; Ykt. (4) Hamex Aeetosa, L., — Dev. Bread and Cheese, Cookoo'i. (1) Oxalie Acetosella, L. — S.W. Cumb., Lane. Cookoo Bread and Olioeae, dumb. K D, B. Qloss. C. 8. (2) Crakegua Oxyatantha, 'L,—Sk»», Breod-aiid-Mlk. Cardamine praterisie, L. — 'Mar be simply explained by the association connected with the old custom among country people of having bread-and-nulk for breakfast about the Mason when this bread is coming Breakboaes. Stellmia Holostea, L, — Ches, (Cheadle). Google 64 A DICTIOTIART OF Breakstone. From Lai 8xifraga, a plant that fissures a rock, understood as meaning b. Uthontriptio plant, to be admired in cases of calculu. — Prior, p. 88, V Sagina procumbens, L,— Pratt. (21 Pimpindla Soj/raga, L.— Prior, p. 28. (3) Alchemilla anwfww, Soop.— Prior, p. 28. (4) More particularly the genus Saxifraga. — Prior, p. 28, Breakstone, Partley. Akhemilla arverma, Scop. — Suf.; Scot. JamesOD. Break-stone. Centaurea Oyanue, L. — Treas. Bot A Information of the French name Caine-battette. Braar, Breer, Brere, or Breen. A common Irish Country name for Babua frutia, L., R.D.S. Gloss. C. 8, and Sota canina, L. See E.D. a Gloss. B. 2, C. 1. C. 3, O. 6; also used in Ireland (Antrim and Down). Hal. Wr. In E.D. 8, Lane. Gloss, the form Brere is given, and the names of certain places in Lane (Brere) are connected with it; a quotation from William of Paleme (see Blakebarry) shows this form to have been in use in 1350. Breokon. Plerum aquila, L. — Tks. E. D. S. Gloss. C. 1. and C. 2, where it is rendered "the larger kind of feme." Brere. As sharp as a brere, intellectually acute. — Ykg. (Whit), E. D. S. Gloss. C. 2. But in the same dialect means a gadfly (op. cit), which may perhaps be its explanation in the saying quoted. Breeam. 'Broom [Stiroihamnm acopariua, L.]. 'Broom toea," an infusion of broom as a duretic medicine. — na. (Whitby), E. D. S. Gloss. G 2. Breem. Sarothamni Mcopariua, Wimm. — Aherdeena J. Breer, Sweet (Cumb.), or The Wild Sweet Breer (Bene. Bot. E. Bori). Jioia rubiginoa, L. Brekon. 'Ferns.'— nar. (Mid.), E. D. S. Gloss. C. 6, U. Soe Bracken. Bremmyll Ruhus fusicoxus, L. — Prompt. Parv. HaL Briar, or Brier. A general name for various wild roes and brambles, especially (1) Ruim Bracken. Cuticoswi, L.—E. Bn-d. Bot. R Bord. ; TIa. (North-allerton); Prior, p. 29. (2) Ban canitta, L., and S. arvena, I. — Che.; Qlou.; Prior, p. 29. (3) B. rubiginom, L.—E. Bord. Bot. E. Bord. Briar, or Brier, Sweet. The general name for Bosa rubiginosa, L. — Ger.; E. Bord. Bot. E. Bord. Briar Bose. Soa canina, L., — E. Bord. Bot. E. Bord. Prior, p. 29. Briar, or Brier, Tree. Rom canina, L., which Turn, calls a Brier-tree (Lib.), a Brier-tree (Names), and a Brier-tree (Herb.), Bridle-nest. Cockayne, iiL 315. See Bird's-nest (I). ELEGANT PLANT NAMES. 65 Bridle-nest. Cockayne, iiL 315. See Bird's-nest (I). Bride's Laoea. Phalarum aundinacea, L., the cultivated striped variety. Hamp. Baker; In allusion to the ribbon-like leaves: bide-lobes were 'a kind of broad ribbon or small streamer, often worn at weddings.'— Hal. Prior, p. 28. Bridevort. (1) Spinna UJmaria, L., — From its resemblance to the white feathered worn by bride. Prior, p. 28; or perhaps because it was used for arewing the bouses at wedding festivities. Ger. says the leave and flowers far exceed all other strewing herbe, for to deck up houses, to strew in chambers, Halls, and banketting houses in the summer time; for the smell thereof makes the heart merry, delighteth the senses; and Parkinson (Theatr.) adds that Queen Elizabeth, of some memory, did more desire it than any other sweet herbe to strew her chambers with all. Ger. (Appl.) prints it Bridewort, and Hall and Wr. Bridewort. Spiritus mollis, L.— London, Arboretum. Brier. See Briar. Brier, Hep. Bosa canina, L.— Gtea. Brier Bush. Moea canina, L., and R arvensis, L. — Turner (Brere-hutke); Lyte (Bryer-bühe). Brigbt. Celidonia. — Ger. Appx. No doubt RanuneiduM Fiearia, L., the Cielidoniun minut of his Herbal. Also in Trer. and Hal. Bright, Keadov. Cailka paluetris, L. — Nhamp. Baker. Brimmle (in Prompt. Parv. BrymmeyUe). (1) Rubus fruiieotus, L. —Dtv, Sal. Hartahome; 8om. Eoll. ; Wetl, Hal. (2) Boa eanina, L. — Bal. Hartahome. Brinunle, He. Rnhts frtaicoew, L. A bramble of more than one year's growth. — Som. Hal. Brinutonewort Peacedanum palustre, Moencb. — Ger. From it, yellow sap of liquor, which quickly waxeth hard or dry, smelling not much unlike Drimstone. — Coles, A. in E., 61; or a sulphuric acid odor. — Skinner. Prior, p. 29. Briony. See Bryony. Bristle Feni. A modern book-name for Tnchomanes radieans, Sw. Prior, p. 29. Brittol Weed. Mereuridlis perennii, L. — Som. This is given as a Bristol name by 3. Bootsey in Trans. Medico-Botanical Soc. of London for 1832-33, p. SS. Briflwort, Or Brixewort (i. e. Bmisewort, which see). (1) Symphyium o^naU, L.— Cockayne, iii. 316. (2) Bdlit perennu, L.— Id. HaL Brivet. Ligudntm rulgare, L.— Clou. Cotswold Gloss. A DICTIONARY OF Broad Bent. Peamma arenaria, R & S. — Slietland, Edinburgh lis.; not Scotland generally, as stated at p. 38. Broad Clover. Trifdium pralerue, L — Wighi, FL Veot Broad Kellc Heradeum Sphondylium, L, — N. Tics. From the larfffl leaves, Kelk being an equivalent of Keck. In Country Life, 1868, p. 28, Broad-leaved Eelt. Broad Leal Plantago major, L. — Chea. Broadfield Elm. See Elm. Brockles. Juncus squarroeue, L. — On the hills of Scotland. — Country Broadleaved Elm. See Broklembe. Brockles. Juncus squarroeue, L. — On the hills of Scotland. — Country Broadleaved Elm. See Broklembe. Brockles. Juncus squarroeue, L. — On the hills of Scotland. — Country Broadleaved Elm. See Broklembe. Brockles. Juncus squarroeue, L. — On the hills of Scotland. — Country Broadleaved Elm. See Broklembe. Brockles. Juncus squarroeue, L. — On the hills of Scotland. — Country Broadleaved Elm. See Broklembe. Brockles. Juncus squarroeue, L. — On the hills of Scotland. — Country Broadleaved Elm. See Broklembe. Brockles. Juncus squarroeue, L. — On the hills of Scotland. — Country Broadleaved Elm. See Broklembe. Brockles. Juncus squarroeue, L. — On the hills of Scotland. — Country Broadleaved Elm. See Broklembe. Brockles. Juncus squarroeue, L. — On the hills of Scotland. — Country Broadleaved Elm. See Broklembe. Brockles. Juncus squarroeue, L. — On the hills of Scotland. — Country Broadleaved Elm. See Broklembe. Brockles. Juncus squarroeue, L. — On , Sept, 10, 1874. See Brnoklea. Brokeleak. The water dock. — Hal. Wi. Broklembe. The herb orpin. [Sedum Tepultum, L. It is the translation of Fabaria in MS. Sloane 5, f. S. Spelt brokCemp in Arch. XXX. 403. — Hal. There is some error here; Veronica Beccabungaia the plant called Brooklime now and also by the old herbalists; and Mr. Cockavne (Leoohom8, iu 316) gives a book-name for the species of Broma, invented by Stillingfleet (Obs. on Grassee). Bromegrau. A book-name for the species of Broma, invented by Stillingfleet (Obs. on Grassee). Brookbean. Memyanthes frifoliata, L. — Treas. Bot. Brookbean. See Betony. Brooklime. (1) Generally applied to Venmiea Beceabmga, L. — Priori (p. 29) does not give the origin of the word, and Skinner's three editions do not throw much light on it. He says: "Yel qua d. Brook-time, quia so. conioso solo gaudet; vel quasi Brook-lint, quia ad marginea foesarum orescit, easque inetar fimbriae investit; vel ab A.8. lim, Belg. liim, Teut. leum, gluten viscum, & dioto Brook, quia marginibus nvorum adlueret. Lyte, Wr.; W. Chet, ; Derby; S. Ben. ; Sat. (New Forest); Suff. ; N. Tkt. (2) The large form of Naaturium officinalis, L. {N. tifoliwn, Bdoh.). — Buck. (BacJingham), where it is considered quite distinct from true watercress. (3) ReloKtadium nodifionm, Koch. — Warw, This may be what Buskin (Modern Pointers, v. part 9, chap. ii. 12) alludes to as 'the common weed something like watercress, but with a serrated leaf,' which he says is called Brooklime in Derbyshire. Brookshire Mentha hirauta, L. — Lyte, Wr.; Cockayne, ii 373, iii. 316. Brook-tongue [Brocjlung]. Oufda virosn, L. — Cockayne, iii. 316. Brook-teed. A common book-name for Samolua Valirandi, L. — Prior, p. 2e. Google Broom (in Turn. James Broome). (1) Samtlinmum awpariiu, Wimm. — Lyte and subsequent antlior. Cha.; B.W. Cumi.; E. Sard. Bot. E. Bot. Cockayne, ii 373, iii. 316; Prior, p. 29. (2) Gallus vulgarii, L., from its use in making brooms. S. Blacki. In B. Cat Erica TetraOx is called Broom Heath. Broom, Dyer's. Genista tinetoria, L. — Prior, p. 29. Broom, Foal, or Fals. Lottis camiculatue, L. — Andereon's Essays. From the resemblance of its flowers to those of brooms, and its growth Oft hiUaidee. Jomieeon has Fell-blooni. Broom, Green, S^rothammia seopariue, Wimra. — Herts. Broom, Ha. Cytima Labwmum, L. — Fife, Jamieson. Forhapa meaning Bigk Sroom, to distinguish it from the common Broom, which is of lower growth, or from the Low Broom {Genitta tindoria, L.). Broom, Low. Genitta tinetoria, L. — Lyte. Broom, Prickly, or Thorn. Ul&e europmu, L. — Ger. Broom Heath. Erica Tetralix, L. — R. Cat Broomles. Rubus fnttieoem, L. — Cumb. Broomrape. A general name for the species of Orobanche. — Lyte and subsequent authors; especially O. vutjor, L., which is the Sapum genitla of Lobel and old writers. For, p. 29. Broomwort. (1) Applied by Ger. (p. 210) to Tarioua species of Thitupi and allied plants. The stalks of a nearly-related species (Lepidium nUimim, L.) are still employed in Rosalia in broom-making. See JooTTL Bot. 1871, 110. Skinner's narration, 'quia folia genistam remittent' is absurd. (2) Bcrophularia aquatica, L. — Caulpeper. Probably a manuscript for (3) 'Broomfoorl is an herb with browns coloured leaves, and bears a blue flower, and most commonly grows in wood.' — Markham's Table of Hard Words, prefixed to his Way to get 'Wealth. We do not know it Boonevort 8ee BmiMwort (1). — Ger. App. BroHWOrt. Henbane. It is translated by Hmpkoniata in MS. Sloane, 0, £ 9. Ger. has it in his appendix, but according to him it is the Comolida minor. — Hal. But m Ger. App. the name is applied to Brootewort, and undoubtedly refers to BtUii perennie, Jj. Brothswint. (1) Thymus Serpyllum, L.— Ger. Appi, (2) Mentha FhUgium, L.— HaL Browms. Sarothamnus seopariue, Wimm. — Tamer. Brown Back. In reference to the colour of the back of the fronds. Atpleniam Ceterach, Jj.—Dev. Brown Bogle. Aj'ttga reptans, L. — In Ger. Appx., Browne Begle. A DICTIOSART OF Brown CtMS. Naaturtimn officinale, L. — Ger. Brown Kat Mantia viridis, L. — Ger. Brown Tet Scrophuiaria nodosa, L. — i. e. Brown Nettle, the leaves being very like unto nettell leaves. — Lytt. Dm. Brownwort (1) Soropkularia aquaiica, L. — Tom. Herb. Comw. From the colour of the stalks, Coles, A. in E.; 'the Duohe men name it Braunumrtx,' Tom. Herb. Taraer confinea the name as in actual use to 18. Aqualiat, but says 3. nodosa may be called in English wood broimwurt. Johnson includes both species under the name; and by the same name it is to S. nodosa. Cockayne (Leechdome, u. 374) also assigns the name to Prunella viiliaris, L. Cockayne considere the Crown of Saxony time to have been also AepUnium Cetfrach, L. See Leechdoms, i. 159, ii. 374, iii, 316. Bmokles. Juncun nquarrosuti, L. — A word most expressive of the wirlike hardness and rigidity of the species. — Fbyt. iii. 079. Bmisewort. (1) Sellia perennig, L. — Trev. The leaves stamped take away bruises and swellings if they be laid thereon, whereupon it was called in old time Bruicorte. Ger. 512. Spelt also Bruiswort and (in Cockayne, iii. 316) Briowort; in Qer. App. BrooH-wort. Pnor, p. 30. (2) Saponaria officinolU, L. — Ger. Index. 'Quia ad contusionea utiliB credita ost. '—Skinner. Prior, p. 30. (3) It would appear from Cockayne, iii. 316, that Symphytum oji-dnale, h., was so called in A-8. Brolempe. The herb quipin. — Wi. See Brolembe. Brumley. Rubus fruticus, L. — Norf,; Suff. Moor. Brumleyberry. Rubus fruticosus, L. — Norf, HaL Brumleyberry. A Scotch name for some plant which we cannot identify. See Gard. Chron., Aug. 19, 1878, 247. Brumleyberry. Rubus fruticosus, L. — E. Bord. Bot. E. Bord. In Ykt. (Wensleydale), Brumleya. Brummell, or Brummell (or in the plural Brummell). Brummell fruga, L., more particularly the fruit fruticosus. Hal.; Tk. (gen.); Berw. Bot. E. Bord. In B. D. S. Gloas. C. 2 (Tkt. Whitby), we find Brummell-nooas'd, pimpled like a blackberry, "A brummell-Ttooa'd yal" "Swab," an invoterate ale-drinker, with the signs of his preponderance in his nose. The fruit is called Brunnell-barriea in Berio, Bot. E. Bord.; and the shrub in the same work is styled Brunnell-barriea. Bronnellites. Fruit of Rubus shrubs, L. — Oumh. E. D. S. Gloss. O. 8. Bronnellus. Prundla vidgaris, L. — Ger. A thodification of Brunnell, the Latin name (now mon). Prunella, which took its origin from the Cephalic, is described by Oerard (p. 508); this appears to have been a kind of quinsey, attended with other hymptonus, for which the Prunella was deemed a specific. Bronnellus. See Bronnellus. Bronnellus. (1) Centaurea Cyanam, 'L. — Grit. (2) Diptaeus n/l Valria, L. — Line. Bunches, Buber's. See Barber's B. Bunches, Beril's. See Devil's B. Bunches, p. 30. According to Lute Borne personuses used to assign the name to Actaepirata, L. Bryony, Bed or White. Bryonia dioec, L. — Lyte. Prior, p. 30. Bryony. Hall. See Briawort. Back. A.S. Boe. (1) Fagns sylvatus, L. — Scoil. Jamieson. Cockayne, iii. 314, Prior, p. 30. (2) Pygonum Fagmyrum, L. — In the central parts of the East Norfolk district its only name is black. — E. D. 8. Gloss. B. 3. TuBser. In Bay is good showing thy liver or thy bicarbonate. That black is as pepper, and smells as rank; It is to thy land as a comfort or muck, And all thing it makes as a buck. Brakbean, Menyanthg trioliala, L. — Lyte. Ger. C/ifn. ; I/w. (Wakefield, Bedale); E. Yka. ; E. Bord. Bot B. Bord. Supposed by some to have been originally bog-bran, but this name is not found in the older writers. Prior (p. 30) considers it to be derived from the Dutch word Boekt-booaen (Germ. Bocktbohnr), as it is considered to be a remedy against the tckarbock, or scurry; and that the Dutch word seems to be derived from the Lat. tcorbutiu, the scurry. Jamicson says: 'A name given in Bos. to the common tree. It seems rather to be the Menyanlhu tri/aliata, marsh tree, or bog bean. It grows somewhat like a bean, and many people in Scotland infuse and drink it for its medicinal virtues.' Bockbean, Frinffod. Limrumihemum nympkmoideg, Lk, — From it, fringed oorolla; a book-name invented when the plfl ut WOB considered a species of Myxantha. Prior, p. 30. Backbeanll. Avena datior, L.—E. Bord. Bot. E. Bord. Bnokgnaa. Lycopodium davafum, L.—Caiub. Google A DICTIONARY OF BnoUion. See Book's Hom (1 and 2). Book-tomb. Hose. Lycopodium davatum, L. — Cumb. E, D, S. Gloas. C, 8. Bwé-berriu. Fruit of Sosa canina, L., end other species, Atiim and Doum. Bnckie. Fruit of Rosa canina, L. — Aherdeenth. Bocklei. Fruit of Fruvla veria, L. — Kent (Folkeetone). Probably a corruption of Paxgili, the East Anglian name (or cowelipe, which see. Boek Kaat Skinner. The nute or mast of the beech, which was formerly called hudee. — Prior, p. 30; not, as Coles (A. in E.) says, "because deere delight to feed thereon." Bockranu. (1) Allium ursinum, L. — Lyte Turn. Names, Ger. (2) Aram maettlaium, L. — Ger. App. Bnek'i-beaid. (1) Maacal (Government of Cattell, 1662, p. 320) describes under this name a plant which 'groweth in forests and shades, and hath flowers and seeds like a buck's-brard, his leaves like great paisley.' This we have not been able to identify. (2) Tragopogon praiattii, L. — Saxter. See Qoat's-beard. Prior, p. 30. Bnok't-hora. (1) Senebiera Coronoput, Poii, — Bukea stomæreis greee (gras), and bas leaes slaterde as an hertys home, and his groves gropyng be the erthe. And bit has a Utell whit floure, and groves in Bia ways. — MS. BodL 366; Cockayne, iii, 316. Culpeper has Buckhom. (2) Lycopodtum datmlum, li. — Cumb. [also Buckbom; Stirling. (3) Plantago Coronoput, L., and P. maritima, L. — Lyte. Buoklhorn Hou. Lycopodium elavaium, L. — Cumb. BuckekoriL Plantain. Plantarico Corotiopum, L., from the deeply leaves, and P. maritima, L. — Lyte. Bucke-maat. The fruit of Fague gylvatiea, L. — Skinner. See Buck-maat. Bucke-maat. A name applied in E. Tks. to the larger thistles, O. mattant, L., C. triophoriu, L., and C. lanctolafut, L. In the line, the meadow-thistle (E. D. B. Gloss, O. 8), no doubt one or more of the foregoing. Backthon. (1) The general name for Rhamnua caikartieut, L. — Lyte, Oer., Prior, p. 31. (2) Pranut tpinma. L.—N. Line. E. D. a Gloss. C. 6. Backthon, Alder. See Alder. Backthom, See. The common book-name for Hippophae rhamnoid, L., suggested, like the Latin specifia name, by its general resemblance to a triethom. Google ENGLISH PLAUT NAMES. 71 Backthorn. Polygonum Foffopyrum, L. — Ger. K Bord. Bot. £. Bind. Prior (p. 31) refers it to Du. hochoeU, Gar. huchwxtUten, born the resemblance e of its singular seeds to be known. See Beechwat. The paste used by weavers in dressing their weavers in West Scotland called Buekhe, a name which Jamieeon says is corrupted from Buekwheat, of which grain it is made. Buckle. Flour canna, L.— Flour (Belfast), Flour Belf. Bundle. Ohrytanthemum gegetum, L.— E, Aglia, Forby; Norf. With. ed. IT.; &ut, B. D. 9. Oloes. B. 3. It occurs in an early list of plants, the Sloane, 5, 6, epelt huU. HaL See Boodle. Prior, p. 31. Bundle-bundle, or Bundle-bundle. The 'flower' of Arctium Lappa, L. — North, Brockett, HaL Wr. Bundle. Chryganthemum tegdum, L. — Norf. Euial Cyclopedia. Bug Agario. Agariew mtueariua, L. — A mushroom. That used to be smeared or arbed bedsteads to destroy bugs. Prior, p. 31. Bogbane. Given by Nenmicb as 'a. Cimieifuffa; b. The Bogbean: in the latter case a mere corruption of Bogbean. Biftil. Ajuga rejOane, L. — Lyte; N. Tka. Turn. Xamee. Ger. has also Brown Bn^e. Prior, p. 31. It is put in drinks for wounds; and that is the cause why some do commonly say, that he that hath hugle and sanguine, will scarce Toaohaafe the chinning a bugle. — Sorflef s Couutrie Fann, p. 262. Baglou. (IJ Echium vulgare, L. — Cireioa aliqui buglossfl magnQ Tocant angb Bvgloi, et acnleaU illam herbam quam Tocamus Langdehe, hqjns bugloeai esse apeciem arlntror, ha«q. referendam censeo agrestam herbam quam TOCant CaXtatayU. — Turn. Lib. See Oat's-taa In Turn. Herb. WUd B. Ly€Optia arventia, 'L.-^E. Bord, Bot. E. Bord; which is often led In modern books, Small, Com, of Tield B. (3) AncJaiia officinalis, L. — Ger., &c. Prior, p. 31. (4) Famine, Echinacea, L. — Ger. The name is extended in a general sense to many rough-leaved plants. Bujol, Viper's. The common book-name for Eckium vulgare, Cytt, Ger. (who calls it also Snake's B); E. Bord. Bot. E. Bord.; Kior, p. 31. 'Poi as the ancient Nicander writeth, Alcihiades (being aalaeim) was hurt with a serpent: wherefore when he awoke and saw this bear, he took of it into his mouth and chewed it, swallowing down the juice thereof: after that he laid the herbe being so chewed upon the sore, and was healed. It is very good against the bites of serpent and Tipera, and his seed is like the head of an adder or Tiper. Lyte. Bofflow Cowdip. Palmonaria officinalis, L.— 'From its having the leaves of a bogloss and the flowers of a primula.' — Prior, p. 31. With, (ed. iy.) applies the name to F. angustifolia, L. Bnlfer. See Bnlfer. Google A DIOTIOSARY OF Bolla. Prunus insitium, L. — Grer. (who epella it Bolleise and Bulleus), Canib., En., Qloa., Nor., tiuss., Chei., Fkt. Sometimes applied espedally to the variety with white or pole yellow fruit. Paragraae nae 'Solas' /rule, prunelle; botai Ire, espiae noir.' The name is usually applied to the cultivated form, but in E. D. S. Oloea. C. 2 it is rendered 'the bluish black plum of the hedges; " as bright as a bullock." This is probably the same as that intended by Hal., who says: 'A small black and tartish plum, growing wild in some parts of the country, not the size. It must not be confused with the common plum so called. The provincial meaning seems to be intended in Cotton's Works, 1734, p. 137; and Florio has bullock in the same sense in t. SuUoi.' Holme Sects it Ballay. Prior, p. 31. Bullbe6£ The young shoots of fioa eanina, L., and Subua fruti-cotus, L., especially the latter, are peeled and eaben under this name by children. — Mid. Che. Bullbe6£ Fruit of Vaccinium Myrrh, L. — Ger, 1231. Prior (p. 20) has Bulbeny. Bullbind (in Hunting. and Herts. BoUbine). In the Herts Mercury for Not. 13, 1373, is a letter referring to a fire supposed to have been caused by a boy who had been smoking a bit of bullbioB near some straw. Clematis Vitalba, L.— E. Cat. Bulldairy. (1) Orchis nuUeula, L.—Scot. : Dutpfriesh. K & Q. 4, yiii. 143. (2) Orchis lati/oUa, L.—Edinb. (spelt Bullderrias). Bulldairy. Chrysant Aemum Leucanthemum, L. — Camb., Chea., Cumb., N. En., Nor., Stiff. From its large size compared with other Bulldosi. AntiTrilium majus, L. — Pratt. BuleiU. Prunus spinosa, L. — Sal. Bollei. A spelling of Bnllaoe. — Tom. Herb. Bull Faoei. (1) Aim aespitosa, L. — Chea. ; dumb. E. D. S. Gobb. C. B; Tkt. OleTel. Gloss. ; E. Bord. Bot. E. Bord. (2) DadylU glomerata, L. — Chea. (occasionally). (3) Tufts of coarse grass. — E. Hal. Bullfälleut Lycoperdon Bovista, L. — Hal. Wr. E. Anglena, Porby ; Nor. Holl. ; Suff. Moor. Oer. haa Bulflata, and Bulfan is a common Norfolk spelling : In Trans. Notes and Norwich Nat. Hist. Soc. for 1872-3 it is Bulver. From Lai hovilla, Oerm. bofi ; or bam bidl and still, crepitus. C&. Lat. Quopordam. Fior, p. 32. Bullfälleut, or Bulls-foot Tusdlaga Farfara, L. — Tum. Names (Bulfa) ; Lyts. Oer. 8. Buda. From the shape of the leaf, p. 32. Bull Fruit. Airs c<K^u9a, L. — HaL; Camh. £. D. 8. Oloss. C. 8; Ykt. Hallamsh. Qkas. ; Norih, Brookett. Bull-^rau. Bromue mdlis, L. — E. Bord. Bot. E. Bord.; Aher- dtenth.; Fife (Kelso), where it may refer to either A uuiili; B. Google ENGUSH PLANT NAMES. 73 combined, or S. raeemoiat, or (which is more likely) to all of them.— Sdenoe Qoaaip, 1676, p. 39. In Aberdeeiuh. it is applied to B. molli vken growing in hayfields and overtopping off grasses. Boll-luuneki. See Bull-U. Bull Ham. The fruit of Cratergua Oxyaeaniha, L., when it contains a double stone.— £. Bord. Bet K Bord. The largest kind of haw. — C. Whitby, E. D. S. Gibbs, C. 2. Bollies. The fruit of Puntis epipiosa, L. — Line. Wr. In E. D. 8. Oloes. C. 6 (N. Line.) it is (probably more correctly) assigned to the bula, or larger size — i. «. F. inutitia, L. Balliffion. Polygonum Fagopyrum, L. — Ger. A term also applied in E. to a mixture of oats, peas, and vetches. Bay, E. D. S. O. Cobb. O. 16, 79. Ballium. The fruit of Prunus epitaph, L. — Sai. Hartshorne. Bailioiu. Wild plums; large slices. — Wr. Prunus insittis, L. 1 Bailiff. Prunus comming, or rather a large form of it common to seashores. — Saitl. (Galloway), Scottish Naturalist, April, 1671; Cavab. B. D. a Qloaa. O. 6. Bailock's eye. Semperiivum teetorum, L. — Ger. Bailiff's Lungwort. Verhaseum Thapitis, L. — Kent, Ger. The country people, especially those husbandmen La Kent, do give their cattell the leaves to drink against the cough of the lungs, being an excellent approach. Oved medicine for the same, whereupon they do call it Buller Longwoor. — Qta. 630. Prior, p. 32. See also Buller Longwoor, Bk. of Simples, fol. 34, where it is spoken of as furnishing a syringe medicine, which conveyed 'into the throat of the sycate beast with a home or tonic made for the same purpose, will hide and dense their lungs.' Buller. The sloe or wild plum: Welsh hogs, winter sloes. — E. D. S. Lane. Gloss. Prunus inutia, L. F See Buller. Bullerites. Aira spilata, L. — West of Eng. According to Wr., 'a heavy crop of grass driven by wind or rain into an eddy is said to be filled with spindles. Northampt.' In N. Line, 'large round tufts of grass standing above the common level of the field' are called Bullerites. 'There is a place in the Isle.' Of Axhobne called Bull-iodu. — K D. S. Oloss. C. 6. These tufts are probably Aira cm-pitoaa, L. Bee Bull-grasa, Bull Battle. (1) LyehnU vegpertina, Sibth.— Euab. (2) Silene inflata, Sm.— Buc.; Wight, Fl. Vect. The name ratOt protaldy r^ers to the sound made by the dry inflated calyx of this spedes. Bnllmah. (1) A name applied in books to Seirpus lacuMrU, L., but in modern popular nee more usually applied to (2j. — Lyte. Cku. Formerly spelt jwie-nuX, the pool-rusn, fonc d'eau, A. 8, ea-rix, from its growing in pools of water, and not, like other rushes, in mire. — ViioT, p. 32. We have not met with the spelling polerush in our earlier authors, and are inclined to think that the name has simply meant a large rtuh, but as a prefix sometimes having this significance: see Bull Hawa, Bull-graaa, Bullalop, etc. (2) Typha iati/olia, L. — Berk., Cvmb., Dev Oxotk, Suff., Warm. (including T. anguai/olia), Wetim., N. Ykt. Bolls. Steins of Cratcegug Oxyacaniha, L. — 'The atems of hedge thorn.' Wr. E. Norris. E. D. S. Gloea. B. 3. Bolls-and-Cows. The floweia of Arum maevlaium, L. — Hal. Wr.; Nhamp. BaJcer; N. Line. E. D. 8. Gloes. C. 6; Yki. (apparently general), E. D. a Gloes. C. 7; North, Brookett From the apadicas, which are sometimes dark red and sometimes pale pink of nearly white, giving an idea of male and female. Prior, p. 32. Bulls and Wheyi. Arum maculatum, L. — TJbR. (Cleveland), Winn. Bolls-b. Orckie maxula, L., and O. Morio, L. — Seotl. f Angus, Meams]. It receives its name from the resemblance of the two tubs. The root to the teetes. — Jameson, Bull-B. (1) 2½th, laiifolia, 1. — Moray, Fl U.; N. Seo. Jameson. The seed of legg. Prior, p. 32. Orchis marculta, L., and O. Morio, L.—N. Seotl. Jameson. Segg has here a different meaning, being connected with many other names of the Orchit. To tegg' is to castrate in the North. See Sull-tegg in E. B. S. Gloss. B. 1. Bull's foot. See Bull's Forehead. Air aespitoaa, L. — Hal. Wr. ; IV. of Eng. Gross; E. Th. R D. S. Gloss. B. 2. Billslop. Frimvla variabilia, Gonp. — Ohee. The large byhrid OTElipe are so called, as distinguishing them from the smaller cowAopt. Bull Thistles. Carduua lanceolatua, L. — Irel. (Belfast), Fl. Bellf. Bull Toppin. Air aeepitoga, 'L.—Cumb. E. D. S. Gloss. C. 8. Toppin' in Cumberland = 'forehead.' Bee Bull Facaa, Bull Front, Ac. Boll Tree. Sambueiu nigra, L. — Oumb. E. D. S. Gloss. C. 8; Duvfr. (Moffat). Bolliun. Prunus communis, L. — Com., Dev. Boll Weed (in Mart Mill. Bolward). Ceniaurea nigra, L. — Ger. Prior, p. 32. 'Quia boveegegegegegegegetantux'— Skinner. Bull-wort. Properly pootwwrt, from its growth in or near pools. Scrophularia, L. : also in Gerard, for the same reason, Ammi majtit, L.' Prior, p. 32. We doubt this explanation. Bully. Prunus communic, L. — Line. Bk Bolroie. Narcissus Pseudo-nareiae, L. — Som. Bolver. See Bullfift. Bolwand. Artemisia vulgaria, L. — Caithness, Orkneys, Jamieson. .y Google ENGLISH PLANT NAMES. . £mac. 'Bushes,' Line. Hal. Wr., E. D. 8. Gloes. 0. 7. In Tkt. Whitby, a horse's collection of straw or mashes is called a simple horse, said to be distinguished from the leather bar. Bummerfield. Flour of Rubus fruit, L. — Toro. Lih Bummerfield. The fruit of Rubus fruit, L. — Hsl. Wr.; Camb. ; Hsl. Gtobo; JWumft.- Tfo. (Tadesstw); Bay (Gloss. B. 15. Prior (p. 32) says the denotation of this name is 'from Scot. Kye, belly;' from the rumbling and bumbling caused in the bellies of children who eat its fruit too greedily. Bumble, however, appears to be merely a corruption of Sruin, i. e. Brambie; though it is quite likely that la/U may have been added from a confirmation between 'the wonu' berry' and'belly.' Bumble-kit. Fruit of Bumble-kit, L. — dumb. E. D. S. Gloss. C. S. Bumble-kit. Fruit of Bumble-kit, L. — Bert. Bot E. Bord.; Owner. E. D. S. Gloss. O. S; Th. Geu.); North, Brockett, who gives a 'bumm-kit' with a spider in the equivalent of 'a bad bargain, a disappointment' Bumble-kit in Vk. (Soldemess) also Significant, a person with a protuberant stomach. — E. D. 8. Gloss. C. 7. (2) Bubut taxati, L.— r^fci. Hallamah. Gloss. Bommel. Rubus fruticums, L. The fruit Build-btrism. — Cumft. Wr. Bunmely-kite, or Burney-kitet. Fruit of Rummer, L. — Wm. The bush are Bommelty-Idte-busses. Bummely-kite, Ruhw fruticums, L. — Hantt, Grose. Bonoboleiy Buttons. Pyretium Parthenium, L. — Sir, A aruption of Baehelor's BtMont, Bun. (1) Centaarea nigra, L. — E. Anglia, Forby, Holl. (2) Scolmo succus, L. — E. Anglia, Forby. Hal, and Wr. assign the name to 'a species of Baehous,' which may be this or S. arvauit. Bundweed. (1) Ceniaurea nigra, L. — E, Anglia, Forby, Holl. (2) Scabiota tuccita, Ii.—E, Anglia, Forby suggests that it is quasi-bum-witted, from the roundness and plumpness of the particles of fructifioation in the plants mentioned. See abo Bunwede (2). Bunk. (1) Any large hollow-stemmed Umbesterta — Norf. (2) Conivm Tttaeviafum, L. — tfor/. (3) Boots of Convolintum stupum, L. — Nor. (4) Oudorium Itylium, L. (Brushes).— E. Anglia, Forby, Hal. Bunnel, or Boimle. (1) Heraclemn Spondylium, L. — Oumb. (dry stalks), K D. S. Gloss. C. 8; Zankart. Jamieson. A DICTIONARY OF 2) Seneca Jacobus, L. — Upper Clydad. Jamieson. 3) Oannabit tela, L. — (Dry stalks) Vumb. Hal. Bumtrtl. Heraclemm Bphondylium, L. — Yk. Clevellaud Gloss. ; N, Seotl, ; Lanarkt. Jamieson. Bmmy Houtl. (i. e. Eabbifs Coath, which see). Aniirrhimim maju, L. — Surr. HaL Bout (1) Lyeopetdon Jamieeon, -who also spells it Botiswaad. BunWAde. (1) Seneca Jacoba, L. — Jameson. (2) Palygoaum Convolvulut, L. — Jameson. (3) Bimwead of Bimwead for Suf., and thinks it refers to (1) or to Seradtum Sphondi/liiim. Bar, But, w Bom. (1) A7-ctium Lappa, L. — Turn, Names; C. Climb. B. D. 8. Gloss. C. 8 - & W. dumb.; if. Line. K D. S. Gloss. C. 6; Nhamp, Baker; (fruit) Sal. ; Suff. Moor; Moray, Fl. M.; Dnm/r. (Ifoffat) ; HaL Wr. apphes it both to the fruit and to the plant itself. Galium Aparint, 1, — Budca. (Wycombo) ; Chfs. (3) Carduut lancfoiatut, L. — Sixill. Jamies On the heads of this thistle, affirming the apices of the apple, Yki. (Whitby), B. S. Gloss. C. 2. See Sort. (4) Fruit of Humulus Lupulus, Ii.—Kail; E. Sum. Holl. (5) (Or Burres) The cone of the apple, N. Scoth Jamison. (6) The prickly seed of the chestnut. He stuck to it like a hurr. — E. D. 8. Gloss. C. 7. Bur, Button. See Button. Bur, Clot (1) Arctium Lappa, L.—Camb. K D. S. Gloss. C. 8. Tkt. Clereland Gloss. (2) Xanthium Sirensarium, L.—S.W. Climb. E. D. S. Gloss. G. B. Bur, Sitoh. Xantium Sirumarium, L.—S.W. Climb. E. D. S. Gloss. G. B. Bur, Sitoh. Xantium Sirumarium, L.—S.W. Bur, Great. Arctium Lappa, L.—S.W. Bur, Laud. Arctium Lappa, L.—S.W. Bur, Loau. Xanthiam Strumarium, L.—S.W. the Bni^ndiana have been always very careful for the sowing and tilling of this herb.' Sorflefs Country Farm, p. 698. Baxter gives Burgundy Tree. ISGUSH PLANT NAMES. 77 Bnrhead. Galium Aparine, L. — Nhamp. Baker. Bark, or Bark-tree. Betula alha, "L.— North, Hal; Cumb. E. D. a Olom. C. 8; E. Til. E. D. 8. Oloea. B. 2. Buri-roda and burk-beeoms are still in use. Bar Marigold. A book-name for Bidens tripartita, L. — Prior, p. 33. Burnet. (1) Sanguicorha officinalis, L. — Toner, lijte, Wr. Prior, p. 33. Hal. has 'The herb pimpernel.' Of p. Impromptu to speak then, yet, and English, called is burnt. MS. Sloane, 2457, f. 6. But the Foterium is intended, which is often called Salad Burnet, Boniface, Sanguisorha, offidnalia, L. — With. ed. Iv.; Prior, p. 33. Bumst Bou. A common book-name for Roan gpinodmima, L. — Prior, p. 197. Burget Saxtirags. A book-name for Pimpinella Saxifraga, L. — Prior, p. 33. Bamisg Buiil Diciamnve Fraxinella, L. (in gardens). — It is said that the plant gives off so large a quantity of essential oil that the air around it becomes inflammable, and will ignite if a light be brought. Bamsing Hettlft. Urtiea wens, L., and U. pululifera, L. — Lyte. Bunnweed. Seolopenirium vulgare, Sym. — W- Meath, being used there as a remedy for burns. Burr Parsley. A book-name for Caueaiis dajicoideg, L. — From its bristly seeds, which cling like burs. Prior, p. 33. Burr, Creeping. Lycopodium elavatum, L. — Caitfin. Jamieson. Burr, Tprigllt. Lyeopodium davatum, L. — Scntl. Jantieson. Burr, Turridge. Borago officinalis, Bar Beed. A common book-name for Sparganium ramosum, L. — From its round prickly bur-like fruits. Prior, p. 33. Borro. Laminaria digitata. Lam. — Antrim and Down. A tall shapeless person is called in derision a bumf. Bnratwort Hemiaria glabra, L. — From its supposed efficacy in mpturea. — Prior, p. 33. Bar Thirtle. The spear thistle. Canluus Zanceo (hs, L. — Hal. Wr. Cumb. E. D. 8. Oloss. C. 8; North, Grose; Tki. (general); E. Bord. Sot. E. Bord. ; Scofl. Jamason (as Bur Thirtle) ; Prior, p. 33. Bnr-tree (i. e. Bore-tree, which see). SamlAicvs nigra, L. — Prompt. Parr, (spelt Bur-tree), Hal. Wr. ; CTf. Wilbraham's Quoss. ; Cumb. E. D. S. Gloss. C. 8; Horih, Brockett; Tk. (Craven), E. D. B. Glosa. Google 78 A DICTIONARY OF B. 7, where there is on ecroaeoua explanation of the name by Dr. Waian; (Swaledale) E. D. 8. Glow C. 1; (Whitby) E. D. & Gloes. C. 2. Brookett says that the pop-guns made from it are called bur-tree gnns or bur-tree ploffers. Bürwörd. (1) QuaUum Aparine, L. — NTtamp, Baker. (2) Xaathium Struvtarium, L. — Prior, p. 33. (3) Spargamvim. — With. ed. ii, where Stokes Substitutes this name for Swr-re, which he [erroneously] says 'would seem to be a species of reed {Arundo). Bürwort. The pilewort. — Xemnich. i, e. BamoKulua Ficaria, L. Apparently an error. Fairy-dokkSB. Arctium Lappa, L. — HaL A spell of Bwrdoekt. Barryt ; Saponaria quaZis, L. — Grete Herbal. Bailey (Diet 1736) has 'Borith, an herb or sort of soap, which follows this in Bconring cloths.' Sb^nner gives the same word. BuhrasB. Calamagroetts Epigejoit, Both. — Baxter. Baah-tree. Bjixus temperviretu, L. — Saotl. Duncan, 1585. See E. D. a Glossary. B. 13. Butcher, or Butcher's, Broom. Ruacm aaitcatue, L. — Turn, Lib. and sabseqaeat anthois, Wr.; Prior, p. 33. Batoher's Prick Tree (in Prior Butcher's Friokwood). (1) Rham-nu» Ftangula, L. — Get. From its use in making akewerSL Prior, p. 34. (2) Euoni/miu europceut, L., in Skinner. Butter and Bread. Cratmgus Oxyacantha, L. — Tks. (Weiialeydale)^ See Bread- and-Oheeie. Batter and Eggs. Several flowers which are of two shades of yellow are so called. (3) Narcissus, various species, especially N. Fteudo-nardstiii, L. (Deu.; 'a variety,' Baker; Som., 'a variety,' Jennings; W. of England, Hal. Wr.); Som., 'a variety,' Jennings; Surr.y N. bif. Forue, L. (Dev.) ; N. poeticut. (fleu.) ; and 'the double-flowered variety of N. aantit.' — Treas. Bot. It is probable that under the name of N. Pteudo-narcumt other spedes are included. Pulman assis the name to 'the jonquille'; the 'double naroiBeus' is so called in Wexford. (2) Linaria vuigarit, Z.—N. Budct. ; Cumb. E. D. S. Gloss. C. 8 ; N.Dai.; Doris. Barnes; Em.; Gfou. (Stroud); Suu. ; Wilta.; JTon. ; E. Bord. Bot. E. Bord. ; Prior, p. 34. (3) Lotus wmkuJaiut, L. — Cotum. (Butter's Egg). (4) Leucojum vemum, L.— Dor. (Bridport), Jonm. Bot 1866, p. 88. (6) Irit FseiidaeoTUi, L. — N. Buclea. ; Nhamp. ; Oxon. Butter Basket. Trolliua europaeus, L. — The. (Ciaven). Butter-Mob. Calfha palustris, L. — 7ks. (Wakefield). See Blob. Butter-bump. TroXtxut europanta, L. — The. (Bedale). ENGLISH PLANT NAHSS. 79 Battor-bor. Pelagiis vulgaris. Deaf. — 8. of England, Tdtd. Names ; Oamb. TnrnBT, Ly to ; N. Bucks. ; E. Bard. Bot. B. Bord.'Fcemine hajOB herbfe foliia butyrii involannt nade nomon focenint a htMerhur' — Tum. lib.'Because the oountre j hwawiTee were wont to wmp their batter Battor-bor. Pelagiis vulgaris. Deaf. — 8. of England, Tdtd. Names ; Oamb. TnrnBT, Ly to ; N. Bucks. ; E. Bard. Bot. B. Bord.'Fcemine hajOB herbfe foliia butyrii involannt nade nomon focenint a htMerhur' — Tum. lib.'Because the oountre j hwawiTee were wont to wmp their batter Battor-bor. Pelagiis vulgaris. Deaf. — 8. of England, Tdtd. Names ; Oamb. TnrnBT, Ly to ; N. Bucks. ; E. Bard. Bot. B. Bord.'Fcemine hajOB herbfe foliia butyrii involannt nade nomon focenint a htMerhur' — Tum. lib.'Because the oountre j hwawiTee were wont to wmp their batter Battor-bor. Pelagiis vulgaris. Deaf. — 8. of England, Tdtd. Names ; Oamb. TnrnBT, Ly to ; N. Bucks. ; E. Bard. Bot. B. Bord.'Fcemine hajOB herbfe foliia butyrii involannt nade nomon focenint a htMer In the large leaves thereof, in the large leaves thereof, the fruit is a common name from their use in the same way. See Butter Dock and Butter Heaters. Butter Chum. Nupher lufa, Sm.—From the shape of the fruit. Butter CnesM. Sanunculus aerii, L., S. bulbogus, L., R. repens, L. —Budcs. Batter-oa, or cana. (1) Ranuncvit aerie, L., R. bvoms, L., R. mollis, L. —A colore butyrum figura calicula in temalanti sic dicti — Skinner. Prior (p. 34) says; 'Not perhaps from butter and cap, but rather more probably from Ft. bitton (Tor, the bachelor's button, a name given to its double variety.' But it seems to us that the more obvious derivation is also the more likely to be correct. Turn. Herb. Camh. W. Cha.; Cumb. E. D. 8. Gloss. 0.8; Rev. ; Em.; Hott. Holl, ; Jforf. BadnoT (borders of Heret); S. Holl, ; Suff. ; Butt. Holl; Warto. ; N. TlU., E. Bord. Bot E. Bord. ; Wr. (2) B. Fiearia, 'L.—Buda.; Chas.; Ownb.; Olou.; Sadnor (borders of HereC); Buff.; Suit.; Warw.; Ykt.; A 5or. Bot E. Bord, S3) R, awriooimu, L. — Sum. 1) PatatUlla anxrina, h.S. Bueht. Battaroup, Com. Ranunetdus arvengis, L. — N. Tka. Bnttercilp, Water. (1) Callha palimtris, 'L.—Surr., N. and K Yks. Tiaa is c^ed Big Buttercup in E. Yle., and Ctreat B. in 8. Buckt. (2) Bammadvt aquatU, L. — Withering. Botteroiipi, White. Pamatsia paludris, L. — E. Bord. Bot. £. Bord. Bntter Daily. (1) Ranunadus aa-is, L., R. btdboms, L, R repent, L. — 8. Bneka. (2) Chrytantkatiu/m Aeaean( Annum, L. — Hal, Wr, Dort. Bomea. But ter Dock. Rumex obtima, L. — Deeriug's Cat, Ship; because dairymaids pack huttAi in its leaves. Prior, p. 30. Buttered Hayoooki. Linaria vulgaris, Mill. — Y/cs. Butterflover. An equivalent of Butterflies (I). — Giei., &c. 'The watered meadows are yellow with butterflies.' — Aubrey, Nat Hist, of Wilta Onrtis (PL Loud.) says they are 'called 'waterfly' by the common people, which mime seems to have originated from a supposition that the yellow colour of butter was owing to these plants.' Cows, however, will not eat them when growing. Butterfly Orchii. Great Caltha palmatria, L. — Lyte's MS. Butterfly Orchii. A common modern book-name for Hahenaria cithorantha, Bab., and ff. btfoiia, Br. Butterfly Orchii. CrateBgus Oxyacardka, L. — Norf. Butterfly (1) Lrituae commadaim, L. — Grose, Ray, E. D. S. Olose, B. 16, 36. Prior (p. 5) says: "An obscure name, perhaps in the first place, bottle jadca' but he gives no reason for this arrangement, which, moreover, would not insist to explain the name. Wita. ed. U. (2) Mtd. Chicago, L.— With. ed. ii Butter Leaves. (1) The leaves of the Atriplex hortens, or garden orach; which dairy-women in general know in their gardens annually for the purpose of packing butter in. They are sufficiently large, of a fine texture, and a delicate pale green color. — Olou. E. D. A Glossary. B. 4. (2) Bumex alpimit, L. — Cumb. Butterplate. Ranuncultia Flammula, L. — E. Bord. Bot. E. Bord. Batterpumpi. The seed-vegetable of Nupkar lulea, Sm. — Don. Hal, Butter-root (a corruption of Batter-wort). Pinguicvula vulgaris, L. — Tkt. Ger. Batter-twitoh. Avena datior, L. — Cumb. Butterweed. Erigeron canaderuit, L. — Treaa. Bot. Butter-wort. PinguiciUa vili/aris, L. — Fits. Ger. ; E. Bord. Bot. Bord. From the cavity of its leaves, as if melted butter had been poured upon them. — Coles, A, of S, p. 30. Prior, p. 35. Buttery. Sambuem nigra, L.—T7c«, In E. D. S. Gloss. C- 7, p. 33 {7kt. Holdemese), it is spelled Buttery-three. See Boretr«. Buttery Entry. Viola ti-ieofor, L. — Derh. In explanation of this remarkable name it may be noted that the pansy rejoices in a considerable number of endearing names, such as Zoo% up and IcU* mt (which see), amongst these names is found Met her «" entry Aim her t* buttery (which see), of which the above seems to be a contraction. Button Bur. Xanthiwin Strumarium, L. — Johnson's Mercuilas Botanicus (1634). Buttery Grau. Avena dalior, L. — In allusion to the round bulb-like bodies which are frequently found. At the base of the stems. — Cum. E. D. 8. Gloss. C. 8. Button-hole. Scohpendum vulgare, Sjth. — The fractification in a young stamens. Buttons. (1) Tanacetam vulgare, L. — N. Yorks. (2) Young Mushrooms, such as are used for pickling. A general Bait, Baohelor's. See Baohelor's Button. Baiton, Borate. Fruit of Arctium Lapon, L. — Dev. "Wr. Butto, Bitter. Tanaeefum iJgare, L. — From the shape of the flower-heads and the bitter taste of the whole plant. Moray. Buttoni, Cockolds'. Ardium Lappa, L. — H. Buttont, Soldier. G'-ranium Rohertianum, L. — 8. Backs. Button-twitoh. Avena elatior, L. — Cumb. E. D. S. Gloss. C. 8. INGLISH PLANT NAUES- 81 Button Weed. Oentaurea nigra, L. — Sum. Moor is probably wrong in applying this in Sifff. to Heradeum Sphondylium or Senecia Jacaeita; the above or some Bcabioua is more likely to be intended. Bybboy. A kind of barb See Cheddar Flays, i. 119, where the Bodl. MS. reads the Bible. Hall. Byllerae. A kind of Pumpt. Farv., p. 16. Byndfl. Londoner. 'A kind of Pumpt. Farv., p. 16.' Byndfl. Londoner. 'The holybock, a plant.' [Althaea rows, L.] See an old book of medical receipts, MS. Sod. Sod, ad fin.'— Hall. Grafton, Bacon's. See Bacon's Cabbage, St. Patrick's. A common book-name for Saxifraga urostro, L., a natio of Ireland. Prior, p. 36. Cabbag, Sea. (1) Cramhe maritima, L. — S. Cat. Flior, p. 36. VerboKum Thajpmit, L. — Olamorgaiuh. CabM. A cabbage. "Braseiea capitaia, oAa ealet," ^yot. Cab-bitha! Middloton, t. 35, and var. diaL' — Hal, Wr. Cadliok. Heradeum Sphondylium, L. — Dev. Hal Wr. Cadliok. Sinapia aroetma, L. — Kent, Holl.; E. 8tm. Holt. (1) Sinapia arvenais, L., and S. nigra, L. — Nkamp. ; Warw. Hal says: 'The rough cadlock is the wild mustard [_8. Arvensis, L. and the smooth attack is the wild raîch, L. yorth. Marshall gives the names as similarly applied in the Midlands. E. D. S. Gloss. B. 5. (2) Beechamu Bapkaniitrum, L. — Warw. Cady McL. Heradeum Sphandylmm, L. — S. Dev. Cas. Fruit of Pina Awsuparia, L. — Corn. Cain-and-Abel. The tubers of Orchis Jali/oiia, L., 'Cain being the heavy one.' E. Bord. But B. Bord. See Adam-and-Eva (1). Cain-tanfé, or Carn-taiigle. Laminaria digitata, Lam. — Aherd. ; Meam. Jamieson. Calamint. The common book-name for Calaminiha officinali; Moench. — Prior, p. 35. Calamini aromaticili. Diotit marifima, Casa,—'We found it plentifully on the sands, near Abermoney- ferry, in the Isle of Angles. Where the common people call it Cniamut aromatiiMt — B. Cat. True Calamity armatus of Bay's time, as of commerce at the present day (see Pharmagoograpli, p. 614), was A(orut Calamity, L.; and the 'odor aromaticus' of the Diotu, mentioned by Bay (Syn.}, probably recalled the recent of the Aeorut, and suggested the name. The sweet-scented Calamity Violet. Oetitiana Pnevmonai, L. — Lyte and subsequent authors. Prior, p. 35, Skinner says; 'EleeanB sane floe qui colore purpurea TiolEim, cavitate et oblongi erectaque gravitate calathrui sen potius poculum refert.' Gerard, however, figures a Campanula B8 'the true Calathutn Violet.' Cale (more naturally spelled Kale). Cabbage. — Dora. Aubrey, Hall; Scotl. Jamerson. The Ibb. tos and shoots of cabbages are called cillardi in the Isle of Wight Hal. From A.8. atwl, L. caulu, a stalk; a name given to a thick-stemmed variety, the Kohl-rabi, and extended to the other kinds of cabbage. Prior, p. 35; Wr. The apothecaries and the common herharistes do call it Caul, of the goodness of the stalks. Ger. 249. Cale, Com. Sinapis arvensis, L — With. ed. ii Calf-foot, or Calves-foot (I) Arum maeulatum, L.— Crete Herbali. Sic dictum ab aliqua radicum cum pede vitulino convenientia. Skinner. Prior, p. 36. Müller finds the resemblance in the leaf, (2) Allium vintale, L. — Grete Herbali. Calf-Bnout, or Calves-anout. Lyte. (Greek ond'rr/ttBon) From the form of the capsule. A name given by Tumer (Names) to Antirimum Orortium, L., and usually applied in books to that species. Prior, however (p. 36), assigns it to A. majvt, L. In Wr. Cales-celd-mD-to-yon. Viola tricolor, L. — Coles, A. in E., p. 175. Prior, p. eg. Callook. Sinapis arvenais, L, — Nhamp. Nth. Gloss. Prior, p. 42. Caltropi. Centaiirea CalcUrapa, L. — Lyte and subsequent authors. Prior, p. 33. Caltrops, Water. A book-name for Pofamogeton denme, L., and P. criaptu, L. In English Botany, ed. iii., erroneously assigned to Callha p<Uu>tria, L. Calverkeyi. A plant mentioned by Aubrey (Nat. Hist, of Wilts., Britton^ ed., 1617, p. 49), on which Bay notes: ' Calverktyt . .. are country names unknown to me.' Probably lie same as OiU- verkeTa, which see. Prior, p. 36. Colvei'-fevt Sinapis arvenMs, L. — QloK., Wano, Calvei'-foot. See Calf s-foot. Calvea'-anoat See Calf i-tnoitt. CamameL See Camomile. Cambie-leat tfijmplicBa alba, L., and Nuphar hitea, Sm. — If. Seoll. ..Google ENGLISH PLANT NAUES. S3 OambridffMhire Oaka. ' Willows ore bo called as a reflection on this coun^ for its msTHliy soil, where only those trees will grow; this is, how«Ter, not true of the whole oountj.' — Local PrOTorba in Appz. to Qroae'a Oloes. Cambuok. ' The dry Btalks of dead pUnts, as of bemlock.' — East. HaL Wr. ; Suff. Prior, p. 36, Cand't Straw. Juncua eommunit, Mey. — Lyte. GuniL Antbemu nobilia, L. — 8om. "Wt. Hal. Camlioki. The dried stems of Heracleum Sphondylium, L., and ChaerophyUum temubim, L. — 8ii^. Camline. A. name in With. ed. ii. for Camelina tativa, Cr. Oammook, or Canuniok. (1) Ononis arveasU, L.— Lyte, Wr. ; 8. Buck. S. Dtv.; Don. Hal.; Wight, FL Voct.; Sum. Fl Voct. communlike in contrees Cammoke and weeds, Foolen the fruit in the soil, there they grow togideways. Vision of Piers Plowman, 1. 13M4, Dr. Prior (p. 36) considers Peacemaker officiating, L., to be intended here, but Onon is more probably meant. The Feidewim is a rare plant of salt marl, and would not occur with weeds in a field. Br. Prior in his identification follows Dr. Cockayne (Leechdoms, ii 374), and it would appear that there is much uncertainty as to what plant was intended originally under this name. Confer also Prior, ed. i. p. 37; and Leechdoma, iii. 317. Aubrey, as quoted by Halliwell (sub T.	636
journalofsociety50soci_41	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,852	Journal of the Society of Arts	Society of Arts (Great Britain)	English	Spoken	7,560	10,207	351 ^jioneer enterprises or subsidies, he ventured to think they were touching on very dangerous ground. He did not know why an English administration should proceed on lines of policy in India which had been from time immemorial fought against in the Mother Country and the Colonies. He did not say there might not be advantages in the State adapting some such measures, but it must be done very warily. In Eis opinion the matter was not ripe for considera- tion, because he did not see how the finances of India were going to bear the burden. He did not think the author had sufficiently recognised the advancing prosperity of India. During the last 50 years it would be found that, after allowing 4 per cent, on all un- productive capital invested in uncompleted railways, and counting the 2,000 miles of line which were added in 1900, there was a surplus of revenue over expenditure. That to him seemed a marvellous achievement on the part of the Government. It showed with what determination the policy of the Indian Government had been adhered to, and it was a source of the greatest encouragement for the future. The author had referred to the ill-fated arts of India. He was inclined to think there was not a country in the world at the present moment which had not its ill- fated arts. Day by day, in this country, they saw hand w'ork gi^dng place to machinery ; and the fact that the m ts of India had declined was not due to any fault of the Government, but to the simple fact that there were fewer buyers of such articles. Every country suffered from the same misfortune. In conclusion, he expressed the hope that the discussion of and consideration given to these questions would not prevent the public at home from continuing to feel the same pride and confidence in our system of Government of our great Indian empire. Mr. F. H. .Skrine said that few papers more appropriate than Mr. Wagle’s had been read before their ancient Society. It existed in order to foster the useful arts, and no country in the world needed them more than the Indian Empire. In the growing independence of the population on the overtasked .soil, the Viceroy and his Councillors had a problem as grave as ever confronted a body of administrators. T o this cause was mainly due the constant recurrence of famines ; and unless it be dealt with in a statesman- like spirit, the evil would soon be past remedy. Mr. Wagle had sketched the various methods adopted by European Governments in the East to guide the •course of industry. The example of the Dutch in Java, was not likely to be followed, for it produced the very evil of over-population which lay at the root •of India’s calamities. The Javanese formed one vast peasant proletariat, and the system of forced labour reduced them to a condition of slavery, and led to ruthless exploitation by their foreign masters. In India, our Government had proceeded with halting steps. The advent of British capital was long hampered by red tape and the old jealousy felt by -officials for “interlopers.” Where it had succeeded in securing fair play the higher agency was mostly European, and the profits were drawn away from India to enrich the United Kingdom. In Japan the question of promoting industries had been solved satisfactorily. Technical schools and colleges had been established throughout the Empire, and the more promising students were sent to Europe and America at State expense to learn their crafts at the fountain head. Time after time during the speaker’s voyages to India he had met batches of bright youn^ fellows saturated with the latest knowledge, and eager to impart what they had learnt to their countrymen. Now there was no reason whatever why the Indian Government should not follow our new ally’s lead. The native character is well adapted to the factory system, and the deftness of touch, the instinctive knowledge of art which had produced such marvels in the past still lingered in the people. And yet what had been done to restore the decaying industries of India, and launch her people on new careers } Almost nothing. V7hen, about twelve years ago, the speaker found himself at the head of a great Bengal district, where arts un- connected with a very primitive system of agriculture were unknown, he founded a technical school under the local board, and sent copies of the rules formed for its management to similar bodies throughout the province. The experiment was a success. Young men belonging to the priestly, the writer and the lower castes laboured with zeal in the smithy and carpenters’ shop, and the products of their industry were most creditable. He received every encourage- ment from Sir Steuart Bayley ; but the best Lieutenant-Governors were not immortal, and on Sir Steuart’ s departure the Rangpur Technical School received no support from an Education Department wedded to the fetish of literary training. If the example of Japan were followed the young artificers fresh from Lancashire or Glasgow works would, even under present con- ditions, find abundant scope for their energies. The question of aiding the new industries thus started with capital, was a large one. The speaker knew the power of red-tape too well to accept Mr. Wagle’s suggestion that the district boards under Government control should advance the funds for establishing factories. The result would be a plentiful crop of failures, and lasting discredit on the movement. Far better were it to make India’s wants known at the centres of British enterprise. The speaker longed to see an intelligence department at the India Office, in close touch with the City, occupied in answering references, and acting as an intermediary between capital and the spheres where it might be usefully employed. By this means we should succeed in directing public attention at home to the limitless field offered by the latest resources in labour and raw material of the Indian Empire. Sir Lepel Griffin, K.C.S.L, wished to say a few words in support of Mr. Wagle’s arguments. 352 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS, [^^a^rh 1 4, I0C2. whick kad been presented witk muck greater modera- tion and good sense tkan ckaracterised tke utterances of many of tkose wko to-day were calling attention to tke grievances of India, and ke looked forward to tke time wken Mr. Wagle would take a kigk place among tkose wko were working for tke best interests of kis country. Witk regard to tke predominance of agricultural work in India, altkougk superficially different, tke condition of India to-day was very muck like tkat of tke great Empire of Russia. Wkile tke Ckairman wdtk great force, and, ke kad no doubt, rigktly, spoke of tke great difkculty of tke ckange from tke agricultural to tke industrial state, ke would like to point out tkat tke Finance Minister of Russia, M. de Witte, kad skown kis wisdom by realising tkat tke future regeneration of Russia was dependent to a great extent on ker ckanging from ker agricultural state of poverty, and very often famine, to an industrial state in Avkick a very large part of tke population would be relieved from tke fear of famine and from disasters due to climatic causes. In every part of tke Avorld in wkick Russian policy sometimes appeared to be opposed to tkeir own it would be found partly due to tke necessity of Russia ckanging ker kopeless agricultural position into a strongly founded industrial one. In tkat way tkere was a great deal of resemblance between India and Russia. He agreed witk everytking said botk by tke autkor and tke Ckairman respect- ing tke enormous need for every effort being made to start India forward on an industrial career. He Avas exceedingly pleased to bear Lord Hardwicke say tkat tke Indian Government was prepared to give a large part of tke future surplus of tke country to tkat great and most important Avork. India must be developed by English capital, and Mr. Wagle Avas sensible enough to see Avhat some Indian critics could not see, namely, that English capital in India Avas a good and not an evil thing. With- out it nothing could be done. Tkere Avas no reason Avky English financiers and capitalists, Avko Avitk tkeir money kad bolstered up every rotten State in the New World, should not provide many millions for tke industrial regeneration of India, an investment that would amply repay them. Lord Hardwicke being obliged to leave to fulfil an engagement in the House of Lords, the chair Av.e. taken by ]\Ir. W. S. Seton-Karr. Professor Wvxdham R. Di xsta.x, F.R.S., -.ud the author had rightly recognised the impt'rtanee ol higher scientific education and indu>trial enterprise- going hand in hand. Mr. Wagle had referred tn him as having recently in that room supported Mr. T.ita'- scheme for tke establishment of a research institute in some central place in India. What he had, howi-vi r, suggested Avas the establishment in India of a school < f mines and metallurgy. Such an institution, he l-clievt 1, would be of very considerable value. If h«' un h r- stood Mr. Tata's scheme aright, it seemed tss him i > be altogether premature. He Avas inclim tl to think, that AA'hat Avas urgently needed Avas an extension > I facilities for the higher teaching and rcseai - h in th> existing universities and colleges throughout In li.i. Funds should first be provided by Government for v i - purpose. It appeared to him that a research in ti- tute, Avhere post-graduate students Avere to m.i’v< researches Avitk the object of starting industrial enterprises themselves, Avould not succeed at preo-nt on account of their being practically no properly qualified workers. One must remember, too, that the starting of industries Avas not merely a scientific question; it Avas an economic problem of some com- plexity. He Avas heartily in sympathy Avith Mr. Skrine’s suggestion that there should be in connec- tion Avith the India Office a commercial intelligence department, Avhich AA’ould enable English people to know more about tke economic resources of tho Indian Empire, so tkat British capital might be directed to India, and in that Avay new industries started. Several important industrial developments Avere noAv taking place in India Avkich had been accomplished entirely upon these lines. The autkor kad rather discouraged tke idea tkat muck good Avould result from Sir ^Manckerjee BkoAvnaggree’s suggestion of technical schools throughout India. No doubt they aa’ouM produce a slow effect, but it was well knoAATi tkat technical education, especially in handicrafts, was not to be neglected, and ke ventured to think tke decay in tke national indus- tries AA’us very largely due to the want of a demand in other European countries for tkose particular articles. What Avas required, AA’as tke encouragement of sound native industries, wkick could be very largely effected through tke establishment of technical schools of handicraft. Sir Guilford Moles worth, K.C.I.E., said tkat sixteen years ago ke AATOte an article in “Tke ^larch 14, igo2.] JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS. 353 Calcutta Review” which, in some respects, went a good deal further than the suggestions of Sir Lepel Griffin. In that article he had pointed out that India has untold wealth, wonderful natural resources, whether agricultural, mineral or industrial, but they are to a great extent dormant. It has coal of an . excellent quality ; it has fine petroleum, large quanti- t ties of timber and charcoal ; it has iron of a purity that i« would make an English iron-master’s mouth water, I spread wholesale over the country, in most places 1 to be had by light quarrying over the surface ; it has ‘ chrome iron capable of making the finest Damascus \ blades, manganiferous ore, splendid hematites in profusion, it has gold, silver, antimony, tin, copper, plumbago, lime, kaoline, gypsum, precious stones, asbestos, soft Avheat equal to the finest Australian, hard wffieat equal to the finest Kabanka, it has food grains of every description, oil-seeds, tobacco, tea, coffee, cocoa, sugar, spices, lac, dyes, cotton, jute, hemp, flax, coir, fibres of every description, in fact, products too numerous to mention. Its inhabitants are frugal, industrious, and capable of great physical exertion, docile, easily taught, skilful in any work requiring delicate manipulation. Labour is absurdly cheap, and the soil for most part wonderfully pro- ductive and capable of producing crop after crop I without any symptoms of exhaustion. England in her j dealings with India has committed the same blunders as she has committed in her dealings with Ireland. She has never sufficiently protected the industries of Ireland from English manufactures. But during the last 40 years she has allowed her to be swamped by the flood of unlimited foreign competition, and has since fruitlessly endeavoured, by frantic land legisla- tion, which has made matters worse, to patch up the results caused by this blundering policy. It is precisely the same with India, she has persistently drained her resources, swamping her with English and foreign productions, and instead of fostering her industries has handicapped them in every w^ay^ ! Everywliere in India may be seen evidence of iron manufacture crushed out by unlimited foreign com- petition ; throughout the whole country may be found old slag heaps, testifying to the former prosperity of native iron industries, the splendid native iron being now' superseded by cheap worthless iron of foreign manufacture. Many attempts have been made to revive and start afresh iron industries, but they have one and all been crushed out for want of a little fostering protection. The latest attempt nearly succeeded, but the modest request for a little help W'as sternly refused, and the company broke dowm. Throughout Bengal one may see the ruins of the ! English Indigo factories. Coffee and tea are 1 struggling hard for existence, planters are ruined, and their estates bought at depreciated rates in times of depression. This enables the industries to survive 1 with some show of prosperity in good times. Coal is I doing fairly, but not nearly so w'ell as it should do if our manufacturing industries w'ere fostered. Cotton manufacture has sprung up under a protective tariff and appeared to be prospering, but selfish klanchester called for its sacrifice, the tariff was removed, and the industry left to perish or struggle on as it could. Several capitalists who embarked in the cotton manfacture on the faith of this tariff have lost their money. Manufactures and industries would never be introduced into India until they were pro- tected. What had happened in America.^ Ruin had ahvays been predicted as the result of the jNIcKinley tariff, but what had happened A tariff had been placed on tin plates, in order to induce the manufacture of tin plate in America. It failed. The tariff w'as then doubled, with the perfect success of the undertaking. Tin plate manufacturers sprang up in all directions, and the English industry have suffered terribly. The Americans killed the English monopoly, and enabled a most' flourishing industry to arise. The price of tin plates in the United .States fell from 5^^- to 4 dollars per box. Exactly the same hap- pened in regard to the iron and steel industry. America was unable to progress with those in- dustries until she put a tax upon them, and after establishing the industries, from being very much inferior to England in the production of iron and steel, she now surpassed her, producing more than England did herself. The British manufacturer said the duty and the price in the United States w'as considerably reduced. Industries w'ould never be introduced into India until they w'ere protected, not only from foreign countries, but from ourselves. Mr. Horace Bell, M.Inst.C.E., thought the subject of technical education had been mixed up with industrial development. As far as his experience went technical education in India had not been a success, and he very much doubted Avhether it ever w'ould be in the w'ay in which it was now' carried on. There was no better workman to be found than the Indian ; he w'as very clever, hard-w'orking, and in every way a satisfactory person to deal with. It was important to remember that men should not be taught to run factories before the factories were there, and the factories w'ould not be obtained in India until the capital w’as forthcoming. One great advantage possessed by India wliich had not been referred to by the author w'as, that the Indian workman was just as good at a shilling a day in attending to a machine as the British w'orkman at five shillings a day. That was the important secret of success in starting factories in India in competition with England. ]Mr. Alexander Rogers thought industries would be promoted in India if the natives of the country came over to England and learned them personally. The author himself had adopted that plan. Pie had i learned glass-making practically, and hoped to go back to India and introduce that industry. A great many industries, wliich the natives themselves could carry out, w'ould require very little capital indeed. Even in agriculture, many of the resources of the 354 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS. [.\faich 14, 1902. country were now thrown away, such as manure which might be utilised to very great eflfect. In the last famine, millions of cattle died, but their skins had gone abroad and helped to benefit the Italians and other people. If the bones of these cattle had been ground up in India, it could have been done at small ex- pense with native capital, and it would have redounded to the benefit of agriculture. Why should not the vast number of horns and hoofs he turned to account } There was abundance of tussore silk in the jungles of the Bombay Presidency, and if the industry of reeling that silk had been introduced he believed there would have been no famine at all recently in some parts of the country. On the motion of the Chairman, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Wagle for his paper. Mr. Wagle, in reply, thanked the audience for the kind and patient hearing given to him, and for the hearty way in which they appreciated the views he had ventured to submit for their consideration on the important subject of the industrial develop- ment of India. He was quite satisfied with the discussion, and remarked that although the differences of opinion were few, still most of them would not have arisen, if he had only time to read the paper in its entirety. Sir William Wedderburn, in proposing a vote of thanks to the Earl of Hardwicke and Mr. Seton-Karr, for occupying the chair, said the Society was greatly indebted to his Lordship for being present, and showing the official interest he had taken in the very important subject under discussion. He (Sir W. Wedderburn), was glad to hear Lord Hard- wicke’s encouraging w'ords, and the promise he had given of support to the objects which the author had in view. It appeared to him that the people of the country had a very strong claim upon the people of England, and upon the Government. Much had been heard of the sad way in which their ancient arts and industries had been extinguished, owing to the force of circumstances, by free trade and machinery, and that placed an additional responsibility on the English people to help the cause advocated by Mr. Wagle. The proceedings then terminated. The time at my disposal at the end of the discussion on Air. Wagle’s paper was so short that I was unable to say much that I had desired to. Several of the speakers apparently seemed to consider the idea of promoting local industries was hopeless without the assistance of English capital, but this conclusion seems to be come to on insufficient grounds. There is already in existence in India, and especially in Bombay, a large cotton, silk, and jute industry, which is but very partially due to the expenditure of any but native capital, and there are many local industries that could be started with the latter. I casually men- tioned the bone industry, and a native gentleman in the audience remarked that bones were exjmrted as well as hides. Why should this be ? Afachinery for the grinding up of bones is not of an expensive character, and the phosphates contained in them could be made into valuable manures for the land, which would yield larger returns for its use. Then, in addition to the manufacture of glass, now carrieil out in a very primitive and unscientific method at Kapadvanj in the Kaira Collectoratc, and which it is hoped that the knowledge acquired by Air. Wagle’s own practise in England will soon help to rectify, there are other industries to which the attention of native capitalists might be profitably directed. Take, for instance, that ofTasar silk, the worm that produces which is abundant in the jungles of Gujarat, and which is already firmly established in Bengal. It lies at the very doors of the owners of the cotton factories in Surat, Broach, and Ahmadabad, and yet has never been thought of. I can assert from personal know- ledge that if the reeling of this silk from the wild cocoons had been introduced among the Bhil and other women there, there would have been no famine in the Punch Alahals in 1899-1900, for they could have earned w'ages wherewith to buy food, which local traders had amply provided on the spot. Again, there are large deposits of iron, ha?matite, magnetite, micaceous iron, &c., of as fine (juality as any in the wmrld, lying utterly useless within a few^ miles of the station of Bodeli, the present terminus of theGaikvar’s Dabhoi line. A. Rogers. Mr. Wagle’s paper was most instructive, but like all lecturers on the subject, of w'hom I have any knowledge, he did not allude to the vast practical, technical, educational work carried on by the railways of India. The hundreds of thousands of natives that are at present, or have been, employed on railways, have all been made useful citizens, more or less ; in the locomotive, traffic, and engineering departments. •The Atttherea mylitta March 14, 19C2.] JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS. 355 they have of necessity picked up highly technical knowledge. The common coolie rises from cutting earth, to being a platelayer, keyman, ganger, or even foreman or mistri ; the cleaner, if of ordinary intelli- gence, becomes a fireman, then driver, or if employed in the vast locomotive shop, can attain to the highest ranks ; and the station porter has opportunities of learning signalling, both manual, telegraphic, and mechanical, or, if his talents take another bent, of serving through all the ranks, from goods guard or clerk to district superintendence ; and, moreover, throughout their career, they are in constant touch with their English superiors, and get promotion by the exercise of those very talents that have made Britishers what they are— reliability, energy, common sense, presence of mind, and courage in an emer- gency. These talents are not usual amongst the natives of India, for want of that very cultivation which they get on railway work. Ernest Benedict. Two topics were mentioned in Mr. Wagle’s paper which failed to secure direct attention in the course of the discussion that followed — one pertaining to the subject - matter, and the other being one of the methods suggested in aid of Indian industries generally. Mr. Nilkanth Wagle enumerated several of the decorative arts, from Cashmere shawls to silver ware and jewellery, and quoting an Indian friend of his, who expressed a hopeless view as to this branch of the subject, to the effect that these once-famed hereditary arts are gone — lost by Indian handicraftsmen for ever. But we must not accept this conclusion. The present position of these artistic industries is bad enough, and, mostly so, in the deterioration, which, in the struggle of the artizans to keep their place in the community, has lowered the style and distinctive qualities of such wares — textiles, metal-work, gold or silver ware, sandal wood and ivory-carving, and the rest ; and yet whilst the few discriminating observers who keenly appreciate the peculiarly special qualities and traditional designs shown in these handicraft pro- ductions, appeal to us, ever and anon, to rescue them from oblivion, and to encourage the wearied, sur- j viving artisans to keep on, we should not despair. As one who has traced this difficult problem into its elements, I cannot admit that it is even now a forlorn hope. As compared with the mechanical industries and manufactures of commercial value, dealt with so well in this paper, the decorative handicrafts of India cannot compete for public favour or support. No machinery can assist them ; no motive power can increase the output of this essentially unique branch of production. Indeed, if they are to survive, these modern appliances must be kept far from them. Where, then, shall come help for these vanishing arts } One method suggested in the paper, but for quite other purposes, and on a larger scale than is needed for our object, was that of subsidies — either from the central treasury or provincial funds. We know that as regards the larger industries and com- mercial development this method is beset with diffi- j culties behind and before. But on behalf of these j inestimable handicraft arts the case is quite otherwise — and it is the only way. The total amount needed, whether from central or local sources, would be a mere trifle compared with the cost of experimental, technical, and other scientiflc efforts, to which, under the fresh impetus given by the present Viceroy, the Indian Government is already committed. There is one secondary consideration which makes the application of this method of rescuing Indian decorative art more feasible, namely, that these industries are mainly local in their habitat, and within small compass, as regards- each of their interesting varieties. Many, if not most of the more valuable survive within the territories of the Indian States, the chief and ministers of which would often be very willing to provide the moderate subsidies required if the way were shown how to administer fresh nourishment to those indigenous j hereditary handicrafts. For the rest, the more ener- getic and hopeful amongst the provincial adminis- trators and district officers could be depended on to promote this much needed revival. There is one general principle on which this beneficent movement can be amply justified, that is in a motto deftly formu- lated by Goethe, namely, “We should encourage the. Beautiful, the Useful will encourage itself.” W. Martin AVood. FOURTEENTH ORDINARY MEETING. Wednesday, March 12th, 1902; A. D. Hall, Principal of the South-Eastern Agricultural College, in the chair. The following candidates were proposed for election as members of the Society : — Anderson, Robert Hay, Assoc. M. Inst. C. E... M.Am.Inst.M.E., la, Independencia Num. q (Apartado Postal 866), Mexico City, Alexico. Bennett-Goldney, Francis, F.S.A., Abbot’s Barton, Canterbury. Crouch, Archer Philip, 106, Cannon-street, E.C., and 24, Micheldever-road, L‘e, S.E. Gray, Charles, 4, AVest Regent-street, Glasgow, and Rossarden, Kilmalcolm, Renfrewshire, N.B. Kennedy, John, ii, Fellows-road, N.AA^. Kitson, Arthur, The Kitson Lighting Company of Great Britain, Limited, Blackfriars, E.C. Lanza, Professor Gaetano, 22, AVest Cedar-street, Boston, U.S.A. McBryde, Professor John McLaren, Ph.D., LL.D.,, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, A"ir- ginia, U.S.A. 3j6 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS. \_.\farch 14, 1902. Miller, Frank S., Manor House, Old Malden, Worcester-park, Surrey. Payne, Hon. George, J.P., M.L.A., Durban, Xatal, South Africa. Rollo, James Theodore, Superintending Engineer, P.W. Department, Maymo, Burma. Tomlinson, Frederick John, Riverdale, Manor-road, Teddington. AVall, Charles, Ashburnham Works, Lots-road, Chelsea, S.AV. AValser, Conrad, 28 and 29, Cheapside, E.C. The following members w^ere balloted for, and duly elected members of the Society: — Cardona, Joseph, jun., i. Church-street, Gibraltar. Cook, James B.,Ph.D.,Randolph-building, Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.A. Cowie, Archibald, Messrs. Cowie Bros, and Co., Glasgow. Dale, Charles Ernest, care of Sir Charles R. M’Grigor, Bart., and Co., 25, Charles-street, St. James’s- square, S.AV., and Southern Nigeria, AVest Africa. Frames, Minett Edward, F.G.S., P.O. Box 3517, Johannesburg, Trsnsvaal Colony, South Africa. Gah, Moung Oo, Yedashe, Burma. Gates, Elmer, Chevy Chase Circle, AVashington, D.C., U.S.A. Harris, Lloyd Price, AI.I.AIech.E., 32, St. Leonard’s- avenue, Bedford. Holmes, Charles R., 28, Sutton-court-road, Chiswick. Jenney, William Le Baron, 520, New York Life Building, 171, La Salle-street, Chicago, U.S.A. Knoblauch, Louis, 22, Baltic-street, Leith, Scotland. Macfarlane, AValter, 22, Park-circus, Glasgow. Rea, Samuel, Bryn Mawr, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. The paper read was — THE UTILITY OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATIC MANURES. By John Hughes, F.I.C. Before considering the subject included under the title of this paper, it will be desirable to briefly refer to the origin and progressive use of Acid Phosphatic Manures. The manufacture of superphosphate in this country may be said to have commenced in 1842, when the late Sir John Bennett Lawes, E.R.S., obtained a patent for treating finely- ground mineral phosphates, such as Cambridge coprolites, with commercial sulphuric acid. The chemical theory then put forth maintained that the agricultural value of phosphatic manures depended upon the extent to which the phosphates they contained were rendered soluble in water through the aid of acid. It was contended that this solubility in water effected the most complete diffusion through the soil that could possibly be obtained, and the theory in itself is still correct, though its application should be restricted to soils con- taining plenty of lime, so that the acidity of the manure may be immediately absorbed by the alkali in the soil. Indeed, at first, sulphuric acid being expensive, it was only used in small proportion, and great caution was observed in the mixing arrangements. Only a portion of the phosphates in the coprolites was rendcnH soluble in water, amounting perhaps to 20 ix-r cent, in the manure produced, and frequently as much as 8 to 10 per cent, was left in the form of insoluble or undissolvcd phosphate of lime. Consequently, in those days, super- phosphate was sent out in an excellent dry condition, and this in itself contributed very materially to increase the sale and render tin* new manure popular among farmers, for there were never any complaints about the (l.iinp acid condition of the manure. AVhen acid, however, became cheaper as tlv result of improved manufacture from less costly materials, and as competition increased on thf expiration of the original patent rights, sul- phuric acid was added in greater quantity, and the utmost possible amount of soluble phos- phate was obtained, so that only 2 or 3 per cent, of phosphate of lime was left in a condition insoluble in water. Superphosphate then became damper and more acid, so that complaints respecting its bad condition were of frequent occurrence. Superphosphate when first introduced was chiefly applied as a manure for turnips and swedes raised on good arable land containing" sufficient lime, yet there appears to have been some doubt raised in the mind of so keen an observer and experimentalist as the late Dr. Augustus Voelcker, F.R.S., as to whether acid manures were not conducive to disease in these roots. At any rate, as early as 1863 we find him writing in the “Journal of the Royal Agri- cultural Society” upon “Phosphatic Manures for Root Crops ” as follows : — “ Superphosphate of lime applied to root crops has a different practical effect on different soils. “Purely mineral superphosphates fail to produce good turnip crops on light sandy soils. “It has indeed been observed that the exclusive use of superphosphate, however beneficial it may be in the majority of instances, has in some soils led to the complete or partial failure or the presence of disease in the turnip crop. Majxh 14, 1902.] JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS. 357 “No acid combination as such can enter into plants without doing them serious damage ; even free vegetable acids, as humic and ulmic acids, are injurious to all crops cultivated for food for the use of man or beast ; and unless these acids, which are always present in what practical men call sour humus, are neutralised by lime, or marl, or earth, none but the roughest and most innutritious herbage can be grown, “ Free mineral acids, are, I believe, still nrore injurious to all farm crops, and perhaps to all plants, than the free organic acids that are found in humus. “A very dilute solution of sulphuric acid, — say one part in 1,000 of water, — may be used with advan- tage for killing grass in gravel walks made with Hint or quartz sand; after one or two applications, the weeds wall be destroyed and will not reappear for a long time. But if the walks are made wdth limestone gravel, the application of a much stronger acid has little or no effect on the grass or weeds ; after some time the latter seem to grow all the better for having had a taste of dilute sulphuric acid. In reality, however, no acid enters these plants, but on coming into contact w’ith the limestone gravel, unites wdth the lime to form that useful fertilizer, sulphate of lime or gypsum. “These examples thus prove unmistakeably that a soil w’hich contains free acid, in ever so small a quantity, is unfit to maintain a healthy growth. “We have, therefore, strong presumptive evidence that soluble phosphate, a combination wdrich has a strongly acid character, does not as such enter the roots of plants. “The reconversion of soluble into insoluble phos- phate, perhaps may appear rrndesirable, but in reality, it is not only beneficial, but absolutely necessary to the healthy and luxuriant development both of turnips and all other crops to which superphosphate is applied. “The more rapidly and completely the soluble phosphate in commercial superphosphates and turnip manures, is precipitated and rendered insoluble in the soil, the more energetic will be its effect upon the turnip crop.” The above statements, made nearly 40 years ago, represent the views of one who was rightly regarded as an authority upon the pro- perties and use of artificial manures, and it is interesting to note the extent to which these views have been realised in actual farm prac- tice during succeeding years. Neutral Phosphates. In 1875, the Aberdeenshire experiments with finely-ground phosphates were instituted and conducted under the management of Professor Jamieson for some years. The publication of the results excited much interest, for they demonstrated by actual field experiments that insoluble, or more properly termed undissolved^ phosphates, if applied in a finely-ground con- dition and in sufficient quantity, possessed very considerable fertilising value, whereas, according to the previously held theory, such raw phosphates were supposed to possess no practical manorial value. Further, these experiments proved that on certain soils, deficient in lime, ordinary soluble phosphate was not superior in its action as a manure to undissolved phosphates to anything like the extent that had hitherto been generally supposed. Very naturally these novel results, being opposed to the theory hitherto held, excited a considerable amount of hostile criticism, which, however, time and more extended experience has proved to have been unreasonable and erroneous. The experiments were carried out at five stations situated in different parts of the county of Aberdeen, and the soils are described in the official report as being “ black mould resting upon a granite subsoil,” and the analyses show that in every case they were specially deficient in lime. The figures for lime at these five stations were respectively -o8 — '17 — 21 — ’33 and '38 per 100 parts of the dry soil. These soils were in fact exactly those upon which soluble phosphate as supplied by super- phosphate would not be likely to exert its full benefit, while the vegetable acids existing in the black mould would naturally dissolve the finely ground mineral phosphate to a very considerable extent. In short, the conditions were most favourable to the action of un- dissolved phosphates, and most unfavourable to the action of dissolved or soluble phosphates. The experiments in themselves, were, how- ever, distinctly useful both scientifically and practically, and Professor Jamieson will always be favourably associated with what must now be regarded as a step forward in the economical application of finely ground neutral phosphates. Alkaline Phosphate ok Basic Slag. About the year 1883 the now well-known basic slag or Thomas phosphate powder was introduced to the agricultural world. It is the residual slag resulting from the treatment of iron ore by the Thomas-Gilchrist process of adding lime in order to remove the phosphoric acid and silica. Briefly it consists of basic phosphate of lime and basic silicate of lime, associated with some iron, manganese and magnesia compounds. It has a distinctly alkaline character, but it 358 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS. \_Match 14, 1902. ’is a mistake to suppose that this material contains any considerable quantity of free Ikne, because any such excess of lime would indicate a wasteful method of manufacture, lime being only added in sufficient quantity to remove the phosphorus and silica existing in the original iron ore. Though but slightly soluble in ordinary water, it dissolves to a certain extent in water im- pregnated with vegetable acids, and it is the neutralisation of such acids which exist in sour grass that largely contributes to make its application so beneficial on certain kinds of soil. No other manure has ever before occasioned so great a diversity of opinion as to its value as a fertiliser. When finely ground and applied to suitable land with sufficient water either in the soil or from rainfall, the results have been most satisfactory, both in the in- creased yield and in the improved quality of the grass and hay ; but where the conditions are unfavourable and the land unsuitable, the results have been most disappointing. Indeed, when first introduced agricultural chemists of high repute were disinclined to place any fertilising value on such a hard fused mass, however finely it might be ground, because it was so insoluble in ordinary water. Little by little, however, farmers were in- duced to take small quantities for trial, chiefly on old and sour grass lands, and the practical results were so good on certain soils — rich in vegetable acids but poor in lime — that scientific authorities were soon compelled to recognise its value, and as the market price was low the material naturally became popular in certain localities. In this country the importance of fine grind- ing has hitherto been recognised as the chief test of the probable manurial value, but in Germany, Professor Paul Wagner, of the Agricultural Station of Darmstadt, has in- .sisted upon the solubility in a 2 per cent, solution of vegetable acid, such as citric acid, as a further and more definite test of probable manurial value. Dr. Bernard Dyer, in his paper “ On the Determination of Probably Available Mineral Plant Food in Soils” (‘‘Journal of the Chemical Society,” 1894), has adopted a cold i per cent, solution of citric acid for determining the pro- portions of phosphoric acid and potash existing in a presumably available form in the soil. The present writer, however, has selected as his standard solvent a O'lo per cent, cold solution, consisting of i part of citric acid to 1,000 parts of cold distilled water. Such a solution is twenty times weaker than that of Professor Wagner, and ten times weaker than that of Dr. Dyer. In fact, it represents an acidity absolutely below that of the sap of any of the 104 plants, examined by Dr. Dyer in tlie paper refi'rred to, and it also more closely approximates to the natural acidity of ordinary soils than either of the standard solutions previously employed. It is therefore contended that any phosphoric acid, lime or potash, dissolved out by this standard solution, may fairly be regarded as existing in a form available as plant food, whether in a soil or in a manure. In the following Table, the relative solubility in this standard solution of five different kinds of finely ground raw phosphate, is compared with that of a good specimen of basic slag. In each case, one gramme of the ground phosphate was exhausted with 1,000 grammes of cold distilled water, in which one gramme of crystallised citric acid had been diss<»lved. After standing 24 hours with occasional stirring, the insoluble portion was filtcri-d off, ignited and weighed, while the proportions of lime and phosphoric acid were determined in the clear solution. Miner.\l Phosphates. Solubility in cold weak solution of Citric Acid ( i in 1,000) after 24 hours. I Total phosphate \ of lime present \| Fine powder) passed through \| 100 hole sieve... ) Portion soluble 'i in citric acid ! solution ) Containing — Soluble lime Soluble phos- ) phoric acid... ) Equal to phos- ) phate of lime ) French. c < Florida. ! i ' c c 0 u. 50'86 76'2i 55'99 67-69 1 78-26 72-37 79’57 9163 j 61-23 38-97 1 9361 83-80 30-C0 30-00 ! ! 22-60 2280 1 31-40 38-80 i5'34 13-66 11-87 ; 1 11-64 15-23 * 22-17 2-85 6’35 8-25 i 1 8-40 990 870 i 6’22 13-86 18-01 18-34 j I 2I’6i 1899 The above results show the percentage of phosphate of lime present in the respective samples, also the fineness of the grinding, the extent to which the respective specimens were dissolved by the cold, w'eak citric acid solution, and finally, the proportions of lime and phos- phoric acid in its equivalent of phosphate of lime existing in the cold citric solution. It will be seen that ground phosphates are March 14, 1902.] JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS. 359 only soluble, and therefore available as plant food to the extent of 22-60 to 31*40 per cent., and that the basic slag is only dissolved to the extent of 38-80 per cent., in fact only a little more than one-third of its weight, though it was of good quality, 38-97 phosphate of lime and 83-80 fineness. As regards the actual amount of phosphate of lime dissolved out of the five specimens, the Peace River, with a fineness of 93'6i, gave the highest figures for solubility, there being 21-61 phosphate of lime dissolved out of a total of 61-23. In the case of basic slag, the figures, though relatively higher, are actually less, namely, 18-99 phosphate of lim.e dissolved out of a total of 38-97. These results explain why Professor Jamieson, with the black vegetable mould to experiment upon, obtained an appre- ciable increase in the yield of turnips from the application of finely ground raw phosphates, though if we take the most favourable example, namely. Peace River, only about one-third of the total phosphates would have been utilised as available plant food and the remaining two- thirds was of no use to the crop. The defect in the economical application of finely-ground phosphates is their insufficient solubility, and it is this want of solubility that is the defect also of basic slag when applied to many soils. Before leaving these figures it is interesting to notice that it is only in the proportion of soluble lime that basic slag shows a superiority over that of Peace River phosphate, there being 22-17 per cent, dissolved out as against 15-23. Indeed, the fertilising value of ordinary basic slag must be ascribed as very largely due to the ready supply of lime when the slag is brought in contact with sour soil, if accom- panied by plenty of water either in the soil or from the rainfall. It is well known that slag fails to produce any practical results on certain soils, and this failure is probably due partly to a deficient supply of water and partly to the absence of that excess of vegetable matter which is necessary to produce an acid solvent. The New Manure Basic Super- phosphate. It occurred, therefore, to the author, after careful consideration in the autumn of 1900, that a new and useful manure could be pro- duced by the careful admixture in suitable proportions of ordinary acid superphosphate with finely ground or slaked lime. After making numerous trial mixtures the most suitable proportions were decided upon,, and a manure was produced which possessed a distinctly alkaline or basic character, and at the same time supplied from 25 to 27 per cent, of phosphate of lime in a form readily soluble in the standard solution (i in 1,000) of citric acid. The manure so produced was appropriate!}? called basic superphosphate because it com- bined the alkaline nature of slag with the well- known solubility of superphosphate. The mechanical condition is superior both to- that of basic slag and superphosphate. Com- pared with the former it is much more bulky and lighter in weight, so that if equal weights be placed in two glass tubes about i foot long basic superphosphate will be found to occupy- a space of 1 1 inches as compared with only 4^ inches occupied by basic slag, the relation in round numbers being as 100 to 40.	6,910
transactionsand03edingoog_17	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,844	Transactions and proceedings	Botanical society of Edinburgh. [from old catalog]	English	Spoken	7,917	13,040	Stem three to five feet high, striate, scabrous pubescent, especially the upper part. Leaflets ovate, acute, from two to four inches long, scabrous above, pubescent beneath. Stipules large, obliquely ovate, acuminate, three to four lines long, finely striate, ciliate, per- sistent. Flowers in large paniculate racemes, both terminal and axillary on the upper part of the stem. Branches densely canescent, naked, owing to the ovate ciliate bracts falling off early. Pedicels nearly half an inch long, solitary or in pairs. Calyx hairy, bilabiate, upper lip nearly entire. Corolla nearly three times as long as the calyx, purple, becoming paler in drying. Legume from 1-1 ^ inches long, 3-6 jointed, joints convex on the upper side, more constricted below. Distribution. — Moist rich soil along river bottoms in the south- western portion of Ontario, Dr Madagan, This is the only authentic notice we have of its occurrence in Canada. Li the United States, from New England to Florida and Louisiana, A. Wood; West Vermont to Wisconsin, southward and westward, A. Gray. Lespedeza, Michaux, Lespedeza violacea, Pers. Lespedeza violacea, Pers. Syn. ii. p. 318; Pursh, L c; Hedy- sarum violaceum, Linn, Spec, ii p. 749; Willd, I, c; Hedysarum frutescens, Linn. I. c .; Lespedeza violacea, Pers. var. divergens, Torrey and Gray; Lespedeza divergens, Pursh, Stem erect or diflFuse, sparingly pubescent, much branched in our specimens. Leaflets oval or oblong, obtuse, slightly mucronate, clothed with appressed pubescence beneath. Eacemes axillary, sometimes shorter than the leaves, but in our specimens always longer; apetalous flowers glomerate, and nearly sessile in the axils of the leaves. Legumes minutely pubescent, with short appressed hairs, ovate, much longer than the calyx. In our specimens the flowers are on filiforum peduncles which are considerably longer than the leavea Very few of these much exserted flowers produce firuit. Distribution. — This is another southern form, and, as regards Ontario, has only been observed in the vicinity of Hamilton, Judge Logie, and at Maiden, Dr Madagan. Its range in the United States is very extensive, growing from the New England States to Florida and Louisiana. It is essentially a forest species, and there- fore will not be found fEU* to the westward. Digitized by Google 322 Professors Macoun aud Gibson on the EOSACEiE. Aqrimonia, Toum, Inst. t. 155. Agrimonia parvifiora, Ait. Agrimonia parvifiora, Ait,^ Kew, ed. 1, ii. p. 130 ; Pursh, Fl. i. p. 336 ; Agrimonia suaveolens, Pur ah I, c. ; Ell, Sk. L p. 636 ; Agrimonia Eupatoria, Michaitx, Fl. i. p. 287. Stem from 2-4 feet liigh, hirsute, with brown spreading hairs. Leaves interruptedly pinnate. Petiole very hairy. Leaflets 11-19 in number, the larger ones from 2-3 inclies long, quite narrow and deeply serrate, rough above and pubescent beneatL There are generally 2-3 pairs of small pinnules between each of the larger pairs, which give to the leaves a very graceful appearance. Stipules acutely incised. Eacemes virgate, many-flowei'ed. Flowers small and yellow. Pedicels distinct, longer than the bracts. Fruit hispid, with stiff hairs. It is particularly characteiised by the numerous resinous dots which are very abundant on the lower sur- faces of the leaves among the hairs, and which give to the whole plant a very agreeable balsamic odour, rendering it in most intances somewhat viscous to the touch. It resembles in its foliage A. repens, but its leaflets are much narrower, and the flowers only half the size. DisiribiUion. — ^Woods and dry meadows. It seems to be con- fined to the western part of Ontario, having only been observed in the vicinity of London by W. Saunders, and at Maiden in the south- west by Dr Maclagan. In the United States it extends from south- western New York through the intervening States to the Mississippi, and westward to Iowa and Tennesee. Drtas, Linn.; Lam., 111. t. 443 ; Gwrtn. Fr. t. 74. Dryas Drummondiiy Hooker. Dryas Drummondii, Hooker, Bot. Mag. i 2972, and Fl. Bor. Am. Z. c; Dryas octopetala, Richardson, Append. FrankL Joum. ed. 2, p. 21. Leaves elliptical, slightly attenuate at the base, crenate-serrate, clothed beneath, as well as the prominent veins, with a white tomentum. Sepals ovate. Flowers yellow. Distribution. — Gravelly beds of rivers and lake margins. In Ontario, it has only been obtained from one locality, the State Islands, Lake Superior, Prof. W. H. Ellis ; Island of Anticosti, Pursh.; Gasp6 Peninsula, Dr Bell; sand bars along the Peace Kiver, within the Rocky Mountains, Macoun ; Rocky Mountains, Drummond ; in the wooded country from lat. 54** JST. to 64° N., and about Slave Lake to the Arctic Sea in lat. 68° N., Richardson ; Rocky Mountains, lat. 52° N., Bourgeau. Digitized by Google Rarer Plants of the Province of Ontario. 323 RuBUS, Toum,; Linn. Gen. p. 2§4 ; Lam. HI. t. 441. Bubua Nutkanus, MoQino. Rubus Nutkanus, Mo^ino, PL Nutk. I. c; Seringe in DC. l. c; Lindl, Bot. Reg. t. 1368; Bengard, Veg. Litcha, I. c, p. 131 ; Hook, Bot. Mag. t. 3453, and Fl. Bor. Am. I c; Don, in Sweet Fl. Gard. t. 83 ; Rubus parviflorus, Nuttall, Gen. i. p. 309. Stems from 3-6 feet high, on Lake Superior, rather slender, flexuous, slightly hirsute, with glandular hairs. Leaves 5-lobed, the lobes nearly equal, broad, unequally and coarse toothed.* Stipules often adnate with the petiole, and united with each other. Peduncles few-flowered ; flowers very large ; petals white ; sepals glandular, with very long cusps, scarcely as long as the petals. Fruit red. This species has much the appearance of R, odoratus, but is easily distinguished by its large white petals. Distribution. — In Ontario, it has only been found along the shores of Lake Superior, where it often forms thickets of con- siderable size. Its eastern limit seems to be on the island of Michilimackinack at the head of Lake Michigan. From this point it extends westward, along both shores of Lake Superior, to Lake Shebandowan, where it disappears. It again appears, however, along the Peace River Valley in lat. 56® N., and is of frequent occurrence in the woods through the Rocky Mountains, and along the Pacific coast. Rubtis neglectus, C. H. Peck. Rubus neglectus, 22nd Annual Report" of the Regents of the University of the State of New York on the Condition of the State Cabinet of Natural History, by G. H, Peck. Stems recurved, armed with numerous straight prickles ) berries dark red, having a whitish bloom; calyx hispid. Stems long, recurved, when young covered with a glaucous bloom, armed with numerous rather strong straight prickles, those on the flowering branches and petioles sometimes recurved. Leaves trifoliate, the leaflets ovate-acuminate, coarsely and doubly serrate, green above, whitish-tomentose beneath, with rather prominent anastomosing veinlets, lateral ones sessile, terminal ones often unequally 2 or 3- lobed and subcordate. Flowers on ascending or erect branches, axillary and sub-corymbose, the pedicels armed with unequal slender prickles, intermingled with stiff glandular hairs; calyx hispid; fruit dark-clouded red, with a whitish tomentose bloom. Flowers in June; fruit ripe in July. Intermediate between R. strigosua and R. occidentalis. From the former it is distinguished by its mode of groMrth (exactly like R, occidentalis)^ long recurved stems and stout prickles ; from the Digitized by Google 324 Professors Macoun and Gibson on the latter by its more numerous, straight prickles, sessile lateral, leaflets and hispid calyx ; from both by the colour and flavour of the berries. It grows sparingly in scrubby cleared lands, associated with its nearly allied species. Distribution. — Indigenous. Thickets and woodlands. Near Shannonville, Hastings county, and the counties of Northumber- land and Victoria; Owen Sound, on the Georgian Bay, Lake Huron (Macoun). POTBNTILLA, Z. PotentUla paradooca, Nutt. Potentilla paradoxa, Nutt. MSS. ; Potentilla supina, Michanx, Fl. i. p. 304 ; Hook, I. c, not of Linn. Decumbent at the base, somewhat spreading, pubescent. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets 7-9, obovate-oblong, incised, the upper ones con- fluent. Stipules ovate, entire ; pedicel solitaiy, often recurved in fruit ; petals obovate, about equalling the sepals ; receptacle hairy ; achenia striate, 2-lobed, "the lower portions filled with starch, being as large as the proper carpel" JDistribution, — As far as known, this plant has only been ob- served on the south-western comer of Lake Ontario, in the vicinity of the city of Hamilton, where it was found in some abundance during the summer of 1874, by J. M. Buchan. It was grow- ing prostrate on the sand and gravel beaches along Burlington Bay. On the southern shore of the same lake, it was detected in pre- cisely the same situation by J. A. Paine, as early as 1865. Dr Gray, in his Manual, ed. 5, seems to consider it an immigrant form from the Southern Statea According to Nuttall in Torrey and Gray, it is found on the banks of all the great western rivers, the Ohio, Llississippi, Missouri, Wahlamette, &c. Rosa, Tourn.; Linn,; Lam., HI. t. 440; Lindh Monog. Rosar. Rosa stricta, Lindley. Rosa stricta, Lindley, Ros. p. 42, t. 7; Seringe in DC. I. c; Rosa pendulina, Ait.; Rosa pendula, Linn, Much branched. Stems armed with numerous setaceous, scat- tered, often deciduous prickles. Flowering branches mostly naked. Leaflets 7-9, oval, firm, glabrous, not shining; the petiole glan- dular, hispid. Stipules lanceolate, mostly glandular-ciliate. Flowers 1—3, on glabrous or glandular-hispid peduncles. Calyx-segments spreading. Fruit ovoid, pendulous.— iiW%, Ros. p. 42, t. 7. Distribution. — ^NTorth shore of Lake Superior, Agassiz; N.E. coast of Lake Superior, and from Fort Cany in Manitoba to Lac la Nun on the Athabasca, Macoun ; plains of the Saskatchewan, Dnimmond; Whisky Island, Lake Huron, DrBell. Digitized by Google Rarer Plants of the Province of Ontario. 325 Ptrus, Linn.; Lindley in Linn. Trans, xiii. p« 97. Pyrus coronaria,!,., American Crab- Apple, Pynis coronaria, Linn., Spec. i. p. 480 ; Hooker, Bot. Mag. t. 2009; Lindley, Bot. 'Reg, t. 651; Malus coronaria, Mill, Michx. n. i. p. 292 ; Michx. Sylv. ii. p. 67. A small tree 10-20 feet high, with spreading branches, large, rose-coloured and fragrant blossoms, and fragrant greenish fruit. The latter is as large as a small apple, hard and sour, but much esteemed for presei-ves. Leaves ovate, rounded at the base, incisely serrate, often sublobate, straight-veined, pubescent when young, at length smoothish on slender petioles. Petals clawed ; pedicels glabrous. Fruit depressed-globose, 1-1 1 inch in diameter, some- what translucent when ripe, ripens in September. Distribution. — In glades near London, Saunders; Prince's Island, Lake Medad, Judge Logie; Chippawa and Maiden, Dr Maclagan; Kettle Point, Lake Huron, Gibson. In the United States it grows generally on the borders of woods throughout the midland, western, and southern districts ; near Lake Superior, Dr Pitcher, SAXIFEAGACEiE. Parnassia, Toum, Pamassia parviflora, DC. Pamassia parviflora, DC, Prodr. i. p. 320 ; Hook, Fl. Bor. Am. i. p» 82; Pamassia palustris, var, ^, Wahl. Very slender, from 4-8 inches high. Scapes with a single bract-like leaf, extending about one-third the distance of the scape. Radical leaves ovate, attenuate into a petiole; the cauline leaf linear-oblong, sessile. Petals quite small, sessile, a little longer than the calyx. Sterile filaments, about 5 in each set, sometimes 9, seldom none. Flowers 6-10 lines in diameter. Whole plant much smaller than P. palustris, from which in other respects it differs considerably. The root-leaves of the latter are often heart- shaped, and never taper into a petiole; its cauline leaves, moreover, are more than half an inch wide and nearly an inch long, whilst those of P, parviflora are mere bracts. The flowers also of the P. palustris are nearly twice as large, with fewer veins. Distribution. — ^Wet rocky shores of lakes and rivers. Borders of the river St Anne and the river Jacques Cartier, Abbe Brunet; north and east shores of Lake Superior, Eed Bay, Lake Huron, Fort Edmonton, on the Saskatchewan, and at the Canon on Peace River, B. Columbia, Macoun, Labrador, Butler, Sandy banks of rivers on the Rocky Mountains, Drummond, la the United States : north-west shore of Lake Michigan and westward. Gray; White Fish Bay, Wisconsin, H, Qillman, Rocky Mountains of Digitized by Google 326 Professors Maconn and Gibson on the Colorado, Hall and Harbour. Huntington and Ruby Valleys, Nevada, and in the Wahsatch; 6000 feet altitude, 8. Watson. Saxifraga, Linn. ; R. Brown, in Parry's First Voyage, SuppL p. 273. Saxifraga tricuspidata, Ketz. Saxifraga tricuspidata, Retz, Prodr. Fl. Scand. ; Pursh, FL i. p. 312 ; Dan,f Saxifr. /. c. p. 446; Seringe, in DC. Prodr. iv. p. 47; Hooh Fl. Bor. Am. i. p. 254. Saxifraga Chamissoi, Stemb, Rev. Saxifr. Suppl. p. 12, t. 10. Stems short, tufted; leaves growimg in rosettes on the autumn shoots; lower ones crowded, oblong, with three very sharp teeth, the margins very slightly ciliate. Flowers few, large, somewhat corymbose at the top of the short flowering stem, which is almost naked, having only a few short bract-like leaves. Sepals thick, ovate; shorter than the oblong-ovate, yellow or whitish petals (white in oui* Cariboo specimens). Capsule ovoid, apiculate with the conical diverging styles. Stigmas somewhat capitate. Distribution, — Growing in -little tufts on moist or dry rocks, especially in mountainous regions. North shore of Lake Superior, Agassiz. Rocks at the Peace River canon, B. Columbia; at Stewart's Lake, Upper B. Columbia, Macoun, Rocky Mountains, Bourgeau. Arctic and Sub-arctic America, Hudson's Bay, and Lake Winipeg, lat. 50** N., Hooker, Unalaska, Ckamisso. Green- land, R, Brown, I-ately detected on the north shore of Lake Superior, within the province of Ontario, by H. Gillman, Heughera, Linn.; Ocertn, Fr. t. 177; B, Brown, in Richardson's Appx. FrankL Joum.ed. 2, p. 52, t. 29. Heuchera americana, L. Heuchera Americana, Linn. Spec. i. p. 226 ; Willd. Spec, i p. 1328; Ell Sk. I p. 327; Torrey, Fl. i. p. 280; DC. Prodr. iv. p. 51; Darlingt Fl. Cest. p. 175; Heuchera cortusa, Michaux, FL i. p. 171 ; Heuchera viscida, Pursh, Fl. L p. 187; Heuchera glauca, Raf., Med. Flora, i p. 244. Scapes from 1\| to 3^ feet high, generally naked; sometimes with a few bracts, glandular, and often hispid, with short hairs. Leaves roundish, cordate, generally somewhat 7-lobed; lobes short and roundish, crenate-dentate; teeth mucronate, slightly hispid, with oppressed hairs above, pubescent on the veins beneath. Panicle elongated, loose, many-flowered; pedicels divaricate ; bracts linear or subulate, very small ; petals spatulate, about as long as th« calyx, purplish, and somewhat unequal; stamens very much exserted in the fully expanded flower; root astringent, hence the common name. Alum root. Digitized by Google Barer Plants of the Province of Ontario. 327 Distribution. — ^Woods in the extreme soutli-west of Ontario; only detected by Dr Maclagan, but doubtless will be met with in greater abundance when the country is more carefully examined. Its range in the United States is rather extensive, growing more or less plentifully from Connecticut in the North to Alabama and Missouri in the South. It has also been met with in.Wisconsin, but is of very rare occurrence. It is essentially a forest species; while its congener, H. hispida, seems to prefer the dry prairie country. ONAGKACE^. Epilobium, Ldnn.; Gcertn. Fr. t. 31. JEpiloHum panicidatum, Nutt. MSS. Glabi-ous or glandular-pubescent above. Stem erect, slender, terete, dichotomous above. Leaves narrowly linear, obscurely serrulate, acute, attenuate at the base, mostly alternate and fascicled. Flowers few, terminating the spreading filiform and almost leafless branches. Calyx tube infundibuliform. Petals obcordate, nearly twice exceeding the calyx lobes. Capsules short, acute at each end, straight or slightly curved, erect or spreading. Stems from 3 inches to 3 feet high. Flowers 1-4 lines in length, light rose- colour. Capsule 2- 1 inch in length. The whole plant sometimes glabrous throughout. Distribution,— 'QjAy recorded from one station in Ontario, at Oxendon, Colpoy's Bay, Georgian Bay, Lake Huron, Macoun, In the United States, from Washington Territory to Sacramento Valley, and eastward to Colorado; frequent in the mountains of Nevada and in the Wahsatch; 4500-7000 feet altitude, 8ereno Watson, in King's Eeport of Explorations in the 40th Parallel. Oregon, and the Straits of Du Fuco, Dr Scoular, Rocky Moun- tains, Nuttall. MELASTOMACEiE. Ehexia, Linn,; R, Brown, in Lucke/s Yoy, p, 436. Rhexia virginica, L. Rhexia virginica, Linn Spec, i p. 346; Lam, III t. 283, f. 2; Miclmuxyl c; Bot. Mag. t. 968; DC. Prodr. iii. p. 121; Rhexia septemnervia, Walt. Car. p. 130. Stem square, the angles narrowly winged, sparselj hispid. Leaves sessile, oval-lanceolate, ciliate-serrulate, acute, sparsely hispid above, and on the ribs of the lower surface. Calyx hispid, the tube above the ovary longer than the segments, Flowers large, numerous, in corymbose cymes ; petals bright-purple, ovate, hispid beneath, caducous. Anthers long and prominent, crooked, golden yellow above, with a purple line beneath. Digitized by Google 328 Professors Macoun and Gibson on the Distribution, — Grows in wet ground. Its only known locality in Ontario is on the sandy margin of Mufekoka Lake. In the United States: Massachusetts and Connecticut, near the coast, to Louisiana and Arkansas, Torrey and Gray ; Wisconsin and Illinois, Dr Gray, LYTHKACEiE. Lythbum, Linn, (partly); Juss. Gen. p. 332. Lythrum alatum, Pursh. Lythrum alatum, Pur6h.^ Fl. i. p. 334; Nutf. Gen. i. p. 303; Bot. Mag. t. 1812; Ell Sk. i. p. 645; DC. Prodr. iii. p. 8 1 ; Lythrum vulneraria, Schfank, pi. rar. Hort. Monac. t. xxvii. lide DC; Lythrum Kennedyanum, H. B, and K, Is^ov.Gen. fide DC. Perennial. Stem and branches quadrangular, Stem 1-2 feet high, striate, the wings narrow. Leaves (of Ontario specimens) closely sessile, slightly cordate at the base, the upper ones about the length of the flowers, mostly acute; the lower ones opposite, ternately verticillate or scattered; those of the virgate branches alternate. Flowers nearly sessile, minutely bibracteolate, axillaiy, solitary; calyx tube 12-8triate, 12-toothed, alternate teeth comute; corolla deep violet-purple, wavy, 6-petaled; stamens 6. Distribution, — Wet places in the vicinity of Maiden, South- western Ontario, Dr Maclagan, In the United States : Michigan, Wisconsin, and southward, Dr Gray; Louisiana, Arkansas, but not in the New England States, Torrey and Gray; Texas, Drum- mond, A variable species extends into Mexico. UMBELLIFERiE. Archemora, DC. Mem. Umb. p, 52, and Prodr. iv. p. 188. Archemora rigida, DC. Archemora rigida, DC. Prodr. iv. p. 188; Darlirtgt, FL Cest.. p. 195; Archemora tricuspidata and denticulata, DC, Prodr. iv. p. 188; Sium rigidum, Xmw. Spec. i. p. 251 ; Sium rigidum, tricuspidatum and denticulatum, EU. Sk. i. p. 354; Sison marginatum, Michaiix, Fl. i. p. 168; CEnantbe rigida, Nutt, Gen. i. p. 189; Pastinaca rigida, Spreng. in Schult. Syst. vi. p. 586; Torrey, Fl. i p. 314. Stem rigid, striate, smooth. Leaves pinnately divided, smooth, variable in form, and occasionally obovate, but more commonly oblong-lanceolate, entire or remotely toothed, the teeth often veiy large, and sometimes reduced to two near the summit, or sometimes small and scattered. Umbels 2 to 3, spreading, smooth, of many Digitized by Google Barer Plants of the Province of Ontario. 329 slender rays. Petals white. Fruit 3 lines long, with sub-equal, greenish ribs, and large purple vittas filling the intervals. Com- missure white. The variety amhigua, not found in Ontario, differs from the present species in its linear, long, and nairow leaflets. It is the (Enanthe ambigua of NuttalL IH8tribution,-^a.ndy swamps near Maiden, south-western On- tario, Dr Madagan. In the United States, it ranges from New Jersey and Western New York to Michigan and Illinois, and southward to Louisiana and Florida. Thabpium, Nutt, Gen. i. p. 196 ; DC, Prodr. iv. p. 153. Thaspium barbinode, Nutt. Thaspium barbinode, Natt. Gen. i. p. 196; DC, Prodr. iv. p. 154; Darlingt, Fl. Cest. p. 192; Ligusticum barbinode, Michx. Fl. i. p. 167; Pursh, Yl i p. 193; Thaspia tri- foliata, Spreng. in Schult. Syst, vL p. 615; Torrey, Fl. i. p. 317. Stem pubescent at the nodes. Lower leaves tritemate, upper ones bitemate and usually opposite, segments 1-2 inches long, cuneate-ovate, acute or acuminate, unequally and incisely serrate, entire towards the base. Umbels terminal, and opposite the upper leaves on peduncles 1-3 inches long. Invohicre usually wanting, but sometimes 1-2 linear leaflets; involucels 3-4 leaved. Petals deep yellow. Styles nearly erect, as long as the ovaiy. Fruit 2-3 lines long, elliptical, sometimes with only the dorsal and marginal ribs of the carpel winged, at other times with all the ribs equally ribbed. Stem 2-3 feet high, angular and grooved, branching above. Distribution. — Banks of rivers and streams. Along the banks of the Detroit Kiver, Ontario side, Dr Madagan; also near the River Thames, in the vicinity of London, IF. Sautiders ; Chippawa, south-western Ontario, Torrey and Gray Fl. p. 616; in the United States, it ranges from western New York to Wisconsin, and southward to Florida, Dr Chapman* CAPRIFOLIACEiE. Symphoricarpus, DUL; Elth. p. 371, t. 278; DC. Prodr. iv. p. 338. Symphoricarpus occidentalis, R Brown. Symphoricarpus occidentalis, R. Brown in Richarda Appx. Frankl. Journ. ed. 2, p. 6 ; Hook. I c. Shrub 1-4 feet high. Leaves ovate, 1-3 inches long, rather obtuse, somewhat hairy above, pubescent underneath, the lower pairs with wavy margins ; the petioles about J of an inch long. Digitized by Ljoogle 330 professors Macoun and Gibson on the Spikes dense, terminal and axillary, nodding, nearly sessile. Calyx teeth minutely ciliate. Corolla somewhat funnel-form, densely bearded inside, rather larger and more expanded than in S, race- V108US, purplish and white. Stamens and bearded style exserted. Berries white, remaining on the plant during the autumn and winter. The Wdf-berry of the Canadians. Distribution. — Wooded river banks. • North shore of Lake Superior, within the confines of Ontario, Agassiz. Fort Gratiot, Michigan, opposite Samia, Ont, south shore of Lake Huron, Dr Pitcher, From Lake Superior westward over the plains, and through the Peace River Valley, and west of the Rocky Mountains to Quesnelle in Upper B. Columbia, Macoun, Saskatchewan Valley, Drummand. Northern Michigan, Illinois, and westward, Graf/. Oregon, Douglas, Colorado, Hall and Harton, LoNiCERA, Linn.; Desf, Fl. Atl. i. p. 183; DC. Prodr. iv. p. 330. Lonicera parvijlora, Lam., var. Douglasii, A. Gray. Lonicera parviflora, Hooker^ I. c. var. /8 ; Lonicera pai-viflora, var. /8, Tmrey and Gray, FL N. Am. p. 7, vol ii., pt. 1 ; Lonicera Douglasii, DC., I c; Caprifolium Douglasii, Lindley in Hort. Trans, vii. p. 244; Caprifolium parvi- florum, Richards. Appx. Frank. Joum. ed. 2, p. 6. Differs from the normal parviflora in its greener leaves^ more or less downy, or even somewhat vUlous-tomentose heneaihy and its crimson or deep dull purple corolla. Stem 6-10 feet long, trailing or twining. Leaves 2—3, or on young shoots even 4 inches long, with a slight and sparse deciduous pubescence underneath, the lower ones often narrowed at the base, but sessile or connate, the upper pair perfoliate. Flowers in heads of one or more approximate whorls ; corolla ringent, short, glabrous externally, gibbous at the base, crimson, or deep dull purple. Stamens and styles exserted. Berries orange-coloured. Distribution.- — Rocky banks of rivers and lakes. At the top of a sandhill, Nipigon River, north shore of Lake Superior, also on sand dunes on the River Pic, north-east coast, Macoun. Noi-th shore of Lake Superior, Agassiz, Saskatchewan plains, Douglas, Near Fort Gratiot, Michigan, south shore of Lake Huron, Dr Pit- cher. Limestone cliffs along the Scioto, Ohio, Sullivant Northern Ohio to Wisconsin and northward, A. Gray. Lonicera involucrafa, Banks. Lonicera involucrata. Herb. Panics; Spreng. Syst. i. p. 759; DC, Prodr. iv. p. 336; Lindley, Bot. Regist. t. 1179; Hooker^ FL Bor. Am. i p. 284 ; Lonicera Ledebgurii, Digitized by Ljoogle Rarer Plants of the Province of Ontario. 331 EschsGhdtz in Mem. Acad. St Petersb. x. p. 284; DC, I. c; Cham, and Schlecht, in Linnsea, iii p. 138; Hook, and Amotty Bot. Beechey, p. 143, and Supp. p. 349; Xylos- teum involucratum, Richards. Appx, Frank. Joum. ed. 2, p. 6. Stem 2-10 feet long, often supported. Branches distinctly 4-angled, Leaves 2-3 inches long, on petioles 2-4 lines in length, obtuse or acuminate, hirsute-pubescent beneath; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 2-3 flowered. Bracts somewhat pubescent and glandular, the exterior ovate or sub-cordate, often nearly half an inch in length, the interior broadly obovate or obcordate, at first very small, but becoming large and conspicuous in fruit. Corolla yellowish, 6-7 lines long, pubescent, glandular, and cylindraceous ; the lobes short Stamens included. Stigma generally partially exserted. Distribuiion. — Damp rocky ground. North shore of Lake Superior, by Agassiz ; 1 6 miles up the Kaministiquia, and along the left bank of the Pic River, Lake Superior, Macoun; Saskatchewan plains and wooded country from lat. 54 N. to 64 N., Rocky Mountains, and N.W. coast between 54** N. and 56'' N., Torr^ and Gray; California, Douglas^ NvMaU; East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, and in the Wahsatch and Uintas, 7000-9000 feet altitude, Sereno Watson; Mount Lincoln, Colorado, at 13,000 feet altitude. Coulter; and along streams in the foot-hills and among the moun- tains of Colorado, Porter. RUBIACE.E. Galium, Linn. ; Lam. HL t. 60 ; Qcertn. Fr. t. 24 ; A. Richard, Rubiac. in Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. part v. p. 133 ; Endh Gen. p. 522. Galium pilosvm, Ait. Galium pilosum. Ait., Kew, ed. 1, p. 145 ; Pursh, FL i. p. 104; Torr^f Fl. i p. 167; Darlingt FL Cest. p. 101; Galium puncticulosum /8 pilosum, DC, Prodr. iv. p. 601; Galium purpureum, Walt Car. p. 87. Stems often 1-2 feet high, often several from the same root, ascending, hirsute on the angles, mostly simple, except the short spreading flowering branches. Leaves about three-fourths of an inch long, 4 in a whorl, oval, indistinctly veined, hirsute on both sides, and punctate with pellucid dots. Peduncles generally di- trichotomous at the extremity of the branches, each division 2-3-flowered. Flowers paniculate-cymulose. Lobes of the brownish- purple corolla acute or acuminate. Fruit very strongly hispid with white bristles. Digitized by Google 332 Professors Macoun and Gibson on tJie Distribution^ — Dry woods and sterile shady soil. Vicinity of Maiden, South-western Ontario, Dr Maclagan. In the United States, from Rhode Island and Vermont to Illinois, and southward to Louisiana and Texas. VALERIANACEiE. Valeriana, Tou7m,; Linn,; Neck. Elem. i, p. 122; DC. Mem. Valer. and Prodr. iv. p. 632. Valeriana eduliSy Nutt. Valeriana edulis, Nutt, MSS.; Valeriana nov. spec. SuUivant, Cat. Ohio Plants ; Valeriana ciliata, Torrey and Gray, Fl. N. Am. Z. c; Patrinia longifolia, Macnab in Edin. Phil. Joum. xix.; Patrinia ceratophylla, Hooker, FL Bor. Am. i. p. 290. Stem one to three or sometimes four feet high in fruit ; sometimes leafless, very smooth, striate, simple. Root-leaves entire, spatula te- lanceolate, tapering out into a slender sheathing hase, four to nine inches long, clustered; the veins somewhat parallel hut reticulated; the cauline ones pinnately cleft into 3-7 lance-linear, acute seg- ments. Both radical and cauline leaves have their margins densely and minutely ciliate. Flowers in an elongated compound panicle; Qorolla very short, greenish white, subconical-campanulate. Fruit ovate, compressed, 4-ribbed, crowned with the late calyx limb of 10 or 12 plumose setae. Root fusiform, often 6-12 inches long, resembling that of the carrot both in colour and appearance, muci- laginous, bitter and aromatic to the taste. When baked or steamed in a closed vessel, these roots, apparently pernicious, become con- verted into an agieeable and wholesome pulp, much relished as food by the aborigines of the country. Distribution. — Alluvial prairies and river bottoms. This interest- ing species has been detected in only one locality within the province, viz., the valley of the Maitland River, and within six miles of its embouchure into Lake Huron, Gibson. It was apparently obtained from the same district in 1834 by Mr J. MacNab. In the United States, from Ohio to Wisconsin and westward, A. Gi-aij. Washington Territory, Utah, and New Mexico, Tayabe Mountains and Ruby Valley, Nevada, and in the Wahsatch, 6000 feet altitude, Sereno Watson, in "King's Report." Denver and Canon City, Colorado, Dr Smith. COMPOSITE MiKANiA, Willd.; Spec. iii. p. U52; DC. Prodr. v. p. 181. Mikania scandens, Willd. Mikania scandens, WUld, Spec. iii. p. 1743; Pursh, Fl. ii. p. 617; Bigle. Fl. Boston, ed.-3, p. 314; Darlingt. FL Digitized by Ljoogle Rarer Plants of the Province of Ontario, 333 Cest., p. 454; Eupatorium scandens, Linn.\ Michavx, FL ii. p. 97. Stem glabrous, shiniiig. Leaves cordate, repand-toothed, acumi- nate, the lobes divaricate, rather unequal^ membranaceous, slightly scabrous or pubescent or nearly glabrous, on slender petioles. Heads in pedunculate, axillary corymbs of whitish or pink-coloured flowers. Scales of the involucre lanceolate. Achenia minutely glandular. Anthers appendiculate at the apex. Distribution, — Moist shady places and along streams and rivers. Has only been reported by Dr Maclagan from the vicinity of Mai- den, south-western Ontario. It is a species of a decided Southern range, so that its appearance in Ontario is a somewhat abnormal. feature in its geographical distribution. In the United States it is found from £. New England to Kentucky, and southward to Louisiana and Florida. AsTEB, Toum. Inst. t. 174; Linn, Gen. No, 954. Aster ericoides, linn. Aster ericoides, lAnn,^ Spec, ii p. 875 (Excl. Syn. DUl.)i Ait., Kew (ed. 1), iii p. 202; WUld, Spec. iii. p. 2027; Pursh, FL ii p. 546; Ell, Sk. ii p. 348; Aster ericoides and Aster glabellus, Nees, Ast. p. 101; Lindh in Herb. Hooker and Herb. Torrey; DC, Prodr. v. p. 242; Aster sparsiflorus, Michx, FL ii. p. 242; Aster tenuifolius j3 ericoides, Muhl, Cat., p. 77; Aster dumosus, Willd, Enum. ii. p. 880; Aster subulatus, ramosissimus, and lepto- phyllus, Hort. Par. {DC.) Glabrous or slightly hairy, racemose compound; the simple branchlets or peduncles racemose, and mostly unilateral on the virgate spreading branches. Leaves rather rigid; the radical and lowest cauline oblanceolate or oblong spatulate, tapering into a short margined petiole, often serrate; the others linear lanceolate and linear subulate, entire, acute at each end. Scales often hemi- spherical, or often slightly turbinate, involucre with acute or abruptly acuminate tips terminating the broader closely oppressed lower portion; the outermost subulate from a very short base. Heads usually scattered along the branches, but sometimes rather crowded, 3—4 lines in diameter. Eays 15-25, white or pale bluish-purple; the disk frequently turning reddish-purple. Achenia with a dense minute pubescence, turgid. Torr. and Or,y FL N. A. Distribution. — Barren soils, Bruce Peninsula, Lake Huron, Ont, Macoun, In the United States, from S. New England to Wis- consin and southward, Dr Oray. TR.4N8. DOT. 80C. VOL. XII. Y Digitized by Google 334 JRarer Plants of the Province of OntaHo, Aster barecUis, Provancher. Aster borealis, Provancher, Flori Canadienne, 1862; Aster laxifolius, NeeSy fi borealis, Torrey and Gray, EL N. A. ; Aster laxifolius, a and ^, Lindley in Hook. Fl. £or.-Am. ii, p. 10; DC. Prodr. v. p. 236 (excL 7 cameus) ; Aster salicifolius, Richards^ App. Frank. Joum. ed. 1, p. 748. ^ Stem strict, smooth and glabrous, or pubescent towards the summit Leaves vary much in appearance, narrowly linear- lanceolate, elongated, with margins sometimes scabrous, or sparingly serrulate, or even often entire ; the upper surface generally slightly scabrous. At times the upper leaves are found to be rather shorter than the lower. Heads solitary, or few, or somewhat crowded on the strict (often very short) branches. Involucre about the length of the disk; the scales in 2—3 series, generally somewhat equal, but sometimes decidedly unequal, lax, the summits more or less spreading or squarrose when old. Distribution, — ^Peat bogs and swamps. Vicinity of Lake Bur- well, Lambton County, Gibson; several bogs in Central and Eastern Ontario, Macoun, In the United States it appears only to have been observed in Oregon. Lake Huron, Dr Pitcher, Suskat- chewan Valley, Drummond, Arctic America, and west to the Rocky Mountains, Torrey and Gray, 10th June 1876. — Sir Bobbbt Christison, Bart., in the Chair. The following CommunicatioDB were read : — I. Account of some Experiments on Dioneea Muscipula {Venus' Fly-Trap). By Thob. A. G. Balfour, M.D , F.K.S.E., F.R.C.P.E.* My attention was specially directed to the subject of Dionsea, Drosera, Ac, by certain articles which appeared in dififerent journals, containing interesting accounts of what had been done in regard to these plants, and of the curious results which had been obtained. Some of these notices had an air of truth about them, while others seemed indebted for their existence rather to the vivid imagination of the * I was much obliged to the Regius Keeper of the Garden for the oppor- tunity of carrying on my experiments there, and I have also to acknowledge the considerate kindness of Mr M'Nah, and the Yaluablo assistance rendered by Mr Robert Lindsay in conducting the experiments. Digitized by Google Dr T. A. G. Balfour on Dioneea Muscipula. 336 writer than to careful scientific observation. The interest, however, attaching to the whole subject was such that T felt most anxious to test for myself the truth or otherwise of the observations recorded. My observations are not complete, and though in some cases they refer to points which have been already carefully studied by others, the present paper also contains some original and independent observations, and hence may not be altogether wanting in scientific interest. In dealing with my subject I shall regard the Venus' Fly- trap (DionsBa) as a carnivorous plant, and I feel warranted in doing so by the opinions expressed by those who have made this plant the subject of careful study. Ellis was one of those who, about a hundred years ago, brought the peculiarities of the plant under the notice of Linnseus, Ac. His letter to that famous botanist gave an excellent description of the structure and functions of the leaf, erring only in one or two points, such as in believing that the fiuid secreted by the leaf was a kind of nectar to allure insects towards the sensitive part of the leaf, and in attributing to the hairs the power of transfixing the body of the captured insect. His opinion, however, was that the insect was made subservient to the nourishment of the plant. Dr Curtis seems to have been the next observer. He resided at Wilmington, North Carolina, where he had abundant opportunities of observing the plant in its native habitat. About forty years ago he gave an able and accurate account of it, and while he corrected Ellis' mistakes regard- ing the time when the secretion was poured out, and showed the sensitiveness of the plant to reside in the hairs, he be- lieved with Ellis that the plant fed on the entrapped insect. Mr Canby, about seven years ago, while living at Wil- mington also, confirmed the opinion of Ellis and Curtis as to the animal diet of the Dionsea. Mr Darwin holds a similar view, cmd when we know that for six or seven years this distinguished nattlralist has been studying the subject, and recall his wonderful and minute powers of observation, his great practical sagacity, and the fertility of his resources in devising experiments, we must attach no ordinary importance to the researches which I trust he may soon give to the world. Digitized by Google 336 Dr Thomas A. G. Balfour's Account of Dr Hooker has also stamped this opinion with the weight of his deservedly great name in the address which he delivered in August last to the British Association. In speaking of the carnivorous habits of the Dioncea MvscipuUxy I shall divide the subject into the five following heads: — 1. Irritability; 2. Contraction; 3; Secretion; 4. Digestion ; 5. Absorption, including assimilation. It may seem unphysiological to place secretion and digestion under separate heads, but there are some who admit the existence of the former, but deny the latter; hence I treat of them separately. 1. Irritability. — This is a wonderful property, not con- fined to Dion»a, but existing in the leaves of many plants, specially of the natural order Droseracjeae, to which the DionsBa belongs ; also in the LeguminossB, especially in the common sensitive plant of our hot-houses (Mimosa pudica), and among the Oxalidace», but in a peculiar degree in the sensitive Oxalis {Biophytum aenaitivum). In the Dioneea, however, this irritability is, as first pointed out by Curtis, resident in six delicate hairs, which are placed three on each lobe in a triangular form, with the apex pointing downwards; each has a peculiar bulging at its attachment to the lobe. The position of these hairs is such that it is well-nigh im- possible for an insect to avoid touching them while crawling over the leaf. To test the accuracy of this opinion I took a needle and touched almost every portion of the surface both above and below, and also the marginal hairs, and no response was given; but no sooner did I apply the needle point to the top of one of the six hairs than immediate closure of the leaf followed. In the sensitive plant this property seems to have no apparent relation to the wants of the system; in the Dionsea, however, such a relation seems to exist, for when a certain amount of animal food has been consumed, the irritability disappears, at least for a considerable time. On July 3, 1874, at 2.30 p.m., a large bluebottle fiy was placed on a large Dioneea leaf; the diet was peculiarly acceptable, and was at once secured. Twenty-four days were required for digesting it, and when the remains were removed on the 27th the hairs were stimulated repeatedly, but no signs of irritability were manifested. On July 28, Digitized by Google some Experiments on Dionsea Muscipula. 337 29, 30, and on August 1, the same was tried, with a like negative result. A similar result followed in the case of other leaves after sumptuous repasts of caterpillars and raw meat and spiders; but these will again come before us. This irritability is also more or less influenced by sunshine and shade, though, so far as my experiments go, not in the manner that one would naturally expect. On July 20, 1874, four plants of Dion»a were selected — two to be placed in the shade, and the other two to remain in the sunshine. Of those in sunshine, one plant had two leaves closed by irritation, and the other had three similarly dealt with. Of those in the shade, one had four leaves closed by irritation, and the other had two thus treated. July 21, 12.30 P.M. — All act equally well on irritation; only one of the plants in the shade had not its leaves quite so open as the others. July 22, 3 P.M. — In sunshine, all open, and respond readily and fully to irritation. In shade, one plant has two leaves half open, and the other plant has two fully open ; but all respond languidly and more or less fully. July 23, 4 P.M. — The two plants in sunshine are not quite open, but close well on irritation. The two plants in shade have their leaves scarcely half open (the lashes are touching), but they close pretty well I need not weary you with details, so I pass on to the" record of August 1, when the plants were, in sunshine, all about half open, but closed on irritation; while in shade two were half open, but would not close by irritation of any amount. My appended note is — " The want of sun seems here to have impaired irritability.'* Again, in some cases the nature of the substance applied seems to influence to a considerable extent this property of irritability. On July 16 chloroform was dropped on the sensitive hairs of a leaf of Dionsea, and it instantly closed exactly as an eyelid would have done had chloroform been applied to the eye. To test whether it was the peculiar nature of the fluid, or simply the fluid touching the hairs, that had caused the closure, another Dionsda leaf was chosen, and a large quantity of water was let fall on it, at first drop by drop, and afterwards in large quantity, but there was no Digitized by Google 338 Dr Thomas A. G. Balfour's Account of sign of closing ; but when chloroform was added, the closure ensued in two or three seconds. These plants had not been in direct sunshine. On July 17 new experiments were made. One or two Dionaeas which were in bright sunshine were held below a watering-pan, and, at first, drops of water, and then a full stream, were directed on the sensitive hairs, and the leaves closed at once. This experiment, so different in result from the last, seemed entirely owing to the direct rays of the sun in which they had been placed; for on taking another Dioneea, which had not been so exposed, we found that, in this case, no amount of water would cause its leaf to close, but the smallest amount of chloroform did so at once* Here, then, so far as the experiments go, was a distinct evidence of the irritability being in some instances dependent on the nature of the irritant. Only the other day (June 7) I saw the leaf of a Dion sea nearly full of water, in contact with all the sensitive hairs, and yet no closure had been effected, but on my touching a hair with the point of a knife immediate closure resulted. If this be found generally true regarding water, we can see how admirably provision has been made to guard the plant against the frequent closure of its leaves after every shower, which would deprive it of many chances of a good meal. Nor does the closure of the one which had been in bright sunshine at all militate against this view, for in most instances we have the sun obscured by clouds for some time before any continuous rain begins. Again, this property seems to exist in different degrees of intensity in different plants of Dionaaa, and sometimes in different leaves of the same plant. Thus I have found that the slightest touch on the top of a hair has been followed by instant closure, while in another leaf of the same plant this effect was only obtained after touching a hair twice. How long is this irritability retained ? The period seems to vary even in different leaves of the same plant, so that it is impossible to give a definite answer. On July 7 three leaves of one plant of Dionsea were closed by irritation ; they were very lively and closed at once. July 8. — Open by 10 a.m. at least ; at 3 p.m. they were again closed at once on irritation. Digitized by Google some Expei*iment8 on DionsBa Muscipula. 339 July 10. — ^At 12 noon two leaves quite open, oiie leaf only half open, and closes languidly. July 11. — One still close which was closed yesterday; the other two, which are open, responded somewhat lan- guidly to irritation by a glass rod. July 14. — Only closed very languidly; the other two responded better to stimulus, and closed firmly. July 15 and 16. — One closes languidly; other two close at once vigorously. July 20, 3.30 p.m. — All closed with slight languor. July 21 and 23. — All closed slowly. On July 25 the irritability is much exhausted. From some of them remaining closed after this it was impossible to test further before August 1, when I left town. We see from these dates that the irritability in one leaf began to show signs of diminution on the third day, and that the other two leaves did so on the day following. On the seventh day these two temporarily regained their irritability, and retained it till the eighth and ninth day, but it became again gradually impaired, till on the eighteenth day it was much exhausted. No great importance can be attached to these experi- ments, as the initation was only practised once a day, and sometimes, though rarely, once in two days. Of the nature of this property we cannot, of course,- speak, for we know of its existence only by the effect produced, viz., the contraction of the leaf; but there seems to be a co-ordinating power in connection \^th the irrita- bility, for though one or more hairs on only one lobe of the leaf be irritated, both lobes will close synchronously. I shall have occasion to return to this subject under the second heading, and I now, therefore, proceed to speak of the effect of the irritability. 2. Contraction, or closure of the leaf and of its marginal spines or cilia. This property of contractibility, like that of irritability, has a distinct relation to the wants of the plant. No doubt almost any substance, whether suited for food or not, will, if placed on one of the sensitive hairs, be fol- lowed by contraction; but it is only when the material so Digitized by Google 340 Dr Thomas A. G. Balfour's Account of introduced is capable of giving nutriment to the plant that the contraction continues. This peculiarity of the contraction is exhibited in the following instances: — On July 4, at 3 p.m., a piece of wood was placed on a large leaf of a Dionaea, which instantly grasped it. It was, however, too large to be concealed, so that the wood was seen with the marginal spines embracing it. July 6. — At 11 A.M. the leaf is quite open. At 3 p.m., however, it was found closed, which was apparently owing to the wood being so light as to be easily knocked against the hairs by the draughts in the greenhouse. This to a cer- tain extent vitiated the experiment. On the same day (July 4), at 3 p.m., a piece of dry plaster which had fjJlen from the wall, was put on another leaf of the same plant, and it was at once caught and concealed. July 6. — At 3 p.M the leaf was quite open, but w'as closed by irritation. July 7. — At 3.30 p.m. leaf again open. On the same day (July 4), but on the leaf of another active Dionoea, a piece of iron nail was placed, which was grasped instantly and vigorously. July 6. — At 8 P.M. leaf quite open, but on pressing the iron against the sensitive hairs the leaf again closed. July 7. — At 3.30 p.m. leaf quite open again. On July 7 a piece of the leaf of a Fuchsia was placed on a Dion sea leaf, and caught by it July 8. — ^t 2 P.M. leaf quite open. For the same reason we find that when insects have lost their nutritive power (either from having been too long kept or from having been previously digested) we have a similar action on the part of the leaf. Thus in the case of the fuschia leaf just referred to, after the-Dionaea leaf had opened a fly was placed beside the piece of Fuchsia, i.e. on July 8, at 2 p.m. July 10. — Leaf open; closed by irritation. July 11. — Leaf quite open again. July 13. — Fuchsia leaf taken away and fly alone left, and leaf closed by irritation. July 14. — Leaf again open. July 15. — Fly looked a very shrivelled one, so I removed Digitized by Google some Expefi'iments on Dionsea Miiscipula. 341 it and put on the leaf a bluebottle fly (which had been dead for fully a week). Leaf closed by irritation. July 16. — Leaf quite open (probably from fly being a dried up one).	7,056
in.ernet.dli.2015.109756_57	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,835	Encyclopaedia Americana Vol. 7	Lieber, Francis, Ed.	English	Spoken	7,566	11,836	ished portraits both of that uionnrch and attention. A character like his, the object: of Cromwell,; hot it was not until tlie res- of whose exertions was to produce a, warm ' toration, that he rose to the height of lus opposition to abuses, must necessarily lmvw, * fame and prosperity.' Ue fell in with the encountered milch hostility ; hut he was ; , ' voluptuous taste of the new court, iu his most persecuted hy the censorship, as a':' > repreaentatiohoftht^jeimties who adorned dramatic [>oet. Lemercicr dually gave it, and, by the delicacy and grace of his vent to his displeasure in a very popular pencil, became tlie favorite ladies 1 painter, satirical prelude to his comedy Lc Cotiup* ‘ ' lie lias 'transmitted the, features of mosf te.nr, which, under the title of Dame Cen +■ of the beauties of the court of Charles If, sure , on La Cofruptiice (Paris, 1823), and is particularly admired for the grace scourges, with the, keenest irony, ,the ' "of the heads and tlie elegance of tlie dm- meanness and odiousness of this jnstitu- ’ penes. He was in great JaVor with Charles tion for filtering the mind, fiomercier fl, who knighted him. ' He died in 1680. has produced about 30 tragedies, rorne- The “ beauties’' at Windsor, by him, are dies, and other dramatic productions lbr •much admired. JTe likewise excelled in the sluge, exclusive of his other works, in * crayon painting. His historical pictures verse and prose. His last historical dra- are few. At Windsor, there is a Magda- ina, in five acts, Richard 111 et Jeanne Short Jen and a sleeping Venus. Tlie duke of (Paris, 1821), from Slmksjieare ami Rowe, • t Devonshire has his Jupiter and Eujopu; is planned widi much genius, but does not 9 ‘lord Pomfret, his Cinfon and Ipliigenia. meet with the' applause, in Paris, that* is (See Walpole’s Anecdotes of Painting,) bestowed on the Jane Shore of the young Leman, or Lac Leman ; tlie name of poet Linde* -vs. LemeroierV poetry does •the former French department, compm- not please tastes formed on the rules of heniliug the republic of Genova from Le- Aristotle mid Boilenu. He nas frequently man us, the ancient name of the lake of disregarded tlie French system of .the Geneva. . unities, particularly in his Columbus. Lumberc, or Leovolis * (in Polish, He does not polish his verses with sufti- Luw); capital of the kingdom of Galicia, eient industry, and is, therefore, by no with 47,500 inhabitants, of whom 18,24!) means a universal fiivorite witli his coun- arc Jews ; next to Brody, the most impor- try men ; and only one of his tragedies? has fant commercial place in the circle of the been preserved on the Freurh theatres — same name. It is the scat of the Austrian his Agamemnon. His comedies are af- pim racial government. Lon. 24° W 53 ;/ ways unsuccessful. In 1825, he published E.; hit. 40° 5F 42" N. Lemberg is tlie two volumes of Chavis hcroiquesei popv - see of a Roman Catholic, a Greek Cath- laircs des Solduts el Mate lots Grccs , traduits obc, and sui Armenian archbishop, and is en Vers Frangais. His tragedy Les Mar - the seat of the Lutheran superintendent, tyrs de Soldi, on VEpirc modirnc, in five and of the chief rabbi. There were 'for- ucts (Paris, 1825), has never been ptsr- , merly 33 convents at Lemberg, of which formed. * 10 only now exist. It has, also, a Lf.mip.kre, Antoine Marin; a French university, which was transferred to'Cra- * dramatist, bom in 1733, at Paris. He re- ' cow, blit, in 1817, was reestablished (26 ceivetl a good education, but, being de- 1 professors and 220 students). There are prived of his parents while young, ho be- ' , several high schools, two theological sem- came assistuut sacristan to tlie church of v inaricS, &<c. The Ossoliusky libraiy is St. Paul. At his leisure, lie composed , • public;. Lemberg is 68 leagues east of sermons for sale in manuscript— a circling- , Cracow, is fortified, and carries on consul- stance which made him known to thoj. ;< \ arable trade. , abW D’Olivet, who employed him to eojf- 1 \ ■ Lemehcier, N6pomucene Louis, mem- rect the proofs of his edition of Cicero.,, ber of the French academy, poet, and, per- He was then marie ah under master ofJ ( 1 hapsL the most talented dramatic writer of rhetoric at the college of Harcourt, in our fime ip France, bom at Paris, iu 1770, which situation lie wrote a tragedy, ns-, i wrote a tragedy, Meleager, in his 16th year, ejected at the theatre. He afterwords ' which, however, survived but a single gained six poetical [frizes, offered by* pro- ‘ ' representation. Others soon followed^ > incial academies. His tragedy of Fbj- * some of which obtained permanent success; pennnestra was acted With success iu 'XELY^LEMIERRE. , 5? 499 = . * . »' ' . \ './•* 1 , ' i* ’* > , '■ l .«u .Jj# 1 proper name. Ho was! first instructed by V e. g. Jus Agamemnon, his Pirrto, Christd- ' art ‘ r; LiB^ifeRRE-^LEMMnirG. 175®.’;' Subsequently obtained A place tiqur of theif - numbeffi, is v vefy great, so, . ' in the office of a farmer-general, yrho, tha* few return' to their native lmunts, perceiving that he was better qualified to They never enter dwellings, hut keep in Inakc plays than to kjbep financial ac- the open air. When enraged* they raise , . counts, generously bestowed on hi mb pen- themselves on their hind fret, and utter a * sion, that he might be enabled to devote bariting sound. Sometimes they divide himself to literature. In 1781, he was into two parties, and attack each other/ / . .chosen a member of the French academy ; " They breed several times in the year, pro- * and he died in f 3792, lie produced stv- during five or six at a birth. Their num- eral tragedies, among which the best and hem are so great in particular years, that. inosi successful were bis Widow of Mala- the common people, an Norway, believe .‘bar, and William Tell: ho also published dial they descend from the clouds. From , JLes Pastes, ou les Usages dc V. lnntt, a the devastations which they commit, they poem in Id cantos ; rani a collection, enti- arc often exorcised by the Roman Catholic tied Pitres fugitives (1782, 8vo.). clergy * -Their flesh is not used as fooii. Lemma, in mathematics, denotes a pre- nor the skins for the fur. Tin* Hudson's * ’ Jimmarv jiroposition, laid down in order to clear the way for some following demon- stration, aud prefixed, either to theorems, in order to render their demonstration less perplexed and intricate, or to problems, to make their solution more easy and short. •' Lemming (georyehus, Illig.). These quadmjMxls, which are of the nit kind, are distinguislie/d by the conformation of the lore feet, and the shortness of tin* tail. bay lemming is of an ash color, with a tinge of tawny qn the hack, hating a dusky stripe along its middle, and a jmjIo line on each side. The hair is very line, soft and long. It is not certain that these animals migrate like the foregoing species, though, from the observations of captain Lyon, this apjtears probable. ‘ He says dint lie observed long ridges of mouse dung, several inches deep, extending for above two miles. This was in a situation in The fore feet are, adapted for burrowing, which none of these animals were then The tail is shorter than the body. Among the sjiecies. the most interesting are die lemming rat ( G. lemmas) and the Hudson's hay lemming ( G. lludsnnius ). The former of tin w inhabits die northern parts of Eu- rnjie, is about the size of die common rat, of tawny color variegated with black, the sides of the head ami the under parts lading white. The legs and tail are grayish, and the under parts of’ the body of a dull white. The head is large, short, and thick ; .the eyes small ; the limbs stout. They feed entirely on vegetables. They form shallow burrows, in summer time, under the ground, and, in winter, make long pas- sages under the snow in search of food. / The most extraordinary characteristic of thf se animals is their migration, which they undertake at irregular epochs, seem- ing to he guided by die severity of the ap- proaching , winter. In these emigrations, tlcy assemble in incredible numbers, and always march in a straight line, nothing seeming to turn them aside. If they are disturbed whilst swimming over a lake or river, they will not recede, hut swim on, and soon reassume their former order. They chiefly move at night, or early in the r morning, apd moke such a destruction .among the herbage, that v the surface of , die ground over which they have passed appears denuded. Exposed as they are to eve iv m tack, and destroyed in attempt - ,ing to doss rivers and lakes, the diminu- found. and iu n kind of soil hi which they do not live. Hcarne thinks that, from ap- pearances, they seldom stray fur from thcr habitations, even in summer, and, in whi- ter, arc rarely seen on tlie surface of the snow. This writer, however, may have only had an opportunity of olmming them during those jeans in which they ■ are stationary. They were first described by Forster, from a mutilated specimen, and afterwards, in a fuller manner, by Pal- las. Doctor Ric laird son (Fauna Jim. Do- nut.) is of opinion that this lemming is only found in thu vicinity of the sea. it , occurs in Labrador, and all parts »of Northern America bordering on the Point' sea. It is said to be very inoffensive, and so easily tamed that, if caught, even when full grown, it will become perfectly recon- ciled to its situation in a day or tw r o, very The following is the form of rite* cxprcisin used -r — “ KxnrciAJ vo& iHstuVros mures per Dcmn Patrem f oiimipotonicm, ct Jcsuni + Christum Mi- nin cjus, el Spiritum Sanctum, f al> utroque prove- ' dcnicm. ui confcsiiui recedatis al> liis canipi", nv vmeis vcl aquis, nee amplius m eis ,h«ihituti», sed ad ca loca tmnsCatls, in quilms ncmuii nororc possiiis, ot ex p.xrlc ommpolentis I>ei f et tutim» curirp coelcsth, el oocloHKe sanctK Ueqvos niplo.li- < *nsc quocunquo ieritis, sitis mafodicti, deficient' s ile die m diem in vos ipso?, pt decrcscentp* qua- lenus rehquiip tin vobfs uullo in loco inveniantur, ’ ) nisi ncccssarim ad snlutem et usnm. huinaniitn, (juod pnestare dic;aplur ille, qui veil turns et judi- yre vivos cl morluos et seculum per ignuu. > Amcn,’ ; • * , * 4 , Torn! of being* handled, itful wttl creep,, of ‘‘ labor : of seven years, weakened hisheadth.^ Jt8 own accwd, into'its master^ bpBeijn. • Ac. It formerly contained a volcano, # in 1737. On an unprejudiced estimate of ; • Meschiea, Which wqe regarded as the his labors, it cannot be denied, thal the do- \ workshop "of Vulcan. Mythology assigns clinc of the French school is principally £ ; . this island as the residence of Vulcan ' owing to him. His drawing is incorrect, , (whence lie is called Lcmnius), after Jn- liis forms arc disfigured by mannerism, , piusr had- hurled him from Olympus. Va- but his coloring is brilliant, though want- rious atrocities, perpetrated on this island ing in tmth, and his grouping is skilful. (see Hy)mp\)lp\ gave occasion, in antiquity, Lemon. TJie lemon -tree (citnis tirno -. to the use of the epithet Lemmon, to desig- num) was originally brought from, the time such acts. Among its curiosities are tropical parts of Asia, but is now cufti- , a labyrinth, and the Lenmian earth {Urra valed very extensively in the south -of slgitlitta). . Europe, especially in Sicily, and llio Lkm oi ne, Franks, a historical painter, fruit forint an important article of .coin- horn at Paris, in 1088, was placed, m his morce. It is congeneric with the orange , 13th year, with i the painter (inline he, with and citron, and belongs to the natural whom Iks remained 12 years, during which family a#rantwcc<E. Tts stature is that of time lie paid particular attention to the a large shrub or small tree ; the leaves are works of Carlo Maratti and Pietro di Cor- oval, jiointcd, twice as lifng as broad, and, > tona. In 1718, he became member of the like, those of f the other species, contain, academy. The war of tin SjMinish sue- scattered glands which art 1 filled with a cession preventing tin* support of young artists at Romo, by tin* French goveru- volotile oh. The beauty of its smooth. evrrgn on foliage, and the delightful fra- jn<»rit, lie was obliged to defer the nccom- grance of the flowers and fruit, have made pl^hment of his wish to visit Italy till a it a great favorite in all our green-houses, rich amateur, by the name ofliergier, took The shape of the fruit is oblong, hut its him fin* his* companion, in 1723 ; but a internal struct ure does not differ from that • i ..r •„ j r.. i. .. _z» i rri.^ • i i residence of six mnntlis in Italy, at a time when liis talents were already developed. of th£ orange. Tiie juice is acid* and agreeable ; mixed with water and sugar, it could not he so useful to him as the earlier , forms the woil-knoWn refreshing drink study of the treasures of Roman art might, called b wirnm'/e, which, is in general line have been, lie finished, however, one of throughout all parts of the civilized world. His l»esl paintings, a female ente ring the licmon-jujro is also employed by calico hath, during his residence in Kologna, printers to discharge colors. (ri vr Citron.} Venice and Rome, On liis return, hew as Llmon vi»r. ; a drink made of water, appointed professor at the academy, and soon found on opportunity of displaying his talents in painting the chapel, of the lloly Virgin in the church of St. Snlpice, the subject of which ^ the ascension. The composition of the picture, however, has some fundamental faults. ]t ( was restored by Callu in 1780, and cannot therefore be. now considered as Lemoiue’s work. JiOinoiue subsequently painted the coiling in the haft of Hercules at Versailles, the • largest pmuting in Eurojic, being CM feet . Iqng aud’51 broad, without being divided by any architectural interruptions. It contains 142 figures. JJe had almost fin- ished the Work, when he observed that the main group was placed a lit; 1c too low, and he did nothesitate to raise it, although, alterations were thus rendered necessary 'i in^ilniost^all the other figures. His? exor- , tiuns in this work, wliich cost him the sugar, and the juice of lemon. Prepared in this simple way, it is a very’ jjruteful beverage in warm weather, or to feverish patients. The taste is more agreeable, if the sugar is rubbed with the peel of the lemon, so as to imbibe tin oil con- tained therein; but the lemonade is thus ’* rendered stimulant rather than cooling, \ and many ]»ersons sutler from head- t ache in consequence. In public, houses, ’ cream of tartar is frequently used instead of lemon-juice, which few persons cah \ endure witliout filling some hcud-achyt, .. Lemonade was first sold publicly between / j 1030 ofid 1033, in fudy, and soon became , : very common. (Pec fAmonade .) , , Lemontf.y, Peter Edward, member of , * tlio French acudoiny, jurist and poet, was » ' hom at Lyons, in 1702, and diqd at Paris, Juno 27, 1820. On the convocation of the estates in 1789, he contributed by hi»v I’ i , ,. , 50 V % LEMONTEY—LEMOT; * * « \ r \ <^$say — Whether a Protestant can vote ,m" the Election of the Membere ibf the Estates, ,,or be chosen* a Member* himscifr-to the -.restoration of the PrqfdRtanta, who formed f ‘ n numerous class of citizens, to their civil' /rights. ^ Subsequently appointed dej»uiy • from tins department of the Rhone, lie joined tHe.cqntttitutional-monarcliical par- * tv, and exerted 'himself to moderate the extravagant measures of the wild dema- gogues/ He succeeded in shv big a great number of alisent scholars, artists and. travellers from being confounded, hi the •, laws against emigrants, with those who. had left their country with the purpose of introducing foreign arms on their native soil. In the deliberations on the fate of Louis XVI, lie, conducted with equal hu- manity and courage. During the reign of terror, Lemontcy fled to Switzerland, whence he did not n't um till after the over- throw of the Mountain party. Deeply affected with the calamity which had in- volved his native city in ruin (sen.- Lyons), he published his beautiful ode Lfs Huivis de Lyon, lie afterwards travelled through I tidy, published several poetical works in Paris, and wrote various operas and ro- 7nanc.es. In 180 1. the government con- : ferred on him, and two other literary men, the censorship of theatrical works—* an un- grateful office, wliieh he at tirst exercised * with much discretion, hut in which he Mibsequeritly exposed himself to the com- plaints of authors. After tin* restoration, he received tin* order of the legion of honor, and the oftice of dircctor-gencial of the ixxik- trade. He also succeeded Morellet in the academy.^ Hi< romance La'Famille de Jura ou irons-nous (t Pans U J (written on occasion of Napoleon’s accession to the throne), in four months passed through as muiiy editions. Lemot, Francis Frederic, member of the institute, sculptor, professor in the royal academy of the flue arts, at Paris, loni at Lvonr^ in 177#, devoted himself [ to tire study of architecture in the acacle- \ my of Besan^on, and, when scarcely. 12 . veers of age, prosecuted his studies in Pans. The contemplation of the master- vtorksof sculpmr«,1n the capital, awoke in , him tlie love 1 of this art. As he was orie * /v ( '/ * V* \»* • • /day m the park of Spaaiix, drawing the statue of Hercules, by Puget, some hoode- .miciuns, among whom was the statuary Dqjnux, j^ppened to bo present. > Aston- ished at seeing a hoy of his age/ so pro- foimdly engaged, they entered into con- versation with him, and, learning that he had come to the capita? on foot, to seek in- struction, Dojoux took him under his cure. In 1790, when but* 17 yoars Of age, he gained the prize of the academy for a bass-relief. Louis XVI granted him a pension, by menus -of which ’he pursued Ins studies in Rome ; hut, in consequence of the revolution, this supply was cut offi and Lemot, -embarrassed by the. greatest poverty, went from Home to Naples, and thence to Florence. He finally veniured, at the advice of the French minister at Florence, Cncnult, to return to his uatho country, to solicit assist mice of the exist- ing government in behalf of himself and of several other young French artists, in • similar circumstances. Exposed to great dangers — for, in Italy , he was regarded n> a revolutionist, and, in Fiance, as 'an emi- grant — lie reaehed Paris, but obtained vvliat he. asked only for others, being him-' self obliged to enlist, as a soldier, in tin, army of tlie Rhine, where he fbughr un- der Pichegrtt. Ho was stationed at jhe outposts, when lie received mders to re- turn to Paris, and construct the model of a bronze statue, 50 feet hi height, whieh was to lx erected or, tlu* square of the. Pont Nruf. This statue was to represent the French nation under the image of Hercules. The commission, appointed for the purpose, approved Lemot’s modeL - Political circumstances, k however, pro- vented its execution; but Lemot made hunself familiar with tin; art of casting iu nronzo, and tins knowledge was, after- wards of great service to him, in pre- paring the stutue of Henry IV, which he executed at the command of Louis XVJII. Lemot’s principal w T orks are his statues of Lycurgus, Solon and Cicero, in marble ; liis tw F o bass-reliefs, for the hall, of the chamber of jieer# ; his . colossal bust of’ Jean Bart ; a I lobe offering a full goblet to Jupiter ; a statue of king Joachim Murat ; the great frontispiece , of the colonnade of die Louvre; a girl sleeping; the tri- umphed car and Victory, which, with tlie horses of St. Mark’s squarfy in Venice, adorned the place du Carrousel, in Paris,. til 1 the, restoration of the monuments of '* art; and the alio ve-mcritioned equestrian " statue of Henry IV in bronze, llis ex- » cellent sculptures on the triumphal arch at Chulons-sur-Mume, were destroyed, in ^LpaO,T- 1814, \Vith ; the rost ,.of .tke ^mbmwneiiii - His last work was the colossal equestrian utatuis, 17 %t high, of L^ujs XJV, ill .‘heroic costume, ^for the city of Lyons, iti 182A liSmot’s vrorks are chtiratfterized by a pui;c add severe taste, richness of'iri- veutiop, and vigor of execution. Under the imperial government, he received the •’ order of the legion of honor, and, in 1817, that of St. Michael. , He also wrote the '. Notice hisiorique sur la FUle ct le Chdteau de Chiffon , oil Voyage pittoresque dans le llocage de la Vendee (Paris, 1817, 4to.). Leruot died at Paris, iu May, 1827. Lempkikrk, John 1). I1 M \\ as graduated at Oxford as A. M;, in 171 >2. In the same year, he became head-master of Abingdon gram mar-acli ool, and afterwards master of the . free* grammar-school at Exeter. In 1811, he was presented to the rectory of* Meeth, Devonshire,' which living,, to- gether with that of Newton Petroek, iu tho U5NCL0S. ''y\f 7; J , liaVe their thumbs strongly developed, ,, , and :tho first finger' dn tfio binder feet,,' furnished with a ]w>inted and elevated* ' nail, all those on the other fingers being? > flat. Their hair is woolly. ,* , Lem ores (mania, lamia, ghosts, 'Spe&ft tres), among the ancient Romans; the ^ souls pf the dead, yhich tormented men ■' in the night, whence they were called nocturnal or black. In order to lay them, a ceremony called lemuria , lemur alia y re- » muria, was observed on the nights of the 9th, 1 1th, and l&h May. About mid- night, when every body was asleep, the 4 head of the family rose, and went, barefoot- ed, soflly and in silence, to a fountain. With a snap of the fingers, still keeping silent, lie protected himself from th^spec- tres. Having washed his hands at the fountain, he returned, took somp black Itcaus in his mouth, and, without looking around, threw them nine times over his Rime county, he held till hie death. Doc- tor Le.mpriero was an excellent classical scholar, and published a Bibliuth ca dassica • as an assistant in the studs of antiquities and mythology. His other w firings are the first volume of u translation of Herodotus, with notes, which appeared in 171 >2 : an entire and elegant translation of that hi.— tordui being given to the world by Mr. Beloe, doctor Lempriere desisted from I ino&oeutimc his design. A compilation of Jniverwd Biography, first printed in quar- to, with an abridgment of the same, in octavo, both in 1808, was his hist work. He died of apoplexy,. Feb. 1, 1824. Lemlr. This genus of the monkey tribe (die makis of Cuvier) has been di- vided into several subgenera ; as, Lemur, which is distinguished by having six pro- jecting incisors in the lower jaw and four straight ones in the upper. These ani- mals have long tails, and Uike the place tif apes in tho island of Madagascar, none of the latter lieing found there. In this, • having four incisors below and the same 1 number above ; no tail ; only one species * known, which the inhabitants of Mada- gascar timie and train to the chuse, like ilogs. Loris , four incisors IkjIow, and four above; no tail. -Their molar teeth have sharp points instead of tubercles, and they sometimes feed on small birds and quad- rupeds., Galago, huving six incisors be- low ami four above ; tail long and tufted ; 1 elongated tarsi to tilt'' hind feet, which , render them very disproportionate to the ^superior extremities. Tarsias, four in- " cisors above, two below, aud several cur ,pine teeth lietwecu the incisors and mo- •’lars ; toil long, tufted. All these animals head, repeating, each time, Ha ic egomiUo ; his f obis me mcostpic redimo (These \ send; , with these lieans I redeem me and mine). J le then waslied his hands again, struck a , hollow copper vessel, saying nine times during the operation, in a supplicating tone, Mams, trite, palmii (Ye souls of my ancestors, depart). He now looked around, ,nnd the ceremony was finished. It was believed tliat the spirits came and collect- ed the l>eai is. % Lena ; a large river of Asiatic Russia, which rises in the mountains near lake. Baikal, and empties, after a course of about , 2000 miles, through four arms, into the Northern ocean, after having received the Wilimc, Olckmn, Aldanc and Wilhouk - It forms, at its mouth, a large bay, of tho same name, containing many islands, called the archipelago of the fana, which are colil and barren, but inhabited by , many animals valuable for their furs. Lenci.os, Anne, called Ninon de, the French Aspasia, was bom at Paris, in of noble parents. The early deafly of her parents having left her to follow her inclinations, her character w as formed by tlie bent of her own feelings, anil by ; the study of the works of Montaigne and * » Charron. Even at an early age, she was ‘ distinguished for jicr wit, and acuteness., She played die harpsichord and sevferal other instruments in a masterly style, saug with taste, olid danced with grace. , With such attractions, she had no want of loved* • and suitors ; but her Jove of independence ' prevented her from forming a serious con- nexion. To render herself entirely free,. she invested her projierty in an annuity, on - which she lived frugally^ but in good style. '•364 ;;V 'i ■ LfcNfctbs^-iMont;' lief income afiiount$l to ^D00 o 1 10,000 ; Jtotes. Without making' a tifcffic of lifer 1 : 'cl^Saufms, size attached lidssdf to those Who pleased her,* as long m her inclination continued. Inconstant m love, but true iiiz Wl friendship, equable in her tenifier, -charming inher conversation, capable of forming young tpeta, but also of seducing : them, sensible, without making a display Of* hear powers, handsome oven in old uge, ■ ’she wanted nothing hut female virtue, yet size conducted herself with dignity. She never accepted presents in return for her favors, though she gave, herself up, from blind sensuality, to transient passion, with- out concerning herself whether its object .was worthy of her. Having extended Jior fuvors, in succession, to the most oele- hrateo men of her time, she proved to all, that mere sensual deoire, and not vanity, was the cause of her passion. Notwith- standing her reputation for gallantry, the most amiulHc and rcspocfable ladies of the rime, such as La Fayette, La Sabliere and ‘ Maintenon, cultivated her friendship. Of .inudamedcMainteium she used to say, that she wished to employ her to drive uwuy the tedium of rank and age at Versailles. Even in her old age, her house was the said; that, If she Hud forefec^n ber course, ' pf lift, she would rather havfc undergone ^voluntary 'death, than have subuiited to. such ^destiny. The JLtttrejs , da A. dt L&nAos «u . Marquis de SMgni ato the work ofDariicmrs, the author of tine life ’ prefixed to the collectiofi. . The Corns p poll dance secrkle de, &c. ? edited by Sfigut ( 1 789) , is also a supposititious work. Lknni Lenape. (See Indians , and In* dian Languages.) * Lenoir; Alexander, • l>orn at Paris, in 37t>5J, rendered the greatest services to the line arts, by the preservation of tW monu- ments of French art, while director of the * French museum of antiquities. He re- ceived his education 1 in the college Mara* rin , and afterwards in the academy of arts lit Paris. He subsequently devoted him- self to jjainting till 1790, under the guid- ance of the painter-royal Doyen. In the , beginning of the revolution, when the finest works of art, preserved in monos- lories and palaces, were destroyed, from hatred of tlie former despotism in church and state, Lenoir determined to save all that lie could. He made a proposal, through Badly, then i day or of Paris, M collect all the treasures from the inonn-- reudozvous oi the most agre(‘ahle person- age of the city and court, and of the nu«t distinguished men. Scarron con- ' .suited her on his romances, St. Evre- jwuud on his poems, Moliere on his come- > dies, Fontenelle on his dialogues, and La fiochefoucault on his maxims. Oobgny, OoudC, Scvigjic, 6ce., were her lovers and friends. When the queen of Sweden ■ was in Paris, she paid Ninon a visit. Vol- taire speaks of her as having lost her charms - of person in extreme old age. St. Evre- rnonrf maintains die con trary . A t her death. Oct 17, 1705, site bequeathed to VoJlaee, , tfteu a young man. whose renown sic- Jmd foreseen, a eonsidoiable sum, which he was to expend iu books. One of Ninon’s sons, ntnned La Boissiere, died, iu 17112, at Tou- lon, an officer in the navy. His birth was distinguished by a dispute between au •officer and clergyman respecting the pa- ternity. As the matter was doubtful, it ' was decided by hit, and the officer obtain- ed the paternal title. Nmoii’^ second son died a tragic death. He had fallen in love with his own mother, without know- ing his relationship to her. She was obliged to reveal the secret to him, to < scape his importunities, and lie killed himself from despair. This terribld event has been introduced, by Le Sage, into his Gil Bias. Ninon, moreover, confessed heteelf, dial she was not happy, and often tcrics, &c., in u grand pational museum. In trustei I with the execution of the nro- * joct, Lenoir engaged in the matter witli so mucli zeal, that his life was several tifiies’ endangered by his exertions to rescue these treasures ftom the hiry of the new icono- ,. clasts. As he travelled through all France ’ for tlxis purpose/ he succeeded iu prewn * 1 ing, for posterity, a groat jiart of those monuments which afford the artist my. opportunity to compare the progress of art in difFerem periods. By the union of » these remains, was formed the famous museum of French antiquities, in the Rig des Petits JIugustins, whieJi Lenoir super- intended, for almost 39 yeans, With , unm-* terrupted industry, so that * it may justly ‘ l>e said, that to him France is indebted ; J for whatever of this kind itno^pospieasijs. -s After the restoration, the callftmfL was distributed by the royal rnaml&m^<&i816£ V to the former proprietors, i. H me $ , ; churches and revived rrionasteries, artH the national museum was broken up $ but, Lenoir was unpointed wiuierintbndciu of the cabinet of the cathedral of St. Denis.. < His Investigation into the Costumes and:; N Manners, of Antiquity, and his essay do >i the remains of -Western and Eastern in go u oral, are much esteemed ; so alsdq^^, his Observations mr la Peiidure at sur ses dijftrents Provides (Paris, lo24j,yV ami his work La vrnie Science dc.$ Jtitietssi'i T ' H' , ' I . J** 1 * 1 ' * Ij» ' J * ,»V' » W • . 4' t .’» _i. ■' * , . ■/. • v-.r ‘V , Monumnls vote,), which bus stowed, on him- letters of nohility, imd.rhe " translated into En^foti, and lo Which cross $f the osdorofSt. Michael ' IJte belongs the collection of engravings, in ifii look a journey to It/ily in 1 G 78 ; apd, at, V plntos, prepare^ under liis inspection, Rome, lie was honorably received by iw>m* Li:no^ma^d, Mademoiselle. This fa- Innocent XI. Ho died at Paris, in m;P. ti^ad prtqdictg&vyreH known In the very Dolille bus celebrated the talents of L<- highest , circle^ of society, lor love telling notre, whose style of ornamental planting events trom cOfFec-grouiiils, cards, &c., was fashionable, not only in France, but in acquired • a reputation by her dexterity England, till it was superseded by the tie- end cupuing. /During the iuijxtt'iul gov- signs of Kent, Brown, and the* modern eminent, Iier saloon— for this sibyl llvod landscape gardeners. eminent, her saloon— for this sibyl lived in high ’Style- -was visited by the moht noble ladies ; but, us she meddled in po- litical aflairs, this Py tbiu oft be nineteenth century was banished from the country. Enraged at her exile, Mademoiselle wrote ■ the Suuvi airs prophclvpu s d’vne Sibylle. sur lift Causes (k son . hrestation, le II Jh t'aubrc, ISO!), which dm delated pub- lishing, however, till ‘after the restoration. In this post factum .prophecy, the over- signs of Kent, Brown, and the* modern landscape gardeners. L r :>’s, in dioptrics, properly signifies « small loin idish glass, of the figure of a lentil, but is extended to any optic glass, not i cry thick, which cither collects the rays of light into a point, in their pasflfq&i through it, or makes them diverge, unload- ing to tlie laws of refraction. JLeusns have various figures, tlml is, are tCnniua- ted by various surfaces, from which tJi A v acquire various names. Some are piano throw of the tyrant of the world and his ou one side,* and convex ou the other ,;. faction, and tiki triumph of legitimacy, w ere apnoiuicod. A sn\ rre criticism, by Hotlinumi, on til is work, which had lieen well received liy a certain class-, involved tlii‘ irritable authoress in a war ofwnuR others convex on botlf sides, both of vvliich are ordinarily called conn r lenst s, tliough, where we speak accurately,, tin, former is called plano-convex. Agiujj, some are plane on one side, and concave on the Since her return to France, she 1ms pub- hshed several (tracks Sibyl fins. Her Me- vioirts hixloriipus at scents dc V Imperil- irin Josephine, her patroness (Paris, IH’20, * 2 voJk), excited much attention. (See Josiphim .) During the cojigress of Aix- la-Cbfipolle, Mile, Lc non tau id was there, and is said to have etyoyed the protection of a great; potentate. She gives her ac- count of this in her work Jk la fybyllc an Conpres d\li r~La-ChapelJe,sinvi (Van Coup - iTiEil snr c dui dc Carlsbad, hi her latest writings, »he lias disclosed the simple prin- ripjtw of bur divinations — ]ji> viois, it It ipiantictnc dc h naissann, Cage, les premi- er* s lettrus di s prhiomS t l du lieu ou tom cst n (' , la coidmr favorite , V animal prefert, cdui qu'otyjuiit. la Jlcur dc cImjc. Lexotkk, Andrew ; a French aichitect ami ornamental gardener. lie was fooni at Paris, in ltiBl ami was the sou of the HMjlerintendeiit of the gardens of tlie Tuilories^who, wishing to make him an artist, placed him, as ,q pupil, with Vouet, flip painter, lie showed a strong taste for desfigp, juiriicularly in laying out gardens, and arranging their scenery. He first delayed his talents. at the chateau do VAui ; but his plan’s for tlie ilernmtiofc of tiie pai-k.of* VcrtmiHiiS contributed princi- pally to Establish his reputation. lie uf- A ' ■ , ■ other; and others are emirate on both sides; winch are both usually' ranked among tlie concave lenses ; though, w hew distinguished, the fbrnu r is called a piano- connive. Others, again, me concave on one side, and convex on the other, which have tlie' name meniscus. Ill every lens, ' terminated in any of the fore-mentioned manners, a right line, perpendicular to tho , two surfaces, is called the ruris of tht lens , which axis, when both surfaces are spher- ical, passes through both their centres \ but if one, of them be plane, it falls per- peudiculurjy upon that, and goes through, the centre of the other. (Pee Optics.) tiKNT, a Teutonic word;. in (vermfui Lenz (the spring) ; in Swiss, Ulenz ; ill Dutch, Lent. 'Several denvajti<«ns of the word have been projjoscil. Adehmg thinks that it is proWiIy connected -with the. German verb hsinen (to thaw), tu Englitdi, Lent means the (juudrigesitnal last in ai»ring, vvliich, in Italian, Ls called quaresima ; in French, caHmi^ from the I«atiu qvadra^csima. lu the article Fasts, the subj»‘ct of fasting, iri general, and tlie fasts and days of abstinence observed by the Homan church, have been treated rtf’ f.cht is f a fiist intended to prepare Chris- tians tor the Easter festival. Protestants generally consider not to have been ’ Tile* v century ; but the C&fcholic ehttrch main- ' eoixutam lentil comes from .Franco and, tuihs, with, St, Jerome, Sr. Leo: St An-, the Vato. ' ThV .thin annual root brings. gustino, and the msudrity of tlic fathers uf forth weak, creeping, hairy, angular staJki, pie church of the fourth and fifth cvntu- from one /to two feet long, divided, from ,\ries, that it of apostolic Origin. institution bv a council must June Iwv.n stalks, which each have two nr three whit- established by the apostles ; and the (iOlli isli llo wars, hanging down. The podsdo apostolical 4 canon, the council of Nice, in not contain more than two soupd seeds, , 325, that of JLaodicea in -‘Ml, and the flat upon both sides. Lentils a& culti- * fathers of the second and third centuries, vated for the seeds just mentioned. They sjwak of Lent as a usage generally ohserv- require a rather sandy, yet strong poll; % ed by the church. In the Latin church, ihey tire sown somewhat later than peas * Lent formerly lash'd but 30 day s ; in the and vetches, because they cannot endure , lifili century, four days were added, in night frosts; l hey are to be sowed in drills, imitation of* the 40 day s’ fast oftlie Savior, and well harrowed. Caro is to be taken and this usage became general in the that the seed is not put too deep 1 into thn Western church, except in the church of giound. and tbht the young plants are well ‘ Milan. (See JHctionmdre de Tkfologit , hoed and well wooded. For the Iuitvcfrl, , ' article ("are me. ) The Greeks begin Lent the time is to he chosen when, the little; , * one. week sooner than the Roman Garbo- pods begin to turn brown, though the plant lies, hut they do not filed mi Sundays, ex- may be still quite green; nud, if possible, oept in passiou-weok, though their fasts, it isliesi to choose thn allenioon of a di’y, , geuprally speaking, are much more strict warm day ; for if the pods are quite ripe, ’ ilifui those, of the Roman Catholics. The or are wet with rain at tile lime of gatlwr- Latin monks bail formerly thn 1 ' fasts, of ing,,tle’y easily crack open, and a great 40- days each; mid the Greeks observed loss of seed takes place. Two varieties four besides Lent ; but they have reduced are cultivated — the. large' 1 garden lentil)., tliem to seven days each. Home Oriental and (he common field lentil. The former beet* liud still other great fasts. ! unlimited ayi ornamented, in flu* most then boiled half an hour nioreV A good picturesque mauuer, the niglit Wore, in soup may also l>e mado of them. , Some ■ order to attract buyers. Tic statue of a pensous soften the lentils, before cooking, / , saint, made of butter, is oflen seen. Ilcajfs in .cold wafer. Purified rain water is best \ 'of eggs are multiplied endlessly by re- to cook them in. In the Archipelago, / fleeting mirrors, urn! the whole scene ib they are one of the principal articles of- t . quite brilliant and attractive. Milk is al- food. JV) fatten pigs, lentils aro excelldnty lowed during Lem. The English elmic.h nnd, given with other food, increase the has retained Lent, and many other fiists, milk of cows. . ’ but gives no directions respecting ahsti- Catholic work quoted above ■ “ If the .rich would* ' < nonce from food. (See Carnival.)' - add <ihite In the fast,us the church prescribe; tlio , ]>oowwoul(l live better, nnri more coiofprtably/tou- , . , Thbutfti Lent i.^ established to subdue oar ani- mg Lcni, than in any. other season df the year, and n , mat appetites, and to induce us to he more would l»los$ (loti tor tins ^yJutary institution” (r. 1 (be following remark js found m tin, Oat, v<>1- b tie Thdologw, Toulouse, 1$17)- . ' , , i’ ‘"dfr o v y v .>-’ ys- ■. - , • t y : t v# ,■ ^ .l»\ 7 v.v ' : ""506 ■ ’ '143NT— 1ENTIL. V’V ’‘‘7 .• • ’■ r ‘ V" ,‘r • {' . '■ '» /■ ' '*' ' ‘ ‘ - established before tlte k secafid 6r third Le.vtil ; a species of rrciun. ' iiENT©iLEO,;X •. - ' V 1 , * , „» K • ' \ Lento (JSaZwm,.$ow); a term used ip. music. » ' , , i 1 . • ' ' Lenttjlus ; the fiotne of one of ll <o , most illustrious fhmilics 1 , in Rbme, several v itidivuluals of which distinguished them- selves by their virtues* and "services ;»nth-. ore* wow conspicuous in other ways. Pub- lius Lcntuluu Suntan accomplice of Cat- iline, was strangled in 'prison. Lentulus - Hpmfhpr, one of the most luxurious and ostentatious . men of Iris age, was a parti - Nin of Poinpey. Having Wen pardoned •by Ouesar, wfi° had made him prisoner, ( he again joined the former, and was pres- ent at the 1 battle of Pharsalia. Cncius Len- l ulus was put to death, in the reign of Ca- ligula, in con w?qi a ‘nee oflieiiig defeclcd in forming a oousjriracy against that monster. Leo I (the Great, St.) wtts horn, ac- cording ,to some writers, in Rome, and, according to others, in Tuscany. Tho * \|H>pois Celestine I and Sixtus, I f I employ- ed him in important ecclesiastical atlairs, while ho was only deacon. On the death of Wauis III, in 440, Leo was elevated to unpleasant. Tliere have bcen"sovefal edi- tions of his works;, oho "by fjuesqel, Paris (1075, 2 vols., 4to.) ; anchor at;L^-K qrjis (1700,0)1.); a third at Ronre, by Cocciari (3 vols* fol.) ; and a fourth at' V enice ( 1757)# Fajthor Mmmbourg has written hWltfeV .. Leo X (OioVannv de’ Medici), second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, bpjtf t ; Florence, in 1475, received the tonsure iu his seventh year, and was loaded with ben- efices. The election of Innocent VI II to the papal chair, favored the ambitious views of his father, anil, in Mt^Uiovnn- ni, then only 13 yeare old, was made a cardinal. Lorenzo intrusted his educe-. fion to the Grei'k Chalcondyins and the learned 4ngelo Poliziano. Giovanni, itar- umlly grave, took a greater* interest in the writings of the ancient philosophers than in those of the fathers of ihe church ; it was, therefore, made a condition of his nomination, that, before he should bo in- vested with the purple, lie should stud) theology throe years at Pisa. In 141)2, Giovanni took lus soak in Rome, as a the papal chair. Tim Romans were grat- ified with this choice ; but tho beginning if his pontificate was marked by an intol- erant and impolitic, act. Hi* caused pro- cesses to he instituted against the Mani- ♦•jjeans, who were concealed in Rome, and gave up those who persisted in their heresy to the. secular arm. fn the same manner, he proceeded against the Pela- gi{Uis,PriseiJlianists ami Kiitycheans^vhom he extHrminated. During tho session of memlier of the holy Ndlegfc. His father died soon after, mid was succeeded by his son Pietro, at Florence. As the young cardinal had opposed the election of Al-,.	15,338
lifeofsirwalters00lock_0_10	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,906	Narrative of the life of Sir Walter Scott bart	Lockhart, J. G. (John Gibson), 1794-1854 \| Scott, Walter, 1771-1832	English	Spoken	7,642	9,679	Camp was at this time the constant parlour dog. He was very handsome, very intelligent, and naturally very fierce, but gentle as a lamb among the children. As for a brace of lighter pets, styled Douglas and Percy, he kept one window of his study open, whatever might be the state of the weather, that they might leap out and in as the fancy moved them. He always talked to Camp as if he understood what was said — and the animal cer¬ tainly did understand not a little of it ; in particular, it seemed as if he perfectly comprehended on all occasions that his master considered him as a sensible and steady friend — the greyhounds as volatile young creatures whose freaks must be borne with. “Every day,” says Mr. Skene, “we had some hours of coursing with the greyhounds, or riding at random over the hills, or of spearing salmon in the Tweed by sunlight : which last sport, moreover, we often renewed at night by the help of torches. This amusement of burning the water, as it is called, was not without some hazard, for the large salmon generally lie in the pools, the depths of which it is not easy to estimate with pre¬ cision by torchlight, — so that not unfrequently, when the Life of Sir Walter Scott 145 sportsman makes a determined thrust at a fish apparently within reach, his eye has grossly deceived him, and instead of the point of the weapon encountering the prey, he finds himself launched with corresponding vehemence heels over head into the pool, both spear and salmon gone, the torch thrown out by the concussion of the boat, and quenched in the stream, while the boat itself has of course receded to some distance. I remember the first time I accompanied our friend, he went right over the gunwale in this manner, and had I not acci¬ dentally been at his side, and made a successful grasp at the skirt of his jacket as he plunged overboard, he must at least have had an awkward dive for it. Such are the contingencies of burning the water . The pleasures consist in being penetrated with cold and wet, having your shins broken against the stones in the dark, and perhaps mastering one fish out of every twenty you take aim at.” In all these amusements, but particularly in the burning of the water, Scott’s most regular companion at this time was John Lord Somerville, who united with higher quali¬ ties an enthusiastic love for such sports, and consummate address in them. This amiable nobleman then passed his autumns at Alwyn, some eight or nine miles below Ashestiel. They interchanged visits almost every week; and Scott profited largely by his friend’s known skill in every department of rural economy. He always talked of him as his master in the art of planting. The laird of Rubislaw seldom failed to spend a part of the autumn at Ashestiel, as long as Scott remained there ; and during these visits they often gave a wider scope to their expeditions. “ Indeed,” says Mr. Skene, “ there are few scenes at all celebrated either in the history, tradition, or romance of the Border counties, which we did not explore together in the course of our rambles. We traversed the entire vales of the Yarrow and Ettrick, with all their sweet tributary glens, and never failed to find a hearty welcome from the farmers at whose houses we stopped, either for dinner or for the night. He was their chief-magistrate, extremely popular in that official capacity; and nothing could be more gratifying than the frank and hearty reception which everywhere greeted our arrival, however unexpected. The exhilarating air of the mountains, and the healthy exercise of the day, secured 146 Life of Sir Walter Scott our relishing homely fare, and we found inexhaustible entertainment in the varied display of character which the affability of the Sheriff drew forth on all occasions in genuine breadth and purity. The beauty of the scenery gave full employment to my pencil, with the free and frequent exercise of which he never seemed to feel im¬ patient. He was at all times ready and willing to alight when any object attracted my notice, and used to seat himself beside me on the brae, to con over some ballad appropriate to the occasion, or narrate the tradition of the glen — sometimes, perhaps, to note a passing idea in his pocket-book; but this was rare, for in general he relied with confidence on the great storehouse of his memory.. “ One of our earliest expeditions was to visit the wild scenery of the mountainous tract above Moffat, includ¬ ing the cascade of the Grey Mare’s Tail, and the dark tarn called Loch Skene. In our ascent to the lake we got completely bewildered in the thick fog which gene¬ rally envelopes the rugged features of that lonely region ; and, as we were groping through the maze of bogs, the ground gave way, and down went horse and horsemen pell- mell into a slough of peaty mud and black water, out of which, entangled as we were with our plaids and floun¬ dering nags, it was no easy matter to get extricated. Indeed, unless we had prudently left our gallant steeds at a farm-house below, and borrowed hill-ponies for the occasion, the result might have been worse than laugh¬ able. As it was, we rose like the spirits of the bog, covered cap-h-pie with slime, to free themselves from which, our wily ponies took to rolling about on the heather, and we had nothing for it but following their example. At length, as we approached the gloomy loch, a huge eagle heaved himself from the margin and rose right over us, screaming his scorn of the intruders ; and altogether it would be impossible to picture anything more desolately savage than the scene which opened, as if raised by enchantment on purpose to gratify the poet’s eye ; thick folds of fog rolling incessantly over the face of the inky waters, but rent asunder now in one direc¬ tion, and then in another — so as to afford us a glimpse of some projecting rock or naked point of land, or island bearing a few scraggy stumps of pine — and then closing again in universal darkness upon the cheerless waste. Life of Sir Walter Scott 147 Much of the scenery of Old Mortality was drawn from that day’s ride. It was also in the course of this excur¬ sion that we encountered that amusing personage intro¬ duced into Guy Mannering as ‘ Tod Gabbie. ’ He was one of those itinerants who gain a subsistence among the moorland farmers by relieving them of foxes, polecats, and the like depredators — a half-witted, stuttering, and most original creature. “ Having explored all the wonders of Moffatdale, we turned ourselves towards Blackhouse Tower , to visit Scott’s worthy acquaintances the Laidlaws, and reached it after a long and intricate ride, having been again led off our course by the greyhounds, who had been seduced by a strange dog that joined company to engage in full pursuit upon the track of what we presumed to be either a fox or a roe-deer. The chase was protracted and perplexing, from the mist that skirted the hill tops ; but at length we reached the scene of slaughter, and were much distressed to find that a stately old he-goat had been the victim. He seemed to have fought a stout battle for his life, but now lay mangled in the midst of his panting enemies, who betrayed, on our approach, strong consciousness of delin¬ quency and apprehension of the lash, which was adminis¬ tered accordingly to soothe the manes of the luckless Capricorn — though, after all, the dogs were not so much to blame in mistaking his game flavour, since the fogs must have kept him out of view till the last moment. Our visit to Blackhouse was highly interesting ; the excel¬ lent old tenant being still in life, and the whole family group presenting a perfect picture of innocent and simple happiness, while the animated, intelligent, and original conversation of our friend William was quite charming. “ Sir Adam Fergusson and the Ettrick Shepherd were of the party that explored Loch Skene and hunted the unfortunate he-goat. “ I need not tell you that Saint Mary’s Loch, and the Loch of the Lowes, were among the most favourite scenes of our excursions, as his fondness for them continued to his last days, and we have both visited them many times together in his company. I may say the same of the Teviot and the Aill, Borthwick water, and the lonely towers of Buccleuch and Harden, Minto, Roxburgh, Gil- nockie, etc. I think it was either in 1805 or 1806 that I first explored the Borthwick with him, when on our way to 148 Life of Sir Walter Scott pass a week at Langholm with Lord and Lady Dalkeith, upon which occasion the otter-hunt, so well described in Guy Mannering, was got up by our noble host ; and I can never forget the delight with which Scott observed the enthusiasm of the high-spirited yeomen, who had assem¬ bled in multitudes to partake the sport of their dear young chief, well mounted, and dashing about from rock to rock with a reckless ardour which recalled the alacrity of their forefathers in following the Buccleuchs of former days through adventures of a more serious order. “ Whatever the banks of the Tweed, from its source to its termination, presented of interest, we frequently visited ; and I do verily believe there is not a single ford in the whole course of that river which we have not traversed together. He had an amazing fondness for fords, and was not a little adventurous in plunging through, whatever might be the state of the flood, and this even though there happened to be a bridge in view. If it seemed possible to scramble through, he scorned to go ten yards about, and in fact preferred the ford ; and it is to be remarked, that most of the heroes of his tales seem to have been endued with similar propensities — even the White Lady of Avenel delights in the ford. He some¬ times even attempted them on foot, though his lameness interfered considerably with his progress among the slippery stones. Upon one occasion of this sort I was assisting him through the Ettrick, and we had both got upon the same tottering stone in the middle of the stream, when some story about a kelpie occurring to him, he must needs stop and tell it with all his usual vivacity — and then laughing heartily at his own joke, he slipped his foot, or the stone shuffled beneath him, and down he went head¬ long into the pool, pulling me after him. We escaped, however, with no worse than a thorough drenching and the loss of his stick, which floated down the river, and he was as ready as ever for a similar exploit before his clothes were half dried upon his back. ” About this time Mr. and Mrs. Scott made a short excur¬ sion to the Lakes of Cumberland and Westmoreland, and visited some of their finest scenery, in company with Mr. Wordsworth. I have found no written narrative of this little tour, but I have often heard Scott speak with enthusiastic delight of the reception he met with in the humble cottage which his brother poet then inhabited on Life of Sir Walter Scott 149 the banks of Grasmere; and at least one of the days they spent together was destined to furnish a theme for the verse of each, namely, that which they gave to the ascent of Helvellyn, where, in the course of the preceding spring, a young gentleman having lost his way and perished by falling over a precipice, his remains were discovered, three months afterwards, still watched by “ a faithful terrier- bitch, his constant attendant during frequent rambles among the wilds.” 1 This day they were accompanied by an illustrious philosopher, who was also a true poet — and might have been one of the greatest of poets had he chosen ; and I have heard Mr. Wordsworth say, that it would be difficult to express the feelings with which he, who so often had climbed Helvellyn alone, found himself standing on its summit with two such men as Scott and Davy. After leaving Mr. Wordsworth, Scott carried his wife to spend a few days at Gilsland, among the scenes where they had first met; and his reception by the company at the wells was such as to make him look back with some¬ thing of regret, as well as of satisfaction, to the change that had occurred in his circumstances since 1797. They were, however, enjoying themselves much there, when he received intelligence which induced him to believe that a French force was about to land in Scotland : — the alarm indeed had spread far and wide; and a mighty gathering of volunteers, horse and foot, from the Lothians and the Border country, took place in consequence at Dalkeith. He was not slow to obey the summons. He had luckily chosen to accompany on horseback the carriage in which Mrs. Scott travelled. His good steed carried him to the spot of rendezvous, full a hundred miles from Gilsland, within twenty-four hours ; and on reaching it, though no doubt to his disappointment the alarm had already blown over, he was delighted with the general enthusiasm that had thus been put to the test — and, above all, by the rapidity with which the yeomen of Ettrick Forest had poured down from their glens, under the guidance of his good friend and neighbour, Mr. Pringle of Torwoodlee. These fine fellows were quartered along with the Edin¬ burgh troop when he reached Dalkeith and Musselburgh ; and after some sham battling, and a few evenings of high 1 See Poetical Works, edit. 1841, p. 629; and compare Words¬ worth — 8vo edit., vol. iii. p. 96. 150 Life of Sir Walter Scott jollity had crowned the needless muster of the beacon- fires, he immediately turned his horse again towards the south, and rejoined Mrs. Scott at Carlisle.1 By the way, it was during his fiery ride from Gilsland to Dalkeith, on the occasion above mentioned, that he com¬ posed his Bard’s Incantation : — “ The forest of Glenmore is drear, It is all of black pine and the dark oak-tree,” &c. — and the verses bear the full stamp of the feelings of the moment. Meantime, the affair of the Clerkship, opened nine or ten months before, had not been neglected by the friends on whose counsel and assistance Scott had relied. Whether Mr. Pitt’s hint to Mr. William Dundas, that he would willingly find an opportunity to promote the in¬ terests of the author of the Lay, or some conversation between the Duke of Buccleuch and Lord Melville, first encouraged him to this direction of his views, I am not able to state distinctly; but I believe that the desire to see his fortunes placed on some more substantial basis, was at this time partaken pretty equally by the three persons who had the principal influence in the distribution of the Crown patronage in Scotland ; and as his object was rather to secure a future than an immediate increase of official income, it was comparatively easy to make such an arrangement as would satisfy his ambition. George Home of Wedderburn, an old friend of his family, had now held a Clerkship for upwards of thirty years. In those days there was no system of retiring pensions for the worn-out functionary of this class, and the usual method was, either that he should resign in favour of a successor who advanced a sum of money according to the circumstances of his age and health, or for a coadjutor to be associated with him in his patent, who undertook the duty on condition of a division of salary. Scott offered to relieve Mr. Home of all the labours of his office, and to allow him, nevertheless, to retain its emoluments entire ; and the aged clerk of course joined his exertions to pro¬ cure a conjoint-patent on these very advantageous terms. About the close of 1805, a new patent was drawn out accordingly ; but, by a clerical inadvertency, it was drawn out solely in Scott’s favour, no mention of Mr. Home 1 See Note, “ Alarm of Invasion,” Antiquary, vol. ii. p. 338. Life of Sir Walter Scott 15 1 being inserted in the instrument. Although, therefore, the sign-manual had been affixed, and there remained nothing but to pay the fees and take out the commission, Scott, on discovering this error, could not proceed in the business ; since, in the event of his dying before Mr. Home, that gentleman would have lost the vested interest which he had stipulated to retain. A pending charge of pecuni¬ ary corruption had compelled Lord Melville to retire from office some time before Mr. Pitt’s death (January 23, 1806); and the cloud of popular obloquy under which he now laboured, rendered it impossible that Scott should expect assistance from the quarter to which, under any other circumstances, he would naturally have turned for extrication from this difficulty. He therefore, as soon as the Fox and Grenville cabinet had been nominated, pro¬ ceeded to London, to make in his own person such repre¬ sentations as might be necessary to secure the issuing of the patent in the right shape. It seems wonderful that he should ever have doubted for a single moment of the result; since, had the new cabinet been purely Whig, and had he been the most violent and obnoxious of Tory partisans, neither of which was the case, the arrangement had been not only virtually, but, with the exception of an evident official blunder, for¬ mally completed ; and no Secretary of State, as I must think, could have refused to rectify the paltry mistake in question, without a dereliction of every principle of honour. At this period, however, Scott had by no means measured either the character, the feelings, or the arrange¬ ments of great public functionaries, by the standard with which observation and experience subsequently furnished him. He had breathed hitherto, as far as political ques¬ tions of all sorts were concerned, the hot atmosphere of a very narrow scene — and seems (from his letters) to have pictured to himself Whitehall and Downing Street as only a wider stage for the exhibition of the bitter and fanatical prejudices that tormented the petty circles of the Parlia¬ ment House at Edinburgh ; the true bearing and scope of which no man in after days more thoroughly understood, or more sincerely pitied. The seals of the Home Office had been placed in the hands of a nobleman of the highest character — moreover, an ardent lover of literature ; — while the chief of the new Ministry was one of the most generous as well as tasteful of mankind ; and there occurred no 152 Life of Sir Walter Scott hesitation whatever on their parts. In communicating his success to the Earl of Dalkeith, whose warm personal kindness, without doubt, had first animated in his favour both the Duke of Buccleuch and Lord Melville, he says (London, February 11) : — “ Lord Spencer, upon the nature of the transaction being explained in an audience with which he favoured me, was pleased to direct the com¬ mission to be issued, as an act of justice, regretting, he said, it had not been from the beginning his own deed. This was doing the thing handsomely, and like an Eng¬ lish nobleman. I have been very much feted and caressed here, almost indeed to suffocation, but have been made amends by meeting some old friends . After all, a little literary reputation is of some use here. I suppose Solomon, when he compared a good name to a pot of ointment, meant that it oiled the hinges of the hall-doors into which the possessors of that inestimable treasure wished to penetrate. What a good name was in Jeru¬ salem, a known name seems to be in London. If you are celebrated for writing verses or for slicing cucumbers, for being two feet taller or two feet less than any other biped, for acting plays when you should be whipped at school, or for attending schools and institutions when you should be preparing for your grave, — your notoriety be¬ comes a talisman — an ‘ Open Sesame ’ before which every thing gives way — till you are voted a bore, and discarded for a new plaything. As this is a consummation of noto¬ riety which I am by no means ambitious of experiencing, I hope I shall be very soon able to shape my course north¬ ward, to enjoy my good fortune at my leisure and snap my fingers at the Bar and all its works . I dine to-day at Holland-house ; I refused to go before, lest it should be thought I was soliciting interest in that quarter, as I abhor even the shadow of changing or turning with the tide.” He says elsewhere, — “ I never saw Mr. Fox on this or any other occasion, and never made any appli¬ cation to him, conceiving, that in doing so, I might have been supposed to express political opinions different from those which I had always professed. In his private capacity, there is no man to whom I would have been more proud to owe an obligation — had I been so dis¬ tinguished. ” 1 Among other eminent men with whom he on this occa- x Introduction to Marmion, 1830. Life of Sir Walter Scott 153 sion first made acquaintance, were Ellis’s bosom friends, Frere and Canning; with the latter of whom his inter¬ course became afterwards close and confidential. It was now also that he first saw Joanna Baillie, of whose Plays on the Passions he had been, from their first appearance, an enthusiastic admirer. The late Mr. Sotheby, the trans¬ lator of Oberon, etc., etc., was the friend who introduced him to the poetess of Hampstead. Being asked in 1836 what impression he made upon her at this interview — “ I was at first,” she answered, “ a little disappointed, for I was fresh from the Lay, and had pictured to myself an ideal elegance and refinement of feature ; but I said to myself, If I had been in a crowd, and at a loss what to do, I should have fixed upon that face among a thousand, as the sure index of the benevolence and the shrewdness that would and could help me in my strait. We had not talked long, however, before I saw in the expressive play of his countenance far more even of elegance and refine¬ ment than I had missed in its mere lines.” The acquaint¬ ance thus begun, soon ripened into a most affectionate intimacy; and thenceforth Mrs. Joanna and her distin¬ guished brother, Dr. Matthew Baillie, were among the friends to whose society Scott looked forward with the greatest pleasure when about to visit the metropolis. I ought to have mentioned before that he had known Mr. Sotheby at a very early period of life, — that amiable and excellent man having been stationed for some time at Edinburgh while serving his Majesty as a captain of dragoons. Scott ever retained for him a sincere regard ; he was always, when in London, a frequent guest at his hospitable board, and owed to him the personal acquaint¬ ance of not a few of their most eminent contemporaries. Caroline, Princess of Wales, was in those days con¬ sidered among the Tories, whose politics her husband had uniformly opposed, as the victim of unmerited misfortune, cast aside, from the mere wantonness of caprice, by a gay and dissolute voluptuary; while the Prince’s Whig asso¬ ciates had espoused his quarrel, and were already, as the event shewed, prepared to act, publicly as well as pri¬ vately, as if they believed her to be among the most abandoned of her sex. I know not by whom Scott was first introduced to her little Court at Blackheath ; but I think it was probably through Mrs. Hayman, a lady of her bedchamber, several of whose notes and letters occur 154 Life of Sir Walter Scott about this time in the collection of his correspondence. The careless levity of the Princess’s manner was observed by him, I have heard him say, with much regret, as likely to bring the purity of heart and mind, for which he gave her credit, into suspicion. For example, when, in the course of the evening, she conducted him by himself to admire some flowers in a conservatory, and, the place being rather dark, his lameness occasioned him to hesi¬ tate for a moment in following her down some steps which she had taken at a skip, she turned round, and said, with mock indignation, “Ah! false and faint¬ hearted troubadour ! you will not trust yourself with me for fear of your neck !’’ I find from one of Mrs. Hayman’s letters, that on being asked, at Montague House, to recite some verses of his own, he replied that he had none unpublished which he thought worthy of her Royal Highness’s attention, but introduced a short account of the Ettrick Shepherd, and repeated one of the ballads of the Mountain Bard , for which he was then endeavouring to procure subscribers. The Princess appears to have been interested by the story, and she affected, at all events, to be pleased with the lines ; she desired that her name might be placed on the Shep¬ herd’s list, and thus he had at least one gleam of royal patronage. I shall not dwell at present upon Scott’s method of con¬ duct in the circumstances of an eminently popular author beleaguered by the importunities of fashionable admirers ; his bearing when first exposed to such influences was exactly what it was to the end, and I shall have occasion in the sequel to produce the evidence of more than one deliberate observer. His nomination as Clerk of Session appeared in the Gazette (March 8, 1806), which announced the instalment of the Hon. Henry Erskine and John Clerk of Eldin as Lord Advocate and Solicitor-General for Scotland. The promotion at such a moment, of a distinguished Tory, might well excite the wonder of the Parliament House, and even when the circumstances were explained, the inferior local adherents of the triumphant cause were far from considering the conduct of their superiors in this matter with feelings of satisfaction. The indication of such humours was deeply resented by his haughty spirit ; and he in his turn shewed his irritation in a manner well Life of Sir Walter Scott 155 calculated to extend to higher quarters the spleen with which his advancement had been regarded by persons unworthy of his attention. In short, it was almost im¬ mediately after a Whig Ministry had gazetted his appoint¬ ment to an office which had for twelve months formed a principal object of his ambition, that, rebelling against the implied suspicion of his having accepted something like a personal obligation at the hands of adverse poli¬ ticians, he for the first time put himself forward as a decided Tory partisan. The impeachment of Lord Melville was among the first measures of the new Government; and personal affection and gratitude graced as well as heightened the zeal with which Scott watched the issue of this, in his eyes, vindic¬ tive proceeding; but, though the ex-minister’s ultimate acquittal was, as to all the charges involving his personal honour, complete, it must now be allowed that the investi¬ gation brought out many circumstances by no means creditable to his discretion; and the rejoicings of his friends ought not, therefore, to have been scornfully jubilant. Such they were, however — at least in Edin¬ burgh ; and Scott took his share in them by inditing a song, which was sung by James Ballantyne, and received with clamorous applauses, at a public dinner given in honour of the event on the 27th of June 1806. 1 1 The reader may turn to this song in the later editions of Scott’s Poetical Works. Mr. W. Savage Landor, a man of great learning and great abilities, has in a recent collective edition of his writings reproduced many uncharitable judgments on distinguished contem¬ poraries, which the reflection of advanced life might have been expected to cancel. Sir Walter Scott has his full share in these, but he suffers in good company. I must, however, notice the distinct assertion (vol. i. p. 339) that Scott “ composed and sung a triumphal song on the death of a minister who, in his lifetime, he had flattered, and who was just in his coffin when the minstrel sang The fox is run to earth. Constable of Edinburgh heard him, and related the fact to Curran, who expressed his incredulity with great vehemence, and his abhorrence was greater than his incredulity.” The only possible foundation on which this story can have been built is the occurrence in one stanza of the song mentioned in my text of the words, Tally-ho to the fox. That song was written and sung in June 1806. Mr. Fox was then minister, and died in September 1806. The lines which Mr. Landor speaks of as “ flattering Fox during his lifetime,” are very celebrated lines: they appeared in the epistle prefixed to the first canto of Marmion, which was published in February 1808, and their subject is the juxtaposition of the tombs of Pitt and Fox in Westminster Abbey. Everybody who knew Scott knows that he never sang a song in his life ; and if that had not been 156 Life of Sir Walter Scott But enough of this. Scott’s Tory feelings certainly appear to have been kept in a very excited state during the whole of that short reign of the Whigs. He then, for the first time, mingled keenly in the details of county politics, — canvassed electors — harangued meetings; and, in a word, made himself conspicuous as a leading instru¬ ment of his party — more especially as an indefatigable local manager, wherever the parliamentary interest of the Buccleuch family was in peril. But he was, in truth, earnest and serious in his belief that the new rulers of the country were disposed to abolish many of its most valu¬ able institutions ; and he regarded with special jealousy certain schemes of innovation with respect to the courts of law and the administration of justice, which were set on foot by the Crown officers for Scotland. At a debate of the Faculty of Advocates on some of these propositions, he made a speech much longer than any he had ever before delivered in that assembly; and several who heard it have assured me, that it had a flow and energy of eloquence for which those who knew him best had been quite prepared. When the meeting broke up, he walked across the Mound , on his way to Castle Street, between Mr. Jeffrey and another of his reforming friends, who complimented him on the rhetorical powers he had been displaying, and would willingly have treated the subject- matter of the discussion playfully. But his feelings had been moved to an extent far beyond their apprehension : he exclaimed, ‘‘No, no — ’tis no laughing matter; little by little, whatever your wishes may be, you will destroy and undermine, until nothing of what makes Scotland Scotland shall remain.” And so saying, he turned round to conceal his agitation — but not before Mr. Before any of these scenes occurred he had entered upon his duties as Clerk of Session ; and as he continued to dis- notorious, who but Mr. Landor could have heard without “ in¬ credulity ” that he sang a triumphal song on the death of Fox, in the presence of the publisher of Marmion and proprietor of the Edinburgh Review? I may add, though it is needless, that Constable’s son-in- law and partner, Mr. Cadell, “ never heard of such a song as that described by Mr. Landor.” Life of Sir Walter Scott 157 charge them with exemplary regularity, and to the entire satisfaction both of the Judges and the Bar, during the long period of twenty-five years, I think it proper to tell precisely in what they consisted. The Court of Session sat, in his time, from the 12th of May to the 12th of July, and again from the 12th of November, with a short interval at Christmas, to the 12th of March. The Judges of the Inner Court took their places on the Bench, every morning not later than ten o’clock, and remained according to the amount of busi¬ ness ready for despatch, but seldom for less than four or more than six hours daily ; during which space the Principal Clerks continued seated at a table below the Bench, to watch the progress of the suits, and record the decisions — the cases of all classes being equally appor¬ tioned among their number. The Court of Session, how¬ ever, does not sit on Monday, that day being reserved for the criminal business of the High Court of Justiciary, and there is also another blank day every other week, — the Teind Wednesday, as it is called, when the Judges are assembled for the hearing of tithe questions, which belong to a separate jurisdiction, of comparatively modern crea¬ tion, and having its own separate establishment of officers. On the whole, then, Scott’s attendance in Court may be taken to have amounted, on the average, to from four to six hours daily during rather less than six months out of the twelve. Not a little of the Clerk’s business in Court is merely formal, and indeed mechanical ; but there are few days in which he is not called upon for the exertion of his higher faculties, in reducing the decisions of the Bench, orally pronounced, to technical shape; which, in a new, complex, or difficult case, cannot be satisfactorily done without close attention to all the previous proceedings and written documents, an accurate understanding of the principles or precedents on which it has been determined, and a thorough command of the whole vocabulary of legal forms. Dull or indolent men, promoted through the mere wantonness of political patronage, might, no doubt, contrive to devolve the harder part of their duty upon humbler assistants : but in general, the office had been held by gentlemen of high character and attain¬ ments ; and more than one among Scott’s own colleagues enjoyed the reputation of legal science that would have 158 Life of Sir Walter Scott done honour to the Bench. Such men, of course, prided themselves on doing well whatever it was their proper function to do; and it was by their example, not that of the drones who condescended to lean upon unseen and irresponsible inferiors, that Scott uniformly modelled his own conduct as a Clerk of Session. To do this, required, of necessity, constant study of law-papers and authorities at home. There was also a great deal of really base drudgery, such as the authenticating of registered deeds by signature, which he had to go through out of Court; he had, too, a Shrievalty, though not a heavy one, all the while upon his hands ; — and, on the whole, it forms one of the most remarkable features in his history, that, through¬ out the most active period of his literary career, he must have devoted a large proportion of his hours, during half at least of every year, to the conscientious discharge of professional duties. Henceforth, then, when in Edinburgh, his literary work was performed chiefly before breakfast ; with the assist¬ ance of such evening hours as he could contrive to rescue from the consideration of Court papers, and from those social engagements in. which, year after year, as his cele¬ brity advanced, he was of necessity more and more largely involved ; and of those entire days during which the Court of Session did not sit — days which, by most of those hold¬ ing the same official station, were given to relaxation and amusement. So long as he continued quarter-master of the Volunteer Cavalry, of course he had, even while in Edinburgh, some occasional horse exercise; but, in general, his town life henceforth was in that respect as inactive as his country life ever was the reverse. He scorned for a long while to attach any consequence to this complete alternation of habits ; but we shall find him con¬ fessing in the sequel that it proved highly injurious to his bodily health. I may here observe, that the duties of his clerkship brought him into close daily connection with a set of gentlemen, most of whom were soon regarded by him with the most cordial affection and confidence. One of his new colleagues was David Hume (the nephew of the historian), whose lectures on the Law of Scotland are characterised with just eulogy in the Ashestiel Memoir, and who sub¬ sequently became a Baron of the Exchequer; a man as virtuous and amiable, as conspicuous for masculine vigour Life of Sir Walter Scott 159 of intellect and variety of knowledge. Another was Hector Macdonald Buchanan of Drummakiln, a frank-hearted and generous gentleman, not the less acceptable to Scott for the Highland prejudices which he inherited with the high blood of Clanranald ; at whose beautiful seat of Ross Priory, on the shores of Lochlomond, he was henceforth almost annually a visitor — a circumstance which has left many traces in the Waverley Novels. A third (though I believe of later appointment), with whom his intimacy was not less strict, was the late excellent Sir Robert Dundas of Beechwood, Bart. ; and the fourth, was the friend of his boyhood, one of the dearest he ever had, Colin Mackenzie of Portmore. With these gentlemen’s families, he and his lived in such constant familiarity of kindness, that the children all called their fathers’ colleagues uncles, and the mothers of their little friends, aunts; and in truth, the establishment was a brotherhood. CHAPTER V Marmion — Edition of Dryden, &c. — Morritt — Domestic Life — Quarrel with Constable and Co. — John Ballantyne started as a Publisher — The Quarterly Review begun. 1806-1809. During the whole of 1806 and 1807 Dryden continued to occupy the greater share of Scott’s literary hours ; but in the course of the former year he found time and (notwith¬ standing a few political bickerings) inclination to draw up three papers for the Edinburgh Review; one being that exquisite piece of humour, the article on the Miseries of Human Life, to which Mr. Jeffrey added some, if not all, of the Reviewers’ Groans. He also edited, with Preface and Notes, “ Original Memoirs written during the Great Civil Wars; being the Life of Sir Henry Slingsby, and Memoirs of Captain Hodgson,” &c. This volume was put forth in October, 1806, by Constable; and in November he began Marmion , — the first of his own Poems in which that enterprising firm had a primary part. He was at this time in communication with several booksellers, each of whom would willingly have engrossed his labour ; but from the moment that his undertakings began to be serious, he seems to have acted on the maxim, that no author should ever let any one house fancy that 160 Life of Sir Walter Scott they had obtained a right of monopoly over his works — or, as he expressed it, in the language of the Scottish feudalists, “ that they had completely thirled him to their mill.” Of the conduct of Messrs. Longman, he has at¬ tested that it was liberal beyond his expectation ; but, nevertheless, a negotiation which they now opened proved fruitless. Constable offered a thousand guineas for the poem very shortly after it was begun, and without having seen one line of it. It is hinted in the Introduction of 1830, that private circumstances rendered it desirable for Scott to obtain the immediate command of such a sum ; the price was actually paid long before the book was pub¬ lished ; and it suits very well with Constable’s character to suppose that his readiness to advance the money may have outstripped the calculations of more established dealers, and thus cast the balance in his favour. He was not, however, so unwise as to keep the whole adventure to himself. His bargain being concluded, he tendered one- fourth of the copyright to Miller of Albemarle Street, and another to John Murray, then of Fleet Street; and the latter at once replied, ‘‘We both view it as honourable, profitable, and glorious to be concerned in the publication of a new poem by Walter Scott.” The news that a thou¬ sand guineas had been paid for an unseen and unfinished MS. seemed in those days portentous; and it must be allowed that the man who received such a sum for a per¬ formance in embryo, had made a great step in the hazards as well as in the honours of authorship. “ I had formed,” he says, “the prudent resolution to bestow a little more labour than I had yet done, and to be in no hurry again to announce myself as a candidate for literary fame. Accordingly, particular passages of a poem which was finally called Marmion were laboured with a good deal of care by one by whom much care was seldom bestowed. Whether the work was worth the labour or not, I am no competent judge ; but I may be permitted to say, that the period of its composition was a very happy Life of Sir Walter Scott 161 one in my life ; so much so, that I remember with pleasure at this moment (1830) some of the spots in which par¬ ticular passages were composed.” The first four of the Introductory Epistles are dated Ashestiel, and they point out very distinctly some of these spots. There is a knoll with some tall old ashes on the adjoining farm of the Peel, where he was very fond of sitting by himself, and it still bears the name of the Sheriff's Knowe. Another favourite seat was beneath a huge oak hard by the river, at the extremity of the haugh of Ashestiel. It was here that while meditating his verses he used “ To waste the solitary day In plucking from yon fen the reed, And watch it floating down the Tweed.” He frequently wandered far from home, however, attended only by his dog, and would return late in the evening, having let hour after hour slip away among the soft and melancholy wildernesses where Yarrow creeps from her fountains. The lines, “ Oft in my mind such thoughts awake, By lone Saint Mary’s silent lake,” etc. paint a scene not less impressive than what Byron found amidst the gigantic pines of the forest of Ravenna ; and how completely does he set himself before us in the moment of his gentler and more solemn inspiration, by the closing couplet, — “ Your horse’s hoof-tread sounds too rude, So stilly is the solitude.” But when the theme was of a more stirring order, he en¬ joyed pursuing it over brake and fell at the full speed of his Lieutenant. I well remember his saying, as I rode with him across the hills from Ashestiel to Newark one day in his declining years — “ Oh, man, I had many a grand gallop among these braes when I was thinking of Mar- mion, but a trotting canny pony must serve me now.” Mr. Skene, however, informs me that many of the more energetic descriptions, and particularly that of the battle of Flodden, were struck out while he was in quarters again with his cavalry, in the autumn of 1807. “ In the in¬ tervals of drilling,” he says, “ Scott used to delight in walking his powerful black steed up and down by himself upon the Portobello sands, within the beating of the surge ; and now and then you would see him plunge in his spurs, 162 Life of Sir Walter Scott and go off as if at the charge, with the spray dashing about him. As we rode back to Musselburgh, he often came and placed himself beside me, to repeat the verses that he had been composing during these pause's of our exercise. ” He seems to have communicated fragments of the poem very freely during the whole of its progress. As early as the 22nd February 1807, I find Mrs. Hayman acknow¬ ledging, in the name of the Princess of Wales, the receipt of a copy of the Introduction to Canto III., in which occurs the tribute to her heroic father, mortally wounded the year before at Jena — a tribute so grateful to her feel¬ ings, that she sent the poet an elegant silver vase as a memorial of her thankfulness. And about the same time, the Marchioness of Abercorn expresses the delight with which both she and her lord had read the generous verses on Pitt and Fox.	43,728
letterseditedbyp04walpuoft_7	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,861	Letters : Edited by Peter Cunningham, now first chronologically arranged	Walpole, Horace, 1717-1797 \| Cunningham, Peter, 1816-1869	English	Spoken	7,191	9,692	Oh, that you had been at her ball t'other night ! History could never describe it and keep its countenance. The Queen's real birth- day, you know, is not kept : this Maid of Honour kept it — nay, while the Court is in mourning, expected people to be out of mourning; the Queen's family really was so, Lady Northumberland having desired leave for them. A scaffold was erected in Hyde-park for fireworks. To show the illuminations without to more advantage, the company were received in an apartment totally dark, where they remained for two hours. — If they gave rise to any more birth-days, who could help it ? The fireworks were fine, and succeeded well. On each side of the court were two large scaffolds for the Virgin's tradespeople. When the fireworks ceased, a large scene was lighted in the court, representing their Majesties ; on each side of which were six obelisks, painted with emblems, and illuminated ; mottos beneath in Latin and English : 1. For the Prince of Wales, a ship, Multorum spes. 2. For the Princess Dowager, a bird of paradise, and two little ones, Meos ad sidera totto. People smiled. 3. Duke of York, a temple, Virtuti et honori. 4. Princess Augusta, a bird of paradise, Non liabet parem — unluckily this was translated, I have no peer. People laughed out, considering where this was exhibited. 5. The three younger princes, an orange-tree, Promittit et dot. 6. The two younger princesses, the flower crown-imperial. I forget the Latin : the translation was silly enough, Bashful in youth, graceful in age. The lady of the house made many apologies for the poorness of the performance, which she said was only oil-paper, painted by one of her servants ; but it really was fine and pretty. The Duke of Kingston was in a frock, comme chez lui. Behind the house was a cenotaph for the Princess Elizabeth, a kind of illuminated cradle ; the motto, All the honours the dead can receive. This burying-ground was a strange codicil to a festival ; and, what was more strange, about one in the morning, this sarcophagus burst out into crackers and guns. The Margrave of Anspach began the ball with the Virgin. The supper was most sumptuous. You ask, when I propose to be at Park-place. I ask, shall not you come to the Duke of Richmond's masquerade, which is the 17€8.] TO THE HON. MR. CON WAY. 87 6th of June ?' I cannot well be with you till towards the end of that month. The enclosed is a letter which I wish you to read attentively, to give me your opinion upon it, and return it. It is from a sensible friend of mine in Scotland [Sir David Dalrymple], who has lately corresponded with me on the enclosed subjects, which I little under- stand ; but I promised to communicate his ideas to George Grenville, if he would state them — are they practicable ? I wish much that something could be done for those brave soldiers and sailors, who will all come to the gallows, unless some timely provision can be made for them. — The former part of his letter relates to a grievance he complains of, that men who have not served are admitted into garrisons, and then into our hospitals, which were designed for meritorious sufferers.2 Adieu ! 853. TO THE HON. H. S. CONWAY. Arlington Street, Saturday evening. [May 28, 1763.] No, indeed I cannot consent to your being a dirty Philander.3 and white, and white and pink ! and both as greasy as if you had gnawed a leg of a fowl on the stairs of the Haymarket with a bunter from the Cardigan's Head ! * For Heaven's sake don't produce a tight rose-coloured thigh, unless you intend to prevent my Lord Bute's return from Harrowgate. "Write, the moment you receive this, to your tailor to get you a sober purple domino as I have done, and it will make you a couple of summer waistcoats. In the next place, have your ideas a little more correct about us of times past. We did not furnish our cottages with chairs of ten guineas a-piece. Ebony for a farm-house ! s So, two hundred years hence some man of taste will build a hamlet in the style of George 1 The Masquerade was very numerous and very fine. Old Gunning was there in a running-footman's habit, with Lady Coventry's picture hung at his button-hole, like a Croix de St. Louis. — Earl of March to Selwyn, June 1 763. — CUNNINGHAM. 2 As this letter cannot be found, no further light can be thrown on its contents. — WALPOLE. 8 At the masquerade given by the Duke of Richmond on the 6th of June, 1763, at his house in Privy-garden. — WALPOLB. 4 The Cardigan's Head is the sign in Hogarth's picture of Night, the scene of which is laid close to Charles the First's statue at Charing Cross. — CUNNINGHAM. 5 Mr. Conway was at this time fitting up the little building beautifully situated on the brow of the hill at Park-place, called the Cottage, though indeed containing a very good room towards the prospect in the Gothic style, for which he had consulted Mr. Walpole on the propriety of ebony chairs. — BERRY. 88 HORACE WALPOLE'S LETTERS. [1763. the Third, and beg his cousin Tom Hearne to get him some chairs for it of mahogany gilt, and covered with blue damask. Adieu ! I have not a minute's time more. 854. TO GEORGE MONTAGU, ESQ. Huntingdon, May 30, 1763. As you interest yourself about Kimbolton, I begin my journal of two days here. But I must set out with owning, that I believe I am the first man that ever went sixty miles to an auction.1 As I came for ebony, I have been up to my chin in ebony ; there is literally nothing but ebony in the house ; all the other goods, if there were any, and I trust my Lady Conyers did not sleep upon ebony mattresses, are taken away. There are two tables and eighteen chairs, all made by the Hallet2 of two hundred years ago. These I intend to have ; for mind, the auction does not begin till Thursday. There are more plebeian chairs of the same materials, but I have left commission for only the true black blood. Thence I went to Kimbolton' and asked to see the house. A kind footman, who in his zeal to open the chaise pinched half my fingej oif, said he would call the housekeeper : but a Groom of the chambers insisted on my visiting their Graces ; and as I vowed I did not know them, he said they were in the great apartment, that all the rest was in disorder and altering, and would let me see nothing. — This was the reward of my first lie. I returned to my inn or alehouse, and instantly received a message from the Duke 4 to invite me to the Castle. I was quite undressed, and dirty with my journey, and unacquainted with the Duchess — yet was forced to go — Thank the god of dust, his Grace was dirtier than me. He was extremely civil, and detected me to the Groom of the chambers — asked me if I had dined. I said yes — lie the second. He pressed me to take a bed there. I hate to be criticised at a formal supper by a circle of stranger-footmen, and protested I was to meet a gentleman at Huntingdon to-night. The Duchess5 and Lady Caroline6 1 The eight very fine ebony chairs at Strawberry Hill were bought at the Lady Conyers' at Great Stoughton, Huntingdonshire. — CUNNINGHAM. 2 The Hallet who bought Canons, in Middlesex, Timons's Villa. See vol. ii. p. 447. — CUNNINGHAM. 3 In Huntingdonshire, the seat of the Duke of Manchester. — CUNNINGHAM. 4 George fourth Duke of Manchester died 1788.— CUNNINGHAM. 0 Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Thomas Dash wood, of Kirlington, Oxon, painted by Sir Joshua as Diana disarming Cupid. — CUNNINGHAM. 6 Sister of the Duke of Manchester.— WEIGHT. 1763.] TO MR. MONTAGU. 89 came in from walking ; and to disguise my not having dined, for it was past six, I drank tea with them. The Duchess is much altered, and has a bad short cough. I pity Catherine of Arragon ' for living at Kimbolton : I never saw an uglier spot. The fronts are not so had as I expected, by not being so French as I expected ; but have no pretensions to beauty, nor even to comely ancient ugliness. The great apartment is truly noble, and almost all the portraits good, of what I saw ; for many are not hung up, and half of those that are, my lord Duke does not know. The Earl of Warwick 2 is delightful ; the Lady Mandeville,3 attiring herself in her wedding garb, delicious. The Prometheus is a glorious picture, the Eagle as fine as my statue. Is not it by Yandyck ? " The Duke told me that Mr. Spence found out it was by Titian — but critics in poetry I see are none in painting. This was all I was shown, for I was not even carried into the chapel. The walls round the house are levelling, and I saw nothing without doors that tempted me to taste. So I made my bow, hurried to my inn, snapped up my dinner, lest I should again be detected, and came hither, where I am writing by a great fire, and give up my friend the east wind, which I have long been partial to for the south-east's sake, and in contradiction to the west, for blowing perpetually and bending all one's plantations. To-morrow I see Hinchinbrook [Lord Sandwich's] — and London. Memento, I promised the Duke that you should come and write on all his portraits. Do, as you honour the blood of Montagu ! "Who is the man in the picture [a half-length] with Sir Charles Goring, where a page is tying the latter's scarf?5 And who are the ladies in the double half-lengths ? Arlington Street, May 31. Well ! I saw Hinchinbrook this morning. Considering it is in Huntingdonshire, the situation is not so ugly nor melancholy as I expected ; but I do not conceive what provoked so many of your 1 Queen Catherine of Arragon, after her divorce from Henry the Eighth, resided some time in this castle, and died there in 1536. — WRIGHT. 2 Robert Rich, Earl of Warwick, died 1658, a fine full-length inscribed " JEtatis suse 44, anno 1632. D. Mytens p1."— CUNNINGHAM. 3 Anne Rich (died 1641), daughter of the Earl of Warwick and second wife of Lord Mandeville, (the parliamentary general) afterwards Earl of Manchester. It is a whole length, and, as Walpole says, " delicious." — CUNNINGHAM. 4 No, by Rubens — the Eagle by Snyders, according to a letter written by Rubens. Carpenter's Vandyck, p. 142.— CUNNINGHAM. 5 Mountjoy Blount, Earl of Newport (died 1665) and George Goring, Earl of Norwich (died 1662) with Goring's son and successor, Charles (in the centre of the composition} tying on his father's sash. A knee-piece. Both men are in buff coats, one wears a blue scarf, the other a red. Duplicate at Petworth. — CUNNINGHAM. 90 HORACE WALPOLE'S LETTERS. [1763. ancestors to "pitch their tents in that triste country, unless the Capulets loved fine prospects. The house of Hinchinbrook is most comfortable, and just what I like ; old, spacious, irregular, yet not vast or forlorn. I believe much has been done since you saw it — it now only wants an apartment, for in no part of it are there above two chambers together. The furniture has much simplicity, not to say too much ; some portraits tolerable, none I think fine. "When this lord gave Blackwood the head of the Admiral1 that I have now, he left himself not one so good. The head he kept is very bad : the whole-length is fine, except the face of it. There is another of the Duke of Cumberland by Reynolds, the colours of which are as much changed as the original is to the proprietor. The garden is wondrous small, the park almost smaller, and no appearance of territory. The whole has a quiet decency that seems adapted to the Admiral after his retirement, or to Cromwell before his exaltation. I returned time enough for the opera ; observing all the way I came the proof of the duration of this east wind, for on the west side the blossoms were so covered with dust one could not distinguish them ; on the eastern hand the hedges were white in all the pride of May. Good-night ! Wednesday, June 1. My letter is a perfect diary. There has been a sad alarm in the kingdom of white satin and muslin. The Duke of Richmond was seized last night with a sore throat and fever ; and though he is much better to-day, the Masquerade of to-morrow night is put off till Monday. Many a Queen of Scots, from sixty to sixteen, has been ready to die of the fright. Adieu once more ! I think I can have nothing more to say before the post goes out to-morrow. 855. TO SIR HORACE MANN. Strawberry Hill, June 5, 1763. I AM much concerned at the melancholy accounts you give me of both Lord and Lady Northampton.4 They are young, handsome, and happy, and life was very valuable to them. She has been con- sumptive some time ; but he seemed healthy and strong. The misery in the family of Molesworth is not yet closed. The 1 Admiral Sir Edward Montagu, first Earl of Sandwich, died 1672.— CUNNINGHAM. 8 Charles Compton, Earl of Northampton [died 1763], married Lady Anne Somerset, eldest daughter of Noel Duke of Beaufort.— WALPOLE. 1T63.] TO SIR HORACE MANN. 91 eldest young lady, who has had her leg cut off, does not yet know of the loss of her mother and sisters, but believes them much hurt, and not able even to write to her ; by degrees they intend to tell her that her mother grows worse and then dies. Till this week she did not know she had lost a limb herself, they keeping the mangled part in a frame. One of her sisters, she of eleven, who is still lame with her bruises, was lately brought to her. They had not prepared the child, thinking she knew nothing of what had happened to Miss Molesworth. The moment the girl came in, she said, " Oh ! poor Harriet ! they tell me your leg is cut off ! " Still this did not unde- ceive her. She replied, " No, it is not." The method they have since taken to acquaint her with it was very artful : they told her her leg must be taken off, and then softened the shock by letting her know the truth. She wept much, but soon comforted herself, saying, " Thank God, it is not my arm, for now I can still amuse myself." It would surprise one that at her age so many indications should not lead her to the full extent of her calamity ; but they keep her in a manner intoxicated with laudanum. She is in the widow Lady Grosvenor's house, and the humanity, tenderness, and attention of Lord Grosvenor to her is not to be described. The youngest girl overheard the servants in the next room talking of her mother's death, and would not eat anything for two days. Lord Bath's extravagant avarice and unfeelingness on his son's death rather increases. Lord Pulteney left a kind of Will, saying he had nothing to give, but made it his request to his father to give his post-chaise and one hundred pounds to his cousin Colman ; ' the same sum and his pictures to another cousin, and recommended the Lakes, his other cousins, to him. Lord Bath sent Colman and Lockman word they might get their hundred pounds as they could, and for the chaise and pictures they might buy them if they pleased, for they would be sold for his son's debts ; and he expressed great anger at the last article, saying, that he did not know what business it was of his son to recommend heirs to him. I have told you of our French : we have got another curious one, 1 George Colman, son of Lady Bath's sister, author of several dramatic works, and afterwards manager of the Little Theatre in the Haymarket. — WALPOLE. " Let me place Mr. Murray, the present Attorney-General, before your eyes ; look steadfastly towards him, and see what a rapid progress he hath made towards wealth and great reputation. You have as good parts * When you are at Lincoln's Inn, I tell you beforehand that I will have you closely watched and be constantly informed how you employ your time. * * * I must have no running to play-houses." Lord Bath to Colman, January 20, 1755.— CUNNINGHAM. 92 HORACE WALPOLE'S LETTERS. [1763. La Condamine, qui se donne pour philosophe. He walks about the streets, with his trumpet and a map, his spectacles on, and hat under his arm. But, to give you some idea of his philosophy, he was on the scaffold to see Damien executed. His deafness was very incon- venient to his curiosity ; he pestered the confessor with questions to know what Damien said : " Monsieur, il jure horriblement." La Condamine replied, " Ma foi, il n'a pas tort ; " not approving it, but as sensible of what he suffered. Can one bear such want of feeling ? ' Oh ! but as a philosopher he studied the nature of man in torments ; — pray, for what ? One who can so far divest himself of humanity as to be, uncalled, a spectator of agony, is not likely to employ much of his time in alleviating it. We have lately had an instance that would set his philosophy to work. A young high- wayman was offered his life after condemnation, if he would consent to have his leg cut off, that a new styptic might be tried. " What ! " replied he, " and go limping to the devil at last ? no, I'll be d d first " — and was hanged ! Mr. Crawford has given me the second plan of Inigo Jones's church at Leghorn, for which I thank you. I am happy that you are easy about your brother James : I had told you he would write ; have not you received that letter ? No public news. Parliamentary and political campaigns end when the military used to begin, and, thank God, we have now not them ! Did I, or did I not, tell you how much I am diverted with his serenity of Modena's match with that old, battered, painted, de- bauched Simonetta? An antiquated bagnio is an odd place for conscience to steal a wedding in ! Two and twenty years ago she was as much repaired as Lady Mary Wortley, or as her own new spouse. Why, if they were not past approaching them, their faces must run together like a palette of colours, and they would be dis- puting to which such an eyebrow or such a cheek belonged. 1763.] TO MR. MONTAGU. 93 would become mistress of the duchy, or be a ladder to help the Duke to heaven. June ttli. Last night we had a magnificent entertainment at Richmond House, a masquerade and fireworks. A masquerade was a new sight to the young people, who had dressed themselves charmingly, without having the fear of an earthquake before their eyes, though Prince William and Prince Henry ' were not suffered to be there. The Duchesses of Richmond and Grafton, the first as a Persian Sultana, the latter as Cleopatra, — and such a Cleopatra! were glorious figures, in very different styles. Mrs. Fitzroy 2 in a Turkish dress, Lady George Lenox and Lady Bolingbroke as Grecian girls, Lady Mary Coke as Imoinda, and Lady Pembroke as a pilgrim, were the principal beauties of the night. The whole garden was illuminated, and the apartments. An encampment of barges decked with streamers in the middle of the Thames, kept the people from danger, and formed a stage for the fireworks, which were placed, too, along the rails of the garden. The ground rooms lighted, with suppers spread, the houses covered and filled with people, the bridge, the garden full of masks, Whitehall crowded with spectators to see the dresses pass, and the multitude of heads on the river who came to light by the splendour of the fire- wheels, composed the gayest and richest scene imaginable, not to mention the diamonds and sumptuousness of the habits. The Dukes of York and Cumberland, and the Margrave of Anspach, were there, and about six hundred masks. Adieu ! 856. TO GEORGE MONTAGU, ESQ. Strawberry Hill, June 16, 1763. I DO not like your putting off your visit hither for so long. Indeed, by September the Gallery will probably have all its fine clothes on, and by what have been tried, I think it will look very well. The fashion of the garments to be sure will be ancient, but I have given them an air that is very becoming. Princess Amelia was here last night while I was abroad ; and if Margaret is not too much pre- judiced by the guinea left, or by natural partiality to what servants call our home, I think was pleased, particularly with the Chapel. 1 Afterwards Dukes of Gloucester and Cumberland. — WALPOLK. 2 Eldest daughter of Sir Peter Warren. — WALPOLK. 94 HORACE WALPOLE'S LETTERS. [1763. As Mountain-George will not come to Mahomet-me, Mahomet-I must come to Greatworth. Mr. Chute and I think of visiting you about the seventeenth of July, if you shall be at home, and nothing happens to derange our scheme ; possibly we may call at Horton ; we certainly shall proceed to Drayton, Burleigh, Fotheringay, Peter- borough, and Ely ; and shall like much of your company, all, or part of the tour. The only present proviso I have to make is the health of my niece [Lady Waldegrave], who is at present much out of order (we think not breeding), and who was taken so ill on Monday, that I was forced to carry her suddenly to town, where I yesterday left her better at her father's [Sir Edward Walpole's]. There has been a report that the new Lord Holland [Mr. Fox] was dead at Paris, but I believe it is not true. I was very indif- ferent about it : eight months ago it had been lucky. I saw his jackall t'other night in the meadows, the Secretary at War,1 so emptily-important and distilling paragraphs of old news with such solemnity, that I did not know whether it was a man or the Utrecht gazette. 857. TO SIR HORACE MANN. Arlington Street, June 30, 1763. MONSIEUR DE LA CONDAMINE will certainly have his letter ; but, my dear Sir, it is equally sure that -I shall not deliver it myself. I have given it to my Lord Hertford for him, while I act being in the country. To tell you the truth, La Condamine is absurdity itself. He has had a quarrel with his landlady, whose lodgers being disturbed by La Condamine's servant being obliged to bawl to him, as he is deaf, wanted to get rid of him. He would not budge : she dressed two chairmen for bailiffs to force him out. The next day he published an address to the people of England, in the newspaper, • informing them that they are the most savage nation in or out of Europe. This is pretty near truth ; and yet I would never have abused the Iroquois to their faces in one of their own gazettes. I honour La Condamine's zeal for inoculation, which is combated by his countrymen. Even here, nonsense attacks it ; that is of course, for the practice is sense ; but I wish humane men, or men of reflection, would be content to feel and to think, without advertising themselves by a particular denomination. But they will call them- 1 Welbore Ellis, Esq., afterwards Lord Mendip. The meadows were at Twickenham. — CUNNINGHAM. 1763.] TO ME. MONTAGU. 95 selves philosophers, and the instant they have created themselves a character, they think they must distinguish themselves by it, and run into all kind of absurdities. I wish they would consider that the most desirable kind of understanding is the only kind that never aims at any particularity ; I mean common sense. This is not Monsieur de la Condamine's kind ; and Count Lorenzi must excuse me if I avoid the acquaintance. I think I said something of him in a former letter. Lord Strathmore is .arrived, and has brought the parcel. He has been twice at Palazzo Pitti. I prefer the master of the latter. The Lord is too doucereux and Celadonian.1 You say I am patron of the French ; I fear they do not think so. Yery, very few of them have struck me. Then the trouble of con- versing in a language not one's own, and the difficulty of expressing one's ideas as one would, disheartens me. Madame de Boufflers has pleased me most, and conceives us the best ; though I doubt whether she will return so partial to us as she came. She told me one day, "Dans ce pays-d c'est un effort perpetuel pour se dwertir ; " and she did not seem to think we succeed. However, next spring I must go to Paris, which at present, like the description of the grave, is the way of all flesh. Foley, the banker at Paris, told Lord Strath- more, that thirty thousand pounds have been remitted hence every month since the Peace, for the. English that flock thither. Your account of Lord Northampton is moving. He will, I fear, be little better for Tronchin, who, I am assured, from very good judges at Paris, is little better than a charlatan. I have nothing to tell you, and I am glad of it ; we have a long repose from politics ; and it is comfortable when folks can be brought to think or talk of something else, which they seldom will in winter. My Gallery occupies me entirely, but grows rather too magnificent for my humility ; however, having at no time created myself a philosopher, I am at liberty to please myself, without minding a contradiction or two. Adieu ! 858. TO GEORGE MONTAGU, ESQ. Strawberry Hill, July 1, 1763. MR. CHUTE and I intend to be with you on the seventeenth or eighteenth ; but as we are wandering swains, we do not drive one 1 Too much of a swain, a Cgladon. — WALPOLE. 96 HOEACE WALPOLE'S LETTERS. [1763. nail into one day of the almanack irremovably. Our first stage is to Blechley, the parsonage of venerable Cole, the antiquarian of Cambridge. Blechley lies by Fenny Stratford ; now can you direct us how to make Horton l in our way from Stratford to Greatworth ? If this meander engrosses more time than we pro- pose, do not be disappointed, and think we shall not come, for we shall. The journey you must accept as a great sacrifice either to you or to my promise, for I quit the Gallery almost in the critical minute of consummation. Gilders, carvers, upholsterers, and picture- cleaners are labouring at their several forges, and I do not love to trust a hammer or a brush without my own super visal. This will make my stay very short, but it is a greater compliment than a month would be at another season ; and yet I am not profuse of months. "Well, but I begin to be ashamed of my magnificence; Strawberry is growing sumptuous in its latter day ; it will scarce be any longer like the fruit of its name, or the modesty of its ancient demeanour, both which seem to have been in Spenser's prophetic eye, when he sung of the blushing strawberries Which lurk, close-shrouded from high-looking eyes, Showing that sweetness low and hidden lies. In truth, my collection was too great already to be lodged humbly ; it has extended my walls, and pomp followed. It was a neat, small house ; it now will be a comfortable one, and," except one fine apartment, does not deviate from its simplicity. Adieu ! I know nothing about the world, and am only Strawberry's and yours sincerely. 859. TO SIR DAVID DALRYMPLE. Strawberry Hill, July 1, 1763. PERHAPS, Sir, you have- wondered that I have been so long silent about a scheme that called for despatch. The truth is, I have had no success. Your whole plan has been communicated to Mr. Gren- ville by one whose heart went with it, going always with what is humane. Mr. Grenville mentions two objections ; one, insuperable as to expedition ; the other, totally so. No Crown or public lands could be so disposed of without an Act of Parliament. In that case 1 In Northamptonshire, the seat of the Earl of Halifax. — CUNNINGHAM. 1763.] TO THE REV. MR. COLE. 97 the scheme should be digested during a war, to take place at the conclusion, and cannot be adjusted in time for receiving the dis- banded. But what is worse, he hints, Sir, that your good heart has only considered the practicability with regard to Scotland, where there are no poor's rates. Here every parish would object to such settlers. This is the sum of his reply ; I am not master enough of the subject or the nature of it, to answer either difficulty. If you can, Sir, I am ready to continue the intermediate negociator ; but you must furnish me with answers to these obstacles, before I could hope to make any way even with any private person. In truth, I am little versed in the subject ; which I own, not to excuse myself from pursuing it if it can be made feasible, but to prompt you, Sir, to instruct me. Except at this place, which cannot be called the country, I have scarce ever lived in the country, and am shamefully ignorant of the police and domestic laws of my own country. Zeal to do any good, I have ; but I want to be tutored when the operation is at all complicated. Your knowledge, Sir, may supply my defi- ciencies ; at least you are sure of a solicitor for your good intentions in your, &c. 860. TO THK REV. WILLIAM COLE. DEAR SIB : Strawberry Hill, July 1, 1763. As you have given me leave, I propose to pass a day with you [at Bletchley], on my way to Mr. Montagu's. If you have no engagement, I will be with you on the 16th of this month, and if it is not inconvenient, and you will tell me truly whether it is or not, I shall bring my friend Mr. Chute with me, who is destined to the same place. I will beg you too to let me know how far it is to Bletchley, and what road I must take : that is, how far from London, or how far from Twickenham, and the road from each, as I am uncertain yet from which I shall set out. If any part of this proposal does not suit you, I trust you will own it, and I will take some other opportunity of calling on you, being most truly, dear Sir, &C.1 1 Horry is taken up with nursing his niece, who bore a most painful operation on her breast very heroically. — Gilly Williams to Selwyn, July 6, 1763. — CUNNINGHAM. 98' HORACE WALPOLE'S LETTERS. [1763. 861. TO THE REV. WILLIAM COLE. DEAR SIR : Strawberry Hill, July 12, 1763. UPON consulting maps and roads and the knowing, I find it will be my best way to call on Mr. Montagu first, before I come to you, or I must go the same road twice. This will make it a few days later than I intended before I wait on you, and will leave you time to complete your hay-harvest, as I gladly embrace your offer of bearing me company on the tour I meditate to Burleigh, Drayton, Peterborough, Ely, and twenty other places, of all which you shall take as much or as little as you please. It will, I think, be Wednesday or Thursday se'nnight before I wait on you, that is the 20th or 21st, and I fear I shall come alone ; for Mr. Chute is confined with the gout : but you shall hear again before I set out. Remember I am to see Sir Kenelm Digby's.1 I thank you much for your informations. The Countess of Cumberland is an acquisition, and quite new to me. With the Countess of Kent I am acquainted since my last edition. Addison certainly changed sties in the epitaph to indicabit to avoid the jingle with dies : though it is possible ^hat the thought may have been borrowed elsewhere. Adieu, Sir ! 862. TO THE REV. WILLIAM COLE. DEAR SIR : WEDNESDAY is the day I propose waiting on you ; what time of it the Lord and the roads know; so don't wait for me any part of it. Tf I should be violently pressed to stay a day longer at Mr. Montagu's, I hope it will be no disappointment to you : but I love to be uncertain, rather than make myself expected and fail. 863. TO GEORGE MONTAGU, ESQ. Stamford, Saturday night, July 23, 1763. " THUS far our arms have with success been crowned," bating a few mishaps, which will attend long marches like ours. We have Gothurst^ in Buckinghamshire. — CUNNINGHAM. 1763.] TO MR. MONTAGU. 99 conquered as many towns as Louis Quatorze in the campaign of seventy-two : that is, seen them, for he did little more, and into the bargain he had much better roads, and a dryer summer. It has rained perpetually till to-day, and made us experience the rich soil of Northamptonshire, which is a clay-pudding, stuck full of villages. After we parted with you on Thursday, we saw Castle Ashby [Lord Northampton's] and Easton Mauduit [Lord Sussex's]. The first is most magnificently triste, and has all the formality of the Comptons. I should admire it if I could see out of it, or anything in it, hut there is scarce any furniture, and the had little frames of glass exclude all objects. Easton is miserable enough ; there are many modern portraits, and one I was glad to see of the Duchess of Shrewsbury. We lay at Wellingborough — pray never lie there — the beastliest inn upon earth is there ! We were carried into a vast bedchamber, which I suppose is the club-room, for it stunk of tobacco like a justice of peace. I desired some boiling water for tea ; they brought me a sugar-dish of hot water in a pewter plate. Yesterday morning we went to Boughton [Lord Montagu's], where we were scarce landed, before the Cardigans, in a coach and six and three chaises, arrived with a cold dinner in their pockets, on their way to Deane ; for as it is in dispute, they never reside at Boughton. This was most unlucky, that we should pitch on the only hour in the year in which they are there. I was so disconcerted, and so afraid of falling foul of the Countess and her caprices, that I hurried from chamber to chamber, and scarce knew what I saw, but that the house is in the grand old French style, that gods and goddesses lived over my head in every room, and that there was nothing but pedigrees all around me, and under my feet, for there is literally a coat of arms at the end of every step of the stairs : did the Duke mean to pun, and intend this for the descent of the Montagus ? Well ! we hurried away and got to Drayton 1 an hour before dinner. Oh ! the dear old place ! you would be transported with it. In the first place, it stands in as ugly a hole as Boughton : well ! that is not its beauty. The front is a brave strong castle wall, embattled and loop-holed for defence. Passing the great gate, you come to a sumptuous but narrow modern court, behind which rises the old mansion, all towers and turrets. The house is excellent ; has a vast 1 Horry has gone a progress into Northamptonshire, to Lady Betty Gennaine's. Is it not surprising how he moves from old Suffolk on the Thames to another old goody on the Tyne, and does not see the ridicule which he would so strongly paint in any other character! Oilly Williams to Selwyn, July 18, 1763. — CUNNINGHAM. H 2 100 HORACE WALPOLE'S LETTERS. [1763. hall, ditto dining-room, king's chamber, trunk gallery at^the top of the house, handsome chapel, and seven or eight distinct apartments, besides closets and conveniences without end. Then it is covered with portraits, crammed with old china, furnished richly, and not a rag in it under forty, fifty, or a thousand years old ; but not a bed or chair that has lost a tooth, or got a grey hair, so well are they pre- served. I rummaged it from head to foot, examined every spangled bed, and enamelled pair of bellows, for such there are ; in short, I do not believe the old mansion was ever better pleased with an inhabitant, since the days of Walter de Drayton, except when it has received its divine old mistress.1 If one could honour her more than one did before, it would be to see with what religion she keeps up the old dwelling and customs, as well as old servants, who you may imagine do not love her less than other people do. The garden is just as Sir John Germain brought it from Holland ; pyramidal yews, treillages, and square cradle walks with windows clipped in them. Nobody was there, but Mr. Beauclerc a and Lady Catherine,4 and two parsons : the two first suffered us to ransack and do as we would, and the two last assisted us, informed us, and carried us to every tomb in the neighbourhood. I have got every circumstance by heart, and was pleased beyond my expectation, both with the place and the comfortable way of seeing it. We stayed here till after dinner to-day, and saw Fotheringhay in our way hither. The castle is totally ruined.4 The mount, on which the keep stood, two door- cases, and a piece of the moat, are all the remains. Near it is a front and two projections of an ancient house, which, by the arms about it, I suppose was part of the palace of Richard and Cicely, Duke and Duchess of York. There are two pretty tombs for them and their uncle Duke of York in the church, erected by order of Queen Elizabeth. The church has been very fine, but is now intolerably shabby ; yet many large saints remain in the windows, two entire, and all the heads well painted. 2 See vol. i. p. 95. — CUNNINGHAM. 3 Aubrey Beauclerk, Esq., member for Thetford. He succeeded to the dukedom of St. Albans, as fifth duke, in 1787, and died in 1802. — WRIGHT. 4 Lady Catherine Ponsonby, daughter of the Earl of Besborough.— WRIGHT. * James I. is said to have ordered it to be destroyed, in consequence of its having been the scene of the trial and execution of his mother, Mary, Queen of Scots, beheaded there in February, 1587. — WRIGHT. 1763.] TO MR. MONTAGU. 101 my companion [Mr. Cole], I believe, who is a better royalist than I am, felt a little more. There, I have obeyed you. To-morrow we see Burleigh and Peterborough, and lie at Ely ; on Monday I hope to be in town, and on Tuesday I hope much more to be in the gallery at Strawberry Hill, and to find the gilders laying on the last leaf of gold. Good night ! 864. TO GEORGE MONTAGU, ESQ. Hockerill, Monday night, July 25, 1763. I CONTINUE. You must know we were drowned on Saturday night. It rained, as it did at Greatworth on Wednesday, all night and all next morning, so we could not look even at the outside of Burleigh ; but we saw the inside pleasantly ; for Lord Exeter, whom I had prepared for our intentions, came to us, and made every door and every lock fly open, even of his magazines, yet unranged. He is going through the house by degrees, furnishing a room every year, and has already made several most sumptuous. One is a little tired of Carlo Maratti and Luca Giordano, yet still these are treasures. The china and japan are of the finest ; miniatures in plenty, and a shrine full of crystal vases, filigree, enamel, jewels, and the trinkets of taste, that have belonged to many a noble dame. In return for his civilities, I made my Lord Exeter a present of a glorious cabinet, whose drawers and sides are all painted by Rubens. This present you must know is his own, but he knew nothing of the hand or the value. Just so I have given Lady Betty Germain a very fine portrait, that I discovered at Drayton in the woodhouse. I was not much pleased with Peterborough ; the front is adorable, but the inside has no more beauty than consists in vastness. By the way, I have a pen and ink that will not form a letter. We were now sent to Huntingdon in our way to Ely, as we found it imprac- ticable, from the rains and floods, to cross the country thither. We landed in the heart of the assizes, and almost in the middle of the races, both which, to the astonishment of the virtuosi, we eagerly quitted this morning. We were hence sent south to Cambridge, still on our way northward to Ely ; but when we got to Cambridge we were forced to abandon all thoughts of Ely, there being nothing but lamentable stories of inundations and escapes. However, I made myself amends with the University, which I have not seen these four-and-twenty years, and which revived many youthful scenes, 102 HORACE WALPOLE'S LETTERS. [1763.	43,776
proceedingsunit33instgoog_6	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,879	Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute	United States Naval Institute	English	Spoken	7,047	9,280	The English force available for attacking the city included 1300 European troops — some of them Frenchmen from the army disbanded after defeat in India, about the same number of Sepoys of inferior quality, 700 seamen and 300 marines from the fleet. The defense could dispose of some 500 men of the Regimiento del Rey, a few artillerymen, 300 Spanish militia, and an unlim- ited supply of eager but undisciplined natives, Pampangos and Tagalos. As the town was left open until it surrendered, sup- plies and reinforcements continued to enter. The first effort made by either party related to the stone fort of San Antonio Abad, a structure familiar to many Americans in 1898. Powder was manufactured in this work in the last century, and the name polvorin stuck to it long enough to pro- voke inquiries and reports from our consul prior to the advent of Admiral Dewey's fleet. But in 1762 there was really a store of powder, most of which was removed before the English landed. There was much debate as to whether the rest should be used to blow up the battery or to fight its guns. The party in favor of fighting won the vote in council, but the detachment sent to man the works arrived too late. The English landed on September 23, and lost no time in occupying the fort and explor- ing the adjacent suburbs. The belated garrison of San Antonio and other stray detachments were promptly driven in until every- thing along the beach was abandoned, the English advancing through Malate and Ermita, and the Spanish retiring within the walled city. North of the latter suburb lay two villages grouped around the massive churches of Santiago, which stood near the beach, and San Juan de Bagumbayan further inland. At some 86 BRITISH CONQUESTS IN THE PHILIPPINES. later period these masses of buildings were cleared away to make the present promenade which the Fitipinos call the field of Bag- unibayan-— and mig-ht call the field of blood, since it was stained witli the murder of Rizal and other patriots in 1896 and 1S97. But the English attacking force found cover in the houses, and made fortresses of the churches, both of which appear to have stood within 500 yards of the city wall. In advancing their batteries the English frankly disregarded the strict rules of attack as understood in those days of ineffective artillery. They found the enemy slack and unready in his plans of resistance. Nothing had been attempted while the invader was landing his troops, but sorties were ordered after he had found cover in stone buildings close to the walls. These sorties were made at night whenever a body of Filipinos could be stimu- lated to undertake them. The first was made on the night of September 25. The Spanish detachments withdrew, but " firing lasted all night without much results for anybody," a phrase which recalls the summer nights of 189S, Another useless sac- rifice occurred two days later, but the grand and final attempt took place on the morning of October 3. Three columns, con- taining altogether 2000 Pampangos and 200 Spaniards, sallied forth before daylight, but their shouting and beating of drums made a surprise out of the question. The attack was vigorous, however, and the English — or rather the Sepoys — were driven from the church of San Juan. The natives climbed the tower and began to ring the bells. The besiegers rallied and drove back their assailants. Had the natives had skilled leaders and better arms, a temporary victory might have been won by hand- to-hand fighting. The impression produced upon the minds of English officers deserves our notice: " It is somewhat remarkable that the Asiatique Indians of the peninsula of Malacca, and, in general, of all the islands, should differ so extremely from the Chinese and every other nation of the Eastern Continent. The former are as distinguished for their fierce valor and for a singular contempt of death, as the latter have always been for their <:owardice and for the softness and effeminacy of their manners. In our wars on the Indian Continent, the European troops were almost the only object of attention. In our attack upon the Philippines, the natives were at least to be equally dreaded. In this sally, had BRITISH CONQUESTS IN THE PHILIPPINES. 87 discipline or their arms been at all equal to their strength id fierceness, the isstte of the event had been very doubtful." It is to be remembered that these are the words of Edmund Burke, based on the reports aod opinions of General Draper. The English lost about forty men in this night attack, and the Spaniards seventy. As for the Filipinos., no quarter was ffiven, and some hundreds were slain, all prisoners being hung at once. This atrocity seems to be associated with the slaughter of a. British officer under a flag of truce by a band of natives close to the walls of the city. Draper had already warned the archbishop that obstinacy might lead to barbarity on the part of some of the EngUsh troops who might not submit to restraint. Ii is to be assumed that he meant the Sepoys, though the phrase had a wide application in both the hostile armies. By this time the English had a breaching battery of 24- pounders playing on the south bastion, and a group of mortars behind the church at Santiago, throwing shells into the city. The adrniral placed his flagship opposite the southeast bastion, and stationed other vessels off the mouth of the Pasig to fire at Fort Santiago, the citadel on the river bank. The fleet bad to lie in deep water, and its solid shot were ineffective when fired at high angles. The Spanish had plenty of guns — most of them cast at the foundry {fundidmt) which gave its name to the southeast bas- tion— but their return fire was altogether ineffective. They seem to have neglected the ships while trying to keep down the fire of the siege batteries. But the breach was widening day by day, and many guns were dismounted along the wall. Since the failure of the last sortie, the defense grew hopeless: "Any other peo- ple but the Spaniards of this garrison would have capitulated, or would have posted men to resist storming." Their pretended resolution was nothing but " sullen obstinacy, uninspired by a true military spirit, as it was wholly uninformed by any true military skill." Yet the archbishop consulted his council daily, hearing the advice of the courts and the clergy as well as that of officers and engineers. On the morning of October 6, the breach having been recon- noitered and found practicable, a storming party of 400 men was led fonvard by Major Fell. They found the breach unguarded, and were able to advance up the Calle Real without opposition, halting to clear the cross streets and silencing small-arm fire froro BRITISH CONQUESTS IN THE PHILIPPINES. the houses by shooting or bayoneting their occupants. One group of a hundred is mentioned as thus throwing away their lives. The archbishop and hfs council, as well as most of the Spanish troops, were shut up in Fort Santiago. Consent was refused when it was proposed to fire a field-piece down the street against the head of the advancing column. The day before the assault, an order was issued by the commandant of the garrison warning the monks to forbid the natives from manning the walls. The officer commanding the king's regiment ran off, followed by most of his men. The only hero of the defense was an Irish pilot, Raimundo Kely, as the name stands in the chronicle, who died bravely in the Carranza bastion. Some hundreds are said to have been drowned in the Pasig during the panic which pre- ceded the capitulation. The governor lost no time in sending out his terms of sur- render. These being found unsatisfactory by General Draper, the archbishop and his general were summoned to leave the fort and present themselves at the palace where they were forced to accept whatever the English chose to offer. The archbishop had asked for the free exercise of reHgion, protection for life and property, the honors of war and back pay for the garrison, free trade between the city and countrj^, and the maintenance of ecclesiastical and civil government on the existing basis. For these favors he offered a ransom of $i ,000,000. The English terms made the oflficers prisoners on parole, re- quired the surrender of artillery and ammunition, of the port of Cavtte and all forts in the i.sland. The privileges demanded would be allowed upon payment of $4,000,000, half in cash and the rest in valid drafts. It is said that threats of general slaughter were employed to enforce acceptance of these terms. At any rate they were signed, and the city was delivered to the English on October 7. In spite of all promises, pillage seems to have followed the Eng- lish occupation. There is the usual tale of atrocities, houses plun- dered and all that could not be removed destroyed, women mis- handled, churches desecrated and stripped of plate and vestments. It is all only too probable, but the Spanish writers admit that it was over in three hours, that the English soldiers were rather predatory than cruel — though the Sepoys are said to have amused themselves by inflicting tortures — and that Chinese robbers were BRITISH CONQUESTS IN THE PHILIPPINES. 89 to death, Draper shooting one of them himself, and directing hanging^ of two" more. The pubHc archives and much private property were burned. In all forms of mischief, the native ser- vants and the levies of Pampangos and Tagalos were foremost. When Draper decided to banish all Filipinos from Intramuros Ac subtirbs were likewise looted. There is said to have been a Ttnewal of license on the second day for a fixed period, and sporadic cases occurred until the invaders withdrew. The port of Cavite was delivered to the English after the natives had been allowed to pillage the arsenal. With all the license granted the conquerors, there was plenty of soldierly grumbling: "The General's Latin cost us our looting," growled those who had heard that the capitulation was drawn up in the language befit- ting a churchman and a scholarly commander-in-chief engaged in diplomacy. The political attitude of the British and their relations with the Filipinos must now be considered. The first statement of their intentions appears in a joint proclamation from Draper and Cornish, issued from H. B. M. S. Norfolk, on September 24. The natives were warned against assisting the Spaniards, and were offered protection and relief from the heavy taxes imposed upon them; " we are here to deliver your country from ruin and your wives and daughters from dishonor." A promise to pay fair prices for all stores brought in was, perhaps, of more practical effect than any assurance that the English had come to relieve the natives from toil and to make war on the Spaniards only. After some opposition on the part of the Spanish authorities the archbishop and magistrates were made to sign a deed of ces- sion, transferring the whole of the Philippine Archipelago from Spain to Great Britain. Circumstances prevented any decision of the validity of stich an instrument, but the Spanish community seems to have refused obedience to the governor's order that the British domination should be accepted. Incessant annoyance was the fate of the Spanish officials charged with the collection of the two millions due as a part of the ransom. The immediate dem^id for a million was met by the payment of only $700,000, raised by a general contribution, which stripped merchants of their goods and churches of their plate and ornaments. The annual galleon from Acapuico was due. when the place capitulated, with silver to pay for the Chinese 90 BRITISH CONQUESTS IN THE PHILIPPINES. jgoods which had made up her eastward freight and coin for carrying on the government of the Philippines, which was then dependent on Mexico. The treasure ship was the P'ilipino, and stipulations were made for the payment of the ransom from the bullion on board. But the silver was landed before it could be secured, and the u!trapatriotic element which had taken to the juni^le refused to allow it to go to Manila when the archbishop sent orders to that effect. Early in October the ship Trinidad, outward bound from Manila, was captured by two frigates and brought in as a prize. Her cargo showed that she was freighted for Mexico, and there was little money on board. She was pierced for sixty guns, but only six were mounted. During the action she had relied on the thickness of her sides to keep out the enemy's shot, and had made little effort to return his fire. Heavy tropical timber was used in all ships built in the Philippines, making them sluggish sailers, with considerable defensive strength. These conditions had regulated naval tactics in tlie seventeenth century when the galleons were threatened by the Hollanders or by English buc- caneers, but they had failed to save the famous prize taken by Lord Anson near the entrance of San Bernardino Strait. The Trinidad witli her cargo was appraised at $3,000,000, and she was purely a naval prize. Yet the Spanish authorities tried to set oflf her value against the unpaid ransom, and recent writers persist in confounding her with the Filipino to sustain that theory. The fichest prize of 1762 was the Hermione, taken off Cape St. Vin- cent with $5,000,000 in treasure at the completion of her voyage from Lima. This capture gave a handsome fortune— for that age — to the captain, and each of his oflficers won a competence. Five weeks after the capture of Manila, General Draper turned his conquest and its coming problems over to a Mr. Drake, who was appointed as deputy governor as an agent of the East India Company. The garrison was commanded by Major Fell, and a naval officer was governor of Cavite. Sailing from Manila with the northeast monsoon on November 1 1 , Draper reached London on April 4, 1763, making the rmi in the remarkable time of 144 days and bringing the first news of hjs conquest — news which had lost all importance and most of its interest through the negligence of the ministry in its " headlong eagerness for peace." Draper seems to have been promised the next red ribbon of the Order BXrnSH CONQUESTS IK THE PHILIPPINES. 91 of the Bath, and he secured some honor at Cambridge hy pre- senting the Spanish standards captured at Manila to King's Col- lege, of which he had been a fellow. The banners were carried in procession and fixed to the altar rail of the stately chapel of that college, where they are still preserved, The general built a mansion near Bristol and named it " Manila Hall," but he did not outgrow his grievance over the loss of the ransom, nor did he develop a capacity for dignified retirement. The Treaty of Paris (January, 1763) took no account of the Philippine situation because of the " shameful omission of any provision relating to conquests made and not known before pre- liminaries were signed/' Such omissions are still made, however, in spite of historic warnings. In the matter of conquest England was not in an exacting mood. France gave up the right to keep up a military establishment in India, and ceded Canada to Great Britain and Louisiana to Spain. Cuba was restored to Spain, L-and Florida went to England in exchange. Thus the North rAmerican continent was freed from any power capable of inter- fering with the progress of the thirteen colonies, and the con- nection with Great Britain ceased to be of vital importance to those communities. Maninique and Guadeloupe went back to the French, much to the disgust of Pitt, who insisted that Eng- land should hold these islands for the sake of exclusive trade; "All that we gain on tSiis system is made fourfold to us by the loss which ensues to France," This ill-tempered notion has Lbeen long rejected by England, though France seems inclined to ^et it per\'ert her eagtfr colonial policy in Madagascar and else- where. Among the irritating claims put forward by England as the result of her maritime supremacy was one restricting the trade of neutrals with the colonies of a belligerent. Only the usual commerce carried on during peace was tolerated, and neutral propert)' under a neutral flag might become lawful prize when captured on the high seas without regard to blockade or to the character of the goods. Thus, the French effort to enable colo- nies to sell their products was defeated by decisions referring to restrictions imposed on the trade of lier colonies previous to the declaration of war in 1 756. Forty years later this harsh rule was ^applied to destroy American commerce in the West Indies. Eng- lish and American authors seem to admit this principle as a part 92 BRITISH CONQUESTS IN THE PHILIPPINES. of marine international law, though continental jurists oppose its acceptance. If it has to be admitted, the best remedy for pos- sible hardships in its application to remote possessions would seem to He in the removal of restrictions during peace. Thus, the extension of some sections of our navigation laws to oversea possessions would cripple commerce during a contest with a maritime po%ver. There was no lack of exasperation against England's bellig erent claims and methods in 1763. Spain had succeeded in tak- ing the Portuguese colony of Sacramento on the Rio de la Plata when she was called upon to resist a buccaneering attack upon Bitenos Ayres. This is the story as printed in the " Annual Register " : " Having made ourselves masters of the Havana, and taken measures for the conquest of the Philippines, it was judged expedient to encourage some private adventurers to add to our other operations against Spanish commerce an attack upon the colony of Buenos Ayres." Captain Macnamara, "an adventurer of spirit and experience," was made commodore of the squadron, and was defeated and slain with most of his mixed company of Portuguese and English on January I, 1763, his flagship being sunk by Spanish guns. Other vessels of his fleet brought home intelligence of the failure of this tardy and dis- creditable enterprise. The episode of the Falkland Islands showed the irritation pro- duced by these attacks. Lord Anson had indicated the value of these islands as a naval base whence Spain's domination in the Pacific might be threatened. When it was proposed to take possession in 1748, the Spanish ambassador, Wall, though favor- able to England in general, had to announce that intrusion into the South Seas would be regarded as an act of war. Yet a garrison was sent out in 1765. Four years later Spain demanded evacuation, and in 1770 a Spanish squadron carried away the garrison as prisoners. Charles III had to disavow this act, and he nursed his resentment until the war of the American revolu- tion gave him a chance to lower English prestige. Great Britain had other motives for coming to terms with her foes than a regard for their future hostility. The draught of the king's speech, prepared by Bute, deplored " the bloody and ex- pensive war," which was consuming the resources of the nation. The phrase was modified but the fact remained. No less than BRITISH CONQUESTS IN THE PHILIPPINES. 93 1 10,000 soldiers, besides a larg:e army of German auxiliaries, and 70,000 seamen were employed. The whole number of seamen enlisted or impressed during the Seven Years' War amounted lo iSo.ooo, of whom less than one-third were ever regularly dis- charged. Death and desertion are supposed to account for more than 130,000 of these recruits. Yet few had fallen in battle, though disease had swept away thousands under the walls of Havana. The appropriation for the last year of the war fell little short of $100,000,000, and the struggle lasted long enough to double the national debt — a result which was repeated tuenty years later when the American colonies secured independence. Id spite of these burdens the national pride was offended by the tame acquiescence of the government in Spain's refusal to pay the Manila ransom. Pitt was the organ of such sentiment whenever he could score against his successors: " How can you depend upon Spain after the treatment she has shown to that brave and gallant officer, who has suffered for his lenity towards them at the Manillas and now feels their perfidy ? " Conway and Greoville used similar arguments to annoy each other — each criticising the slackness of him who happened to hold office. Grenville was accused of becoming the advocate of Spain, but be said he only repeated their arguments by way of explanation. The Spanish refusal was natural enough to dispense with elaborate arguments from the king's advisers. Grimaldi told the British envoys that the promise of a ransom in lieu of plunder was void because pillage was only an abuse in modem warfare. Moreover, the bonds were extorted by force^ — to which the reply was made that it was so with all the articles of any capitulation — • and that, " in the same fashion, the Archbishop might have stipu- lated in the king's name for the surrender of the province of Granada." When he added, 'My master would fight forever rather than consent to pay a single doubloon," a peaceful min- istry had to drop the subject. Finally, Draper and Cornish were told by Lord Shelbume, then prime minister, that their rights had to be sacrificed to the public interest and to national con- venience. Up to this time Draper had been as eager as the amount involved — $125,000 for the general and the same for the admiral — would suggest. He had published a pamphlet refuting tlie Spanish pleas, summarizing the case in the title: " Colonel Draper's Answer to the Spanish Argument Claiming the Galleon 9+ BRITISH CONQUESTS IN THE PHILIPPINES. and Refusing Payment of the Manilla Ransom from Pillage and Destruction," (1764). Unfortunately for Draper, he could not confine his literary talents to appeals of this nature. In 1769 the shadou^ Junius — Lord Temple is now the favorite among those concerned in con- jectural identifications — began his career by an attack upon the commander-in-chief, the Marquis of Granby. Army reform is a topic of perennial interest in England, and Junius created some- thing of a sensation. Draper, vain of his scholarship and of his intimacy with Lord Granby, a " fatal friendship/' Junius called it, undertook the defense of his chief, with the usual apparatus of classical quotation and invective. Lord Granby was charged with selfishness in providing for his family by promotions and favors. His advocate had no patience with this; " How are any man's friends and relations to be provided for, but from the influence and protection of their patron?" Junius had men- daciously called this being " generous at the public expense." But the unknown promptly turned his weapons from Granby to Draper, who found himself accused of " servile submission to the reigning ministry " and of selling the companions of his suc- cess. He was urged to reveal his motive for betraying his fel- low soldiers: "Was it the blushing ribbon which is now the perpetual ornament of your person?" Draper replied that min- isters had told him that " they could not think of involving this distracted nation in another war for our private concerns." " Although I may lose five and twenty thousand pounds by their acquiescence in this breach of faith by the Spaniards, 1 think they are in the right to temporize, considering the critical situa- tion of this country, convulsed in every part by poison infused by anonymous, wicked, and misleading authors." Junius, always well informed about the affairs of the army, brought up a trans- action by which Draper had effected some sort of exchange- apparently not profitable to himself — and asked spiteful ques- tions : " Was it decent, was it honorable in a man who pretends to love the army to make a traffic of the royal favor and turn the highest honor of an active profession into a sordid provision for himself and his family? " Draper could find no rhetoric ade- quate to his opponent's crimes, and had to fall to challenging him to drop his mask and fight a duel. 95 self to ever)- antagonist whom he defeated in argument. «md the Tol was never withdrawn. Draper became a major-general in due course and a lieutenant- general before he died. He travelled in America, and formed a crolonial connection by marnting as his second wife a Jliss De Lanccy of Xew York, who got an Irish pension in spite of the wealth of her family. To this connection may be attributed the nunor that Draper was to go out as second in command in America in 1774, when Walpole noted him as " writing plans of pacification in our newspapers." Instead of attempting the exe- cution of futUe schemes in America, he took the post of lieutenant- governor of Minorca, and endured the siege of 178 1-2. England cotild not afford to relieve the place, her forces being fully occu- pied in threatening America and holding Gibraltar. The island was offered to Russia as the price of an alliance. Finally it was surrendered and made a permanent possession of Spain. Upon his return to England Sir William Draper preferred twenty-nine charges against the governor, General Murray. All but two of these charges were held to be " frivolous and ill-founded " by the court-martial, which dictated mutual apologies for the two generals, Murray was obstinate. Draper, " though the greater Bedlamite," according to Horace Walpole, signed submissively He had also to endure a royal reprimand for his factious con- duct. As a man never at a loss for grievances, he appealed for further recompense, stating that his position at Minorca, his share of the Manila ransom, and his wife's fortune — confiscated by the Americans on account of the loyalty of her family — " had all been sacrificed to save the country further effusion of blood and treasure." With his claims still unsatisfied, Sir William Draper died in 1787, For the Manila ransom, Spain never made a better offer than that of leaving it to the arbitration of Frederick tlie Great — an offer unacceptable to England. Before the end of the century, a Spanish historian of the Philippines spoke of the matter as buried in oblivion, " covered by the millions sacrificed in the treaty relat- ing to Nootka Sound and the whale-fisheries on the northwest coast of America.'* Yet a dim notion that England had some sort of a lien on the Philippine Archipelago was found prevalent in Hongkong in April, 1898. It is time to return to Manila, and to consider the state of the g6 BRITISH CONQUESTS IN THE PHILIPPIKES, derelict provinces of Luzon during the miserable period of an- archy which lasted eighteen months after the formal suspension of hostilities in Europe, There was no lack of rival authorities and contending jurisdictions during this unhappy interval. In>H\| Manila there was an English governor, whose pretensions were opposed by successive military commandants, the last of them describing Governor Drake as " ignorant of every branch of mili- tary service, custom, duty, or order." So much seems to have been proved, and there are accusations of much that wa5 worse than ignorance. As a convenient agency for disseminating the fl decrees of the British rulers, the archbishop and his council were guarded in the capital, and made to assert a spectral authority. Then there was a judge of the supreme court roaming about the adjacent provinces, carrying on guerrilla warfare, and calling him- self governor and captain-general. This troublesome personage was the notorious Don Simon Anda y Salazar, whose legend is recorded on the monument, now familiar to so many Americans, on the promenade outside Fort Santiago on the bank of the Pasig, The legend is amplified in various works printed for use in the Philippines; the school his- tory credits " this vigorous and prudent old man " with nothing less than reconquering the island. The " Official Guide " says that he showed the British army how hard a task it was to subdue lands " sheltered under the shadow of the Spanish flag." With the aid of friars who preached the holy war and natives who rushed to join the improvised armies, led by their pastors, the situation of the English became so desperate that they were lucky in escaping from " a country which had cost them so much blood, and in which they dominated no more soil than they stood upon.'' It may be profitable to examine the facts relating to the elements of this truculent tradition, Anda quitted Manila shortly before the surrender in October, 1762, in a " frail skiff," carrying $5000 in silver and a couple of quires of stamped paper^ — always an essential of Spanish sover- eignty. As the city was not beleaguered, there was no difficulty in escaping. Professing to interpret the law, being the only active member of the court outside the enemy's control, Anda declared himself governor-general, alleging that the arch- bishop's surrender was equivalent to abdication. Possibly he had the law on his side; questions of succession in Spanish colonies mmmSM. ooerQCssrs ix Ttts ruiurruess. 97 icBSe for lay dSscnssioo. In fact, the courts wtrv in ver OBOfit taoacjea in the PliSipfiiacs. Oii^ ruk ha» iam scxiled dssg the preseot cratury; ReatNAdnurml LX>n I^trido MoBtojo relates in hts autobtognphkal iirOvcL " Leon AUMt," thai, he bad to correct Lord Elgin's tniprrs^ion that a fnlMr ^gfat become a governor, when the English iliptodKiatist Tuitcd Manila about i86q. The main object of Anda's assuiup- tioi) oi antfaonty was to niillify the deed of cession for the whole arddpdagio which the archbishop had been forced to Mgii. To make this cession effective, letters were sent out from Mantla. urging all officials and the clerg}' to render obedience to the Eng^ Hsh goTemment until peace was made. Even private persons and natives received such letters, bearing the signature. " Manuel, Archbtshop-Govemor and Captain-General of the PhiUppinc Islands." The unhappy prelate retained his titles thruughout the year 1763. and no solution could be found for the conflict of authority until he died in January, 1764. The English troops began operations to extend their conquest in November. 1762, by sending out a flying column to seiic the town of Pasig as a base of operations for controlling the prov- inces of Bulacan and Laguna. The place was carried after some resistance, in which the Sultan of Sulu and his son. hetd captives bj- the Spaniards, bore their part The town was intrenched with tfic convent as its citadel, and the post was held until the evacua- tkm of the island, a fact showing the weakness of the Spani»h organization for checking invasion. Hearing that the town of Bulacan was to be fortified as Anda's capital, the English commander sent out a force to attack that place in Januarj', 1763. The column embarked in boats to the sambei* of 1800, 400 English soldiers and 300 Sepoys with a loBowing of 1 100 Chinese, 600 of whom are said to have been anraed with pikes or bolos, the rest serving as porters. After hndtng at Malolos, where a small garrison was left, the main body marched to Bulacan. There the church and the adjacent eJowter were found intrenched and guarded by seventy Span- ards and 1500 Filipinos with five small cannon. Busto, the waatt active of Anda's officers, his so-called lieutenant-general, «as bosy in annoying the English outposts and threatening the Ebo of communication. Three storming parties went forward tefiofc the convent could be carried. The guns were silenced, 7 98 BRITISH CONQUESTS IN THE PHILIPPINES. but 3. brisk fire from musketry and bows preceded the hand-to- hand struggle in the church. The alcalde of the province, a Recoletan friar, and several Spaniards were slaughtered. Span- ish writers — no others report this affair — accuse Major Slay, the English commandant, of turning a number of the wounded over to his Oiinese followers, who finished them with tortures. The English troops spent nearly three weeks In Bulacan, where they were joined by the garrison left at Malolos. Then the col- umn returned to Manila. Busto collected bands of natives, and annoyed the detach- ments sent out to forage and the pickets in the suburbs of the capital. Much skirmishing went on over the church bells of outlying parishes, the Spaniards trying to carry them ofif to be cast into field-pieces and the English fighting to bring them in as trophies. Much marching and countermarching was done to secure the treasure from Mexico, which had been landed on the south coast of Luzon from the galleon Filipino. It was moved from one convent or cave to another, and the friars and guerrillas kept it from faUing into the hands of the English, though Captain Backhouse stated that he was on the point of capturing it at Lucban when he was recalled to Manila by a senseless order from the governor. The captain had to fight, occasionally with the enemy a hundred to one, but throughout most of his marches in the provinces of Laguna, Batangas, and Cavite he found the natives ready to acknowledge King George as their sovereign. While these operations went on in the field, a more virulent and persistent warfare of proclamations and menaces was waged between Anda and Drake, representing the militant au- thority of Spain and Great Britain respectively. One month after the capitulation, the Filipinos were warned not to obey Anda, who had broken its articles and was therefore declared a rebel against both sovereigns. Filipinos who lived peacefully were promised protection and liberation from Spanish oppres- sion, but otherwise they would be treated as rebels. It is re- ported that Governor Drake offered a reward for the delivery of Anda, "alive or dead," and it is certain that Anda oflfered $10,000 for Drake or either of his councillors under the same conditions, denouncing them as " tyrants, common enemies, and unworthy of human society," epithets not unlike those « BRITISH CONQUESTS IN THE PHILIPPINES. which greeted the invasion of 1898. But, in the eighteenth cen- tun', the British and Spanish vocabulary was alike in ill-tem- pered violence. There were other influences tending to make warfare malig- nant, which must be presented in the words of a Spanish writer, the Marques de Ayerbe, whose narrative is based on a con- temporary manuscript. After noting that some friars had stir- red up the natives against their masters, he adds the following: " On the other hand, some friars, exalted by patriotism, got rid of their tonsure, c"hanged their monastic habits for uniforms, and, having themselves called generals or by other titles, came into the regions adjacent to Manila and Cavite, leaving nothing in the way of supplies on the estates, under the pretext of thus depriving the enemy, the fact being that, though the other side might receive some damage thereby, much more harm was heedlessly done to the Spaniards, and especially on account of the sort of people who made up these bands, since the greater part of them had been prisoners in the jails as robbers and highwaymen. It is suflficient to note what they did with a poor curate of the Company of Jesus, whom they maltreated horribly and came near hanging, because it was pretended that he was a traitor who supplied the English, pulling down the house of the Jesuit Fathers when they set him free. The sober and judi- cious part of the friars could not behold without great pain all these excesses, and they tried to assert themselves, punishing as they might those who were guilty, but for lack of force tt was impossible to find a remedy." It is not surprising to learn that the English dealt roughly with those members of the religious corporations who fell into their hands. The Augustinian convent in Manila was pillaged, and the prior was kept in solitary confinement. The friars connected with the University of Saint Thomas and the Col- lege of Santa Cruz were also arrested. The usual charges were those of inciting soldiers to desert — there were many Frenchmen in the detachments from India — sending intelligence to Anda, or receiving letters from him. For the latter oflFense one of the judges of the supreme court was tried by court-martial and sentenced to death — a fate which he escaped by paying $3000 to the British governor with a promise to make up $10,000 in all. returned in 1764 through the efforts oi officers niore scrupulous than the governor. Other extortions were practiced through the agency of petty courts established in Manila. Spaniards and natives of all classes were charged with sedition, heavy penalties were awarded, and the victims were ransomed for cash or jewels. Thus the medals and trinkets worn by Filipino women were collected by officials. These details are derived from the testimony of a British officer in a letter to his su-^^ periors, ^M Naturally there was great demoralization among the Fili- pinos. Some asserted their good will toward the Spaniards, and helped them in seeking refuge in the interior, but even these generous persons were apt to seiee opportunities for rob- bing or insulting defenseless wanderers, justifying acts of vio- lence in the name of the King of Spain, and accusing the Span- iards of betraying the capital to the English. Others invoked the name of liberty, and it was noted that a few priests and friars preached sermons inciting the natives against the Span- iards (Ayerbe). Those in charge of rural parishes were in a,^d most trying situation: "If they abandoned their flocks^ it was ■ " said that they allowed the fire of rebellion to spread; if they staid at home they were deemed accomplices, if not killed on account of respect or because a confessor was wanted" (Zuiliga). The natives who lived near Manila were no less troublesome to the English than those in outlying provinces were to the Spaniards. In summing up the losses of the invaders, allow- ance was made for those cut off by the inhabitants, " who availed themselves of the slightest carelessness on the part of the English soldiers to assassinate them, and whenever a strag- gler or a drunken soldier was found he was put to death and buried." Padre Zuiiiga shows the origin of a disposition to commit such atrocities ; " The religious orders had cooperated very considerably with Senor Anda, in enabling him to main- tain the Indians of the respective districts in obedience to his orders, by inspiring a horror of the English as enemies of the King and their religion, exciting them even to die in fighting cheerfully against them." But the exactions of the British, combined with severities ordered by Anda, would account for BRITISH CONQUESTS IN THE PHILIPPINES. lOI a general dissolution of social order. The ^rrison was bound to have supplies and was willing to pay for them; the Span- iards killed all who were caught trading witli Manila; any native found with rupees in his pocket was doomed. Bnt the Fihpinos had political aspirations as well as preda- toiT}- instincts, and the rebellion of the Ilocans deserves sepa- rate treatment. The alcalde who ruled the region around Vigan had harassed the natives by his activity and his avarice, " the ordinary vice of alcaldes," until the province was ripe for rebellion. The news of the fall of Manila was followed by con- tradictory injunctions from Anda and from the archbishop, to whose party the alcalde was inclined. Anda fiercely threat- ened the punishment of traitors for those who communicated with the English or with the archbishop while he remained in their hands. The natives began to form camps and take arms on the pretext of repelling invasion, and they were ready to cast off allegiance to Spain as soon as a leader came forward. The man of the hour turned out to be Diego Silan, born in Pangasinan in 1730. He had served in convents during his youth, and was familiar with pious practices and mystical terms, which were of great use to him in his career as a revolutionist. He had been shipwrecked among savages, and was reckoned somewhat of a magician. He took up the business of carrying letters and parcels between the capital and the northern prov- inces. His journeys gave him a wide circle of acquaintances, and his fidelity to his charge made him a man of importance. The levy of Ilocans was made on the pretense of defending the province from the British attack. No more tributes were to be paid to Spanish officers because they had failed to guard the country. The arrest of the meddlesome alcalde was fol- lowed by the imprisonment of a bishop and a number of friars, and by the pillage of convents. The purpose of the rebels was declared to extend to the liberation of the natives from op- pressive taxes and forced labor and the expulsion of all Span- iards and mestizos. Silan took the title of chief-captain ^ reserv- ing that of general for *' the Nazarene Jesus," His officers were commissioned to serve in " the guard of the royal banner of the sacred peace of the Christian prince " of that name, and aJ] his orders were full of mystical confusion. It is to be noted 102 BRITISH CONQUESTS IN THE PHlLIPPrWES. that he was not a native of the province which yielded to his assumed authority, and it is plain that the people must have been ripe for rebellion.	28,102
emilyofnewmoon00mont_2_1	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,923	Emily of New Moon	Montgomery, L. M. (Lucy Maud), 1874-1942	English	Spoken	6,843	8,936	''j/co' IsZA^J- R&n I°I Pi) Presented to the LIBRARY of the UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO by Michah Rynor Jtvi' ^ t=>jfvi Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2020 with funding from University of Toronto https://archive.org/details/emilyofnewmoon00mont_2 EMILY OF NEW MOON EMILY OF NEW MOON BY L. M. MONTGOMERY Author of “ Anne of Green Gables," “ The Story Girl," “Rainbow Valley “Rilla of Ingle side," “ Anne's House of Dreams," etc. CVf CiV -CA'CS-tX' TORONTO MCCLELLAND AND STEWART, LIMITED PUBLISHERS Copyright, Canada, 1923 By McClelland & stewart, limited PRINTED AND BOUND IN CANADA T. H. Best Printing Co., Limited, Toronto To MR. GEORGE BOYD MACMILLAN ALLOA, SCOTLAND IN RECOGNITION OF A LONG AND STIMULATING FRIENDSHIP CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I The House in the Hollow .... i II A Watch in the Night . 8 III A Hop out of Kin . 19 IV A Family Conclave . 33 V Diamond Cut Diamond . 44 VI New Moon . 52 VII The Book of Yesterday . 63 VIII Trial by Fire . 79 IX A Special Providence . 91 X Growing Pains . 105 XI Ilse . 1 13 XII The Tansy Patch . 122 XIII A Daughter of Eve . 137 XIV Fancy Fed . 146 XV Various Tragedies . 153 XVI Check for Miss Brownell . 165 XVII Living Epistles . 179 XVIII Father Cassidy . 193 XIX Friends Again . 21 1 XX By Aerial Post . 216 XXI “Romantic but not Comfortable” . . 227 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE XXII Wyther Grange . 238 XXIII Deals with Ghosts . 247 XXIV A Different Kind of Happiness . . . 257 XXV “She Couldn’t Have Done It” . . . 264 XXVI On the Bay Shore . 270 XXVII The Vow of Emily . 282 XXVIII A Weaver of Dreams . 302 XXIX Sacrilege . 315 XXX When the Curtain Lifted .... 326 XXXI Emily’s Great Moment . 340 EMILY OF NEW MOON CHAPTER I The House in the Hollow THE house in the hollow was “a mile from any¬ where’' — so Maywood people said. It was situ¬ ated in a grassy little dale, looking as if it had never been built like other houses but had grown up there like a big, brown mushroom. It was reached by a long, green lane and almost hidden from view by an encircling growth of young birches. No other house could be seen from it although the village was just over the hill. Ellen Greene said it was the lonesomest place in the world and vowed that she wouldn’t stay there a day if it wasn’t that she pitied the child. Emily didn’t know she was being pitied and didn’t know what lonesomeness meant. She had plenty of company. There was Father — and Mike — and Saucy Sal. The Wind Woman was always around ; and there were the trees — Adam-and-Eve, and the Rooster Pine, and all the friendly lady-birches. And there was “the flash,’’ too. She never knew when it might come, and the possibility of it kept her a-thrill and expectant. Emily had slipped away in the chilly twilight for a walk. She remembered that walk very vividly all her life — perhaps because of a certain eerie beauty that was in it — perhaps because “the flash’’ came for the first time 2 EMILY OF NEW MOON in weeks — more likely because of what happened after she came back from it. It had been a dull, cold day in early May, threatening to rain but never raining. Father had lain on the sitting- room lounge all day. He had coughed a good deal and he had not talked much to Emily, which was a very unusual thing for him. Most of the time he lay with his hands clasped under his head and his large, sunken, dark-blue eyes fixed dreamily and unseeingly on the cloudy sky that was visible between the boughs of the two big spruces in the front yard— Adam-and-Eve, they always called those spruces, because of a whimsical re¬ semblance Emily had traced between their position, with reference to a small apple-tree between them, and that of Adam and Eve and the Tree of Knowledge in an old- fashioned picture in one of Ellen Greene’s books. The Tree of Knowledge looked exactly like the squat little apple-tree, and Adam and Eve stood up on either side as stiffly and rigidly as did the spruces. Emily wondered what Father was thinking of, but she never bothered him with questions when his cough was bad. She only wished she had somebody to talk to. Ellen Greene wouldn’t talk that day either. She did nothing but grunt, and grunts meant that Ellen was dis¬ turbed about something. She had grunted last night after the doctor had whispered to her in the kitchen, and she had grunted when she gave Emily a bedtime snack of bread and molasses. Emily did not like bread and molasses, but she ate it because she did not want to hurt Ellen’s feelings. It was not often that Ellen allowed her anything to eat before going to bed, and when she did it meant that for some reason or other she wanted to confer a special favor. Emily expected the grunting attack would wear off over night, as it generally did; but it had not, so no company was to be found in Ellen. Not that there was a great deal to be found at any time. Douglas Starr THE HOUSE IN THE HOLLOW 3 had once, in a fit of exasperation, told Emily that “Ellen Greene was a fat, lazy old thing of no importance,” and Emily, whenever she looked at Ellen after that, thought the description fitted her to a hair. So Emily had curled herself up in the ragged, comfor¬ table old wing-chair and read The Pilgrim's Progress all the afternoon. Emily loved The Pilgrim's Progress. Many a time had she walked the straight and narrow path with Christian and Christiana — although she never liked Christiana s adventures half as well as Christian s. For one thing, there was always such a crowd with Christiana. She had not half the fascination of that solitary, intrepid figure who faced all alone the shadows of the Dark Valley and the encounter with Apollyon. Darkness and hobgoblins were nothing when you had plenty of company. But to be alone — ah, Emily shivered with the delicious horror of it! When Ellen announced that supper was ready Douglas Starr told Emily to go out to it. “I don’t want anything tonight. I’ll just lie here and rest. And when you come in again we’ll have a real talk, Elfkin.” He smiled up at her his old, beautiful smile, with the love behind it, that Emily always found so sweet. She ate her supper quite happily — though it wasn’t a good supper. The bread was soggy and her egg was under¬ done, but for a wonder she was allowed to have both Saucy Sal and Mike sitting, one on each side of her, and Ellen only grunted when Emily fed them wee bits of bread and butter. Mike had such a cute way of sitting up on his haunches and catching the bits in his paws, and Saucy Sal had her trick of touching Emily’s ankle with an almost human touch when her turn was too long in coming. Emily loved them both, but Mike was her favourite. He was a handsome, dark-grey cat with huge owl-like eyes, and he was so sto'ft and fat and fluffy. Sal was always thin ; EMILY OF NEW MOON 4 no amount of feeding put any flesh on her bones. Emily liked her, but never cared to cuddle or stroke her because of her thinness. Yet there was a sort of weird beauty about her that appealed to Emily. She was grey-and- white — very white and very sleek, with a long, pointed face, very long ears and very green eyes. She was a redoubtable fighter, and strange cats were vanquished in one round. The fearless little spitfire would even at¬ tack dogs and rout them utterly. Emily loved her pussies. She had brought them up herself, as she proudly said. They had been given to her when they were kittens by her Sunday School teacher. “A living present is so nice,” she told Ellen, “be¬ cause it keeps on getting nicer all the time.” But she worried considerably because Saucy Sal didn't have kittens. “I don’t know why she doesn’t,” she complained to Ellen Greene. “Most cats seem to have more kittens than they know what to do with.” After supper Emily went in and found that her father had fallen asleep. She was very glad of this; she knew he had not slept much for two nights ; but she was a little disappointed that they were not going to have that “real talk.” “Real” talks with Father were always such delightful things. But next best would be a walk — a lovely all-by-your-lonesome walk through the grey eve¬ ning of the young spring. It was so long since she had had a walk. “You put on your hood and mind you scoot back if it starts to rain,” warned Ellen. “You can’t monkey with colds the way some kids can.” “Why can’t I?” Emily asked rather indignantly. Why must she be debarred from “monkeying with colds” if other children could? It wasn’t fair. But Ellen only grunted. Emily muttered under her breath for her own satisfaction, “You are a fat old thing of no importance!” and slipped upstairs to get her hood THE HOUSE IN THE HOLLOW 5 — rather reluctantly, for she loved to run bareheaded. She put the faded blue hood on over her long, heavy braid of glossy, jet-black hair, and smiled chummily at her reflection in the little greenish glass. The smile be¬ gan at the corners of her lips and spread over her face in a slow, subtle, very wonderful way, as Douglas Starr often thought. It was her dead mother’s smile — the thing that had caught and held him long ago when he had first seen Juliet Murray. It seemed to be Emily’s only physical inheritance from her mother. In all else, he thought, she was like the Starrs — in her large, pur¬ plish-grey eyes with their very long lashes and black brows, in her high, white forehead — too high for beauty — in the delicate modeling of her pale oval face and sensitive mouth, in the little ears that were pointed just a wee bit to show that she was kin to tribes of elfland. “I’m going for a walk with the Wind Woman, dear,” said Emily. “I wish I could take you too. Do you ever get out of that room, I wonder. The Wind Woman is going to be out in the fields to-night. She is tall and misty, with thin, grey, silky clothes blowing all about her — and wings like a bat’s — only you can see through them — and shining eyes like stars looking through her long, loose hair. She can fly — but to-night she will walk with me all over the fields. She’s a great friend of mine — the Wind Woman is. I’ve known her ever since I was six. We’re old , old friends — but not quite so old as you and I, little Emily-in-the-glass. We’ve been friends always, haven’t we?” With a blown kiss to little Emily-in-the-glass, Emily- out-of-the-glass was off. The Wind Woman was waiting for her outside — ruffling the little spears of striped grass that were stick¬ ing up stiffly in the bed under the sitting-room window — tossing the big boughs of Adam-and-Eve — whispering among the misty green branches of the birches — teasing the “Rooster Pine” behind the house — it really did look 6 EMILY OF NEW MOON like an enormous, ridiculous rooster, with a huge, bunchy tail and a head thrown back to crow. It was so long since Emily had been out for a walk that she was half crazy with the joy of it. The winter had been so stormy and the snow so deep that she was never allowed out ; April had been a month of rain and wind ; so on this May evening she felt like a released prisoner. Where should she go? Down the brook — or over the fields to the spruce barrens? Emily chose the latter. She loved the spruce barrens, away at the further end of the long, sloping pasture. That was a place where magic was made. She came more fully into her fairy birthright there than in any other place. Nobody who saw Emily skimming over the bare field would have envied her. She was little and pale and poorly clad ; sometimes she shivered in her thin jacket; yet a queen might have gladly given a crown for her visions — her dreams of wonder. The brown, frosted grasses under her feet were velvet piles. The old, mossy, gnarled half¬ dead spruce-tree, under which she paused for a moment to look up into the sky, was a marble column in a palace of the gods ; the far dusky hills were the ramparts of a city of wonder. And for companions she had all the fairies of the countryside — for she could believe in them here — the fairies of the white clover and satin catkins, the little green folk of the grass, the elves of the young fir-trees, sprites of wind and wild fern and thistledown. Anything might happen there — everything might come true. And the barrens were such a splendid place in which to play hide and seek with the Wind Woman. She was so very real there; if you could just spring quickly enough around a little cluster of spruces — only you never could — you would see her as well as feel her and hear her. There she was — that was the sweep of her grey cloak — no, she was laughing up in the very top of the THE HOUSE IN THE HOLLOW 7 taller trees — and the chase was on again — till, all at once, it seemed as if the Wind Woman were gone — and the evening was bathed in a wonderful silence — and there was a sudden rift in the curdled clouds westward, and a lovely, pale, pinky-green lake of sky with a new moon in it. Emily stood and looked at it with clasped hands and her little black head upturned. She must go home and write down a description of it in the yellow account book, where the last thing written had been, “Mike’s Biog- raffy.” It would hurt her with its beauty until she wrote it down. Then she would read it to Father. She must not forget how the tips of the trees on the hill came out like fine black lace across the edge of the pinky- green sky. And then, for one glorious, supreme moment, came “the flash.” Emily called it that, although she felt that the name didn’t exactly describe it. It couldn’t be described — not even to Father, who always seemed a little puzzled by it. Emily never spoke of it to any one else. It had always seemed to Emily, ever since she could remember, that she was very, very near to a world of wonderful beauty. Between it and herself hung only a thin curtain ; she could never draw the curtain aside — but sometimes, just for a moi lent, a wind fluttered it and then it was as if she caught i glimpse of the enchant¬ ing realm beyond — only a glimpse — and heard a note of unearthly music. This moment came rarely — went swiftly, leaving her breathless with the inexpressible delight of it. She could never recall it — never summon it — never pretend it; but the wonder of it stayed with her for days. It never came twice with the same thing. To-night the dark boughs against that far-off sky had given it. It had come with a high, wild note of wind in the night, with a shadow wave over a ripe field, with a greybird 8 EMILY OF NEW MOON lighting on her window-sill in a storm, with the sing¬ ing of “Holy, holy, holy” in church, with a glimpse of the kitchen fire when she had come home on a dark autumn night, with the spirit-like blue of ice palms on a twilit pane, with a felicitous new word when she was writing down a “description” of something. And al¬ ways when the flash came to her Emily felt that life was a wonderful, mysterious thing of persistent beauty. She scuttled back to the house in the hollow, through the gathering twilight, all agog to get home and write down her “description” before the memory picture of what she had seen grew a little blurred. She knew just how she would begin it — the sentence seemed to shape itself in her mind : “The hill called to me and some¬ thing in me called back to it.” She found Ellen Greene waiting for her on the sunken front-doorstep. Emily was so full of happiness that she loved everything at that moment, even fat things of no importance. She flung her arms around Ellen’s knees and hugged them. Ellen looked down gloomily into the rapt little face, where excitement had kindled a faint wild-rose flush, and said, with a ponderous sigh: “Do you know that your pa has only a week or two more to live?” CHAPTER II A Watch in the Night EMILY stood quite still and looked up at Ellen’s broad, red face — as still as if she had been suddenly turned to stone. She felt as if she had. She was as stunned as if Ellen had struck her a physical blow. The colour faded out of her little face and her pupils dilated A WATCH IN THE NIGHT 9 until they swallowed up the irides and turned her eyes into pools of blackness. The effect was so startling that even Ellen Greene felt uncomfortable. “I’m telling you this because I think it’s high time you was told,” she said. “I’ve been at your pa for months to tell you, but he’s kept putting it off and off. I says to him, says I, ‘You know how hard she takes things, and if you drop off suddent some day it'll most kill her if she hasn’t been prepared. It’s your duty to prepare her,’ and he says, says he, ‘There’s time enough yet, Ellen.’ But he’s never said a word, and when the doctor told me last night that the end might come any time now, I just made up my mind that I'd do what was right and drop a hint to prepare you. Laws-a-massy, child, don’t look like that! You’ll be looked after. Your ma’s people will see to that — on account of the Murray pride, if for no other reason. They won’t let one of their own blood starve or go to strangers — even if they have always hated your pa like p’isen. You’ll have a good home — better’n you’ve ever had here. You needn't worry a mite. As for your pa, you ought to be thankful to see him at rest. He’s been dying by inches for the last five years. He’s kept it from you, but he’s been a great sufferer. Folks say his heart broke when your ma died — it came on him so suddent-like — she was only sick three days. That’s why I want you to know what’s coming, so’s you won’t be all upset when it hap¬ pens. For mercy’s sake, Emily Byrd Starr, don’t stand there staring like that! You give me the creeps! You ain’t the first child that’s been left an orphan and you won’t be the last. Try and be sensible. And don’t go pestering your pa about what I’ve told you, mind that. Come you in now, out of the damp, and I’ll give you a cooky ’fore you go to bed.” Ellen stepped down as if to take the child’s hand. The power of motion returned to Emily — she must scream io EMILY OF NEW MOON if Ellen even touched her now. With one sudden, sharp, bitter little cry she avoided Ellen’s hand, darted through the door and fled up the dark staircase. Ellen shook her head and waddled back to her kitchen. “Anyhow, I’ve done my duty,” she reflected. “He’d have just kept saying ‘time enough’ and put it off till he was dead and then there’d have been no managing her. She’ll have time now to get used to it, and she’ll brace up in a day or two. I will say for her she’s got spunk — which is lucky, from all I’ve heard of the Mur¬ rays. They won't find it easy to overcrow her. She’s got a streak of their pride, too, and that’ll help her through. I wish I dared send some of the Murrays word that he’s dying, but I don’t dast go that far. There’s no telling what he'd do. Well, I’ve stuck on here to the last and I ain’t sorry. Not many women would ’a’ done it, living as they do here. It’s a shame the way that child’s been brought up — never even sent to school. Well, I’ve told him often enough what I’ve thought of it — it ain't on my conscience, that’s one com¬ fort. Here, you Sal-thing, you git out ! Where’s Mike, too?” Ellen could not find Mike for the very good reason that he was upstairs with Emily, held tightly in her arms, as she sat in the darkness on her little cot bed. Amid her agony and desolation there was a certain comfort in the feel of his soft fur and round velvety head. Emily was not crying; she stared straight into the darkness, trying to face the awful thing Ellen had told her. She did not doubt it — something told her it was true. Why couldn’t she die, too? She couldn’t go on living without Father. “If I was God I wouldn’t let things like this happen,” she said. She felt it was very wicked of her to say such a thing * — Ellen had told her once that it was the wickedest thing any one could do to find fault with God. But she didn’t A WATCH IN THE NIGHT 1 1 care. Perhaps if she were wicked enough God would strike her dead and then she and Father could keep on being together. But nothing happened — only Mike got tired of being held so tightly and squirmed away. She was all alone now, with this terrible burning pain that seemed all over her and yet was not of the body. She could never get rid of it. She couldn’t help it by writing about it in the old yellow account book. She had written there about her Sunday School teacher going away, and of being hungry when she went to bed, and Ellen telling her she must be half crazy to talk of Wind Women and flashes ; and after she had written down all about them these things hadn’t hurt her any more. But this couldn’t be written about. She could not even go to Father for comfort, as she had gone when she burned her hand so badly, picking up the red-hot poker by mistake. Father had held her in his arms all that night and told her stories and helped her to bear the pain. But Father, so Ellen had said, was going to die in a week or two. Emily felt as if Ellen had told her this years and years ago. It surely couldn’t be less than an hour since she had been playing with the Wind Woman in the barrens and look¬ ing at the new moon in the pinky-green sky. “The flash will never come again — it can't,” she thought. But Emily had inherited certain things from her fine old ancestors — the power to fight — to suffer — to pity — to love very deeply — to rejoice — to endure. These things were all in her and looked out at you through her pur¬ plish-grey eyes. Her heritage of endurance came to her aid now and bore her up. She must not let Father know what Ellen had told her — it might hurt him. She must keep it all to herself and love Father, oh, so much, in the little while she could yet have him. She heard him cough in the room below : she must be in bed when he came up; she undressed as swiftly a*s her 12 EMILY OF NEW MOON cold fingers permitted and crept into the little cot bed which stood across the open window. The voices of the gentle spring night called to her all unheeded — un¬ heard the Wind Woman whistled by the eaves. For the fairies dwell only in the kingdom of Happiness; having no souls they cannot enter the kingdom of Sorrow. She lay there cold and tearless and motionless when her father came into the room. Flow very slowly he walked — how very slowly he took off his clothes. How was it she had never noticed these things before? But lie was not coughing at all. Oh, what if Ellen were mis¬ taken? — what if — a wild hope shot through her aching heart. She gave a little gasp. Douglas Starr came over to her bed. She felt his dear nearness as he sat down on the chair beside her, in his old red dressing-gown. Oh, how she loved him ! There was no other Father like him in all the world — there never could have been — so tender, so understand¬ ing, so wonderful! They had always been such chums — they had loved each other so much — it couldn’t be that they were to be separated. “Winkums, are you asleep?” “No,” whispered Emily. “Are you sleepy, small dear?” “No — no — not sleepy.” Douglas Starr took her hand and held it tightly. “Then well have our talk, honey. I can’t sleep either. I want to tell you something.” “Oh — I know it — I know it!” burst out Emily. “Oh, Father, I know it! Ellen told me.” Douglas Starr was silent for a moment. Then he said under his breath, “The old fool — the fat old fool!” — as if Ellen’s fatness was an added aggravation of her folly. Again, for the last time, Emily hoped. Perhaps it was all a dreadful mistake — just some more of Ellen’s fat foolishness. “It — it isn't true, is it, Father?” she whispered. A WATCH IN THE NIGHT 13 “Emily, child/’ said her father, “I can’t lift you up — I haven’t the strength — but climb up and sit on my knee — in the old way.” Emily slipped out of bed and got on her father’s knee. He wrapped the old dressing-gown about her and held her close with his face against hers. “Dear little child — little beloved Emilykin, it is quite true,” he said, “I meant to tell you myself to-night. And now that old absurdity of an Ellen has told you — • brutally, I suppose — and hurt you dreadfully. She has the brain of a hen and the sensibility of a cow. May jackals sit on her grandmother’s grave! / wouldn't have hurt you, dear.” Emily fought something down that wanted to choke her. “Father, I can’t — I can’t bear it.” “Yes, you can and will. You will live because there is something for you to do, I think. You have my gift — along with something I never had. You will succeed where I failed, Emily. I haven’t been able to do much for you, sweetheart, but I’ve done what I could. I’ve taught you something, I think — in spite of Ellen Greene. Emily, do you remember your mother?’’ “Just a little — here and there — like lovely bits of dreams.” “You were only four when she died. I've never talked much to you about her — I couldn’t. But I’m going to tell you all about her to-night. It doesn’t hurt me to talk of her now — I’ll see her so soon again. You don’t look like her, Emily — only when you smile. For the rest, you’re like your namesake, my mother. When you were born I wanted to call you Juliet, too. But your mother wouldn’t. She said if we called you Juliet then I’d soon take to calling her ‘Mother’ to distinguish be¬ tween you, and she couldn’t endure that. She said her Aunt Nancy had once said to her, ‘The first time your husband calls you “Mother” the romance of life is over.’ EMILY OF NEW MOON H So we called you after my mother — her maiden name was Emily Byrd. Your mother thought Emily the pret¬ tiest name in the world, — it was quaint and arch and delightful, she said. Emily, your mother was the sweet¬ est woman ever made.” His voice trembled and Emily snuggled close. “I met her twelve years ago, when I was sub-editor of the Enterprise up in Charlottetown and she was in her last year at Queen's. She was tall and fair and blue¬ eyed. She looked a little like your Aunt Laura, but Laura was never so pretty. Their eyes were very much alike — and their voices. She was one of the Murrays from Blair Water. I’ve never told you much about your mother’s people, Emily. They live up on the old north shore at Blair Water on New Moon Farm — always have lived there since the first Murray came out from the Old Country in 1790. The ship he came on was called the New Moon and he named his farm after her.” “It’s a nice name — the new moon is such a pretty thing,” said Emily, interested for a moment. “There’s been a Murray ever since at New Moon Farm. They’re a proud family — the Murray pride is a byword along the north shore, Emily. Well, they had some things to be proud of, that cannot be denied — but they carried it too far. Folks call them ‘the chosen people’ up there. “They increased and multiplied and scattered all over, but the old stock at New Moon Farm is pretty well run out. Only your Aunts, Elizabeth and Laura, live there now, and their cousin, Jimmy Murray. They never married — could not find any one good enough for a Mur¬ ray, so it used to be said. Your Uncle Oliver and your Uncle Wallace live in Summerside, your Aunt Ruth in Shrewsbury and your Great-Aunt Nancy at Priest Pond.” “Priest Pond — that’s an interesting name — not a pretty name like New Moon and Blair Water — but interesting,” said Emily. Feeling Father’s arm around her the horrbr A WATCH IN THE NIGHT 15 had momentarily shrunk away. For just a little while she ceased to believe it. Douglas Starr tucked the dressing-gown a little more closely around her, kissed her black head, and went on. “Elizabeth and Laura and Wallace and Oliver and Ruth were old Archibald Murray’s children. His first wife was their mother. When he was sixty he married again — a young slip of a girl — who died when your mother was born. Juliet was twenty years younger than her half- family, as she used to call them. She was very pretty and charming and they all loved and petted her and were very proud of her. When she fell in love with me, a poor young journalist, with nothing in the world but his pen and his ambition, there was a family earthquake. The Murray pride couldn’t tolerate the thing at all. I won’t rake it all up — but things were said I could never forget or forgive. Your mother married me, Emily — and the New Moon people would have nothing more to do with her. Can you believe that, in spite of it, she was never sorry for marrying me?” Emily put up her hand and patted her father’s hollow cheek. “Of course she wouldn't be sorry. Of course she’d rather have you than all the Murrays of any kind of a moon.” Father laughed a little — and there was just a note of triumph in his laugh. “Yes, she seemed to feel that way about it. And we were so happy — oh, Emilykin, there never were two hap¬ pier people in the world. You were the child of that happiness. I remember the night you were born in the little house in Charlottetown. It was in May and a west wind was blowing silvery clouds over the moon. There was a star or two here and there. In our tiny garden — everything we had was small except our love and our happiness — it was dark and blossomy. I walked up and ib EMILY OF NEW MOON down the path between the beds of violets your mother had planted — and prayed. The pale east was just be¬ ginning to glow like a rosy pearl when some one came and told me I had a little daughter. I went in — and your mother, white and weak, smiled just that dear, slow, wonderful smile I loved, and said, ‘We’ve — got — the only — baby — of any importance — in — the world, dear. Just — think — of that!’ ” “I wish people could remember from the very moment they’re born,” said Emily. “It would be so very inter¬ esting.” “I dare say we’d have a lot of uncomfortable mem¬ ories,” said her father, laughing a little. “It can’t be very pleasant getting used to living — no pleasanter than get¬ ting used to stopping it. But you didn’t seem to find it hard, for you wrere a good wee kidlet, Emily. We had four more happy years and then — do you remember the time your mother died, Emily?” “I remember the funeral, Father — I remember it dis¬ tinctly. You were standing in the middle of a room, holding me in your arms, and Mother was lying just before us in a long, black box. And you were crying — and I couldn’t think why — and I wondered why Mother looked so white and wouldn’t open her eyes. And I leaned down and touched her cheek — and oh, it was so cold. It made me shiver. And somebody in the room said, ‘Poor little thing!’ and I was frightened and put my face down on your shoulder.” “Yes, I recall that. Your mother died very suddenly. I don’t think we’ll talk about it. The Murrays all came to her funeral. The Murrays have certain traditions and they live up to them very strictly. One of them is that nothing but candles shall be burned for light at New Moon — and another is that no quarrel must be carried past the grave. They came when she was dead — they would have come when she was ill if they had known, I will say that much for them. And they behaved very A WATCH IN THE NIGHT 17 well — oh, very well indeed. They were not the Murrays of New Moon for nothing. Your Aunt Elizabeth wore her best black satin dress to the funeral. For any fu¬ neral but a Murray’s the second best one would have done ; and they made no serious objection when I said your mother would be buried in the Starr plot in Charlotte¬ town cemetery. They would have liked to take her back to the old Murray burying-ground in Blair Water — • they had their own private burying-ground, you know — - no indiscriminate graveyard for them. But your Uncle Wallace handsomely admitted that a woman should be¬ long to her husband’s family in death as in life. And then they offered to take you and bring you up — to ‘give you your mother’s place.’ I refused to let them have you — then. Did I do right, Emily?” “Yes — yes — yes!” whispered Emily, with a hug at every “yes.” “I told Oliver Murray — it was he who spoke to me about you — that as long as I lived I would not be parted from my child. He said, Tf you ever change your mind, let us know.’ But I did not change my mind — not even three years later when my doctor told me I must give up work. Tf you don’t, I give you a year,’ he said, ‘if you do, and live out-of-doors all you can, I give you three — or possibly four.’ He was a good prophet. I came out here and we've had four lovely years together, haven’t we, small dear one?” “Yes— oh, yes!” “Those years and what I’ve taught you in them are the only legacy I can leave you, Emily. The Murray pride will guarantee so much, if nothing i8 EMILY OF NEW MOON else. And they can’t help loving you. Perhaps I should have sent for them before — perhaps I ought to do it yet. But I have pride of a kind, too — the Starrs are not en¬ tirely traditionless — and the Murrays said some very bit¬ ter things to me when I married your mother. Will I send to New Moon and ask them to come, Emily?” “No!” said Emily, almost fiercely. She did not want any one to come between her and Father for the few precious days left. The thought was horrible to her. It would be bad enough if they had to come — afterwards. But she would not mind any¬ thing much — then. “We’ll stay together to the very end, then, little Emily- child. We won’t be parted for a minute. And I want you to be brave. You mustn’t be afraid of anything, Emily. Death isn’t terrible. The universe is full of love — and spring comes everywhere — and in death you open and shut a door. There are beautiful things on the other side of the door. I’ll find your mother there — I’ve doubted many things, but I’ve never doubted that. Sometimes I’ve been afraid that she would get so far ahead of me in the ways of eternity that I’d never catch up. But I feel now that she’s waiting for me. And we’ll wait for you — we won’t hurry — we’ll loiter and linger till you catch up with us.” “I wish you — could take me right through the door with you,” whispered Emily. “After a little while you won’t wish that. You have yet to learn how kind time is. And life has something for you — I feel it. Go forward to meet it fearlessly, dear. I know you don’t feel like that just now — but you will remember my words by and by.” “I feel just now,” said Emily, who couldn’t bear to hide anything from Father, “that I don’t like God any more.” Douglas Starr laughed — the laugh Emily liked best. It was such a dear laugh — she caught her breath over A HOP OUT OF KIN 19 the dearness of it. She felt his arms tightening round her. “Yes, you do, honey. You can’t help liking God. He is Love itself, you know. You mustn’t mix Him up with Ellen Greene’s God, of course.” Emily didn’t know exactly what Father meant. But all at once she found that she wasn’t afraid any longer — and the bitterness had gone out of her sorrow, and the unbearable pain out of her heart. She felt as if love was all about her and around her, breathed out from some great, invisible, hovering Tenderness. One couldn’t be afraid or bitter where love was — and love was every¬ where. Father was going through the door — no, he was going to lift a curtain — she liked that thought better, because a curtain wasn’t as hard and fast as a door — and he would slip into that world of which the flash had given her glimpses. He would be there in its beauty — never very far away from her. She could bear anything if she could only feel that Father wasn’t very far away from her — just beyond that wavering curtain.	28,205
dli.bengal.10689.15397_14	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	null	None	None	English	Spoken	7,469	9,775	I had no difficulty in assigning an important post among this class of persons, whose agency and exertion are only doubted by those who look on the surface of things, to this Mr Herries, whose mental energies, as well as his personal strength and activity, seemed to qualify him well to act so dangerous a part; and I knew that, all along the Western Border, both iu England and Scotland, there are so many Non jurors, that such a person may reside there with absolute safety, unless it becomes, in a very especial degree, the object of the government to secure his person; and which purpose, even then, might be disappointed by early intelligence, or, as in the case of Mr Foxlev, by the unwillingness of provincial magistrates to interfere in what is now considered an invidious pursuit of the unfortunate. There have, however, been rumours lately, ns if the present state of the nation, or at least of somo discontented provinces, agitated by a variety of causes, but particularly by the unpopu¬ larity of die present administration, may seem to this species of agitators, a favourable period for recommencing their intrigues ; while, on the other hand, government may not, at such a crisis, bo inclined to look upon them with the contempt which a few years ago would have been their most appropriate punishment. That men should he found rash enough to throw away their services and lives in a desperate cause, is nothing new in history, which abounds widi instances of similar devotion — diat Mr Herries is such an enthusiast, is no less evident; but all this explains not his conduct towards me. Had he sought to make me ^proselyte to his ruined cause, violence and compulsion were -VgumentB very unlikely to prevail with any generous spirit. But even if such were his object, of what use to him could be the acquisition of a single reluctant partisan, who could bring only his own person to support any quarrel which he might adopt t REDGAUNTLET. 191 He liad claimed over me the rights of a guardian ; he liad more than hinted that I was in a state of mind which could not dispense with the authority of such a person. Was this man, so sternly desperate in his purpose, — he who seemed willing to take on ltis own shoulders the entire support of a cause which had been ruin* ous to thousands, — was he tho person that had the power of deciding on my fate! Was it from him those dangers flowed, to secure me against which 1 had been educated under such circum¬ stances of secrecy and precaution 1 And if this was so, of what nature was the claim which he asserted ? — Was it that of propinquity ? And did I share tho blood, perhaps the features, of this singular being ? — Strange as it may seem, a thrill of awe, which shot across my mind at that instant, was not uumingled with a wild and mysterious feeling of wonder, almost amounting to pleasure, f remembered the reflec- tion of my own face in the mirror, at one striking moment during the singular interview of the day, and I hastened to the outward apartment to consult a glass which hung there, whether it were possible for ray countenance to bo again contorted into the peculiar frown which so much resembled the terrific look of Herries. But I folded my brows in vain into a thousand compli¬ cated wrinkles, and l was obliged to conclude, either that the supposed mark on my brow was altogether imaginary, or that it could not be called forth by voluntary effort; or, in fine, what seemed most likely, that it was such a resemblance ad the imagin¬ ation traces in the embers of a wood fire, or among the varied veins of marble, distinct at one time, and obscure or invisible at another, according as the combination of lines strikes the oye, or impresses the fancy. While I was moulding my visage like a mod player, the door suddenly opened, and the girl of the house entered. Angry and ashamed at being detected in my singular occupation, 1 turned round sharply, and, I suppose, chance produced the change on my features which I had been in vain labouring to call forth. The girl started back, with her a Don’t ye look so now — don’t ye, for love's sake—you be as like the ould Squoire as—But here a conies,” she said, huddling away out of the room ; “ and if you want a third, there is none but ould Harry, as l know of, that can match ye for a brent broo !” As the girl muttered this exclamation, and hastened out of the room, Herries entered. He stopped on observing that 1 had looked again to the mirror, anxious to trace the look by which the wench had undoubtedly been terrified. He seemed to guess what was passing on my mind, for, as T turned towards hint, he observed, “ Doubt not that it is stamped on your forehead — tile fatal mark of our race; though it is not now so apparent as it will become when age and sorrow, and the traces of stormy passions, and of bitter penitence, shall have drawn their furrows on your brow.” REDGA tJNTLKT. m u Mysterious man,” I replied, (C 1 know not of wliat you speak ; your language is as dark as your purposes.” “ git down, then,” ho said, “ and listen ; thus far, at least, must the veil of which you complain be raised. When withdrawn, it will only display guilt and sorrow — guilt followed by strange penalty, and sorrow, which Providence has entailed upon the pos¬ terity of the mourners.” He paused a moment, and commenced his narrative, which lie told with the air of one, who, remote as the events were which he recited, took still the deepest interest in them. The tone of his voice, which 1 have already described as rich and powerful, aided by its inflections the effects of his story, which 1 will endeavour to write down, as nearly as possible, in the very words which he used. “ It was not of late years that the English learned, that their best chance of conquering their independent neighbours must be by introducing amongst them division and civil war. You need not be reminded of the state of thraldom to which Scotland was reduced by the unhappy wars betwixt the domestic factions of Bruce and Baliol ; nor how, after Scotland had been emancipated from a foreign yoke, by the conduct and valour of the immortal Bruce, the whole fruits of the triumphs of Ban¬ nockburn were lost in the dreadful defeats of Dupplin and Halidon ; and Edward Baliol, the minion and feudatory of his namesake of England, seemed, for a brief season, in safe and nncontested possession of the throne so lately occupied by the greatest general and wisest prince in Europe. But the experience of Bruce had not died with him. There were many who had shared his martial labours, and all remembered the successful efforts by which, under circumstances as disadvantageous as those of his son, he had achieved the liberation of Scotland. “ The usurper, Edward Baliol, was feasting with a few ol his favourite retainers in the Castle of Annan, when he was suddenly surprised by a chosen band of insurgent patriots. Their chiefs were, Douglas, Randolph, the young Earl of Moray, and Sir Simon Fraser ; and their success was so complete, that Baliol was obliged to fly for his life scarcely clothed, and on a horse which there was no leisure to saddle. It was of importance to seize his person, if possible, and his flight was closely pursued by a valiant knight of Norman descent, whose family had been long settled in the marches of Dumfries-Bhire. Their Norman appel¬ lation was Fitz-Aldin, but this knight, from the great slaughter which he had made of the Southron, and the reluctance which he had shewn to admit them to quarter during the former war of that bloody period, had acquired the name of Redgauntlet, which As transmitted to his posterity-” ** Redgauntlet!” I involuntarily repeated. * Yes, Redgauntlet,” said my alleged guardian, looking at me keenly j ^ does that name recall any associations to your mind V* REDGAUNTLET. 193 tc No,” I replied,“ except that I had lately heard it given to the hero of a supernatural legend.” “ There are many such current concerning the family,” he answered; and then proceeded in his narrative. “ Alberick Bcdgauutlet, the first of his house so termed, was, as may be supposed from his name, of a stern aud implacable disposition, which had been rendered more so by family discord. An only son, now a youth of eighteen, shared so much the haughty spirit of his father, that he became impatient of domestic control, resisted paternal authority, and finally fled from his father’s house, renounced his political opinions, and awakened his mortal displeasure by joining the adherents of Baliol. It was said that his father cursed, in his wrath, his degenerate offspring, and swore that if they met, he should perish by his hand. Meantime, cir¬ cumstances seemed to promise atonement for this great depri¬ vation. The lady of Alberick Redgauntlet was again, after many years, in a situation which afforded her husbaud the hope of a more dutiful heir. “But the delicacy and deep interest of his wife's condition did not prevent Alberick from engaging in the undertaking of Douglas and Moray, lie had been the most forward in the attack of the castle, and was now foremost in the pursuit of Baliol, eagerly engaged in dispersing or cutting down tho few daring followers who endeavoured to protect the usurper in his flight. “ As these were successively routed or slain, the formidable Redgauntlet, the mortal enemy of the House of Baliol, was within two lances’ length of the fugitive Edward Baliol, in a narrow pass, when a youth, one of the last who attended the usurper in his flight, threw himself between them, received the shock of the pursuer, and was unhorsed and overthrown. The helmet rolled from his head, and the beams of the sun, then rising over the Solway, shewed Redgauntlet the features of his disobedient son, in die livery, and wearing the cognizance, of the usurper. “ Redgauntlet beheld ltis son lying before his horse’s feet; but he also saw Baliol, the usurper of die Scottish crown, still, as it seemed, within liis grasp, and separated from him only by the prostrate body of his overthrown adherent Without pausing to Inquire whether young Edward was wounded, he dashed his spurs Into his horse, meaning to leap over him, but was unhappily frus¬ trated in his purpose. The steed made indeed a bound forward, but was unable to clear the body of the youth, and with its hind foot struck him in the forehead, as lie was in the act of rising. The blow was mortal. It is needless to add, that the pursuit was cheeked, and Baliol escaped. Redgauntlet, ferocious as ho is described, was yet overwhelmed with flie thoughts of the crime he had committed* When he rc- vol. XVIII. It REDGAUNTLET. turned to liis castle, it was to encounter new domestic sorrows. His wife bad been prematurely seized with the pangs of labour, upon hearing the dreadful catastrophe which bad taken place. The birth of an infant boy cost her her life. Redgauntlet sat by her corpse for more thau twenty-four hours without changing either feature or posture, so far as his terrified domestics could observe. The Abbot of Dundrennan preached consolation to him in vain. Douglas, who came to visit in his affliction a patriot of such distinguished zeal, was more successful in rousing his atten¬ tion He caused the trumpets to sound an English point of war in the court-yard, and Redgauntlet at once sprung to his arms, and seemed restored to the recollection, wfiicli had been lost in the extent of his misery. “ From that moment, whatever he might feel inwardly, he gave way t r - no outward emotion. Douglas caused his infant to be brought; but even the iron-hearted soldiers were struck with horror to observe, that, by the mysterious law of nature, the cause of his mother’s death, and the evidence of his father’s guilt, was stamped on the innocent face of the babe, whose brow was dis¬ tinctly marked by the miniature resemblance of a horseshoe. Redgauntlet himself pointed it out to Douglas, saying, with a ghastly smilo, * It should have been bloody.’ “ Moved, as he was, to compassion for his brother-in-arms, and steeled against all softer feelings by the habits of civil war, Doug¬ las shuddered at this sight, aud displayed a desire to leave the house which was doomed to be the scene of such horrors. As his parting advice, he exhorted Alberick Redgauntlet to make a pilgrimage to Saint Ninian's of Whiteherne, then esteemed a shrine of great sanctity ; and departed with a precipitation, which might have aggravated, had that been possible, the forlorn state of his unhappy friend. But that seems to have been incap¬ able of admitting any addition. Sir Alberick caused the bodies of his slaughtered son and the mother to be laid side by side in the ancient chapel of his house, after he had used the skill of a celebrated surgeon of that time to embalm them ; and it was said, that for many weeks he spent some hours nightly in the vault where they reposed. u At length he undertook the proposed pilgrimage to White¬ herne, where he confessed himself for the first time since his misfortune, and was shrived by an aged monk, who afterwards died in the odour of sanctity. It is said, that it was then foretold to the Redgauntlet, that on account of his unshaken patriotism, his family should continue to be powerful amid the changes of future times ; but that, in detestation of his unrelenting cruelty to his own issue, Heaven had decreed that the valour of his race sH^ld always be fruitless, and that the cause which they espoused should never prosper. '" Submitting to such penance as was there imposed, Sir Albe¬ rick went, it is thought, on a pilgrimage either to Rome, or to the HEDGAUNTLET. 195 Holy Sepulchre itself. He was universally considered as dead ; and it was not till thirteen years afterwards, that, in tho great battle of Durham, fought between David Bruce and Queen Phi¬ lippa of England, a knight, bearing a horseshoe for his crest, ap¬ peared in the van of the Scottish army, distinguishing himself by his reckless and desperate valour; who being at length over¬ powered and slain, was finally discovered to bo the brave and unhappy Sir Alberick Red gauntlet.” “ And has the fatal sign,” said 1, when Herries had ended his narrative, “ descended on all the posterity of this unhappy house f” "It has been so handed down from antiquity, and is still be¬ lieved,” said Herries. u But perhaps there is, in the popular evidence, something of that fancy which creates what it sees. Certainly, as other families have peculiarities by which they are distinguished, this of lledgauntlet is marked in most individuals by a singular indenture of the forehead, supposed to be derived from the son of Alberick, their ancestor, and brother to the un¬ fortunate Edward, who had perished in so piteous a manner. It is certain there seems to have been a fate upon the House of Redgauntlet, which has been on the losing side in almost all the civil broils which have divided the kingdom of Scotland from David Bruce’s days, till the late valiant and unsuccessful attempt of the Chevalier Charles Edward.” He concluded with a deep sigh, as one whom the subject had involved in a train of painful reflections. “ And am 1 then,” I exclaimed, ** descended from this unhappy racel — Do you belong to it 1 — And if so, why do I sustain restraint and hard usage at the hands of a relation l” “ Inquire no farther for the present,” ho said. “ The line of conduct which I am pursuing towards you, is dictated not by choice, but by necessity. You were withdrawn from the bosom of your family, and the care of your legal guardian, by the timi¬ dity and ignorance of a doting mother, who was incapable of esti¬ mating the arguments or feelings of those who prefer honour and principle to fortune, and even to life. Tho young hawk, accus¬ tomed only to the fostering care of its dam, mast be tamed by darkness and sleeplessness, ere it is trusted on the wing for the purposes of the falconer.” I was appalled at this declaration, which seemed to threaten a long continuance, and a dangerous termination, of my captivity. I deemed it best, however, to shew some spirit, and at the same time to mingle a tone of conciliation. “ Mr Herries,” I said, M (if I call yon nghtly by that name,) let us speak upon this matter without the tone of mystery and /ear in which you seem inclined to envelope it. I have been long, alas t deprived of the care of that affectionate mother to whom you allnde—long under the charge of strangers—and compelled to form my own resolu¬ tions upon the reasoning of my own mind. Misfortune—early RKDGACNTLET. 196 deprivation—has given me the privilege of acting for myself; and constraint shall not deprive mo of an Englishman’s best privilege.” “ The true cant of the day,” said Herrics, in a tone of scorn. “ Tho privilege of free action belongs to no mortal—we are tied down by tho fetters of duty —our mortal path is limited by the regulations of honour—our most indifferent actions are but meshes of the web of destiny by which we are all surrounded.” tic paced tho room rapidly, and proceeded in a tone of enthu¬ siasm which, joined to some other parts of his conduct, seems to intimate an over-excited imagination, were it not contradicted by the general tenor of his speech and conduct. “ Nothing,” he said, in an earnest yet melancholy voice — “ nothing is the work of chance — nothing is the consequence of free-will—the liberty of which the Englishman boasts gives as little real freedom to its owner, as the despotism of an Eastern Sultan permits to his slave. The usurper, William of Nassau, went forth to hunt, and thought, doubtless, that it was by an act of.his own royal pleasure that the horae of his murdered victim was prepared for his kingly sport. But Heaven had other views; and before the sun was Ugh, a stumble of that very animal over an obstacle so inconsiderable as a mole-hillock, cost the haughty rider his life and his usurped crown. Bo you think an inclina¬ tion of tho rein could have avoided that trifling impediment ? 1 tell you, it crossed his way as inevitably as all the tong chain of Caucasus could have done. Yes, young man, in doing and suffer¬ ing, we play but the part allotted by Destiny, the manager of this strange drama, stand bound to act no more than is prescribed, to say no more than is set down for us; and yet we mouth about free-will, and freedom of thought and action, as if Richard must not die, or Richmond conquer, exactly where the Author has decreed it shall be so l” He continued to pace the room after this speech, with folded arms and downcast looks; and the sound of his steps and tone of his voice brought to my remembrance, that I had heard this sin¬ gular person, when I met him on a former occasion, uttering such soliloquies in his solitary chamber. I observed that, like other Jacobites, in his inveteracy against the memory of King William, he had adopted the party opinion, that the monarch, oa the day he had his fatal accident, rode upon a horse once the property of the unfortunate Sir John Friend, executed for High Treason in 1696. It was not my business to aggravate, but, if possible, rather to soothe him in whose power I was so singularly placed. When t conceived that the keenness of his feelings had in some degree sunsided, I answered him as follows:—“I will not—indeed I feel myself Incompetent to argue a question of such metaphyseal subtlety, as that which involves the limits betwixt free-will and predestination, let us hope we may live honestly and die hope- REDGAUNTLET. 197 fully, without being obliged to form a decided opinion upon a point so far beyond our comprehension.” “ Wisely resolved,” he interrupted, with a sneer—“ there came a note from some Geneva sermon.”. “ But,” I proceeded, “I call your attention to the fact, that I, as well as you, am acted upon by impulses, the result either of my own free will, or the consequences of the part which is assigned to me by destiny. These may be — nay, at present they are — in direct contradiction to those by which you are actuated; and how shall we decide which shall have precedence ? — You perhaps feel yourself destined to act as my jailer. I feel myself, on the contrary, destined to attempt and effect ray escape. One of us must be wrong, but who can say which errs till the event has decided betwixt us I” “ I shall feel myself destined to have recourse to severe modes of restraint,” said he, in the same tone of half jest, half earnest, which I had used. “ In that case,” I answered, “it will be my destiny to attempt every thing for my freedom.” “ And it may be mine, young man,” he replied, in a deep aud stern tone, “ to take care that you should rather die than attain your purpose.” This was speaking out indeed, and I did not allow him to go unanswered. “ You threaten me in vain,” said I; “ the laws of my country will protect me; or whom they cannot protect, they will avenge.” I spoke this firmly, and he seemed for a moment silenced; and the scorn with which he at last answered me, had something of affectation in it. “ The laws!” he said; “ and what, stripling, do you know of the laws of your country?—Could you learn jurisprudence under a base-born blotter of parchment, such as Saunders Fairford; or from the empty pedantic coxcomb, his son, who now, forsooth, writes himself advocate ?—When Scotland was herself, and had her own King and Legislature, such plebeian cubs, instead of being called to the bar of her Supreme Courts, would scarce have been admitted to the honour of bearing a sheepskin process-bag.” Alan, 1 could not bear this, but answered indignantly, that he knew not the worth and honour from which he was detracting. “ I know as much of these Fairfords as I do of you,” he replied. “ As much,” said I, “ and as little; for you can neither esti¬ mate their real worth nor mine. I know you saw them when last in Edinburgh.” “ Ha!” he exclaimed, and turned on me an inquisitive look. “ It is true,” said I; “ you cannot deny it; and having thus shewn yon that l know something of your motions, let me warn yon I have modes of communication with which you are not acquainted. ^Oblige me not to use them to your prejudice.” 198 BEDGAUNTLET* “ Prejudice me /” he replied. “ Young man, I smile at, and' forgive your folly. Nay } I will tell you that of which you are not aware, namely, that it was from letters received from these Fairfords that l first suspected, what the result of my visit to them confirmed, that you were tho person whom 1 had sought for years.” “ If you learned this,” said I, “ from the papers which were about my person on the night when 1 was under the necessity of becoming your guest at Brokenbum, I do not envy your indiffe¬ rence to the means of acquiring information. It was dishonour¬ able to-” “ Peace, young man,” said Hcrries, more calmly than I might have expected; “ the word dishonour must not be mentioned as in conjunction with my name. Your pocketbook was in the pocket of your coat, and did not escape the curiosity of another, though it would have been sacred from mine. My servant, Cristal Nixon, brought me the intelligence after you were gone. I was displeased with the manner in which he had acquired his „ information; but it was not the less my duty to ascertain its truth, and for that purpose I went to Edinburgh. I was in hopes to persuade Mr Fairford to have entered into my views; but I found him too much prejudiced to permit me to trust him. He is a wretched, yet a timid slave of the present government, under which our unhappy country is dishonourably enthralled; and it would have been altogether unfit and unsafe to have intrusted him with the secret either of the right which I possess to direct your actions, or of the manner in which I purpose to exercise it.” I was determined to take advantage of his communicative humour, and obtain, if possible, more light upon his purpose. He seemed most accessible to being piqued on the point of honour, and I resolved to avail myself, but with caution, of his sensibility upon that topic. “ You say,” I replied, “that you are not friendly to indirect practices, and disapprove of tho means by which your domestic obtained information of my name and quality — Is it honourable to avail yourself of that knowledge which is dishonourably obtained 1” a It is boldly asked,” he replied; “ but, within certain necessary limits, I dislike not boldness of expostulation. You have, in this short conference, displayed more character and energy than I was prepared to expect. You will, I trust, resemble a forest plant, wnich has indeed, by some accident, been brought up in the greenhouse, and thus rendered delicate and effeminate, but which regains its native firmness and tenacity, when exposed for a season to the winter air. 1 will answer your question plainly. Ipln business, as in war, spies and informers are necessary evils, ^which all good men detest; but which yet all prudent men muBt use, .unless they mean to fight and act blindfold. But notbingoan justify the use of falsehood and treachery in our own person.” REDGAUNTLET. 199 “ You said to the elder Mr Fairford,” continued I, with tl>e same boldness, which I began to find was my best game, “ that I was tiie son of Kalph Latimer of Langcote-Hall ? — How do you reconcile this with your late assertion that my name ia not Latimer ?” He coloured as he replied, “ The doting old fool lied ; or per¬ haps mistook my meaning. 1 said, that gentleman might be your father. To say truth, I wished you to visit England, your native country; because, when you might do so, ray rights over you would revive.” This speech fully led me to understand a caution which had been often impressed upon me, that, if 1 regarded my safety, I should not cross the southern Border; and £ cursed my own folly, which kept me fluttering like a moth around the candle, until I was betrayed into the calamity with which I hod dallied. “ What are those rights,” T Baid, “which you chum over me t— To what end do you propose to turn them 1” “To a weighty one, you may be certain,” answered Mr Herries; “ but 1 do not, at present, mean to communicate to you either its nature or extent. You may judge of its importance, when, in order entirely to possess myself of your person, I con¬ descended to mix myself with the fellows who destroyed the fish¬ ing station of yon wretched Quaker. That I held him in con¬ tempt, and was displeased at the greedy devices with which he ruined a manly sport, is true enough; but, unless as it favoured my designs on you, he might have, for me, maintained his stake- nets till Solway should cease to ebb and flow.” “ Alas !” I said, “it doubles my regret to have been the un¬ willing cause of misfortune to an honest and friendly man.” “ Do not grieve for that,” said Herries; “ honest Joshua is one of those who, by dint of long prayers, can possess themselves of widows’ houses— he will quickly repair his losses. When ho sustains any miBhap, be and the other canters set it down as a debt against Heaven, and by way of set-off, practise rogueries without compunction, till they make the balance even, or incline it to the winning side. Enough of this for the present.— I must immediately shift my quarters ; for, although I do not fear the over-zeal of Mr Justice Foxley or his clerk will lead them to any extreme measure, yet that mad scoundrel’s unhappy recognition of me may make it more serious for them to connive at mo, and I must not put their patience to an over severe trial. You must prepare to attend me, either as a captive or a companion ; if as the latter, you must give your parole of honour to attempt no escape. Should you be so ill advised as to break your word once pledged, be assured that I will blow your brains out, without a moment’s scruple.” “Iam ignorant of your plans and purposes,” I replied, “and cannot but hold them dangerous. I do not mean to aggravate my present situation by any unavailing resistance to the superior 200 REDGAUNTLET. force which detains me; but I will not renounce the right of asserting uiy natural freedom should a favourable opportunity occur. I will, therefore, rather be your prisoner than your con¬ federate.” “ That i‘5 spoken fairly,” he said; “ and yet not without the canny caution of one brought up in the Gude Town of Edinburgh. On my part, I will impose no unnecessary hardship upon you; hut, on the contrary, your journey shall be made as easy as is consistent with your being kept safely. Do you feel strong enough to ride on horseback as yet, or would you prefer a car¬ riage ? The former mode of travelling is best adapted to the country through which we are to travel, but you are at liberty to choose between them.” I s»iJ, “ I felt my strength gradually returning, and that I should much prefer travelling on horseback. A carriage,” I added, u is so close-” “ And so easily guarded,” replied Hcrries, with a look as if he would have penetrated my very thoughts,—“ that, doubtless, you think horseback better calculated for an escape.” “ My thoughts are my own,” I answered ; “ and though you keep my person prisoner, these are beyond your control.” u Oh, I can read the book,” he said, “ without opening the leaves. Bat I would recommend to you to make no rash attempt, and it will be my care to see that you have no power to make any that is likely to be effectual. Linen, and all other necessaries for one in your circumstances, are amply provided, Cristal Nixon will act as your valet,—I should rather, perhaps, say, your fnmne de chambre. Your travelling dress you may perhaps con¬ sider as singular; but it is such as the circumstances require; and, if you object to use the articles prepared for your use, your mode of journeying will be as personally unpleasant as that which conducted you hither. — Adieu—We now know each other better than we did—it will not be my fault if the consequences of farther intimacy be not a more favourable mutual opinion.” He then left me with a civil good night, to my own reflections, and only turned back to say, that we should proceed on our jour¬ ney at daybreak next morning, at farthest; perhaps earlier, he said; but complimented me by supposing that, as I was a sports¬ man, 1 must always be ready for a sudden start. We are then at issue, this singular man and myself. His per¬ sonal views are to a certain point explained. He has chosen an antiquated and desperate line of politics, and he claims, from some pretended tie of guardianship, or relationship, which he does not deign to explain, but which he seems to have been able to pass jprrenton a silly country Justice and his knavish clerk, a nght to direct and to control my motions. The danger which awaited me in England, and which I might have escaped had 1 remained in Scotland, was doubtless occasioned by the authority of this man. But what my poor mother might fear for me as a child—what REDGAUNTLET. 201 my English friend, Samuel Griffiths, endeavoured to guard against during my youth and nonage, is now, it seems, come upon me ; and, under a legal pretext, 1 am detained in what must be a most illegal manner, by a person, too, whose own political immunities have been forfeited by his conduct. It matters not— my mind is made up — neither persuasion nor threats shall force me into the desperate designs which this man meditates. Whethor I am of the trifling consequence which my life hitherto seems to inti¬ mate, or whether 1 have (as would appear from my adversary’s conduct) such importance, by birth or fortune, as may make me a desirable acquisition to a political faction, my resolution is taken in either case. Those who read this Journal, if it shall be perused by impartial oy es, shall judge of me truly; and if they consider me as a fool in encountering danger unnecessarily, they shall have no reason to believe roe a coward or a turncoat, when I find myself engaged in it. I have been bred in sentiments of attachment to the family on the throne, and in these sentiments 1 .will live and die. I have, indeed, some idea that Mr Herries has already dis¬ covered tbat I am made of different and more unmallcable metal than he had at first believed. There were letters from my dear Alan Fairford, giving a ludicrous account of my instability of temper, in the same pocketbook, which, according to the admis¬ sion of my pretended guardian, fell under the investigation of his domestic, during the night I passed at Brokenburn, where, as I now recollect, my wet clothes, with the contents of my pockets, wero, with the thoughtlessness of a young traveller, committed too rashly to the care of a strange servant. And my kind friend and hospitable landlord, Mr Alexander Fairford, may also, and with justice, have spoken of my levities to this man. But he shall find he has made a false estimate upon these plausible grounds, since- I must break off for the present. CHAPTER X. latimer's journal, in continuation. There is at length a halt—at length I have gained so much privacy as to enable me to continue my Journal. It has become a sort of task of duty to me, without the discharge of which I do not feel that the business of the day is performed. True, no friendly eye may ever look upon these labours, which have amused the solitary hours of an unhappy prisoner. Yet, in the mean¬ while, the exercise of the pen seems to act as a sedative upon my own agitated thoughts ana tumultuous passions. I never lay it down but I rise stronger in resolution, more ardent in hope. A thousand vague fears, wild expectations, and indigested sememes, ABDGAUNTLET. 302 hurry through one's thoughts in seasons of doubt and of danger. But by arresting them as they flit across the mind, by throwing them on paper, and even by that mechanical act compelling our¬ selves to consider them with scrupulous and minute attention, we may perhaps escape becoming the dupeB of our own excited ima¬ gination j just as a young horse is cured of the vice of starting, by being made to stand still and look for some time without any interruption at the cause of ils terror. There remains but one risk, which is that of discovery. But besides the small characters, in which my residence in Mr Fair- ford’s house enabled me to excel, for the purpose of transferring as many scroll sheets as possible to a huge sheet of stamped paper, 1 have, as 1 have elsewhere intimated, had hitherto the com¬ fortable reflection, that if tho record of my misfortunes should fall into the hands of him by whom they are caused, they would, without harming any one, shew him the real character and disposition of tho person who lias become his prisoner—perhaps his victim. Now, however, that other names, and other characters, are to be - mingled with the register of my own sentiments, I must take additional care of these papers, and keep them in such a manner that, in case of the least hazard of detection, I may be able to destroy them at a moment’s notice. I shall not soon or easily forget the lesson I have been taught, by the prying disposition which Cristal Nixon, this man’s agent and confederate, manifested at Brokenburn, and which proved the original cause of my sufferings. My laying aside the last sheet of my Journal hastily, was occa¬ sioned by the unwonted sound of a violin, in the farm-yard beneath my windows. It will not appear surprising to those who have made music their study, that, after listening to a few notes, 1 became at once assured that tho musician was no other than the itinerant, formerly mentioned as present at the destruction of Joshua Geddcs’s stake-nets, the superior delicacy and force of whose execution would enable me to swear to his bow amongst a whole orchestra. I had the less reason to doubt his identity, because he played twice over the beautiful Scottish air called Wandering Willie ; and I could not help concluding that he did so for the purpose of intimating his own presence, since what the French called the nom de guerre of tho performer was described by the tune. Hope will catch at the most feeble twig for support in extremity. 1 knew this man, though deprived of sight, to be bold, ingenious, and perfectly capable of acting as a guide. I believed I had won his good-will, by having, in a frolic, assumed the character of his Jgpartner; and 1 remembered that, in a wild, Wandering, and dis¬ orderly course of life, men, as they become loosened from the ordinary bonds of civil society, held those of comradeship more closely sacred; so that honour is sometimes found among thieves, and faith and attachment in such as the law has termed vagrants. REDGAUNTLET. 203 The history of Richard Coeur de Lion and his minstrel, Blondel, rushed, at the same time, on my mind, though I could not even then suppress a smile at the dignity of the example, when applied to a blind fiddler and myself. Still there was something in all this to awaken a hope, that if I could open a correspondence with this poor violer, he might be useful in extricating me from my present situation. His profession furnished me with some hope that this desired communication might bo attained; since it is well known that, in Scotland, where there is so much national music, the words and airs of which aro generally known, there is a kind of free¬ masonry amongst performers, by which they can, by the mere choice of a tunc, express a gr^at deal to the hearers. Personal allusions are often made in this manner, with much point and pleasantry; and nothing is more usual at public festivals, than that tho air played to accompany a particular health or toast, is made the vehicle of compliment, of wit, and sometimes of satire. While these things passed through my mind rapidly, 1 heard my friend beneath recommence, for the third time, the air from which his own name had been probably adopted, when he was iuterrupted by his rustic auditors. “ If thou canst play no other spring but that, mon, ho hadst best put up ho’s pipes and bo jogging. Squoiro will be back anon, or Master Nixon, and we'll see who will pay poiper then.” Oho, thought I, if I have no sharper ears than those of my friends Jan and Dorcas to encounter, I may venture an experi¬ ment upon them; and, as most expressive of my state of captivity, I sung two or three lines of the 137th Psalm — "By Babel’s streams we sat and wept.” The country people listened with attention, and when I ceased, I heard them whisper together in tones of commiseration, “ Lack-a-day, poor soul! so pretty a man to he beside his wits 1” "An he he that gate,” said Wandering Willie, in a tone calculated to reach my ears, " I ken naething will raise his spirits like a spring.” And he struck up, with great vigour and spirit, the lively Scottish air, the words of which instantly occurred to me,— " Oh whistle and I ’ll come t’ye, my lad. Oh whistle and I ’ll come t 1 ye, my lad; Though father and mother and a’should gae mad. Oh whistle and I’ll coibe t’ye, my lad.” I soon heard a clattering noise of feet in the court-yard, which * Every one must remember Instances of this festive custom, in which the adaptation of the tune to the toast was remarkably felicitous. Old Ntel Gow, and hit sou Nathaniel, were peculiarly happy on such occasions. 204 REDGAUNTLET. I concluded to bo Jan and Dorcas dancing a jig in their Cumber¬ land wooden clogs. Under cover of this din, I endeavoured to answer Willie’s signal by whistling, as loud as I could, " Coine back again and loe me When a' the lave are gane." He instantly throw the dancers cut, by changing his air to “ There ’a my thumb, I 'll ne'er beguile thee.'* I no longer doubted that a communication betwixt us was happily established, and that, if I had an opportunity of speaking to the poor musician, I should find him willing to take my letter to the post, to invoke the assistance of some active magistrate, or of the commanding-officer of Carlisle Castle, or, in short, to do whatever else I could point out, in the compass of his power, to contribute to my liberation. But to obtain speech of him, I must have run the risk of alarming the suspicions of Dorcas, if not of her yet more stupid Corydon. My ally’s blindness pre¬ sented his receiving any communication by signs from the window — even if I could have ventured to make them, con¬ sistently with prudence — so that, notwithstanding the mode of intercourse we had adopted was both circuitous and peculiarly liable to misapprehension, I saw nothing I could do better than to continue it, trusting my own and my correspondent’s acute¬ ness, in applying to the airs the meaning they were intended to convey. I thought of singing the words themselves of some significant song, but feared I might, by doing so, attract stis- S icion. I endeavoured, therefore, to intimate my speedy eparture from my present place of residence, by whistling the well-known air with which festive parties in Scotland usually con¬ clude the dance. — “ Good-night and joy be wi* ye a', For here nae lunger muun I stay; Thero’s neither friend nor foe of mine But wishes that I were away." It appeared that Willie’s powers of intelligence were much more active than mine, and that, like a deaf person, accustomed to be spoken to by signs, he comprehended, from die very first notes, the whole meaning I intended to convey; and he accom¬ panied mo in the air with his violin, in such a manner as at once to Bhew he understood my meaning, and to prevent my whistling from being attended to.	15,953
farmersmagazine22250lond_72	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,834	The Farmer's magazine	None	English	Spoken	7,896	10,430	him, without any reference to the amount of wages whinh may be paid for his labour ■ and that while on the one hand there might be found persons who would be willing to give the applicant employment upon some comparatively unproductive kind of work at a somewhat reduced price, and with the benevolent view of keeping him out of the workhouse, still there would not be wanting others who would make the ap- plication an occasion for effecting a reduction of wages. The refusal of the party to accept work at such reduced price would be attended with the refusal of all relief by the board of guardians, and the la- bourer would be thus left entirely at the mercy of his employer. From all that I was enabled to learn, how- ever, I could not ascertain that any great abuse of the system had taken place, the farmers generally con- tenting themselves by endorsing the certificate, of which the following is a copy : — " THR FOLLOWING CERTIFICATE TO BE FILLED UP BY THE pauper's LAST EMPLOYER. " I have employed from to 18 and discharged him* His pay amounted to (Signed; * " State the cause, whether on account of illness, want of employment, neglect, &c." The endorsement is as follows : — " TO THE BOARD OF GUARDIANS OP THE SAFFRON- WALDEN UNION. " The bearer, of the parish of has applied to us, the undersigned, for work ; but we could not employ him.'' I was informed that the guardians of the Caxton and some otlier unions had frequently pressed parties to accept the workhouse in cases where it was considered that the wages offered were inadequate to the main- tenance of the applicant and his family ; but in cases where the wages were clearly sufficient to prevent des- titution, although probably below the usual rate, the guardians generally did not seem to consider them- selves justified in disturbing the relations between the labourer and his employer. The number of able- bodied pau\|)ers in tlie Linton workhouse is always considerably higher in proportion than in any other union in this district. In the quarter ending Christ- mas, 1848, the total number of inmates in the house was 195, of whom there were 85 able-bodied men and women ; in the corresponding period of 1849, the total number of in-door paupers was 224, of whom 101 were able-bodied men and women ; the number of old and infirm men in the house being 31. By the drainage and cultivation of the fen lands in the Isle of Ely an enormous increase has taken place in the amount of employment. In the parish of Littieport alone not less than 14,000 acres of fens have within the last thirty years been brought under cultiva- tion, there being not more than 500 acres of high land in the whole parish. The increase in the population in this parish, consisting of persons from other parts of the country, was 35 per cent, during the decennial period between 1B31 and 1841. There is not a suffi- cient number of persons to reap the harvest in these districts, and it is here that the Irissh flock in such vast numbers about harvest time. There is no want of employment in this part of the county, and the rate of wages varies from 8s. to 9s. per week. The condition of the labourer in the fen lands, so far as employment is concerned, presents a marked contrast to the southern portion of the county of Cam- bridge. In the i>arishes of Castle Camps and Shudy Camps there is probably a larger amount of distress and destitution to be met with, in proportion to their size, than, perhaps, in any other parishes in the Eastern or Midland counties. The condition of the people in the former of these parishes has been alleviated to some extent by giving them allotments of land at a low rent, and also by supplying them with fuel at reduced prices. The amount of benefits, however, thus laudably conferred by the few resident and charitable proprietors, has by no means compensated for the want of employment and the low rate of wages. The resident rector of Castle Camps, in a letter addressed to me on the sub- ject, states, " All the poor belonging to this parish have, for several years, as they were able, had allot- ments of land, at a rate far below many of those of the neighbouring parishes ; and with regard to all per- sons with three children and more, as well as the old people, they have had coals sold to them at half-price for about four months in the year, and the widows for a longer period. Sut for a long course of years, and before I came here, a system has prevailed among those who had the power at Shudy Camps, of pulling down cottages and preventing others being built ; the result of which has been to drive so many families into this (Castle Camps) parish, that I believe the number of Shudy Camps people residing here at present is not less than one-third of the entire population, and the distress of some of these has been increased by their becoming union paupers. Among some of these there is the greatest distress, which I have no means of alle- viating, for they are in a great measure abandoned by their own parish.'' While the parish of Shudy Camps has pursued this iniquitous system, and is reaping the benefit of it by shovelling the burden of its paupers on an adjoining parish, the rate of wages there is lower by Is., or even more, per week, thin in the neighbour- ing parishes. As stated by the reverend gentleman above, many of the persons residing in Castle Camps are in the greatest possible distress. " My husband," said one poor woman upon whom I called, " only arned 33. Gd. last week. I've got nine children ; my eldest boy arns Is. 6d. a-week ; but when the weather's bad he can't get that. Last week he was kept on all the week. We try to get out of debt in harvest time, and when- THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE. 525 ever we can we give a sliillingor so oii'as we cau spare It. We pay sixpence a-bushel for coals at the parish. They allow us to have 'em for that price. Wc liavc Kot a rood of ground. We pay 7id. a-month for it. We've got such a family that we rat nearly all the taturs ofTit soon after harvest, and can't save many for the winter. Sometimes my oldest girl arns a trifle at ' smocking,' that is, making smock frocks. Shu can get Is. 6d. a-week at that if she works hard and regu- lar. Sometimes I can get a shilling or so at it, but there's nothing doing at that now. When I was con- fined with my last child the parish allowed me a shil- ling a-wcck for my month, and a little^ longer, for I was so poorly that I could not get about ; I could not get strength nohows at all, and then I had to give the nurse something every week. I have one son as is married, and he lias got one child, and nothing to do. I expect he will have to go into the workhouse soon. They woiit let such as we go into the house. The farmers gives my husband a day's work or two in the week, and then they think we can manage to keep out ; but I'm sure we should all have perished if it hadn't been for the shopkeeper letting us have a little bread and flour. I don't like to go in debt no further than J can help; but I'm druv to it. If there's anything I should like more than (uiothcr it would be to be out of debt, and then I should not care how soon I died ; that I should not, for I'm sure my children would be all better off in the workhouse than they are now. As to meat I seldom or never sec a bit of it in this place." Another woman, whose luisbandhad not been able to work for the last five years, received 3s. Gd. a-week from the parish, and had seven children to sujiport, tlie eldest of whom brouglit home from Is. Gd. to 2s. a-week, but had not been in work for the last two or three weeks. At a third cottage which I visited, ihe father of tiie family had been out of work for many weeks ; there were five children at home, the eldest girl being seven- teen ; none of the younger ones had either shoe or stocking to ihtir feet, and they were all wretchedly clad. ' We have not,'' said the eldest daughter, " tasted any bread for two days. We have had nowt but ' turmiifs' (turnips) to eat. We boil 'em for din- ner, but the children are so hungry that they wont wait sometimes till they're biled, but eats 'cm as they are." The whole of the family were about to emigrate to the Cape of G^oil Ilojie. " The papers had all been signed, and they expected to go every day." " My husband," said a woman who lived in the next house — a damp^and wretched place, with a stagnant ditch close to it — "is out with a few mats, to see if he can sell 'em. He gets threepence a-picce for 'em when he can sell 'em. lie has had no work for three months. My eldest girl used to earn a little at smock- ing— about eighteenpencc a week. Siie ain't had nothing to do at it though lately. I liave not tasted a drop of tci, a bit of sugar, or a mite of butter for many weeks, and I can't cat the ' turmuts' — they pe- rish tny inside so ; so I has a bit of bread when most of the others has the ' turmuls.' '' A few doors beyond was another family, consisting of five children, the mother of whom said — " My husband has not had more than half a week's work for the last two or three weeks. Sometimes wc get a mite of pork, sometimes mutton. Last Sunday 1 got four penn'cuth of mut- ton ; but lor', when that's cut up into seven bits there isn't much of it a-piece." Many other instKiiccs of a similar kind might be quoted from this place, but the tales of misery and jirivation vary so little in their general features that to mention more would be but to weary the reader for no practical purpose. In Shudy Camps destitution and want appear to hold unrivalled sway over the miserable inhabitants. Tliere is no resident proprietor in the parish, nor wilh'n some distance of the place, neither is there an individual residing in the jdacc who is able to afford any assistance to the people. The hand of charity, which alleviates in some measure the distress of the agricultural labourer in other parts, is never opened in this village, and none but the relieving otticer of the union, as he distributes the parish allowance to the sick paupers, enters, for purposes of relief, the miser- able dwellings of the people of Shady Camps. The roads to these parishes are impassable in almost all kinds of weather. After a few days of rain, a strong current of water from the high grounds h; the vicinity flows down with such impetuosity as even on some occasituis to carry horses and carts away. On the occasion of my visit the water was from eighteen inches to two feet deep. The villate itself, and indee<l a great part of the country for several miles round, is the projterfy of the Charterhouse. Not a farthing of the rents of the cottages or farms is spent in the place, or 636 THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE. devoted to the purpose of pt'iving employment to the people, or of improving the soil. The governors of the Charterhouse cai scarcely be uware of the condi- tion of their tenantry, or they surely would not leave them in their piesent wretched state. Here are the accounts whicli two or three of the people give of their condition. Tlie first was given by a woman apparently about 40 years of age, whose sunken eye and hollow cheek told too plainly that dis- ease and want had almost done their work upon her. She was so weak that she could scarcely support her- self. The day was very cold, and her eldest son was just dragging in a small branch of a tree, which tlie wind had broken off. " I've six children at home, and two in the workhouse," said she. " My eldest boy here is turned of 14, and when he is at work he earns 4d. a-day at stone-picking. My youngest child is a year and a half old. The boy that's in the workhouse is sixteen, and the girl is eighteen. Wlien the girl was at home she used to do a little work at smock- ing' ; but she's had nothing to do for a long time, so she went to the workhouse. It was the best place she could go to. My husband has 7s. a-week when he is at work — nobody has more than 7s. now — some of 'em pets less. This week he has had three days and a- half's work — the weather has been bad, he couldn't work any more; last week he had three days, and the week before he hadn't none. We don't have any- thing from the parish, because there's none of us ill. They've wanted me to go in ; but I'd rather stay out if I can tnanage to do it anyhows. I've had nothing but a bit of bread to-day. I went to the person as employed my husband for a day and a half last week, and I asked him to let me have the money, for I hadn't a bit of bread at home for the children ; and he let me have eightpence, and I bought a loaf of bread with it, and a little bit of tea, and we shall make shift with that till my husband comes home." She went on to say that latterly she had been subject to fits, and that she frequently fainted away because she had not victuals enough. " I go without so long," said she, ' that everything gets swimming, and goes round with me, and then I can't stand up no longer, and goes off fainting like." The condition of the cottiige was most deplorable. In an outbuilding attached to the dwell- ing— the clayey floor of which was damp and muddy — was one of those uncouth-looking wooden frames, which by courtesy are called bedsteads, upon wliieh lay an indescribable collection of mud-coloured rags, which served as covering forone portion of the family, while in another corner of the room, but scarcely dis- tinguishable frsm a heap of the clay of which the sur- face was composed, was the sleeping place of the re- mainder of the inmates. In the adjoining cottage dwelt a family ten in num- ber—the eldest boy was 24. " I," said the eldest girl, " am 21 ; my youngest brother is a year and a quarter old. My father and mother and all of us sleeps up in the roof. My oldest brother arnes 7s a-week when he's at work, and my father arnes the same — he is at work on the roads this week. My brother's out of work now." " I haven't got," said another woman, with tears in her eyes, who was crouching down over a few cinders in tlie fire-place, " a mite of food in the house, and I've just put the last twig of wood on the fire. I went to the clergyman this morning, and I asked him, for God's sake, to give me sixpence to buy a bit of firing with ; and he said he could not afford it, and that he was as bad ofi'as I was, I went out into the hedges, and picked up a few mites of wood. My hus- band is in pretty constant work, and gets 78. a-week, when the weather will let him work. I have had thirteen children, and I've got eight of 'em at home ; some of 'em is in bed — they're warmer there than they would be up and about, for they've got no shoes to their feet. We get through a bushel of flour in the week, and that costs us 7s., but that's not enough for us sometimee. One of my boys arnes Is. 6d. a-week at " bird-scaring," but none of t'others don't am any- thing. One of my children has gone in the workhouse, so that saves us something. We've got a little bit of ground that we pay 5s. a-quarter for ; we've sowed it with a peck of wheat this year : we had a few taturs last year on it, but they didn't do us no good, the ground was new broke up. A labourer, to whom I was speaking on the subject of his wages, said, in answer to a question which I put to him, " Live, sir! we don't live, we only breathes! How can a man and his family live on 7s. a-week, and pay 2s. out of it for his rent ? '' " But," said I, " you do manage to live — what do you live upon besides your wages, which, you say, are not enough to keep you?'' "Well, then, if you must know," said he, "we steal — we're forced to doit. Why, if it wasn't that we bent ' the twig' sometimes, how could we live ? Put some of the gentlefolks in our places, and see if they wouldn't do it, too. I was coming home the very last night of all by 's park, and I see a some- thing run across tlie road. I huv'd a stone, and bless me if I didn't hit her, and I took her home, and no harm neyther ; and now you may go and split on me if you like — I'd as soon be in gaol as out. I had but two days' work all last week, but me and the young uns had a hare for dinner for all that. Do they think they're to starve? I'm blessed if they shall if I can hev' a stone or" (pointing to the hedge, and indi- cating by the motion of his hands the mode in which he would proceed in setting a snare). I was perfectly prepared for the answer of the man, as I had been given previously to understand that great numbers of the iuhabitants were obliged to have recourse to poaching to eke out their existence. In point of fact, in many of the cottage-i which I have visited in different parts of the country, I have seen unmistakeabie signs that the inmates do not live upon bread alone. 527 they were dining. On casting my eyes towards the table, I saw the father busily en;;age(l in turning; the contents of the pl.ites into an old hat, which the man afterwards proceeded, with an air of assumed indiffer- ence, to ))liice npon his hoail. When the perturbation into which my nnceremonious \h\t. hid thrown the family was somewhat allayeil, the father of the family, which was five in number, proceeded to inform mc that he had been out of work for the last week or two, and that the last time he was in work he made only three ilays in one week, and four in the previous one. " If it wasn't," said he, " for what we pick u\> sometimes, I am sure we should starve." The phrase " ])ick np"^ is one that is used very frequently among agricultural laliourers; and I have found that it is one that almost invariably applies to something from the nei2;hbouring preserves- Speakiu'^ to some children at a short dis- tance frem this village, one of them said tliat they had had " a Jack Caw" for dinner. 'l"he naturalist would probably be puzzled to know what kind of creature was intended by a "Jack Caw." Tiii.s creature, however, is neither more nor less than a cock pheasant, a hen of the same species being denominated a " Jenny Caw." Each description of game, and even poultry, has its alias among the agricultural labourers. I was informed that the reason for giving other names to game and poultry was, to prevent tlie children from knowing what they actually were, and fehus to render them in- capable of telling to oihers tlie real names or description of food which they might have had at their meals. In anumber of other cottages which I visited I heard the same tale of want of employment and insufticiency of food, and saw the same kind of wretched dwellings and miserable inmates. I obtaineil from them an ac- count of what they had had for their Cliristmas din- ners, and the result was that six had had bread and potatoes; tliree, bread, potatoes, and turnips; two, apple puddings and potatoes; two, a "little bit oi plum pudding" and turnijjs ; and the remaining one liad a piece of pork, turnips, and plum pudding. I had previously visited the workhouse of the union in which these villages were situated, and I learned that on Cln'istinas day each inmate had eight ounces of roast btef, one pound of plum jtudding, one pint of beertoeveiy grown person, and half a jiint to all under nine years of age. Each of the females had an extra quantity of tea and sn^ar, tiie old woman had an ounce of snuff each, and tlic old men an ounce of tobacco. The breakfast of the men consisted of a i)int and a half of gruel, and eight ounces of bread, and that of the women of seven ounces of broad, and the same quan- tity of gruel. The supper consisted of an ample al- lowanceof bread and cheese. The snnft", tobacco, and extra tea and sugar, it must be stated, were tlie gifts of the Rev. Mr. Townley, the chairman of the union. 1 he following is a copy of the usual diet of the in- mates of the workhouse : — DIETARY FOR ABLE-BODIED MEN AND WOMEN. Brealifast Dinner. Supper, W 3 n o c ^ g 1 ■. S,2 g1^ .2 M -a a >- = o ■-> 1 "3 3 lU Oz. le 14 Pts. Oz. 5 5 Oz. Pts. Oz. 16 16 Oz. Oz. Pta. ^--^^^-IwomV.,: •• Mond. & ( Men ...■ Friday ( Women. 10 ., u 18 ; .. U >4 14 'i J 1-2 1 .. I Tues. &lMen.... Thurs. \ Women la H 4 16 ! .. 14 u .. 4 16 1 .. 1 Rice. ^^'^''-s.4^.-„: 16 14 H 8 1 12 8 13 Suet. 14 1* sat".-d. i^™v„: 16 14 H .. 12 Isi 1} 12 i 12 1 1 U Old people of 60 years of age and upwards may be allowed 1 onnceof tea, 7 ounces of butter, and Bounces of sugar per week.'n lieu of gruel for breakfast, if deemed expedientto make this change. Children under nine years of age to be dieted at dis- cretion : above nine to be allowed the same quantities as women. Sick to be dieted as directed by the medical officers. The giving both gruel and cheese at supper is optional, and the Board of Guardians may discontinue either one or the other at their discretion. (To be continued.) ON MAKING PLANTATIONS OF YOUNG FOREST TREES. Having, in your Journal of the 19th of October, written on the subject of transplanting large trees, 1 now offer some remarks on making a plantation of young trees. In doing so I will first notice the utility of draining. When the site is determined on which a plantation of trees is to be made, the ground to be so occupied should be minutely examined, in order to ascertain whether it is sufficiently dry for the purpose intended ; if there is too much moisture, drain- ing, of course, must be resorted to. As reg irds the draining of plantations, there is a wide diflerence of opiixion, some approving wholly of open drains, whilst others, on the contrary, approve of tile drains. In giving my opinion on this point, I say that in all ordi- nary cases I fully agree with those who use the tiles. The open drains are perhaps cheaper, but after gome years it will be found that, with additional expenses in- curred in cleaning (which operation should be performed at the least once a year), the total cost of drains con- structed on the tile-and-sole principle is much increased, without taking into consideration the ground occupied by the open drains. In speaking of tile drains, the mode I would adopt in their construction would he, not to take as a criterion, or be actuated by, any particular substratum 5-28 THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE. less than four feet from the surface of the ground, but would, in all cases where the roots of trees were to oc- cupy the soil above, lay the drains at a depth of four feet; and even at that depth, should a firm bottom not be ob- tained whereupon to lay the drains, I would make them still deeper, as I consider it a waste both of material and labour to drain plantations at a less depth. In support of the practice of deep draining, I have seen a plantation of hard wood, of about forty years of age, standing on a moss soil, and drained on the tile-and- sole principle ; but owing to some mismanagement water was collected at the surface, so much so that many parts of the wood were rendered impassable, consequently the whole of the material composing the drains was removed at a depth varying from 1^ to 2^ feet, when the present existing cause of obstructing the water was revealed by discovering lengthened and firmly interwoven collec- tions of fibrous roots, perfectly moulded to the shape of the tiles. Receptacles were then prepared to a depth of four feet, in which to relay the drains, deviating where necessary from the old lines ; thus the drains were com- pleted. A stratum of stronj? clay was arrived at, which afforded an excellent firm foundation to the drain ; in this stratum there were few roots of any denomination — so few thati am convinced that, had the drains originally been laid so low, at that day free ingress and egress for water to the drains would have been the result. So short a time as a fortnight only after the completion of the drains, the agreeable change apparent in the ground was almost incredible. I may observe that at the time this operation was performed, the trees bore the evident aspect of premature decay. The principal conductors, or main drains, should be four inches deeper than the branch drains, which would be 4 feet 3 inches, the addi- tional four inches being for the purpose of effecting a declination in the three feet at the discharging end of the branch, which gives a greater rapidity of motion to the water at that part, materially aiding the preservation of a free and open inlet. If the ground on which a plantation of trees is to be made be drained in the summer, it would at the same time be better to enclose it ; also to prepare a border for the hedge's reception, it being in readiness against the time of planting. Having concluded my re- marks on draining of ground for plantations, I will pro- ceed to give an outline on the planting of such ground with young forest-trees. I suggest that a computation be made of the statute acres contained in the area to be extended over in the formation of such plantation, also the total number of trees required to fill the whole, allowing an interval of from three to three- and-a-half feet between. In the formation of plantations there are three objects, and which I consider to constitute the whole; viz., planting for ornament, for profit, and for shelter ; in some instances a combination of the whole is approved of, in others of two, or singly, either for ornament, profit, or shelter. I do not concur in the opinions of those who particularize the making of planta- tions individually to those objects. Where shelter is wanted, it is necessary to have in view also ornament and profit ; and where that of shelter is not the question, to be actuated wholly by principles of ornament and profit ; for by introducing profit, any detraction to the ornamental may be avoided ; neither may ornament, on the other hand, detract from profit ; but by a perpetua- tion of their unity will prove advantageous. A liberal diutiibution should be made of the most profitable kinds of trees, comprising oaks, ash, and larch, which will materially enhance the value of advanced thinnings, and add greatly to ornament. 529 were branched to the roots in such a manner that it was impossible sufficiently to tread the soil around the stem without separating a portion of those branches. In all similar cases take off the branches, to a height of three inches. The size of trees should be influenced in ac- cordance with the nature of soils which are to receive them. It maybe said generally that the hard-wooded trees being transplanted, they should be from twelve to twenty inches in height, and well rooted ; and those of the resinous kind, from one year to three years old from the seed. In commencing the work of planting, set the whole of your men to work at the operation of pitting ; save one, somewhat more experienced, to mark out the pits; when he proceeds with equal step to remove, with the aid of a planting-mattock, a portion of the surface, without paying any regard to lines, but to exercise all possible irregularity in that respect ; the men following after separate from the surface, where the pit is to be made, any coarse herbage which may be collected. When the pits are dug uniformly, in all ordinary cases they should be fourteen inches in diameter by twelve inches in depth. Should the area to be planted be ex- tensive, breaks (?) may be taken to and fro, and long poles used to guide in the operation. When a sufficient number of pits are prepared, insertion of the trees may be commenced, beginning with the hard-wooded trees, in their distribution, placing them from 9 to lOi feet apart, the planters each having a boy for an assistant. The mode is as follows : The boy takes a tree in his hand, and holding it erect in the centre of the pit, if the planter sees that it is at a proper depth — which should be for the uppermost roots to be an inch below the surface — he puts in a small portion of the finest soil to the roots, the boy carefully moving the tree perpendicu- larly and very slightly up and down, assisting the soil to intermingle amongst the roots. The planter then adds the remaining soil, with the exception of a little, which is reserved for the purpose of top dressing. At this stage the boy may leave the tree to the planter, whose duty it is lightly to tread over and finish. If the situa- tion be much exposed, as a preventive of injury to the tree from the action of the wind, a solid piece of earth, if the soil is stiff, may be placed against the stem, op- posite to the exposed side. After that the hard -wooded trees are disposed of, the vacant places may in like man- ner be planted with Norway spruce, larch, and Scotch firs, which constitute the nurses. Wiiere planting is ex- tensively practised, there should be an experienced fore- man constantly ou the spot where the operations are being performed, to see that the work is executed in the best possible manner. W. Kerr, Whitehill, Lassivade, near Edinburgh, N'ov. 8. —Gardeners' and Farmers' Journal. THRASHING BY STEAM. The following statement has appeared in the Norwich Mercury : — "Thrashing by Steam. — Trial. — Messrs. Holmes V, Messrs. Sparke. — It having been almost generally made known to the public that two steam thrashing-engines were agreed to be worked in competition with each other on Monday last, one ou each side of a large stack of about 37 loads of wheat-sheafs, at Mr. F. Holmes, of Tivetshall Hall, Norfolk, a great number of farmers aii<l others, from several miles round, were assembled to witness the contest : the Eastern Union trains also left a great many passengers at the Tivetshall sta- tion during the day. An engine-drum and straw-shaker were supplied by Messrs. Holmes and Sons, Norwich ; the other by Messrs. Sparke and Co., Norwich. The forenoon was very rainy, and they could not commence until about one o'clock, when tlie engines were both lighted at the same time, and com- menced operations at a quarter past one. Both engines started together (it was agreed to stop tiiera both at the same time), the one supplied by Messrs. Ilohucs and Sons performing its work in a very splendid maimer, to the satisfaction and admira- tion of Mr. Holmes, at tiic Hall, and the numerous farmers and tradesmen met to witness the contest. After 3{ liours' run, including the stoppages occasioned by :VIcBsr3. Sparkcs' engine, the run ended. Sparkcs' having entirely lost its breath, or could not make steam, the ciigiiie had to stop for the same cause four times in the 3;; hours. Kach engine had 5 cwt. of coals weighed off at the beginning. At the finish the coals consumed by each engine was as follows :— Holmes and Sons, five-horsepower, 2 cwt. 3 qrs. 10 lbs., thrashed 12 coombs; Sparke and Co., five-horse power, 1 cwt. 3 qrs., thrashed 28 coombs. The company were highly gratified by the trial." We have no doubt that the above account is per- fectly correct, and, as regards the comparative merits of the competing engines, quite satisfactory ; it is, how- ever, of importance to the farmer to know whether the best of these engines is as good as the manufacturing talent of the day can supply. Wc wot not. The quantities of wheat thrashed by Messrs. Sparkes and Holmes' five -horse power machines are respectively 28 coombs and 42 coombs, in 3:{ hours ; being equal, for the former, to 7 J coombs, and the latter about II coombs per hour. On comparing this statement with trials of thrashing, machines, made years ago, it would appear to indicate a retrograde movement in this department of agricultural machinery, for we find, on reference to the Royal AtI- cultural Society's report in the year 1810 (ten years since) that a four- horse power machine of Messrs. " Garrett's" make, Leiston, Suffolk, worked by four horses, thrashed out 15.^ cnombs of wheat in the hour, at the Cambridge Meeting. Such a conclusion, however, would not be correct. The labours of the Royal Agricultural Society have been crowned with more success than the result of the trials of Messrs. Holmes and Sparkes' engines and machines would lead us to expect. " Holmes' " engine and machine appear to have thrashed 12 coombs of wheat with .'JlSlbs. of coal, or 7Ubs. of coal per coomb ; and " Sparkcs' " 28 coombs with 532lb8. of coal, or lOlbs. of coal per coomb. We N N 530 THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE. aie ill a bituatiun to prove, oa the aiUbority of practical farmers wlio have Messrs. Garrett's prize steam engine and thrashing machine in use, that they can thrash out 15 coombs, or 7i qrs., of wheat per hour, shake the straw, and riddle the corn, with one of their five-horse engines, which consumes 701bs. of coal per hour in full work. Comparing this with the Norwich machines (3\| hours), we find that 2921bs. of coal (including getting up the steam) would be required to thrash out 56 coombs, which is equal to 5}lbs. of coal per coomb, showing the differ- ence indicated in the following table in favour of Messrs. " Garrett's" engine and machine : — Coals consumed Corn thrashed per coomb. per hour. Sparkes 19 lbs. 71 co. Holmes 7^ lbs. 11 co. Garrett 5^ lbs. 15 co.* We believe it is no exaggeration to state that, with the quantity of coals used by Mr, Holmes' engine, double the quantity of corn is commonly thrashed out by Garrett's engine and machine, now used in Suffolk, AGRICULTURE AND THE RURAL POPULATION ABROAD. [from the special correspondent op the morning chronicle.] FRANCE.— No. II. La Basse Normandis, Rouen is the centre of a cider country, although not the great cider country of France. The culti- vation of the vine, as a wine plant, ceases about half-way between Paris and the ancient capital of Normandy, and an inferior cider and a light watery beer form the common beverages of the work people in the department of the Seine Inferieure. But the district, par excellence, of the orchard and the cider-press is that fair, fertile, and English- looking country which stretches away upon the left bank of the Seine to the south-west, clothing a broad and smiUng province with rich corn fields and meadow lands, overshaded by the verdure of millions of apple trees — the ancient story of the land written in the scattered feudal ruins and venerable abbeys which rise, thickly sprinkled, on its green plains and its woody heights ; and the present industry and comfort of the people evinced by the numerous busy little manufacturing towns snugly nestled on the banks of the valley streams — by the comfortable cottages of the peasant proprie- tary, which are here less huddled together into villages than in other parts of France — by the decided improvement which speedily becomes apparent in the breed and style of rearing cattle, and by the change, also for the better, which the eye soon catches in the extent and substantiality of the buildings attached to the larger descriptions of farms. Through this green and pleasant land, I took my way from Rouen, pushing on by Elbeuf, Brionne, and Liseux, for Caen, the ancient chief city of La Basse Normandie. Tlie road passes through several of those great forests, in which so much of what might otherwise be rich arable land is necessarily wasted to provide the requisite supply of fuel for the people of France. The forests of Rounray and De La' Londe, the principal of those traversed by the Rouen and Caen road, are both of them state property; and, of course, they are cut and replanted upon the most rigid system. There are few or no old trees to be seen; no massive, gnarled, and twisted veterans, flinging out their grey moss-grown branches above the brighter green of younger timber. The general aspect of the forest is that of luxuriantly thriving cojipice-wood, clothing a fine undulating country broken into numberless valleys, I'idges, and dells, through which the road winds, so as to afford, at every fresh turning, delicious green-wood glimpses, peeps through shady forest vistas and down coppice-entangled ravines, clear brooks gurgling freshly beneath the trees, crops of gently waving lady-fern everywhere crowning knoll and ridge, patches of purple heath showing brilliantly amid the wilderness of green, and clustering honey- suckle clinging to stem and branch. Apropos of these firewood forests, I am informed that in coun- try towns and the larger class of villages it is very common for the poorer people, instead of buying fagots for themselves, to purchase the fuel they re- quire for cooking from the bakers — who manage their ovens so as, instead of utterly consuming the wood employed, to preserve part of it in a half cal- cined state, which, under the name of braize, they retail to their poorer customers. I was assured by a tradesman in a small Norman village, that the quantity of braize consumed in his family during the summer — of course merely for cooking pur- poses— he could purchase for two sous daily. The arrangement, he added, was a cajiital one for all parties. Cooking by braize was much more eco- nomical, especially for stews — the cardinal point of the French cuisine — than dressing meat over flaming wood ; while the baker, in turn, thus managed to get his fuel almost for nothing. Leaving the forests behind, we enter upon the region of corn and apples. Hedges are occa- sionally to be seen marking out the extent of orchards, but they seldom cross into the fields. Everywhere, however, you have the apple tree — now ranged in long files across the arable land, the rows crossing and re-crossing each other — now scattered in little groves and clumps at random amid the corn. The pommiers are in general small trees, with crooked stems and a wide branching top. The various props with which the boughs, * Including shaking, straw, and riddling. THE FARMER'S MAGAZINE. 531 and soinotimes the trunks, are furnished, sufli- cienlly i)rove the care taken of the trees, and the \veight of the crops which sometimes bend tlieir brandies down. When cows are turned out, as they frequently arc, to feed in the orchards, they are so martingaled with ropes and straj)s as to pre- vent their turning tlieir attention to the api)les which hang above their heads, and which would be other- wise far more relished by them than the short and coarse herbage beneath. In answer to my in- quiries, I was informed that no appreciable injury was done to the corn growing beneath the shade of the apple trees, and that it generally ripened as soon and as well as did the grain in the more ojjcn jjortions of the field. In no respect could I ol> serve, as I traversed league after league of corn and cattle land, any improvement in the style of agri- cultural implements. The wheels continued to cling to the ])lough ; the harrows, with perhajis here and there an exception, had still wooden teeth ; and of more scientific and advanced rural mechanism there was not a trace. The cattle, however, rapidly improved ; the scattered houses, although frequently built of such rude material as wood, clay, and thatch, seemed on the whole su- perior to those I had left behind ; but we come fairly, in Lower Normandy, on the fine old charac- teristic farm-yards— huge masses of grey mouldy old masonry, often crowned M-ith a lofty oblong tower, a high slated and peaked roof, and a rusty weathercock. I remarked the vast number of cot- tages on the wayside which have signs denoting to thirsty wayfarers that cider and other potables might be had within. The fact is, however, that almost every cottager being an apple grower, he is glad to avail himself of all manner of opportunities for getting rid of his wares— selhng them by whole- sale, if he can, to dealers in towns, or disposing of the surplus by retail in his own house. A distin- guishing feature of French farming is the general practice of housing hay, grain, and so forth, piling it up under the projecting eaves of clumsy sheds called remises, instead of stacking it neatly and compactly in the open air. 1 have mentioned the inqjrovement in the breed of cattle which o1)viously t^kes place in Normandy. The change for the better is by no means limited to oxen and cows. The sheep, although in this de- partment there is still great room for improvement, looked less razor-backed than their brethren to the eastward; and the horse in the pastures of Normandy appears quite a difi'ercnt creature from the clumsy pot-bellied animals which pass them- selves ort" as belonging to the equine race in many parts of France. The French cavalry draw their principal sup[)lies from Normandy, and the conse- quence is that a curiously great projjortion of the animals ordinarily used down in the west are brood mares. It is common to see in the Norman towns parties of cavalry soldiers — from the farrier's de- partment probably — upon a species of recruiting duty, but enlisting four-legged instead of two- legged aspirants for military glory. The best breed of Norman cattle are beautiful creatures, of vast size and girth — deep and broad in the chest, small in the head, and sleek and smooth in the hide. Wander amid the orchards, or the rank meadow pastures, skirted by double poplar avenues, which bound the quietly flowing pastoral streams, and }ou will continually come across cattle pic- tures which Sidney Cooper wovdd love to copy. For the pigs I can say little favourable ; they are leggy, unthrifty-looking brutes, apparently of a breed akin in some of its distinguishing features to our Berkshire variety. Mr. Pusey, however, will not have his laurels torn from his brows by all the occujiants of all the sties in Normandy. The sheep, like the pigs, have too long legs and too long tails to be orthodox creatures in the sight of a regular English breeder. I was first struck with the singularity, to an English eye— although, after all, it is the ancient Oriental fashion— of the shep- herd leading instead of driving his flock. Stalking solemnly along the hollow lanes, or over the bright turf-tufted knolls, the guardian of the moutoiis led the way, his bleating charge following timidly, and closely imitating all his accidental detours, in the rear. One of these men, to whom I s]ioke, was accompanied and helped by one of the most in- telligent-looking dogs I ever saw. Our Scotch shepherd's dog, although a creature of high saga- city, hardly carries his wisdom in his face. Lentil you are intimately acquainted with the colley and his many excellent qualities, you will scarcely dis- cover the shy and Ijashful look of good sense and keen appreciation which he conceals beneath the shaggy hair clustering round his eyes. Not so, however, with his Norman cousin. The animal was some cross of the breed commonly known in England as lurchers ; and the quick sparkle of his eye, and the ready and eager intelligence of his face, as he watclied his master and ilew round and round the flock at the sliglitcst gesture or merely nmm- bled word of direction, were really beautiful to see. The shepherd told me he was a most valuable dog.	32,416
livesofqueensofs02stri_0_21	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,850	Lives of the queens of Scotland and English princesses : connected with the regal succession of Great Britain	Strickland, Agnes, 1796-1874	English	Spoken	6,484	8,643	Towards the end of his epistle his love for his pupil breaks out : he encloses to the prelate uncle specimens of his scho- lastic progress — fair transcripts of. themes and translations which had been written the preceding spring, in the quiet bowers of their Yorkshire home, Temple Newsome. They were evidently of the same species which brought the youth- ful student so much favour in the eyes of Queen Mary.1 Notwithstanding the errors and mistakes committed in after life by that most unfortunate Prince, Henry, Lord Darnley, it cannot be denied that he was a miracle of juve- j nile proficiency in education. If crowns might have been i the reward of early clerkly skill with the pen, or premature ! Latin lore, Darnley entirely surpassed in those "virtuous j qualities " the far-famed attainments of his cousins, Edward ! VI., Lady Jane Gray, and Queen Elizabeth. " I have sent your Lordship," writes John Elder to Eobert i Stuart, Bishop of Caithness,2 " certain verses and adages ! written with the hand of the Lord Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, your nephew, which, he wrote this time twelve- month, I being with him then at Temple Newsome, in York- shire. And what praise your lordship may think him j worthy for this his towardness in writing, being yet [now] not fully nine years of age ; the like [same] praise is he I worthy, surely, for his towardness in the Latin tongue and j the Erench, and in sundry other virtuous qualities, whom also God and nature hath endowed with a good wit, genteel- j ness, beauty, and favour. So if it may please God to lend j him long life, he shall prove a witty, virtuous, and an active well-learned gentleman, whose noble parents are my singular j good patrons. Trusting that your good lordship, of your accustomed humanity and gentleness, will accept this my simple letter in good part, I most humbly beseech the King ! 1 Letter in black-letter, printed by John Way land, sign of the Sun-- British Museum. 2 This prelate forsook his vows, became subsequently Earl of Lennox and Karl of March, married a vile wife, and died in small public esteem.— Burke's Extinct Peerage. THE LADY MAKGARET DOUGLAS. 351 of kings and Lord of lords long to preserve and keep your reverend lordship in health, wealth, and a fortunate felicity, with a merry and many new years." 1 The date of the New Year of 1555, London, proves that the family from Temple Newsome were still at Court. In- deed, the Lady Margaret, in the course of a few years, had woeful reason to recall the period of her attendance about Queen Mary's person, being accused in the succeeding reign of having advised the prolongation of the imprison- ment of the Princess Elizabeth. According to her own recital of the charge made against her, " of putting in the Queen Mary's head that it was a quietness for the times to have her [Elizabeth] shut up/' the Lady Margaret, if her very earnest denial may be trusted, was perfectly innocent of such incendiary conduct. " Never in my life," says she,2 1 1 had, or meant to have, any such words with the Queen Mary ; nor I, for my part, bare no such stroke to give any advice in such weighty matter," — meaning that her influence was not sufficiently great with the Queen to cause her opinion to be consulted regarding the disposal of the Princess Eliza- beth. But Elizabeth's jealousy was excited by the notice Queen Mary took of young Darnley, against whom she con- ceived a dislike, which manifested itself in after years. The Lady Margaret gave birth to her fourth son at Temple Newsome in 1556; 3 and appears, in consequence of that event and the cares of her nursery, to have been absent from the Court during the horrors of that frightful era of persecution. Stiff as the Lady Margaret was in her re- ligious opinions, and obstinate in her adherence to her own creed, her name has never been implicated as an approver of any of the cruelties practised on the martyrs of the Ke- formed Church. She named her infant boy Charles, per- chance in memory of her former lover, Charles Howard. It was about this period that her father, the old Earl of Angus, was stricken with mortal sickness. Margaret, being in- 1 " Dated from the City of London, this New-Year's day, and the first of the Kalends of January 1555, by your humble orator." 2 Historical Letters, edited by Sir Henry Ellis. 3 Zurich Letter, where his age is mentioned by his tutor, Malliet. 352 THE LADY MARGARET DOUGLAS. capable of undertaking so long a journey in order to attend his deathbed, despatched her confidential secretary and family priest, Sir John Dicconson, to attend the last struggle of her sire, and look after the main chance. Angus ex- pired in the arms of Margaret's priest, at Tantallon Castle.1 After the death of the old Earl, it seems that Sir John Dic- conson could do no great good for his employer ; although the Lady Margaret and her sons were the only apparent heirs of her father, he, perhaps resentful for her rating letter, had not provided that they should be the better for his demise. The daughter's clerical agent, however, took the liberty of examining the papers of the defunct. Among others, it is asserted that he found a letter which the Earl of Angus had written to the Justice-Clerk, Bellenden, at Edinburgh. The letter, if of the nature reported, which is very doubtful, must have been composed to avert the family evil of long and ruinous litigation. He volunteered the information, " that, after the deaths of his two young sons by the Lady Maxwell, his remaining descendants had no claims on the earldom of Angus, that there was no entail on his daughter, and that he was minded to have the same entailed on the Earl of Morton, one of his nephews." 2 The Lady Margaret's priest seized this testamentary epistle of old Angus to the Scottish head of civil law, and stopped it. At least such was the hearsay information afforded by one of the Lennox servants, when undergoing the alarms and terrors of Queen Elizabeth's Star-Chamber inquisition. At the time the evidence was given before Cecil, the tender friendship between Elizabeth's minister and that brother of his soul, the Earl of Morton,3 was just opening into full flower ; therefore this report by one of the household ser- vants of Temple Newsome of a testamentary disposition in favour of the Earl of Morton, carried off by the Lady Mar- j 1 Minutes of Alexander Pringle's examination before the Privy Council J of Queen Elizabeth, about six years afterwards, 1562 — endorsed by Cecil, and published in Haynes's Burghley Papers, p. 381. 2 Haynes's Burghley Papers, p. 381. 3 Morton was one of the sons of Sir George Douglas. He married the I heiress of the elder line of the Earl of Morton, his kinsman, and the title ! was conferred on him by Mary of Lorraine when Queen-Regent of Scot- land. THE LADY MAEGAKET DOUGLAS. 353 garet's priest and secretary, was, perhaps, a little favourable distortion of evidence. If Angus's letter had directed the disposition of his personal property to Morton, one of his younger nephews, there might have been some probability in the report ; but here is an earldom left by a common letter, not only from the testator's daughter who claimed it, but from the son of the eldest son of the testator's next brother. Lady Margaret, despite of all the underhand pretences of her kinsman Lord Morton, or the more legal claims of the grandson and next heir of her hated uncle, Sir George Douglas, haughtily assumed the title of Angus, and added it to her signature. Soon afterwards she craved her cousin- german, Queen Mary, to exert her influence with the Queen- Regent of Scotland, Mary of Lorraine, that she might sue out in that country her cause and claims on her inheritance from her father. It was not a very favourable time for such proceedings, for the Queens of England and Scotland, follow- ing the leads of their hostile spouses of Spain and France, were just meditating a renewal of war. However, Queen Mary, or her husband's governing junta in the Council — for she herself, at that time, lay between life and death — wrote the official application required by the Lady Margaret, and sent a civilian, Dr. Laurence Hussey, to break ground for her claim on the Angus property in the Scottish Chancery. So mighty was the inheritance at issue, that the ambassador of the King of France in Scotland made no scruple of advising the Queen-Regent to seize it for the use and benefit of her daughter. Not quite so easy a matter, as the rich domains were inhabited by a sturdy and self-willed population, who had their opinions as to whom they chose to acknowledge as feudal lord. The curious letter is still extant in the French archives, from M. d'Oysell to M. de Noailles, Bishop of Dacqs, dated 1556-7, January 22, announcing the death of the Earl of Angus, and the proposal to seize on this inheritance, lest the Queen of England should insist on the Countess of Lennox being admitted as heiress of the great possessions. " Monsiedr, — I can add nothing to the despatch of Du Faultrey, but the death of the Earl of Anyous, of whom Lady Lenuox is the principal VOL. II. Z 354 THE LADY MARGARET DOUGLAS. heiress, and that I much think that the Queen of England will favour as much as she can the claims of that lady to the succession, and that she will do all she can, by one way or another, for that purpose. I pray you to take heed of that, and employ all the pains you can to discover what they mean to do about it where you are. For my part, I have had the boldness to advise this Queen [Mary of Lorraine] to seize a strong place named Tan- rasson [Tantallon ?], which pertained to the late Earl ; and, at all events, and for many sound reasons, which are not held in proper consideration by any one but me, I hold that there ought not to be any other heiress to that succession but the young Queen of Scotland." 1 Soon after, he announced that an English agent was waiting at Berwick suing for a passport.2 This was the Lady Margaret's civilian, Dr. Laurence Hussey. He rode from Edinburgh to Stirling Castle, April 5, 1557, to have an interview with the Queen-Eegent regarding the cause of his client.3 " Surely/' wrote that Princess to the Queen of England, " we have not only given Dr. Hussey favourable audience in that matter, but have also, at your request, opened justice unto him, and given express command that the Chancellory shall be patent unto the said Lady Mar- garet ; albeit she stands in some case far different from the priveliges that are common to the subjects of this realm." The privileges of entering into Chancery — Scotch Chancery in particular — are not so very enviable ; however, such as they were, the Lady Margaret, as the wife of an outlaw and an attainted traitor, received here a gentle hint of the special favour she was granted by being indulged with the luxury of a Chancery suit in common with any unoffending Scotch- woman who was the wife of an honest man. The Queen- Regent observes, with regard to the more delicate matter of the pardon of Lennox — " Whereas Dr. 2 Ibid. 3 Strype's Memoirs. 4 State Paper Office — Royal Scotch Letters. THE LADY MARGARET DOUGLAS. 355 gracious admission of the Lady Margaret into Chancery did not permit her to proceed very far. A technical impediment instantly stopped her progress as the wife of a man who had lost his civil rights. By permission of the two Queens, a meeting took place between the Lord- Warden Wharton and Kirkaldy of Grange, November 14th, 1557, for the discussion of the recovery of the Lady Margaret's inheritance. Lord Wharton inquired of Kirkaldy " whether it would not be a great matter [mean- ing a matter of great difficulty] to bring back the Lady Margaret and her lord, requiring a strong and influential party in their favour among the nobility of Scotland ? " 1 Kirkaldy replied, " They ought first to have the Castle of Tantallon given them, which is in the keeping of the Laird of Craigmillar, and in the Dowager Queen's power ; " 2 his words implying, that, if Mary of Lorraine surrendered Tan- tallon Castle to its supposed heiress, she would soon gain friends by gathering the retainers and relatives of her family about her. It is easy to perceive, from this conference, that the Lady Margaret and the Queen-Kegent of Scotland, Mary of Lorraine, had kept up an amicable correspondence, from the time probably of their meeting in London, 1551, both being smooth, soft-speaking ladies, conventionally courteous, and neither noted for sincerity. Hume of Godscroft, the historian of the house of Douglas, who was the contemporary of the rival claimants for the earldom of Angus, says, " If the entailment were not very strong, which it seems it was not, Lady Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, had the better right, and was before him " — meaning Morton's nephew, Archibald, then a child, whose guardian Morton was. Morton, to strengthen his own and his nephew's cause, contracted the boy Archibald to the daughter of Monsieur d'Oysell, and by this artful move obtained the interest of that powerful statesman with Mary of Lorraine — keeping up the farce long enough to carry his point against Lady Margaret.3 Most tantalising, assuredly, was the state of the claims of 1 Wharton to the Trivy Council. 2 Ibid. 3 Hume of GocUcroft'a House of Douglas, p. 279. 356 THE LADY MAKGARET DOUGLAS. the husband and wife, each demanding by law a principal inheritance in Scotland. Moreover, Margaret considered herself nearest legitimate Princess in England. Matthew claimed the rank of the first Prince of the blood in Scotland. Mary of England, or rather her Council, at this time mani- fested distrust of the Earl of Lennox — a feeling evidently arising from communications made by that notorious mischief- maker, Thomas Bishop, who was again established in some species of surveillance over the Earl's government on the Borders. The Lady Margaret had discovered his betrayal of her lord, and took the opportunity of denouncing him to Queen Mary, her royal mistress, as a heretic ; but, strange as it is, that information did not relieve them of this dan- gerous man, who boasted of his superior influence to the relatives of the reigning Queen in these words: — "Queen Mary, though my Lady Lennox told her I was an heretic, gave me unbeknowen of her (who would have had me for- saken) livings here, to have followed her army into Scotland, my pension anew, with the addition of the words lahhing} and to the end of her Majesty's days, in the affairs of Scot- land trusted me where she did not her deare cousing of Zevenax" [cousin of Lennox]. Notwithstanding the profusion of gifts and allowances bestowed on Margaret and her husband by the Queen at her accession, they were certainly very poor. The allowance of five marks a-day for the maintenance of the Earl's war- appointments, mentioned by Bishop, must have been much needed to assist them to support their establishment. That treacherous dependant adds an accusation of their selling the timber, bark, and stones, as well as being guilty of the petty larceny of stripping off the lead from the building they in- habited and held of the crown. If true, such proceedings are evidences of the poverty which reduced them to pitiful ways and means for raising a few ill-gotten pounds. The malignant informer endeavours to accuse my Lady Margaret as the most prominent of the twain in these misdemeanours of stripping away lead, and selling stones, timber, and bark — 1 Meaning lacking, therefore that the Crown was indebted to him for arrears of the said pension. THE LADY MARGARET DOUGLAS. 357 it being the first time, we think, that the daughter of a Queen, and the sister, niece, and grand-daughter of Kings, was accused of such practices. The materials, most likely, belonged to the dilapidated Abbey of Jorveaulx, of which they had received the grant. John Elder, Lord Darnley's tutor, was despatched to France, with letters from his lord and lady to Stuart, the Lord d'Aubigny, in order to awake an interest for them at the court of the young Sovereign, Mary Queen of Scots. The French Princes of the blood manifested no little curi- osity respecting the son of Margaret and Lennox. The King of Navarre (Antoine) asked the Lord d'Aubigny much of Lord Darnley, " of his stature, age, and upbringing." Of course his pedagogue gave a report to his best advantage. He had an audience of the young Queen of Scots, and dis- played to her specimens of her kinsman Darnley's penman- ship when he was but eight years of age. Elder returned to England, bringing letters to the Lady Margaret and the Earl of Lennox, and to his young Lord Darnley, from their kinsman, the Sieur d'Aubigny ; 1 and he, at his departure from France, received as a present fifty crowns from Cardinal de Lorraine, the uncle of the young Queen, Mary Stuart. The indefatigable spy, Bishop, waylaid Elder and extracted from him the above intelligence before its arrival in the north, where the Lady Margaret was anxiously expecting it.2 Whether from the deep mortification of hope deferred, or from the endemic which raged through the island soon after, the Earl of Lennox was very ill — sick unto death, as reported to the Queen of England. Perhaps — for he was excessively wily — he made the most of his illness, to prevent being called upon to carry arms again into the bosom of his native land, and thus lose all chance of future grace, and the recognition of the extensive claims which he and his wife made on the 1 In one of Tom Bishop's MS. memorials (State Paper Office) against Lady Margaret and his old master, he combats the idea that the Earl had lost the French family estates on account of his flight from Scotland, as he Bays " the lordship of Aubigny had always been destined to his third brother, John Stuart, as heir of their uncle, the old French Mareschal d'Aubigny." Lennox's next brother, Robert, it is well known, was a priest. 2 Pieces et Documens, &c. — Baunatyne Club Book. 358 THE LADY MARGARET DOUGLAS. best districts in Scotland. About the same time, the noble family of Lennox, apparently forsaking Temple Newsome and Castle Wressil, retired, for the benefit of the Earl's health, to the breezy downs of Settrington in the south-east of Yorkshire, four or five miles from old Malton. Henceforth, Settrington House is the place whence all the Lady Mar- garet's letters and those of her husband will be found dated, while they were resident in the north. Change of scene was certainly requisite for a patient whose hypochondriacal ten- dencies would never permit an affectionate wife to leave him alone. A circumstance occurred at this time which caused great subsequent trouble to the Lady Margaret and all her family. The Sieur d'Aubigny, who had an appointment in the household of Mary of Lorraine, and fought on the other side of the question, happened to be taken prisoner by the English forces when accompanying a Scottish incursion over the Borders. Finding himself in want of everything, he wrote to his brother Matthew, Earl of Lennox, to send some one to him with assistance. At first one Halbert, a Scot, was despatched, to learn of what he was in need.1 Halbert went and came several times, and once carried the captive d'Aubigny " bills of Bankq " 2 — it may be supposed, bank- bills. Then the Earl of Lennox, willing to earn favour at the court of England by secret service, rather than by open violence against Scotland, sent word to Queen Mary "that his brother could tell much, if he but list" — that is, he could betray the counsels of his royal mistress, Mary of Lorraine, as he himself had formerly done. The Lady Mar- garet sent to her royal cousin for letters from the Count de Feria, the resident ambassador of King Philip, and despatched them to d'Aubigny by a confidential messenger, one Arthur Lallard, whom she calls " the schoolmaster." D'Aubigny had fled from the temptation, having escaped from the Eng- lish border to France. Arthur Lallard, however, brought away letters and articles d'Aubigny had left behind him, among which was a primer (a Roman Catholic prayer-book) which Lennox had used when he was young in France. 1 State Paper Office — unedited MS. Domestic Records. 2 Ibid. — Deposition of Arthur Lallard. THE LADY MARGARET DOUGLAS. 359 The whole affair caused Lennox to be vehemently suspected by the Queen of England; at the same time his brother d'Aubigny was mistrusted by the court of France ; while the result was great tribulation to the Lady Margaret, who, owing to the mysterious illness of her lord, was the principal agent in the transaction. In the course of the summer of 1558, such reports reached the ears of the dying Queen Mary of England, regarding the . serious illness of the Earl of Lennox, that, knowing him to be a Roman Catholic, although a very halting one, she was troubled with anxiety for the good of his soul. The Queen thought that the attendance of one of her priests would greatly comfort and refresh her dear cousin Matthew. Accord- ingly, she despatched her precept to Dr. Eobinson, Dean of Durham, enjoining him to go and bestow ghostly counsel on that nobleman. " It hath pleased Almighty God," writes I the Queen to the Dean, " to visit our right trusty and well- : beloved cousin, the Earl of Lennox, with some sickness and ; infirmity of body, whereof wre trust he might be much eased ! and relieved by the presence of some good, virtuous, and learned man. We have thought good to require you to take the pain forthwith, on the receipt of these our letters, to repair unto the said Earl of Lennox, and to confer with him ; wherein we pray you to travail to the best of your power, and to advertise us in the end what you shall have done in his behalf." The visit of the Eoman Catholic Dean of Dur- ham might be very acceptable to the Lady Margaret, her i son Lord Darnley, and her priest Sir John Dicconspn, like- wise to John Elder; but whether it proved such to the sick penitent, Earl Matthew, never could be reported to Queen Mary, for she was herself not long after summoned to her own account, and with her vanished the short-lived pro- sperity of the Lady Margaret and her family. It excited sur- prise throughout Europe that Queen Mary made no attempt to supersede her sister Elizabeth, by the encouragement of her cousin Margaret's title. Some disappointment was perhaps experienced by the lady, who might have considered herself nearer and dearer to her cousin than the daughter of Anne Boleyn. It was well on all accounts, that, after suffi- SCO THE LADY MARGARET DOUGLAS. cient private acknowledgment of her sister's rights, Queen Mary had left the recognition of her successor entirely to the English Parliament then sitting. The anticipations of the Lady Margaret must have been ominous of future troubles when her Protestant kinswoman, Queen Elizabeth, assumed the sceptre. But as for the Earl of Lennox, the proverb which affirms that it is an ill wind that blows no good was applicable enough to him. If he lost the benefits which his wife's Roman Catholic cousin and early friend, Queen Mary, had showered upon her and his son, he at the same time lost the surveillance of the ghostly superintendent whom that zealous relative had so pathetically entreated to comfort his soul and body by his visits and ex- hortations, and to report progress to her. The shortcomings of Earl Matthew would never have satisfied either Dr. Eobinson or Queen Mary. The Lady Margaret and her spouse hastened to greet the rising sun, and were received most graciously by their royal kinswoman, Elizabeth, on her accession.1 The Queen listened sympathetically to the details of the Earl's illness, as related to her by his affectionate wife, and, having pondered on the symptoms, advised that he should never be left alone, and that, if possible, Margaret herself should always be in his company.2 Both were also graciously treated by her Majesty, when they came to bid her farewell on their departure to Yorkshire. The Queen spoke most affectionately to her cousin Margaret at parting, telling her, if she was in any trouble or difficulty, to apply to no one but Cecil, who would directly attend to all her wishes.3 The Lady Margaret, in the distant wolds of Yorkshire, supposing that her religion was at least to be tolerated, continued her own Popish prac- tices without reserve. The curtains of her bed were lined with images and relics,4 pinned up by herself. The bed of her son, Lord Darnley,5 was likewise guarded with the same spiritual artillery, fixed by the maternal hand. She was 1 The Lady Margaret, Countess of Lennox, to Cecil — Holograph Letter, State Paper Office, hitherto unedited. 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 4 Declaration of William Forbes— State Paper Office— Domestic Records, hitherto unedited. 5 Ibid. THE LADY MARGARET DOUGLAS. 361 shriven duly by the priest called little Sir William, who dwelt by Malton. He said mass to her, Lord Darnley and his father being always present. Her beads she constantly carried, and she paid great reverence " to idollis," in the phraseology of her domestic spy, who has furnished her biographer with the account of these proceedings at Set- trington House.1 Great changes took place throughout Europe after the death" of Henry II. of France ; and nowhere did the ex- citement more prevail than at the distant mansion of Set- trington, where dwelt the second lady of the English royal family and her heir. Her niece Mary, Queen of Scotland, had by that event become Queen-Consort of France. As she was young and gentle, and had never been personally offended by the house of Lennox, the Lady Margaret cal- culated on obtaining the restoration of her husband and son to their rank and estates in Scotland through her favour. Therefore she commissioned John Elder, her son's preceptor, to take another voyage to France, to deliver letters of congratulation from herself and her husband to her royal niece. The first difference between Queen Elizabeth and her cousin Margaret arose in consequence, for Sir Nicholas Throckmorton marked John Elder at the French court, at the coronation of Francis II., and denounced him to Queen Elizabeth in terms which, avoiding all mention of his em- ployers, yet indicated them sufficiently to give rise to their subsequent troubles. His accusations were very far-fetched and improbable. " Elder," said this diplomatist, " had car- ried out to Cardinal Lorraine the patron [pattern] of the persecutions of the Protestants by Bonner, Bishop of London, in Queen Mary's time. The same was given to Elder by Cardinal Pole, and he is as dangerous for the matters of England as any I know ; wherefore it were well done that good regard were had to such as he is acquainted with in England," — by which intimation the ambassador pointed out the Lennox family. The Earl was still an invalid, under the 1 Declaration of William Forbes — State Paper Office — Domestic Records hitherto unedited. 362 THE LADY MARGARET DOUGLAS. careful superintendence of his faithful Margaret, when he was roused by a visit from one of his old comrades, a Scotch- man in the service of England, Captain Borthwick, who, under plea of being in the interest of the Reformation, com- manded a body of predatory cavalry on the Scottish border in the pay of the English. Borthwick made a detour to Yorkshire, to open his mind to the Earl of Lennox as to the eligibility of deserting the interest of Queen Elizabeth, and joining the distressed Queen-Regent of Scotland, out of op- position to Arran ; for this the great rival of the claims of the Earl of Lennox had allied himself with the Congregation. Lady Margaret prevented her husband from committing himself, for she suspected that her guest was an emissary of their enemies. Borthwick conceived a bitter grudge against her, and reported Lennox as " wholly governed by his wife." Lady Margaret, however, permitted their visitor to see her promising heir, Lord Darnley : he reported himself greatly impressed by his appearance and manners.1 The interview with the family of Lennox and Captain Borthwick took place in the summer of 1559, at Settrington House.2 Borthwick proceeded on his way to London, and, as soon as he could find an opportunity, he obtained a stolen interview with Noailles, the ambassador there from Erancis II. and Mary Queen of Scotland and Erance. Borthwick complained to Noailles of the reserve of the Earl of Lennox — whose inten- tions he said he could not fathom to a certainty, because he was so entirely ruled by his wife. But he extolled his son, the young Darnley ; and the expressions he used regarding him are very remarkable, because they cast a strong light on the causes of alarm and jealousy with which this young Prince was regarded by the possessor of the throne of Eng- land. " Young Darnley is," he said, " the nearest person in the legal succession to both realms — by right of his father to Scotland, if Mary Stuart, then Queen of France and Scot- land, has no issue ; likewise he is next heir to the throne 1 Despatch of Noailles to French ambassador, November 4, 1 559. 2 Settrington, from which Matthew, Earl of Lennox, dates all his letters at the accession of Elizabeth, is in Yorkshire ; and " Settrington House is in the possession of Henry Willoughby, Esq., a relative of Willoughby, Lord Middle ton." THE LADY MARGARET DOUGLAS. 363 of England through his mother, Margaret, Countess of Len- nox." The French ambassador, finding Borthwick an inflex- ible Protestant, trusted him as little as the Lady Margaret had done. Sir Nicholas Throckmorton wrote to Queen Elizabeth, from the court of France, an account " how a young gentleman, an Englishman or a Scottishman, who had no beard, was received with great distinction by the King and Queen of France and Scotland, Francis II. and Mary Stuart, at Cham- bord, where they were keeping their Christmas festival. The interviews of the young stranger were long and private, both with the King and with the Duke de Guise. At his departure he received a gratuity of one thousand crowns." 1 The mysterious young gentleman, according to Throckmor- ton, went and returned by Dieppe, the port usually made by John Elder, when he carried messages, via Burlington Bay, to France from his patroness, the Lady Margaret.2 It will be well remembered that Burlington Bay — near which was situated the historical headland,3 Bavenspur — was a noted point of communication with France. Although this part of Yorkshire seems by no means in connection with the French coast, there was once a considerable trade carried on between Dieppe and Burlington. Settrington House was within a few miles' distance from Burlington Bay, and this was pro- bably the reason wherefore the Lady Margaret transferred her residence there from Temple Newsome, though the latter estate was more firmly settled upon her family, while the legality of the grant at Settrington was constantly disputed by Queen Elizabeth, at the instigation of Tom Bishop. The convenience of the going and coming of the young Lord Darnley or his tutor, or other political agents of the Lady Margaret, to France, by means of the little trading coasters that often sailed from Burlington Bay, occasioned the jeal- ousy of the English government.4 A proposal of political alliance for the recall of Lennox to 1 Forbes Papers — Letter of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton to Queen Elizabeth. 1 Forbes Papers — Killigrew to Queen Elizabeth, p. 288. 3 Now beneath the waves of the German Ocean. 4 State Paper Office Memorial in the hand of Tom Bishop. 364 THE LADY MARGARET DOUGLAS. Scotland arrived at Settrington about the same period, couched in the following terms : — James Stewart of Cardonald to the Earl op Lennox. "My Lord, — After my most hearty commendams of servaunce, plesit your Lordship to be remembered the last time that your Lordship's ser- vant, Master Naskit [meaning Nisbet or Nesbot], was in the country, I advertised your Lordship and my Lady's Grace your best remedy that I could find touching your Lordship's affairs in this country, of the which I had no response again, which made belief, as it show indeed, that your Lordship would not proceed no farther at that time ; and now the occasion presents that your Lordship may with great honour come to your own.1' The writer is endeavouring here to persuade the Earl to return and settle on his own patrimony ; it may be, perhaps, to accept the friendly terms offered by Mary of Lorraine, as the date, Dec. 21, 1559, is quite in accordance with the overtures made by her and the communication of the French ambassador with Nisbet. But Sir Walter Scott, the editor of the Sadler Papers, considered it a feeler from the Congre- gation Lords. If so, it shows that Lennox, according to his usual double-faced policy, was in secret treaty with both parties, and meant to take the most advantageous terms, irrespective of principles. The Laird of Cardonald goes on to represent the advantages the exiled Earl may gain, by returning at a crisis which appears peculiarly favourable to his gaining, " besides money, other great preys/' which inducement savours certainly of a Lord of Congregation argument — "Besides," continues the keen west-countryman, "the great revenge that ye might have of your enemies, which time presently if your Lordship contents not ye sail never come to it again This, after my most humble commendations to my Lady's Grace, my Lord Danely [Darn- ley], I pray God have your Lordship and them both in his keeping." 1 Cardonald was a Eenfrewshire gentleman. He lived in the neighbourhood of the Castle of Darnley (situated between Glasgow and Paisley), which now forms a part of the estate of Sir John Maxwell, Bart, of Pollock. The castle, of which only a ruinous heap of stones, covered with brambles and wild-flowrers, remains, was pleasantly situated on a pretty 1 Sadler's State Papers, vol. i. p. 655-6. THE LADY MAKGARET DOUGLAS. 3C5 miniature mountain, rising in the midst of a fruitful valley, and partly encircled by a bright little stream that supplied the place of a moat, and formed the boundary of the garden terrace. One of the outbuildings, probably the grange, is still in existence, having an escutcheon entablature over one of the doors, with the arms of Stuart, and the initials L. S. and D. S., meaning " Lennox Stuart and Darnley Stuart." Great caution was used by the Earl and the Lady Mar- garet in their responses, distrusting every one but the French ambassador, to whom they despatched their agent, Nesbit. He wrote, imploring of Francis and Mary the grace of remis- sion of all offences, and restoration to their rank and estates in Scotland, with the offer of surrendering their sons, Darn- ley and the little Lord Charles Stuart, as hostages for their fidelity. How Lennox could offer his children, after having caused the slaughter of so many juvenile hostages, seems strange, Nesbit was charged with their pedigrees and gene- alogies, in order to manifest the joint claims of their eldest son as presumptive successor of England, Scotland, and like- wise of the estates of Douglas and Hamilton. Queen Eliza- beth and Cecil were incensed by these proceedings, although Lennox had sent by Nesbit a letter to Cecil,1 submitting his future movements to the decision of Queen Elizabeth, en- treating that the Queen would be good and gracious lady to him and her cousin his wife. He asked her to give them leave (as her sister the late Queen Mary had done) to cross the Scottish border, for the recovery of their estates and liv- ing in Scotland, as no one could or would do her Majesty better service than they, if they were once there ; and that he was waiting to send a servant to the Queen-Kegent of Scotland until he could get licence (leave) from Queen Eliza- beth. In confirmation, he enclosed a letter sent him from his brother, the Bishop of Caithness, by a near relative of their house — Stuart, Lord of Gaston. Neither the Queen nor Cecil manifested any very gracious intentions. The Privy Council warned the Duke of Norfolk to take heed of Lennox and his wife, and neither to permit their crossing the Border 1 Hayiies'ts State Papers. 366 THE LADY MARGARET DOUGLAS. nor to suffer any Scotchman to cross it to them.1 The fra- ternal epistle enclosed by the Earl of Lennox contained the long-looked-for invitation from the Queen-Eegent of Scotland (then sore pressed by the forces of Elizabeth and the Lords of the Congregation) for Lennox and his lady to return to Scotland, promising the one the disputed rank and estates of Arran, and the other the inheritance of her late father, Angus.2 The dying Queen-Regent had thought she was wrong in rejecting Margaret's petition for the reversal of Lennox's outlawry. Master Nesbit's mission by no means met with the approbation of Elizabeth, who committed him to the Tower,3 — a declaration of hostility which gave no little alarm to the Lady Margaret and her spouse. The Earl wrote in the beginning of Feb. 1559-60 from Settrington to Cecil, apologising for his servant Nesbit having misbehaved and incurred punishment. Again he wrote, Feb. 28, acknow- ledging a letter from Cecil, adding that he had himself re- ceived information from France which aggravated Nesbit's crime. He declared himself surprised at his agent's conduct, but was conscious of his own uprightness.	35,238
pennsylvaniafarm41854darl_35	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,851	Pennsylvania farm journal	Darlington, J. L \| Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture Collection (University of Pennsylvania) PU	English	Spoken	7,682	9,874	215 other gentlemen in ditFevent parts of the State in your valuable Journal, and if they can recommend a better plan than the levying a tax to stop the poor scrubby, shad-bellied, raizoi'-backed seed animals from running at large on our fertile soil, I shall be pleased to fall in with them immediately and have it accomplished. SAMUEL GILLELAND. Centre county, May ISth, 1854. «9. Paper from Wood. The great demand for paper outruns the supply of rags, even adding those that are imported for the manufacture of this article. The books say that a paper can be prepared from the wood of various trees, but except from two sources in England and one in France, and they not producing a good article, it has not even beeu done unjil now. We are on the eve of successfully producing such. We have speci- mens of good writing paper — not as good as the best, for the means of working up the material are not what they will be — made of the fibres of hickory or the cotton poplar, of white pine and cane-brake. The material is cut first of a proper length, then treated alternately with diluted acids and alkalies, washed, broken between rollers, bleached, and thus prepared to be worked up. If under the microscope the '•ultimate fibres" appear broken, as sometimes happens from using too great mechanical violence, or if they are made too tender by too great strength of acid or alkali, the specimen is faulty. These processes are mostly in the hands of prac- tical unscientific men. The assistance of a practical scien- tific man at the mills would save much time, expense, and the mortification of experimenting to discover facts already well known to science. Indeed the struggles of successful inventors would be much lessened in number and in their melancholy results, if inventors would study the general features of the sciences in whose details they are generally the most skilled. — [Proceedings of Scientific Association at Washington. Breaking Horses. " What is the best loay to break Hot'sea?" — I consider this an important question, and as much overlooked, perhaps, as any thing relating to rearing and fitting horses for service. A well-broken horse is what every man wishes for, and will command a readier sale, although he may be somewhat in- ferior in other respects. Such a horse can only be depended on. When I speak of a well-broken horse, I wish, to be un- derstood one for farmers' use ; and such a horse, I believe, will answer all purposes that a horse is used for. I shall only speak of breaking to harness. I will simply say that my opinion is, a colt should not be used under the saddle until it is at least four j'ears old. I think breaking to har- ness should commence at three j'ears, but never put to hard work till six years old. In order to break a colt as he should be, it is of great importance to have a horse that is qualified to break him; and, in order to make mj'self under- stood it will be necessary to describe some of his qualifica- tions. In the first place, he should be perfectly true and kind. A horse that will bite a colt is unfit for the purpose. He should be a good stepper, because this is indispensable to a good traveller. The step is what tells in the journey. There is many a good horse that can trot fast, and is at the same time a poor traveller. When a good stepper is found, it almost invariably follows that his other gaits are in pro- portion, lie should also be well-broken to the word. Now, I would put the colt in the stable, and put the harness gent- ly on him, keeping the doors all shut, and let him stand in the stable a few hours in each day for a few days, until he gets used to the harnes.«, and occasionally lead him out of j doors to get him accustomed to it. After he gets over show- ing fear of the harness, he should be placed beside the liorso he is to bo driven with, and the two harnessed toj^ether. Great care should be used not to frighten him. After get- ting all ready, a person should take him by the head, and another hold of the lines, with a whip, and begin to lead him along. If he is disposed to run, hold him in gently ; never jerk him in the mouth ; humor him in the bit until ho gets used to it. After driving him round for an hour or two, if he is not afniid, you may attach him to a wagon that is not too heavy, and drive him on a walk, if possible; but if he is disposed to trot, bring him to the walk as soon as you can, and drive him on the gait, and if possible never let him break the walk until he is learned to walk as fast as he possibly can. Much may be done, iu the breaking of a colt to increase his speed for a traveller. Driving him on a walk will not worry him ; consequently, ho can be kept longer in the harness than if he was driven fast. As soon as he appears to get a little tired, unharness him carefully ; see that every part of the harness is unloosed before you at- tempt to take it off. His breast should be washed in cold water. The next day he should be harnessed aud driven as before, unless his breast shows symptoms of being galled, which will be discovered by the hairs being wet under the collar. He should never be harnessed when there is the least appearance cf his breast being sore. Great care should bo used in turning about, for fear the wagon-tongue may strike him suddenly, and cause him to kick. After he has been driven day after day, till he has become accustomed to the harness and carriage, and learned to walk as fast as it is possible for him to do, you may commence the trot, in which he should be as thoroughlj- learned as to walk. It will not do to drive him far at a time ; but drive him a little way, and stop till he gets rested. It is as necessary to learn him to stop and start as any thing else. Now, another kind of training will be necessary for the farm. That requires another kiud of gait. I have always found that the best kind of work to put a colt to at first was to put him to harrowing plowed ground. This is work that will soon make him leg-weary a little, and it will be easy to bring the quick step to a slow one, which is always neces- sary for plowing ; and whether for plowing, or dragging, or whatever the work maybe that requires the horse to go slow, he may bo trained to this gait without injuring his stop be- fore the carriage. But let him thoroughly understand what his business is, and in after-life he will never forget it, and it will add to his value as long as he is able to work. In driving on a walk the lines may be a little slack ; but ho should always be taught when the line is drawn tight, to start off free; and when the line slackens to come to a walk. Great pains should bo taken to learn him the word to stop or to start. " Whoa" should never be said to him unless it is intended for him to stop. Those who are unaccustomed to thorough breaking may say I am taking a great deal of 216 THE FARM JOURNAL. [JULT unnecessary pains ; with such I will have no controversy. I will only say to them, try your kind of breaking, or rather no break or gait at all, with a thoroughly-broken horse on the road, and satisfy yourselves. I am confident that who- ever will follow ray mode of breaking will feel themselves well paid for their trouble. I am well satisfied that there are many that would have been valuable horses ; but, for the want of thorough and proper training, they have become nearly worthless. There are some persons who have not a suitable horse to break a colt with. When this is the case, it would be better for the owner to put his colt into the hands of some man who has the proper means to do it. I have broken a number of colts and never had one that proved unkind in my hands. Some^of them were very met- tled animals. AVith such much care is necessary in train- ing. Such horses are generally much more to be depended upon when they are broken. — Patent Office Report. LAPHAM'S PATENT CULTIVATOR. The annexed cut represents an improved form of Cul- tivator, (for two horses,) adapted for working among corn and other growing crops ; also for preparing land for wheat, &c. It is the invention of the late Seneca Lapham, of Champaign county, Ohio, and possesses several important advantages over other implements of the kind in use in this country. By means of two long levers — one connected to the axle or shaft which supports the machine, and to which the wheels are hung, and the other to the tongue, to ■which the team is attached — the cultivating teeth can he raised or lowered, to suit the unevenness of the ground, and the machine directed independently of the team, by the person driving, and walking behind. When a depression or elevation renders it necess.ary to change the depth of the teeth, by raising the lever •which is attached to .the axle, the teetli are lowered, or, by lowering the lever, the teeth are raised ; and when it is desirable to change quickly the direction of the ma- chine, to avoid an obstruction, or a hill of corn or pota- toes, by moving the lever connected with the tongue, the cultivator is readily turned, without the trouble and de- lay of guiding the team. When it is desir.able to use this machine for cultiva- ting young corn, the front tooth is removed and mould boards affixed, which will prevent the earth from cover- ing the corn, while the teeth break the soil and destroy the weeds ; or, by placing the boards in a different posi- tion, earth may be thrown around the corn. Suitable devices are provided for retaining the levers in place, and for rendering their motion easy. Any information respecting this Cultivator can be ob- tained by addressing the Patentee, Wm. Lapham, West Liberty, Logan county, Ohio. <•* A Wash for the Hair. Mr. Editor : — I observe a large number of patent preparations advertised, warranted to promote the growth and beauty of the hair, preventing its turning grey, re- storing it, &c., most of which are absolutely prejudicial to health. Now, with your permission, I will give you a recipe which is in the reach of all, which will prevent the hair falling out or turning grey, and besides will prevent its becoming offensive. It is simply Castile soap and ivater, applied once a week in warm weather and about once a month in cold. This preparation cleanses the hair, removes dandruff, scruf, great sweat and other impurities, and besides promoting hcaltli and comfort it removes all offensive odors from the hair. The writer of this recently sat in a railroad car with a finely dressed lady, whose head smelled so strongly as to be offensive to all in the car. She informed a friend of mine that she had put cologne, pomatum, bear's oil and other pre- parations on her head in the hope of "killing the smell," but it was of no use. Nothing but soap and water will do it. ■ T. M. 1854] THE FARM JOURNAL. 217 JOHN KRAUSER'S PATENT PORTABLE CIDER AND WINE MILL.— PATENTED AUGUST 30TH, 1853. Tlie annexed engraving represents the Mill, showing all its principal parts and its peculiar advantages over all other mills heretofore invented, being light and port- Able, and performing the labor it is intended for in one- fourth the time usually taken, and being easily worked by two persons who can make from eight to ten barrels of cider in one day. It can also be used as a Wine Mill, being so constructed as to answer for both purposes. Its simplicity of construction, durability of action, ef- fectiveness in its operation, of reducing the whole fruit with great rapidity to a fine pulp ; the powerful press attached to the Mill, which is capable of performing a pressure equal to ten tons, causing the last drop of juice to flow from beneath its pressure. It is stated that from eight to ten barrels of cider can he made by hand-power in a day, and by horse power, to whicl^the construction of the mill is adapted, a much larger quantity can be produced. For the manufacture of Wine, no mill was ever better constructed for the purpose than the one above repre- sented. Its action upon the Grape is such, that while the skin is being thoroughly broken, and the grape re- duced to pulp, the seeds remain uninjured. Paschall Morris & Co., Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, northeast corner of Seventh and Market streets, are sole agents in Philadelphia. Work for the Month. Farm. — In this latitude hay is generally made in the latter part of June and the beginning of July, according to the kind of grass cut, or the notions of the farmer as to the policy of early or late cutting. The grain har- vest commences usually within a few days after the first of the month. In this, too, a diversity of opinion exists as to the propriety of early or late cutting. Those who have experimented on the subject, we believe, are unan- imous in the opinion that grain cut before becoming "dead ripe" is of greater weight, and will make better flour than when left uncut until fully matured. The rule appears to be to cut when the stalk becomes white and begins to shrink just below the head, and when the grain, on being pressed between the thumb and finger, has the consistency of dough. Corn and potatoes will continue to require attention. It too frequently happens that the hurry of the hay and grain harvests prevent proper care for these crops during this important period. The consequence is an increased crop of weeds and a di- minutive yield of corn and potatoes. Nor do the conse- quences end with the season, but increased labor will be required in after years to exterminate the product of seeds now suffered to ripen. Again we say, neglect not your corn or potatoes at this critical season. The ruta baga crop should be sown the first week of this month in ground previously well pulverised. Fruit Orchard. — Dig and plow between strawbeny rows to keep down weeds, and allow runners to take root freely. Continue the pinching and summer pruning process, thus regulating the number of fruit branches, and controlling the shape of the tree. Cut out the su- perfluous branches of grape vines, and pinch off the ends of the fruit branches, to increase the size of the grapes. Summer pruning has been too generally neglected. Com- mon sense teaches us that the best plan to stop the growth of branches is to pinch off the terminal bud at the point required, and also superfluous shoots as soon as they appear, instead of allowing them to grow into limbs to be subsequently cut off after the waste of a use- less growth. The art of fruit growing is to a great ex- tent found in a proper knowledge of pruning. The blight in pear trees should now be carefull}- looked for, and when it makes its appearance the parts should be immediately cut away. Budding of pears and plumg may be pei'formed this month, at any time when the bark separates freely from the wood. If the weather is dry, and there is danger sap may stop flowing before the buds are mature, cultivate and work the soil around the trees to produce continued action of the sap vessels. Shake or jar quickly plum trees every morning, and collect for burning or feed to the hogs the fruit which fulls, con- taining the eggs of the curculio. Were thi.s plan adopt- ed by all cultivators, the ravages of the "little Turk" would be sensibly diminished. Whenever practicable, 218 THE FARM JOURISrAL. [JtlLY liogs and poultry should have the run of the fruit or- chard, to eat up the fruit which falls prematurely. Vegetable Garden. — Attend to directions of last month. Transplant during damp spells of weather, cab- bages, cauliflower and celery, as before dii-ected. This latter should first be pricked out of seed beds, and trans- planted to a prepared piece of ground, before final re- moval into trenches. Try salt for this crop. Sow en- dive, small salading, summer radish, ruta baga seeds, &c. Plant cucumber seed for pickles. At the last of the month some spinach and lettuce may be sown for au- tumn use. Cut off and dry for use, such herbs as come into flower. Peas may be planted for fall crop, also sugar corn for table use or marketing. The main turnip crop should be planted in drills about the last of this, and the beginning of next month. Gather all seeds as they ripen, and hang them up in a di-y, airy place. Stir and pulverize the ground thoroughly between all vegeta- bles, to promote their growth, and keep down all weeds. Sow plaster and ashes over hills of cucumbers, squash- es, pumpkins, &c. Where plants requii-e water, it should be done in the evening. Flowek Garden. — Attend to mowing grass plots, hoeing and raking flower bed and walks. Tie up care- fully the young shoots of running roses and other creep- ers. Peg down verbenas and petunias as they continue to grow. They will flower much better when tied up to stakes. Tulips, hyacinths and bulbous roots generally may be lifted this month. Supply their place with the last sowing of annuals. As soon as the hybrid perpet- ual roses are out of bloom prune the young shoots back to within three or four buds of the old wood. It will cause them to start growing again and produce bloom. Cut the seed pod of all perpetual roses, as soon as they have shed their bloom. Notice to County Societies in Pennsylvania. We have been furnished by Dr. Elwyn, President of the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, a printed pamphlet copy of the minutes of that Society from its first institution in 1785 to March, 1810. We understand it has been printed by Dr. Elwyn at his own expense, and he intends a copy for every Coun- ty Agricultural Society in Pennsylvania, which the Se- cretaries or other authorised persons can obtain by call- ing at his residence in Philadelphia, or if more convenient at the agricultural warehouse of Paschall Morris & Co., northeast corner of Seventh and Market streets, Phila- delphia. It contains much interesting and valuable mat- ter, and the Doctor is entitled to much credit for his liberality in getting it up in the present form. It will be seen by a perusal of this volume that many of those, whose active energies were devoted to further- ing the science of agi'icultnre at the earlier period of the Society's existence, have given place to others, who, if we know them aright, lack neither the ability nor the determination to sustain the reputation of their institu- tion. ty, made a report at a meeting, and submitted plans for buildings for the Society, which was adopted, and a com- mittee appointed to procure materials for enclosing the exhibition gi'ouud and erecting suitable buildings before the next annual exhibition. From the spirit of determination exhibited we expect to see the "Common" in its finest gala dress in October. By the way we will here just request the committee to leave a little nook for us, or one of us, upon which to pitch our tent at the exhibition in October. Berks County Agricultural Society. The committee of this society, appointed some time back to proceed to Allentown to examine the buildings and enclosure of the Lehigh County Agricultural Socie- Chester County Horticultural Society. The June exhibition of this Society was held at its Hall on the 15th, ICth and 16th ult. The display was meagi'e compared with former years. The following are the principal premiums awarded : Best half peck Peas, best display of Beets, best three heads of Cabbages, best quarter peck Potatoes, and best display of Vegetables by a market gardener, to George Lentz, gardener to P. Morris & Co. Special Premium for Seedling Rhubarb to Josiah Hoopes. Best one quart of Strawberries (IlautDoys), S. A. In- gram ; Second best, do. John Rutter. Best display of Strawberries and best one quart Cher- ries, to John Rutter. Best display of green house plants and best display of Roses by Nurserymen, to J. Kift, gardener to P. Morris & Co.;, second do. do. to H. Lynch, gardener to Hartman &Co. Best display by amateurs, to Josiah Hoopes ; second best, to Abm. R. Mcllvaine ; third best, to o. H. Pain- ter. Best display of Cut Flowers, to P. A. Sharpless ; sec- ond best, to Hartman & Co.; third best, to M. J. Hick- man. Best display Flowers in Baskets, to Anna C. Hoopes ; second best, to C. Baldwin ; third best, to J. & M. Ben- nett. 0 Best display Indigenous Plants, to J. & M. Bennett. Best Boquet, Centre Table, to J. Kift ; second best, to Mrs. J. S. Futhey ; third best, to M. A. Seal. Best Mantel Bouquet, to Anna T. Hoopes ; second best, to Hallie Townsend ; third best, to Isaac Sweeney. Best Hand Bouquet, to M. H. Pyle ; second best, to P. Morris & Co.; third best, to M. A. Seal. Best display Verbenas, to J. Kift. Schuylkill County Agricultural Society. The Annual Exhibition of the Schuylkill County Agri- cultural Society will be held at Orwigsbui-g on the 17th, 18th and 19th days of October. At a meeting of the Society held at Orwigabilrg, on Saturday, May 27th, 1854, among other business transacted the following resolution was adopted: "Resolved, That the Schuylkill County Agricultural Society most i-espectfully asks the location of the Far- mers' High School of Pennsylvania at Orwigsburg. The morality of this town and vicinity will compare with any in this Commonwealth. Communication by Railroad, Canal, Telegraph, &c., are points of consideration. Land of a suitable character for the establishment of such a school can be procured at this place, cheaper 1854] THE FARM JOURNAL. 219 than at any other La the State, connected with the same advantages, and the Society offer all the facility in their power to carry the measure into effect. The President of the Society, or, in case of his inability to attend, a person by him appointed is authorized to make this pro- position to such a body as may be authorized to locate the school. J. S. Keller, Rec. Sec'ry. Crops for 1854. The wheat crop in Chester and acyoining counties seems to promise now to be a very heavy one. It is, however, considerably lodged. A wheat crop is never safe till secured in the barn. We understand in several counties of Western Pennsylvania, wheat has been great- ly injuretl by the changeable winter, which has thrown the roots out and destroyed the crop. Many fields have been plowed up and buckwheat sown. The hay crop in Chester county, from the same cause, it is thought will be much lighter than last year. Eegulations for the Fourth Annual Exhibition of the Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society — to be held at Philadelphia on the 26th, 27th, 28th and 29th days of September next. Any person can become a member of the Society for one year by the payment of one dollar into its treasury. AU the members of the Society whose dues are paid, and all who shall become members previous to or at the Fail", will be furnished with cards of membership, which will admit the person to the Exhibition at all times during the continuance of the Fail", and entitle the holder there- of to all the privileges of a member until the next an- nual Exhibition. Cards of membership will be furnished by the Secre- tary at his ofBce in Philadelphia at any time after the first of September, and by the Treasurer at his office on the Fair gi'ounds during the Exhibition. Single ticket for one admittance, price 25 cents, will be ready at the Treasurer's office on the grounds on Tliursday morning, the 28th of September. IMcmbers will be allowed to enter the grounds in car- riages with their families ; but no hacks or other public conveyances will be permitted to enter. Members of the Society, Exhibitors, and the Viewing Committees or Judges, alone, will be admitted the first day of the Exhibition. The days selected for the Fair are Tuesday, Wednes- day, Thursday and Friday, the 26th, 27th, 28th and 29th days of September. Exhibitors must become members of the Society, and have their articles and animals entered on the Secre- tary's book, on or before Tuesday evening, the 2Gth; and all articles and animals, except horses, must be brought within the enclosure as early as Tuesday noon, in order that they may be suitably arranged for examination by the Judges on Wednesday morning. Hovses will be re- ceived early on Wednesday morning, but must be enter- ed previously. The Executive Committee do not intend to assure any exhibitor, who neglects these requirements, that his ar- ticles can be passed upon by the Judges. While every effort will be made to secure the examination and proper notice of every artide on exhibition, justice to those who comply with the rules of the Society requires that they shall, in all cases, first receive attentfbn. An office will be opened in Philadelphia on and after the first day of September, for the purpose of receiving enti'ies of exhibitors. Articles or animals removed from the ground before the close of the Exhibition (except by permission of the President) cannot receive a premium though awarded. On Thursday the grounds will be opened to the pub- lic, and continue open for two days. Single admission 25 cents. Members' cards $1. Competition without the State. — The Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society makes the field of competition co-extensive with the United States, and cordially in- vites the citizens of other States to compete with us for our prizes. Animals and articles entered for exhibition will have cards attached, with the number as entered at the busi- ness office ; and it is desired that exhibitors should, in all cases, obtain their cards of Number and Class, pre- vious to placing their stock or articles on the grounds. All persons who intend to exhibit horses, cattle, sheep or swine, or who intend to offer stock for sale, should notify the Secretary of such intention, on or before the 20th day of September, and leave with him a list and full description of such stock, in order that proper ar- rangements may be made for their accommodation. Applicants for premiums are particularly requested to pay attention to the directions attached to the list of premiums for fat cattle, fat sheep, butter and cheese, &c., and the statements required from exhibitors of those articles must be lodged with the Secretary before the 26th of September. Instructions for Judges and Superintendents. — The Judges are requested to report themselves to the President on their arrival, at the Business Office, at the Show Grounds ; they are desired to meet at the Society's tent, on the grounds, at 4 o'clock, P. M., on Tuesday, 26th September, when the vacancies will be filled ; and on AVednesday morning, at 9 o'clock, at the same place, they will be furnished with the books of entries, when they will proceed to decide upon the merits of the differ- ent animals and articles submitted to them, reference being made to the numbers affixed to each. The Judges on all animals will have regard to the symmetry, early maturity, size, and general qualities characteristic of the breeds which they judge. They will make due allowance for age, feeding, and other cir- cumstances, on the character and condition of the ani- mals. They will not give encouragement for over-fed animals. They will not award premiums for bulls, cows, or heif- ers, which appear to have been fattened for the butcher: the object being to have superior animals of this kind for breeding. No person whatever will be allowed to interfere with the Judges during their adjudications. The Judges will be expected, in all cases, in making their reports to give the reasons of their decision, (es- pecially in the case of animals,) embracing the valuable and desirable qualities of the animals or articles for which premiums were awarded. When anything is exhibited to the Judges, which they 220 THE FARM JOURNAL. [JULT shall deem meritorious, but beyond their power to award a premium to, they will furnish a note of the same to the Committee on Discretionary Premiums, for their con- sideration and action. No animal or article can take more than one premium. All productions placed in competition for premiums must be the growth of the competitors. When there is but one exhibitor, although he may show several animals in a class or sub-division of a class, only one premium will be awarded ; that to be the first, or otherwise, as the merit of the animal or article may be adjudged. And a premium will not be awarded, when the animal or article is not worthy, though there be no competition. In any case the person to whom a pecuniary premium may have been awarded, may elect to accept a diploma instead thereof. Superintendents. — It is expected that the Superin- tendents will take particular direction of all articles in their respective departments, and see that all such arti- cles are arranged, as near as may be, in some numerical order, for their easy approach and examination. Plowing Match. — The Plowing Match will take place on Friday, the 29th, at 9 o'clock, A. M., in a field adja- cant to the place of exhibition. Persons competing in the plowing match are requested to have their teams hitched, and ready to move off' at the appointed hour. The Address. — The Annual Address will be delivered at 1 o'clock, P. M., on Friday, the 29th of September ; and immediately after the address, the Reports of the Viewing Committees or Judges will be read, and the pre- miums awarded and distributed. Hay and Str.\w. — Hay and straw will be furnished gratis for all animals entered for premiums, and grain will be provided, at lowest cost price, for those who de- sire to purchase. Payment of Premiums. — The Premiums awarded will be paid by the Treasurer at his office on the grounds till the close of the day, and on Saturday at the same place. All cash premiums will be then paid and delivered if called for. Pei'sons to whom premiums have been awarded are in- formed that imless they call for their premiums at the Fair, application must be made, by letter, to the Treas- urer, George H. Bucher, at Hogestown, Cumberland county, with whom the Book of Awards will be left. Persons to whom medals and silver plate have been awarded will please furnish their names to the Record- ing Secretary', in order that the engraving of names may be properly done. The Secretary will forward the Diplomas awarded in such manner as may be directed by the persons entitled to receive them. The Reports of the Judges will be published by the Society, as soon after the Fair as practicable. Notice to Exhibitors. — The Executive Committee will take every precaution in their power for the safety of stock and articles on exhibition, after their arrival and arrangement upon the grounds ; but will not be re- sponsible for any loss or damage that may occur. They desire exhibitors to give personal attention to their arti- cles and animals, and at the close of the Fair to attend to their removal. Mr. John Clark, of Arch street, above Broad, Phila- delphia, has been appointed General Superintendent of the Exhibition, to whose care all ai'ticles intended for exhibition and not accompanied by the exhibitor must be directed. R. C. Walker, Sec'y. Fair Grounds, RegTilations for the Fair and Exhibition of the Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society. AVe are happy to be able to announce that the Fourth Annual Exhibition of the Pennsylvania State Agricultu- ral Society will be held on the Powelton and Bingham estates, at the tenninus of the Columbia Railroad, in what was recently West (now City of) Philadelphia. The grounds are eminently suited for the display, while in facility of access by public communication the loca- tion is probably unequalled by any spot in the State. Removal — Agricultural Reading Room, &c. Since the issue of our last number, we have removed to our NEW OFFICE on High street, one door south of the Agricultural Warehouse, where we shall be happy to see our friends from far and near. The office of the Chester County Agricultural Society is in the same building. All the principal Agricultural Journals pub- lished in America, as well as some foreign ones, will be kept on file in this office for the perusal of the members of the Agricultural Society. We trust our friends hav- ing an hour's leisure when in town will be able to find this a pleasant and profitable retreat. Annual Exhibition of the Chester County Agricultural Society. The Executive Committee of the Chester County Agri- cultural Society met at the office of the Society on the 18th ult., and fixed the time for holding the Annual Ex- hibition on Friday and Saturday, the 8th and 9th days of September. The committee meet again on the 1st of August, when the final arrangaments will be made. The exhibition will probably be held in Everhart's Grove in this borough. Growing Strawberries. We hear from various quarters of failures of straw- berry crops, in some cases where extraordinary care and labor had been bestowed. One of our friends put out a large bed last spring, trenched the soil two spades deep, manivred heavily, and has literally no fniit this sea- son. As enquiries are often made of us on this subject, we may remark that we entirely agree with No. 8 in the pronunciamento, in our present number, of the Cincin- nati Horticultural Society. Whatever diflferences of opinion there may be as to the possibility of their being a strawberry from a pistillate blossom, without the in- fluence of staminates, there is none, we believe, as to the necessity of the latter to produce a full crop of fruit. We recommend that beds of pistillates be set out, and at certain intervals between a single row of staminates. These latter are apt to overgrow the others, and should be watched closely, and all runners cut off. Their blos- soms only are wanted for fertilization. One staminate is sufficient for twenty pistillates. Sometimes the entire failure of a strawberry crop is owing, as we think it may have been this season, to late frosts, but is much oftener 1854.] THE FARM JOURNAL. 221 attributable to the usually rapid growth of staminate phints, which soon overrun the entire bed. Strawberry Question and Ad Interim Report. The following paragraphs of the proceedings of a sta- ted meeting of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, held February 21st, 1854, appear to have been accident- ally omitted in the report published in the Farm Journal about that time. Our attention has now been called to them in connection with an observation in T. Meehan's article on the Strawberry Question, that that part of the Ad Interim Report had been "rejected" by the Society. It appears only to have been referred back for reconsid- eration. The omitted extracts from the minutes are as follows : '•The Fruit Committee made their Ad Interim Report, a portion of which, relating to the Strawberry question, was objected to by Mr. Cope, and upon his motion re- ferred back to the committee with instructions to recon- sider the subject thereof, and report after the next Strawberry season. "Some remarks were made by Mr. Haksox, and on his motion it was resolved, that the subject of the change- ableness or otherwise of the sexual organs of the Straw- berry be referred to the Committee of Botany." Superphosphate of Lime. The above fertilizer, manufactured by Prof. Mapes (being the article chiefly used in this section, others as j^et not having been much tried,) is confirming this sea- son its previous high reputation. For wheat, grass and corn it has been found equally valuable, and some of our farmers who have made extensive use of it prefer it to guano. One of them informs us that he experimented in ditferent parts of his corn field, in alternate sections in the hills, with Mapes' superphosphate, ashes and plaster, guano, bone dust, and manure from the henery, proper- ly composted. Its singular appearance, of various col- ors and height, attracted much attention of passers-by — the part where the superphosphate had been applied in the hill and the corn di'opped on it being considerably ahead of any other portion. Its effects have been particularly striking on pastures and mowing ground, and we know of no application equal to it, from our own observation of its effects, to renovate and fertilize such fields and lawns where the grass has run out, and where it would be inexpedient to plow it up. We have latterly also heard it very highly spoken of by those who have tried it as a manure for pear trees, slightly dug in around the trunk. One kind of manure for all soils, and under all cir- cumstances, is hai'dl}' more rational than one kind of medicine for all diseases. What Mapes' superphosphate of lime has done, within our knowledge, in three or four counties around Philadelphia it may not do everywhere else, but we advise those farmers, who require something more than their barnyards can yield them, and who can obtain it, to buy a portion the present season. suited from a scarcity of vessels, as is alleged, or wheth- er with a view to enable speculators, with heavy stocks on hand, to realize fortunes at the expense of the far- mer, and in an article now considered almost indispensa- ble, we are unable to say. It is a matter we tliink re- quiring the interposition of government to place the guano trade on a different and more permanent footing. Could not a treaty be made with Peru, by which, on the payment of a stipulated sum, and under any reasonable restrictions, the trade should be opened to any one to send a vessel at his own risk, and obtain a cargo. An immense outlay has been made for a commercial treaty with Japan, and why should not the farming in- terests, in a matter of such importance as the supply of guano, be attended to. After enquiry all we can learn is, that "the subject is claiming the attention of govei-n- ment." This has been the report from Washington for a long time, and nothing else is known, but with the very great anticipated demand for the coming crop of wheat in the fall, it is time something should be done. Thei'e is reason to fear that in this country, no less than in England, an adulterated article is often sold. We copy the following letter from the English Agricultural Gazette, as to the extent of the business of adulteration there : "Will you allow me to call your serious attention to the extensive adulteration which is just now being prac- tised by the dealers in guano ? Few people are aware to what an extent this nefarious business is carried on, nor how deeply many credulous farmers are fleeced. It is true that some of them are becoming awake on the subject, and show a good deal of skill in protecting themselves : but the bulk of them sufl'er unsuspectingly. I knew a case where two brothers bought of one dealer out of the same cargo; one used all his quantity, the other kept a bag. When pay-day came, the first-named paid in full ; the other demm-red, expressed doubts about the genuineness of the guano, thought he should have it analysed. I need not pursue the story further than to say, that, rather than have any enquiry institu- ted, the scoundrel of a dealer took half the amount of the bill and settled it in full. "Another course has recently been adopted. Rascally firms in London get respectable tradesmen to become their agents in the country, and through them distribute worthless trash for Peruvian guano. Recentlj- a friend of mine bought a parcel in this way, price £12 per ton, cash down. Some doubts having arisen as to the article being genuine, it was submitted to Professor Way, and his analysis was as per copy inclosed : 23 Holies Strest, May 10, 1854. Analysis of a Sami-le of GrANO. Moisture 012 Organic matter and salts of ammonia 14.19 Sand and clay 48.87 Phosphates of lime and magnesia 10.10 Hydrated sulphate of lime 7.97 Alkaline salts 3.75 Feruviaa Guano. The Peruvi.an Government have made another advance of $5 per ton in the price of Guano, being the second in- crease within a few months. Whether this rise has re- 100 Nitrogen, 3.14 per cent., equal to ammonia, 3.81 per cent. (Signed) J. Tho.mas Way. It is anv thing but a genuine article, and contains half 222 THE FARM JOURNAL. [JULT of its weight in saud aud clay. It is worth less than £4 per tou." Eeaping and Mowing Machines. The demand for these the present season has far ex- ceeded what was considered the too sanguine expecta- tions of manufacturers, and many farmers in all sections of the country, whose minds were not made up early to purchase, find it impossible to be supplied. One agricultural house in Philadelphia, Paschall Mor- ris & Co., have sold nearly 200 machines, and many oth- 'Crs have no doubt been disposed of at other places. Of mowing machines alone, Allen's and Ketchum's have been most sought for, and so far as we have heard up to this present time have given general satisfaction. As regards combined reapers and mowers, public opinion seems to be more undecided. Manny's, McCormick's, Hussey's, Atkins', and Seymour & Morgan's, (the last two self rakers,) whose reputation is chiefly as reapers, are also recommended for mowers, and the experience of farmers this harvest will test whether a combination for both reaping and mowing has yet been made, which will give entire satisfaction. We hope our friends in diiferent sections of the State, so soon as hay and harvest time is over, will write for the Farm Journal their experience with these diiferent machines after trial. It is a matter of considerable importance to be settled, which is the best mowing machine, which is the best reaping ma- chine, and which is the best combined reaper and mow- er. AVe anticipate the demand next season will far ex- ceed the present — many being deterred from purchasing by the uncertainty as to which is the best. Will our friends please write us as to the amount of work their machines have performed in a day, their simplicity or otherwise of construction, liability to get out of order, ease of draft, names of manufacturers, &c., so that our readers can have all the material to form correct conclu- sions in the case. Fruit Prospects for 1854. It is almost impracticable, with such a variety of soil and climate as exists in the United States, to collect re- liable information as to the prospects for fruit. Since railroad facilities have so greatly extended, a deficit sup- ply in one section is immediately filled up from other points, as was the case in Philadelphia last season with apples : notwithstanding a great failure of the apple crop in Pennsylvania aud other Atlantic States, the Philadelphia market was probably never more abundant- ly supplied. The present season, so far as we have heard, in Penn- sylvania, Delaware, and many parts of Jersey, there is another failure of the fruit crop, probably worse than last year. The peach crop in Delaware will not make more than half a crop. In this immediate section not only will the apples be more scarce than has been known for years, but also pears, peaches, cherries, and the smaller fruits, gooseberries, strawberries, &c. The disappointment is greater, as this is what is called the fruit year. The cause is doubtless owing to the extra- ordinary mild spell of weather very early in the spring causing the flow of sap and premature swelling of tlie buds, which were killed afterwards by the subsequent hard frosts and sleets. About the 1st of May, often so very mild, there were one or two cold nights sufficient to produce quite a layer of ice on the surface of the water. This probably finished what had been left unhurt be- fore.	16,643
sim_englishwomans-domestic-magazine_1877-1879_23_31	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,877	The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine 1877 - 1879: Vol 23	None	English	Spoken	7,551	10,359	dress draped so low that scarcely two or three Inches of the underskirt show, and that only at the sides and back, for the polonaise nearly touches the ground in front. In some instances a cuirass or jacket bodice is worn, bat even then a plain skirt appears too bare, too simple, and two skirts are superposed, the upper one draped low over the other, just as in the case of a polonaise. Of course the whole of this underskirt need not be of the same material ; a bas de juporty trimmed with a deep plisse, or a number of narrow ones, suf¬ fices, or merely a wide band of velvet or embroidered cashmere. As a rule the thick hairy cloths of the season are employed for complete walking costumes, neigeuse for home dresses or morning out-of-door costumes, and toilettes of ceremony are composed of brocaded and floriated silks and velvets. Among the toilettes of the month we may mention a costume of Florentine bronze Thibet cloth made per¬ fectly tight and buttoned at the back about half-w'ay down the skirt, where it is looped en cascade with a trimming of very finely pleated (lutings of faille to match. The underskirt is trimmed with similar flutings as well as the bodice, sleeves, and pockets. Another walking costume is partly of neigeuse and partly of double twilled cashmere. The neigeuse is of a dull shade of blue dotted all over with silver grey, the cashmere is dark indigo blue. Of the underskirt nothing shows but a deep fluting of the blue cashmere ; a long polonaise-like skirt of neigeuse is draped low down at the back. It is trimmed round with a cross¬ way band of dark blue velvet. The bodice is a long jacket with deep round basque ; it is of the blue cash¬ mere, trimmed with bands of neigeuse. This trimming forms a plain turned-down collar continued in long facings down the front (but not in the middle), and turned down to form a border a few inches from the bottom all round the basque. The jacket is fastened down the middle with small dark blue corozo buttons. Cashmere sleeves with neigeuse facings and square pockets trimmed to correspond. A dress which forms a pretty variety from the usual run of neigeuse materials is of iron-grey cashmere finely streaked with Vesuve red, old and new gold, Mexique and ciel blue, moss and bronze green, Wack and white. A long skirt, trimmed with silk fringe of all the colours of the material, surmoun'ed with pretty fancy galloon to match, is draped over a skirt of black velveteen. The bodice is made with a plain square postillion at the back and pointed in front it is open in the shape of a square at the top, showing an under¬ waistcoat of iron-grey silk fastened with tiny silk buttons. All the outlines of this elegant bodice are bound with black velvet. The buttons are also of black velvet. The sleeves are very narrow. A deep turned-down collar and cufls are worn with this dress. An elegant dress is of myrtle-green silk and wool bourrette. The skirt is trimmed. The back widths, without any trimming, are pleated lengthwise from the waist. Polonaise open in a square in front, arranged in pleats across the sk>rt, fastened under the left arm and trimmed all round as well as upon the left side with a fringe of soft and fluffy woollen balls. The opening of the polonaise is filled up with a plastron of finely-pleated Nile green faille. The sleeves of bour¬ rette are trimmed with facings of the same Nile- coloured faile. Another is of seal-coloured faille and neigeuse of the same colour, finely streaked with silver white. The front part is pleated lengthwise from the neck down to the two flounces, divided by a ruche, which are placed round the bottom. Polonaise of the bourrette, open in front, edged with ruches and trimmed with bows of faille similar to the skirt. AH the flounces and all the ruches are pricked out round the edge. The sleeves are trimmed round the bottom with a pleated revers of faille. A handsome dinner dress is of prune-coloured velvet with tablier of pale gold satin brocaded with velvet of a lighter shade of prune. The outlines of the tablier are bound with old gold galloon describing clover leaves. The plastron of the bodice is of the same style as the tablier, as well as the revers of the prune velvet sleeves. A deep Louis Xlll. collar ot Genoese guipure and cufF> of the same turned up over the sleeves are an appropriate finish to this stylish toilette. With black faille and grenadine the moonlight beads employed with discernment are very pretty and effec¬ tive. Very handsome chenille and bead embroidery and fringe are sometimes artistically blended with draperies of silk or crepe de chine for evening dress, but for the daytime coloured beads should be avoided, as they always give a toilette a gaudy tinsel-like appear¬ ance which ladies of taste will avoid. Paletots are made decidedly longer than last winter, or at least the very long models, which were then the exception, are now the rule. Cheviot cloth, Thibet cloth, and a variety of hairy, fleecy, or felt-like cloths are used for everyday paletots, while matelasse and velvets compose the most dressy style of confection. Besides the paletot shape, fastened either straight down or across the front, there is scarcely any model to be seen but the visite, with wide square-cut sleeves cut from the side-pieces. This is a more dressy style than the palttot, and is made either of fine Thibet cloth or of velvet. Very handsome passementerie and galloons are used in profusion for the trimming of these winter mantles. Large circles formed of soutache are a con¬ spicuous feature in the ornamentation of new paletots and vibites for the season sometimes thick silk or chenille tassels drop from the middle of these circles. Thick galloons of black silk or silk and mohair with chenille patterns form very handsome trimmings, and the new fringes, with balls or tufts of chenille, are also very effective. Bonnets are, upon the whole, small again, and the capote shape, upon the whole, prevails. We doubt whether the much-talked-of moonlight beads will have all the success predicted to them for the winter season. Since the beginning of October we have seen quite a profusion of black tulle bonnets embroidered with these clair de lune beads, but this was the demi- saison bonnet, and will not do for a winter chapeau. It DESCRIPTION OF THE FASHIONS AND NEEDLEWORK ENGRAVINGS. 257 will not now be worn, except for the theatre. Soft French felts, which are now made in almost all shades of colour, compose the most elegant of bonnets for the commencement of winter. Bronze and moss greens are favourite tints, to which may be added iron grey and seal colour. The felt capote is trimmed with feathers either curled or smooth, birds’ wings, and entire birds. Double-faced satin ribbons are arranged into hrge foqt/ej, showing both their colours ; and satin and stamped velvet foliage are very fashionable for bonnet trimmings. DESCRIPTION OF THE FASHIONS AND NEEDLEWORK ENGRAVINGS. 64S. — Xi;w I’alktot. Tills modol is very loiifr, mul rather close-fitting. The front is trimmed to siiniilntu u Hreton plastron, which is ornamented with several rows of braid. A large and handsomely -trimmed pocket is placed on each side; the sleeve is tight, and also trimmed with braid to eorrespond. 649. — Wai-kixo C08TUMK or Eceu Linen. Tlio skirt is pleated in front the entire length. The polonaise is ornamented with a thick cord and two handsome tassels, which fall on the train at the back. A pelerine is worn round the shoulders. The sleeve is tight, and is simply trimmed with one plissc, which fulls on the hand. C50. — Rkoeption Toii.ette. Toilette in grey faille and grenadine of a darker shade of grey. The long train skirt is surrounded by a plisse of faille, headed by three more plisses, of which the centre one is of grenadine. Princess polonaise of grenadine, ornamented with ruches of the two shades ; half-long sleeves trimmed with plisses of grenadine, and a fall of white lace ; also bows of faille. .Similar bows of faille are used on the tuLic to drape it slightly. 651. — Reception Diie“8. Princess dress of moss-green faille and silk daraasso of green, two shades of blue, cream-eolour, and yellow all combined. This dress is trimmed with a bias of faille, piped with blue and yellow, and with a large fan-like pleat in the back. Bonnet of Italian straw, with blue faille and moss-green trimmings, and wreath of mixed fruits. 651.— Visiting Cosifme. Costume of ecru and brown striped faille, trimmed with broad bands of brown faille. Mantille visite to match, trimmed with plisse of brown faille. Chip bonnet with spray of plums and foliage. 653. — Elegant Toilettes. I. Costume of prune faille and grey snowflake. Skirt of faille, with plisse flounce. Polonaise of snowflake, with collar, gilet, cufis, &.C., of faille. . Costume of black faille and black net, with crossbars of naiTow velvet. Princess dress of faille. Polonaise of net. A fringe of black silk is placed round all the edges ; the back is ornamented with l)ows of black and yellow. Sleeves of faille, with double cufi" and plisse falling on the hand. 654. — Evening Toilettf. Tliis charming moilcl is composed of nainsook and embroidery. Tlie front is trimmed with a gathered llounce, surmounted by frills of embroidery. The back is bouillonmi vertically, and ornamented by bands of embroid..'ry. Tlie same trimming is continued down tlic sides and round the train, simulating a manteau de cour. Small fichu, arid sleeves trimmed to correspond. Bows of azure blue faille complete this elegant peignoir. 654. CoiNTiiY Hat. Hat of straw of three dirtereiit colours — red, bine, and yellow. Scarf of white gauze round the crown, fastened with branches of cherries, the end flowing on the back. Caclu'peignc of cherries under the brim at the back. 65s. — Coverlets, Sofa Blankets, 4c. The centre coverlet is worked on a ground of Java canvas and Baden-Baden cloth, arranged in alternate squares. The canvas is embroidered according to illustration 659 in Holbein stitch. The dark outlines are worked with dark blue, and filled up with blue of a paler shade. Instead of this pattern, illustrations 65 S, 669, and 670 may be chosen and worked with the same colours in cross stitch. The threads outside the squares round the outer edge are overcast with blue ; the coverlet is then bound with white braid, embroidered on both sides with feather stitching of dark blue. Beside this airange two scalloped braids, as shown in illustration, and e<lge them with a crocheted fringe as follows : — With white thread, i double in the braid, * 3 chain, i treble, 3 times alter¬ nately 5 chain, 1 treble in 5th chain, i treble close to last treble in the braid, then 3 chain, i double in braid, 10 chain; repeat from . Then fold in half n strand of thread nearly 3 inches long, work z chain out of it, and draw the thread through the last stitch. The ground of the coverlets to the right and left consists of .alternate strips of canvas and Baden-Baden cloth ; the canvas of the one on the left is worked with 2 shades of blue thread in cross stitch. The narrow edges of the coverlets, embroidered in Holbein work (see illustration 665), arc unravelled and knotted in a fringe. 656 and 656. — Bobdehs foe Undeblinex. These designs are worked on lawn or cambric in satin, purse, and overcast stitch. The wheels are put in with lace thread, 657. — Olove-Case. The upper side of the case is madeof claret-colouriHl and of white satin ribbon, plaiteil together in squares, and embroiderod with silver thread and claret-coloured silk in point russc, according to illustration 664, The lower side is made of claret-coloured satin, lined with white, and both sides are slightly wadded with scented wadding. Round the outer edge is a box-pleatwl ruching of claret- coloured satin ribbon under loops of white satin ribbon. At each corner is a bow of the two colours. 658 and 659.— Details of 655. 660. — Design fob Netting. Our illustration represents a new method of netting hammocks by which the usual knots are altogether avoided, and the hammock rendered a pleasanter resting-place. See illustration. 661. — Design fob Embeoideeing on Net. 662. — Wobk-Bag. Bag in the shape of a high-erowned hat, with puffings of claret- coloured satin, with strips of vandyked cloth, embroidered with claret-coloured purse silk and gold cord in satin, overcast stitch, and point russe. 663. — Cabd-Pbess. Card-press in imitation of Chinese pavilion of carvetl wood stained black and brown, and highly polished. Round the foot is a border embroidered on white vandyked cloth iu satin and overcast stitch and in point russc with blue silk. 664, — Detail of 657. 665. — Detail of 655. 666,— Edging foe Washing Materials. Russian Braid and Crochet. istrow: Along lO chain, i treble iu ist stitch. 2nd row: 6 chain, miss 3, i treble. 3rd row : Like precciling. 4th row : 6 chain, miss 3, i treble, 7 chain, join to the treble in znd row, 2 chain, join to same stitch where last join was made. 5th row : 10 treble with i chain between each in 7 chain; turn the work, going back along the stitches, t double in chain between two tiebles, 8 times alternately 3 chain, i double, join where last join was made, turn the work, going back along the stitches, 2 slip stitch, i chain, I purl of 5 chain and i double in first stitch, 2 chain, i double in 3 chain, 6 times alternately 5 chain, i double in 3 chain, then i treble in treble of last row, 3 chain, miss 3 chain, 1 treble. 6th to 9th row ; Like the 2nd row ; repeat now from the 4th to the 9th rowj joining where necessary. 667. — Bracket fob Keys. Bracket of dark carved wood, with narrow shelf at the top to hold any small articles, and fitted in front with hooks on whicli various keys are suspended. It has also an embroidery for which the design is given in illustration 678, and which is worked on holland with maizo-colourcd silk in siitin and overcast stitch and in point russe. 668.— Ckociii i Edging. Along a Russian braid with s-fold loops, ist row: • 1 slip stitch in 2nd loop, 3 chain, 7 treble in next loop, 3 chain, 1 slip stitch in next loop, 2 chain ; repent from . 2nd row : Along the other side of the braid, i double in centre of 5 loops, 7 chain ; repeat. 669 and 670.— Details of 655. U 58 THE ENG USHIVOM AN'S DOMESTIC MAGAZINE. Madame A. Letellieu, 30, Henbietta St., Cotevt Gabden, W.C., BrPFLiEa all the Matebialb BEQtIBBO fob THE NeEDLEWOBK DeBIONB ON THESE PaQBB. 67? .inJ 673. — XoiLETTE-CrSHION. Ilroderic d’Esp^ne. Circular mat of brown velvet with puffed edgre, over which is a cover worked in S])!inish style on eeni-eoloured lawn, with gold thread, gold spangles of various sizes, and fine sewing silk of 8cvera\ neutral tints. All the pattern is then traced with two rows of gold cord, sewn on with separate buttonhole stitches of pale silk. The outer cord is arranged in loops, which arc fastened down either by the buttonhole stitches or the loops of gold thread of the next jtattern. The ribbon pattern is then worked with two lines of cord, sewn on with bine silk, the loops being formed as shown in the illustration. The spots are also worked with gold cord in satin stitch. The flowers are outlined with dark red claret, the leaves and tendrils with pale brown, grey, green, and olive, the crescents and trefoils with violet silks. The spangles arc sewn on with gold- coloured silk in point russe, and the separate patterns are filled up with satin and overcast stitch and with point russe. The centre of the lace, which is worked in the same way, is joined to the other part of the work with claret-coloured silk. 671 and 672. — Dbess fob Childeek or t to 3 Yeab.?. • Crochet. Th6' dress is begun from the lower edge of the front along 150 stitches, and is crocheted in Victoria stitch with white wool. A j)attcm should be cut out from Fig. 67, and the widening and nar¬ rowing worked to correspond. The first 15 pattern rows art- crocheted without increase or decrease; in the i6th row there are 4 narrowings, the first and last after the first and before the last 40 stitches, the centre ones divided by the 40 centre stitches. These narrowings arc continued in every other row. It is begun along 5 stitches, widening and narrowing as required. 7 button¬ holes must be made on the left of these back pieces. The sleeves are crocheted, beginning with 5 stitches The separate parts are then sewn together on the wrong side, and the van- dykes arc crocheted round the lower edge. Each Vandyke has 6 pattern rows. Tlic ist row has ii stitches, and each following pattern row is decreased by i at each end, so that in the 6th row there are only t stitches, whorcui>on the thread is fastened and cut off. Then miss z marginal stitches and begin the next vaudyke. The Vandykes are then finished off as follows ; — 1st row : 2 double in each stitch, ind row : With white moss wool, i double, 3 chain, i slip stitch in 2nd and 1 double in ist chain stitch, miss i, I double; repeat from . 3rd row : AVith bine mass wool, i double in the stitch of the last row but one where the double crochet was worked, taking in the lost row as well, 4 chain, i double in point of Vandyke, 4 chain. Then alwve these 3 rows, crochet along the Victoria stitch a vandyked pattern in chain stitch with blue wool, and directly above this crochet another row of Vandykes in reversed position according to illustration. The trimming is crochete<l in the- same way round the neck, waist, armholes, and pocket. Blue buttons to fasten. 674. — Aobafe. Agrafe of black stone set in oxydise<l silver with grelots of tlu- same metal. 675.— Detail of 671. 676. — Necklet. Necklet of Brazilian beads with rosette-shaped medallion and fringe. 677. — Detail of 663. 678. — Detail of 667. 679. — Haiepin. Haiq)in with butterfly of mothcr-of-pearl and painted wings. 680 and 681. — MoNOGB.tU3 fob Undeblinen. To be embroidered in satin and overcast stitch. 681. — Lacb Edging fob Washing Matebialb. Mignardise and Crochet. Along one side of the mignardise: — 1st row: 3 double with 2 chain bi-twcen each in 3 loops of mignardise, zi chain, join to the 2 1st following hxip, 1 leaf ns follows, going back along 7 of the 21 chain, i double, i treble, 3 long treble, i treble, i double, 4 times alternately 1 leaf as follows, 7 chain, join to 5th loop before the last join, going back along the 7 chain, i double, 1 treble, 3 long treble, I treble, i double, then for i leaf, going back along the 14th to the 8th of the 21 chain, i double, 1 treble, 3 long treble, 1 treble, i double, 7 chain ; repeat from . 2nd row : i treble, i chain, miss 1 ; repeat. 3rd row : Along the other side of the braid, i double in centre 3 loops of the hollow, 6 times alternately i chain, 1 double in iicxi loop, then 2 chain, 8 times alternately 1 double, i purl of 5 chain, and i double in first stitch, then 2 chain, i double in next loop, 6 times alternately i chain, i double, 1 double in 3 loops, 6 times altern.itely i chain, 1 double, joining at the hollow; r(>peat from . DESCRIPTION OF OUR COLOURED FASHION PLATE. \I51TING TOILETTE.s. I. Costume of moss-green faille. Princess polonaise, formed in two parts, one quite plain and falling straight ; the other is pleated the entire length, near the seam in the centre of the back. A lace of the same colour surrounds this portion of the polonaise, carried all the way up the centre and round the neck. This part is draped at the back in a kind of bow and fastened with ends of ribbon. The front of the polonaise is fastened diagonally, and the lace is continued round all the edges. The part of the front which crosses over the other is pleated all the way down in the same style as the back. The rather tight sleeve is trimmed with a plisse, a bracelet of ribbon and lace to match the rest of the dress. Grey felt hat, with tuft of moss-gre:n feathers and bow of blue ribbon and strings of the same. 2. Princess dress of grey neigeuse and brown faille. The front of the dress is trimmed with a plastron of faille buttoned at one side. This part of the faille is draped to one side, and the ends concealed beneath the drapery at the back. The centre of the back is striped with a band of grey cloth, which is cut out in points. A similar ornament is continued down the front and round the edge of the plastron. Pocket trimmed in the same manner. Grey felt hat. The brim is raised at one side and fastened by a fancy feather. A band of ostrich feathers of pale grey all round the crown com¬ pletes this elegant costume. Price of pattern made up, 6s. 6d. ; flat pattern, 4s. Madame A. LetelJier, 30, Henrietta- street. Covent- garden, W.C. Post-office orders payable at King-street, Covent-garden. \ HOME NEEDLEliVRK. 259 HOME fjl:£t>L£WORK. CHAPTER XII. — CUTTING-OUT AND MAKING. ET may be useful now to show a simple, clear, and rapid method to facilitate the instruction in schools for making and cutting out garments. This will supple¬ ment, so to speak, the directions already w, given for needlework. The teacher must, in the first place, show the pupils exactly how to take measurements. In order to do this the girls can practise on each other -, then, with the aid /? of ruler and chalk, the teacher must draw a pattern of the size obtained. Upon the black ^ board each class of pattern ought to be the subject of a lesson. Two courses ought to be held, the first comprised of about six lessons, in the following order ; — 1st lesson — chemises. 2nd „ shirts. 3rd „ bedgowns. 4th ,, drawers. separate pieces to the material itself before commencing to cut out. Care also must be taken to cut the material so that the right side of the stuff is always the upper¬ most ; also that that pattern is well placed, so th.it if figured or striped the pattern on both sides of the garment may correspond. These precautions prevent useless cuttings being made. Those that are inevitable are useful for pipings, turnings, hems, &c. From the remainder of the pi.’ces 5 th „ caps. 6:h „ petticoats. Second Course. . ■ 1st lesson — plain high body. 2nd ,, different varieties of sleeves. 3rd „ low- fitting body. 4th ,, jacket body, different sorts. 5th ,, Princess dress. 6th ,, skirts, gored and plain. 7th ,, paletots, different sorts, half-fitting, &c I’ij'. .jO, (see Fig. 40) bands c.in be cut and j ained at the ends until a piece of sufficient leng'h is obtained. These must be cut wider or narrower according to the turning required ; when one piece is cut it is as well to lay that on the stuff in order to cut the next of the same width, and this successively until all the pieces are shaped ; it is very difficult otherwise to get all the piece.; of the same size. A string can be inc osed and sewed 8th ,, blouses, jackets, pth ,, capes, mantles. loth ,, hoods, fichus. See. The first course ought to be supplemented by the rules given further on respecting ne^les, cotton, hold¬ ing work, &c. The directions which have been given for drawing the patterns of underlinen must be care¬ fully attended to. The second course might properly be commenced by following the plan laid down in a previous chapter for drawing the pattern of a plain high body, guided by the measurements as they are shown to follow each other. After the pupils have once or twice drawn the pattern they will, if at all intelligent, be able to draw it out on paper. Some quantity of this will be required to be used instead of lining or material. The different parts are to be joined by being hacked together. After so.iie experiments the pupils, whatever their degree of intelli¬ gence, ought now to be able to cut their garment out in the material itself, and should be able to make it fairly well. The teacher must show her pupils how carefully to cut the material with attention to economy. This ought to be brought to bear when cutting any stuff whatever. In order to do this all the different parts of the pattern ought to be pinned to the stuff before cutting out any one piece. In the case of a body, after the lining has been cut out it is as well to taek all thi 1 ly. 41. as sho wn at Fig. 41 , which shows both sides of a strip of stuff. These bands car. also be used as flat trimmings ; they are then termed bltis. Although fashion unceasingly varies the forms and names of garments, no change can alter the foundations upm which they are nade, and nothing is easier than to modify according to the caprices of fashion or to suit particul.ir requirements. All the patterns that have been given in the preceding chapters, especially the pattern of the high body (which so well defines the outlines of the figure), will always otie and all be the foundation for a'l patterns w’hatever they may be. The pupil rel)ing up an rules as simple as infallible, and guided by taste, simply needs prac¬ tice in order to succeed in making any article of clothing. We may add thit it is useless in the school to work upon the material itse f it is quite sufficient that t ie lessons should beg n a .d end with drawing out 26o THE ENGLISHWOMAN'S DOMESTIC MAGAZINE 657. — Glove-Casb. Border for Under 659. — Det.'il of 655. Border for L nffp- 658. — Detail of 655 / XUM 66i. DfsIGN For liMBRCIDERlSG ON NtT. 26; THE ENGLISHWOMAN'S DOMESTIC MAGAZINE. and making the paper patterns. These lessons the girls can afterwards apply in their homes or as appren¬ tices in the workroom ; practice will then soon make perfect the pupil who is emancipated from routine. An anecdote illustrative of the absolute necessity of learning how to make a pattern suitable to the intended wearer of the garment may not be out of place here. A joung girl wishing to do something for her mother decided to make a ho, se-jacket for her in violet cache- mire ; she had already made one for herself, which had not answered very badly, as she had procured a pattern which happened to be nearly her size. This she still had by her, and pinning it upon the cachemire she thought that by cutting it a little larger in every direction it could not fail to answer. After having joined the different parts of the jacket the young lady went in haste to try it on her mother. Judge of her confusion when she saw her mother overwhelmed in a garment to which no name could be given ; it was much too large in the neck, too narrow on the shoulders, too wide in the back, too large in the waist, and con¬ siderably too tight across the chest and the hips. The young lady sadly contemplated her work and thought that there must be some secret in knowing how to cut out a garment unerringly. The “ secret” consisted si III ply in hn:'iving nuhat measurements to take and how to take them. The “ secret” learnt, any one may at once feel herself equal to cutting out any article of dress after any prevailing fashion. If in well-to-do families this knowledge is appreciated, how much more useful it ought to be in those of working men, out of whose circles some may take to the lucrative profession of a dressmaker, and who will then be able to carry into the workroom the skill gained by practice ! CHAr-TER XIII. — HOLDING THE WORK — NEEDLES — THREAD. Holding work. — The size of the table in a school- rcom will not admit of each pupil using a lead cushion to which to fasten the work. It is as weH, therefore, to teach girls to hold their work well, never allowing them to fasten it to the knee, as this keeping the body bent, besides being exceedingly ungraceful, is likely to harm young and growing girls. The work should be held level with the chest, and care should be taken that the stitches are not drawn back — that is to say, that they are not dn.wn or gathered. It must be noticed that when two pieces of material are joined the side opposite to the w orker is always apt to draw up, whilst the other and further side has a tendency to enlarge itself. In order to obviate this inconvenience, care must be taken — 1st, from time to time gently to stretch the part underneath whilst leaving the upper free ; 2ndly, never to allow the work to be rolled round the finger, upon which it ought only to rest. The seam, when sewing, has to be held between the forefinger and the thumb. Needles. — The pupil ought to be shown needles of different sizes and quality. The needle used ought to be the very best, and quite appropriate to the nature of the material upon whi.h it has to work. These two conditions contribute as much to the perfection as to the celerity of the work. It is important to know the difference between good and bad needles. The good quality of a needle depends upon its “ temper.” To find this out it is necessary to prove it. When trying to break a needle between the fingers, one ought to feel it resist strongly before breaking, and a certain elasticity should be experienced ; when finally it breaks it ought to snap cleanly in two. If it break without an effort it is too highly tempered, and consequently expensive and troublesome to use. Needles which can be bent and keep the bend given to them are, on the contrary, not sufficiently tempered. No one should ever accustom herself to work with a bent needle. The eye of the needle merits especial notice. When this is not sufficiently polished, whether “ egg-shaped” or “ round¬ eyed, ”it wears out and cuts the thread. Sometimes the head of the needle breaks off* sharply, and this shows an imperfect make. Needles are of different sizes, of which the different degrees of thickness correspond to the number. The best are those that range from I to lo. The first numbers indicate the largest needles. For sewing a needle should' be of medium length, and always a size larger than the cotton which it has to carry. It is the needle which ought to make an easy road, so to speak, in the stuff, for the cotton to follow. When the needle is too fine it causes the thread to be drawn through in jerks, which is very tiring, and gives a clumsy air to the worker. Darning needles are much larger and have a larger eye than those for sewing. Those for stitching cloth ought to be much shorter than for any other purpose. For tacking work it is as well to use a long needle. It may not be out of place here to add that it is as well always to keep an assort¬ ment of needles. If kept in a needle-case a little pow¬ dered soap is useful to prevent rust, but a needle-book, with flannel leaves, is in every way preferable. Cotton. — For sewing the cotton should always be chosen of equal texture to the thread of the material it is intended to work upon, except in the case of stitching, when a coarser cotton can be used. The choice of thread merits great consideration, because upon the strength of the thread or silk the solidity of the work depends. In order to judge the strength of the thread to be used it is as well to try and break a needleful. The stronger it is the greater will be its resistance before it breaks. It ought to be round and equal, without being too twisted ; it should, however, be twisted sufficiently to form a sharp point, and to wear well when passing constantly throuuh the stuff. For the same reason care must be taken not to use too long a needleful. The thread ought always to be cut and never broken off. We must not omit to mention that most useful little implement the thimble. This little arti(.le is indis¬ pensable for giving the necessary force to the needle, but, nevertheless, many children have much difficulty to accustom themselves to it. It ought to be exacted from the pupils that the work should be as clean when finished as it was when com¬ menced. Children also should be taught the difference between the length and the width of the stuff — that is to say, the selvage, the woof, and the warp. XUM \ IVOMAl^S IVORLD OF THOUGHT. WOMAN’S WORLD OF THOUOHT. XI. — THE LAW AND THE GOSPEL OF SOCIAL LIFE. fHE past month has witnessed a remarkable exhibition of public feeling in opposition to a legal judgment. Four young people, united intheclosestbondsof relationship — two brothers, two sisters, a husband and fe, and two connected by a strong it illicit J i bond — were condemned to death for the crime • i) of murdering by slow starvation and neglect i J the law ful w ife of the younger of the brothers. ’ T he judge and jury decided that the evidence n established their guilt; a very large number ot the general public held a contrary opinion, and many others who had no doubt as to the guilt of the accused shuddered at the thought of four young people being put to a fearful and a shameful death. The excitement on the subject which arose, in fact, indicated a deep-seated feeling that the gospel of human charity should temper the inexorable law of human justice. We do not intend to argue any of the issues which have been raised in conne'tion with this particular case. Before these lines are read the decision will have been arrived at. Either some or all of the four wretched creatures who stood in the court of justice with the shadow of death on them, with, perhaps (we know not) the consciousness of guilt heightening their agony, when at the end of that long weary day ot mental torture the calm, clear voice of the judge passed on them the sentence which consigned them to the scaffold, will have passed beyond 'he reach of human pity or will be “ re¬ spited” to a lifelong agony of shame and remorse, for the wrong they undoubtedly committed, if not for the greater crime charged against them. Bur, whatever the result, 'here remains the strong evidence that the merciful side of our human nature is as active as the judicial side, and that more and more is it becoming an at cepted axiom of our social life that it is possible to modify the extreme severity of the letter of the law by merciful cons'deiarion of particular circumstances, without sacrificing our respect for the law, which is our social safeguard, or really making it less efficacious and powerful. It is not a proof that society is advanced in Christian civilisation when the only thing that can be done with bad people is to put them out of the way and care no more about them. In times when the moral law was dimly understood, when moral obligations were scarcely acknowledged, when nations and societies were in a state ■of chri nic warfare, and no man’s life was safe unless he could himself protect it, the short and ready mode of disposing i>f a murderer was the easiest. He was out of the way of further mischief if hung up or beheaded ; and the Lynch law of “an eje for an eje and a tooth for a tooth” was not difficult to be understood, presen ed no mental problems, did not in any way concern itself with the weaknesses or unregulated tendencies of human nature or the circumstances which lead to crime. There were two parties only to the case — those who took human life for private purposes, and those who took it publicly and with the sanction of the letter of the law. The latter were the more numerous and every way the stronger, and so they had the advantage. Let us re¬ member that when the great enlightenment of the Gospel was made known, the Divine Teacher spoke of that as having been the law of “ the old time,” intimating that a new time had come, and with it new principles of administering justice. The time when He spoke is now an “ old time” to us. For nearly two thousand years the spirit of the Gospel has been leavening human institutions and modifying with irresistible, if often un¬ acknowledged force, the fabric of our social life. As we know more of the mysterious nature which we all share, the more we respect the awful residuum of mystery which remains ; the more we appreciate the fine¬ ness of the line which separates the legally guilty from some who smile with a complacent pride in the belief that they are so much better than those who stand in the open condemnation of the world. It is very certain that the social state of England has not been any the worse since the ferocity of the criminal law was mitigated in this country some half-century since. We sleep as safely in our beds, we enjoy as much security in our business and social life, we are more refined in our tastes and habits, and we are, generally speaking, quite as happy as in the days of our grandfathers, when a poor woman was ruthlessly hanged for stealing a bit of cloth from a shop door, her husband having been taken by a press-gang and she and her children left to starve ; when to forge a note was an offence so terrible and indicative of such hopeless moral depravity that nothing could save society from utter perdition except the extinction of the miserable light of life. Already we look upon the beginning of this century — when a little boy, six years old, was actually hanged at Maidstone, if our memory serves us correctly — as an “ old time,” and we are thankful that the days have passed when grave and reverend divines and cautious constitutional lawyers maintained that the security of the fabric of Christian society and national safety demanded that men, women, and children should be hanged in batches. I^rd Albemarle, still living, in his Recollections lately pub¬ lished, relates stories which make us aghast at human depravity — not of a wretched creature who saw the last of the world in front of Newgate, but of shrewd, practical, commercial men of the world, who knew “ what was good for society.” Many forged bank-notes were in circulation, the criminals could not be disco¬ vered, but it was thought that they might be alarmed if an example were made. The solicitors to the Bank of England (Lord Albemarle is our authority) obtained a remission of the sentence on a desperate ruffian if he JM * 14 .V,:#5/-;S''' •■t'.r^'kf' I'.iif THE ENGLISHfFOMAN^S DOMESTIC MAGAZINE. 672, Child’s D»rss (Front.) (Crochet.) Child’s Dress (Back.) (Crochet.) Stn?: •rlTBlT 673. — Detail of_67I. XUM p^Stiam 676. — Necklet, 679. — Hairpin. 680. — Monogram (T. C.) 681. — Lace Edging. (Crochet.) 682. — Monogram (L. B.) 674. — Agrafe, NEEDLEtVORK. 678. — Detail of 677- Detail of 663. JM 266 THE ENGLISHWOMAN'S DOMESTIC MAGAZINE. would assist them to get a man hanged. He knew a man of loose character, a Westminster bird-fancier, a waif and stray of low life, and induced him to pre¬ sent a forged note for payment. This forged note was supplied for the purpose by the Bank solicitors them¬ selves ! Of course the man was apprehended imme¬ diately, was tried and hanged ! The law said he de¬ served his fate ; what did certain others deserve ? Perhaps they lived long and died respected, and nobody thought of adding to the inscription on their tomb¬ stones that they had engaged in a conspiracy to destroy human life, the very crime for which the wretched brothers and sisters were stricken down by the thunder¬ bolts, not of inscrutable and unerring justice, but by law which may be fallible in its nature, and stands terribly in need of the Gospel to regulate its appli¬ cation. Not only in matters involving the sacrifice of human life by judicial procedure, but in lower things, should the law and gospel of social life go hand in hand. There are strict laws, in their nature wholesome and necessary laws, but if wc would be truly a Christian people ill more than the name there must be a dis¬ pensing power vested in the sovereign conscience. The law may strike down the offender, but the Gospel of charity may extend a hand to lift him or her up. The law scientifically classifies offences, the Gospel recog¬ nises the spiritual life, weakened and darkened, but existing, of the offender. The law inflicts suffering, but the Gospel can take no pleasure in witnessing the suffering. The law deals death to those who watched the lingering sufferings of the poor creature in the dirty garret ; of which spirit was there most — of the law or of the Gospel, in those who watched with gratified faces, varying their observation with lively chat, the mental torture of the guilty men, the heartless woman, j and the depraved and misled girl, and enjoyed the j spectacle of their pallid faces and hysterical tears, as Parisian ladies in the bad “ old time” enjoyed the writhings at the stake of the “ little Marquise” Brin- villiers ; as Roman ladies two thousand years ago (another bad “ old time”) the groans of dying gla¬ diators } If the Stauntons and the wretched girl were guilty of the imputed crime, they obeyed only the “ law” of ' their own hearts ; they extinguished a life that was inconvenient to them; the “gospel” of humanity and mercy was to them an unknown influence. They were condemned to be put out of the way because they were worse than others ; is it a necessary result of right reasoning that, by imitating them, others are better than they ? The Editor. FLOWER GAROEfiS: HOW TO KEEP THEM GAY ALL THE YEAR ROUND. directions for the autumn quarter (continued). BOUT the year 1789 the dih ia, so called from Dahl, the Swedish botanist, was in- troduced into Europe from the sandy mountain valleys of Mexico, and by all accounts a poor little plant it was before our florists discovered that instead of sand it needed a generous soil, and that it could be im¬ proved under their hands. The best seed was saved ; the seedlings left to bloom ; the choicest of these selected for a second ^ ear’s growth, and seed again taken from the best of these. In this way, in the course ot time, have been obtained about May are divided, and each root with its growing shoot is planted whtre it is intended to remain and blossom. 1 he plants require strong stakes, for they are very liable to injury from wind. Dahlias are favourite flowers for exhibition. There are endless named varieties of them. Good sorts may be bought at five or six shillings a dozen. Lists of names, with the prices, may be seen in Mr. H. Cannel’s Floral Guide. The hollyhock also is a beautiful autumnal flower.	48,080
archaeologicalh00pubgoog_38	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,902	Archaeological history of Ohio : the Mound builders and later Indians	Fowke, Gerard, 1855-1933	English	Spoken	5,139	9,521	Cruelty:— among higher races, 488; com* mon to all peoples, 486; a natural trait, 489; of Indians, 486; of whites toward Indians, 490. Culture stages, 75; Mound Builders' place in, 61. Cup made from human skull, 857. Cup-stones:— abundance of, 640; found everywhere, 640; variations in form and size, 641; conjectures as to pur- pose of, 641; for use in fire-making, 646; not for cracking nuts on, 644. Curved flints for fishing, 676. Cusick's tradition, 437; may apply to Scioto valley, 442. Cuyahoga county, enclosures in, 227. Davenport tablets, 680. Dayton :— enclosure six miles from, £16} hill-top fort near, 266. Deeply buried objects :— iron horse-shoe, iron wedge, and axe-marks. Marietta, 26; sea-shells, Portsmouth, 26; pottery, Shawneetown, 26; thimble, Waynes- ville, 25; iron hatchet, hewn stone, brick, brick hearth, Louisville, 25-26; flints, Georgia and Virginia, 26; tab- lets, Piqua, 26; stump, with axe-marks, Chillicothe, 26; boiler and brass ob- ject, Franklinton, 26; fire-places, Ports- mouth, 27. Defensive works :^226; on hills, 288; Spruce Hill, 242; of Indians, charac- ter of, 236. Definition of terms: — flint implements, 633; stone axes, 622; working in flint, 632. Dense population impossible to barbar* ians, 81. Depth to which earth will bum, 307. Detroit, motmds in vicinity of, 439. Detroit River, not the crossing point, of Lenape tradition, 439. Different tribes builders of the various classes of earthworks, 267. Dighton Rock, 424. Discoidal stones :— large or rough, 649; as spindle weights, 660; for digging- sticks, 550; polished, 551; possible uses of 663. Disks, see discoidal stones. Disparity of troops and warriors in Sem- inole war, ^6. Distance earth need be carried in mound building, 889. Diversity of objects from mounds, 94. Dogs, skeletons of in moimds, 828. Double mounds:— in Hardin cotmty, 828; in Pike county, 876. Dressing skins with stone tools, 620. 762 Index. Drilling:— methods of, 867; tools for, 657; experiments in with primitive appli- ances, 6<X); rate of progress, 660-008 Dnblin, enclosures near, 221. Dunlap works, Ross county, 199. Eagle, of copper, from Peoria, Illinois, 719. Early notices of Ohio motmds and Mound Builders, 64. Earth in mounds and embankments: — character of, 214; "carried from a dis- tance,'' 82-100-839. Earthworks:— catalogue of, by Bureau of Ethnology, 102; due to various tribes, S07; age of, 104; for public use and of public construction, 169; on upper Mis- souri river, 102; at Evansville, In- diana, 96; at Aztalan, Wisconsin, 97. Effigy mounds: — In Ohio, the serpent, 282; the opossum, 291; at Newark, 292; the tapir, 294; the bear, 295. In Iowa and Wisconsin, 91-110-282. Effigy pipes:— skill in carving, 511-604; pos- sibly totems, 606; attributed to Eu- ropean work, 687; not made by white men, 588; manner of making, 686; comparison of Ohio and New York specimens, 601. From Mound City: — 852; description of, 589; material of, 602; errors in naming the animals portrayed, 608. Elaborate carvings attributed to Euro- peans, 687. Elephant mound in Wisconsin, 110. Elephant pipes from Iowa, 110. Ellipse: — near Boumeville, 217; near Piqua. 221. Eloquence, Indian, 503. Elyrja shelter cave, 416. Embankments:— character of earth in, 214; palisades on, 217. Emotion, apparent lack of among Indians, 604. Enclosures of Ohio. So-called "geomet- ric enclosures": — theories as to pur- pose and uses, 149; classification of, 149; mythical basis of classification, 152; Pueblo theory of Morgan, 154; fatal objection to Morgan's theory, 155; not for religious rites, 151; not for exhibitions, 152; not for game pre- serves, 152; probably for protection to villages, 153; not at centers of mod- em population, 209; genesis of, on basis of traditions, 441; geometric ac- curacy of asserted, 65-61-62; not of accurate proportions, 209; no mathe- matical skill necessary for construc- tion of, 160; how laid out, 160; how to construct a square, 161; an octagon. 162; error in survey, Butler county* 215; distribution of types, lOL Enclosures of Ohio. Minor and irregu- lar enclosures: — 220-226; purpose of* 220; for defense, 232-284; similar to one in Fiji, 168; di£Ferences between those in northern and those in southern Ohio, 233; one of northern type in Pickaway county, 235; purpose of those in northern Ohio, 233; compared with enclosures in New York, 236; with known Iroquois remains, 452; with Mandan village walls, 462; probably not due to builders of "geometric** earthworks, 233. Enclosures on high hills, 238. Enclosures, localities of typical: — Athens* 221; Bainbridge, 206; Blackwater, 202; Boumeville, 206-217; Butler county* 214; Cedar Banks, 196; Charleston, West Virginia, 173; Chillicothe, 190; Cincinnati, 212; Cirdeville, 208; Cler- mont county, 212; Cleveland, 227; Conneaut, 227; Dublin, 221; Dunlap's* 199; Frankfort, 190; Glenford, 248; Greene cotmty, 226; Hamilton county* 212-214; Harness's, 184; High Bank, 188; Hopetown, 190; Hopewell's, 204; Junction group, 202; Kelly's Island* 231; Lorain county, 227; Marietta, 171; Montgomery county, 215; Mound City* 198; Norwalk, 226; Pike county, 179; Piqua, 221; Portsmouth, 178; Spruce Hill, 242; Toledo, 227; Tygart river* 178; Worthington, 217. Enclosures, minor, position of entrance, 220. Enclosures, see, also, earthworks. Engraved shells:— 687; from Mexico, 49. Engraved stones, see inscribed tablets. Entrance to minor enclosures, position of* 220. Erosion by wind and rain as a factor in determining age of earthworks, ISO. European objects :— from a mound in Mis- sissippi, 448; not found in Ohio moimds, 471. European origin claimed for aboriginal work, 687. Evansville, Indiana, mound group of southern type, 96; resemblance of to work at Aztalan, 97. Extent of Mound Builders' territory, 88. Extent of aboriginal traffic, 94. Fabrics, 697. Faithfulness and loyalty of Indians, 600. Figures incised or pecked on cliffs and boulders; see rock inscriptions. Fiji Island enclosure similar to those of Ohio, 168. Index. 753 •Tire-places/* deeply buried near Porte- mouth, 27; entirely of natural forma- tion, 28. Fire, evidence of in walls at Foster's ■ fort, 256; at Spruce Hill, 244. Fishing with flint bait-holders, 666. Fish hooks of bone, 679. Flaked or chipped objects, see flint im- plements. Flexibility of Indian languages, 502. Flint: — best working condition of, 621-624; caches of lyorked objects, 680; how made into implements, 686; manner of occurrence, 619; minerals included in the term, 618; more easily worked when fresh, 621-624-634; much tougher . when oiled, 624; traffic in, ^7. Flint arrow-heads or knives, only two pri- • mary forms, 645; how motmted in shafts or handles, 676. Flint Implements: — 618; how used, 645; beveled, 673; ceremonial objects, 672; cores, 668; cores not for use, 670; disks at HopeweH's, 628; drills, 657; fish-bait holders, 666; flakes, 670; hatchets, cutting wood with, 520; piercing tools, 665; scrapers, 667; ser~ rated, 673; some queer suggestions as to form and use, 676. Flint quarries: — Carter county, Kentucky, 625; Coshocton county, 624; Kanawha valley, West Virginia, 626; Licking county, 619; Perry county, J525; Wy- andotte cave, Indiana, 626; various other localities, 627. Flint Ridge, Licking county:— amotmt of excavation, 621; methods of quarrying, 622; difliculty of reaching the stratum, 622; distance to which the stone was carried, 627; diversity in color and texture of the flint, 619; stone en- closure, with included mounds, on, 261. Flint working:— definition of terms, 632; reducing rough blocks, 623; flaking, 634-671; arrow-making, 632; making large implements, 639. Floods in the Ohio river, 124. 'Flues" in a motmd near Reading, 884. Food of primitive races, 47. Food supply, difficulty of procuring among hunting tribes, 477. Foreign articles in mounds, 94. Forests, see trees. Fortified hill tops, 238. Fort Ancient:— 239; artificial terraces, 281; defaced copper ornaments from, 7l8; underground passage, 72; village sites at different levels on river banks, 410. •48 Fort at Foster's, Warren county, 2S6 (burned earth in walls). Fort at Glenford, 248. Fort at Granville, 260. Forts near Hamilton, 257-261. Fort Hill, Highland county, 244. Fort Miami, near North Bend, Hamilton county, 254. Fort at Spruce Hill, 242. Fortifications, similarity of in various states, 282. Foster's, Warren county, enclosure, of burned earth and stone, 256. Frankfort, enclosures at, 190; mounds at, 842. Franklin cotmty enclosures, 2X7. Fraudulent specimens, 572. Funnel-shaped excavations or pits, 414. Garden beds, 89-105. Geometric and hiU-top enclosures not of same character, 267. Geometric enclosures, see enclosures. Glacial deposits utilized as burial places, 323-341. Glacial drift. Character of at: — Brilliant, 19; Madison ville, 16; New London, 20; Warsaw, 18. Implements reported from at:— Brilliant, 19; Loveland, 16; Madison ville, 16; Newcomerstown, 17; New London, 19; Warsaw, 18; Tren- ton, New Jersey, 7. Rearrangement of by floods, 22. Implements found in: —may be quite modem, 22; belong to closing stage of deposition, 23; pos- sibility of deception, 23; difficulty of accounting for, 24; evidence not sat- isfactory, 23; liability of error in ob- servation, 24; copper found in, 706; unbroken sliding of, 21. See, also. Deeply buried objects, 25. Glacial man: — ^in Europe, 6; in America, 7; in Ohio, 15; see^ also. Glacial drift, Glenford fort, 248. Gold in mounds, 385. Good traits of Indians, 600. Gorgets:— 664; theories as to use, 666; made of shell, 686. Gouges, 532. Governmental injustice to Indians, 491. Graded ways, so-called, at or near: — Boumeville, 219-278; Carlisle, 279; High Bank, 280; Madison ville, 278; Marietta, 272; Newark, 278; Piketon, 274; Piqua, 274; Richmonddale, 273; Turner's, 211-271; Waverly, 278. Those reported mostly natural formations, 280 ; actual passage-ways overlooked^ 280. 764 Index. GranviUe, hill top enclosure near, 250. Gravel layer on top of mounda, 849-860-861. Graye Creek, West Virginia, motmd, 824; possible evidence of recent origin, 827. Grave Creek Ublet, 682. Graves:— made at random, 418; reason for confusion, 418; found everywhere, 412; under mounds, 821-877-878; largest ever discovered, 878. Greene county enclosure, 226w ^'Gridiron,' the, in Qermont county, 214. Grooved axes, not found in mounds, 014. See, also, stone axes. Rafting axes, celts and adzes, 580. Hale on Cusick's and the Lenape tradi- tions, 487. Hamilton county:— artificial terraces at Red Bank, 281; Fort Miami, 264; graded way at Madison viUe, 278; mounds, 888; remains at Cincinnati, 212. Hammerstones, 646. Hardening copper, 706. Hardin county mound, 828. Hardness, relative, of different mineralSf 608. Harness enclosures, 184; mounds, 860. Hatchets, see celts. Heckewelder, the Lenape tradition, 482. Hematite celts, 682. Hemispheric stones, 660. Hickory nuts, great quantities used by Indians, 648; how prepared, 648. High Banks :--graded way, 280; enclos- ures, 188; small circles, 226. Highhnd county. Fort Hill, 244. Hill top enclosures or forts:— 288; with ex- terior ditch, 250-261; perhaps not due to Mound Builders, 267; possible build- ers of, 268; remote from fertile lands, 267; time required to build, 266. Hocking county mounds, 880. Hoes:— of bone, 678; of shell, 684. Holes in mounds, 343. Holes under mounds, 881-356-364-868-871- 881-384. Honesty among Indians, 600. Hopetown enclosures, 190; not defensive, 193; correct survey of, 195. Hopewell's: — enclosures, 204; mounds, 848; copper from, 718; flint disks from, 628; symbolic carving on human bones from, 40. House refuse in moimds, 885. House site covered by mound, 847-879-880- 381. How mounds were built, 319-835.' Human bones:— Age of, 116-117; condition of under ground, 116. Human sacrifices, 809. Human skull, cup made from, 867* Humerus, perforated, 144. "Hump-backed" flints, 676. Hunting tribes, territory required for, 79» Huron county enclosures, 226. Huron Woman carried to Tartary, 96. Hurons, ancestors of Cherokees, 488. Independence slab, 420. Indian : — character, strength of, 506; cruelty, 486; reasons for, 487-490; de- fensive works, character of, 236; duel» 607; eloquence, 60S; an example of» 498; ^mess and generosity, 60O; languages, 602; method of smoking, 679; money, or wampum, 688; self-' control, 504; traders, 06; war expe* ditions, 96. Indiana, southern, flint from, 626. Indians:— as builders of mounds, 443-445; as cultivators of the soil, 478; as fighters, 496; -number of, 494; com- pared with Mound Builders, 426; pop> ular belief concerning, 478; judged by degenerate individuals or tribes, 474; indefinite meaning attached to the name, 473; opinions by those ^miliar with them, 476. Of Ohio:— origin of, 428-480; date of arrival, 428-480; con* stantly migrating, 481; without tradi- tions of Mound Builders, 427; tribes exterminated within historic period, 429. ^^e, also, aborigines. Indian Women :— condition of, 481; duties required of them, 482; life described by a white woman adopted by them, 484; owners of the land, 486. Injustice to the Indian, 491. Inscribed tablets:— 680; Berlin, 582; Cin- cinnati, 883-682; Davenport, 580; Grave Creek, 826-582; Lenape, 681; Newark, 581; Wilmington, 682; many fraudu- lent, 583. Inscriptions :— on cliffs or large rocks, see rock inscriptions; on tablets or cere- monial stones, see inscribed tablets. Interchange of articles among modem tribes, 06. Interments in mounds, 814. Interruptions of work in mound building, 319-335-355-863. Intrusive burial by Mound Builders, 840- 367. Iron from Indian grave in Tennessee, 460. Iroquois, builders of enclosures, 452. Irregular enclosures, 226; purpose of, 282; plainly defensive, 284. Index. 756 Japanese and other wrecks on American coast, 86. Jawbones:— size of in Mound Builders, 142; carved into ornaments, 679. Journey of a Huron woman to Tartary, 96. Junction group, 203. Justification of injustice, 498. Kanawha valley, flint in, 626. Karnac, Brittany, great stone serpent at, 46. Kelly's Island, remains on, 281. Knives, flint, method of hafting, 676. Knox county, mounds in, 329. Koch, discovery of Mastodon remains in Missouri, 107. Labor, amount of, in constructing earth- works, 84-266-837. Lake Erie, works near shores of, 227. Lake Superior copper mines, 706. Lamantin, see manatee. Land, amount of necessary to support a hunter, 79-494. Languages, great length of time required for developing, 42. Languages, Indian, power of, 502. Largest grave ever found, 878. Leavenworth, Indiana, flint near, 626. Lenape stone, 681. Lenape or Delaware tradition, 432. Liberty township works, see Harness. Licking county:— enclosures and other works, 162; flint, 619; graded way, 278; hill top enclosures with exterior ditch, 250-261; mounds, 831; stone enclosure, 261. L.ist of works cited and to consult, 729. Loads, weight that can be carried, 86. Logan, mounds near, 839. Long-heads, see skulls. Lookout mounds, 811. Lorain county, enclosures in, 227. Lucas cotmty, enclosures in, 227. Madisonville :— cemetery near, 406; graded way, 278; village site near, 406. Maize, amount required for a village, 80. Mammoth, see mastodon. Manatee, 610. Manatee effigy pipes, really otters, 611. Manitus, see manatee. Mandans, 454; as Mound Builders, 470; builders of large enclosures, 452-456. Manufacture of arrow heads, 686; of flint implements generally, 682. Marietta :•— easily worked stone at, 577; graded way or "via sacra," 272; mod- ern objects reported from mounds at» 466; refutation of report, 457; mounds at, 887; works, 17L Marrow for butter, 619. Massacre burials, 816. Massie's creek, work on, 519. Mastodon :— remains in Louisiana, 109; in Missouri, 107; in Nebraska, 109; if^, swamps or bogs, 118; how long extinct, 110-112. Materials:— composing mounds and earth- works, 819; for stone implements, where obtained, 509. Melting point of copper, 713. Mental power of Indians, 508. Meteoric iron from mounds, 848-886. Mexican designs on copper plates from Georgia, 722. Miami county:— enclosure near Piqua, 266; graded way, 274; remains in, 221. Miamisburg motmd, 882. Miami valleys, works in, 209. Mica:— source of supply, 702-703; manner of quarrying, 702; of cutting into form, 703; great quantities in single mounds, 852-701. Migration of primitive man: — ^influenced by geological changes, 42; summary of routes into America, 146; difficulty of, from New Mexico to Ohio, 58. Of Ohio Indians, 481. Military capacity of Indians, 496-497. Minerals, relative hardness of varieties, 608. Minor enclosures, purpose of, 220. Modem mounds in Great Lake region, 450; in Gulf States, 446; in Virginia, 449. See, also. Grave creek mound. Modem objects reported from mounds: — 848-448-449-455; at Circleville and Mar- ietta, 456; statements sometimes in- correct or misleading, 458-450. Molds for pottery, 696. Monitor pipes, 583; compared with Cher- okee pipes, 584. ^ Montgomery county, enclosure near Day- ton, 266; Miamisburg mound, 882. Mortars, 320-548. Mound and surface specimens compared, 513. Mound Builders:— ancestors of Cherokees, 438; artistic ability over-rated, 605; ashes of, in mounds, 320; asserted superiority to modem Indians, 426; character of government, 66; civili- zation claimed for, 61; dissenting opin- ions, 68; compared with modem In- dians, 425; density of population, 78; different tribes of, 90; early writers on, 50; ethnical status, 75-471-472; ex- tent of territory, 86; of traffic among, 94; fate of, 468; mounds opened by, for later interments, 349-867; no re- \ 756 Index. semblance between their works and works of Aztecs or Pueblo Indians, 53; physical structure of, 131; possible identity with Chcrokees, 470; with •^ Man dans, 470; with Tallegwi, 438-441; religion of, 76; romantic literature concerning, 71; settlements not on sites of modem cities, 80; size of skeletons, 145; summary of common beliefs, 60; of theories and opinions, 409; theories as to origin and migra- tion, 48; uncertainty of all theories, 52; unit of measure among, 63; who were they? 48. See, also, aborigines. Mound Building: — origin of, 43; a world- wide custom, 43; among modem In* dians, 443-445. Mound City:— 198; results of exploration, 849; description of effigy pipes from, 589; materials of which the pipes are made, 602. Mound Pottery, e9L Mound relics from Illinois and Iowa sim- ilar to Ohio specimens, 101. Mounds: — Agricultural, in Arkansas and Missouri, 90-l(^; altar, 304; buildings erected on, 310; built by Cherokees, 444; built on house sites, 347-379-380- 881; built over old graves, 321; burial, 818; classification of, 303; composition, 300; containing stone graves, Butler county, 383; covered with gravel, 349- S60-361; culinary debris in, 320-328-385; distribution, 299; earth not carried far in building, 82; errors in representing, 800; greatest yield of specimens, 346; how built, 319; imaginary section of, 850; in southern states, built by known tribes, 446; in small enclosures, 220; in eastern hemisphere, 44; joined at base, 293-354-376; labor required to build, 337; method of building. 335; number in Ohio, 299; on hills, not for observation or signaling, 311-312; on overflow terraces, 124-125-129; position of remains in, 316; shape, 300; size, 835; stone. 388; stone and earth mingled, 375-389; southern type near Evansville. Indiana, 96; stratification, 805; temple, 310; time needed for building, 83-337; variations in size, 299; variety of soils or earth composing, 319; work of erection not continuous, 807-319-328-^35; 363. See, also, earth- works. Moundsville, see Grave creek. Mount Vernon mound, 829. Mullers or grinders, 639. Muskingum cotmty, mounds in, 887. Mussels:— pearls from, 414; used for food, 418. Nations of Mound Builders, 90. Newark: —circle in fair-ground, 168; graded way, 278; octagon, 171; rock inscriptions near, 418; tablet or "Moses stone," 581; square, 168; supposed ef- figy, 292; Taylor mound near, 883; works, 162; errors in description, 166. New Lexington, flint quarries, 025. Newtown, Turner group near, 209. Nez Perce war. 497. North Bend, Fort Miami near, 254. Northern Ohio, moimds in, 822. Norwalk:— works, 266; contents of mound, 322. Nut-stones, see cup-stones. Objects deposited with the dead:— ^5; usually few in number, 816; reasons for the custom, 817; remarkable yield of Hopewell mound, 845. Octagon: — how to construct, 162; High Bank. 188; Newark, 17L Ohio Indians, date of arrival in the State, 428. Ohio Mound Builders, 54. Ohio Mounds, Problem of, by Cyrus Thomas, abstract of, 464. Ohio river floods, 124. Opossum effigy near Granville, 20L Origin of American Indians, summary of discussions, 146. Pacific currents, 86. Paleolithic implements, see glacial drift. Paleolithic man, see glacial man. Palisades : — on embankment in Butler county, 217; in Circleville, 208; as con- tinuations of incomplete embankments, 217; in connection with modem In- dian forts, 237. Parallel walls, Peet's theory of, 159; at Marietta, 172. Pearls from fresh-water mussels, 414. Perforated stones: — ceremonial or orna- mental, 563; small polished, 564. 5^^ also, discoidal stones. Perforators:— bone, 679; flint, 657. Perry county;— flint in, 625; Glen ford fort, 248. Pestles: — forms of, 687; methods of using, 537. Petit Anse island,mastodon remains on,109. Physical structure of Motmd Builders and Indians, 131. Pickaway county;— embankment of north- em type, 286; mounds, 841; the Cross, 296. Index. 767 Pickets, see palisades. Pictorial writing, see rock inscriptions. Pike county, Missouri, aboriginal stone houses, 64. Pike county, Ohio: — graded way, 274; mounds, 862; mounds joined at base, 293; works, 179. Pipes:— elephant figure, 110-112; effigies from Mound City, 862; material of effigies, 602; not used by Aztecs, 62; stone for, carried long distance, 686; various forms for different occasions, 682. See, also, effigy pipes and moni- tor pipes. Pipestone quarry, Minnesota, 586. Piqua:— graded way, 274; remains near, 22L Pitted stones, 530. Place of Mound Builder in stages of de- velopment, 75. Plummets:— as charm stones, 566; as sinkers, 658. Polished base in certain forms of arrow- heads, 647. Polynesian route, the, 87. Ponds:— at Fort Hill, 247; at Spruce Hill, 244. Population :— Indians of United States, 494; density of among Mound Build- ers, 78. Portsmouth works, 173. Position of skeletons in mounds, 815. Posture of skeletons in mounds, 314. Pottery:— 691; how made, 696; molds for 696. Power of expression of Indian languages, 602. Pre-glacial man, see glacial drift. Problem of Ohio Mounds, by Cyrus Thomas, abstract of, 464. Pueblo Indians, no evidence of in Ohio valley, 53. Puget Sound region, home of first Amer- ican aborigines, 47. Pyramid mound, Marietta, 338. Quarries, improperly so called at Fort Hill, 245. •Quarrying by aborigines :— copper, 708-710; mica, 702; with stone tools, 620. Rafinesque, translation of Lenape tradi- tion, 434. Rattlesnake:— carved in stone, 688; in- cised on shells, 687. Reading, moimds near, 884. Rebounding blow in working flint, 680. Red Bank, artificial terraces at, 281. Rofuse of houses in mounds, 820-828. Refuse-pits: — Madison ville, 406; in com- mon use among Indians everywhere, 400. Religion of Mound Builders, 76. Remains, in mounds, position of, 815; on altars, character of, 309. Remarkable discoveries reported, 73. Reservoirs, see ponds. Retaliation for injury always carried too far, 490. Revenge a virtue in savage code, 490. Reversion to barbarism easy, ^9. Richmonddale, graded way, 278. Rings, see perforated stones. Ripley, cairns near, 402. River bottom-lands, see terraces. Rivers, changes in channels, 256. Rock shelters:— character of, 415; used for long periods, 416; burials in, 415; Ash cave, Hocking county, 415; Elyria, 415; Summit county, 416. Rock Inscriptions: — 117; similar to modem Indian cuttings and paintings, 417; probably all comparatively recent, 418; partial list of localities where found, 423. Rolled copper, 726. Rollers for metal, earliest use of, 726. Romances regarding Mound Builders, 71. Roots and stumps of trees in mounds, 121-363. Ross county :— enclosures, 181; ellipse, 217; graded ways, 278-278-280; mounds, 342; mounds joined at base, 293; Spruce Hill, 242; stone work on Black run, 295. Rotary arrow heads, 673. Rulers and slaves among Mound Build- ers, 66. Saltmaking by various tribes, 462.. Schoolcraft, Lenape tradition, 436. Scioto Valley, Cusick's tradition may ap- ply to, 442. Scrapers: — of bone, 679; of flint, manufac- ture and uses, 667-608. Sculptures of Mound Builders, 604. Sea-cow, see manatee. Second burials, 323-^34-368-376-385. Section of mound, guessed at, 850. Seminole war: — cause of, 492; greatly in- ferior forces of Indians, 496. Sepulchral mounds, 313. Serpent mound: — 282; burials at, 380; devil theory, 288; garden of Eden theory, 288; oriental symbolism theory, 284; frog theory, 286; rational explanation of, 288. Serpent sculpture, 88. 768 Index. •Serpent, stone work at Kamac, Brittany, 46; at Stonebenge, England, 45. Serpent worship, 80. ■Serration on flint implements, 673. Shells:— engraved, 687; from Mexico, 49. Shell heaps, 418. Shell implements and ornaments, 684; beads, 688; gorget, 686; hoes, 686; pins, 688; spoon, 686. Short-heads, set skulls. Signal motmds:— 911; useless, 812. Silt in mounds, 820. ■Silver:— in copper, 713; in mounds, 841-886. Similarity ol works at Evansville, In- diana, to those at Aztalan, Wiscon- sin, and Etowah, Georgia, 97; of mound and surface "relics," £13. Sinkers, 649. Size of mounds, 885. Skeletons:— burial of, 858-876; in ash-pits at Madisonville, 406; posture of, 814; property with, 816; majority of them without worked objects, 816; size of, 145; one with copper antlers, at Hope- well's, 845. Skill of Mound Builders in working stone, 511-604; over- rated, 605. Skilled artisans among aborigines, UL Skin-dressing with stone tools, 520. Skulls of American aborigines :— character of development, 142; classification, 181; error in representing, 134; forms of, 131; from various localities, 140; made into cups, 857; limits to which dif- ferent forms are confined, 183; of Mound Builders, 865; only one figured by Squier and Davis, 135; unfounded statements and theories regarding forms, 134-1 35-140; unsatisfactory na- ture of classification, 132-141. Slate and other soft stone, methods of working, 573. Slavery among Mound Builders, 66. Small circles :— possible origin of, 225; purposes of, 225. Smelting copper, 713. Smoking, manner of among Indians, 679. Snake carving from mound, 844. Snake den mounds, Pickaway county, 841. Southern Ohio, mounds in, 824. Spades of bone, 678. Specialists in certain lines among Mound Builders. 511-604. Spool-shaped stones, 560. ■"Spools" or ear ornaments of copper, 717. Spoon of shell, 686. Spruce Hill fort, Ross county, 242. Spuds, 554. Square enclosures at or near :— Bainbridge, 206; Bourne ville, symmetrical, 206; Cedar Banks, 196; Chillicothe, incom-^ plete, 190; Circleville, 206; Frankfort, 190; Hopetown, 193; Hopewell's, 204; MarietU, 171; Newark, 168; Ports- mouth, 178; Pike county, 18L Square, how to construct, 161-162. Squier, Lenape tradition, 434. Squier and Davis, "Ancient Monuments': —causes of their many errors, 58s credit due to, 58; falsity of their al- leged proofs, 57; their test work wholly imaginary, 57-186; unfounded claims of accuracy, 55. Stages of progress, 75. Starting-point of American Indians, 47. Stone age, definition of, 6; divisions of, 6. See, also, glacial drift, and glacial man. Stone-and-eartfa mounds, 875-889. Stone axes: — definition of terms, 522; grooved seldom found in motmds, 524; manner of grooving, 522; modem use of, 522; time required to make» 624; variation in size, 52L Stone club-heads, 545. Stone, easily worked, at Marietta, 677. Stone enclosures:- near Piqua, 265; on Flint Ridge, 261. Stone fort, reported in Clark county, In- diana, true character of, 65. Stone forts:— Glen ford, 248; Spruce Hill, 242. Stone graves:— in mounds, 888-892. See» also, cairns. Stone heap in Ross county, 391. Stonehenge, England, size of circle at, 221. Stone houses in Missouri, 64. Stone implements: — great numbers of, 509; reasons for abundance, 510; difference in finish no indication of relative age, 512. Stone mounds:— 888; erroneous explana- tion of, 891; large one near Newark, 888. Stone objects:— general division of, 516; chipped or flaked, see flint implements'; ' of any kind, see under separate heads. Stone pavement at Fort Ancient, 239. Stone tools, complicated work done with, 516. Stone work, peculiar, in Ross county, 296. Stone wall, "standing" on Spruce Hill, 244. Stones in earth walls:— at Fort Ancient. 289; Fort Hill, 245; Fort Miami, 254; Foster's Fort, 256. Stratification in mounds, 805. Streams:— erosion by, 125; rapid and sud- den changes of channel, 126; changes in, of no value in estimating time, 126. Index. 769 Stin-dried bricks, 460. Superstitions of whites and Indians, com^ pared, 818. Survey, imaginary, of a "perfect" circle, 186. Symbolic carving on bone from Hope- well's similar to Mexican work, 49. Tallegwi, possibly ancestors of Cberokees, 436; probable fate of, 488. Tapir effigy near Portsmouth, 294. Tartary, Huron woman in, 96. Taylor mound near Newark, 838. Teeth, animal, with roots ground off, 679. Teeth, Mound Builders, condition of, 143~ 871. Tempered copper, 706u Temple at Abury, England, 45; at Kar~ nac, Brittany, 46. Temple Mounds, 810; at Marietta, 888. Tennessee aborigines: — character of re- mains, 70; compared with those of Ohio, 464. Terraces, artificial:— at Fort Ancient, 281; at Red Bank, 281; near Waynesville, 281; purpose unknown, 281; Foster's Fort, to serve as base for walls, 256. Terraces, natural :— absence of mounds on some, 124-125; advantages of living on lower ones, 129; how formed, 127; mounds on lowest, 129; ntunber of, 124; overflow on, 124; relative level of, 128. Terra cotta figures from mounds, 886. Thruston, antiquities of Tennessee, 463. Tibia, flattening of, 144. Timber, varieties in mounds, •%856. See, also, trees. Time needed for: — building mounds, 88- 887; constructing hill-top enclosures, 266; making arrow heads, 643. Toledo, enclosures near, 227. Tomahawks, see celts. Torture, evidence of in mound, 874. Toucan, the, 608. Trade among Indians, 96. Traditions:— 427; bearing of on Ohio en- closures, 441; how long preserved, 428- 482; Iroquois, recorded by Cusick, 487; Lenape or Delaware, 432; none con- cerning Mound Builders among Ohio Indians, 427; reasons for ignorance, 428; reliability of in general, 428- 481-432. Traffic in flint, 627. Treachery of army officers to Osceola, 498. Trees: — absence of in Mound Builders' time alleged, 122; abundant remains of in mounds, 122; age of, 117-121; an- cient, on Marietta works, 173; felled by Indians with fire and stone imple- ments, 618; large size of on Fort Hill, 245; life limit of, 118; number of rings, 120; on mounds, 117; rate of growth, 119; renewal of on cleared lands, 122-123; root and stump holes in mounds, 12L Trefoil, near Bainbridge, 296. Trenton gravels, discussions:— by Holmes,. 8; by Wright, 11; by others, 12; sum- mary of, 14. Tnmcated mounds. Marietta, 838. Tubes, 676; purposes for which used, 578- 579. Turner group:— 209; graded way, 211; mounds, 885; topography of vicinity, 211. Turtle backs, 6. Types of enclosures, distribution of, lOL Unit of measure ascribed to Mound Build-^ ers, 63. Uses of flint implements, 645. Variations of earthworks, 267. Various kinds of earth in a mound, 819. Vaults in mounds, 825-328-329. Via sacra at Marietta, 272. Village sites, 406; different levels of at Fort Ancient, 410. Virginia motmds built in recent times, 449. Voyages, involuntary, of great length, 86.. Wampum or Indian money, 688. War parties of Indians, extensive raids of,. 95. Warren county:— artificial terraces, 281; Fort Ancient, 239; Foster's Fort, 266. Warsaw, flint quarries near, 624. Water, lack of in hill-top forts, 238. Waverly:— graded way near, 278; mounds^ 862. Wasmesville, artificial terraces near, 281* Weaving, different patterns of, 697. Weight that a laborer can carry, 86. Wells at Spruce Hill in bottom of Paint Creek, 244. What became of the Mound Builders? 468. Whetslate defined, 608. Whites:— cruelty and injustice toward In* dians, ^0; easily retrograde into bar- barism, 499. Wilmington :— mound near, covering house site, 380; tablet, 582. Wisconsin and Iowa:— effigy mounds, 91- 282; the elephant mound, 110. Wolf Plains, Athens county, mounds on,. 885. 760 Index. Women, Indian, set Indian women. Wood cutting with stone, 618; experiments with flint hatchets, 620. Work on mounds not continuous, 819-886- 866-^08. Worked objects of stone :— ceremonial or decorative, 601; comparison of ancient and modem, 618; finely finished ones said to be made hy whites, 687; no foundation for such assertion, 688; from mounds identical with those from the surface, 618; rough ones may be quite modem, 612; source of raw ma- terial, 50V. Working with stone tools, 610. Worthington, enclosure near, 217. Wrecks of Asian vessels on western coast. 86. Writers on archaeology, Peets catalogue of 60. Wyandotte cave, Indiana, flint in and near, 886.	3,715
gu_deafdumbblind00widd_2	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,880	The deaf and dumb and blind deaf-mute, with interesting facts and anecdotes; a short history of the MacKay Institution; an easy method of teaching deaf-mutes at home; the audiophone, etc.	Widd, Thomas	English	Spoken	7,621	9,384	Many more interesting and amusing anecdotes could be told of deaf-mute artists (for there are many of them in England), and of deaf-mutes in various other profes- sions, but space is limited. Sometimes deaf-mutes display great intelligence and attain to a respectable niche of fame in art, science and literature. We will men- tion one instance of the extraordinary intellectual calibre of a congenital deaf-mute — a prodigy. Some years ago a benevolent gentleman found a red-headed, ragged little deaf-mute in the streets of Glasgow, and took him to the school for deaf-mutes in that city. He showed considerable intelligence, and the gentleman thought he was a rough diamond but capable of being highly A Prodigy. 17 polished "by education and training. During the first session at school the boy shot ahead of every other pupil, and there were then more than a hundred, many of them having been there for seven or eight years. The rapidity with which he learned was amazing, indeed his memory was so retentive that what he once read he never forgot. Such was the calibre of his fpind that nothing was too difficult for his comprehend sion. He read books on mathematics, .metaphysics and the like, whether they were printed in English,, foreign or dead languages, which he also read with ease. When school was over, he would rush to the library, take out a lot of books under his arms, and make his way to the nearest fire to read them, while his school- mates directed their steps to the play-ground. Such, was the force of habit that he would sit near the fire even during summer while he studied. No wonder with a mind so well stored with knowledge, he was a capital story-teller. He never used signs since the day he could spell on his fingers. He was appointed an assistant-teacher at the school, but he found the task too irksome, and left the institution to become a common laborer in order to make money more rapidily to purchase books. He spent all his money in books and neglected his bodily wants. His books increased in number very fast, and they formed his table, chair and bed, by being piled one upon another in his lodgings. They were his only articles of furniture. The extra- ordinary learning of this deaf and dumb laborer attract- ed the attention of many gentlemen and his employers, who thought that he was not in his proper sphere. They determined to give him a better position so that his fund of knowledge might be put to some use. They visited his lodgings for this purpose one day, when he was not at his work, and found him dead on his bed of books, having literally starved his body to death to feed his hungry mind. He had everything ready for writing a book, which he said would astonish the world. There were several reams of paper and a large bottle of ink, showing that he fully intended to enter upon the work, but there was no indication of what work it would be. His stock of books were printed in several languages of the highest kind of literature. He was sixteen or eighteen years old when C 18 Deaf-mute Compositions. he died. He had a florid countenance, red hair, greenish eyes inclining to blue, which give him a peculiar expression.. The following is an extract from a deaf-mute's letter to his teacher in Glasgow, Dr. Anderson : " How graceful indeed is the very idea of placing some tangible token of our gratitude in the hands or our old teaeher whilst bidding him welcome to the- repose which he so greatly desiderates in the evening of his arduous life ! For I firmly maintain that a simple address, however pregnant with the affecting pathos of a myriad of hearts overflowing with gratitude, such as that" with which Dr. Peet was presented by his old pupils last year, would not do sufficient justice to our own real sentiments nor to our benefactor's merits." Another writes in the following strain respecting the education of deaf-mntes, which contains much truth: "The deaf-mute on leaving school, is a changed being, quite different from what he was before he went there ; he is now so intelligent that he may resort to the society of the wise and good, maintain proper conduct towards his neighbors, and even hold an inter- course with that Being to whom he owes his life, with every enjoyment that can render life easy and comfort- able. Under the circumstances, the education of the deaf and dumb must be among the most extraordinary and remarkable instances of philanthrophy in modern times." The above are specimens of British deaf-mute com- position which surpass anything ever penned by the famous deaf-mutes of the past century — Massieu, Clero and many others. Who has not read the brilliant metaphorical sayings of the impracticable Massieu, the famous pupil of Abbe Sicard ? Respecting whom Dr, Buxton, Principal of the Liverpool Institution for Deaf- mutes, says : " His best replies were short, terse, pointed, and metaphorical withal. These are all characteristics of the Abbe Sicard 's style, both in his writings and in his speeches ; but if they are the natural characteristics of any deaf man's diction, I have been singularly unfor- tunate, for I have never found it so. If there is one thing they cannot do, and rarely learn to do, and never Massieu and Clerc. It is now well known that the questions and answers attributed to Massieu were committed to memory, and formed part of the system of teaching by Abbe Sicard. Massieu was, according to his friend and school-mate, Clerc, extremely foolish. " His childishness and vanity, his absurd follies and oddities of conduct, were so extravagant as sometimes to disgust even those who worked with him, and were taught by him. His love Of finery was as ridiculous as that of Oliver Goldsmith ; and it might have been as truly said of him, as it was of Charles II. — " He never said a foolish thing, And never did a wise one." It was his brilliant sayings alone which made him famous, but they have done more harm than good. They were delusive and led people to expect every deaf-mute taught in the Institution to be able to utter similiar grandiloquent sentences, and to do readily and spontaneously what they can scarcely do at all. Even in our own time the fame of Massieu continues to deceive and mislead. It leads to disappointment on all sides. Parents are disappointed, subscribers are dis- appointed, the public are disappointed, the reputation and possibly the funds of the Institution suffer and the whole blame falls upon the unfortunate teacher, because he is not Sicard, and cannot turn out, not one Massieu, but a score or a hundred. When the Rev. T. H. G-allaudet went from America to Europe, in 1815, to seek knowledge and experience before he entered upon his work of deaf-mute instruc- tion in the Western World, he found Massieu and Clerc in the full vigour of their powers, and at the height of their fame. He first visited England without finding 20 Massi&u and Clere. what he . sought, and went away, disappointed, tq France. He was, in fact, compelled to decide upon his course, and make his choice at Paris. "Whom, then, did he select as his co-worker and life companion ? Not Massieu, but Olerc. Not the repeater of sparkling answers, but the practical, solid, working teacher. His whole life shows that the founder of the American Asylum Was a man of great sagacity. The late Dr. Peet, President of the New York Institution, in the published report of his visit to the various schools for the deaf and dumb in Europe, in 1841, says, respecting Massieu — " Even Massieu, whose fame a few brilliant answers given at public exercises have spread through the world, was after testimony of those who knew him best, unable to write a page in correct French, or to fol- low out to any length a consecutive chain of reasoning." Then after citing Clerc, by way of contrast, and as. showing what a pupil of rare talent may become, in spite of the defects ot the system under which he was trained, Dr. Peet finishes the paragraph by saying, " Such is the prevalent judgment passed upon Sicard in Paris; I only repeat it." (Report on European Institutions, page 98.) In speaking of the disappointment caused by the brilliant answers of Massieu, an anecdote recorded in Dr. Orpen's work, " Anecdotes of the Deaf and Dumb," may here be introduced and read by every one with profit, as it shows the absurd expectations as to the progress of deaf-mute children entertained by persons who forget the excessive difficulty of their instruction. Rev. J. D. Hastings, speaking at the tenth annual meet- ing of the Deaf and Dumb Institution, Dublin, said : " I wish to mention one fact which came under my notice. I happened to be at the Institution on a visit- ing day ; there were several persons present at the time ; among the number was a lady and her son, with whom I have the honour to be acquainted ; the lady is now within the hearing of my voice; she asked one of the little girls, I believe, the smallest in the school (Cecilia White), a question ; she had it written^ on the slate; it was, 'Do you remember the first pro- mise of the Messiah ? ' The children looked and looked again, and then made a sign to know what was Messiah ; Abswd Expectations. 21 the lady wrote on the slate, ' the Anointed or Sent.' The little girl looked again, then looked at me, and made a sign, by pointing to her head, to say she did not know. The lady turned to me and said, ' Now I am convinc- ed the Bible is not taught in the school ; I was informed before of this, but I determined on judging for myself;' I endeavored to show her that it was quite unreason- able to expect a child, who was deaf and dumb, to have that knowledge which other children possess. I found all was in vain. I then said to her, ' Perhaps you would permit me to ask your son (who to all appear- ance was three or four years older than the little girl), a similar question.' The lady at once assented. I asked him could he tell me, ' What was the second promise of the Messiah ? ' After some time I looked for an answer ; but no, the boy was as dumb as the little girl. His mamma looked at him, but no answer. At length I said, ' Perhaps the question is too difficult ; but I will be satisfied if you remove the odium from the dumb girl, and consquently from the Institution ; tell me, What was the first promise of the Messiah ? ' No answer, he could not tell. In vain the mamma looked with anxious eye ; but alas ! no reply. The lady said, 'Answer the question, my dear,' "Indeed, mamma,' said he, ' I cannot.' Thus was the Institution brought into disgrace ; while a boy three or four years older and possessed of those faculties which had been denied to this poor girl, was unable to answer the question. I thanked the little boy, and said, *- I would not say that he did not read his Bible, nor would I say to the lady that it was not taught in her family ; but I would say the question was beyond his comprehension. After some further examination of the little girl, the lady was quite satisfied that the Bible was taught in the school ; and I am happy to say, sir, that we have not only that lady's guinea, but her good wishes, with a determination to forward the -views of the Institution so far as she possibly can." Queen Victoria regrets that she cannot use the deaf and dumb alphabet now so fast as when she was young. Her Majesty learned the signs in order to converse with the deaf-mute daughter of a cottager near Osborne, Isle of Wight, several years ago. — Montreal Witness^ 10th Dec, 1879. 22 The Systems of Instruction. CHAPTER V. The Systems of Instruction. There are three systems employed in teaching deaf-mutes, viz : The Mechanical Articulation Method, which is the oldest of all systems, was invented by Heinicke, a Saxon, about the year 1750. This system aims at developing the powers of speech, and the educating of the eye of the pupil to perform as far as it can the part of the ear. This system is now greatly assisted by Visible Speech, invented by Professor A. Melville Bell, late of London, England, and now of Brantford, Ontario. It is now employed in most institutions for deaf-mutes. For semi-mutes, or those who have learned to speak before becoming deaf, this method is the best. The Natural. Method, or the language of pantomime. This system was founded by Abbe L'Epee of Paris, and is employed chiefly in the United States and France. By this method signs are used at every stage of the pupils' instruction, and is often carried to excess in many schools, preventing the pupils from acquiring a good command of their native language. For imparting religious instruction, lecturing and communicating with uneducated deaf-mutes this method is exceedingly convenient. The Combined Method is a system of instruction em- bracing the first and second methods which, we believe, was first used by Thomas Braidwood in London. In schools employing this system the teachers recognize the utility of -the sign-language, and use articulation where practicable. This system enables the teacher to teach deaf-mutes of all degrees of intellect and none are turned away without deriving more or less benefit from it. It calls to the aid of the teacher every new or old plan which may have been found to be benefical or of value in imparting instruction to either the congenital deaf-mute or the semi-mute. The combined method is employed in all the large Institutions in Europe and America, and is growing more and more popular every year. Their Mental and Moral Condition. 23 CHAPTER VI. The Mental and Moral Condition of the Uneducated Deaf-mutes, — No Ideas of a Creator. — Is Con- science Primitive? We have frequently been asked for information respect- ing the deaf-mute's ideas of God and the soul previous to his instruction. This subject has often been dis- cussed by learned men. The testimonies of deaf- mutes themselves are substantially alike, as to their having had no idea of the Creator before instruction. To the twenty-second report of the American Asylum are annexed several questions,, addressed to a number of pupils,, whose average age on joining the school was about fourteen.. "Before you were instruct- ed in the Asylum had you any idea of the Creator ?' r The answers, substantially alike, are given by thirteen pupils. " No, I did not know that a Creator existed. I had no idea of God at all before I entered the Asylum." "Had you reasoned or thought about the world, or the beings and things it contains ? " "I never attempted to suppose who had made the world,, or how it had ever come into existence." " Had you any idea of your own soul ? " "I never conceived such a thing as a soul, nor was I ever conscious that my mind had faculties and operations different and distinct from those of my body." Their answers show how little their friends at home had been able to teach them. The mental and moral condition of the uneducated deaf-mute has been found to be so low that men of science and education have asked "Is eonseience primitive ? " It was only recently that our attention was called fo an article on this subject in the Popular Science Monthly by the editor of the Canadian Illustrated News, who requested our views on the matter. There seems to be much ground for the belief that conscience is not primitive in the congenital deaf-mute before instruc- tion. "We have, after nearly twenty years' experience as a teacher of deaf-mutes and. from personal experience, been led to believe that " conscience " as now understood — the internal self-knowledge or judgment of right and wrong, the knowledge of our own 24 Is Conscience Primitive ? actions as well as those of others — is an acquired faculty in the deaf-mute. "We possess no record of a congenital deaf-mute who, by his own unaided efforts, has found the being of a G-od, or discovered the fact of his own immortality. His mind is indeed dark and inert— in fact, hermetically sealed. How could it be otherwise in his condition ? Locke says that man has no innate ideas, but that his mind in early infancy is like a blank sheet of paper, ready to receive any external impres- sions. So with the uneducated deaf-mute. His mind remains a blank as long as he is uninstructed. The famous Abbe Sicard, of Paris, a world-renowned teacher of deaf-mutes, says that " a deaf-mute (congenital and uninstructed) is a perfect cipher, a living automaton. He possesses not the sure instinct by which the animal creation is guided. He is alone in nature, with no possible exercise of his intellectual faculties which remain without action." Sicard. however, refers to the deaf-mutes of his day, nearly a hundred, years ago, when through neglect, and being hidden away from society as a family disgrace, the germs of the rational and moral faculties were scarcely manifested. Such treatment of deaf-mutes in our own time is raTe, and, with kindness and sympathy from the beginning, their minds have received considerable development. If conscience means internal self-knowledge, or judgment of right and wrong, a mind so dark, so inert, and wholly uninstructed as that of the uneducated congenital deaf- mute, could not reasonably be expected to possess any- thing like it. Uneducated deaf-mutes seldom exhibit compunctions of conscience when they have done any- thing wrong, but such symptoms gradually appear as they grow older and some instruction is im- parted. The testimony of educated deaf-mutes them- selves goes to support this view, and the personal experience and observation of the writer confirms it to a, great extent. Their moral and intellectual condition before instruction is little above that of the more intel- ligent brutes, and lower than that of the most un- enlightened savages. All philologists and mental philosophers agree that it is the gift of language that' chiefly distinguishes' man from the brutes, and that Is Conscience Primitive? 25 without it he would have little claim to the title of a rational being. The testimony of educated deaf-mutes throws much light upon the amount of knowledge they possessed before coming under systematic instruction. Very few of them had any idea of the creation of the world, or of the plants and animals which it contains. Their own reflections, and all the imperfect attempts of their friends to instruct them, have failed to give them Any idea of the existence of a God or the soul. We need not wonder at this when we read that Ovid, who lived in the learned and polished era of Augustus, expressed the popular belief of his time in the theory that all things were produced by the due union of heat and moisture, which shows that deaf-mutes have not been alone in the utter ignorance of the existence of a Creator. The existence of the soul after death has never occurred to the uneducated mute. All the efforts of anxious parents to convey some idea to this end have failed. The pointing to the fire to convey an idea of hell impresses the mute that the body will be thrown into a fire for some cause by some person at some indefinite time. Before receiving instruction the writer, whose home was within sight of the parish church and the county jail, had his notions of heaven and hell formed by his mother always pointing to one or to the other of those buildings according to the nature of his conduct or actions. If he required re- proof she would point to the jail and fire, bat if she wished to show that she was pleased with his behaviour she would pat his head and point to the church, and then upwards and assume a reverent look. From this mode of control he formed his idea that the church was the place for those who had fine clothes and were well behaved, and that the minister was the object of worship or admiration. The jail he thought was for the poor, the drunkard, and those that robbed orchards, who were there cast bodily into a fire. Having observed a man in the street whom he once saw taken into a jail, his astonishment was very great on finding that neither the man's person nor his clothes had been burned. The next time his mother threatened him with the terrors of the jail and the fire for misconduct^ he gazed at her with a look of incredulity, shook his head and laughed. Queer ideas about death have been D 26 Is Conscience Primitive ? entertained by uneducated deaf-mutes. Is Conscience Primitive ? 27 When the deaf-mute is put under careful control he comes to associate in his mind a line of conduct with what produces pain, and another line of conduct with what produces pleasure. Out of this grows a sort of conscience which leads him to be sorrowful when he does certain things, and to be glad when he does the contrary. This conscience is entirely dependent upon the person to whom he is subjected. " Given a good master," says Dr. Peet, the highest authority in America, " and he will be very likely to have a kind of moral sense that will be a safe guide in the life he leads, and will bring about habits that will be useful to him hereafter." So quite the reverse will be his conduct if he be placed under a bad master. He may be obedient, diligent, affectionate, habitually honest, but it will be owing to the influence of kind and firm control and good example — not to the higher moral and religious motives that are addressed to children who hear. He is too often self-willed, passionate, prone to secret vices and suspicious, but these bad qualities are generally the outcome of parental indul- gence, and in having been the butt of thoughtless young people. Is the uneducated deaf-mute morally and legally responsible ? is a question which has been often dis- cussed. In many criminal cases, both in Europe and America, uneducated deaf-mutes have frequently figured for murder, but they have been treated as irresponsible beings, and no sentence has been passed on them. There can be no more pitiable object than an unedu- cated deaf-mute, except where blindness is added to that of deafness. His condition points to conclusions which cannot be evaded. It is the duty of society to provide for his instruction at the proper age, and it is criminal on the part of parents and guardians who neglect to secure for their unfortunate child the bene- fits within their reach. To the deaf-mute education means everything. It means intercourse with fellow- men, hope, happiness,, the pleasant communion with the highest intellectual achievements of men of all countries and all ages, which we find in books. It makes life in this world enjoyable and gives him hop© 28 Is Conscience Primitive ? of salvation in the world to come. To deny the deaf- mute education is to keep his mind on a level with the brutes. " To the hearing child," says Dr. Peet, " every word spoken in his presence is a means of intellectual development. Every person, literate or illiterate, with whom he comes in contact is for the time his conscious or unconscious teacher. In fact school gives him so small a portion of the knowledge he possesses that it may be considered rather the regulator than the source of his attainments. To the deaf-mute it means home,, happiness; it means the full and free exercise of all the rights, immunities and privileges which belong to humanity." CHAPTER VII. Marriages Among Deaf-mutes. We will now considered the marriage of the deaf and dumb with each other. We have known people to declare that such unions are very wicked, and ought not to be allowed ; but their opinion is mainly founded on the belief that this intermarriage invariably perpe- tuates the infirmity, which is quite a mistake. We admit that the children of deaf and dumb parents are occasionally similarly afflicted, but the cases are rare — they are quite the exception. In London we know of 114 instances of this kind of union ; 76 marriages have had offspring, but in only seven of these instances is the offspring deaf and dumb, and in these cases one or more of the brothers or sisters of one of the parents have been so afflicted. On the other hand, we know of deaf and dumb parents who have had as many as- nine children, not one of which was deaf; we have known, on the contrary, cases where both parents have had all their faculties, but out of ten children five have been deaf and dumb ; and the report of the London Asylum gives an instance where out of ten children eight were deaf and dumb. This argument, therefore, of perpetuating deafness, though it may be thus applied in the least degree, is not, says the Rev. S. Smith, chaplain of the Royal Association for the Deaf and Dumb, London, strong enough to support any one in prohibiting such marriages Marriages Among Deaf-mutes. 29 as wicked, when other facts are taken into con- sideration; for since it is shown that it is in quite exceptional cases that the offspring of these intermar- riages inherit the same infirmity, it will not be denied that deaf-mutes have a right to marry as well as other persons, and whom they ought to marry depends upon each one's choice and acceptance. Now it will readily be granted that there will be the most sympathy and love between persons whose feelings, tastes, and habits offer a certain resemblance, and who ean communicate freely with each other. " When a man marries, he ought to try and supply- that wherein he is deficient ; a deaf and dumb man wants some one to hear and speak for him.... A deaf man taking a deaf woman to be his companion would find the various hindrances which he meets in his daily life doubled and increased ; he would be obliged to go to some one else than his wife to interpret or to explain for him." The hearing, sisters or daughters of deaf and dumb persons would be most likely to fulfil the necessary requirements ; and it so happens that the hearing wife of one deaf-mute gentleman, who is much praised by her husband, had a brother similarly afflict- ed, of whom she was very fond ; but death snatching him away from her love, she took the opportunity of supplying his place by a husband from the same class, -and an excellent wife she has proved. We also know other similar cases with the same happy result. But, returning to the general rule prevalent amongst them of intermarriage amongst themselves, we can bear testimony that when two are well-matched, intelligent, and of amiable disposition, and especially if they act from Christian principle, they get on together exceed- ingly well. There is, however, some disadvantage as regards their children ; they cannot receive early in- struction in spoken language and moral training : they may learn vulgar expressions from other children, and use them towards each other in their parents' presence without their cognizance, and in this they are unable to correct them. Some of these disadvantages are, however, soon overcome by an early attendance at school. The children of the deaf and dumb soon learn to communicate with their parents by signs, and it is very amusing to see little things two or three years old beginning thus to make known their wants to them. So that, taking all these circumstances into consideration, we may consistently state that deaf-mute intermarriges are not advisable in those cases where a suitable hearing partner can be obtained, but they are not wicked, nor are they to be prohibited, lest a worse thing come to pass. Still this precaution should be taken by the deaf and dumb, not to choose those in whose families any hereditary tendency has manifested itself. Marriages Among Deaf-mutes. 31 In Canada and the United States there are manv deaf-mute unions. ^Perhaps no country in the world shows so many deaf-mute intermarriages as does the latter country, and many of them have produced deaf- mute children, but it has not been found necessary to prohibit or discourage them on that account. There are about a dozen deaf-mute married couples in the Dominion of Canada, and most of them have families, but none, as far as we have been able to learn, have deaf-mute children. CHAPTER VIII. Blind Deaf-mutes. — Laura Bridgman, — Mary Brad- ley. — Joseph Hague. — Anecdotes — Death of Hague.. — Other Cases on Record. There are, happily, but few human beings who in addition to the loss of hearing are also deprived of sight, and are therefore at once deaf, dumb, and blind. These appear to be so entirely cut off from the outer world that the position seems at first sight beyond the- reach of amelioration ; and was until a comparatively recent date believed to be so,, even by those whose ingenuity was daily taxed to find means to reach the minds of those who are deprived of hearing only. The case of a deaf, dumb, and blind youth, the son of a Scotch minister, attracted a large amount of attention early in the last century. Curiosity was excited to watch the habits of the youth, in order to see whether there was not some loophole by which light might be made to penetrate the darkness within, but nothing could be devised which yielded any result. It was not until the wonderful revelation of the case of Laura Bridgman by the late Charles Dickens was made in his " American Notes" in 1842-3, that attention was again awakened to the consideration of blind deaf- mutes, and the possibility of reaching and developing a mind so completely isolated. The statements made by Mr. Dickens were of so extraordinary a character that few persons — especially those engaged in edu-i eating the deaf and dumb — could give them credence, and many persons concluded that he must have been imposed upon, or that the narrative was only " the tale of a traveller," related to astonish and amuse. 82 Blind Deaf-mutes. About the time when "American Notes " appeared, a member of the Committee of the Institution reported a case of complete blindness and deafness, in a child named Mary Bradley, which had come under his observation at the infant department of the Parochial Schools of the Manchester Union. This excited the curiosity and kind interest of the head master, Mr. Andrew Patterson, and it was proposed he and the member of the Committee should examine the case and see if there were any possibility of doing anything with it Prom all that could be ascertained about the child, it appears she was then about seven years old, and that she had lost her sight and hearing about three years previously, having been abandoned by her mother in a damp cellar while suffering from some virulent disease.' The mother, it was understood, was a loose woman, who had left her husband and subsequently her ehild, and had taken to evil courses. It was believed, at the time the child was received into the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, that both parents were dead. Having succeeded in getting the child placed in his charge, Mr. Patterson had next to decide upon some mode of proceeding with her, and the obvious course seemed to be to watch her habits, and to endeavour to adapt his own course and the efforts of those around her to them. With this view she was left for some days to her own resources, in order that the bent of her inclination might be seen and judged of. Finding her- self in a new position, she was occupied for a time in becoming acquainted with the locality, and the persons and things by which she was surrounded. She made no attempt to make known her wants by signs, as is usual in the case of the deaf and dumb. If she required help her habit was to shout and 6cream, and as her utterances were by no means agreeable, every one was interested in relieving her wants. Since her loss of hearing and sight she had been in no position in which 6igns could have been understood, had she made any, but it never seemed to occur to her to do so. In faet, she was at the time one of the most uncouth and wild- looking objects it is well possible to conceive. She had recently had her head shaved in consequence of Mary Bradley. 33 some disease in the skin of the scalp, and with a crouch- ing, groping attitude, she had more the appearance of a scared and timid animal seeking some mode of esacpe from danger or unpleasant position, than of a human being endowned with a rational soul. The first step in teaching seemed to be to make her acquainted with the names of the objects around her. With this view, then, Mr. Patterson selected those objects which differed materially in form from each other, viz., a pen, a book, and a slate As the visible letters could not be submitted to her, the signs used by the deaf and dumb were given on the fingers instead, Mr. Patterson giving the signs by touching her fingers with his, in the proper form. Thus the pen was placed in her hands ; she felt its firm, elastic quality, etc. ; then the letters pen were signed on her fingers, and an endeavour made to indicate to her that the signs meant the object which she had been handling. Ihe other words book and slate were indicated in the same way; "but she failed to understand the connection between these arbitrary signs and the things handled. It never seemed to occur to her that the signs had any reference to the objects. In the case of children who can hear or see, the, sounds of the letters or the forms of the signs are at once a key to their application to the object named, but in this case there was no clue to the meaning, as at present they had neither sound nor form to her mind. An hour or two, day after day, was devoted to the accomplishment of this first and all-important step ; but the labour seemed entirely without effect. No progress towards success was made, and every day the work had to be commenced anew, and unfortunat- ely was followed by the same results as on the previous days, without any progress. , Every means were tried to arrive at some degree of success. The appliances were varied as much as possible, but still apparently without any intelligence on the part of the pupil. Hex kind and assiduous teacher could only devote to her the hours in which he could be spared from the routine work of a large school. He continued these attempts for four or five weeks, and almost in despair of any 1 ' good results began to think of abandoning his efforts, E 34 Blind Deaf-mutes. at least for a period ; when all at once, like a sudden burst of sunshine, her countenance brightened up one day with a full intelligence beaming in it. She had found the key to the mystery ! Placing her hand on each of the objects separately, she gave the name of each on her fingers, or rather signed them on the fingers of her teacher as her mode of describing them. Thus the first step was attained at last, and the chief difficulty cleared away for overcoming the next. It was a comparatively easy matter now to proceed and enlarge the vocabulary of the names of the objects most familiar to her. Mr. Patterson then cut out the letters of the alphabet in cardboard, and gummed them to a sheet of stiff pasteboard, so that they stood in relief, and could be sharply felt and distinguished from each other by the fingers. By this means she soon became acquainted with all their forms, and mentally associated — say pen — with the signs upon her fingers and the object which these signs represented. Her progress now became daily more and more evident. She took great delight in her work, and with the limited time at Mr. Patterson's disposal, it was difficult to keep pace with her desire for the knowledge of names. From these she was taught the quality of things. "When new words of this kind were intended to be taught, the objects were generally placed before her, as an illustration of comparison ; for instance — a large book and a small one, a light object and a heavy one, thick and thin, rough and smooth, hard and soft, sweet and sour. Objects possessing opposite qualities were placed within her reach, and she very readily acquired the words to express them. Thus the work went on step by step, eA-ery day's lesson being a preparatory one lor the next day. Verbs were taught much in the same way, the word being given with the action: standing, sitting, walking; eating, drinking, laughing, crying, &c. , generally in the form of the present participle, and in connection with a noun, as being an easy change from the adjectives — as, a boy standing, a girl crying, &c. At length the great inconvenience presented itself of the want of a lesson-book adapted to meet the case. In order to supply this want, a case of type for print- Mary Bradley. 35 ing in relief was obtained, and some lessons were printed, which were readily deciphered by the pupil through the sense of touch. It was, however, soon discovered that the operation of composing the type was an exercise which was not only A'ery amusing to her, but also very instructive. A little box was constructed in which she could arrange the type in sentences, &c. , which were dictated to her by natural signs, the teacher using her hands in the same way as he would use his own to sign similar sentences to a seeing deaf child, and this became a never-failing source of interest. It made her familiar with the various modes of construction, — the greatest difficulty which the deaf and dumb have to encounter. Every new word was at once applied to its appropriate meaning. The effect of the dawning of this new world of intellectual life upon the temper and disposition of Mary Bradley was, at this point of her education, very unmistakable. She had hitherto been of a fretful, impatient, and very irritable temper, crying and scream- ing without any apparent cause; but as she made progress in her studies, this irritability gradually soft- ened down, and she became daily more and more subdued in disposition and manner. Still at intervals, more or less prolonged, she would have fits of fret- fulness and passion, which would end in a few hours in tears, when she would again resume her quiet and placid manner. These occasional outbursts would appear to have been a necessity with her. They seemed like an accumulation of humours which would, burst out and expend themselves, and thus give relief for a time. Mr. Fatterson and the kind friends around her soon discovered that during these paroxysms, the best and simplest course was to leave her to herself The time occupied in teaching her to write was enormous as compared with that expended on children possessing their proper faculties. It was a work of incessant and interminable repetition ; but Mr. Patter- son had resolved that it must be done, and it was done accordingly. Having once learned to write, she was enabled to correspond with friends at a distance, and to inter- #6 Blind Deaf-mutes. change letters with her sister in deprivation across the Atlantic, Laura Bridgman, who was kind enough to send her a tablet, such as she herself used. Now it must be distinctly understood that the results thus happily arrived at were attained under circumstances very different to those in which the education of Laura Bridgman was carried on — not to mention the great difference between the condition of Mary Bradley when she was rescued from the degrading and cruel associations of a pauper school, and the domestic surroundings in which Laura Bridgman had been brought up in a bright and loving home, under the care of a tender mother. From this home she was transferred to the charge of Dr. Howe, and by him placed under the special care of the lady teacher whose sole duty and pleasure it was to see to her every want, and act as her instructress. Mary Bradley, on the contrary, could only receive continuous attention for any length of time from Mr. Patterson when the duties of a large establishment permitted : and then he could only devote, what would otherwise have been his leisure, to her instruction. At the period when Mary Bradley had been under instruction some four or five years an application was made to the Institution for the admission of a little boy suffering under the same sad privation. Joseph Hague was the son of a deaf and dumb mother who had been educated in the Institution. He Was born deaf, and became blind before he was two fears old. At the period of his reception in the School for the Deaf and Dumb he was eight years old, and at bnce became the fellow-pupil of Mary Bradley. On his admission he was allowed a few days to make himself familiar with the new position in which he was placed. It was very amusing to watch his explorations and to see the ready intelligence with Which he made his observation. Joseph Hague showed a considerable amount ojf determination and combativeness when he met with opposition. On one occasion he was walking up the school-room, in which there are two or three iron pillars to support the floor above, and forgetting that Joseph Hague. 37 such was the case he struck his forehead against one of them and recoiled from it. He rubbed his forehead for an instant, and then walked deliberately up to the pillar and kicked it violently. This boy, being born deaf and dumb and having been under the care of his mother, herself a deaf-mute, was thoroughly acquainted with the signs used by deaf children of his age, and consequently the first steps in the course of his instruction were easily overcome. The progress made by the two far outstripped any anticipations which could have been formed on the subject from what had been previously effected by Mr. Patterson's attention to Mary Bradley only. The knowledge of things, gradually led on to those of a more abstract character, and enabled their kind teacher to show the relation between cause and effect, and by means of things of a lower nature to reach the higher. A knowledge of Scripture History and of God's care for His chosen people was imparted. During the progress of these children in their instruction, many points peculiar to themselves and to their condition could not fail to manifest themselves. One peculiarity, which is perhaps more striking than any other, was the appearance of a perception which seemed like a new sense. The quickness of appre- hension and understanding of what was passing around them seemed so complete and so accurate, that it was impossible to conceive how the mind grasped the information unless such was the case. The boy was of rather a mischievous disposition, and was fond of amus- ing himself by teasing and annoying his companion; but it is a singular fact that the moment Mr. Patterson entered the room he became conscious of the fact, and instantly ceased his amusement. No doubt he had become accustomed to the vibration caused by the opening and shutting of the door, and by the step of his teacher, for he could distinguish the latter from that of every one else ; and would frequently stop Mr. P. in the room to ask a question. In addition to this, however, both these children would receive impressions when the sense of feeling could not be acted upon, and they would be aware of facts which could not reach the mind by any of the known senses. For instance, they 38 Blind Deaf-mutes.	3,424
lawmagazineorqu12compgoog_2	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,855	The Law Magazine, Or, Quarterly Review of Jurisprudence	William S. Hein & Company	English	Spoken	6,896	13,017	He even justified this Lowthers in th^ijj resolution, not voluntarily, . 1 Vide the Timei^rOrd Jaly, IBIS, < - , his Pro/uMional and PwMnfkeniaty Career. S6 at vitiioatf a- i^rtt^le, to iriinquiih m fatronage lAMx, mkU efisBiotk, they- bad* wtti^^ or xigbt* whieh those for whciAe %dioof thayieniiAed' seemed indifforekil) about defendiBg. It mas by- mufti >ai^tfiiJinsiii«iatkni« tbat lie iioped to thin the innkaof iAteieneaif^ he knew w^ that sioipie^ minds^ if tamted with 'being ^tamcQjr submhisife ta oppression^ are easily led to act as if they Ktiifiy were in bondage^ ■ and will oonseiit to a change of ^{Miitieal telatkuiS; in lihe hope of i«>ashing out the reproach. ^Bta piuridj^y >mted his daims, however^ for the &Your of the eteetoss^ npon^ his esettions wiliL reference to the Orders in iO^utidiy and hie ' labours ibr an improyed adminiatration of iGharttdUber Inetitutbne; be repudiated all dnteiition of ginng 'oflbnte;Mhe> nimeieestanDy «)pdlegi«ed'for having uttered some 4»ia)di3es> \andi having xcnnarkedttiiai he had been canying on ■^ conteirtriwith' three or four e^il spirits^ in the shape of lawyers^ fc^was aptl;^.8aUited with the exdamation-^^^ Yon^re a lawyer Tfodrself;^^' ISiereBiilt ^pv&vei, that theidkienee of Lord Lons^ •ible,^alid;^deQd, of the whole faiaily of th^ Ldwtbers, was too •dciqplyirooted'in the soil/ and th^ popularity in the affectiooe of ilne peo{te^ to be shaken ; for Mr. Bronghaai; afber a spirited 'fight,' ^as'd^eated.^ Aoeordinglyj he oeiAtinued to sit in Par- ttftnsent as riq^^resentaitiire for Winchdsea. ' iSiroughoat the year 1818^ his mind appears to have been ehi^y engrossed with hie pian for the educaitioii of the poor;^ \ TjbLe ,Qm)al)eT9 pn the grcsM. poll were jbls follow ;— iLord Lowther^ 968 ; Xolonel Lowtber, 926; Mr. Brougham, 783. With a view to avoiding ■ digreBsiomor a reiteration of ineidents and iPcenlts almost identical, w« Jf3>^ ppiention tbat on two suhsei^^uent occasiong Mr, Brougham renewed {he contest in Westmoreland. At the election which took place upon the ^saih of Geotge III. (wh»died on the 29th of Jaaa^ry, 1820) Mr. Brougham vf^ aftj^ ^ seven aajys' poll, defeated hy a majority of 63, the numbers respectively being : — ^for Lord Lov^her, 1,510 ; for Colonel Lowther, 1,412 ; for Mr. Brougham, 1,349. Once more, at th« general election, in the year 1926y. he offered battle on the same field. Tl^ result, however* showed iliat the struggle was a hopeless one ; indeed, he had, during the interval, l)6en comparatively losing ground ; for, at the close of the poll, which had been k^pt open fcr a period of nine d\|y^ the numbers were : — ^for Lord Lowther, 2,007 ; for Colonel Lowther, 2,024 ; for Mr. Brougham, 1,378. It was upon this discomfiture that he wa^ for the fourth time, returned to i?ltf-liajnent as member for Winchelsea. ' Fide H. P. D. ykA. xxxvili. p. 285 (22ud April, 1818) ; compare ibid, pp. 340, 341, 1212 (3rd June, 1818) ; and, on the 8th of May (ibid. p. 616), he, while discharging the duty cast upon him by the Education Committee VOL. LIII. NO. CVI. E toi^0<fiifit»tMQp'aiMjn«tHl}tte aixfios^jAesotottiMMmj^mttd by tlie HoHB^afiOoniflaDiuitiiiflQc^ifi^ «XMttg/rtl[8i>lb\|ircDnordbIsi<ofoH^ ^&t»&jpmlfxg /ihe js^ j>e(kkiJ8^y ^^d" (not. liBd)iD6cHrt6lfl]fri.b0(^^M^>Siotf ul^pcofitftb «biiBceted)^'onHij»ypaliM&mqt\|»r^ ^fiMtmicld i^HllMtad x>$flescidbms:ibei)xe^res8 which had been made in its inquiries, delivered ais^^^mp tiiitkuadSug, aiiateolfiiUbfiiBfKMfa\|t«ii(f[ timtitefieiM fMMie ago vanished, and has more recently been, in his own mind^ replaced^ by the mysteries of 8pirjit-raj)ping aftS ««rt)leUa!rtiitig^ . • . . < 1 . i 1 1 A s I '^Sli? Saifrdel'Bbnmiy VjM tli6<AtM^i^'iit'€^a»iti«»/tii\|id«6ilitf Ij^e'.^iltgeq^f ^ ^^'.iil<n^th^,^iai[^tlm>tlt^H^1f«h''e^^ '"Wi»lMky<e^ iliil di^tabtH Mf6te4s the ninth edition. Much of this panlikt^fet^as^'tlL' vlMidtt<l«a^>o^tillb 'tfmi mo^yes a^ eontd^iBilf 'U ei!nbraces a clear statement ofWd atimj-A^i^, kt a ' Wam^, iif'seemsr obVi(k^'ttm%'ii!M«fe«¥^^^ nif dl^^joiteriilttee^had tifti with ttt^f i$$^. At tfi^e^^ih^titi:^, Mif ieil h^ni, ih ^c6iaAiAoh>fditnm^ii(!fhrak»^fie "feadfertb * A\L^&-1to -IIie''K«6!ht"H6«t«ritbtef Sli'^W/Siotlj^lliR-f^Cte •TJfafvlers!tirof t)3tf<:>^d, fii Aii^^ly <to^!!kiri-B>daglli6[i^^'Ii^ttte»/'»^»«W>e«t. 'Xib^d/iefl^; k^4^el!^s't6>ftt^ik^t ifty<ih tt^a^> ttbder itbtt tttft «f ' ' * m^M f ibn^ MHI^leinln^ L^W'tiy MK' i^iugi4th:«i»id9tQi^'d^^ bf ^ siicli paits ' <]f !t ^ rdij^ ^^bthfts as gdviernots 6f^%^B^ 8<^^^i''(I^ki(t^i':q($l^thb(i«im!\|^e^W^ ^^i<n^ pi'0dtl<sfi6xi^ftB'''dti^ Cif'thb^'faMdliigievittgi^&^erlLii^dBl^AH^]^ ^iM'th€ d^iiit ih V^ft^«; 'l^'w^tt^gft ibO%«'»«&W> ••tHelOuimwrhaitilwfe- tors" could not, #ith all^tbf6ir^tittfiiitt><^ai4ll^- fHi^gfly^'tM «m^M(i iof their patron. Vide^ also in illustration of this subjecl^'^^iA. -^tiTKektioh of {Ketnquity ii^tb Oharit&bte AbtliteiS; idh<t<4n( l^^osdre of^thb Itit^i^esen- ta^hs (^oAtlahi^d in t^^uorl^/^ £g^^;^lAk]d^ldl8i^ "fTh^'Mti^ inutile MevieWf vol. xix.ppi#2,1f$'i^ -V^'^- t'J'f'^^ -'H -^^^'^ ^'^'^^ ^'^^^nir.r, eMo^uaclh his ProfimmtimAJl^f^li^^ Career. f^T Ii»^t8iaftitf)tlfe rfo i Aw ttf ri)iii9>{t itoditelArllmnaaeiiBivQs^h^ b^^mS^^Bta^iinaAtJ^^ tif ttl0cn\|i&re,Milft. iBiiOiigkaoi ^to9igeity4ltO'4&b AoMtBy Mr«:BRia\|liaisi/ oooDttledi no for A ibflftiicMf(J;bi(''ifi«t99tffm4ikkL 'to ydtertained / cNytpdiitg jdse real fMM^ ^tfidtufdnte^olbie, ^t^' the pronotbn) of vbtem ifaMrosI^ k^f&s» ]^0^fipi\|i9>ir)i()t6'«igfatrsf ifa0 ddt<rteA all rtkc edcftgias Jti^i^^d^pi^rt^tedJliiat lieiwdnlddloiDAd ikai^M be caal; i^itmi4mt ybmuitfm* /;He^ 'wa^iA\|ipanitttd:^ttxJAieya^ that, royal perspnage j^ and never did connsel discharge impor- j^jij5y^)f^ j'lSS^ , iiiore lixtrepiSily or -aeal We "tbMd^ Mb ciiier iiito4kedetitilA:4if tibia mdanriliely passage ia J'^l^^^pifjr'H^,!^^^ is^di^ient^^Qsay that,, when Loyd eS^Ei^imriirpffeseiited^'to Hdt^eof <!}oBimoiis..tbe]»esaige ^QiDlil^/wmiafe^itteitnnistev dif theirtspoeailality ivjl^ob ha^tyas '^^^t,j't(i itofcurl^ /^^^^^^ thii advice of l^er bttt fWtods, ^ F»(feH.P.D.Yol8.:8^n;i]C.3d^p^l«^ .,,.;,. ,. .,. )4a«gMerd(rf}7h>PIXMk\|fS:Aln^ (tiriitt^r)<^4^f)a.4^c^a^^^ Hep]^}!), •'mdyMtAi9rfmi/^9lifi»XMrlliei/AR<l. »}fPfW W ^t»m(^ ^Pm^MJ^ «ffl«w>gr, ^aTMftjw»3aliir3rv^%»t\|v>feJjy hiL-yj ';>i >i vMRM».v^Fttil\| tgdk3'p)fi[?»- ^MfM^ipg t^ differeac^^;ex^1gi^ t>^wieea <^e lUastrious pariiesy v%de ibid. pp. 1230, t^^., a^^ pt:43^Q^ / ; . ' r -V 28 Lor^ Brouffhetm tmd Vmiut : aoA heedleea at once of remonfltnoioeB and eo(ik8eqii0not% Gara« Ima^ ou the 6th of Jane, 1820^ arrived m EiiglaiuL Lord Liverpoo]^ exactly oae nxmth afterwards, presented to ParUa* ment a bill '^ of pains and penalties'' against her; and theseqnd of the sad story is familiar to our readers. The speech of Mr. Brougham in defence of Queen Caroline was, in all respects, worthy of himself, the occasion, and the auditory). Free from all turgidity, and only faintly fringed with imagery, it fell upon the ear in comparatively calm though searehing tones ; it addressed the judgment as an enumation £rom a strong mind, acting under the guidance of good taste; and by its mrarmth and heartfelt sympathy with his xojbI client, it touididd the heart. " My lords,' ezdaimed he, with impressiye energy, in the perdratioii of his speech, " I call u;^on you to pause. You stand on the brink of a precipice. If your judgment^ shall go out against the Queen, it will be the only act that ever went out without effecting its purpose ; it will return to you upon your own heads. Save the countiy; save yourselves. Bescue the country ; save the people of whom you are the ornaments, but severed from whom you can no more hve than. the blossom that is severed from the tree on which it grows Save the country, therefore, that you may continue to adorn it. Save the Crown, wmch is threatened with irreparable injury ; save the aristo- cracy, which is surrounded with danger ; save the altar, which is no longer safe when its kindred throne is shaken. Tou see that, when the church and the throne would allow of no churdi solemnity on behalf of the Queen, the heartf^t prayers of the people rose to heaven for her protection. I pray heaven for her, and I here pour forth my fervent supplication to the Throne of Mercy, that mercies may descend on the people of this country richer than their rulers have deserved, and that your hearts may be turned to justice." ^ Down to this period, Mr. Brougham had failed to secure high practice in the regular routine of the Courts of Law.' He continued, however, on the alert to catch whatever stray ^ In proof of his unwearied zeal in the cause of Queen Caaroliney vide H. P. D. (N.S.) vol. ni. passim; vol. iv. p* 213 (20th January^ 1821) ; ibid, p. 236 ; andy particularly, p. 263, ^» Fide also^ as to the conduct of ministers relative to the proceedings against the Queen, ibid. pp. 497, sqf» (6th February, 1821). Vide, too, '* Speeches of Lord Brougham," Introd* pp. d7« sqq>; and for the speech itself, ibid, p. 104, sqq, 'The accuracy of this statement may be tested by any one who will 4ake the trouble to look into Barnew. and Alders. Reports, v<d.iv«, in wiiteh his practice is carried down to tlie month of July^ 1821. his Profesnmdl aatd PetUmnenUtnf Career. 29 boanesspnight Iwppeii to be tinrown in hb iraj, and he applied KhwaAlf irith more dian ordinary oare and aflBiduityix) his pn>- feaaiott^ The fioneiwluidi he had acqoiced as an advocate^ if not aB>a laiwyar^ attracted tke attention of the pwblic, and thence^ fertk tibeee was a steadjr thoogh gradual adraneement to con- siderable sank at the Bar«^ But his parliamentarjr character and laiftaeBee were rapidlj on the increase; snd^ aft^ the meetijsgof Parliament^ the monotony of many a dreary debate* was not unfreqoenfly enlivened by the more exciting^ becaose imae peaaoiaBi, incidents connected with this or that* bi^eaoh of prmlege/ or the- less reputable loss of temper/ It was in the ' ^ Some of the cases in which he was subsequently engaged sprung, as might hare been expected^ out of words uttered, or acts done, with refer- ence to the proceedings against Queen Caroline. He submitted, for in- stance, to the lords of the Privy Council (6th July, 1621) an able argument on th» question, whether or not the queen-consort of these realms is entitled, as of ri^ht, to be crowned when the king celebrates the solemnity of his coronation {Vidle "Speeches," vol. i, pp. 2d7,yy.). Again, in the case of the Keverend Richard Blacow, who was tried at Lancaster in September. 1821, Mr. Brougham opened the prosecution, which arose put of a libel uttered against CaroUne in the delivery of a sermon before a large congre- gution. The ddendant was very properly convicted : it Is scarcely possible Uk inmgine a more seandalous de8eaation of the sacred office than that of which this clergyman was guilty ( Vide " Speeches," vol. i. pp. 902, 903). On another occasion Mr. Brougham had distinguished himself. We allude to his defence (25th February, 1822) of John Ambrose Williams, proprietor of the Durham Chronicle^ who was charged with a libel on the Durham t?lergy, whom he had severely handled in his newspaper, because they refused to order the bells of the several church^ of that city to be tolled on occasion of the death of Queen Caroline. Mr. Brougham, it was said at the time, oonsid^ed that he never delivered a speech, either m Parlament or at the Bar, so completely lo his own sitislbction, as that in defmce of Williams. But vide " A Letter to Henry Brougham, Esq., upon the Durham Speech," ^nd edit. Lond. 1823. The progress of Mr. Brougham at the Bar in the regular course of court bvtsinessy between the years 1823 and 1830^ may be traced, by those who tnink: it worth their while to do so, in Barnewall and CresswelPs Reports. His practi«e^ it will be seen, never rose above an average height. ' jror instance, on the, financial measures of Uie eovemment (11th Feb. 18^2) ; but compare ' Remarks on the Speech of Henry Brougham, Esq., in Parliament. &c., Lond. 1822," wherein he is charged with < fallacy of statement, unfairness of inference, and still greater unfairness of insinu- a^on ;' the Droits -of the Crown (BL P. D., N.S., vol. i, pp. 105, sqq.) ; the reeumption of cash psyments (12th June, 1822) ; pensions, naval and mili- ti^ (tst Majr, 1822 » Hi P. D:, N.8., Vol. 6, p. 296) ; and on the influence of ih» Ci^wa in ge«ei«l, ifide iMd. pp. 1269, gqq, » Vide H. P. D. (N.S.) vol. v. p. 646 (10th May> 1821), when the subject of the J^hn Btdl ^wi^aper was undeir diseutision ; and compare, ibid.rol. vi. p;«88'-(imh Febfuwy, 1822). ' ^ 26th June, 1822, on which obcasion Mt. Brougham, having mixed him> 80 Lord Brougham and VmuF: spring of tlie year 1828, for instanee, ^ait^Mati Bfou^BW bucI Mr. Canniiif^tlie latter being at that -time Secretary for Eoteigil Affairs— oamae into rioknt colliaion. In tlw course <if a debate iqKm the CathoUo Claims, Mr. Brooghanr, after- taxmting the miniate with his haTing choaen the altematiTe of being 'dooaieii to hard laboi^ m Engfand> rather than that he>ahoiitd he* sent into honourable exile in India, ofaarged him wkhvh&nng exiih bited '^a most inoredible specimen of monsirons tmoklmg.^' MJr. Canning started to bis .feet, '^l rise/^ esdaimed hei, "^to say that that is false I ^ A dead silence ensaed. The speaker^ after a short pause, espressed> in a low, calm ^ tone, a. hope titat Mr. Canning would retract ^the word, whidli had dropped frona him. Mr. Canningv while he regretted that he had naed Butf expression which was a yiolaticm of the deconm of.ither House, replied that ^ nothings no consideratioa on earthy simubi induce him to retract the i^ientiment.^' The speaker Iraafrfiiy though prudent f his duty admitted neither of comproBiise wm delay. Calling tipon the Hdus^ to support himy he oaoce. more appealed to the honour and candour of Mr. Canning, who acknowledged that, so fear as the orders of the House w^!e oon-> corned, he was exceedingly soncy that any expiseasion calculated to attract the ^pleasore ofthe'Commons .fihiAiId\'bave escaped him ; but at thesaaie time declared, tJsiat he could not, in e&jsh- science, admit that his impression as to the: nature of the iasper^ sion which had been cast upon his character waaerroneous. tA little fencing between tiie friends of the partiea^oUowed ; doubts exiited>as to whether the language of Mr. Brougham was to be regarded >aa applicable to the: ministor in his. pcitate or public capadty. Mr. Canning reiterated his announcement that, a£ber mature reAednlon> and with- ^every passable respiecit for the (ffdeiB of the Houise and the dignity of the chair, he< could ndther recal nor vary the expression whidi he had used^ he. was, howerer, quite prepared t6 submit withiperfbct humilit^to sbiy oensure self up with a hot encounter hetween two Qtl^er parties^ allude4 to language which one of them had * dared '* to use. It had bten declared by the highest authortty that Mr. Canning had oommitted a- breach 'bf the rules of die Houee; andthe simpte question ^wvB not liiersly whether the eflbnder should be given into cnsfaodyvbut whether tiie saaiB step should be token againstMr. Bim^am, whoy at least tedmic8(lly> was iniiocent tiusmghbut Ihe whole affair. He^ th^efore^ plainly told the House, that "wbile he wa^acwaie that its power being absolute> it mdght otdtr him into custody, still it w<nild,:ia doing so, be ^ihy of .a. flagrant violation of the prinoij^es of justice^ He even took hisadlyersary under hia protebtidn^ although certainly his succour was offered in equivocal form, and with latent ^c^jn^ fer iie ieminded the iBlouse, that ihe offensive expres- sion had hem flung out by Mr.'Oanning in a mamtot of i\|hp$,^(fenjce, ;a^^^ he had heard the conclusion of the sen- tence which had roused his indignation^ Mr. Brougham con 82 Lord Brougham and Vdux : fessed^ too^ that in the heat of debate^ his mind was not capable of instantly drawing very nice distinctions in the selection of phrases, or of using one set of epithets as properly applicable to the political, and another as descriptive of the personal, character of any man. Nor did he deny that, when he talked of the conduct of Mr. Canning aa '^standing prominent in the history of political tergiversation,'' he applied, because he had a veiy strong feeling on the subject, a very strong expression, althougli one which certainly was not unparliamentary ; for he intended that it should be received by the House as applicable to the public and political life of Mr. Canning. He had never known aught of him, as a private individual, but what did him the highest honour ; but he reprobated the fluctuating conduct of Mr. Canning with reference to the settlement of the Catholic question, and maintained that he had a right to form an opinion of his motives from observing the outward visible form of his actions. In short, Mr. Brougham persisted in the opinion which he had expressed, viz., that Mr. Canning had, from impure motives, " truckled '^ to Lord Eldon. Mr. Secretary Peel, how- ever, while he considered the explanation satisfactory, assured the House, that the facts connected with the ministerial arrange- ments must have been grossly misrepresented to Mr. Brougham recollected to have seen tlie individual about three years before, and he asked him what was the matter. The individual m question^ Mr. Gourlay, replied, " You have betrayed me." Mr, Brougham had, kis Profes9ional and Parliamentary Career. 88 . This encoimter occuired in the month of April, 1828 ; but it was merely one of those episodes which often Yaried and ani- mated the dull routine of Mr. Brougham's parliamentary heavy work. At the very commencement of the session,^ he had, in the debate on the Address^' taken a rapid and searching review of our foreign relations, and had expressed himself with even more than common bitterness against the continental despots. He recommended English ministers to consider free states as the safest and most natural allies of England, while, at the same time, she ought to quarrel with none. Such a policy, he con- ceived, could not fail to guard the dignity of the Crown, to secure the independence of the country, and to strengthen all the principles which have ever been most sacred to civilized nations. We do not purpose to follow Mr. Brougham through all the departments of national policy, to the adjustment of which he cheerfully devoted his time and intellectual enei^es. The education of the people,' as well as the cheap and speedy about the time mentioned, presented a petition from Mr. Gonrlay, and had neither seen nor heard of nim since that time. He could only account for his conduct on the ground of insanity. Mr. Gourlay, he understood, was occasionallv deranged ; the distress which he had suffered had impaired his intellect. And Mr. Brougham, with his usual kindness of heart, added : '^It is not my wish that any steps should be taken on the occasion." There was no doubt about the insanity of the man. He had, according to Mr. Hume, been sent from Canada in a state of mental derangement. Fide H. P. D. (N. S.), voL xi. p. 120 ; ibid. yol. xiii. p. 161. » 4th February, 1823. Vide H. P. D. (N. S. ), vol. vui. p. 46. His speech on this occasion was subsequently published by Ridgway. ' la his speeches on each succeeding Address to the Crown will be found a very good epitome of Mr. Brougham's general views on the foreign and domestic policy of England. Ff&, for instance, H. P. D. (N. S.), vol. xii. \|>p« 54> 5d ; drd February, 1825. To the ^ Holy Alliance," as we hare seen, he bore an implacable hatred : he stigmatized the potentates as being •* conspirators '^(23rd February, 1824). 3 It was during the year 1826, that he published * Practical Observa- tions upon the Education of the People." The pamphlet was dedicated to Dr. Birkbeck. The substance of the Observations" originally appeared in the Edinburgh Review, Vide Speeches," eC cet. vol. iii. pp. 103, sqq. Along with that production ought to be read, however, ^ Observations on Mr. Brougham's Bill for better providing the Means of Education," ei cet, Lond. 1821. The object of the writer is to show the inadequacy of the scheme to the attainment of the end proposed. If the reader, now- ever, would have the subject in all its aspects before him, he must like- wise consult Mr. Homei^s Remarks, prefixed to his Translation of the work of M. Cousin on the Schools of Holland. Vide Edinimrffh Eemew VOL. LIII. NO. CVI. F 34 Lfyrd Brougham and Vmtx : -^ - administration of justiN^/ cx>iKtiiiaed to arrest iw ttttenifion. Not believing that "whatever is, is right/' any more tbail Pijpe himgelf, who spent the greater portion of his life and geaictft^ifi giving proofs and illnstrations to the contrary, Mr. Bgfougham, throughout the years 1824, 1825, and 1826, ofl^red an uaconi- promising opposition to the existing government. for January, 1838, No. 134. In proof of the deep interest which Mr. Brougham took in the mental and moral improvement of the working elafises of the oommuoity, ^nde his ^^ Address'' (delivered on the 21st July, 1835) to the members of the Manchester Mechanics Institution ("Speeches," et cet, vol. iii. p. 155). Every sentence of thfs "Address brea^es affection and respect towards the industrious cksaes of ihei vwct- mnnity. There has existed throughout the whole of Lord Brougham's life such a sympathy, amounting almost to an identity of tnterests, wil^ those classes, as eouid not fail to wi& confidence and esleean. All his Addresses " of this nature were characterized by so much straightfor- ward frankness, by so earnest a desire to promote the real welfare of the people, that his auditors on such ocoasions withdrew, inspired with moral courage and cheerful hope. The most favourable specimen,, how- ever, of Lord Brougham's aptitude for addressing the students of public mstitutions is, perhaps, the "Inaugural Discourse'' whidi he delivered in the Common Hall of the Colleg;e of Glasgow (6th April, 1825), on the occasion of his being installed Lord Rector of that university, {viae ** Speeches," ei cet, vol. iii. p. 181, sqq, ; or, " Inaugural Discourse,^' et cet, Glasgow, 1825.) Tlie "Discourse" mav likewise be seen ai»d compared with others of a similar kind in a small volume which appeared in 1839 under the title of " Inaugural Discouroes of the L^rd lUotora of the University of Glasgow, by John B. Ha v." The name of.Lor4 Brougham, too, is inseparably connected witn the establishment and prosperity of the University of London ; an institution in which he h^ always tak^ a deep iateiest^. and of which he was chosen pr^si^^^t. As to the nature and character of this institution, vide the " Statement's, explanatory of the plan of education adopted, which have been fjroih time to time published by the Council of. the University, and especial^ the " Second Statement," Lond. 1828. * H. P. D. (N. S.), vol. ix. p. 1512 (10th July, 1823), when the th&^ reading of the Scottish Law Commission Bill was under discussion ; and with reference to the administration of justice in Ireland, ^d« ibid, pp. 1255, sqq. (26th June. 1823). It was on the Ist of June, 1824^ that he stated his views regarding the proceedings on the trial of Smith, the missionary, in the colony of Demerara. Vid, H. P. D. (N. S.), vol. xi. pp. 961, 1294, sqq. Above aU, vide " Speech of Henry Brougham, £aq,, M.P., in the House of Commons, on Tuesday, 7th February, 1828^ on his motion that a commission should be issued to inquire into the defects occasioned by time and otherwise in the laws of the realm, and into the measures necessary for removing the same." Lond. 182& This speech embraces an almost unlimited number of technical details, and presents a solid foundation for one of the most important inquijries which could be instituted. This edition has the advantage of eorrectioaa b^ Mr. Brougham himself. Compare the "Besolution" substituted hy him in the adjourned debate (29th February, 1828), and which wm, with the assent of the GoY«xmueiit, uaaiunioiisly camridd^ his Profemanal mid PartUmenUarjf Career. 85 WtilQ engaged in i»^ankiiig and unfidding measuresi any tma of which might well have been considered sufficient to engrosB the attenticm of even a laborious and active mind, the entraordiiiaiy subjeet of this sketch wa^ busily engaged with his profemoBal duties, wbith had been gradually becoming heavier Although still excluded from Court £svour and official dignity^ he, with unbroken spirit and buoyant heart, had hitherto pur- sued his rugged path through storm and shade. The clouds, however, were now ere long to be dispersed, and brighter days were about to dawn. On the 17th of February, 1827, Lord Idvarpool was stricken with paralysis, and at once the hetero- geneous materiak of which his ministry had been composed became apparoit. The chief man among its members was Mr. Canning; and on the death of Lord Iiondonderry he accepted office, and became ministerial leader in the House of Commons. The cabinet was still divided on the question oi Catholic emaneipation : but the majority in favour of the measure had been so steadily increasing, that, in the spring ^ <^ the year 1827, the proposed Bill was lost only by four votes. A crisis was obviously approaching. Accordingly, Mr. Peel, iipon finding that he should probably be the only minister of the' Crown who was likely to continue opposed to tihie Catholic claims, resigned, while Mr. Canning and his party remained in ^ower. Mr. Brougham now felt that the great impediment to his supporting the ministry was removed by the retirement of Mr. Feel, to whom, at tlie same time, he idluded in terms of iM highest personal respect.^ With the exception of Earl Grey, > 6th March, 1827 ; the " Ayes " being 272, and the « Noes " 276. . « H. P. D. vol. xvii. p. 224 ; comp. ibid. pp. 609, 621 (3rd May, 1827). J£r. Roebuck truly remarks (''History of the Whig Ministry of 1830") that we have not yet the materials for judging correctlv of this scene of intrigue. The same author (vol. i. p. 26, note) mentions tnat Mr. Canning, at this period^ oiF«red Mr. Brougham the office of Chief Baron of the Ex- chequer, saying, on Mr. Brougham's declining the honour, " Why, the post jo# dbi)ef Baron is, you know, the half-way house to that of the Chancellor." " Yes/' replied Mr. Brougham, " but you deprive me of the horses which 4»e to take me on ;" meaning that, by being a judge, he was removed from the House ef Commons, and so rendered powerless ; and that, by being no ifefiger formidable, he would be no longer favoured. It is difficult to tiiecoaciie this allied otfer on the part of the minister with the anti- •fttthy of Geor^ IV. towards Mr. Brougham. More rumours were current — all illustrative of the selfishnese by which politidaiu of all paitiea 86 Li»^Br99tffkim:wK^Vemm: dlt tJie ImSiAg YfhigBiMteisninei to tgupport the* hbw nmuBt^r ; and Mr. Btoagham; BMoioag Ahe resty adhered to die govdrnu ment^ prineipaHjom tlw> ground tkat^ the king aaddenly&idmg hamself depanved of six out^of nitae 'of his ministers^ it beoame ncoessuy that the offices dionld be filled np^ and that the pablio asfisty should be ■oommitted' to- the charge of men who were equal^ to the ensis — «si 'Sirgumeat which, in 1884, was most effectually retorted hy the' Duke of Wellington on Lord Brougham. The latter distinctly' stated that, although he had not been a party to any- arrangement with regard to office, still he approved of the unicm whieh had been formed between two parties who had been previourfy divided, and promised his oordial support to the- composite ministry. He hinted that, if he had accepted office, the ^ropo^ed arrangement might have been defeated; >and therefore he had voluntarily given up all daims to any official appointi^ent. His statement was in manner frank, and in sentiment perfectly manly; but the simple fact of Mr. Brougham avowing himself to be the cordial and disinterested supporter of Mr. Canning was a source of infinite fun to the Htouse of Commons and the country. The precariousness, • however, of. 1 DuxiDg thifl period, no quieflaon which was of the slightest importanoe escaped his notice, Vtchy for esaamplef his remarks on ttie jurisdiction ia bankmptey (22nd May, 1827); on the repeal of the Test and C<Mrporatlon Acts (26th February, 1828)» ooinpaiP» 2nd May, 1828 ; on the state of the oommon law (29th Febniarw 1B28) ; on delays in the Court of Chancery (24th April, 1828). his Profemwmt mud PdniMml^iitory Cdlreer. 87 Doriiig A0> eaJiy pavtof the j9bt 1880^ Mr. Bmogham sat mi 'tibe. Hoase of -Oonimotis as me»bev for the borough of KBoreflbaroagh^^ and oontimied to enforce his views on all his fitroimte topics ; those especially connected with the liberty of the sobyect/ and the amelioration of the law.' His connection witb that borongh was of short duration. The political tftmoBjdiere was becoming more wholesome for Mr. Brougham. By the deadi of George lY. on the 26th of June, 1880, an obstacle which had long been thrown across his path, and which he could not surmount, was at last removed. With instinctive sagacily, he felt that another crisis in his public life was at hand, > "Borough of Knaresborough. Henry Brougham, Esq., of Hill-street, Berkel^y-sqiiare) in the eoanty of Mid^etex, in the room of the Bight Qonoui^le George Tiemey. deceased.' L<mdon OasteUe^ Friday, 19th Feb. 1890. Knaresborough could boast of its representatives. That borough had long befo» returned tor Ptoliament Mr. Hare and Lord John Town* ah0nd7"4neii eminent for their abilities and aecomplishments ; and who had, in the persons of Mr. Tierney and Mr. Brougham, certainly no unworthy SD^eessors. ,M» had hitherto represented Winchelsea, a borongh subject to the influence of the Marquis of Cleveland, by whom, indeed, Mr. Brougham was returned. The vote, however, which he, on the 4th of February, 1830, gfire in the House of Commons on the Address in answer to the Kin^s Speech, set him in direct opposition to his patron, who had thrown his influence Into the scale of the existing government. In the mean time, Mr* Tieroey, th» member for Knaresborough, died ; and Mr. Brougham, retiring from Winchelsea, found refuge in Knaresborough under the wing of'thfe X)nke of Devonshire. :• £9r tlMfinfixvea by which two sections of the Whig party were, at this period, several^ actuated, vide Roebuck's '^ Hist, of toe Whig Ministry of iiB30,** V<51. i. pp. 136. sqq. ^ He.4lvocated^ the removal of the. Jewish disabilities. H. P. D. (N.&X vol. xxiv. pp, QQJ.sqq. (17th May, 1830). ''' A<limniBiati9ii of justice in the colonies (23rd July, 1830) ; defence of tlM law CMnauBsion^ ibid. pp. 1172, 1188 ; as to arrangements connected with thC; circuits, mde H. P, D. (N.S.), vol. xxv. p. 290; on the subject of. S!&f(m Judlcatiife, ibid. pp. 1145, n4iB ; oh which occasion he remarked Itet hc>fett h^Uy flatteved allying been selected to present a petition by S9^ distmguisbe4 » body as the Facult:^ of Advocates .(21st May, 1830). in mustr&tion of ^e state of parties', and the political action of Mr. BroughAO at tiiis peiibd^ ifkhf Roebnek^s ^* History of the Whig Ministry of 183(^" vol. i. pp. 250, sqq. ; and conipare a pamphlet which appeared about ^ie time of the death of George iVt, under the title of ^ The Country withoni-aiGt)V«lrni]teiit;^'' the obje<&t of the writer being to persuade the Btfke of WelHtfgtom that he must either strengthen his ministry from the tfj^per ralnkB of the Whigs^ or cease to hold the reins of government. Several \|»olitic^ pamphlets^ were, during that crisb in public aflairs^ issued frotn 'the press ; and two of these were ascribed to the pen of Mr. Brougham, ntfe^ The Result of the Pamphlets; or, What the Duke of WellingtoB has to look to.'* Lond. 1830. 88 LordBrms^mnnd Vtnuf ;> and he prepared to aasutoe, if posisible^ stwii « positfam as might by its intrinsic honotir^ as well as bj many collateral ad^rantagca^ justify him in demanding the official dignity to irhieh he noW obvionsly aspired. Mr. Brougham aeoord&ngiy veMdved'^to ccmtest, on liberal piinci]^les> the gr«at -eounty of'Yotio< ^Thib moist reaaoiHtble objeeti^ms to bis' chittU irefe> that tie had-tm connection whatever with the county^ and that hk ptofessioiitti ervx^oeO^kms might etoetadially interfere with the effecti^ discha^^ of his duties to so large and important* a constituency. '-AH scruples^ howerer^ soon vanished before his pre^emjnient. takiltxd and unparalleled enei^ his fidelity to tive leattoei of f reedom, and the love which he bore to the people of England. On the ^rd of June, 1830^ a meeting of the libersd party was held at York, and a resolntion adopted, in which was embodied ati invitation to Mr. Brougham to take the field as a candidate fi^r the representation of the county. Hints were even dropped that, to enhtoce his triumph, their favourite should be returned- without personal expense being incurred by him. This sugges- tion, however, it is only fair to say, did not originate with Mr. Brougham.! On the 26th of July he issued an address to the freeholders of Yorkshire.* All the antecedents to In^ triumph wefe fliatterihg to him. The imipressibn pttwittcfed by the spirit which prevailed in the meeting at Yo&i strbngthened by the insult of an interyiew whifch* he had with » depulfei»oa from the West Riding, left him no doubt that 'the liighest honour Mrhich a mabjeot of these realms. could receive firom the hands of his fellow-citiaens wtis about to be conferred upon him unsoli«ted; for he had neither written nor spoken on the subject to a single person connected with that vast comity.'* Such was his own language. He concealed not Ins exultation at the prospect before him: on the contrary, he avowed his delight at the boundless prospect of honour and usefuln^js which opened before him when once he reached the commanding eminence then in view. N(M' can there be tte slightest dou^ that the invitation from Yoorkshire, resting;, as it did rest, spte^y on the merits of Mr. Brougham, >vas a glorious homage paid to 1 Vide the !Itfnes for 2eth July, 18S0. ' » Vide the TiiHes for 29th July, 1630, his ProfemmhulswmiJ^mlimA^fdm^ Career. .iConsoious of the proud position to which he had been elevated, Mr« Brougham most have been impatient for th^ Cloning of the first Parliament in the reign of King Wil* lism lY. Within a few days after the commencement of the session he made his famous attack ' upon the Duke of Welling^ ^ On Idth July, ia9a ^,2 ^ Members returned to serve in Parliament — Ebor, York County: The Ri. Hon. George William Frederick Howard, of Castle Howard, in tne Maid Odittttty of York, commonly cabled Lotd Viscount Morpeth; Henry '^ ' ""^ ' ' ' Westmoreland, £90. ; the Hon. I said county ; Richard Be- tty, ifisq/' London Ganette, fofr 1830^ part ii. The: " ' ^ y^^ ; 26th. August, 1830. The numbers for the candidates : ^ were, — ^for Lord Morpeth, 1,464 ; for Mr. Brougham, 1,296 ; for iftr. Dun- combe, 1,123 ; for Mf, BeihsU, 1,064; fcnr Jttr. Stapylton, d4. » 8th Novfflaber, 1830. Vide H.P. D^3rd wr. roi. i. pp. 277, 278- 40 Lord Brougham and Vamx : ton; who^ he lamented in language of keen sarcasm^ had rendered himself^ by his declaration against every species of reform^ so unpopular^ that he considered it prudent not to venture into the heart of the city of London.^ Among other topics^ which^ from day to day^ attracted' the attention of Mr. Brougham^ he had taken the earliest opportunity (2nd of November^ 1830) of giving notice that he intended^ on that day fortnight^ to call the attention of the House of Commons to the question of Parliamentary Reform. On the 15th of November, however, the ministry was left in a minority on the Civil List ; and, on the day following — ^being the day which had been appointed for Mr, Brougham^s motion-— Sir Robert Fed an- nounced to the House that all the members of the government considered themselves as holding office only until their successors should be appointed. Mr. Brougham appears to have beeuj^ at that juncture, in an extremely equivocal position; for, after having, on the 16th of November, expressed his reluctance to have the discussion of Parliamentry Reform postponed, and having openly declared that no change in the administration could by any possibility affect him, he, on the. 22nd of the same month, entered the House of Lords, under the administration of Earl Grey, as Baron Brougham and Vaux,' and as Lord High Chancellor of England. ^ London was at that period in a state of great excitement : we allude to the occasion when the King had heen advised to decline fulfilling a promise which he had given to dine with the Lord Mayor on the 9th of November. ^ For example, the state of public business in the House of Commons. H. P. D. 3rd ser. vol. i. p. 6 ; comp. ibid. p. 132 (3rd November, 1830), and 1). 265 ; the Local Jurisdiction Bill, ibid. pp. 359, 362, 363 ; breach of privi- ege (10th November), p. 360 ; the Civil List, ibid. p. 454. * The family of Vaux derived its name from a district in Normandy, its original seat. At a period so early as the year 794 a branch of the Yaux's is found in Provence. Harold de Vaux, lord of Vau, in Normandy, having, for religious purposes, conferred his seignory upon the abbey of the Holy Trinity, at Caen, settled along with his three sons in England ; and in tracing the descendants from the youngest of these sons, we meet with Jane v aux, who, in the year 1553, married Thomas Brougham, the lineal ancestor of Lord Brougham. Another alliance appears to have been formed between the family of Vaux and that of Brougham ; for, about the begin- ning of the eighteenth century, Peter Brougham married Elizabeth, daughter and co-heiress of Christopher Richmond, Esq., of Highhead Castle, in the county of Cumberland, and this Christopher was grandson and heir of John Vaux, of Catterlia, through his mother Mabel Vaux. {Vide ^' Burke's Diet, of Peerages. Extinct^ &c./* sub voce ** Vaux.") The motto of Lord his Professional and PdrUarnentary Career. 41 ' " th6 p^^od cbmprised between the montli of November, 1830^ and tte montli of November, 1834, is that during which the public ajipearaiicei of Lord Brougham reflected upon him less irfe^t tlian te cdhirived' to secure throughout the preceding or s^dbiSfe'^felit stages bf his career, bf his great capacity for the rapid acquisition of knowledge tliere can be no doubt. It can scarcely be necessary, we should think, to remind any of our readers of the witticism suggested by this motto in allusion to Lord Brougham's supposed democratic tendendes : Pro rege, lege grege. liever was there a happier substitutipn ^a verb for a noun. It was rumoured {Vide Law Quarterly jUag. vol. v. pp. 253, 254) that he spumed the office of Attomey-GeAeral; ano( most assuredly a man who nad so long and successfully led his party was entitled to reject the offer df any subordinate office. We have somewhere read that the rightful heir to the throne of his " Magnificent Majestythe King of Siam," was, abo^t the year 18S1, his Highness Prince Momf^oi, which, bein^ interpreted, qiffnifies Prince of Heav^, Junior — a position in the Whig mythology yhicli Mr. Brougham had no ambition to occupy. * ''The expectation ef the Bar,". said Mr. I^ynch, "was very great ; and fio,^ alaa ! baa. been the disappointment." ^ Hia judicial demeanour," said anotner, is a perpetual counterfeit of the Great Seal." VOL. LIII. NO. CVI. G ^ ^i^ ^»'^JB»#®«ljfe»»»^^ ^^ va^ ea^^ Mrliibh Happened t^ be \hSf^ <^iMdett4ti{m> ^v«i^e'^'ci6ii-r spicudtis. He ]^flb6d66d ift! a ir^Mk4ble d^^gi^ the iieal^y ii%iclL he iSmBtH aadribed tb lidrd lijmdhtu^j tbat of '' i^^ti^ &is htit, tbWmg away tW btt^k/ tod' getting ml tite k^md'^ llts 'judg^«f!fr^ ntwe the resutt of Much thdug&ty tihd wiM giner^Uy, in r^pecta! ksfeai^mmi a'otd atj^k^plrepar^d' wi<h ^e^ V^eA'^e^ A^diibjSi^of JyiM TSfkki6ie i&, j^hft^; tgLOt'ina^pH^ tit^ib Ms otmV'^bese^'^biiviiJiiet^er beeii<ebargedwitli(^a;W(i^ j^tctbl^ tbe In^nritid^e 01!^ of Mil XLOtbeitig^ master^ th^ <Mhi«^ practice ef Jtte €daH.V< He bad; no dotibl> ieaiol excellent treatises^ in which fO^ «ii^)0«aded the'^pi^d^aflr of ^t^r^ te'im»niMeify4ni»^^l»ii^i^'tlia'pi«Uc^ ^iai)M<>f t^ doci^^CHiv Xioird Bvto^iofirliai^jmady'yoalr^^^ W6^ye^li£te to Bi^/rea4 "^^^Koitii^^ Boobofi'Bdmbs^^' bti« leven liew^dvi^kdnk from coadtictas^, o^ <^Q MiAk of ^ucbkfi^^ ieQge^ the AegQ* of SebiUiiopoK i Eitreil- tbe^rjdAges! of th& Ctov^ tf'S^fesldii in Seotland^irho^'opinions w^reJoqcsttichiaHy bronglit unde;^ tbe notice of Lord j^MWi^mm in the diM«Bsi<ai'df a^^pdate; t^reascflli to Qomplain <^ the ^hcuptiiiBss/«f toiie imdthar^^ fjf fi^t ifiHk wbio^ allnsioiij inuPUfadOrtO'iheiapl; and; ni^ttrk^ tftacndifig 1^' faithfid attentkiniiUMdiihe tuiifQimfy'i^ U\|Km thia' 'branch of his ju£cial 4titi6s^ there was ai'«t)adie4 ^sparagoment iof tSie opmioas of. 1^' late I^ird J«uitioe>-G^eftt Sb^lej Otfthe one hand/ atid on^e other> a maidced pttrtialit^ f^r^AO'^dpinietw of' iii» iWMgSmja.^^ of [Ldsrd Lord. Bacon^ in one of his Essays, slyly remarks that ;?\|^ gradual rising to t]b^ pimwicje , of promotion is by a windiiig I.' '. ' . .. ' . i . ...:.• . : ' .. ■ 1 > ^ Fu^^QuiMll and M;)rlne) Bep. toIw ii f Mylne and Keeo^ Bap;pa9t&n) c^iSeUct CaMs •dackjed by LbrdBtougkam in iiie Court of Cfaanoery in Urn ymn 1889^ 18d4^ «dvted i^win hid' Loxdidiip's JISS.^ by GhailesPai^tda dooper, EBs.y'BmUter-atrIfaw/183i!;.' Xhis woilt fiiiled to svjMTsedelSiA IBaporto gf vfl^dna and Kten^ . « s Fide ^The Speeches of the Bight IHcm. Lord Enkme, at the Bar. and inParliament, with a Pr^fatqry^Meflaoiy \^ t}ie. Rigtli jBJon^i^d Brougham/' 1847 ; particularly the ]M[emoir« p. xx« .' • j • Ffoe the case of Maxwell ^nd Co. appeltiuts, t». Steevison and Co. respondents (4th A\|>rily 1831) ; Coinp, Latd Q..3/a^, yoL vii, p. 232.	40,839
clinicnaecol00keat_12	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,896	Clinical gynaecology : medical and surgical, for students and practitioners	Keating, John M. (John Marie), 1852-1893 \| Coe, Henry Clark, 1856-	English	Spoken	7,194	8,913	33), which will not only tend to prevent any opening of the incision, which might be followed by a hernia, but will add a great deal to the patient's comfort by supporting the abdominal walls. This bandage should be used for from six months to a year. After it has been worn for about thre weeks it need not be kept on during the night while the patient is lyii quietly in bed. GYX-ECO LOGICAL TECHNIQUE. 161 Fro. 32. Abdominal bandage in position After a trachelorrhaphy or a perineorrhaphy has been performed the patient is generally allowed to sit up in bed with the bed-res! or supported by pillows on the tenth or twelfth day, and on about the seventeenth day after the operation she may get out of bed. Any internal stitches may be removed at the end of the third week, and the patient ean then begin to walk around slowly, provided that she is very careful not to do too much and is particularly cautious in going up- and down-stairs. After an operation upon the perineum the patient should keep in the recumbent position for the first ten hours. After this, if she is restless and complains of pain in the back, or if she desires to change her position, she may be carefully turned on her side. A small soft pillow should be placed between the knees. A bandage around the pillows will seldom be necessary, as the patient can generally be induced to keep the knees sufficiently close to- gether, and if she is told to keep the internal surface of one as nearly as possible op- posite to that of the other, there will usually be no harm done by dis- pensing with the bandage. The T-bandage which is applied over the line of the wound will sufficiently protect it from any injury of the parts which might otherwise be caused by movements that the patient may make in turning over. As a rule, after the first two or three days the patient may assume the position which she finds most comfortable. In ordinary section eases where the abdomen has been closed with- out drainage, the stitches may be removed on the seventh or eighth day. Some of the precautions to be observed when removing the stitches have already been referred to in Section XII. Naturally, the hands are to be disinfected whenever a wound is being eared for. After the removal of the stitches the incision should be protected by some sterile non-irritating material, such as gauze impregnated with iodoform, or steril- ized cotton, "i' else a powder consisting of iodoform and boric acid (1 to 7) may be dusted freely over the parts. Over this, again, some sterile cotton may lie applied and held in place by a many-tailed bandage. This dressing need not be changed more frequently than once every two or three days, or until the wound becomes dry, after which it is only neces- sary to place over the line of incision a strip of sterile cotton, which can usually be dispensed with at the end of the third week subsequent to the operation. After a trachelorrhaphy or a perineorrhaphy has been performed a strip 11 162 GYNAECOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE. of ten-per-cent. iodoform gauze is usually left in the vagina. This should be removed within the first twenty-four hours following the operation, and under ordinary circumstances it is not necessary to reapply it. Over the external wound iodoform and boric acid powder (1 to 7) or subiodide of bismuth powder may be applied, and gauze and cotton held in place by a T-bandage, which must be changed as often as it becomes soiled. The bandage and external dressing will generally not be required to protect the parts after the external stitches have been removed. Tympanites, a by no means uncommon symptom following abdominal operations, is most frequently caused by constipation, and in that case is usually relieved when the bowels are evacuated. It may give rise to severe pain, and, by causing pressure upon the diaphragm, often embarrasses the action of the heart and lungs and leads to acceleration of the pulse aud respiration. One or two drops of the tincture of capsicum in a toaspoon- ful of warm water every half-hour for three or four doses, or fifteen to twenty drops of the essence of peppermint, will prove an effectual remedy for the more simple cases. At the same time a mustard leaf or a warm application, such as a turpentine stupe, may be applied over the epigastrium, care being taken not to leave it on long enough to cause a blister. If the tympanites still continues after the bowels have been well opened, it will be well to pass a rectal tube, which has been previously well warmed and oiled, into the bowel for a distance of fourteen inches, and thus get rid of the accumulated gases. Hemorrhage, and more especially intra-peritoneal hemorrhage, will rarely be met with after operations, if the technique of the surgeon has been good. When, however, it does occur, and the loss of blood is considerable, the condition may soon become serious. The symptoms which follow such an accident must always be carefully watched fur after any abdominal opera- tion. The lips grow pale, the face takes on a fixed expression, the pupils are dilated, the surface of the body soon becomes covered with a clammy sweat, the extremities are cyanosed, and the patient complains of dizzi- ness, or even loses consciousness. Where the hemorrhage is extensive, the only hope lies in reopening the wound and ligating the bleeding vessels. Hemorrhage following stitch-hole wounds seldom assumes any serious proportions. Peritonitis, by which we mean an infection of the peritoneum either local or general, is always an unfortunate complication. Not every case of tympanites with distention is due to peritonitis. It is only when one gets the array of symptoms which form so striking a clinical picture — the pain, the distention, the drawn expression of the face, the pinched look about the nostrils, and the wiry pulse — that one is justified in positively diag- nosing an acute peritonitis. Of stitch-hole infection we need not speak here, except to point out that the elevation of temperature which accom- panies it does not usually appear before the second week. GYNECOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE. 163 XIV. OPERATIONS IN THE COUNTRY. IN PRIYATE HOUSES, OR IN OTHER PLACES WHERE THE TECHNIQUE MUST NECESSARILY BE MORE OR LESS IMPERFECT — THE ARMAMENTARIUM — AN IMPROVISED OPER- ATING-ROOM— MODIFICATIONS IX TECHNIQUE. Every time that a surgeon is called upon to operate at a distance from the hospital or from his regular operating-room, he has to encounter many difficulties in the way of maintaining asepsis. It is, however, just under these circumstances that the well-trained gynaecologist who has mastered the principles underlying surgical technique will be able to utilize this knowledge while adapting himself to his surroundings. Even if he is called upon to operate on the shortest notice he need never be taken by surprise, and even if the conditions are the most primitive, so long as he has fire, water, and vessels he is in a position to carry out an aseptic tech- nique. Boiling water will give him sterile instruments, ligatures, and dressings, — though there are other and better ways of obtaining these, — and it will be possible for him to regulate his surroundings with a fair degree of satisfaction to himself. A surgeon who is frequently called upon to do operations away from home will find it convenient to have a set of instruments, dressings, and other necessaries already packed in a transportation valise, or to have these kept apart and always sterile, so that they can be put together in a few moments. The instruments and all the dressings should be rendered sterile in the same manner as when preparing them for operations in the hospital. The materials that are required can be supplied from the regular stock in the operating-room. If one has not the advantage of an operating-room supply to draw upon, then it will lie well to furnish a room adjoining the office, so that the materials can be kept in good order after they have once been sterilized. Before going to an operation the instrument-list should be consulted, and one must be particularly careful to make sure that nothing that will be required is left out, since away from home it will not , be possible to make a requisition upon the stock instrument-case for any article which has been forgotten. The surgeon should give the preparation of the outfit his personal attention, or intrust it to a trained assistant or nurse whom experience has proved to be competent. For many reasons it is better to sterilize the instruments and dressings at the place where the operation is to be performed, in which case it will be necessary to take along the small soda solution apparatus (vide Section V.) and an Arnold steam sterilizer. It' tor some reason or other this is impossible, they may be sterilized before the surgeon sets out, and afterwards conveyed to the place of operation under aseptic precautions. If the instruments are to he sterilized after arriving at the house, they can conveniently be carried arranged m compartments in a long sheet of canton flannel, which is then 164 GYNAECOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE. rolled up and tied round the middle with a broad tape. (Fig. 33.) It they have been sterilized at home, they may be carried in stout sterilized bags made of butcher's linen and closed by a draw-string. It will be found convenient to have several sizes of these bags, so that the more bulky instru- Fio. 33. Canton flannel sheet fur instruments. Instruments wrapped in canton flannel sheet. ments may be kept in the larger and the knives and forceps in the smaller ones. Three or four hard-rubber trays for the instruments should be included in the outfit, and should be made so that they may fit into one another (" nests") and thus not occupy too much room. Brushes for scrubbing the hands and forearms are to be sterilized by steam and rolled up in a sterile towel, or they may be carried in a stoppered jar containing a 1 to 30 carbolic acid solution. Good soap in tin cases, air-tight screw- capped bottles containing potassium permanganate and oxalic acid, and a good supply of green or oleine soap, must not be forgotten. The steril- ized gauzes, cotton, sponges, and bandages are best rolled up in sterilized towels and enclosed in sterilized gauze or bags. It will be better to have at the operation a few wide-mouthed sterilized glass jars which hold from one-half to two litres and are fitted with air-tight covers. The ligatures GYNECOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE. 165 are carried in the large ignition tubes, which are plugged with cotton stoppers auil have been sterilized in the manner before described. Several tubes may be carefully rolled up in a towel. The outfit should include a liberal supply of towels, rubber gloves, and mackintoshes. It is well to collect everything before commencing to pack the valise, so that each item on the list may be checked off as the article is put in. The "telescope" valise will be found most serviceable and convenient. It has also the advantages of being inexpensive and of being easily cleaned, and things packed in it can be transported safely. The surgeon who has many outside calls will find it very convenient to have two or three bags always ready, one containing the necessary instruments for abdominal sections, a second those required for the ordinary plastic cases, and a third those em- ployed in the simpler operations, such as dilatation and curettement. In handling the articles and preparing the outfit it is essential, if they are sterilized, that the person who does this shall prepare his hands and forearms as carefully as if for an operation. The inside of the valise, particularly the lower half, should be well protected with sterilized towels or with a piece of muslin sufficiently large to be folded entirely over the contents after they have been put in. In packing the glass-ware great care should be taken to avoid breakage upon the journey. In order still further to preclude the possibility of any contamination during transportation, we can wrap the bags containing the instruments, cotton, towels, and trays in a piece of sterilized rubber mackintosh. After tlit' valise has been well packed, and the top properly adjusted, it should be fastened snugly with the leather straps. The operating-room should be chosen with special regard to two require- ments,— viz., (1) that it is well lighted, and (2) that it can be easily cleaned. To select it, if possible, one of the assistants or nurses should be sent to the house a few days before the operation. The nurse, besides, should be with the patient for two or three days, in order that all the necessary preparations may be made. In case this is impossible (for example, in the country and in the practice of another physician), special instructions should be sent several days previously, in order that everything may be ready. The room chosen is to be cleared of all the ordinary furniture, carpet, ami niLis ; the Moor and, if possible, the walls and ceiling should be thoroughly scrubbed with soap and water. All hangings are to be removed from the windows and doors, and special attention is to be given to the cleansine; of the window sills, of all corners and crevices, and of the wood-work gener- ally. For the operating-table, an ordinary plain, narrow kitchen-table that can be bought for a few dollars will answer every purpose. It should measure about three feet in length, thirty inches in height, and twenty-two inches in width. For the patient's feel to rest on, a plain wooden chair can be placed at the end of the table at such an angle that the back of the chair will be caught under the lower edge of the table. It will be ncecs- 166 GYNAECOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE. sary to have two other tables about the same size as the operating-table, on which may be placed the vessels which are to contain the instru- ments, ligatures, sponges, and other necessaries. When the same sort of tables as the operating-table cannot be obtained, then any two small narrow tables about the house may be used for this purpose, provided that, after being thoroughly scrubbed with soap and water and bichloride solution, they are covered with sterile towels. Six perfectly plain wooden chairs should also be ready ; plush or cane-seated chairs are not suitable for this purpose. The tables and the chairs should be thoroughly scrubbed with soap aud water and mopped over with a 1 to 500 aqueous solution of bichloride of mercury. After this preparation they are not to be touched until the surgeon and his assistants arrive. There should be an abundant supply of hot and cold water, which, after being boiled, should be kept ready for use in perfectly sterile vessels. Special orders must be given about the cleansing of the large tin boilers in which the water is to be kept. They should be thoroughly scrubbed out with sand-soap and water and then well rinsed out with water. The water which is to be employed for washing the hands and instruments should be thoroughly boiled some hours previous to or even on the day before the operation. If distilled water can be obtained for this purpose, it will be better. The supply- vessels in the operating-room should be provided with lids, which should be covered with sterilized towels or some other clean material, in order to avoid the slightest risk of contamination from the dust of the room. On the day of the operation one of the boilers should be placed on the stove and a sufficient quantity of water made hot again. The water should remain under the supervision of an assistant, to whom the duty of attending to the bringing of it to the operating-room should be delegated. It will not be safe to allow one of the members of the family or a servant to undertake this duty, as they might, from ignorance, be guilty of putting their hands into the pitcher, or in some other way might contaminate the water. Four to six perfectly clean china basins and pitchers, which have been thoroughly scrubbed out with soap and water and then rinsed out with 1 to 500 bi- chloride solution and plain hot water, will be needed to receive the hot and cold water, being afterwards covered over with sterilized towels. The preparation of the patient in a private house can lie as thorough as in a hospital, and the methods already advised in Section IV. should be closely followed. Where possible, the surgeon will find it best to have two nurses, one who will attend to the preparation of the patient and will have the subsequent charge of the case, and a second to attend to the details of the operating-room and to assist at the operation itself. If the operation be in the country, the surgeon should always have at least one assistant with him who has had the advantages of a practical training in modern methods, to aid him in the maintenance of an aseptic technique. This is particularly advisable for abdominal work ; and if an untrained assistant is permitted to take any part in the operation, he must be thoroughly instructed as to what GYNECOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE. 1G7 he is to do, and that he is to touch nothing unless especially told to do so. The nurse and the assistant should make as little noise as possible while arranging the room in which the operation is to be performed. The assistant should allow himself at least two or three hours in which to make his preparations. When lie arrives at the house, the nurse should be called, and she should at once show him to the loom. He first proceeds to clean his hands, and then, having dressed himself in his uniform, begins his work. The tables and chairs arc put in their places, the operating-table occupying a position near a window from which the greatest amount of light will be thrown upon the Held of operation. Those on which the vessels containing the instruments and sponges are to be placed are arranged at a convenient distance from it. The sterile water, which has been boiled some hours previously and allowed to cool, must be ready. The hot water which is in the boilers on the kitchen stove should be transferred to the clean pitchers by means of a perfectly clean tin ladle with a long handle, the tops of the pitchers being immediately afterwards protected with a towel or a gauze hood, and strict orders being given that under no circum- stances is any one to put his hand into the water or touch the mouth of the pitcher. I have not infrequently seen both nurses and doctors test the temperature by dipping their fingers into the water in the pitcher. This, of course, is an inconsistency, and should never be permitted. After these preparations have been made, the assistant proceeds to wash his hands and forearms before getting the instruments ready. If, however, he wears the rubber gloves and rinses them well in a 1 to 500 bichloride solution from time to time, it will not be necessary to give the hands the final scrubbing until later. The basins or trays, alter being washed out with a 1 to 500 aqueous solution of bichloride of mercury and then with hot water, are now partially filled with the plain hot water and are ready to receive the instruments and ligatures. The artery forceps should all be placed in one tray and the ligatures and needles in another, while a third is devoted to the scalpels and scissors with the dissecting forceps which are first used at the beginning of an operation. Two large basins half filled with plain sterile water should be provided, the first in which the sponges can lie cleaned and the other in which they are kept. On the table nearest the operator should stand two basins filled with plain hot water, so that he may rinse his hands from time to time during the operation. There should be near at hand a vessel in which the diseased structures which are to be removed can be received. The assistant now takes oil' the rubber -loves and then thoroughly disinfects his hands. The gloves can be placed in the bucket containing the bichloride solution and put on again if it is necessary fur him to help to lift the patient on the table. The patient should not be anaesthetized until everything has been satisfactorily arranged, so that there may he no delay after she is once ready. It may be left to the assistant who has charge of making these preparations to say when the anesthetic is to be administered, as he knows exactly how long it will take 108 GYNECOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE. to complete them. The operator should arrive at least fifteen minutes or half an hour before the time set for the operation, and should spend this time in changing his clothes and in cleansing his hands. A nurse or one of the assistants, who may wear rubber gloves, should be ready to change the water in the basins for him. The nurse generally remains with the patient while the anaesthetic is being administered. This is best given in a room away from the operating-room, as the patient will then not be disturbed by the noise or by the sight of the preparations. The anres- thetizer will require aid in carrying the patient to the operating-room and placing her in position on the table. If the other assistant surgeons help him to do this, their hands should be protected with the rubber gloves. The patient being on the table, the abdomen is first thoroughly cleansed in the manner previously described. This cleansing should be performed by one of the assistants who is well acquainted with the method which the operator employs for this purpose. While the abdomen is being prepared, the second assistant, who has been scrubbing his hands for the last time, should soak them thoroughly in the 1 to 500 bichloride solution for one or two minutes, and then rinse them off in the plain sterile salt solution or hot water just prior to the beginning of the operation. The abdomen having been rendered sterile and the field of operation being protected with the gauze and towels, the operator is ready to make the first incision. If irrigation of the abdominal cavity is required, a pitcher which has been thoroughly sterilized should be ready. The most convenient vessel for this is a glass jar, the so-called thermometer-jar, which has been already referred to. If an ordinary pitcher is to be used, a sterilized thermometer is necessary in order to test the temperature of the water, as it will not be safe to trust to the impression given to the hand from the outside, and it will not be allowable to place the fingers in the water. It requires a considerable length of time to arrange all the details that have been described, but if we hope to do an aseptic operation none of them can be neglected. Where, from the grave condition of the patient, it is necessary to operate immediately, of course it will be impossible for us to carry out every one, but in any case we should attempt to follow them as closely as possible. Naturally, even where the most careful and elaborate preparations are made, there are many more chances for the wound to become contaminated than then1 would be in an operating-room especially set aside for the purpose. We must, however, never tail to pay strict attention to the details, since, though we may have good luck for a while, careless habits, once formed, cannot fail sooner or later to lead to bad results. In doing plastic operations a rubber irrigating-bag filled with warm sterile water, suspended from a nail driven into the sash of the window, may be used, by means of which a steady stream can be directed upon the parts, thus doing away with the necessity of sponging. Not so much fur- niture will be required for a plastic as for an abdominal operation. One GYNAECOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE. 160 table is generally sufficient for holding the vessels containing; the instru- ments and ligatures. On a chair on the left-hand side of the operator a basin may be placed to receive the soiled instruments. These should never be allowed to touch his lap, unless it is protected by a piece of sterilized gauze or a sterilized towel. On another chair to the right of the operator may be placed a tray for holding the instruments that will be required throughout the operation. Not only does this simplify matters a good deal, but the instruments run less risk of becoming contaminated. The after-care of cases has been outlined in Section XIII. If the operator lives too tar away to make it possible for him to see the patient every day, he must of necessity intrust her to the care of a local physician, leaving with her, if possible, one of his own trained nurses. Before going away he must give full instructions regarding diet, catheterization, the ad- ministration of enemata, and the indications for changing the dressings, and provide as far as possible against any emergency which may arise. A detailed description of all the possible chances of error and of the many precautions which must be taken to meet them would require the writing of a whole book. In this section we have attempted merely to give an outline of the general course to be pursued, leaving it to the good sense of the surgeon himself to decide upon the precise steps to be taken when other emergencies arise. CHAPTER III. OUTLINE OF GYNECOLOGICAL THERAPEUTICS. BY BACHE McE. EMMET, M.D. GENERAL HYGIENIC CARE. It undoubtedly falls more to the lot of the family physician than to that of the gynaecologist to have the care of the child and of the growing girl ; it devolves upon the latter merely to cure the ailments which possibly might have been prevented by watchfulness and proper guidance, so that my present remarks may seem somewhat misapplied : still, we shall suppose that the gynaecologist may act as the teacher of his brother practitioner, by reason of his experience with the later life of women, in which most of the errors of childhood or adolescent life become manifest. As regards menstruation, there is one standard which we recognize as that of perfect health, in which the functions of the genital organs are thoroughly balanced and act in perfect unison ; this is the periodic flow of blood from the uterine cavity, preceded by more or less of a molimen, the whole recurring at definite intervals for each individual. With our advancing civilization and its attendant abuses, however, the normal is but seldom adhered to, and it becomes a question how many of the deviations from our standard are harmless to the individual, and how many are pathological in character, requiring the attention of the physician. At the present time it is rather the rule for girls who appear to be per- fectly developed, when they reach the age of puberty, to have a show of menstruation and then no return for an indefinite time, or to fail to men- struate altogether. It is comparatively rare, in my experience, to find girls who, having once matured, continue regularly in the same course. In others, again, though they develop well at the first, even after the regular flow has been established and has continued for a year or more, at some early time, before womanhood is reached, menstruation will cease with- out known cause, or a decided change in character will take place, either diminution of the quantity or increased frequency, or an alteration in color; or perhaps, instead of being painless, it becomes exceedingly painful. There is still another class, sickly and delicate in aspect, with the mien of grown women, yet having the generative organs well developed, who menstruate at the time habitual to girls of their age and habits of life, and ultimately menstruate irregularly, — that is, frequently or abundantly. 170 OUTLINE OF GYNAECOLOGICAL THERAPEUTICS. 171 This type of early matured girls, whom their mothers often consider in every respect strong and hardy, are so, in fact, only as regards their sexual development, owing probably to an hereditary precocious, highly developed nervous system. So far as that is concerned, there may seem but little that wo can do to stay the progress of this nervous tendency, yet we may still be able to accomplish something by seeking to turn the forces of nature in a normal direction, by developing the muscular system at the expense of the nervous, so that the latter may be checked for a time. By a systematic method of training much may be done in this respect, especially if we are watchful of the growing child and from our knowledge of the family history are enabled to foresee what is to come. There is, to my mind, no doubt that by thus developing one portion of the body and retarding the other, we would be in little danger of seeing our race of city women gradually deteriorate and, from the robust healthy type, fall to the plane of undersized, over-sensitive, nervous females. How this shall be accomplished must be determined by the individual case rather than by any strict system of rules, for many outlying questions in each family will have to be taken into account and judged for themselves. This scheme, considered in its entirety, would embrace all points of hygiene and diet almost from infancy to puberty; nor can any rules be followed blindly without due consideration and study of the type of each girl, even though of the same family. Every girl will not, of course, partake of her mother's organization, nor yet of her father's. She may derive her type from the second generation back, and from either the father's side or the mother's ; so that the physician must use good judgment and discrimination, and perhaps in this held the future medical man may find his work of prevention of disease by improving the type of man and woman from the cradle up. In all flimilies such questions are left entirely too much to chance; the child eats what the family eat; if the food disagrees with it, the child is often thought to be at fault, and so may be put under medical care, instead of being placed on careful diet. The different degrees of development of the various portions of the alimentary tract are not fully considered ; heads of families do not know that various foods suit various ages, much less do they take into account that different articles of food are disposed of in different portions of the digestive canal. We see this from infancy, from the time when the overloaded stomach rejects a surplus of milk to the period of frequent diarrhoeas from untimely and ill-chosen substitutes. Nature defends herself, and the young do grow, but who knows at what cost of healthy development their various trials and tribulations are borne? This is only an indication of what prevails through childhood and adolescence. As it is with food, so also is it with exercise, rest, work, and recreation; the child is denied the benefits of pure air, is made to undertake tasks unsuited to its age, is deprived of wholesome sleep, and is begrudged the pastimes of youth. It is thought essential that she should learn to look after herself, or at a tender age 172 OUTLINE OF GYNAECOLOGICAL THERAPEUTICS. she is placed in factories where the body is dwarfed, where nutrition must be imperfect, and the nervous system develops badly and is not slow to show the effects by lack of balance of the general body growth. But here we must consider the girl when she has already developed under these unfavorable influences. If we see her from the time of her first menstruation, we must strive to quiet any undue nervous development, which is, in fact, due to defective inhibitory force. So far as this is indicated by over-activity of the generative organs, shown by frequent and profuse menstruation, we shall do best by adopting the derivative treatment, seeking to determine to parts of the body which are lacking in this energy the extra force of the one system, at the same time quieting the latter by the avoid- ance of excitants, both mental and physical. This will include the choice of company, books, and amusements, the regulation of the portal system and bowels, and the rest of the organs themselves. The first aim of derivative treatment is to influence the muscular system. Calisthenics, bathing, massage, riding, boating, and tennis, if practised with judgment and in moderation, may develop the body and overcome the results of improper care before puberty. Those girls who grow up to all appearance physically well developed, but in whom the generative organs have not developed at the same pace, should receive a good share of the physician's care as well. The question must of necessity arise here also, Where lies the fault, and towards which system should we direct our energies in order to strike a proper balance? Is the fault in an over-development of the muscular structure of the body? is it in a poor supply of blood to any one part of the system, to the nerve- centres or to the generative organs, or are we to seek the cause in the nervous system itself? These are questions which, properly or improperly answered, will determine the restoration to health of many an opening life or will doom the girl to an indifferent existence. These matters, viewed too strictly from a specialist's stand-point, fail, I think, to receive their full consideration, and the tendency is constantly to attribute such conditions to a purely local cause; and though some good results may be attained by so biassed an opinion, we are far from producing the greatest improvement in health to which a more general view would lead. In considering this class of cases it is essential to keep in mind that there are two sets of girls, similar in appearance, vet totally different in fact. In the one there is real physical development, in the other it is apparent only; that is, the former have firm muscles, stout bones, good color, and strong nerves, being well balanced ; these1 will menstruate normally and will continue to do so; the others are but a semblance of what they should be. As puberty approaches, another effort is put forth, possibly without preliminary sensation, or else we find that it costs the girl severe suffering. She has the dragging, bearing-down symptoms, yet without the natural result of satisfying nature by the discharge of blood. Or, she may go through what seems to be a natural period, but loses either a small amount OUTLINE OF GYNAECOLOGICAL THERAPEUTICS. 173 of black blood, alter a great effort, or has merely a white discharge indi- cating the willingness, but at the same time the utter powerlessness, of the system to accomplish its purpose. The pelvic organs, or the nerves, or both, are unfit for their task. How can we come to the rescue of such a sufferer? We must recog- nize from the first where the strain has been, which part of the body has been doing more than its share under unfavorable conditions. We must seek to build up the nervous system through nutrition properly selected and judiciously adapted. The character of the blood must have our first care, its quality being improved by the use of chalybeates. The tone of the muscular system must also be improved through carefully applied calis- thenics and massage. With its improvement a difference in the degree of warmth of the patient will be noticed, and when this effect on the circula- tion is shown, a general improvement in nutrition will be apparent. There is a hygiene of the menstrual period, and of sexual life as well. Every girl should be told how to take care of herself during the perform- ance of this important function. It is astounding to learn that many children are allowed to come to maturity and to have their first menstrual flow without ever having been instructed that they are to expect such a tiling. Is it a wonder that they should continue to bathe and seek to rid themselves of so unwelcome a condition? Without such a caution in anticipation of this change in a girl's life, it is small wonder, also, that the child should continue her play and be as heedless of her welfare as we see her older sisters who have had ample opportunity to know better. In many cases, no doubt, the mothers have never known trouble themselves, and cannot realize that harm should come to their daughters. Possibly they are, so to speak, examples of the "survival of the fittest," and are not so much to blame as we would infer. The experience of every day teaches us that the growing girl should not ride, dance, play tennis, skate, or swim at such times. Repeated illnesses, congestion of the uterus, tube, or ovary, with delayed or painful menstruation and evidences of inflammation, and even displacement and fixation of the uterus or ovaries, are constantly seen as the result of such imprudence, not to mention the exposure which results from wituessing athletic sports in the fall season. I shall not speak at length of the proper time for marriage, of the fit condition for such a state, of the inadvisability of incurring frequently repeated pregnancies, and of the care during and after them, which every physician will readily appreciate. These points, of course, require ample consideration, but cannot be discussed as they should be in this place; it is sufficient if I indicate to general practitioners that they should hold themselves in great measure responsible towards the families under their care, it' they tail to tender their advice in such matters. Another burden of responsibility to which the gynaecologist is most competent to direct the general practitioner's attention, considering that the latter is morallv the custodian of the family's welfare, in which he >tands 174 OUTLINE OF GYNAECOLOGICAL THERAPEUTICS. as no other can, is that he should form some opinion, or have some knowl- edge, of the party to an alliance in which his patient is interested. It is not too much to hope that a judicious investigation on the physician's part or a guarded prompting even to a father may, in many a case, save a young girl from gonorrhceal infection which may impair her health, if it does not threaten life. It is undoubted that the importance of a positive cure is not yet fully appreciated by young men who have thought themselves rid of all trouble, and they rarely have the opportunity of ultimately knowing that they have been the cause, though ignorautly, of childlessness, of long- continued suffering on the part of their young wives, or even of death from gonorrhoeal salpingitis or peritonitis. I shall say only a word, also, about the constantly growing practice of evading pregnancy in which women in our large cities at present indulge. They cannot be too strenuously enjoined to desist, in view of the multiple ills which it may bring upon them. The two forms in which it is carried out, either by protecting themselves against it, while still allowing the hus- band's approach, or inducing an abortion the moment they find themselves enceinte, are positively harmful, and, combined with the excessive wear and tear of fashionable city life, surely produce, or contribute to, the many ovarian neuralgia?, the backaches, the pelvic weight, and the exhausted nerves which we are so frequently called upon to treat nowadays. The care of the woman after she has passed the active period of her sexual life should also engage our attention. It is not only the system at large which requires care, by establishing the balance of the circulation, which must be reached through the nervous system, by quieting apprehen- sions and instituting a perfect harmony among the various vital functions, — this is an essential and sometimes a most difficult task to assume and to manage well, — but the sexual organs themselves need attention. Every physician having the responsibility of a family should direct the woman's attention to the change of life and its attendant evils. He should, in case the menopause does not become established in regular form, take the matter into consideration and satisfy himself that nothing is amiss. Even if the flow, after it has begun to diminish, does not steadily decrease, it would be his duty to ascertain the condition of the endometrium ; it will possibly be found in a fungous condition which will require its removal by curettage. To allow such a flow to persist, when nature lias already announced her readiness to end such activity, is to countenance a pathological state which is not without its positive harmful effect, and may possibly inaugurate a period of ill health for the woman. Close attention should also be paid to the character of the flow, as well as to that of any intercurrent discharge after the menopause has seemingly been instituted, especially if menstruation has been absent for several months. One should bear in mind the possibility of the development of malignant disease at the climacteric ; above all, in the case of a parous woman in whom there may have been a neglected laceration of the cervix which OUTLINE OF GYNAECOLOGICAL THERAPEUTICS. 175 has given rise to no symptoms in her earlier life. Uteri which have suffered such injury, and especially if they have been the subject of hyperplasia or chronic metritis, are not quite so ready to accede to the change demanded of them; their cell-life will not so quickly become quiescent, but, on the contrary, is often prone to assume a new activity and to develop into a pathological state. This leads me to emphasize what I have not had occasion to mention hitherto, — viz., that cases of laceration of the cervix with any degree of cystic degeneration or eversion, with congested mucous membrane, should receive attention and should be thoroughly healed or excised before the woman approaches the menopause, so as to avoid the possibility of this retrograde malignant change. Rest and Exercise. — It becomes a difficult matter to state in a general way what shall be one's guide in ordering these two opposite essentials of daily life.	19,844
journalannualco02convgoog_13	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,785	Journal of the ... annual convention, Diocese of New York	Episcopal Church. Diocese of New York. Convention	English	Spoken	8,418	15,181	♦St. Mary's. St. Mark's. Trinity. St. Mary's. St. Stephen's. St. James'. St. Peter's. Christ. St. John's. St. Peter's. Christ. St. James the Leas. St. Paul's. St. Luke's. Christ. St. John's. St. Peter's. Grace. Grace. St. John's. Number of Churches and Chapels represented. 166 Number do. not represented 88 Number do. entitled to representation 254 Number do. not in union with the Convention 14 Number of Churches and Chapels in the Diocese Two Churches were admitted into union at this Convention. * Not in onion with the Conrention. t AdMitUd inlo onion at this Conrentiov. 2lpp enbi* No. IV. ©ffittr* of tl)t JBiottst. THE DIOOBSAN OONVBNTION. The Right Rey. Horatio Potter, D. D., LL. D., President The Rev. William £. Eigenbrodt, D. D., Secretary. The Rey. Theodore A. Eaton, A. M. Assistant Secretary. Charles N. S. Rowland, Esq., Treasurer. THE STANDING* OOMMJTTBB. The Rey. William Berrian, D. D., President The Rey. John McVickar, D. D., The Rey. Benjamin I. Haight, D. D., Secretary. The Rey. Samuel R. Johnson, D. D., Hie Hon. Murray Hoffman, Qerrit G. Van Wagenen, Esq., Gouvsrneur M. Ogden, Esq., Floyd Smith, Esq. THE DEPUTIES TO THE GENERAL CONVENTION. The Rey. Edward T. Higbee, D. D., The Rev. William Creighton, D. D., The Rey. Francis L. Hawks, D. D., LL. IX, The Rey. Francis Vinton, D. D., The Hon. Murray Hoffman, The Hon. John A. Dix, The Hon. Luther Bradish, The Hon. Nathaniel S. Benton. 282 APPENDIX IT. THE PROVISIONAL DEPUTIES. The Rev. John McVickar, D. D., The Rev. William L. Johnson, D. D., The Rev. Joseph H. Price, D. D., The Rev. John I. Tucker, The Hon. Martin Lee, Cyrus Curtiss, Esq., Floyd Smith, Esq., Orlando Meads, Esq. THE MISSIONARY COMMITTEE. The Rev. William Creighton, D. D., The Rev. Samuel R. Johnson, D. D., The Rev. William Watson, The Rev. Isaac H. Tuttle, A. M., The Rev. Robert W. Harris, D. D., Charles N. S. Rowland, Esq., Cyrus Curtiss, Esq., Robert B. Minturn, Esq., Stephen Cambreleng, Esq., Washington Irving, Esq. The Missionary Committee have appointed as their Treasurer, James Van Norden, Esq. THE TRUSTEES OP THE EPISCOPAL FUND. William E. Dunscomb, Esq , President. Isaac A. Johnson, Esq., Secretary and Treasurer. Henry E. Pierrepont, Esq., William Moore, Esq., Gouverneur M. Ogden, Esq. THE TRUSTEES OF THE AGED AND INFIRM CLERGY FUND. The Right Rev. Horatio Potter, D. D., LL. D. Gerrit G. Van Wagenen, Esq., Secretary. Charles N. S. Rowland, Esq., Treasurer. Cyrus Curtiss, Esq. APPENDIX IV. 288 Sptrial dtommilUts of tljt (Jotrotntton: To Report at the next Convention. ON AMENDMENTS TO THE AOT FOB THE INCORPORATION OP CHURCHES. (See Journal of 1853, p. 6§; 1 854, p. 76 i 1855, p. 43 ; 1856, p. 85.) The Hon. Murray Hoffman, the Rot. William Creighton, D. D., the Right Rev. Horatio Potter, D. D., LL. D., the Rev. Henry Anthon, D. D., the Rev. Thomas H. Taylor, D. D., the Rev. Benja- nin C. Cutler, D. D., the Rev. Francis Yinton, D. D., the Hon. David Buel, Jr., Frederick J. Betts, Esq., William H. Hanson, LL. D., the Hon. John A. Dix. ON THE MORE OENEROUS AND PERMANENT PROVISION FOR THE PAROOHIAL OLBBGY. (866 Journal of 1853, p. 80 ; 1854, p. 76 ; 1855, p. 70 ; 1856. p. 75.) John Jay, Esq., the Hon. John A. Dix, John R. Livingston, Esq., James F. De Peyster, Esq., Hon. Luther Bradish, Hon. Murray Hoffman. OH THE MISSIONARY OPERATIONS OF THE DIOCESE. (866 Journal of 1854, p. 71 ; 1855, p. 47 ; and 1856, pp. 46, 47.) The Right Rev. Horatio Potter, D. D., LL. D., the Rev. Thomas ftonse Taylor, D. D., the Rev. Joseph H. Price, D. D., the Rev. Sam- uel Cooke, the Rev. Samuel Roosevelt Johnson, D. D., the Rev. Ed- Wrd Y. Highee, D. D., the Rev. Francis L. Hawks, D. D., LL. D., te Hon. Luther Bradish, Frederick J. Betts, Gerrit G. Van Wage- ojn, and James F. De Peyster, Esqs. OH THE SALARY OF THE PROVISIONAL BI8HOP. (866 Journal of 1854, pp. 01, 02 ; 1855, pp. 75, 76 ; and 1856, pp. 62, 63.) The Rev. Francis Yinton, D. D., the Rev. Benjamin I. Haight, 1>.D., the Hon. John A. King, the Hon. Murray Hoffman, the Hon. Luther Bradish, Robert B. Minturn, Esq., Gyrus Gurtiss, Esq., the Hon. Hamilton Fish, LL. D., Stephen Gambreleng, Esq., the Hon. John A. Dix, and Henry E. Pierrepont, Esq. 964 APPENDIX IV, ON SUGGESTIONS OONTAINBD IN BEPOBT OF TBB EDUCATION OOMMITTBB CONCERNING A TRAINING SCHOOL, to. (See Journal of 1856, pp. 88, 39.) The Right Rev. Horatio Potter, D. D., LL. D., the Rev. Francis Vinton, D. D., the Rev. John I. Tucker, the Rev. G. T. Bedell, D. D., James F. De Peyster, Esq., the Hon. John L. Wendell. ON PROPOSED AMENDMENT OF ARTTOLB III. OF THE CONSTI- TUTION OF {THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN THIS DIOCESE. (See Journal of 1896, pp. 77, 78.) The Rev. Benjamin L Height, D.D., the Rev. Francis L. Hawks, D. D., LL. D., the Rev. T. W. Ooit, D. D., LL. D., the Rev. Samuel • Buel, the Hon. Thomas J. Oakley, Orlando Meads, Esq. #* The Standing Cqmmittkb of the Diocese meet statedly on the First Thursday of every month. Papers requiring Vie action ef the Committee should be sent in prior to this date, addressed (o the Secretary. No. V. Statistic of tljt Wwtm, 1855-6. From the Episcopal Address, the Parochial and Missionary Reports, $c. Clergymen canonicaUy resident in the Diocese 309 Churches and Chapels 268 Ordinations: Deacons, 10; Priests, 8 18 Clergymen received into the Diocese. 21 " transferred to other Dioceses 19 u instituted .' 1 " deceased 2 " deposed 2 Candidates for Orders 35 Churches consecrated 10 Conier-Stones laid 3 New Parishes admitted into union with the Convention 2 The following Statistics are derived from 207 Reports: Baptisms: Adults, 509; infants, 4,325— total 4,834 Confirmed 2,496 Marriages 1,493 Burials 3,758 Catechumens 19,356 Catechists, or Sunday-School Teachers 2,240 Communicants : admitted 1,668 11 present number 22,711 286 APPENDIX V. CANONICAL COLLECTIONS. For the Episcopal Fund, from 53 Churches $450 46 * " Education " " 62 " 694 13 " Diocesan " « 133 " 1,870 18 " Missionary " " 161 " 7,070 43 " Aged and Infirm Clergy, 146 " 4,721 1 1 Besides the above contributions, required by the Canons of the Diocese, there have been given, according to 207 Reports: For other objects 260,748 32 Total amount of Contributions from 207 Reports. .$275,554 63 From 50 Parishes there are no Reports. These statistics do not give, therefore, a complete view of the Diocese during the past year in all respects. Sttmmarg for tl)t gears 1853-54, 1854-55, 1855-56. Confirmed 1853-54 1,427 1854-55 1,855 1855-56 2,496 Total 5,778 New Parishes admitted into union with the Convention 1853-54 9 1854-55 7 1855-56 2 Total 18 Clergymen received into the Diocese. . . 1 853-54 18 J854-55 15 1855-56 21 Total 54 * This does not include assessments for the SaUry of the Provisional Bishop. APmnnx. 287 Clergymen transferred to other Dioceses. . 1853-54 20 1854-55 23 1855-56 19 Total .62 Clergymen deceased 1853-54 4 1854-55 4 1855-56 2 Total 10 Clergymen deposed 1853-54 1 1854-55 1 1855-56 2 Total. Churches' Consecrated 1853-54 4 1854-55 13 1855-56 10 iTotal 27 Ordinations]: With fall Without full qualifier- qualifica- tions, tions. 1853-54— Deacons 23 0. . .23 Priests. . 8 Total. .31 1854-55 " 12 4...1G " ..11 " ..27 1855-56 " 7 3. ..10 « .. 8 " ..18 Total " 42 7... 49 " ..27 " ..76 There being in this Diocese about 50 Parishes from which no Re- ports have been received for the last three Conventional years, the following Summary for such period of Baptisms, Marriages, Burials, Communicants Admitted, and Contributions, is to be regarded only as an approximation to the true sum, which must be larger than that here stated. Baptisms: Adults, 1,407 ; Infants, 12,398— total 13,805 Marriages 4, 406 Burials 8,878 Communicants Admitted 4,843 19 288 2S3 » 2 « O A O i* — o» <5 i-i w 3§S8 3 •g • "«•■■ 28 3 5 * » h a 3 o ^ VO Z$ 8 £ « - m « Oi S5 V) V) K) 5 JOURNAL THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTY-FOURTH CONVENTION frotetant (fpisrojml (T\|urt\| DIOCESE OF NEW YORK, WHICH ASSEMBLED IN- ST. JOHN'S CHAPEL, IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, A. D. 1857. NEW YORK: DANIEL DANA, JR., 381 BROADWAY. M.DCCC.LVII. Cist of tljc £lcnji) OF THB DIOCESE OF NEW YORK, SEPTEMBER 30, 1867. Tbb List of Clergy, being that presented by the Provisional Bishop to the Convention, contains no note of changes which have since taken place. This mark * designates the Alumni of the General Theological Seminary of the Prot- estant Episcopal Church in the United States. The Right Rev. Horatio Potter, D. D., LL.D., Provisional Bishop of the Diocese. ♦The Rev. Hiram Adams, rector of St Paul's Church, Whitehall, Wash- ington county, and missionary. The Rev. Richard S. Adams, rector of Grace Church, Waterford, Saratoga county. The Rev. Benjamin Akerley. The Rev. "William J. Alger, rector of Zion Church, Morris, Otsego county. The Rev. George B. Andrews, rector of Zion Church, Wappinger's Falls, Duchess county. The Rev. Edward Anthon, assistant minister of St Mark's Church in the Bowery, New York. The Rev. Henry Anthon, D. D., rector of St Mark's Church in the Bow- ery, New York. The Rev. Charles Arey, rector of Christ Church, Ballston Spa, Saratoga county. The Rev. Franklin Babbit, rector of St John's Church, Lewisboro, and St Mary's Church, Northcastle, Westchester county, and missionary. P. 0. Poundridge. 4 LIST OF THE CLERGY. ♦The Rey. P. Teller Babbit, rector of Grace Church, South Middletown, Orange county. The Rey. Deodatus Babcock, D. D., residing at Ballston Spa, Saratoga county. , The Rey. Theodore Babcock, missionary at Cohoes, Albany county. The Rev. David E. Barr, missionary at Butternuts, Otsego county. The Rev. Liberty A. Barrows, missionary at Waddington, St Lawrence county. The Rev. 0. SieveraBarten, deacon, missionary, St John's Church, Copake, Columbia county. The Rev. John G. Barton, deacon, Professor of the English Language and Literature in the Free Academy, New York. ♦The Rev. Stephen H. Battin, rector of Christ Church, Cooperetown, Otsego county. ♦The Rev. Alfred B. Beach, D. D., rector of St Peter's Church, New York. The Rev. Henry M. Beare, rector of Zion Church, Little Neck, Queens county. P. 0. Flushing. The Rev. Gregory T. Bedell, D. D., rector of the Church of the Ascen- sion, New York. The Rev. William Berrian, D. D., rector of Trinity Church, including St Paul's, St John's, and Trinity Chapels, New York. The Rev. Andrew D. Benedict, rector of St John's, Delhi, Delaware county. The Rev. Samuel V. Berry, missionary to colored people in Williams- burg, Kings county. ♦The Rev. Beverley R. Betts, rector of St Saviour's Church, Maspeth, Queens county. The Rev. John H. Betts, rector of Calvary Church, Burnt Hills, and St Paul's, Charlton, Saratoga county. The Rev. J. Henry Black, rector of St Paul's Church, Sing Sing, West- chester county. The Rev. Edward B. Boggs, rector of St Matthew's Church, Bedford, Westchester county. The Rev. Cornelius W. Bolton, rector of Christ Church, Pelham, West- chester county. The Rev. Robert Bolton. The Rev. James Bonnar, officiating in New York. The Rev. Samuel B. Bostwick, missionary at Sandy Hill and Fort Edward, Washington county. The Rev. James W. Bradin, rector of Grace Church, Prattsville, Greene county, and missionary. The Rev. Charles W. Bradley, LL. D. The Rev. John Brown, D. D., rector of St George's Church, Newburg, Orange county. LIST OF THE CLERGY. 5 ♦The Rev. John C. Brown, missionary at Walton, Deposit, and Hamden, Delaware county. ♦The Rev. J. H. Hobart Brown, rector of the Church of the Holy Evan- gelists, New York. ♦ The Rev. Samuel Buel, rector of Christ Church, Poughkeepsie, Duchess county. The Rev. Edward C. Bull, rector of Christ Church, Rye, Westchester co. The Rev. Joshua L. Burrows, deacon, missionary at Otego and Lawrence, Otsego county. The Rev. Eli H. Canfield, D. D., rector of Christ Church, Brooklyn. The Rev. Abraham Beach Carter, D. D., rector of St John's Church, Yonkers, Westchester county. ♦The Rev. Peter S. Chauncey, rector of St James1 Church, New York. The Rev. Joel Clap, D. D., rector of St. Philip's Church in the Highlands, Philipsetown, Putnam county. P. 0. Garrison's. ♦The Rev. Caleb Clapp, rector of the Church of the Nativity, New York. The Rev. James Starr Clark, missionary at Myersville, Duchess county. P. 0. TivolL The Rev. James P. F. Clarke The Rev. Augustus Valette Clarkson, missionary at Croton, Cruger's and Verplanck's Point, Westchester county. The Rev. Jonathan Coe, missionary at Athens and Coxsackie, Greene county. ♦The Rev. William S. Coffey, rector of St Paul's Church, Eastchester, and of Trinity Church, Mount Vernon, Westchester county. The Rev. Joseph H. Coit, D. D., rector of Trinity Church, Plattsburg, Clinton county. The Rev. Thomas W. Coit, D. D., LL. D., rector of St Paul's Church, Troy, Rensselaer county. ♦The Rev. George S. Converse, deacon, assistant to the rector of the Church of the Ascension, New York. ♦The Rev. Edwin R. T. Cook, rector of the Church of St John the Evan- gelist, memorial church of Bishop Wainwright, New York. The Rev. Thomas Cook, rector of St. Simon's Church, New York. The Rev. Samuel Cooke, D. D., rector of St Bartholomew's Church, New York. ♦The Rev. J. F. Delaplaine Cornell. ♦The Rev. Nathanael E. Cornwall, teacher, New York. The Rev. Isaac Fullerton Cox, deacon, assistant in St Michael's Church, , Brooklyn, Kings county. ♦The Rev. Richard Cox, rector of Zion Church, New York. The Rev. William Creighton, D. D., rector of Christ Church, Tarrytown, Westchester county. P. 0. Sing Sing. 6. LIST OF THE CLERGY. ♦The Rev. Robert B. Croes, officiating in St Mary's Church, Castle- ton, Richmond county. The Rev. Christian F. Cruse, D. D., librarian of the General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States, New York. ♦The Rev. William A. Curtis, rector of St Peter's Church, Hobart, Dela- ware county. The Rev. John T. Cushing. The Rev. Benjamin C. Cutler, D. D., rector of St Ann's Church, Brooklyn. The Rev. James Radcliff Davenport, rector of Grace Church, Albany, and missionary. The Rev. Edward Davis, residing at Burnt Hills, Saratoga county. ♦The Rev. Henry M. Davis, rector of St John's Church, Islip, Suffolk county. The Rev. Sheldon Davis, missionary at Pleasant Valley and parts adja- cent, Duchess county. The Rev. Samuel C. Davis, rector of St Andrew's Church, Walden, Orange county, and missionary. The Rev. George W. Dean, deacon, associate missionary at Annandale, Duchess county. P. 0. Barrytown. The Rev. Henry De Koven, pastor of Christ Church, Lower Red Hook, Duchess county. P. 0. TivolL The Rev. Jacob W. Diller, rector of St. Luke's Church, Brooklyn. ♦The Rev. Morgan Dix, an assistant minister of Trinity Church, New York. The Rev. John Dowdney, New York. The Rev. George B. Draper, rector of St. Andrew's Church, New York. ♦The Rev. T. Stafford Drowne, assistant minister of the Church of the Holy Trinity, Brooklyn. ♦The Rev. Cornelius R. Duffle, rector of the Church of St John Baptist, New York. ♦The Rev. Henry E. Duncan, rector of St. Anna's Church, Fishkill Land- ing, Duchess county. P. 0. Matteawan. The Rev. Heman Dyer, D. D., assistant to the rector of St. George's Church, New York. ♦The Rev. Theodore A. Eaton, rector of St. Clement's Church, New York. ♦The Rev. John C. Eccleston, rector of St John s Church, Clifton, Rich- mond county. P. 0. Stapleton. ♦The Rev. F. Edwards, rector of St John's Church, Cold Spring Harbor, Queens county. ♦The Rev. William E. Eigenbrodt, D. D., rector elect and officiating min- ister of St Paul's Church, Castleton, Staten Island, and chaplain of Trinity School, New York. P. O. New York. LIST OF THE CLERGY. 7 The Rev. Caleb B. Ellsworth, rector of Emmanuel Church, South Wes- terlo, Albany county, and Christ Church, Greenville, Greene county, and missionary. The Rev. John J. Elmendorf^ rector of the Church of the Holy Inno- cents, New York. The Rev. Edmund Embury, residing at Brooklyn, Kings county. The Rev. Benjamin Evans. The Rev. Robert B. Fairbairn, missionary at Cairo, Greene county. P. 0. CatskilL The Rev. J. Newton Fairbanks, minister of St John's Church, Essex, Essex county, and missionary. The Rev. William G. Farrington, rector of St John's Church, Hunting- ton, Suffolk county. The Rev. Augustus Fitch, residing in New York. The Rev. Jared B. Flagg, rector of Grace Church, Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn, Kings county. The Rev. Edward K. Fowler, rector of St. John's Church, Monticello, Sullivan county, and missionary. The Rev. Frederick Freeman. The Rev. William G. French, Church of the Advent, Statcn Island. The Rev. William J. Frost, rector of the Church of the Redeemer, York- ville, New York. The Rev. Thomas Gallaudet, a professor in the New York Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, and rector of St Ann's Church for Deaf Mutes, New York. The Rev. Charles H. Gardiner, Brooklyn. The Rev. G. Jarvis Geer, assistant minister of the Church of the Holy Apostles, New York. The Rev. John B. Gibson, missionary at Haverstraw, Rockland county. The Rev. George S. Gordon, teacher, Peekskill, Westchester county. ♦The Rev. John Grigg, New York. The Rev. Alvah Guion, rector of Grace Church, Williamsburg, and missionary. The Rev. Thomas T. Guion, rector of St. John's Church, Brooklyn. The Rev. Charles W. Hackley, D. D., Professor of Astronomy in Colum- bia College, New York. The Rev. Benjamin L Haight, D. D., an assistant minister of Trinity Church, New York, and Professor of Pastoral Theology and Pulpit Eloquence in the General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Epis- copal Church in the United States, New York. The Rev. William F. Halsey, rector of Grace Church, Port Jervis, Orange county, and missionary. - The Rev. Orlando Harriman, Jr., residing in Jersey City, New Jersey. 8 LIST OF THE CLERGY. ♦The Rev. Robert W. Harris, D. D., rector of St George's Church, Astoria, Queens County. The Rev. Joshua L. Harrison, missionary at Centreville and Ellenburg, Clinton county. ♦The Rev. Abram B. Hart, rector of the Church of the Advent, New York. ♦The Rev. Samuel M. Haskins, rector of St Mark's Church, Williams- burg, Kings county. The Rev. Francis L. Hawks, D. D., LL. D., rector of Calvary Church, , New York. ♦The Rev. Fletcher J. Hawley, rector of St John's Church, Christian- st'ed, St Croix, West Indies. The Rev. Gilbert B. Hayden. The Rev. J. Mulford Hedges, missionary at Middleburg and Schoharie, Sooharie county. The Rev. Caleb S. Henry, D. D., residing at Poughkeepsie, Duchess county. ♦The Rev. Edward Y. Higbee, D. D., an assistant minister of Trinity Church, New York. The Rev. Horace Hills, Jr. ♦The Rev. Solomon G. Hitchcock, missionary at Piermont, Rockland county. ♦The Rev. John Henry Hobart, D. D., an assistant minister of Trinity Church, New York. ♦The Rev. John W. Hoffman, rector of St Paul's Church, Oak Hill, Greene county. ♦The Rev. Samuel Hollingsworth, rector of the Church of St John the Evangelist, Stockport, Columbia county. The Rev. Charles W. Homer, rector of Trinity Church, West Troy. ♦The Rev. John H. Hopkins, Jr., deacon, assistant to the rector of Zion Church, Greenburg, Westchester county. P. 0. New York. ♦The Rev. Oliver Hopson, missionary at Hampton, Washington county. The Rev. George H. Houghton, rector of the Church of the Transfigura- tion, New York. ♦The Rev. Robert S. Howland, rector of the Church of the Holy Apostles, New York. The Rev. Ralph Hoyt, rector of the Church of the Good Shepherd, New York. The Rev. John P. Hubbard, rector of Christ Church, (Bay Ridge), New Utrecht, Kings county. The Rev. Reuben Hubbard, residing in Yonkers, Westchester county. The Rev. William Huckel, rector of St. Ann's Church, Morrisania; West- chester county. The Rev. Richard T. Huddart, in California. The Rev. Henry Norman Hudson, assistant minister of the Church of the Holy Evangelists, New York. LIST OF THB CLERGY. 9 The Rev. John Hughes, missionary at Fairfield, Herkimer county. The Rev. Aaron Humphrey, residing at Beloit, Wisconsin. The Rev. Gurdon Huntington, rector of Christ Church, Sag Harbor, Suffolk county, and missionary. The Rev. Pierre P. Irving, rector of Christ Church, New Brighton, Rich- mond county. The Rev. Theodore Irving, LL. D., rector of St Andrew's Church, Rich- mond, including Trinity Chapel, Factoryville, Richmond county. The Rev. Charles D. Jackson, rector of St Peter's Church, Westchester, Westchester county. The Rev. William Oscar Jarvis, rector of Christ Church, Duanesburg, Schenectady county. The Rev. Hiram Jelliffe, officiating in the Church of the Messiah, New York. The Rev. Daniel V. M. Johnson, rector of St Mary's Church, Brooklyn, Kings county. The Rev. Evan Malbone Johnson, rector of St Michael's Church, Brooklyn. The Rev. Samuel R. Johnson, D. D., Professor of Systematic Divinity in the General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States, New York. The Rev. William L. Johnson, D. D., rector of Grace Church, Jamaica, Queens county. The Rev. William R. Johnson, rector of Emmanuel Church, Little Falls, Herkimer county. The Rev. Charles Jones, rector of St John's Church, Tuckahoe, West- chester county. The Rev. George Jones, chaplain in the United States navy. The Rev. Lot Jones, rector of the Church of the Epiphany, New York. The Rev. James E. Kenney, deacon, (Note A.) officiating as assistant to the rector of Zion Church, Sandy Hill, Washington county. The Rev. John S. Kidney, rector of Bethesda Church, Saratoga Springs, Saratoga county. The Rev. Isaac P. Labagh, rector of St Paul's Church, South Brooklyn. The Rev. William 0. Lamson. The Rev. Francis E. Lawrence, assistant minister of the Church of the Holy Communion, New York. The Rev. Thaddeus M. Leavenworth. The Rev. James F. LeBaron. The Rev. Alexander S. Leonard, rector of Emmanuel Church and of the Church of St George the Martyr, New York. The Rev. William H. Lewis, D. D., rector of the Church of the Holy Trinity, Brooklyn. The Rev. John R. Livingston, Jr., rector of Trinity Church, Fishkill, Duchess county. P. 0. Glenham. 10 LIST OF THE CLERGY. ♦The Rev. Robert Lowry, rector of the Church of the Messiah, Green- bush, Rensselaer county, and missionary. ♦The Rev. William S. Ludlum, missionary at Briar Cliff; Westchester county. The Rev. W. J. Lynd, rector of Trinity Church, Ulster, Ulster county. ♦The Rev. J. W. McEwaine, rector of Christ Church, Rouse's Point, Clinton county, and missionary. The Rev. John McVickar, D. D., Professor of the Evidences of Natural and Revealed Religion in Columbia College, New York. ♦The Rev. William A. McYickar, rector of Zion Church, Oreenburg, and missionary at Irvington, and parts adjacent, Westchester county. ♦The Rev. Thomas Mallaby, rector of St Paul's Church, Glen Cove, Queens county. ♦The Rev. Carlton P. Maples, rector of St. James* Church, Smithtown, Suffolk county. ♦The Rev. William A. W. Maybin, rector of St Paul's Church, Williams- burg, Brooklyn, E. D. ♦The Rev. Edward N. Mead, Secretary of the Board of Trustees of the General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States. P. 0. Tarrytown. The Rev. James Millett, rector of the Church of the Holy Martyrs, New York. ♦The Rev. Henry E. Montgomery, rector of the Church of the Incarna- tion, New York. ♦The Rev. John W. Moore, rector of Grace Church, Canton, St Law- rence county, and missionary. ♦The Rev. William H. Moore, rector of St George's Church, Hempstead, Queens county. The Rev. Samuel Moorhouse. The Rev. John Morgan, residing in New York. ♦The Rev. Richard U. Morgan, D. D., rector of Trinity Church, New Rochelle, Westchester county. ♦The ReV. Wm. F. Morgan, I). D., rector of St Thomas' Church, New York. The Rev. William Morris, LL. D., officiating minister of St Philip's Church, New York. The Rev. William A. Muhlenberg, D. D., pastor of the Church of the Holy Communion, New York. The Rev. James Mulcahey, rector of Christ Church, Troy, Rensselaer county. ♦The Rev. Nathan W. Munroe. The Rev. William B. Musgrave. The Rev. George L. Neide, rector of Trinity Church, Rockaway, Queens county. LIST OP THE CLERGY. 11 The Rev. Chester Newell, chaplain in the United States navy. The Rev. Edwin A Nichols. The Rev. George H. Nichols, missionary at Cherry Valley and Sharon Springs, Otsego county. The Rev. Samuel Nichols, residing at Greenfield, Connecticut The Rev. Frederick M. Noll, missionary at Setaukct, Suffolk county. The Rev. Samuel H. Norton, rector of St Matthew's Church, Unadilla, Otsego county. The Rev. Frederick Oertel, deacon, (Note A,) officiating in St Simon's German Free Chapel, Richmond county. The Rev. Frederick Ogilby, an assistant minister of Trinity Church, New York. The Rev. William W. Olssen, rector of the Church of St James the Less, Scarsdale, Westchester county. The Rev. John A. Paddock, rector of St Peter's Church, Brooklyn, Rings county. The Rev. Rolla 0. Page, rector of St Paul's Church, Kinderhook, Colum- bia county. ^The Rev. Isaac Pardee, New York. The Rev. Benjamin C. C. Parker, missionary in charge of the Floating Church of our Saviour for Seamen, New York. "•The Rev. Alfred H. Partridge, rector of Christ Church, North Brooklyn, Kings county. "•The Rev. William Payne, rector of St George's Church, Schenectady. The Rev. Robert T. Pearson, rector of St John's Church, Richfield Springs, and missionary at Exeter, Otsego county. The Rev. Francis Peck, rector of St Mark's Church, Brooklyn. ^rhe Rev. Henry Peck, Otsego county. Tlie Rev. Isaac Peck, rector of St. Peter's Church, Portchester, West- chester county. Tlie Rev. William Lewis Peck, deacon, officiating in the Church of the Holy Evangelists, New York. ^The Rev. George C. Pennell, rector of St. Mary's Church, Mott Haven, and missionary, Westchester county. The Rev. Hewlett R. Peters, rector of St John's Church, Ogdensburg, St Lawrence county. The Rev. Thomas M. Peters, rector of the Church of All Angels, and of St Mary's Church, New York. P. 0. Manhattanville. The Rev. Charles E. Phelps, assistant minister of St Mary's Church, Manhattanville, New York. The Rev. James Philson, Morrisania village, Westchester county. The Rev. Thomas C. Pitkin, D. D., rector of St Peter's Church, Albany, Albany county. 12 LI8T OP THE CLERGY. The Rev. George W. Porter, rector of Christ Church, Manhasset, Queens county. The Rev. Jesse Pound, rector of St Luke's Church, Rossville, Richmond county. ♦The Rev. Horatio N. Powers, deacon. The Rev. Oliver S. Prescott The Rev. Joseph H. Price, D. D., rector of St Stephen's Church, New York. The Rev. Charles Purviance, deacon, officiating in Trinity Church, Wind- ham, and missionary, Greene county. The Rev. Fernando C. iPutnam, missionary at Keeseville, Essex county. The Rev. Joseph Ransom, rector of Christ Church, Oyster Bay, Queens county. The Rev. Sylvanus Reed, rector of the Church of the Holy Innocents, Al- bany. The Rev. Thomas C. Reed, D. D., principal of an academy near Geneva, Western NewYork. The Rev. E. Franklin Remington, missionary at large of the Protestant Episcopal Church Missionary Society for Seamen in the city and port of New York. ♦The Rev. William A. Rich, deacon. ♦The Rev. Thomas Richey, rector of St Luke's Church, Catskill, Greene county. The Rev. William Richmond, rector of St Michael's Church, New York. ♦The Rev. Toenjes Richters, deacon. ♦The Rev. Edmund Roberts, rector of St. Peter's Church, Peekskill, Westchester county. The Rev. Edward W. J. Roberts. The Rev. John J. Robertson, D. D., officiating in St James' Church, Go- shen, Orange county. ♦The Rev. Washington Rodman, rector of Grace Church, West Farms, Westchester county. The Rev. Robert C. Rogers, rector of St Luke's Church, Mechanicsville, and of St. John's Church, Stillwater, Saratoga county. The Rev. Silas M. Rogers, deacon, minister of Christ Church, Morristown, St Lawrence county, and missionary. The Rev. Theodore S. Rumney, rector of Grace Church, White Plains, Westchester county. The Rev. David P. Sandford, rector of the Church of the Redeemer, Brook- lyn, Kings county. The Rev. Gilbert H. Sayres, residing in Jamaica, Queens county. ♦The Rev. Samuel W. Sayres, rector of St Thomas' Church, Ravenswood, Queens county. LIST OF THE CLERGY. 13 The Rev. John Scarborough, deacon, assistant to rector of St Paul's Church, Troy, Rensselaer county. The Rev. John F. Schroeder, deacon. '•The Rev. Michael Scofield, rector of St John's Church, Fort Hamilton, Kings county. The Rev. John Scovill, Johnstown. The Rev. Samuel Seabury, D. D., rector of the Church of the Annuncia- tion, New York. The Rev. Nicholas J. Seeley, principal of an academy at Ballston Spa, Saratoga county. ♦The Rev. Edward Selkirk, rector of Trinity Church, Albany. The Rev. Winslow W. Sever, assistant minister of St Ann's Church, Brooklyn. ♦The Rev. George F. Seymour, missionary at Annandale, Duchess county. P. 0. Barrytown. ♦The Rev. William Wood Seymour. The Rev. Robert Shaw, rector of St Mary's Church, Cold Spring, Putnam county. ♦The Rev. George A. Shelton, rector of St James' Church, Newtown, Queens county. The Rev. Frederick Sill, missionary at Lower Red Hook, Duchess county. The Rev. William Shortt, assistant minister of St George's Church, Flushing, Queens county. ♦The Rev. George N. Sleight ♦The Rev. Francis W. Smith, deacon, New York. The Rev. J. Brinton Smith, rector of St John's Church, Troy, Rensselaer county. The Rev. James Hoyt Smith, deacon, (Note A) ♦The Rev. John C. Smith, rector of St George's Church, Flushing, Queens county. The Rev. J. Howard Smith, rector of the Church of the Intercession, New York. The Rev. Orsamus H. Smith, missionary at Beckman, Duchess county, and Patterson, Putnam county. The Rev. Henry A. SpafEard, deacon, (Note A,) officiating in St John's Church, Brooklyn. The Rev. Jesse A Spencer, D. D., New York. The Rev. J. Selden Spencer, assistant to the rector of Christ Church, Tar- rytown, Westchester county. The Rev. Alpheus Spor, deacon, (Note A,) in St Luke's Church, New York. The Rev. Thomas A. Starkey, rector of St Paul's Church, Albany. 14 LIST OF THE CLERGY. The Rev. William Staunton, D. D., rector of Trinity Church, Potsdam, St Lawrence county. ♦The Rey. Walter A. Stirling, minister of St Paul's Church, Patchogue, and missionary at Yaphank, Suffolk county.' The Rev. Henry C. Stowell, officiating minister at Grace Church, South Oyster Bay, Queens county. The Rev. Horace Stringfellow, Jr., rector of St James' Church, Hyde Park, Duchess county. The Rev. Phineas M. Stryker. ♦The Rev. Stephen H. Synnot, deacon, New York. The Rev. Benjamin F. Taylor, New York. The Rev. Thomas H. Taylor, D. D., rector of Grace Church, New York. The Rev. Richard Temple. The Rev. Owen P. Thackara, rector of Christ Church, Herkimer, Herki- mer county, and missionary itinerant The Rev. William B. Thomas, residing at Poughkeepsie. ♦The Rev. Stephen C. Thrall, rector of St James' Church, Goshen, Orange county. The Rev. Frederick T. Tiffany, missionary at Claverack, Columbia county. The Rev. Thomas Towell, officiating in the city missions of Calvary Church, New York. The Rev. William H. Trapnell, missionary at Amsterdam, Montgomery county. The Rev. Albert D. Traver, rector of St. Paul's Church, Poughkeepsie, Duchess county. ♦The Rev. Robert Travis, Jr. The Rev. Amos C. Treadway, missionary at Malone, Franklin county. The Rev. Francis Tremayne. The Rev. Robert C. Trevett, deacon, (Note A,) officiating in Christ Church, Poughkeepsie, Duchess county. ♦The Rev. John I. Tucker, pastor of the Church of the Holy Cross, and principal of the Warren Free Institute, Troy. The Rev. Samuel H. Turner, D. D., Professor of Biblical Learning and the Interpretation of Scripture in the-General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States, New York. ♦The Rev. Isaac H. Tuttle, rector of St. Luke's Church, New York. The Rev. Alvi T. Twing, rector of Trinity Church, Lansingburg, Rens- selaer county. The Rev. Stephen H. Tyng, D. D., rector of St. George's Church, New York. ♦The Rev. James A. Upjohn, deacon, assistant minister of the Church of the Holy Evangelists, New York. LIST OF THE CLERGY. 15 The Rev. Robert B. Van Kleeck, D. D., Secretary and General Agent of the Domestic Committee of the Board of Missions of the Protestant Epis- copal Church in the United States, New York. The Rev. Isaac D. Vermilye, rector of St Stephen's Church, North Castle, and St Mark's Church, New Castle, Westchester county. P. 0. Ar- monck. The Rev. Antoine Verren, rector of the French Church du St Esprit, New York. The Rev. Francis Vinton, D. D., an assistant minister of Trinity Church, New York. The Rev. Joseph M. Waite, missionary at the Floating Church of the Holy Comforter, New York. The Rev. Robert J. Walker, rector of the Church of the Messiah, Brooklyn. The Rev. George H. Walsh, rector of the Church of the Messiah, Rhine- beck, Duchess county. The Rev. William Walsh, residing at Newburg, Orange county. The Rev. William Walton, D. D., residing in New York. The Rev. Henry Dana Ward, teacher, New York. The Rev. John M. Ward, rector of St Thomas' Church, Mamaroneck, Westchester county. The Rev. Robert Washbon, rector of Trinity Church, Rensselaerville, Albany county, and missionary. The Rev. George Waters, rector of St John's Church, Kingston, Ulster county. The Rev. William Watson, rector of Christ Church, Hudson, Columbia county. The Rev. Joshua Weaver, rector of St. James' Church, Fordham, West Farms, Westchester county. The Rev. Erastus Webster, deacon, (Note A,) residing in Cairo, Greene county. The Rev. Merritt H. Wellman, rector of the Church of the Ascension, Greenpoint, Kings county, and missionary. The Rev. Minot M. Wells, rector of the Church of the Holy Innocents, Cornwall, Orange county, and missionary. P. 0. West Point The Rev. Sullivan H. Weston, an assistant minister of Trinity Church, New York. The Rev. Russell Wheeler, residing at Morris, Otsego county. The Rev. Frederick S. Wiley, rector of Christ Church, New York. The Rev. Eleazar Williams, deacon, residing at Hogansburg, St Law- rence county. The Rev. Frederick P. Winne, deacon, (Note A,) in St Paul's Church, Albany, Albany county. 16 LIST OF THE CLERGY. The Rev. Gordon Window, D. D., Chaplain of the Marine Hospital, Staten Island. The Rev. Calvin Wolcott, officiating in St George's Parish, New York. The Rev. John F. Young, an assistant minister of Trinity Church, New York. Number of Clergy present in this Convention 196 Number of Clergy absent 26 Number on the Roll of the Convention 222 Number not entitled to seats 98 Number of Clergymen belonging to the Diocese 315 Nora A.— These persons have not passed the examinations required by Can. ▼. Sec 8, Gen. Con v., 1866, and have been admitted to the restricted Dlaconate : Can. ir. Sec 9, Gen. Conv. 1856. 21 £t0t of tfjc Clcrgg PRESBNT AT THIS CONVENTION. The following Clergy of the Diocese, entitled to seats in the Convention, were present at its sittings : The Right Rev. Horatio Potter, D. D., LL. D., . Richard S. Adams, William J. Alger, George B. Andrews, Edward Anthon, Henry Anthon, D. D., Charles Arey, Franklin Babbit, P. Teller Babbit, David E. Barr, Liberty A. Barrows, 0. Sievers Barten, Stephen H. Battin, Alfred R Beach, D. D., G. Thurston Bedell, D. D., Andrew D. Benedict, William Berrian, D. D., Beverly R Betts, J. Henry Black, Edward B. Boggs, C. W. Bolton, Samuel B. Bostwick, James W. Bradin, 2 Rev. John Brown, D. D., John C. Brown, John H. H. Brown, Samuel Buell, Edward C. Bull, Eli H. Canfield, D. D., Abraham Beach Carter, D. D., Peter S. Chauncey, Joel Clap, D. D., Caleb Clapp, James S. Clark, A. Valette Clarkson, Jonathan Coe, William S. Coffey, Edwin R T. Cook, Thomas Cook, Samuel Cooke, D. D., Isaac F. Cox, Richard Cox, William Oeighton, D. D., Robert B. Croes, William A. Curtis, 18 A LIST OF THE CLERGY Rev. Benjamin C. Cutler, D. D., Rev. James Radcliffe Davenport, Henry M. Davis, Samuel C. Davis, Sheldon Davis, George W. Dean, Jacob W. Diller, ' George R Draper, T. Stafford Drowne, Cornelius R Duffie, Henry R Duncan, Heman Dyer, D. D., Theodore A. Eaton, John C. Eccleston, William R Eigenbrodt, D. D., Caleb B. Ellsworth, John J. Ehnendor^ Robert B. Fairbairn, J. Newton Fairbanks, William G. Farrington, Jared R Flagg, William J. Frost, Thomas Gallaudet, . George Jarvis Geer, John B. Gibson, Alvah Guion, Thomas T. Guion, Charles W. Hackley, D. D., Benjamin L Haight, D. D., Wilham F. Halsey, J. L. Harison, Abram B. Hart, Samuel M. Haskins, Francis L. Hawks, D.D., LL.D., Edward Y. Higbee, D. D., Solomon G. Hitchcock, John H. Hobart, D. D., John W. Hoffman, Samuel Hollingsworth, John H. Hopkins, Jr., Oliver Hopson, George H. Houghton, Robert S. Howland, Ralph Hoyt, Henry N. Hudson, John Hughes, Gurdon Huntington, Pierre P. Irving, Charles D. Jackson, William 0. Jarvis, Daniel V. M. Johnson, Evan M. Johnson, Samuel R Johnson, D. D., William L. Johnson, D. D., Wilham R Johnson, Charles Jones, Lot Jones, John S. Kidney, Isaac P. Labagh, Alexander S. Leonard, William H. Lewis, D. D., John R Livingston, Jr., Robert Lowry, William S. Ludlum, J. W. Mcnwaine, John McVickar, D. D., We A- McVickar, Thomas Mallaby, Carlton P. Maples, James Millett, Henry E. Montgomery, John Wells Moore, William H. Moore, Richard U. Morgan, D. D., William F. Morgan, D. D., William Morris, LL. D., James Mulcahey, George L. Neide, George H. Nichols, Frederick M. Noll, Samuel H. Norton, Frederick Ogilby, William W. Olssen, John A. Paddock, Rolla 0. Page, Alfred H. Partridge, PRESENT AT THIS CONVENTION. 19 Rev. William Payne, Robert T. Pearson, Francis Peck, Isaac Peck, W. L. Peck, George C. Pennell, Hewlett R. Peters, Thomas McC. Peters, Charles E. Phelps, Thomas C. Pitkin, D. D., George W. Porter, Joseph H. Price, D. D., Charles Purviance, Fernando C. Putnam, Joseph Ransom, Sylvanus Reed, Thomas Richey, William Richmond, Edmund Roberts, Theodore S. Rumney, David P. Sanford, Samuel W. Sayres, Samuel Seabury, D. D., Edward Selkirk, WinslowW. Sever, George F. Seymour, Robert Shaw, George A Shelton, William Shortt, Frederick Sill, J. Brinton Smith, John C. Smith. Rev. J. Howard Smith, Orsamus H. Smith, J. Selden Spencer, Alpheus Spor, Thomas A. Starkey, William Staunton, D. D., Walter A- Stirling, Henry C. Stowell, Horace Stringfellow, Jr., Frederick T. Tiffimy, Thomas Towell, Amos C. Treadway, John L Tucker, Samuel H. Turner, D. D., Isaac H. Tuttle, Alvi T. Twing, Stephen H. Tyng, D. D., James A. Upjohn, Isaac D. Vermilye, Francis Vinton, D. D., Joseph M. Waite, Robert J. Walker, George H. Walsh, John M. Ward, Robert Washbon, George Waters, William Watson, Joshua Weaver, Minot M. Wells, Sullivan H. Weston, Frederick S. Wiley, John F. Young. ^ Cist of % Cas delegate PRESENT AT THIS CONVENTION. The following Delegates from the Churches of the Diocese, entitled to representation, presented the required certificates, and sat in the Con- vention : — Counties. Churche. Delegates. Albany . .. , . . Grace, Albany, H. L. Washbon, ^ Holy Innocents, • William H. De Witt, St Paul's, John Tweddle, William H. Rice, St Peter's, Gilbert L. Wilson, St John's, Cohoes, William H. Chadwick, Joseph Cfcadwick, Trinity, West Troy, George B. Frazer, Columbia.. . . Christ, Copake, Isaac C. Chceseborough, Christ, Hudson, Peter G. Coffin, Cyrus Curtiss, St John's, Stockport, Jonathan Stott, Delaware.. ..St John's, Delhi, Samuel Sherwood, Nathanael Hathaway, Christ Church, Walton, Samuel H. St John, Duchess .. . .St Mary's, Beekman, Egbert Cary, Trinity, Fishkill, Gulian C. Verplanck, St James', Hyde Park, Elias Butler, St Paul's, Pleasant Valley, John H. Newcomb, Christ, Poughkeepsie, 1 William A. Davies, • Stephen M. Buckingham, Benjamin R. Tenney, 22 A LIST OF THE LAY DELEGATES Counties. Chnrcbeo. Delegate. Duchess. .. . .St Paul's, Poughkeepsie, Henry H. Stevens, Messiah, Rhinebeck, Horatio Miller, Theophilus Gillender, Zion, Wappinger's Falls, Francis R. Rives, Essex . . . St John's, Essex, Charles A. Martin, St Paul's, Keeseville, Oliver Reese, Greene . . .Trinity, Athens, Nathan Clarke, James P. Foster, St Luke's, GatskiU, Charles B. Pinckney, Charles S. Willard, Charles C. V. Clemland, Trinity, Windham, Homer Holcomb, Theodore D. Traphagen, John P. Shults, Herkimer.. . .Christ, Herkimer, Benjamin F. Brooks, Kings . . . Christ, Brooklyn, Charles R. Marvin, Thomas D. Middleton, Good Angels, Brooklyn, Roswell Green, Henry Dudley, S. D. C. Van Bokkelen, Lewis Cheeseborough, Holy Trinity, Nathan B. Morse, Daniel P. Barnard, Messiah, Henry W. Cansdell, Joseph Janes, Redeemer, Felix A. Huntington, William Poole, St Ann's, Frederick T. Peet, Thomas Messenger, St John's, Samuel E. Johnson, St Luke's, Nathan D. Morgan, John W. Hunter, St Mark's, Henry Hagner, James Lock, Wm. H. Lloyd, St Mary's, Richard Wood, John M. Phelps, Charles H. Birney, St Michael's, William Barton, Jr., Wm. P. Fanning, St Peter's, Matthew Myers, Henry R. Piersbn, PRESENT AT THIS CONVENTION. 23 Christ, North Brooklyn, St Paul's, South Brooklyn, Grace, Williamsburg, St Mark's, Williamsburg, St Paul's, St John's, Fort Hamilton, Christ, New Utrecht, Ascension, Green Point, New York . . .Advent, New York, All Saints', Annunciation, Calvary, New York, Christ, Emmanuel, Epiphany, Grace, * Holy Apostles', Holy Evangelists', Holy Innocents', Delegate. H. T. Haviland, Charles D. Lewis, George W. Kirtland, Jonathan Jones, William Thompson, George S. Lewis, Vincent L. Dill, Thomas W. Grosser, Joseph Crocker, Samuel Bounell, Jr., Henry G. Hadden, Thomas B. Kniffen, Michael B. Pettit, Henry McLean, George Reton Philander Hanford, Elisha L. Walton, Wm. A. Freeborn, Floyd Smith, C. N. S. Rowland, Frederick De Peyster, James S. Aspinwall, Frederick G. Foster. Isaac Gibson, Henry H. Elliott, A. Bleecker Neilson, James M. Constable, George W. Farnham, John G. Ambler, James D. Farrington, George C. Miller, Cornelius Minor, Luther Bradish, G. G. Van Wagenen, Walter Roome, Francis Many, Samuel Newby, Clark W. Gary, Charles G. Till, Francis E. Mulholland, Samuel Davis, Joseph P. Pirsson, 24 A LIST OF THE LAY DELEGATES Counties. Chnrchea. New York . . . Holy Martyrs1, Incarnation, Intercession, Nativity, Redeemer, St Bartholomew's^ St. Clement's, St. Esprit, St. George's, St George the Martyr's, St James', St John Evangelist's, St Luke's, St Mary's, St Michael's, St Peter's, St. Philip's, St. Stephen's, St Thomas', Transfiguration, Trinity, with St Paul's, St John's, and Trinity Chapels, Zion, ;} Delegate. Samuel Devlin, Murray Hoffman, Henry Richardson, Thomas T. Hayes, William Moore, George Good, Stephen Cambreleng, Wm. D. Waddington, Peter J. Shults, Louis Loutrel, John T. Burnier, William Whitlock, Jr., Adolphus Lane, Thomas F. Frank, John R. Livingston, George Jones, Samuel Jaudon, Wm. F. Beekman, Charles J. Folsom, George R. Hendrickson, Herman Bruen, A. B. McDonald, James Wallace, Isaac B. Craft, M D., Richard L. Schiefflin, James F. De Peyster, F. W. Welchman, Mark Banks, J. McC. Smith, John Peterson, Robert A. Sands, A. W. King, Mark Spencer, Lyman Denison, Evert A. Duykinck, Cornelius V. A. Schuyler, Gerardus B. Docharty, Nathaniel W. Chater, William E. Dunscomb, John A.. Dix, Governeur M. Ogden, Frederick Pentz, PBESENT AT THIS CONVENTION. 25 Chnrchea. Xew York . . .Zion, New York, Orange Holy Innocents', Cornwall, St James', Goshen, St George's, Newburg, St Thomas', New "Windsor, Grace, Port Jervis, St Andrew's, Waiden, .Christ, Butternuts, .St Mary's, Cold Spring, St Philip's, Philipsetown, Putnam. Queens St George's, Astoria, St John's, Cold Spring Har., St George's, Flushing, St Paul's, Glen Cove, St George's, Hempstead, Grace, Jamaica, Christ, Manhasset, St Saviour's, Maspeth, St James', Newtown^ Christ, Oyster Bay, # St Thomas', Ravenswood, Trinity, Rockaway, Grace, South Oyster Bay, Rensselaer . . . Messiah, Greenbush, Christ, Troy, Delegates. James Van Norden, Smith Barker, Thomas Webb, Robert W. Weir, Thomas Corris, Charles B. Hoffman, John H. Morris, David M. Clarkson, John R Grummun, Thomas J. Purdy, Thomas Walsh, George Weller, William Buchanan, L. S. Comstock, Governeur Kemble, Frederick Philipsc, William Moore, Richard Upjohn, William R. Blackwell, James M. Blackwell, Charles Hewlett, William Roe, William H. Schermerhorn, James B. Pearsall, William M. Laing, Jeremiah Valentine, Jr., Hendrick BrinckcrhoflJ James J. Brenton, Samuel J. Willis, John R. Maurice, William Betts, Jr., * Josiah Blackwell, Cornelius L. Moore, Timothy P. Burger, William Nelson, John H. Williams, Foster Nostrand, Henry F. Jones, Jeremiah Van Rensselaer, Francis Van Rensselaer, John B. Gary, Gould Rockwell, 26 A LIST OF THE LAY DELEGATES Counties. Rensselaer.. Churches. .Christ, Troy, Delegate* George M. Hopkins, St John's, John H. Willard, St Paul's, Jonas C. Heartt, John W. Paine, Richmond .. .St Paul's, Castleton, George Catlin, Albert Ward, St Mary's, Charles F. Zimmerman, Wm. Templeton Johnson, St John's, Clifton, John A. 0. Gray, Christ, New Brighton, William & Pendleton, St Andrew's, Richmond, Lot C. Clark, St Luke's, Rossville, James Spencer, Rockland . . , . .Christ, Piermont, Wm P. Lee, Saratoga ,.St Paul's, Charlton, Ammi Dows, St Luke's, Mechanicsville, William Tibbits, Bethesda, Saratoga Springs, Edwin Hollister, Grace, Waterford, John Knickerbocker, Schenectady, . .Christ, Duanesburg, Benjamin M. Duane, T. B. Featherstonhaugh, A. 0. Rhodes, St George's, Schenectady, David Hearsey, St Lawrence, Trinity, Potsdam, Thomas S. Clarkson, Suffolk .... . . St John's, Huntington, Isaac Adams, G. P. Williams, St John's, Islip, John R. Suydam, St Paul's, Patchogue, James Rice, St James', Smithtown, J. Lawrence Smith, Gideon Smith, Ulster . . Christ, Marlboroug, John Buckley, Jr., Samuel M Ackerly, Washington . .St James, Fort Edward, William H. Warner, Trinity, Granville, John A. Everts, H. Newcomb Graves, Christ Church, Hampton, Henry B. Austen, Westchester ..St Matthew's, Bedford, John Jay, St Paul's, Eastchester, Philip R. Underhill, Zion, Greenburg, John L. Wendell, St John's, Lewisboro, Timothy Jones, St Thomas', Mamaroneck, Benjamin H. Purdy, Gerrit Vermilye, Charles J. Henshaw, St Ann's, Morrisania, Lewis Morris, PRESENT AT THIS CONVENTION. 27 Churches. Westchester .St Ann's, Morrisania, St Pad's, Morrisania Village, Trinity, Mount Vernon, St Mary's, Mott Haven, Trinity, New Rochelle, St Stephen's, North Castle, St James', North Salem, St Peter's, Peekskfll, Christ, Pelham, » St Peter's, Port Chester, Christ, Rye, St James Less, Scarsdale, 9t Paul's, Sing Sing, StiLuke's, Somers, Christ, Tarrytown, St John's, Tuckahoe, St Peter's, Westchester, St John's, Tonkers, Delegates. William H. Morris, Henry R. Oxwith, Edward Haight, William Jarvis, John Stevens, Edward Martin, Gilbert Dayton, Richard Lathers, William Pinckney, John Williams, Floyd Keeler, Owen J. Coffin, John Bolton, Philip Schuyler, James H. Beers, Edward J. Swords, John C. Jay, William S. Popham, Charles Rhind, Jr., John Strang, Isaac H. Purdy, Washington Irving, N. B. Holmes, Frederick Beekman, Christian Dederer, Governeur M Wilkins, Henry Anstice. 28 CLEBGYMEN, NOT MEMBERS, PBBSENT. of New York. CLERGYMEN, NOT MEMBERS OF THE CONVENTION, PRESENT. The Right Rev. William Ingraham Kip, D. D.f Bishop of the Diocese o1 California. The Rev. D. Foley, B. D., Prebendary of Cashel, Ireland, and Professor of Irish in the University of Dublin. The Rev. William Caird, of Jamaica, West Indies. The Rev. J. K. J. Frith, of Bermuda, West Indies. The Rev. William G. French, The Rev. Francis E. Lawrence, The Rev. William A. Muhlenberg, D. D., The Rev. John J. Robertson, D. D., The Rev. Francis W. Smith, deacon, The Rev. Jesse A. Spencer, D. D., Ine Rev. Stephen H. Synnot, deacon, The Rev. Calvin Wolcott, The Rev. H. Dana Ward, The Rev. Gordon Winslow, D. D., The Rev. William Shelton, D. D., The Rev. A. P. Smith, The Rev. Lloyd Windsor, The Rev. J. E. Johnson, of Vermont The Rev. W. T. Smithett, of Massachusetts. The Rev. J. Dixon Carder, The Rev. George W. 'Nichols, The Rev. John H. Parker, of North Carolina. The Rev. George Sayres, of Illinois. The Rev. E. B. Palmer, of Michigan. The Rev. John W. Mitchell, of Alabama. The Rev. J. P. T. Ingraham, of Wisconsin. The Rev. L. R. Staudenmayer, of Kansas. of Western New York. of Connecticut JOURNAL THE PROCEEDINGS CONVENTION. Nbw York, Wednesday, September 30, 1857. This being the day fixed by the Constitution of the Protestant ^Episcopal Church in the Diocese of New York for the meeting of the Annual Convention of the same, a number of the Clergy and Laity assembled for Divine Service, at ten o'clock in the morning, in St. John's Chapel, in the City of New York, the place appointed ly the Provisional Bishop for the meeting. Morning prayer was read by the Rev. Jared B. Flagg, Recto* of Grace Church, Brooklyn Heights, assisted by the Rev. Joel Clap, D. D., Rector of St. Philip's Church in the Highlands, Philipsetown, and the Rev. Horace Stringfellow, Jr., Rector of St. James' Church, Hyde Park, who read the Lessons. The Rev. W. F. Morgan, D. D., Rector of St. Thomas' Church, New York, said the Litany. The Ante-Communion Service was read by the Ht Rev. Horatio Potter, D. D., LL. D., Provisional Bishop of the Diocese; the Rev. William Berrian, D. D., Rector of Trinity Church, New York, reading the Epistle ; and the Rt. Rev. William 30 JOURNAL OP THE CONVENTION Ingraham Kip, D. D., Bishop of the Diocese of California, read- ing the Gospel. The Sermon was preached by the Rt. Rev. Dr. Kip. In the celebration of the Holy Communion, the Provisional Bishop was assisted by the Bishop of California, and the Rev. Drs. Berrian, Creighton, McVickar, Brown, and Harris of the Diocese of New York, and the Rev. D. Foley, B. D., Prebendary of Cashel, Ireland. The Convention was called to order by the Provisional Bishop of the Diocese. The Secretary proceeded, under the direction of the Provisional Bishop, to call the names of the Clergy of the Diocese entitled to seats, when one hundred and sixty-five answered to their names, and took their seats as members.* The Churches entitled to representation were then called over, 'and the Lay Delegates presented their certificates; which were examined by the Secretary and a Committee of two appointed by the Presiding Officer, viz. : William E. Dunscomb, Esq., and Hon. Luther Bradish. The names of the Lay Delegates duly appointed were called, when Delegates from one hundred and seven parishes appeared and took their seats.f A constitutional quorum being present, the Right Reverend the President declared the Convention organized for business. The President announced the Vllth. Rule of Order on the ad- mission of persons not members to the sittings of the Convention. Whereupon, on motion of the Secretary, it was Ordered, That the Right Reverend the Bishop of California, when present at the sittings of this Convention, be invited to oc- cupy a chair beside the President. * A list of the Clergy who attended this Convention is prefixed to the Journal See page 17. t A list of the Lay Delegates present in this Convention is prefixed to the Journal. See page 21. .' OP NEW YORK, 1857. 31 On motion, the reading of the Rules of Order was unanimously dispensed with. The Convention then proceeded, according to the Sixth Article of the Constitution, to the appointment of a Secretary and Treas- urer. On motion of the Rev. Dr. Hawks, the vote by ballot was unanimously dispensed with, and the Rev. William E. Eigen- brodt, D. D., was elected Secretary.	7,403
in.ernet.dli.2015.92685_104	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,852	The Home Companion	Not Available	English	Spoken	8,439	14,517	And if your plan for improve mem im<rlvcs an alteratiim in more j thmgh than one ~for mstsjioe, if the ebnnuey sm kes, and it leuuiflt to be coutraoted at tho'uack ot Die grate, and .lUo to hive one of those strange \| inoiiBtioailieB fixed on the top, which go whiilmg about wuh the wind, oi I AK so ceuistructed as to let the smoke escape from all kinds of queer orevioea I and oomera which the opposing wind is pu/aled to find out\| your Ciienda, although fully awake to the inconvenience of the smoky chimneyf and who might, perhaps, have consented to one of thcbc two things, either to contract the grate, oi nave been induced to place the monstrosity on the top , but the two toge^er strike him with grievous dread, and ihouf^h he dues put venture to say, let well alone, fui his senses convince him it not mil, yet he is ooiisideraUv horrifu d at the extent of the ixmovatioii proposed, and he cxclaimi {00 fast, not loo f«8t, one thing al a tune slow and sun , your /ERlBoa- smipt/tg measure, let us do U gradually,a moderate cluiigc, tciU\| ... applied, may be of some use, but Dus is too much And then, iiiosl pruoably, be lu heb oil to boiue other subject Ij^way of turning youi attention away fiotn the triierruudy , and lie suggcst4\|\|hy should contracting the gratc^ami puttmj, i monslrusiiy on the chimney be neccsbatyf Why not sonicthing elst { W ould not a hole m the dooi be bufliciciit, or one oi the new yeiiulitmg paiit^ if glass? Anything, ui ahoit, except the rc.D remedy, fioni wliieli h^ stiivis to turn a&ide your attention, and duert it to diftmut obieclb There are niaiv thing bcMde smoking chimney s iii which men icson to ail kmdH of excuscb and delay u in order to “let ’* what they call ‘ well aloin " In piiyate Jilt and in public the Kami practice piovails, and it is not until loo litc for leiiicdy tbit llu evil bec mis tUorouguly appuent. ill aina ot any i tii i ii \ h 1, yet Du \| loishii wtu liiiid tho aniiounce- m nt ol anylhii g 1 1 c i falling off mipht e ist i diiiip i \ ii the spirits of tlu mth)i 111 V as ail wi I to itmain loi \ej il yMis under the impressiuii th ii wli itiii i nei llu threw oil rommandid it oiict the old tniimph int aah of tin II Iwilve thoiisiod andwisnhtn ucK, wh n mchuh d m Die ooIU dive tililnn, I » h ciuulilid m Diit slnpe in o us wuh ly as Jlautly ir Ivanhoe, In my o\ii i j mioii u would Igyvt he n \ei\ unwise m tlu h okstllers to give Soil myuntuoinhl tulfti^s u] n ich ul m lir th c mimeiicein lit ol the milidy \lmhpio\ 1 lital t hu i -I i tut ii in lu hist shook his in lid I ut I D ml tl i v I* 1 1 i i il lu luutfD m ii, wlu ri tlu y hesit ited to till hill Mufh h)v tl mitr i liu I Du ni.,hoiit 1S20 ind tlu tliiec Ol 1 iir f Do\in r V v wh n his n ti h'* t \a^ i \i^i i )in ns it t>ir liid 1 ein, mil li s lu ii is i m i is an 1 1 r * ii t t ir s jii] i s ( tmi ng other u s in) h u tlu M II 11 \ in 1 1 o irtl I 1 1 tl m t u slly onca in his 111 , \ml 1 i i\ii\ Iw 1, m ) I hs my] I h. ny nm i )ws hnisill ii is lieu I 1 h\ tilers to i 1 m i i oui cl uiiwi«»i expimhtim U ce HUH pi J rtimdlvin ri litiuult h i li m t > pull up when the mistake* Il J mth delicti I ir K >..,111 eil Jlii is on fi 1 1 o. Ihc world we live in is i sttaiige, bustling w< ihl, Diet will be foi ever on the move, we are no more contiiit to lie still m the (Vying-pan than were Du» i Is wc miisi )uinp soincwhcu, and that our jump may he from “well ” to ” ht itii,” we must exeit Ol rsclves to acqniic tnu kiiowledgo of all that iiurronnds ul It was ignoianct made the eels jump into (he hre ; just as Die Iniieh peopl* jump into aiieirchy, and fidin thenee into the arms of dehpotisiu. And if we* make tlu uneducated chs es h le un asy b/ stirring up too hot 1 fire under tbeir fiying pan, depend upon it they will Jump somewhere, and whelhei thry bum Ihemaelves oi knock other people Into the flame wc seim content to leave to elnriu* For, notwithstanding all the talk about education, our actions sppe ir to avour too mUch of ” letting well alone ' And too many of us, like the ma \ with the smoky chimney, are disinclined to do too much at once, hut would, rather than the people should be taught too much, stop short in the' pre» nt slate of ignorance. An Irish peasant thmke that to hive a pig in hia parlour, and a rtekiug dungbeap at his front door, Is ” well,” and he sees pebDIenoe and jjilseaae deoiiuate the population, without imagining that his nofSoiis of what la MENlbRi^ i m)!’ HT( some of thv main causes that lead to tluR ieaiful morality. And VTL til Ijn^himl sptak of tliebe habits with scoin ami disKUs' , vk art peifect)> bati^lifd thatMith filth and dirt, such an unwholtsome atiiiospheic, must brotd lev^r and di’ieuse— must coni imiiiate both hod> and mind; but we shill our c\ts to the in our own parlour," Ihe 'dun^hcap at our own f'oor," b((Ausc they are not risible in exactly such a piip lie shape is in tlic Inshiniii’b cabin , and we go on shuttiunf up people in mistrablc courts, 1 liere li^^ht and air can scarcely enter->-tho noisoniw effluvia of tctining thuicliy lids iinpngnating the itnibsphcre — defects e drainage filling it vith iiMpuiitKs aiiJ stenth — <1 scanty suppU of water,' at a most cxti ivagmt rite, kipt 111 foul cifcttin\|\|^huinan ana animal orduie, mixed with piitre&ciut vigclible matter, sciMng forth the seeds of diseise and death — human lift slioitened — disc isc bringing thousands of families to destitution i^id want, and thus increasing the \tn Ihbility to sickntss— the poor-rates nitre iscd, and moral t intniiiinaM m polluting all. And yet we find thousiii’s ciying out— “ Why meddli with ill this P Ltl well alone, yon cannot got iid of (Is iM and d iih " Tiut, but we can modifi the taiisos that produce di t jic, and, bs bo doing, can incroast the immber of tliohc who naob the nilnnl itiin ol lift Already, m apite of “let wdl alone" — m api^i of tli sinil’s paciMit which iJiiprovinitnts erttp on — scitiHt nid skill hTs succ i-dtd ill rti loviiif, limn of th»^ evils, and pointed out the rnnedy for ininy more iliil \\( hivi hill diidu of towns, and thousands ot country vilhgt », in which Molhing 1) IS Intn done and pestilence stalks iliro id in tlinn , iinf if soim i w tlio 1^ ifiij men uedcsiroin to comiQeiin improvinu nts, to i sLiblis'i i I H)\|)M sv t 111 of dram ige and veutilitiun, to umow mn aners tint pollnti til 111 ail 1 prmidt f)r tlu dtctnl interment « fMie d( id hi \oii(l tin pru iiicM of rhi town, th > ut const intly iinpitled b\ ihi li\ of “ 3 tt \ e 1 ih w — I e ar nil sobidh ofT a-» main of our nci^lih mis look it \ nid H and (' hi \ Ilf miieli wirs* tlnn wi aie — wlivshinldwi sin’ ' \nlthiii 1 } it\ IS , 1 I ii\|) 0 1 sist ill thungts -con orvatois of diinglu »ps iiid ci sb p >ls u rill f stignnit diiins ind lonl witenouisi , piitctloi ol 1 III ' 1 1 u If nil nuisiDCfs ‘ Pnii \ wi , st 1 \| mi 1 f) lish,’ 1 nlj il t 1 sm II I II snit out! i> in tin h ipt of 1 11 i mix i iti liN ils ill \ 11 ijii nnilli\| Iv il ir mV l ni 'lull tint I 1 jioxi i il )/ i ssn ilorv ows “ Pr \ ntn 11 is hi l 1 tlnn i iiit ’ 1 imi Tills I 1 ivi hit thii ] iMiil )i M if with h ♦ ill » id 1 "hu w 11 ilm ' 1 nit r \ 1 t ni li ihi int n if ’1 ( ont mpl i I inipiox mints — \] till Ml it 1 n h p, pin K < i Ja w Invi ih\i,si]i un km 1 I ( ] I itioii 1 i f i ii\| on tin luvu -fill 11,4 iigiimntrf Met wdl ih 11 Vt 1 VI r\ in Ml Mt thiiL (1 tliiusm’bd ( opJi who r Mid th lli,sh f lun f ( liaiiuiv h ptilnlionof hum n n 1 un nil u\|Mit> J h« v Mini 10 1 1 niiiilx 1 k Du, lilt th >11 ]i 111 i , # n n D I ns s ,,riphi( ilK < I ih s s illiii VM\ I i-\| of t, fr ml lh ('Infnilkr s w ^ to tin lin in in ill I \ Tinl to nil ii lint tli fo,» tsill 1 tlu mfls^n ind piop i ti I iMit p 11 1 t n ll < V 1 ( 1 n 1 1 1 I t t( iht < If 1 I 1 1 n \ 1 , 1 Iv il lilt — 111 t 1 IS ‘ w 11 " d tin i ) lit w< 11 1 lo 111 I IS r in 11 I 1 1 n in t «■ 111 m t ml ( u,^])t to In lit ll 0 n ihin,^ ( t its iiMh nr^ il c nin ti 1 with ll nlii mi 111 1 v wdl I))} 11 t lu \ It iiitul d w III ‘ L t 11 • n IS In iin m i l I r ] s 1 I n M ml 11 1 1 1 i wli 11 il h nr lh ni 1 u hi i „Iv i 11 n I tint ll 1 n >t ‘ w 11 , ’ ^ d lh t 01 n tin mi t 1 1 loi ll ll w 11 tin iwclnvi ihi pi 1 m tmalor' ir^ninnit ~ * w ut i litll 1 iL ill nil H Its It ' in 1 tin u um itit Imhtoi) ] ei n litv Ils ill till J >1 I ('hmci.ll)i 1 t ihl nnn ind i must hi h nitnd il I M 1 ll III sit lh n hr nil! Iv t lights, ig I win n ht li i pul I 1 I ll ll idi''uin o* th i^ I ik n 1 r lo kt w 11 ilon is n mh I ] 1’ I th n tin V till Us Shw ind nn,' lu will do it h> ^k^^l m l tlu picvirbnl ilihv of ili b 1 n lim„' t > th kliv 11 1 ii\|io\iiniu ^ii I ill this will, 1 I Is ll luin I in i 111 , iih vilhiiiii. In es n 1 wi ttd In. Itli in I on di i ni f f i 1 t W np^i'-vdl) o 1 vl k ) \ 1 )i in/ of it ml v lu st 01 1 \ inlit it i is n inltrnnn 1 nit wh h fills h ]i utils f •- til • of 11 thii Muld in \i Ilf I t m I I of Clini i\ s ill t mis 11 jts 1 1, ^n ill istn riii Pnt h ^ oiisti utim Mill It 11 inn wi I II Ml w u i 01 t 1 n II\ 1 I iiid dll It wi n h IS 1 )« I Cl i t 111 k i h Ml » I ^ ‘1 it ^ lit iftiiaivih r a htlU b( t'lr th u, tnt ]nt no IS ‘ will," Imtfviry tmu i pi iposition IS iindf t^i iinprovtim rit tin ginrdi 1 1 lion bristles up his m in •Mil lislusl ss 1 s with his t 'll I IS h ;,iiwlsimt ‘ Lei well aloin ' Lu unthtw ( ith r w h vt 1 f ir I ihi't ^rowl ^0 ofltn, and have found bv 1 I ilio! of la \ IS, lh ill 1 1 111 11 h ( It \ 1111} 1 of J t I P lion n, s iioiii I of ( o m itti Is II ll 1 i ’ It IS till Ih It thn ( Inv cc n 1 iM d to iinke OIK here, and wo shall be still bottec off when Uiat remedy is applied. And then wc are told that itsM dangeroUA to meddle with existing iniciests — that our rulers arc quite ready to correct all proved abuses, but the baianec of interests must be maintained. And so we are kept in a ptipeluil see-saw with this balance, ihe Opposing ends always trying to make the other kick the beam --the result of this jusdy -poised baUuee being, not only what neither party seeks to gain, but admetbing else^ whleh both parties would have gladly a\ oided. Let us gire a praetieal Jllustration of the w onderfiil working of this iiutly-adjusted balance. We will suppose Lord John Russell and Lord Dei by, liukod aim-ui-arm, nicely adjusted as to physical strength, walking up Pailiamcnt Sticet. BY Fnri>i.nirK Enoch 1 II » ical hie ot eartlx is Lom A nl pofu 1 the Uiicnunt an 1 ikail AVIiuli ovina no riilimiiv frum ubuve 1 > the puOi WL titfud I The house IB hut in atiuiturc plain Ai ll in i ! 1 L 1 the su lut >0 in In hi h 1 i I VC 1 (pbL I ll rou} h ] uni 1 V da 1 ui (,li uin Jhi alnr lotKiui which V))nl wthc Wili 1 tlu iiL it III iruiMi 1 dt , SciUitilii) ii mhw miivd iku<« 1 It i th ) iI, hui Miw Till III us it V M ri t ll So h I Mihi wh (h h nil ij f 1 ho u V lipht I iiicnig tl 1 ji tho raui Oi i lull 1 ru I wi wti t ' Ai i ( ver doth one bciuis f A It I SI cct 1^1 inoHs to The pi ici , Kii sad ( idolon -but to live A splrtt nfic In graeo Unit uui iKOlti tt will bt long 'Ihe abrino of ineinorlof rich oiul deep Wliidi wake tlu old love trc«k and strong Ihc niw ont liom Ktadiep ^ iCho lid, wnh all its huM ofioj 1 rom wheiiro Ihi new of higher hope, Tain 1 uiiilcd i 0111 lift s allo>, Sours to a lot at r coupe Vnd of I UI iivitiu>rii.s do we riuiri \s J l h with ill W IN SI U BtUllC, rilli K l repMO b) whiili WL ucai Ihvjov tlirougli grief lipthiuvrii Whili wilh thnt Bpirii life ibovt In Oiought Lc nniuning, to and fro, I pon tl c la Idcr of our love, God 1 ant,i. U tome and go MKMORY OF ANIM\L 8. c\p riem * thu hi n v ». d d i >t ‘ It well mn ” we contrived to m ikt il idinblv “b< tti r," so til it We ii bee m ratlii r callous to the giowliiM of fhi lin ish lion Me kok up< n h 11 i a v ly useful sort ul inmnl hut one who duis m t <li irlv unikisf 1 id 1 1 > n intcrcstb, and requires to h ive 1 iv food piociircil for him, and hi dm kipl Hem hy better intaiis thin he muld do for buns It w^th hi* " let will ilone" growlmgs But, tin 11, tvm time wr prop ih some iinpiovonu nt the friendn oi the Biitinh lion shout nit, ‘What are you itter , can't you Mel well alone,’ what is the nnttei with >011 7 wlnt woiil 1 you have 7 Look at he pi opk* of France, with thin libertv equality, and fraterni'y, see what thit has come to! You ire much hctlir oil* than tlu J Then * Icl well alone’ Look at Vuslna, with its fathnlv gjvtrnmcnt, and Uu- ii, with its knout, and Spam, wilh its monks , md Italy and Ihmgarv, and all otherstates — aic you not much better off than thev •' ' Let well done,’ your prospiriiy and liberty are objects of envy lo tliein , your tb<ititutionB are the iiiodeU wlaoli they endeaVourto imiUtG. ' Let pell alone ' ' ’’ All tl.v* IS very true, but it Is nothing to Ihe purpose We are better off ilnn th^'y, bn' t?<®f improvimcnt suggested la to remedy an existing evil even liiii iiiiniiK hive inemon jh ])if>v(il hv (very da> s e\p(ilcncc, from the hcini ig< ot Ifonur to (lu pr. unt pto a c time UlyRscrt’s dog remein- b n 1 liini itlii i till M It’s lh itui, vvluii faithful Femdopc had even for- g >tt( 11 )ii< foiiii mil (• atiiiLS A fl >g t ikiij ihret hundred miles fiom Pondi- cliiiiylmnl his nay hack ihiotigh a loadless country, and an Alpine )i isiiif biiMight trom 1 niMcbonig, on tho borders of Switri Hand to Calaia, util illy rctuincd from tlu sia-coist Annin Is have humanity also, and one oi the 1110 t (inimnt physicnns now m London, a insii of enlarged, phtlo- s {hie inmd ml pioh md ihuivilion, m ivls n])( n it tint V have "coii- s 1 III luvness ' 111 I ites pf sitivilj tint a young iiirievtr hitih, named I Fun) which ) jMsses i.ivii iKgkcts m op{>oitunity of upiiiing iny I fitili liieh she nuy h ivi coinniitt d and tluJiniitid ohservailon of the I wiiiji it thn notiri < u film the ]i iiitd doetoi 's f xpi 1 m nee 'i li it animals j J 1 m V ll 1 1 lie js hi von 1 a qiiesti m The Ijliphmt at Lxctci ’Chaiigt h h en kii wn 1 > oht iin t sixjineu through the igcney oi puie gcninelncal (1 duet 1011 "ll n Ml was placed out of his leich hy a eh mop visitor to the j ’iuni.,ini hut tlie ik\|dnntwAs not lo be dis ippointi d With as much iciiiMO J'. A ha^It of judicious early obedience bocuies a child fiom a tendraey to break the laws of his country when he becomes a man. An gi eat (aiminals have bs( n self-viUed and disobedient m oliildhood , othenvisei they were badly trained— that is to say, badly educated. 412 ’ . , ONWA<,D!— PO-E TICAL QUO TATIONS. ONWARD! Acoufilic R^pnRTlNO Apparktu' — \t the new liw courts Lntrpool, a<;eordii)g to the loc»l Timiftt tube* of gotta pe rtlia will piobably bt fitted up between tho reporter!* boxes and the bench, and bar of the Nisi Prius ( ouit, —a noisy one, it appears, in whuli the reporttri aicpl icid so aii to he unable to hear connectedly whdt la going on TuiSCALOKic Lnoini.— rhe PfashitigtMi hin^taph states that the now • Mechanical Motor,’ jnvtntid bv ProfthSor Solomon, is to be applied to the propulHion of a boil of 1 >0 or 200 tons, wlmli is to run from that cU\ to iWtimoit and the tastdii citnt, m the (Oiiise of a few wm ks The engine in which the new motoi is to In ipphtd, will otriipy but forty fi\t sqnaH ftet of space in tb( vtbsci Pkrii-k ai Mo I ion After m us oi ’ mathemutK al 1 ibour «ind inrttbc> POETICAL QUOTATIONS. APPEARANCES APPEARANCFS dcOCMVC, And till 0111 m\im ib a standing rule — Men arc not what they Kocm ^Itavard's Standrrheg Ml Iiki mi not foi my compleMoii'— Ihe sludow d lui i\ of tin biunish d SUU\| Uu whom 1 im t mi^hboui, mil nctr b\|j^ Vmt ptti i MnrmSti qf Vtme» ^011 li IM slander'd intuic in my form, NMuch, Ir soc\ei rude c\ti rioih Is yet tilt ( utr ot 1 1 iiici mm I J h IM t > 1 f 1 ub i of 11 mnocenl child mntiial n‘ults, says an \merican pupci, “ i^otcBSor Millih, ot Ko(li(stii,l I S , b IS comph ted, and baa now in constant operation a sell winding dock, wbidi d( termmes the siconda, nniiutet., boms, days, wiekh, and yt ir of tiiiu, with iml tiling iciuracy, cuntmiiing m ronstunt moti ui hy itself, luxtr ' lequiriiig to b( woundup iicior luiming down hut moMiig peipituiliy o Jung as Its lornpoiients e\ist J..MNiN<i OrfNiNo OI nil Ofoio K VI Ml SUM PuivniLiy — V ithaksptre t Ktng John lliii I i' r 1 diiM Ml in thee caplam , All! ilif iu,li tint nitm with i hi nitrous will 1) th ( It ( li I 11 I 'ut I I) yi t pf thee 1 w )l 1 I VL til ) I li 1 t I mind that suits M iih this ihv 1 11 i d i I 1 cli ii titer S f I rt 5 Intffth flight memorial by woikuig nun being about to bt uidicsstd to Sii Heiiiy Dc la Bcclie, requesting th It tlu museum miglil bi opened two ir tlirn fvtniiigs 111 each week tor bdicof ot woikmen, Su lit my bus tans d it to bt mtimitid to the proposer ot tin intended mcmoiial that the nd lihoinl ixpenst or trouble in attendance would be no hindraiui, but that the specimens rt illy require to be seen by daylight, a consideu itiem which will uei issirih limit the time of evening openings to summer The subject liowevn, is itiljl I under eiviHideiatiuii jNini-Aai- oy \ihitoi(s vr iiir Ukiiish Mi sm m IT ivmg stati I tliiir WAiith, ihi iiiihtecs ol Uh iliilisli Musium inloim 1 iiiiiio iil that tiicv have done during the pist vnu 1 list ni ill tbiy show bv I btilii stitisties that the numbir ot visitorH in lb d w is ilotibh thit of TS'/O ind fir mot than duiibl thnl of mv other yiai 1 he fi^uu nt ilirming In Ib'iO the doois ot the Murium admitted 1 (MiS S(m visitu nud in 1851, tin Mine doors admitted 2'>2l-,75t visitors oi alivi i million more viaitors Such, gentbmen, sny the tiusteis i ih men ising lopuhntv of our estab liahineut— snppoitod, as you may ace ly tin lumyjlxi o( visits midt to llu ileading loom, Print i loin md (iilUnis of S ul\|tuii (vet tl e made m the preceding yt us ' (/HIM ( I o( K or' nil ( m i vr Pvivii flu S i thw irk Piving Hoard h IV itissnl uf< 1\ d I ) crei f Mr Hi nni tt s it c h < k -so wi IT known I I il I visit )]«. ot tin ('ivst il 1’ il i c - it llu pine non of stu is on tin aoutli sidi ot TiOiuloii Htulgc i lie tower to coiitsm thr clock will I eot c ut lion and gli s, and in gimiil hum not very dis i nit ir to smu ot the iiiiirket ( lossc M It will St md ibout lit ithi^h, md lx buimountiu bv in elegant 0 ( tag ual open woik Bpirc ot JO fici linking n tr t il h< ight of >2 tut 'J lie positi m c bos( 11 f r tin town vmII ill w thednis wliu h w ill be ot gl i s and about si\ h i in dimutir — to lx distiudlv visilh loth 1 y night aiid bv dav ovei 1 on Jon ITiidgi^ and as far as Union Street m tl Hoioiigli as well as down Moohy Sinct, and along the appro ub to th^'tirrnmi if ilic Hrigbton and Dovii flf“T»iVP A Niw Jill -Some ciiiuus expeimicnU have hewn n acU at tin Pulyicchiiu Institution to lest the ri ult'« it i r ci nt iiiv«uti n of l)r Hiulilullicr for which] itiitshive Ixincbtiiiud by th nyiiitci md Mi N Diliies ihe iiiycntum consists m th hulstilutnn of ttmi piicts ct iiiethl m thf place ot coils in flic ],i itis— win h h ing ictccl on I y i mu ill ut of gas, mmu ill lie ly become ltd hot mil ernil a \| rodigi xis degne ol heat The hniiu which is producid ly llu puper but yiiy himpU mu »p,e inrnt ot tlx {,is co cperntin^ with th nut il i lunmi.giyen tiu ippcinneC of a brisk and eluntul coil hie, iid c u s ir ly be dMtmgnisbc 1 from it Ihe 111 at can be rcj^ulited by tun iiii, tlx c( k ol the gis tube Hi is n< deposit of BOOl, no s noke ii ir any ot tin aim ly in< is which nttemd coil fur and the gaa can, it u sul, 1 cxtiiiguislud / /ra/i or llu fire kept is lo us may be convenient lin PvKis Crisial Pvlvli -M Mi IicI C hevalui, oni.e a loiiiinlist now a nonvlor at Pans his put f iih i //< t r ilx 1 lench Lxhionhm of 18 3 T, being also one ojeiied to tl i iidnviiy no 1 arts ot ill iiilions M Chevalur vayn to the Ficn Ii ' \oii n ly mIimU >ieii''i talent from youi Kxhibition but e »n you do the sinx oujl t timts of the v oiIiW Jt is tluic whcicthf gie it cfiilest ol comjict non and pal mmv is decided' ’ M Clir yalier enjovs the paituular iclvmti^i if lx mg T,ri. lie 1 ^ , 1 know not wbit, Ot gic itn s m bn 1 ol- m 1 c t ing i file lint lim st IMS Ml Jiiyhn \f imUgC a la Mode I lilt ]^1 roiiiv o itsi(l( I kf i rusty chest, ( out 111 s tlx shii mg til isiiic ot i soul Kl i1\c d m 1 b» iM * iJnphn \ Dtn Sihiitiuu \\ I ninci s to s 11 b i niy e ire s tl ii^s s, I in ii^ht in m tin wlnl they in < In irinll > Risctad AI 1 1 Al Si III sud ml still s xmd ot w itcis d(i p II (iisL to itiuui t ehoed t > bis w ids ip] laiisi i liii) di the 1 1 11 t best Afilt n » Pdifir/rw I o»l N s on I h d if Mu i^bl\ leiad 1 ut all 1 lx n iillitu 11 t iij;(ls with 1 hot i 1 lid s tl III null IS with III numb i sweet \ ll 111 1 1 si \ MSI tlelll ^ )OV lx ly n Illll^ \\iili I ll i1 r II I 1 )i d ho Al 1 is till 1 1 ll 4 I I ll ll If 1 ) IS 'l/z/tc V Pi / I C 111 cj ill n >11 I s 1 I k ^ till iiq J> ( I * d I Bt III eou ll ] le s ll n llu unit) el » loiec Is Ids' mi loll t 1 I c iti d si oi t th it i i e \ oui 11 mx t 1 aM n I f I Vi\0 / /. NUMiltllVL FU//ir t I count four h Iters, hut mv last two aie the same My first i* twenty times each ot these two ind iny second cannot be made less. My whole it seen on lull top and by river siele — M I B < ANSWERS TO 'HIE PASTIME OF LAS'? EVENING, TBANSPOBlllOMf Barcelona. 2 Huddsri.ficlil S Arabia QUERIES 1 Tlia flrit woman sold 49 eggs St SHVcti for a ponn}, and rocsired aavonpence, tbo second sold 28 at the fame rate and received fourpence, the third sold streu of hers, and received a nennj In tho course of the day the dimand greatly inrreaaiog, they lold the remainder at /hraepanet each Tlit first had one egg for which she reoehred thTtO) enee— making tenpenoe with what aha had recened for tlio 49 sold before the leeoud bad two egge, for which she rccefred aiX\|>enco<— makiog tenpence, with fourpence recened far Qie 2\|m and the third, having three em, sold mem for nidnpence Xhiis, eeoh wswon toU her eggs st the lont rate, and etch rtoelved tenpence for her lot. PICTORIAL ENIGMA Page 397 2 Ihe pges of the children were nliio and tlirte CONUNDRUMS 1 Beciuse they ere never wltheut an Old haul 2 A cow herd s (coward s) 3 Docaiise t) eir emperor ean moke a mandarin (mnii dirIng) whenever he likee 4 At Boulogne (bowl on) 5 Becaune they belong to the Taunt on fratern ty ^. 0 Becaun it la plate hid (plated) LMGMATirALI Y PllES‘«>U EX- I Bla^kiip I GuintThiii ) ’ itt I ted breafct I Wheat ear ImaiitATfov. s King fish es 7 Sumo epekt 8 Red itoft. •^9 PireUfl. 10 Whlis-tlimai. 414 MISCELLANEOUS SCBAPS. OUB COBNEB OUPBOABDI OUB MEMOEANUUM BOOK! A ikUiET oonseienca sWps during tilmndcr. The gay soul oj dtHipation seldom ha* a ihotight unstlfislL Tfrny ore good waoluHom like famtirtgll^cs t They want cnnymg out. They are ill diaooverera that tlillSk no land when they can kcc noting but sea. ^ The boy who imdertook to ride a horferadish, is now praetising on a s&ddlc of mutton, without stirnipa. When is mau, hkc fiiond-hip, moat severely tried? When he Btnuls a loan, WiiFN is a person's mouth Kke a public paik ? When it contains acvn il ad^rs. To Tvint branch of gnuninar do duties on into\|cie ting ors belong ? To lyn/ax. T ^N Irish paper says, that wmindul at Waterloo, uaa Major O Kncn, t\fterwar48 Mayesr df ]«p\|lk Wi are never move deceived thnn wHSe we gnvit) for gunln s , solwninty for Seicnco, and pompovity for i nidi tica. Doiins says he marks hia hogs ditlbientl} fnnn oihcr p/ople, -lul x in ‘cjl them OB far as ho cau sep them. He outs Dnee ]M( os oil their t uis, j hilt olhora cut but ono, Dk Johnson coinnircd ihe pluiuiifT and diimd an aciinn it liw to two indi diiekingdJbMDir heads m a biiel^ek and dinng ci h otltu to km nn longest iin ler water, A I ANKV Irish peasanti on a little tagged pony, was dcnndiring tlirough enc of thtt hogs so eommoti in his Ohpntfyf win n tl c mim il. in i H irts to push tWough, got one ol hil loot iito tho siinnp “Ali' now,’ sml tli ridci, “if }ou me going to get tip, ;i's tune for iii 1 1 g(t d wn ‘ A DurciiM\N w IS rehling his niaivdlou, rsnpi linn drovting, vh ii thirtcon ol his roni)Mnioiis wtro lostb^ tin upsrUing (I i 1 utt in i hi ilotn was saved. “And how did )Outhri\|n thin Lii ’ “ asl < 1 out il 1 is lu in i “ 1 did not go in the IxmI," wns tlic Dtitchnun luonio i<\|]> ^t'lTbifoK going to hi d tiiki two pn^'s t< et iml iliiidpit. In le-s. ih m an hour you will sn i Miaki 1 rger llTin n hiw ir, divounnt eight hlii hMred children, who have tust escaped tmn i inoin'tir with koucI evts and a red-hot ourcoat, Tiiiodohi IIock wss w Iking, in the dais of \\ iii n’ hluking wlu i one ot thi I miss irn s ^>f sinning ihiiiiUi hii n n < n a w ill ** Ii> W iireii's H/' I ut Ind bun tnghti III il fiom Ins } r )\| iht\ i I l!t I ‘Tht rest IS said Hook, ilmosi In tore he saw it, A MAN, who had by a fall bioUni ono ot hi" ids, was men mig ibi rlriMimatanoi tlio otlui dt> m a city cilUc Uoust, iiid disciiitn^^ the pmu ho felt. A Candid \dmission — An ignorant lilliv, who waa about to fft laariied, nsoUid to make ImnseM ptiltct in the itsjion is of tin i "Nigi aorvioc, Imtb^ nnsuko hi loirned the ofltoi ol Hiptism loi those < Hipu Years, mo, whin the clcigvinm askid him iii tlu clnnili, '^Wilt thou hi\i this woman to he th) wuldul wile?’ the hridignom ans\ m 1, m ii \ii\ soliTYin tone, “1 renounce v’hcni all” Jhc asionislurt nnni'^trr a-'id, “ I Roar — Pioftswr Agassiz, in « Iccturo upon tb«4r«es of AmetLCOf stated a remark abb fact in regard to tile family pi the tbiiCt whicli inottidea among its varieties, not only many of the moot fUmrers which luv known, but also tho ucbeiit fhnts, ottob W dhfi PidP/ peach, plwno, upricot, cherry, «traivbeiT^, b}Bckh«i!»p^ i tiknutlg>^tli,at m IbMi^ or flmts in- longing to this fiiinDy hiivo cm been diaeoverca bj ysmirftfai t Thfs ho iigardcd du oonoIiSitvc CiiiTcncc that the introdiictionnn of plants upon ihij earth Vay coeval with, or subsequent to, the croaim of man, to vviio^e comfort and happiness they seem especially designed by Providence io iQAtribute, CoNrsNEKTAL CLfMAi Fs -It 18 a grand mistake to believe that any of our neighbours aye much better than ourselves in xbSn reapeot If tfcljbbe, it is more in thp fac^hat the order of the tfeaspna U more Tegiilau nMthat the pnrt'biildr character of the time has fbi^r variations than in M^andb So much is this the case that we appreciate perfectly the di&tmotiqn a fiUietgnei 111 ide to ns^th it I ngland has wenthei^ hut no climate; meaning that even iniiginAhle rhsnge la at all times pos i hie, and that for four weeks of Juno III mil wind, we iftin art rnpiitid with a JUeooinher that even >i plos mig^ t envj It n > I o it down as ceitai^ (hit except in a livv fivourod ^pots along iho shoua ot the Mtditerrauum 4pd m Sicily, our winters are iiijncrthnn those of the Coidincnt. A Paiia T^ntC^Js A yflo compound of I Id sinih, damp, fog, md foul 81111^ ^Brussidfi <19) U aHtl^pEMcding, plus mIli t and stoini A German wintisi lA an nirhif ojf stOves, ctfiiSlliro win d V s, fur mantles, and foot-warmera, fibzen tonntaina, and no even C011U or thud da). Itily haa a dozen climates, MiHl, all rai\|\|^d wiml luiiii loth. V s4i HI 1) H ^ id 1 I the* pjiii ipl of iiistuc foniris flu ha is of ivery tl m uti , in I 1 ill tl < Cl nilu t of Ihe npnght man of busmiss 11 rs 1 1 in I ( ] Ml 11 I lu > t ill nt ') 1 thi g 1111 sslv 1 1 11 I hum I fl 11 ’ d\ to (To \h it I f c in tasily ilo li niself. ki 1 ■» I V ivt’ I ^ m ns I u p r pi ii 1 favts 1 1 ilm ^ 111 ill 11 ih ♦ oi ght to he ikne, and which circuinstanc s } 1 It hm 1 ) d Klip Ind i„i •* iiuP 1 II e ss fioni the Ml w ot others Is uiiii pi and il cihiVL \ 1 li Ills ciistomiih, lud dots not over tiaik his i ipit it Ih till shill 1 1 dlls to l>nL,(iis and c nh ta rudit at nil times, tiilu i in I ivin^ Ol tllin , ami smill j lotiis in cicdit i .scs with little risk, to (he ihaici.if’ tti r pan wiih i In/ ird ]Il 1 (Un tl I t.\] 1 r it in ill nib lur.^ tins L I nothin^ ot cons j rme lo n ti rv wliuh he can nnd ought to coiuii 1* 1 w 1 ilm Ki IS (ojiis (t III hi iMDortmt klliis whi h he set ils awav, and Ins ( IV 1 <1 mvouci i\r, Itloi^iug to his hiisiiu , titUd, elissid, and put u at Tscvci sulk IS 1 IS disk I i nfii id h) minv piptr* l)ing upon it Is ah V It tlu head of his hiismesB well knowing that if he l^avts it, it think )ou arc a fool,” to which he nplicd, Ail this I stem laatl) izhtve ” “ 1 iiiiND,” said ft sharp Quaker, lo a man with a move ot lio^s—‘ hast any hogs m thy drove with largi hoius? ’ • Yis, ' upllinl the diovci, “ (h<7 .dl have ' “Hast my with long ht ids iii d slmip nost '\ts, they all have” “Hast anv with bug cats, like those of the eUphnt, hanging liown o\ I r ihtir ') PS?” “Yes, all my diovi an of thkt dcsciip- tiou, and will amt von ixaotly ” “1 rithir think they wouldn’t suit me, fWend, if they nro such as thou describcbt them 'Ihou ina)st diivt un ” Ax^a small town in thcSNcstern bt Ucs, where Jenu) I ind ai Bamiitn had stopped to rest, ilie lii’ti told tlu lolks, that if they would ia.se 1500 dollars, he would let thtin heir Jenn) smg Thu pioposition was agued to, and A large bartt was proem* d Ah Ituny wsa singing tho “ Bud ''Ong,** a tali fellow, who seemed to Uiutk ht hid hetn “ soitcr,* liiaving v. Ke<ps a inimoiandum-booK iivius pocket, m which ho notes every parti- ciiUi n-lativc to appointments, addresses, and pitt) c bh matters. Ib ( lutious how he becomes secuiity fot aii) person; and is generous when urged by moUves oi humanif). , Let a man act strictly to these h^its; wlun once begun they will bo easy to continue in— ever rcniembciing Jpiat he hath no profits by his paina whom Brovidenoc doth not prosper— and success will attend his elTorta. Take pleasure in )our busmess and it will become your reercAtion. Hope for the best, think for the worst, and bear whatever happens. ORUSHS Rf C P ni- D B\ n MAXBEItR CO J advertisements.* \|9l, NlCMOIASIANfi tOMiAAM L 8TASKT1 LOITDOIf: Aandeli ^Jvda§ MAocABicva THE OJmoJjr Pmm, witlliSB )r vUSai, \rovEjJ.0fB i/^mcALtBEsms ^ ' --Oetgro atUlMt r BAinu'* Inari t« Siai><> t M MeMlah if Wkv iWB»« U * SJ » - n<> M «« 6d J(«htllS,f«.41dt jQfhatidf M -dR tn iirogtdis HiniHi Citaltloii •*« Thiw MfUdfEy Jt ( oivDOft 8atM» U»tmrA9Emnvni 69 paivnaatT. AL rnjL^wmmWr SoKo AM^ fovirar <^te9i)0ica p«ttta^fN« i^a {ladny aunifa r.ADIES’ BOKHETS, <k tha most FkihtonaMa fctodf ^ thi ^iHtehl and bfit anUtlali , U modVAta prfcoi Mliiatarr B^jinalfi lOfcOd Mowrofav BoanfUi, Pattnt tfspf fa Od to I81 6d Dui»tK%l9s 1# taldl 64 PanwStrafpd id to iSi 6d Mnawfaotvjror Si7\| lottenhnm ^ ont Ro 1 THE NR\f ' • rt «ip Mtent »fadl(J«v» ^ M yat hMin 1 1 Af i » RATlVBt ^ .._j dwkyathMn Inoari SUrWS^lICBNiHAIRl BAr^VMllcStMMMLVl IJ AtteniUro l<»Tnii1^ Mid c 0 letdnte I to fiifcnruMte faitiridT th Jgfe « f n ert v 1 alo al Bpea ty anti f&fa ffuotmh Ni niir) 11 1 unmio Olmtnent 11 unr vollfd in aaea of arr fu a t 1 UM badlfRi (({naMAiif a%oti nt kc M I Ifaal fl I Refill Ifa^ot tf {tot n H \ in r 01 ! 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I OR \OXJNO lOiII J AigT Many N v r d \ III 1 Mai a Sx riKS or 1 u n CoiNTans~l t i8 I r 0 ’d V 1 11 1 jr N I II 1 llir of r,Rl.Nl)I VIiniR WIIITIiriADS ' ^ ( \1 LCIllSMs dig d lo uikr tl 0 Ac J r ii r t f Ls f I Kn wlcdgp I y tl e Yo ng a J by B b lor* f 1 Aff A tHsy aid j ea lie Cal rh bmh ore lul 1 e I M n h pacli t in ng 12 pagM crown 8 I uatri 1 by nuintr 1 Pitgr ms lie jnco f 01 h it 1 1 i iCAt Wrappw 11 ( t cl tun w 11 b 11 1 S 1 ud 1 t Jh \ I I eaepb . N . Cl lUtuTT atMflea ^ M art. ( t 1r 1 Opiloi JtAc Inc u .Hydtitt t V goii b o rny J o.y ad B t i •I fli A nal 1 o u^y Ana njn / ubm Ah ) 8 1 J ( K 8^1 Metall r 1 A he « I A • M A * In ir mru a Ar Ar ford llodRSTdv fe SroNruAN 69 laternostcr Row CoHtly tl J habit a» 0 y 1 wao co i buy For tl 9 apiMiri.1 oft ^ rotlahne ll e man -^NainM 1?\ TRY WEEI -DRESSED MAN KN0XV8 how diflk It it a to find a tllllMr who ilotougl V uodcraiandf tlo je ulianties of tjoh 9ptto in 1 ran suit IN re^ttlntiobuti « th a wall cut x« itlgtAmV tti y Itar ent in frhkh en e at 1 late bung iq^lly r Larded, tbo e) ffte bnetv r a idemode thjtagnMful pir ct while ibc comfort of tl p v oarer I* WLured Ileuge 1 1» U at so few fdet ** at home* A iriiib the flrot la> a -tear of any newgan leOt dti4B> many are apparently d ittilMi t appear ifi dlSBmi however boitl> tl ataeveiTcanhfCdtati ft laiged to their forma 1 Mpme ly 0 mai it«»t ideroamty lu eCt me FRMPFRfClB^FOX adopU tbla mrtna of mkfiMUtnowa ^hat haa j^ifaHloaUi ttpdie4 W\|\|\| gMm m d fHeMon m their tmat japmaMlk^va BMaiijM M tn ibe coarfc of an etfai^vp W ^otfiod v«.r> cDDcelrahto deidliflidttant dnrlnrngh p^ cblrieen ypi 1 alwayr adapting the fannem^ father goal waiat* ( oftt or trottion to the at gei ri» of ita ind Mual wearer,. I It ii In end d to lerve, thul Invariabiy HOME COMl?A}riOir PORTFOLIO. life strottjiy racppl^epd to oog tpbmtlln at ttAn gf rioir# doaraaivioir ** lor dha preae' atbm of ^e VifeUf MvmbMe dr Ih# UpBthly Pftrtf at# made with etmci# pol^ at the >ic)C\| te iKolh 'Fifty two ^umben, « Timlv# WToMhly Farb, wfiicb jampilm oikVoiupia At the end of .paph year they may he Ukan o^it and Inmnd end Obi FdriiptMa mop ba empfoyed t« piwafava thef Mumbere or the 1l4Q«Miug Y^dm# 91i«-Frio«fitWdBl\|iaat^ Xhe dntj^ Hill belijytd by tjkWjptgiPfXAlioh of (h# ^dluBorf .wWtr bergaf^. fadf bd dlAini4 to obtain Th\|Wt* JljljpU beautifully embaa\|l4« 0^ i^lunibiiated wRh Mlvelf, ^ bew llpyendoff ^utrbdum diy LsTontoiti Sow qooes It ll an ornament for tbe^drawiuh-ttm ta\|j\|a — Order ^ any Boohiel^ ^ ^ MA1\|Ka 6y FR KSBMA TITE I HIST FOUR VOLUMES Or THF hAMILi PRILND, Pure Sa Bd each* el f a tly 1) u d IRrm a f on plate FiratScnea witkageie al Ir lex u ( e < o tentrt f the hour V Ittn ee orringe 1 9 1 alpl abet oal or er ind coigj ns ng about Ihrce 1 h uinnd k vo llui dri 1 r f^noay^o matteri of every day 1 terc t and uti ity —Sold by all BgukieUeri 7 lion llovrarov ftVroNiMAK tJ Patemoiter Row PllUK ANNmUNCIMLNr AN AM> >N1IRLTY ^ ^ Np stock 01 W Ainu S f r 1859, by EDWARD C RAh 1 ON ot 81 Fleet ttfeei fmhraclng all the m provciT nti rMulting fbom tl 0 Great JSjthH tioa, at pric e 20 1 er OPnt otmapey that any ll er hotfF Ladies OoldWatohee 6 8 Idirand 12 gumtaa Oeitlanidni Dlt\|e 7 t IRandUgul cai Sll er Ditto ^ 84 td B guinea! luioh watph Jmihlly rxami «d faid its perfor nance ruafantM I\|[\|fafb1\ihad ka uftetmY FlatfPwfaect Kow PuFt M fpg prfet id , THE, PLAGUE 01 BEGOAltfi; nnd the purpoeca attaining eleganoe f fit w th t) al regard fn* erOiopiy which the M ttit of the age dictates — r FOX prvtioai tailor 73 Cornhfll, same eile of the way as the Royal Exchange IK# , I^o'IvdI HltA I« ifilxVAtLdl# Coiournfnt anfaChandlOi Kfng4pin Ipion 40 Duiilbp StrSot, I DfextiMlva Eisavwas r VbVpied In ^ \f 1 1848 and Wii Mf^Altd in Him 4EM6\|# Compattl n N 18 w th th# p§rwSSm<A of me.pidiilmm ot J?rai % ltd ow isMwd In tb# IMu 0g s wiadpMai, wt i f tt Id t o s ai d e#Wi6iwili E f$w4tlffl^^ fa Hie 1 0 1 at ne ole it gmntKMf lOtaSd'## the ev IH m t exp h s wBl tak« MPpe I# pfac# it iwth# bands ol tl c u addicU I Co th# fo#ll\|\|b and fnisehttro 8 ] r r c $crw$tn lie alt legtHnf Knitr a. li, Uolborni, Louden rjwr-omS AR- OAce E«\|ii)aitlbn : CauBFAWTov may be . In one paroel tbiMfera to from \ro. 68 of the EAMAy FRIEND. Prim id eontains«Jfa6kai^fa«,H\|ti^I Rie Third lUwAW awo oxKUA Cavt^i'.m 4W« Praa OJkw ^Broblem and Oaniat tjhNImst# liWhlMii VIT Cocoa a«d ixa AvirimAnioViA^ MpeNm Memifula Mew — Glaantnaand Dlglntaditli^ fad^Tif ttaehrtTa dfWfmeimi^Vdifi^’ifannerv O^^Kfamjbor Buh opsa TnHee— T\|Maplma Nodfai '—UuobBoberffe Marry Makinge — bnigraq^ Cpshiadmuie, fac r AwswBnLfa l&qti mas fti ~>»A'FewTfiief fa the Boeei t^e Crop of Acoma ; Wishes and Rcahtiif. ^efawg# ■ I fa fai dy ather W hits! eed a I eeturOs to liMio folk ^Hoariag The Bar Tale — Ihe Wurlle OpMunu oiv the HoarVe Jlrlids B trk Table Vnend — InitrbctlOns in Modetn F0krt4,ii«e P< t) t 1 see Collar Chemls^fa in UAiderfa Ane lalid— By Mrs PulUa Appandia — 'Rie Ed to* an 1 hia rtlanA >J0 83 of the lAMILY TUTOR, pr CO 21 contftlj 9 — * A Leat from a Teacher s N te Bo k Laktr»w ftABiaari — ftami>li(hoSfacle«n(U (2 iV7u t lint) Hints on CoAipoiition JbtfeofU eliev G orgp Cr 1 e Mitcellani u» —A Fathers Advlea to 1 IS 8## B 1 f* flue B of M s ollaneoili Rqadtug Cochineal lus on f I ffe 1 ii« IS1AD TALiaafAW— Aw EifraRN Iajib (S /B Ural Of f yiHR CuoiCM of a PtrAspiT yoa livs Wfaidpriul Chlldrca Apfitndtd —The Tutdf aiilhly P pUs > IMMiLI pastime, Vol. II., imco Is cunffti irg a ( I ristinas Idle, •. J a Now Asiort* n rn( flag nas < I irh les ftebuses, Conundnitna tti 1 tl s V ))«r 01 tho wl ole of tl 0 Family Friend Fria# ll lilg B \ p to tl e ei d r r 1891 are inerted, with tifatr one Lonio Ilgiuj.STO« ft SrovtuAV (5, Patempilev Row P101LL8 r An ION OF 3UE PARLOUR LlTERA lURL OF AIL NAllONS • Fetrdjf JO niin net/ Volume price 6« eleyantlu fntnamtnH f at a Meme ila of Tie Great Fghtbitton ». THE PARLOUR MAGAZINE p9 ttrr LirvairunB ov All Natiowi, Printed In tl L Crihtsl J s i « ll>de 1 xrk at MseJ ins No I 8, and 162 ( f us 0 Mo halt no doubt tMt t]iig x lumo of the PAAidirn MiOA/isr will be tnosured by many Aiture geneiwCfons I qo) le ilucked to tl e ( rystal Palace after its cloM an 1 eag ly 1 gMt u» nt pn nnotts pricptf art iloa tliat ha I been exl I itod tl ere th it they i iklit posMss toift# n# inento ol tjie Exhib tion Vre s pply uot only a work ex hibit d therein I ut one actually pioducad by machinery withm Its rristal holU ai 1 in the view of mllllous of spec tators i 1 e^ valu of our book will Uiereforo Inetoase with the adv mce of ye ra until it will be Teg irdedas ac inosity and u treasure — Ihese lulwines contain translattone of " Itersry i re isuics fr 1 t^e ^ and thjA seeora the whole SfcRIBS OF FAMILY MUSIC la an glegsnt fona and at a DfflSiif coet » London Hou&afoir ir Bvommav, 6# Palernueier Row CBIKCIB DAMIBII DDTCa yaKgrii oeoaoxAV oaauA*. •aBXK With original yofcxerr HI/SSIAN SPANim swcxnv TARTAaXAV, WBLSH BVO ntiroiaxAv BIMOOSTAMX IRISH irALlAW IIKXK AW MOUX.AC1IIAK yynsxAif , EawAxar Cor tnlyiHons by gefabrated nuthbri and choice sdan ations flronfme Amerlfan B#oh i^ume la ombelllsl &d by a superior Steel EogtitviiM And numerous Wood cuts LondoB Hou r aroH ft SfowsM a v, 68, Pnfaiowier lUir. M6 Ttl« EDITOE’S NOrU-BOOK.	28,195
cihm_05282_7	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,897	The Documentary history of the campaign on the Niagara frontier in 1814 [microform]	Cruikshank, E. A. (Ernest Alexander), 1853-1939 \| Lundy's Lane Historical Society	English	Spoken	7,364	9,494	On that day the left division of the Northern army lay at Chippawa on the south side of the creek, except the 9th Regiment, which was ported in and near the blockhouse on the north side of the Chippawa near the junction of the creek with the Niagara, in advance towanls the enemy. It was my lot to be the officer of the day. During the day the captain commanding picket No. 1 on the Niagara Road informed me that he had discovered the advance of the enemy to C(msist of one troop of the 19th Light Dragoons and two companies of infantry. With a glass, which was at the picket, the enemy were plainly seen across the bend in the river at and near the falls. They were at the house of Mns. Wilson, near the falls, and many officers in British uniform were to be seen. These facts were immediately related at headquarters. I was told the enemy could liot be in force, as they had thrown a large portion of their forces across the Niagara from Queenston to Lewiston. It was apprehended to be the intention of the enemy to advance up the river on the American «ide to Hchlosser. where our sick, ammunition and other stores then were. Not having the means either of transporting these stores to the west side of the river, or troops to the other side to defend them, General Scott was ordered to march immediately to Queenston with a view to induce the enemy to recroes the Niagara. I wa* L 336 immediately relieved as officer of the day, and ordered by General Scott to put my regiment without delay in light marching order. This order was obeyed, and in less than fifteen minutes General Scott's brigade and Towson'a company of artillery, and Captain Harris with a troop of U. S. and volunteer dragoons, were on their march for Queenston Having proceeded down the river about two miles and-a-half , we came in sight of the enemy's advance. General Scott now halted his column, which I ought to have before stated consisted, (in addition to those stated.) of the Ninth Regiment, which I had the honor to command, the Eleventh, commanded by Lieutenant- Colonel (then Major) McNeil, the 22nd Reginient, com- manded by Colonel Brady, and the 25th, commandeo by Colonel (then Major) Jesup, amounting, in all, according to the best estimate I can now make, to about 700 men. The Ninth consisted at that time of 150 rank and tile. The enemy immediately began to retire before us, but from the information of the inhnbitants it was thought they intended to give us battle. General Scott now ordered me with the Ninth Regiment to the left of the road, and to keep within supporting distance of the column ; having gained my position, the colunm again moved forward. After marching in quick time about half a mile and coming to a narrow piece of woods, north of Mrs. Wilson's and between her house and the village at Lundy's Lane, the enemy commenced a fire upon our advance, which consisted of Captain Harris' command and a company of infantry commanded by that gallant officer, Captain Pentlarid, of the 22d Infantry. The column was again halted, and I received orders to take my position with my command in the column of line. After this order was executed. General Scott detached the 25th Regiment, under the command of Colonel Jesup, to the right to seek and attack the left of the enemy's line. The Ninth, Twenty-second, and Eleventh Regiments now passed the advanced corps, by orders of General Scott, and moved into a smooth field on the north side of the before-mentioned woods and west of the Niagara Road. It was now about half-past five o'clock p. m. The enemy commenced firing upon us from nine pieces of artillery, (two of which were brass 24-pounder8,) and within canister distance. They also opened at the same time a brisk fire upon us from a heavy line of infantry, posted to the right and obliquely in front of their artillery. After advancing into the field so far as to have the rear of the battalion or regiment in advance clear of the woods. General Scott ordered " form line to the front." The right of the column being in front, this order wavS immediately executed by the echelon movement of companies to the left. The 22d and 11th Regiments moved in column until gain- 337 ing their respective distances, foriiied line in the same manner. At about the same time the coinpany of artillery, under the command Colonel (then Captain) Towson, an oiRcer above my encomium, was moved up and formed on the right of the Ninth Regiment, and by its frequent and incessant discharges highly animated the spirit of the troops. Under this formation the action continued for nearly an hour, when I heard that the 11th Regiment, being out of ammunition and their gallant leader. Colonel McNeil, severely wounded, and all the captains of that regiment either killed or wounded, had retired from the field. These facts were related to me by Captain John Bliss of that regiment, who, though severely wounded, gallantly offered his services to me, as did also Major (then Captain) Harris of the dragoons, his command being unable from the nature of the ground to act. I cannot forbear to mention that Lieutenant Crawford, Adjutant and Lieutenant Sawyer, as well as several other ojfficers whose names I do not now recollect, of the 11th Regiment, joined my command and rendered me very able and essential services, particularly these gentlemen whose names I have mentioned. Soon after the nth Regiment had retired, Colonel Brady of the 22d Regiment being severely wounded, and that I'egiment hav- ing also exhausted its ammunition, shared the same fate as the 11th, and many of the officers as well as rank and file joined the stand- ard of the 9th and fought the enemy with a spirit and desperation bordering upon desperation. I regret that the names of these officei"s are not at present recollected, and that I have not any docu- ments bv which I can ascertain them. Colonel Towson, finding, from the elevated situation of the enemy's artillery, that he could not bring his artillery to bear upon them, had nearly or quite ceased firing, and from at least 20 minutes before sundown the field was contended for by the enemy against the 9th Regiment alone and thase who had joined its standard. During this time General Scott sent his aid. Captain Worth, with orders to advance upon the enemy with a view to charge him. We ceased firing and advanced with supported arms until the order was countermanded, probably in consequence of the shattered condition of the nth and 22d Regiments. Throwing forward our right to meet the enemy, who were pressing very hard upon our left, the regiment again commenced firing more briskly, if possible, than before. A circumstance occurred during this time which, though highly gratifying, fills me with remoree to mention, and nothing but the honor of my corps would induce me to do so. The bearer of the battalion colore of the 11th being cut down, I presume those colors had fallen to the ground, and it was the peculiar good , 338 fortune of Lieutenant Otis FisHer of the 9th Regiment to find and raise them into the hand of the standard-bearer of the 9th Regi- ment, who was at that time Corporal Keniston, senior corporal of the color guard, Sergeant Dewing to whom they had been entrusted, (for want of a sufficient number of officers,) having been wounded and compelled to leave the field. Major Harris again c^me to me and offered his services. I desired him to inform General Scott that the rule for retreating was fulfilled. General Scott soon came and ordered me to maintain my ground, and gave me the pleasing information that General Brown was approaching with General Ripley's brigade and General Porter's volunteers. At this moment General Scott's horse was wounded and ren- dered useless. At about 9 o'clock, as I suppose from the circumstance of its then being dark, the arrival of General Ripley's brigade and other reinforcements was pnnounced. At this moment the enemy ceased their fire and retired from the field. General Scott ordered all the men of the 11th and 22d Regi- ments who couM be found to Vk? collected and formed into one battalion. While we were doing this. General Scott announced to us the capture of Major-General Riall, The men gave three cheers, which drew on us a shell from the enemy, which passed our line and exploded in the column of artillery commanded by Lieutenant- Colonel (then Major) Hindman and blew up a ca'sson of ammunition belonging to Captain Ritchie's company. A brisk and heavy fire of musketry informed us that General Ripley w^ith his brigade had attacked the enemy on the hill, with a view to carry their park of artillery. The firing on the hill soon ceased, and the battalion, composed of the 9th, 11th and 22d Regi- ments, being formed, the command of it was given to Colonel Brady, who yet continued on the field although severely wounded. He was assisted by Major Arrowsmith of the 23d. General Scott's Brigade-Major, Captain Smith of the 6th, and his aid-de-camp, Captain Worth of the 23d, Using both severely wounded and having left the field, General Scott accepted an offer from me to act as his aid. General Scott then formed the reuiainder of the brigade (except the 25th Regiment) into column and movbd across the field in a westerly direction and formed them in line on the south aide of a narrow lane, a little to the south of and running nearly in the same direction as Lundy's Lane. I was then ordered by General Scott to find General Brown if possible, and desire him to give 339 orders for the dispoHition of General Scott'H brigade. I rode on the hill, and the enemy again commenced an attack with a view to regain their artillery, but they were soon repulsed, and I found ^General Brown, who rode with nie to see General Scott. After Generals Brown and Scott had conversed a few minutes, I was ordered bv General Scott to take command of the consolidated battalion (Colonel Brady being too nmch exhausted by lass of blood to command, though he declined leaving the field.) My orders were to march the battalion to the top of the hill and form there a second line. They were formed in Lundy's Lane, with the right towards the Niagara road and their left in rear of the captured artillery. This artillery and the American field artillery occupied the Hurnmit of the eminence near the old church. Next on the right o'i his artillery was the 23d Regiment, and then the 25th Regiment, on the extreme right. On the left of the artillery was the 21st Regiment with some other troops consolidated with it, then the Ist Infantry. General Porter's volunteers occupied the extreme left. The army was thus situated when information was received that the enemy was again advancing, and their near approach was discovered by a sheet of tire from both armies, who were not to exceed thirty j'ards from each other and nearly in parallel lines. General Scott, having been absent from us a short time for the purpose, as I supposed, of a.scertaining the situation of the enemy, returned and asked me in a loud and animated voice, " Are these troops prepared for the charge ?" And without giving me time to answer him he added, " Yes, I know, they are prepared for any- thing !" and he ordered me to form them in close colunm, left in front. This being done. General Scott ordered, " Forward and charge, my brave fellows !" and leading the colunm himself we passed through our line between the pieces of artillery and came in contact with the left of the enemy's line, a short distance past the centre, which immediately gave way. Owing, however, to the darkness of the night, our column had become in some degree irregular: we passed extreme left of General Poi-ter's volunteers and fori i our men in line. (General Scott again ordered me to form the troops "in column at half distance right in front." This order being executed. General Scott again led the column to tjj^ie charge with a view to turn the enenjy's right flank, but finding that flank supported by a heavy second line, the charge was withdrawn. General Scott then passed through the American line and joined Colone' Jesup with the 25th Regiment on the right of the line, and wa« there woundwi. The remainder of General Scott's brigade were again fornied, a small distance from the left of General Porter's 340 volunteetu This was executed in the presence of Major-General Brown. He informs me that he was wounded at this period. In executing? formation I received the most essential services from Lieutenant Cushman, Acting-Adjutant of the Ninth Regiment, and Lieutenant Crawfoixl, Adjutant of the 11th Regiment; Lieutenant Brady of the 22nd also rendered me the most substantial service on this occasion. In my opinion he has merited the particular attention of the War Department as much as any officer in the army. This formation being executed, Major Jones, Assistant- Adjutant- General, generously offered to asceii^ain the position of the con- tending armies and inform me at what point the troops under my conmiand could l»e led into action to the greatest advantage and without injury to our own men of other corps. Having been dis- mounted since the tirat charge, this offer was of the greatest service to me, and most gladly did I accept it. Major Jones then recon- noitred in the most gallant manner, under an incessant tire of musketry, the position of the American line and reported it to me. From this report I was induced t( lead the troops under my command to the summit of the hill. Firing had now ceased on both sides. The thickest and most impenetrable darkness prevailed. All was still, and nothing to be heard but the groans of the wounded and dying. Moving forward to gain the summit of the hill, I was hailed by General Scott, who informed me of his wounds and ordered me to push forward and join the 25th Regiment under the command of Colonel Jesup, who was also severely wounded. General 8cott informed me he was then compelled by the severity of his w^ounds to retire from the field, and ordered me, in case the enemy should again return to the contest, to seek an opportunity to charge and drive them from the field wfth the bayonet. In a short time after General Brown hailed me and inquired for General Scott. I informed him that he was wounded and gone from the field. He then informed me of his own wounds, and that I must look to General Ripley for orders, as the command of course devolved on him. I then moved on and formed my men on the right of the 25th Regiment and the extreme right of the American line. Colonel Jesup and myself now had some conversation as to our own situation and that of the army. His command and my own were consolidated, and consisted of all the eflfective men of the first brigade remaining on the field, which I do not think exceeded 160 or 200 men, exclusive of officers. The men were exhausted with fatigue and want of water. The enemy had retired from the field, but in what direction was not known. Fronri the length of their lines, which we had during the action discovered by our own and their fire, we had reason to believe they were far superior to us in H41 numbers. To refresh our men on the Held would be hazardous in the extreme, as we were liable to be flanked on our left and cut off from our camp at Chippawa. Under these circumstances, not knowing the situation of General Ripley's brigade or General Porter's corps, it was decidedly my opinion that the army ought to return to their camp at Chippawa. Colonel Jesup expressed to me the same opinion. He also directed me to take command of the troops of the first brigade while he went in search of General Ripley for orders and information. Colonel Jesup, suffering the most excruciatmg pain from his wounds and it being excessively dark, was unable to find General Ripley, and soon returned to me and again took command of the troops, and directed me to find General Ripley if possible, and obtain orders and information as to the intended course of operations. I soon found General Ripley, and informed him of my wish and my directions from Colonel Jesup. General Ripley inquired the strength and situation of the first brigade, and while doing so a person rode up to General Ripley with orders from General Brown, (as I understood). General Ripley then told me he had received orders from Major-General Brown to collect the wounded and return with those and the army to the camp at Chippawa. General Ripley then gave me orders to the same effect, as respected the first brigade. His information and order was immediately communicated by me to Colonel Jesup. He, feeling that the action was over and suffering severely from his wounds, did what most men would have sooner done — he gave to me the command of the troops of the first brigade and retired from the field. He, however, continued near us, and probably would have joined us had we been attacked. All the wounded who could be found on and near the field were put into wagons, which had been sent from the camp at Chippawa for that purpose, and sent off. General Ripley was very particular in his orders that the movement of the troops should be conducted with regularity and order, and so far as came to my knowledge his orders were strictly obeyed. Not a shot was fired from the enemy, and our troops moved in as good order and with as much regularity from- as to the field, and arrived at Chippawa between one and two on the morning of the 26th. During the whole of the night, as wsll during the action as after it, I was impressed with the high merit of General Ripley as a eoldier, and the gallantry of his brigade in capturing the enemy's artillery. He manifested on that occasion, while in conversation with me, all that coolness and deliberation for which he has become distinguished, and which was so peculiarly necessary at a moment »4S * big with the fate of the army under his coininand and the honour and glory of the American aniiH. Having a hope that this statement may appear to the world as an honest relation of facts, I should do great injustice to my feelings did I not mention the gallant conduct of Captain Pentland of the 22d Regiment. Soon after the connnencement of the action he brought his company (which had been the advance of Oeneral Scott's brigade) into action on my right. This was done in the most hrave, and soldier-like manner. His example and conversation had the most lieneficial effect during the warmest of the action and contributed to keep the men steady and active in their duty. As to the 9th Regiment, which on that (xjcasion I had the honor to command, I cannot nmke particular distinction as to merit of individuals. Every man in the regiment, from the highest to the lowest, gave me the most perfect satisfaction. They maintained their ground against an overwhelming superiority of force in a manner that has seldom been excelled in any age or country. It has been stated that their numli^rs were but 150 rank and file when they entered the field, and it will appear from the official I'eturn of killed and wounded that 128, including every officer with the regiment, were included in that report. It is due to the memory of Lieutenant Burghardt, who was killed at the close of the action, to say that he particularly distinguished himself by continuing to do his dutj' in the most able manner after being severely wounded in the left side, at the commencement of the action ; although he ble<i freely and was advised by me several times to go to the rear, he declined to do so and continued with me until he was shot through the breast in the last charge. On the morning of the 26th, at aliout 7 or 8 o'clock. Colonel Gaitlner, Adjutant-General, came to me with an order to make a field report stating the strength of the first brigade, and to prepare them to march and take possession of the field of battle immedi- ately. I immediately took measures to ascertain the strength of the several regiments. The 9th Regiment I counted myself, and recollect it« effective force was 64 men. The strength of the other regiments I do not recollect. My impression now is that the whole strength of the brigade, exclusive of attendants on the wounded and the details for guard then on duty, did not exceed 500 or 600 men. The troops were formed and took up the line of n«arch at about nine o'clock. After crossing the Chippawa, I received ordeis from General Ripley to take possession of the works at Chippawa with the first brigade, which W9S done by bridging the ditch on the south side of the breastworks, thereby making a platform for the men to stand upon. 343 From what I Haw of our forces, which I do not think at that time exceeded 1,500 or 1,()00 men, and from what I had seen of the enemy'8 force the preceding evening, I did think it the moet consummate folly to attempt to regain posaesaion of the field of battle, and every officer with whom I conversetl, among whom were many of the firnt distinction, exprenaed tlieir astonishment at such an attempt and their surprise that every exertion was not made immediately to take up the line of march for Fort Erie. The troops, however, recrossed the Chippawa at about 12 o'clock, and took up the line of march for Fort Erie. We arrived and encamped in good order in the field opposite the filack Rock ferry on the evening of the 26th July. The march from Chippawa to Fort Erie was made in the most perfect order, nor was anything left behind us which could be of any advantage to the enemy. (From Wilkinson's Memoirs. Volume I., Appendix No. IX.) Evidence of Captain MacDonald. William McDonald, Captain in the 19th Regiment of United States Infantry, being produced and sworn as a witness by General Ripley, testified: That in the campaign of 1814, before and during the battle of Bridgewater near Niagara, he was acting aid to Brigadier-General Ripley. On the morning of the 25th of July, the army under Major-General Brown was encamped on the upper side of Chippawa Creek. Many of the men were that day engaged in washing, and about half an hour before sunset were still out when a firing was heard, which they in camp ascribed to General Scott's being engaged with the enemy, as he had marched out with his brigade about two hours before. When General Scott fiist marched out it was the general impression that he had done so for the purpose of parade and drill. Our army at this time consisted of two brigades of regular troops, commanded by Brigadier-Genera-s Scott and Ripley, and a small corps of 500 or 600 volunteers under Genei'al Porter, The total of General Ripley's brigade may have amounted to about 900— the eflfectives from 700 to 800. The day before, at Queenstcm Heights, he recollected hearing General Scott say that his brigade contained about the same number, perhaps rather less. About the 16th of July, they had intelligence that General Riall of the British army lay at 10 and 12 Mile Creek with 1500 men. According to the general impression, he had a fortified 844 encampment. To the best ot his knowled^ no precise information was received of the force and position of the enemy between the 16th and 25th of July. On the day last mentioned, the proportion of those who formed the washing parties and scattered men of the camp amounted in the second brigade alone U) 150 or 200 men. There was parties from the other brigade also, but he could not state the number. When General Scott moved out in the afternoon no idea was entertained that there would be an action, nor had thoy any knowledge of the vicinity of the enemy. The first information they had was from the tiring. In the order of the encampment the first brigade under Gen- eral Scott rested on the Cbippawa, the second, commanded by General Ripley, about two hundred ya»xls distant, with their front to the Niagara and at right angles to the first. The encampment embraced the angle fonned by the Niagara and the Chippawa, which at that place formed a junction. Across the Chippawa was a bridge, over which General Scott had passed and advanced about two miles when the firing of musketry commenced. Immediately on hearing it, General Ripley ordered his brigade to be formed. By the time this was effected the report of artillery was distinguished. Soon after, orders were received from Major-General Brown through some of his staff for the second brigade to advance and reinforce General Scott. General Ripley, immediately on ieceiving the order, marched with his brigade across the Chippawa, and when about half a mile in rear of the scene of the action, it being then near dusk, despatched the witness in advance to Major-General Brown to ascertain the situation of the enemy and what point he should march to and from his brigade. The witness on his way to General Brown met his aid. Captain Spencer, proceeding with orders to General Ripley to form his brigade in the skirts of a wood on the right of General Scott's. The brigade accordingly continued to advance, and was in the act of forming the line when General Ripley remarked to Colonel Miller and other commanders that to form a line in that place would be of no consequence, as they could not advance in line through the woods, and they were not then within striking distance of the enemy. He added that he would take upon himself the responsibility of moving further on towards the enemy before he formed. The witness left the brigade for a few minutes to apprise General Brown of this movement, but did not find him, and immedi- ately rejoined General Ripley. The march from the encampment to the scene of action was prompt and rapid, and the brigade for one-half the distance was on 345 the long trot to keep with the General's horse. While passing the woods in pursuance of General Ripley's determination to advance, the fire of the enemy was very heavy, and their shot and shells fell about us in great quantities, but was more particularly directed at General Scott's brigade on the left, which the second was then in the act of passing. The impression was that the first brigade was at this time suffering very severely from the continued and destructive tire poured in upon them, and General Ripley, in con- se<iuence, remarked to the witness and Colonel Miller that he would detach the 2l8t Regiment, commanded by the latter, to carry the enemy's artillery, adding that unless this was done they would destroy our whole force or compel us to fall back ; it was then completely dark, and though it was known their artillery was posted on an eminence, we had no knowledge of their number or how they were supported. The distance of General Scott's line from the enemy nmst have been between three and four hundred yards at that time, and there was then no firing of musketry from it. After General Ripley's suggestion to Colonel Miller, the latter immediately made dispositions to execute it, — displayed his regi- ment by forming a line on the left of the road nearly fronting the enemy's artillery. General Ripley, at the same time he gave the order for the 21st to storm the battery by an attack in front, directed the 23d to form in column and march against the enemy's flank. About the time the 2l8t was preparing to move as directed, the witness met General Brown, who enquired for General Ripley and asked what disposition he had made; the witness informed him ; he approved of it, appeared quite elated by the intelligence, and accompanied him to General Ripley. Some conversation took place between them, and in a very few minutes both battalions were in motion, the 2l8t commanded by Colonel Miller, the 23rd by Major McFarland but led by General Riplfey in person. While the 23rd was advancing to operate against the enemy's flank, and about 150 yards distance from the height, they received a fire in front from perhaps 50 or 60 musketry, which threw them into confusion for a few minutes and caused them to fall back about 50 or 60 yards. The regiment, however, speedily recovered and formed into column sooner than he had ever known one formed for parade though perhaps not with equal accuracy. Some difficulty occurred in forming the platoons in consequence of their having been broken, but their numbers were guessed and wheeled into column with a view to despatch and to facilitate the movement. The whole was accomplished under the particular direction and immediate agency of Brigadier-General Ripley. His exertions to effect it were very great, and no one could be more 346 active than he woh. The whole interval from the moment the fire WAH received in front until the actual reorf^anization of the column in readineHH to advance did not exceed five minutes. They then marched directly and diHplaye<l upon the enemy 'h flank. While thiH waH performing, Colonel Miller had advanced, pui'Huant to hiH orders, against the front, and succeeded in carrying the enemy's battery, consisting of seven pieces of artillery, to wit: two brass twenty-fours and smaller ones. Having passed the position where the artillery hafl been plante<l, C'olonel Miller again formed his line facing the enemy, and engaged them within twenty paces distance. There appeared a perfect sheet of fire l)etween the two lines. While the 21st was in this situation, the 23rd attacked the enemy's flank, and atlvanced within twenty paces of it before the tii-st volley was discharged ; a measure adopted by command of General Ripley that the fire might be effectual and more completely destructive. The movement compelled the enemy's flank to fall Imck immedi- ately, by descending the hill out of sight; upon which the firing ceased. Prior to the fire of the 23rd, the enemy were closing in upon Colonel Miller's command, which appeared to be hard pressed, and, as he conceived, was recoiling, the force opposed amounting to about double his number, but. by the prompt aid of the 28rd, the heights were gained and cleared of the enemy. After this was achieved, the 21st and 23rd formed in line bv order and under the direction of Ceneral Ripley, leaving the battenes which ha<l been carried in the rear. While thus circumstanced, a detachment of the 1st Regiment, which consisted of from 100 to 200, and ha<l remained in the rear, joined them on the heights, and was by General Ripley formed into the line. He could n(jt say what had detained the above detachment so long from the scene of action. Shortly after the linv'; was formed. General Ripley sent him to ask General Brown whether the captured artillery should not be removed oft" the field towards ('hippawu. The witness met General Brown ascending the hill, and delivered his ujessage. The latter replied there were matters of more importance to attend to at that moment, and he should see General Ripley himself. He appealed highly elated, and rode with him to General Ripley, but the witness did not hear the conversation which passed. The heights thus gained were a very commanding position, and contained all the enemy's artillery, capable of enfilading in every direction. While the second brigade thus occupied on the heights. General Scott's brigade was about three hundred yards distant, and no enemy between them. The tiring from it had by this time nearly ceased. After General Brown's interview with General Ripley, he left ;h7 the hill as the witness uiKlersttxxl in search of General Scott. The 25th Rejjiinent then joined the second hrij^ade. was formed on the right nearly at ri^ht angles to the 28rd Regiment, its left rest- ing on Towson's artillery, and «UsiM)se<l so »is to flank the enemy in case they attacked. The artillery under command of Major Hind- n»an and Captain Towson had come up but a few minutes before, in consequence of General Ripley's request comnmnicate<l by the witness to Major Hindntan and couq)lied with by him. While General Ripley's line was thus formed on the eminence, the enemy a<lva!»ced upon it in considerable force, out-Hanking its right and left, and far exceeding it in numlters. On finding tliem approaching, (Jeneral Ripley ordered the brigade to reseive its tire until the enemy's bayonets should touch, in preference to tiring first. This was done with a view to observe the flash of their muskets, and take aim by the assistance of their light. The order was obeyed. The enemy advanced within ten or twelve yards of our right, composed of the 23rd Regiment. After receiving their fire, we returned it ; the action then became general. A tremendous conflict ensued for alx)ut twenty minutes, at the expiration of which the enemy gave way, and again fell back out of sight. We having much the aovantage of ground, the enemy generally tired over our heads, but the continual blaze of light was such as to enable us distinctly to see their buttons. An interval of half an hour followed, when the enemy advanced a second time, nearl}' in the same manner, attacked preci.sely at the same point, but did not approach so near before the firing commenced. ()ur left had by this time been thrown forward by order of General Ripley, and the line formed nearly parallel, with the addition of (Jeneral Porter's volunteers on the left, and General Scott with the three remaining battalions on the right, but the latter were so situated as not to be engaged. The contest was more severe, and, he tliink.s, longer con- tinued than the last. The same precautions were enjoined by General Ripley with respect to his men reserving their fire, an<i the reception of the enemy was equally as warm. Sonje })art of our right and left gave way, Vnit our centre, con)po8ed of the 21st Regi- ment, sto(xi firm, with the exception of some platoons which also fell back. The enemy were repulsed, and retired again fn^n the contest. General Ripley, in peraon, rallied the detachments > ich gave way on the right, and succeeded in bringing them back into action before the retreat of the enemy. An interval not to exceed three-(juarters of an hour ensued, during which all was darkne.ss and silence, scarce interrupted by a breath of air. The men had neither water nor whiskey to refresh themselves after the fatigues thev had endured. »48 The court adjourned to Weilnewlay, 15th March, 1815, 11 o'clock a. ni. Troy. March 15th, 1815. The court convonetl purauant to Hdjournment. The name meniberH present. The oxHininution of Captain McDonald beinj( resumed, he stated that at the expiration of the interval laHt mentioned, the enemy advanced a thirti time, to recover their artillery. It was our impression that they had heen reinforced, and this w»t confirmed by the ])ri8otiei's who were taken at the time. The adv nee of the enemy was similar to the two preceding ones, and the fire was again opened by their line. General Ripley's brigade again reserved tneir ttre, as before. The duration and order of the conflict, its result and the retreat of the enemy, were in all essential points similar to the last. In every attack the the enemy was repulsed. General Ripley made every possible exertion to inspire and encourage his troops, exposed his person during the hottest fire of the enemy, and, as he considered, more than was neccKsary. The witness several times endeavored to prevail upon him to retire, but without effect. His perseverance was unremitted, sometimes acting as file closer as well as counnander. He gave his orders with perfect coolness and deliberation, and attended as far as possible to their proper execution. The witness never knew him more collected. General Ripley's position was never more than ten or twelve paces in rear of his line. He received two balls through his hat, and his horse was wounded during the several encounters. He, Lieutenant-Colonel Nicholas, and the witness, were the only mounted officers of the second biigade. After the last attack, the second brigade for three-fourths or one-half an hour remained on the hill with vevy little change of position ; its left was perhaps throwm back. In the interim General Ripley dispatohed the witne-ss w ith orders to General Porter to send fifty or one hundred volunteers of his command, directing them to report to Colonel McRae and remove the captured artillery from the heiglits to the camp on the Chippawn. He delivered the message, saw the volunteers detached and marched on the hill. Owing to there being no drag-ropes for artillery, no horses on the ground, and the guns being unlimbered, it was found impracticable to remove them, and the volunteers were then employed in remov- ing the wounded. Prior to the attempt to remove the captured :U9 piucoH lit' Haw iiu aHillory corpn on the ground, they havin\|( retired in coHHeqiieiice of their ammunition beiiij^ expended, and 8ome of their caiHHoiiH blown up by the <'neiny'H nKrketH and Hhells. (Jn the return oi the witnenh after communicating the pre- ceiling order to General Porter, preparatioiiH were made for the Hecond briga<le to retire, agreeable to orders fnnn General Brown, HH General Ripley at that time iiifonned him. He alHo Htated that Guiieralu Brown and Scott were both wounded and ha^l left the field. Our army accordingly retired unmoloHte<l, and it was hia impretwion at the time that the whole column did not exceed 700 when the retrogrmie movement waH made. It waH under8t<NKl that vjiHt iiumberH were employed in carrying ott' th<! wounded. Others had given out for want of water. When the second brigade marched to the Held of battle they met a considerable number of the fii'st brigade returning to camp, some slightly wounded, others canie<l off by those who were uninjured. Many wounded were left on the giound after the battle; they lieiiig scattered over a con- siderable extent and the night dark, it was impossible to find them. He does not think any wounded of Brigiwiier-General Ripley's brigade were left, unless tho.se who attempted to get off witlumt assistance and failed. When General Ripley gave the order for the army to retire, he directed the several commanders of battalions to collect all the wounded, and in the interval before retiring he used every exertion to have this order projHirly executed. While the army was moving back and afterwards, he knows of no other measures being taken to furnish horses, supply drag-ropes, and bring off the artillery which remained on the heights, with the exception of the smaller one^, which ha<l been rolled down the hill. About 12 o'clock at night the army regained their camp. The witness added that the pickets and washing parties were not brought up, nor at all engaged during the action. Shortly after the return to camp, about one o'clock, (Jeneral Brown directed Brigadier-General Ripley The General Order dissolving the court, which follows, was at this peinofl of the investigation received by the president, and no further testimony was heard. The undersigned officers, who served in General Ripley's brigade at the battle of Bridgewater, do certify on honour that the narrative given in the foregoing minutes of Captain McDonald's testimony corresponds with our knowledge and recoil I'ction of the conduct of 360 General Ripley and the operations of hiH briga<le during the action. Albany, March 17th, 1815. N. S. Clarke, Captain and Brijjade-Major, 2d Brigade. Lieutenant Jno. P. Livingston, Adjutant 23rd Infantry. John W. Holdincj, Lieutenant and Brigade-Major to General Miller, and Adjutant of 23rd Infantry at the Battle of Bridgewater. Heneral Order. Adjutant and Inspector General's Office, 4tli March. 1815. The Court of Hinquiry, of which Major-General Dearborn is Prefeidcnt, which waH ordered to investigate the conduct of Brigadier- General Ripley during the last campaign, is discharged from that service. The Congress of the United States having approved his con- duct by a highly complimentary resolve, and the President being pleased to express his favorable opinion of the military character of General Ripley, he will honorably resume his command. By order, D. Parker, A. and I. General. (From WilkinsmiH Memoir, Volume I., Appendix X.) BrlKadierGeneral nilller to Fort Krie, Sept. 4th, 1814. Sir, — I improve the opportunitj'^ which a short indulgence from duty allows of hastily communicating to you the occurrences of the action of the 25th, and the present situation of the army, which is closely invested by the enemy at this post. On the 25th, General Scott was detached from our position at Chippawa by General Brown with directions to occupy Queenston. He marched with his own brigade, and in two hours the sound of his musketry informed us that he was closely engaged with the enemJ^ At this time the 2nd Brigade and other corps were quietly 351 remaining in camp. All immediately marched, without calling in our pickets and other parties, to the support of the lat Brigade. We found them at the distance of three miles, gallantly supporting a most unequal conflict. Our arrival was a little past sunset, and soon changed the aspect of the field. The enemy's artillery was advantageously jjoated upon an eminence connnanding the plain. The destruction which it dealt through our ranks suggested the imperious necessity of carrying the height. This General Ripley directed to be done with his own brigade. The 21st Regiment advanced and charged the battery in Front: he led 4:he '23d upon their flank — both these regiments were less than 700 men. The movement was performed in the most heroic manner by both regiments, and in a few minutes we found ourselves in possession of the whole park, consisting of seven pieces, and the enemy was routed in every direction. But his line was soon formed in lear of his artillery, and several most desperate charges were made to regain the ground and artillery from which he had been driven. He was repulsed as often as the attempt was renewed, with great slaughter. During two or three charges, the contest was carried on by the 2d Brigade. General Porter soon brought up his command to support it. and Lieutenant-Colonel Jesup with the 25th Regiment also arrived at the same point. The action closed at il o'clock, and we found ourselves in complete pos- session of the field, the enemy having been driven at every point. We remained near an hour, when General Brown ordered General Ripley to retire to camp. This movement was effected in perfect order, but through some unfortunate circumstance, the trophies of our victory, the artillery, were not carried off. As General Brown remained in command upon the field until we retired, I do not con- sider General Ripley in the least accountable for this neglect, more especially as, I understand, the order was to retire immediately.	45,880
worksbenjaminfr06spargoog_6	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,836	The works of Benjamin Franklin : containing several political and historical tracts not included in any former edition and many letters official and private, not hitherto published : with notes and a life of the author	Franklin, Benjamin, 1706-1790 \| Sparks, Jared, 1789-1866	English	Spoken	7,067	9,193	Old version. — Thy kingdom come. This petition seems suited to the then condition of the Jewish nation. Originally their state was a theocracy ; God was their king. Dissatisfied with that kind of govern- ment, they desired a visible, earthly king, in the manner of the nations around them. They had such kings accordingly; but their happiness was not increased by the change, and they had reason to wish and pray for a return of the theocracy, or government of God. Christians in these times have other ideas, when they speak of the kingdom of (rod, such as are perhaps more adequately expressed by the New version. — Become thy duUful children and faithful Mubjecta, Old version. — Thy wUl he done on earthy as it is in heaven ; more explicitly New version. — May thy laws be obeyed on earthy as perfectly as (hey are in heaven. Old version. — Give us this day our daUy bread. — Give us what is ours seems to put in a claim of right, and to contain too little of the grateful acknowledgment and sense of dependence that become crea- tures, who live on the daily bounty of their Creator. Therefore it is changed to New version. — Provide for us this day, as thou hast hitherto daily dont. Old version. — Forgive us our debts^ as we forgive our debtors. (Mat- thew). Forgive us our sins, for we also forgive every one that is indebted to us, (Luke). Offerings were due to God on many occasions by the Jewish law, which, when people could not pay, or had forgotten, as debton are apt to do, it was proper to pray that those debts might be .ffiT.21.] LIFE OP FRANKLIN. 79 House has made me often more ready, than perhaps I otherwise should have been, to assist young begmners. There are croakers in every country, always boding its ruin. Such a one there lived m Philadelphia; a person of note, an elderiy man, with a wise look and a very grave manner of speaking ; his name was Samuel Mickle. This gentleman, a stranger to me, stopped me one day at my door, and asked me if I was the young man, who had lately opened a new printing-house? Being answered in the affirmative, he said he was sorry for me, because it was an expensive undertakmg, and the expense would be lost ; for Philadelphia was a sinking place, the people already half bankrupts, or forgiven. Our Liturgy uses neither the debtors of Matthew, nor the indtbted of Luke, but instead of them speaks of those that trespass against fit. Perhaps the considering it as a Christian duty to forgive debtors was by the compilers thought an inconvenient idea in a trading nation. There seems, however, something presumptuous in this mode of expres- sion, which has the air of proposing ourselves as an example of goodness fit for God to imitate, ffe hope you tsiU at least he as good as we are; yon see we forgive one another, and therefore we pray that yon would forgive us. Some have considered it in another sense. Forgive us as we forgive others. That is, if we do not forgive others, we pray that thou wouldst not forgive us. But this, being a kind of conditional vn- preeation against ourselves, seems improper in such a prayer ; and there- fore it may be better to say humbly and modestly New yxrsion. — Foigive us our trespasses, and enalde us likewise to forgive those who offend us. This, instead of assuming that we have already in and of ourselves the grace of forgiveness, acknowledges our dependence on God, the Fountain of Mercy, for any share we may have of it, praying that he would conmiunicate it to us. Old vxrsioii. — And lead us not into temptation. The Jews had a notion, that God sometimes tempted, or directed, or permitted, the tempt- ing of people. Thus it was said, he tempted Pharaoh, directed Satan to tempt Job, and a false Prophet to tempt Ahab. Under this persna- ■ion, it was natural for them to pray, that he would not put them to such severe trials. We now suppose that temptation, so far as it is super- natural, comes from the Devil only ; and this petition continued conveys a suspicion, which, in our present conceptions, seems unworthy of God ; therefore it might be altered to New TXRSioif. — Keep us out of temptation* 80 LIFE OK FKANKLIN. [1727. near being, so; a11 the appearances of the contrary, such as new buildings and. the rise of rents, being to his certain knowledge fallacious ; for they were in fact among the things that would ruin us. : Then he gave me such a detail of misfortunes now existing, or that were soon to exist, thiat he. left me half melanc^holy. Had I known him before I engaged, in this business, probably I never should, have done it This person continued to live in this decaying place, and to declaim in the same. strain, refusing for many years to buy. a house there) because all was going to destruction ; and at last I had the pleasure of seeing him give five times as much for one, as he might have bought it for when he first began croaking. Mr.ftL] LIFE OP FRANKLIN. 81 CHAPTER V. The Junto. — Description of its original Members. — Franklin writes the *Bu8y Body." — Establishes a Newspaper. — Partnership with Mere- dith dissolved. — Writes a Tract on the Necessity of a Paper Cnr- rency. — Opens a Stationer's Shop. — His Habits of Industry and Fru- gali^. — Courtship. — Marriage. I SHOULD have mentioned before, that, in the au- tumn of the preceding year, I had formed most of my ingenious acquaintance into a club for mutual improve- ment, which we called the Junto ; we met on Friday evenings. The rules that I drew up required, that every member m his turn should produce one or more queries on any point of Morals, Politics, or Natural Philosophy, to be discussed by the company ; and once in three months produce and read an essay of his own writing, on any subject he pleased. Our debates were to be under the direction of a president, and to be conducted in the sincere spirit of inquiry after truth, without fondness for dispute, or desire of victory ; and, to prevent warmth, all expressions of positiveness in opinions, or direct contradiction, were after some time made contraband, and prohibited under small pecuniary penalties. The first members were Joseph Breintnal, a copier of deeds for the scriveners, a good-natured, fiiendly, middle-aged man, a great lover of poetry, reading all he could meet with, and writing some that was toler- able; very mgenious in making little nicknackeries, and of sensible conversation. Thomas Godfrey, a self-taught mathematidan, great in his way, and afterwards inventor of what is now VOL. I. 11 82 LIFE OF FRANKLIN. pTSa called Hadleifs Quadrant But he knew little out of his way, and was not a pleasing companion; as, like most great mathematicians I have met with, he ex- pected universal precision in every thing said, or was for ever denying or distinguishing upon trifles, to the disturbance of all conversation. He soon left us. Nicholas Scull, a surveyor, afterwards surveyor- general, who loved books, and sometimes made a few verses. William Parsons, bred a shoemaker, but, loving read- ing, had acquired a considerable share of mathematics, which he first studied with a view to, astrology, and afterwards laughed at it. He also became surveyor- general William Maugridge, joiner, but a most exquisite mechanic, and a solid, sensible man. Hugh Meredith, Stephen Potts, and George Webb, I have characterized before. Robert Grace, a young gentleman of some fortune, generous, lively, and witty ; a lover of punning and of his friends. Lastly, William Coleman, then a merchant's clerk, about my age, who had the coolest, clearest head, the best heart, and the exactest morals, of almost any man I ever met with. He became afterwards a merchant of great note, and one of our provmcial judges. Our friendship continued without interruption to his death, upwards of forty years; and the club continued al- most as long, and was the best school of philosophy, morality, and politics, that then existed in the province ; for our queries, which were read the week preceding their discussion, put us upon reading with attention on * Godfrey's claims to this invention are fully explained and confinned in Miller's RUrosped of tht EighUenih Century, Vol. L pp. 468-480. iEr.Sa.] LIFE OF FRANKLIN 83 the several subjects, that we might speak more to the purpose; and here too we acquired better habits of conversation, every thing being studied in our rules, which might prevent our disgusting each other. Hence the long continuance of the club, which I shall have frequent occasion to speak further of hereafter.* But my givmg this account of it here, is to show something of the interest I had, every one of these exerting themselves m recommending business to us. Breintnal particularly procured us from the Quakers the printing of forty sheets of their history, the rest being to be done by Keimer; and upon these we worked exceedingly hard, for the price was low. It was a folio, pro patrid size, in pica, with long primer notes. I composed a sheet a day, and Meredith worked it off at press ; it was often eleven at night, and sometimes later, before I had finished my distribution for the next day's work. For the little jobs sent in by our other friends now and then put us back. But, so deter- mined I was to continue doing a sheet a day of the folk), that one night, when, having imposed my forms, I thought my day's work over, one of them by accident was broken, and two pages reduced to pie. I im- mediately distributed, and composed it over again be- fore I went to bed; and this industry, visible to our neighbours, began to give us character and credit; particularly I was told, that mention being made of the new printing-office, at the merchants' every-night club, the general opinion was that it must fail, there being ♦ For other particulars about the Junto, see Vol. 11. pp. 9, 551. Mr. Roberts Vaux read a paper to the Historical Society of Pennsyl- Tania, in February, 1835, in which he mentions an additional list of mem- bers, who belonged subsequently to the Junto. Their names are Hugh Roberts, Philip Syng, Enoch Flower, Joseph Wharton, William Griffith, Luke Morris, Joseph Turner, Joseph Shippen, Joseph Trotter, Samuel Jervis, and Samuel Rhoads. — Editor. 84 LIFE OP FRANKLIN. [ITaft. already two printers in the place, Keimer and Bradford ; but Dr. Baird (whom you and I saw many years after at his native place, St Andrew^s in Scotland) gave a contrary opinion ; " For the industry of that Franklin,** said he, "is superior to any thing I ever saw of the kind; I see him still at work when I go home from club, and he is at work again before his neighbours are out of bed," This struck the rest, and we soon after had offers from one of them to supply us with station- ery ; but as yet we did not choose to engage in shop business. I mention this industry more particularly and the more freely, though it seems to be talking in my own praise, that those of my posterity, who shall read it, may know the use of that virtue, when they see its effects in my favor throughout this relation. George Webb, who had found a female friend that lent him wherewith to purchase his time of Keimer, now came to offer himself as a journeyman to us. We could not then employ him; but I foolishly let him know as a secret, that I soon intended to begin a news- paper, and might then have work for him. My hopes of success, as I told him, were founded on this ; that the then only newspaper, printed by Bradford, was a paltry thing, wretchedly managed, no way entertaming, and yet was profitable to him ; I therefore freely thought a good paper would scarcely fail of good encourage- ment. I requested Webb not to mention it; but he told it to Keimer, who immediately, to be beforehand with me, published proposals for one hunself, on which Webb was to be employed. I was vexed at this ; and, to counteract them, not being able to commence our paper, I wrote several amusing pieces for Bradford's pa- per, under the title of the Busy Body which Breintnal jBt. 23.J LIFE OP FRANKLIN. 85 continued some months.* By this means the attention of the public was fixed on that paper, and Keimer^s proposals, which we buriesqued and ridiculed, were disregarded. He began his paper, however ; and, before carrying it on three quarters of a year, with at most only ninety subscribers, he oflTered it me for a trifle ; and I, having been ready some time to go on with it, took it in hand directly ; and it proved m a few years extremely profitable to me.t I perceive that I am apt to speak m the singular number, though our partnership still continued ; it may be, that in fact the whole management of the busmess lay upon me. Meredith was no compositor, a poor pressman, and seldom sober. My friends lamented my connexion with hun, but I was to make the best of it. Our first papers made quite a different appearance •See Vol. n. p. 13-45. f It was called the Pennsylvania Chzette, Franklin and Meredith be- gan the paper with No. 40, September 25U], 1729. A characteristic anecdote has been related of Franklin, illustrative of his independence as an editor. Soon after the establishment of his news- paper, he found occasion to remark with some degree of freedom on the public conduct of one or two persons of high standing in Philadelphia. This course was disapproved by some of his patrons, who sought an opportunity to convey to him their views of the subject, and what they represented to be the opinion of his firiends. He listened patiently, and replied by requesting that they would favor him with their company at supper, and bring with them the other gentlemen, who had expressed dissatisfisu^tion. The time arrived, and the guests assembled. He re- ceived them cordially, and listened again to their friendly reproofs of his editorial conduct At length supper was announced ; but, when the guests had seated themselves around the table, they were surprised to see nothing before them but two puddings, made of coarse meal, called SttwduH puddings in the common phrase, and a stone pitcher filled with water. He helped them all, and then applied himself to his own plate, partaking freely of the repast, and urging his friends to do the same. They taxed their politeness to the utmost, but all in vain ; their appetites refused obedience to the will. Perceiving their difficulty, Franklin at last arose and said, <3fy friends^ any one who can subsist upon sawdust pudding and ufoter, as I can, needs no mahs patronage.^ — Editor. VOL. I. H 86 LIFE OF FRANKLIN. [1739. from any before in the province; a better type, and better printed ; but some remarks * of my writing, on the dispute then going on between Governor Burnet, and the Massachusetts Assembly, struck the principal people, occasioned the paper and the manager of it to be much talked of, and in a few weeks brought them all to be our subscribers. Their example was followed by many, and our num- ber went on growing continually. This was one of the first good effects of my having learned a little to scribble ; another was, that the leading men, seeing a newspaper now in the hands of those who could also handle a pen, thought it convenient to oblige and en- * These remarks ure in the Pennsylvama GazdU for October 3d, 1729, and are as follows. " His Excellency, Governor fiarnet, died unexpectedly about two days after the date of this reply to his last message ; and it was thought the dispute would have ended with him, or at least have lain dormant till the arrival of a new governor from England, who possibly might or might not be inclined to enter too vigorously into the measures of his predecessor. But our last advices by the post acquaint us, that his Honor, the Lieutenant-Governor, on whom the government immediately devolves upon the death or absence of the Commander-in-chief, has vig- orously renewed the struggle on his own account, of which the particu- lars will be seen in our next, <* Perhaps some of our readers may not fully understand the original ground of this warm contest between the Governor and Assembly. It seems (hai people have for these hundred years past enjoyed the privi- lege of rewarding the governor for the time being, according to Ihdr sense of his merit and services; and few or none of their governors have complained, or had cause to complain, of a scanty allowance. When the late Governor Burnet brought with him instructions to demand a selUed salary of one thousand pounds sterling per annum, on him and all his successors, and the Assembly were required to fix it immediately, he insisted on it strenuously to the last, and they as constantly refused it It appears by their votes and proceedings, that they thought it an im- position, contrary to their own charter, and to Magna Charta ; and they judged that there should be a mutual dependence between the governor and governed; and that to make the governor independent would be dangerous and destructive to their liberties, and the ready way to estab- lish tyranny. They thought, likewise, that the province was not the less dependent on the crown of Great Britain, by the governor's depends iET. 23.] LIFE OP FRANKLIN, 87 courage me. Bradford still printed the votes, and laws, and other public business. He had printed an address of the House to the Grovemor, in a coarse, blundering manner ; we reprinted it elegandy and cor- rectly, and sent one to every member. They were sensible of the difference, it strengthened the hands of our friends in the House, and they voted us their printers for the year ensuing. Among my friends in the House, I must not forget Mr. Hamilton, before mentioned, who was then returned from England, and had a seat in it. He interested himself for me strongly in that instance, as he did in many others afterwards, continuing his patronage till his death.* ing immediately on them and lus own good conduct for an ample sup- port; because all acts and laws, which he might be induced to pass, must nevertheless be constantly sent home for approbation in order to continue in force. Many other reasons were given, and arguments used, in the course of the controversy, needless to particularize here, because all the material papers relating to it have been already given in our public news. <<Much deserved praise has the deceased governor received for his steady integrity in adhering to his instructions, notwithstanding the great difficulty and opposition he met with, and the strong temptations offered from time to time to induce him to give up the point And yet, per- haps, something is due to the Assembly, (as the love and zeal of that country for the present establishment is too well known to suffer any suspicion of want of loyalty,) who continue thus resolutely to abide by what they think their right, and that of the people they represent ; mau- gre all the arts and menaces of a governor famed for his cunning and politics, backed with instructions from home, and powerfully aided by the great advantage such an officer always has of engaging the principal men of a place in his party, by conferring where he pleases so many poet9 of profit and honor. Their happy mother country will perhaps ob- serve with pleasure, that though her gallant cocks and matchless dogs abate their natural fire and intrepidity, when transported to a foreign clime, (as this nation is,) yet her sons in the remotest part of the earth, and even to the third and fourth descent, still retain that ardent spirit of liberty, and that undaunted courage, which have in every age so gloriously distinguished Britons and Englishmen from the rest of mankind." — W.T. P. * I afterwards obtained for his son Jioe hundred pounds. 88 LIFE OP FRANKLIN. [1729. Mr. Vernon, about this time, put me in mind of the debt I owed him, but did not press me. I wrote to him an ingenuous letter of acknowledgment, craving his forbearance a little longer, which he allowed me. As soon as I was able, I paid the principal with the in- terest, and many thanks ; so that erratum was in some degree corrected.* But now another difficulty came upon me, which I had never the least reason to expect Mr. Meredith's father, who was to have paid for our printing-house, according to the expectations given me, was able to advance only one hundred pounds currency, which had been paid ; and a hundred more were due to the mer- chant, who grew impatient and sued us all. We gave bail, but saw that, U* the money could not be raised in time, the suit must soon come to a judgment and execution, and our hopeful prospects must, with us, be ruined ; as the press and letters must be sold for payment, perhaps at half price. In this distress two true friends, whose kindness I have never forgotten, nor ever shall forget while I can remember any thing, came to me separately, unknown to each other, and, without any application from me, offered each of them to advance me all the money that should be necessary to enable me to take the whole business upon myself, if that should be practicable; but they did not like my continuing the partnership with Meredith ; who, as they said, was often seen drunk in the street, playing at low games in alehouses, much to our discredit. These two friends were William Cole- * Many years afterwards he had an opportunity of discharging more completely this debt of gratitude. While he was minister plenipoten- tiary from the United States at the court of France, he rendered very important services to a young man, a descendant of Mr. Vernon, who passed some time in that country. — Editor. JBrr.23.] LIFE OF FRANKLIN. 89 man and Robert Grace. I told them I could not pro- pose a separation, while any prospect remained of the Merediths' fulfilling their part of our agreement; be- cause I thought myself under great obligations to them for what they had done, and would do if they could ; but, if they finally failed in their performance, and our partnership must be dissolved, I should then think my- self at liberty to accept the assistance of my friend. Thus the matter rested for some time, when I said to my partner, " Perhaps your father is dissatisfied at the part you have undertaken in this afiair of ours, and is unwilling to advance for you and me, what he would for you. If that is the case, tell me, and I will resign the whole to you, and go about my business.^ ** No,^ said he, ^ my father has really been disappomted, and is really unable; and I am unwilling to distress him furdier. I see this is a business I am not fit for. I was bred a farmer, and it was folly in me to come to town, and put myself, at thirty years of age, an ap- prentice to learn a new trade. Many of our Welsh people ''are going to settle in North Carolina, where land is cheap. I am inclined to go with them, and follow my old employment; you may find fiiends to assist you. If you will take the debts of the company upon you, return to my father the hundred pounds he has advanced, pay my little personal debts, and give me thirty pounds and a new saddle, I will relinquish the partnership and leave the whole in your hands.^ I agreed to this proposal ; it was drawn up in writing, signed, and sealed immediately. I gave him what he demanded, and he went soon after to Carolina ; whence he sent me next year two long letters, contaming the best account that had been given of that country, the climate, the soil, and husbandry, for in those matters VOL.1. 12 H* 90 LIFE OP FRANKLIN. [1729. he was very judicious. I printed them in the papers, and they gave great satisfaction to the public. As soon as he was gone, I recurred to my two friends ; and because I would not give an unkind prefer- ence to either, I took half of what each had offered and I wanted of one, and half of the other; paid off the company's debts, and went on with the busmess in my own name; advertising that the partnership was dis- solved. I thmk this was in or about the year 1729.* About this time there was a cry among the people for more paper money ; only fifteen thousand pounds being extant in the province, and that soon to be sunk. The wealthy inhabitants opposed any addition, being agamst all paper currency, from the apprehension that it would depreciate as it had done in New England, to the injury of all creditors. We had discussed this point in our Junto, where I was on the side of an ad- dition ; being persuaded, that the first small sum struck in 1723 had done much good by increasing the trade, employment, and number of inhabitants in the prov- ince; since I now saw all the old houses inhabited, and many new ones building; whereas I remembered well, when I first walked about the streets of Phila- * The dissolution of the partnership was a year later, as appears by the following agreement, transcribed &om the original in Franklin's hand- writing. — Editor. <Be it remembered, that Hugh Meredith and Benjamin Franklin have this day separated as partners, and will henceforth act each on his own account ; and that the said Hugh Meredith, for a valuable consideration by him received from the said Benjamin Franklin, hath relinquished, and' doth hereby relinquish, to the said Franklin, all claim, right, or property to or in the printing materials and stock heretofore jointly possessed by them in partnership; and to all debts due to them as partners, in the course of their business ; which are all from henceforth the sole property of the said Benjamin Franklin. In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand, this 14th day of July, 1730. "Hugh Meredith." ^T.23.] LIFE OP FRANKLIN. 91 delphia, eating my roll, I saw many of the houses in Walnut Street, between Second and Front Streets, with bills on their doors, * To be let *; and many like- wise in Chestnut Street and other streets ; which made me think the inhabitants of the city were one after another deserting it Our debates possessed me so fully of the subject, that I wrote and printed an anonymous pamphlet on it, entitled, " The J^Tature and Mcessity of a Paper Currency.^ It was well received by the common people in general ; but the rich men disliked it, for it mcreased and strengthened the clamor for more money; and, they happenmg to have no Writers among them that were able to answer it, their opposition slackened, and the point was carried by a majority in the House* • See Vol. n. p. 25a *It is little known, or set down to the commendation of Franklin, that, when he was young in business, and stood in need of sundry ar- ticles in the line of his profession as a printer, he had the ingenuity to make them for himself. In this way he founded letters of lead, en- graved various printing ornaments, cut wood-cuts, made printer's ink, engraved copperplate vignettes, and made his plate-press." — Watson's ArmaU of Philadelphia^ p. 5ia Mr. Watson relates another anecdote. He says, that the < yellow willow tree," now so common throughout the country, was first intro- duced into America by Franklin. A wicker basket, made of willow, in which some foreign article had been imported, he saw sprouting in a ditch, and directed some of the twigs to be planted. They took root, and from these shoots are supposed to have sprung all the yellow wil- lows, which have grown on this side of the Atlantic. Chaptal ascribes to Franklin, also, the introduction of the agricultural use of plaster of Paris into the United States. "As this celebrated phi- losopher," says he, " wished that the effects of this manure should strike the gaze of all cultivatore, he wrote in great letters, formed by the use of the ground plaster, in a field of clover lying upon the great road, < This ha» hun plasiered,* The prodigious vegetation, which was developed in the plastered portion, led him to adopt this method. Volumes upon the excellency of plaster would not have produced so speedy a revolution. From that period the Americans have imported great quantities of plas- ter of Paris." — Chaptal's •^grietdiural Chemislnff Boston edition, p. 79. — ^Editor. 92 LIFE OP FRANKLIN, [1729. My friends there, who considered I had been of some service, thought fit to reward me, by employbg me in printing the money ; a very profitable job, and a great help to me. This was another advantage gamed by my being able to write. The utility of this currency became by time and ex- perience so evident, that the principles upon which it was founded were never afterwards much disputed; so that it grew soon to fifty-five thousand pounds ; and in 1739, to eighty thousand pounds; trade, build- ing, and inhabitants all the while increasing. Though I now think there are limits, beyond which the quan- tity may be hurtful I soon after obtamed, through my fiiend Hamil- ton, the printing of the Newcastle paper money, an- other profitable job, as I then thought it ; small things appearing great to those in small circumstances; and these to me were really great advantages, as they were great encouragements. Mr. Hamilton procured for me also the printing of the laws and votes of that gov- ernment; which continued in my hands as long as I followed the business. I now opened a small stationer's shop. I had in it blanks of all kmds; the correctest that ever appeared among us. I was assisted in that by my friend Breint- naL I had also paper, parchment, chapmen's books, &c. One Whitemarsh, a compositor I had known in London, an excellent workman, now came to me, and worked wdth me constantly and diligently ; and I took an apprentice, the son of Aquila Rose. I began now gradually to pay off the debt I was under for the printing-house. In order to secure my credit and character as a tradesman, I took care not only to be in reality industrious and frugal, but to avoid the appearances to the contrary. I dressed plain, jBt.93.] life op franklin. 93 and was seen at no places of idle diversion. I never went out a fiwshing or shooting; a book indeed some- times debauched me from my work, but that was sel- dom, was private, and gave no scandal ; and, to show that I was not above my business, I sometimes brought home the paper I purchased at the stores, through the streets on a wheelbarrow. Thus being esteemed an industrious, thriving young man, and paying duly for what I bought, the merchants who imported stationery solicited my custom; others proposed supplymg me with books, and I went on prosperously. In the mean time, Keimer's credit and business declining daily, he was at last forced to sell his printing-house, to satisfy his creditors. He went to Barbadoes, and there lived some years in very poor circumstances. His apprentice, David Harry, whom I had instructed while 1 worked with him, set up in his place at Phila- delphia, having bought his materials. I was at first apprehensive of a powerful rival in Harry, as his friends were very able, and had a good deal of interest I therefore proposed a partnership to him, which he for- tunately for me rejected with scorn* He was v«y proud, dressed like a gentleman, lived expensively, took much diversion and pleasure abroad, ran in debt, and neglected his business; upon which, all business left him; and, finding nothmg to do, he followed Eeimer to Barbadoes, taking the printing-house with him. There this apprentice employed his former master as a journeyman ; they quarrelled often, and Harry went continuaUy behindhand, and at length was obliged to sell his types and return to country work in Pennsyl- vania. The person who bought them employed Kei- mer to use them, but a few years after he died. There remained now no other printer in Philadel- phia« but the old Bradford ; but he was rich and easy, 94 LIFE OF FRANKLIN. [173a did a little in the busmess by straggling hands, but was not anxious about it. However, as he held the postoffice, it was imagined he had better opportunities of obtaining news, his paper was thought a better dis- tributer of advertisements than mme, and therefore had many more ; which was a profitable thing to him, and a disadvantage to me. For, though I did indeed re- ceive and send papers by the post, yet the public opinion was otherwise; for what I did send was by bribmg the riders, who took them privately; Bradford being unkind enough to forbid it, which occasioned some resentment on my part ; and I thought so mean- ly of the practice, that, when I afterwards came into his situation, I took care never to imitate it I had hitherto continued to board with Godfrey, who lived in a part of my house with his wife and children, and had one side of the shop for his glazier's busi- ness though he worked little, bemg always absorbed in his mathematics. Mrs. Godfrey projected a match for me, with a relation's daughter, took opportunities of bringing us often together, tiU a serious courtship on my part ensued ; the girl being in herself very de- serving. The old folks encouraged me by continual invitations to supper, and by leaving us together, till at length it was time to explain. Mrs. Godfrey man- aged our little treaty. I let her know that I expect- ed as much money with their daughter as would pay oflF my remaining debt for the printing-house; which I believe was not then above a hundred pounds. She brought me word they had no such sum to spare ; I said they might mortgage their house in the loan- office. The answer to this, after some days, was, that they did not approve the match; that, on inquiry of Bradford, they had been informed the printing busmess was not a profitable one, the types would soon be JBr.24] LIFE OP FRANKLIN. Whether this was a real change of sentiment or only artifice, on a supposition of our being too far engaged in affection to retract, and therefore that we should steal a marriage, which would leave them at liberty to give or withhold what they pleased, I know not. But I suspected the motive, resented it, and went no more. Mrs. Godfrey brought me afterwards some more favorable accounts of their disposition, and would have drawn me on again; but I declared absolutely my resolution to have nothing more to do with that family. This was resented by the Godfreys, we dif- fered, and they removed, leaving me the whole house, and I resolved to take no more inmates. But this affair having turned my thoughts to mar- riage, I looked round me and made overtures of ac- quaintance in other places; but soon found, that, the business of a printer being generally thought a poor (Mie, I was not to expect money with a wife, unless with such a one as I should not otherwise thmk agree- able. In the mean time, that hard to be governed passion of youth had hurried me frequently into in- trigues with low women that fell in my way, which were attended with some expense and great incon- venience, besides a continual risk to my health by a dbtemper, which of all things I dreaded, though by great good luck I escaped it A friendly correspondence as neighbours had con- tinued between me and Miss Read's family, who all had a regard for me from the time of my first lodg- ing in their house. I was often invited there and con- sulted in their afl^urs, wherein I sometimes was of ser- 96 LIFE OF FRANKLIN. [173L vice. I pitied poor Miss Read's unfortunate situation, who was generally dejected, seldom cheerful, and avoided company. I considered my giddiness and in- constancy when in London, as in a great degree the cause of her unhappiness; though the mother was good enough to think the fault more her ovm than mine, as she had prevented our marrymg before I went thither, and persuaded the other match m my absence. Our mutual affection was revived, but there were now great objections to our union. That match was in- deed looked upon as invalid, a precedmg wife being said to be living m England; but this could not easi- ly be proved, because of the distance, &c.; and, though there was a report of his death, it was not certain. Then, though it should be true, he had left many debts, which his successor might be called upon to pay. We ventured, however, over all these difficulties, and I took her to wife, September 1st, 1730. None of the inconveniences happened, that we had apprehended; she proved a good and faithful helpmate, assisted me much by attendmg to the shop; we throve together, and ever mutually endeavoured to make each other hfi^py. Thus I corrected that great erratum as well as I could. About this time, our club meeting, not at a tavern, but in a little room of Mr. Grace's, set apart for that pur- pose, a proposition was made by me, that, since our books were often referred to in our disquisitions upon the queries, it might be convenient to us to have them altogether where we met, that upon occasion they might be consulted ; and by thus clubbing our books in a common library, we should, while we liked to keep them together, have each of us the advantage of using the books of all the other members, which would be nearly as beneficial as if each owned the whole* It iBr.35.] LIFE OP FRANKLIN. 97 was liked and agreed to, and we filled one end of the room with such books as we could best spare. The number was not so great as we expected ; and, though they had been of great use, yet some inconveniences occurring for want of due care of them, the collection after about a year was separated; and each took his books home agam« And now I set on foot my first project of a pub- lic nature, that for a subscription library. I drew up the proposals, got them put into form by our great scriyen^, Brockden, and, by the help of my fiiends in the Junto, procured fifty subscribers of forty shillings each to begin with, and ten shillings a year for fifty years, the term our company was to continue. We afterwards obtained a charter, the company being in- creased to one hundred; this was the mother of all the North American subscription libraries, now so numerous. It is become a great thing itself, and con- tinually goes on mcreasing. These libraries have im- proved the general conversation of the Americans, made the common tradesmen and farmers as intelligent as most gentlemen fix)m other countries, and perhaps have contributed in some degree to the stand so generally made throughout the colonies in defence of their privi- l^es. VOL. L 13 98 LIFE OF FRANKLIN. [178L CHAPTER VI.* Origin of the Philadelphia library. — Mode of obtaining Subscrip- tions. — Thrives in his Business. — Anecdote of the Silver Spoon and China BowL — Religious Sentiments and Remarks on Preaching. — Scheme for arriving at Moral Perfection. — Explanation of the Scheme. — List of Virtues enumerated, and Rules for Practising them. — Di- vision of Time, and the Occupation of each Hour. — Amusing Anec- dote—The Artof Virtue. — A Treatise on that Subject proposed. At the time I established myself in Pemisylvania, there was not a good booksellei^s shop in any of the colonies to the southward of Boston. In New York and Philadelphia, the printers were mdeed stationers, but they sold only paper, almanacs, ballads, and a few - • Down to this period the Memoir was written in the year 1771, and the task was then laid aside for several years. In the mean time, the manuscript was shown to several of the author's friends, who pressed him to complete what he had begun. He accordingly yielded to their solicitations, and, to the part with which this chapter commences, he prefixed the following introductory remarks, and also the two letters to which he alludes. *^ConHnu(Uum qfihe Account of my Life, begun ai Pasty, near Paris, 1784. '<It is some time since I received the above letters, but I have been too busy till now to think of complying with the request they contain.	35,960
novelistsmagazin05londuoft_12	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,780	The Novelist's magazine	None	English	Spoken	7,299	10,723	f In the hurry and confufion every 1 thing had been in the night before, thfe ' bakers had all forgot to lay their lea- ' ven— there were no butter'd buns to ' be had for breakfaft in all Strafburg— ' the whole clofe of the cathedral was * in. one eternal commotion — fuch a ' caufe of reftleflhefs and difquietude, ' and fuch a zealous inquiry into the 4 caufe of that reillefmefs, had never * happened in Strafburg, fmce Martin ' Luther, with his doctrines, had turn* ' ed the city up-fide down. * If the ftranger's nofe took this 1 liberty of thrufting itfelf thus into « the diflies f of religious orders, &c. ' what a carnival did his nofe make of ' it, in thofe of the laity ! — 'tis more ' than my pen, worn to the flump as it ' is, has power to defcribe ; though I * acknowledge' — (cries Slaivkenber- giu3t with more gaiety of thought than I * Hafen SUwkenbergius means the Benedidtine nuns of Cluny, founded in the year 940, by Odo, Abbe de Cluny. •j- N'lr. Shandy's compliments to orators — is very fenfible that Siawkenbergius has Ji?re changed his metaphor — which, he is very guilty of — that, as a translator, My. Shandy has all along doae v/iiat he could to multf him ft-ick to it— but that here it\va» could TRISTRAM SHANDY. II 9ould have exptfiedfrom him) — « that there Is many a good fimite now fub- filling in the world which might give my country men ibme idea of it ; but at the clofe of fuch a folio as this, wrote for their fakes, and in which I have fpent the greateft part of my life-- though I own to them the fimile is in being, yet would it not be unreafon- able in them to expeft I mould have either time or inclination to fearch for it? Let It fuffice to fay, that the riot and diforder it occafioned in the Straf- burghers fantafies was fq general— fuch an overpowering Tnnfterfhip had it got of all the faculties of the Straf- burghers minds — fo many ftrange things, with equal confidence on all fides, and with equal eloquence in all places, were fpoken and fworn to con- cerning it, that turned the whole ftream of all difcourfe and wonder towards it — every foul, good and bad — rich and poor — learned and un- learned—doctor and ftudent — miftrefs and maid — gentle and iimple — nun's flefh, and woman's flefh — in Straf- burg — fpent their time in hearing tidings about it — every eye in Straf- burg languilhed to fee it — every fin- ger, every thumb in Strafburg, burn- ed to touch it. * Now what might add, if any thing may be thought neceffary to add to fo vehement a deiire— was this, that the centinel, the bandy-legged drummer, the trumpeter, the trum- peter's wife, the burgomafter's wi- dow, the mafter cf the inn, and the mafter of the inn's wife, how widely jfoever they all differed every one from another in their teltimonies and de- fcription of the ftranger's nofe — they all agreeJ together in two points — namely, that lie was gone to Franck- fort, and would not return to Straf- burgh till that day month j arid fe- condly, whether his nofe was true or falfe— that the granger himi'elf was one of the moft perfecl paragons of beauty — the fineft made man — the moft genteel !— the moft generous of his purfe — the moft courteous in his carriage — that had ever entered the gates of Strafburg! — that, as he rode, with his fcyrnetar flung loofely to his wrift, through the ftreets — and walk- ed with his crimfon fattin breeches acrofs the parade — 'twas with fo fweet aii air o.f carelefs med?fty, and ib manly withal-^as would have put the heart in jeopardy (had his nofe not ftood in his way) of every virgia who had caft her eyes upon him. ' I call not upon that heart which Is a ftranger to the throbs and yearnings of curioiity, fo excited to juftify the Abbefs of Quedlingberg, the priorefs, the deanefs, and fub-chantrefs, for fending at noon-day for the trumpet- er's w^fe : (he went through theftreets of Stralburg with her hufband's trum- pet in her hand— rthe beft apparatus the ftraitnefs of the time would allow her, for the iiluftration of her theory— me ftaid no longer than three days. ' The centinel and the bandy-legged drummer ! — nothing on this lideof old Athens could equal them ! — they read their led u res under the city gates to comers and goers, with -all the pomp of a Chryiippus and a Crantor in their porticos- * The mafter of the inn, with his oftler on his left-hand, read his alfo in the fame Hyle — under the portico or gateway of his ftable-yard — his wife, her's more privately in a back- room : all flocked to their leclures 3 not promifcuoufly— but to this or that, as is ever the way, as faith and cre- dulity marihalled them — in a word* each Strafburgher came crouding for intelligence — and every Strafburgher had the intelligence he wanted. ' It is worth remarking, for the "be- nefit of all demonftrators in natural philofophy, &c. that as foon as the trumpeter's wife had finifhed the Ab- befs of Quedlingberg's private le'fture, and had begun to read in publick, which (he did upon a ftool in the mid- dle of the great parade— me incommod- ed the other demonftrators mainly, by gaining incontinently the moftfamiou- able part of the city of Stra(burg for her auditory — But when a demon- ftrator in philofophy (cries Slawken- bergius) has a trumpet for an appa- ratus, pray what rival in fcience caa pretend to be heard befides him ? * Whilft the unlearned, through theft conduits of intelligence, were all bu- fied in getting down to the bottom of the well, where TRUTH keeps her little court •'••were the learned in, their way as bufy in pumping her up through the conduits of dialect in- duction— they concerned themfelves uot with fads— they feafbned. « Not TRISTRAM SHANDY". * Not one profefiion had thrown more ' light upon this fubjecl than the facul- « ty — had not all their difputes about * it run into the affair or wens and * oedematous 1 well ings— they could wot * keep clear of them for their bloods * and fouls the Granger's nofe had ' nothing to do either with wens or cede- ' niatous iwellings. ' It was demon ftrated, however, very * fatisfaflorily, that fuch a ponderous * mafs of heterogeneous matter could ' not be congefted and conglomerated * to the nofe, whilft the infant was in * utera, without deftroying the ftatical * balance of the foetus, and throwing it f plump upon it's head nine months be- * fort the time. « The opponents granted the * theory — they denied the confequences. " And if a fuitable provifion of veins, " arteries, &c." laid they, " was not tf laid in, for the due nourishment of " fuch a nofe, in the very fir it (lamina " and rudiments of it's formation, be- " fore it came into the world, (bating <c the cafe of wens) it could not regular - " ly grow and be fuftained afterwards." * This was all anfwered by^a differ - * tation upon nutriment, and the eftecl * which nutriment had in extending the * velfels, and in the increafe and pro- * longation of the mufcular parts to the * greateft growth and expanilon ima- ' ginable. — In the triumph of which « theory, they went fo far aa to affirm, * that there was no caufe in nature, why * a nofe might not grow to the fize of < the man himfelf. * The respondents fatisfied the world ' this event could never happen to thtm * fo long as a -man had but oneftomach * and one pair of lungs. — For the fto- * mach, faid they, being the only organ * deftined for the reception of food, * and turning it into chyle — rmd the * lungs, the only engine of fanguifica- * tion— it could pcffibly work ofF no * more, than what the appetite brought * in : or, admitting the poiTibility of a * man's overloading his ttpmach, nature * had fet bounds however to his lungs— * the engine was of a determined fize * and ftrength, and could elaborate but ' a certain quantity in a given time— * that is, it could produce juit as much * blood as was fufncient for one fmgie ! man, and no more j lo that, if there * was as much note as man — they prov- * ed a. nwititiciition mult necpflarily en- * fuej and forafmuchas there'could not * be a Support for both, that the nofe mu ft « either tall off from the man, or the * man inevitably fall off from has noTe. '« Nature accommodates herfelf to " thefe emergencies," cried the oppo- ' ncnts — " elfe what do you fay to the " cafe of a whole ftomach— a whole " pair of lungs, and but half a man, " when both his legs have bceu unfor- "' tunately ihotoff ?" '* He dies of a plethora," faid they— » " or muftfpit blood, and in a fortnight " or three weeks go off in a Confump- «« tion."' -<c It happens otherwife," replie4 ' the opponents. " It ought not," faid they. * The more curious and intimate In* * quirers after nature and her doings, * toough they went hand in hand a ' good way together, yet they all di- ' vided about the nofe at laft, almoft f as much as the faculty itfelf. * They amicably laid it down, that ' there was a juft and geometrical ar- 1 rangement and proportion of the fe- 4 veral parts of the human frame to ' it's feveral deftinations, offices, and ' functions, which could not be tranf- 4 grefled but within certain limits— that « Nature, though flie fported, ftie fported ' within a certain circle, and they could * not agree about the diameter of it. ' The logicians ftuck much clofer ' to the point before them than any of ' the dalles of the literari — they began ' and ended with the word nofe j and * had it not been for a petitio principii, ' which one of the ableft of them ran * his head againft in the beginning of * the combat, the whole controvefy had ' been fettled at once. " A nofe," argued the logician, " cannot bleed without blood — and " not only blood — but blood circtilat- <{ ing in it to fupply the phenomenon " with a (ucceffion of drops — (a itream et being but a quicker fucceiTion oi" " drops, that is included," laid he.) — " Now death," continued the logician, " being nothing but the ftagnation of " the blood " " I deny the definition— Death is the " leparation of the foul from tlie bo- " dy," faid his antagonift. — '« Then " we don't agree about our weapon,1* « faid the logician. — " Then there is "an end of 'the difpute," replied the ' tmtaq-ooift. TRISTRAM SHANDY. * The civilians were ftill more con- cife : what they offered being more in the nature of" a decree—than a difpute. .. ,, -" Such a monftrous nofe," faid they, " had it been a true nofe, could not poffibly have been fuffered in civil fociety — and if falfe — toimpofe upon fociety with fuch falfe figns and to- kens, was a ftill greater violation of it's rights, and muft have had ftill lefs mercy fliewn it." f The only objection to this was, that if it proved any thing, it proved the ftranger's nofe was neither true nor falfe. « This left room for the controversy to go on. It was maintained by the advocates of the ecclefiaftick court, that there was nothing to inhibit a decree, fince the ftranger ex mero motu had confelTed he had been at the Promontory of Nofes, and had got one of the goodlieft, &c. &c. — To this it was anfwered, it was impofli- ble there fhotild be fuch a place as the Promontory of Nofes, and the learn- ed be ignorant where it lay. The commiffary of the Bimop of Strafburg undertook the advocates — explained this matter in a treatife upon prover- bial phrafes, mewing them, that the Promontory of Nofes was a mere al- legorick expreflion, importing no more than that nature had given him a long nofe — in proof of which, with great learning, he cited the under- written authorities, which had de- cided the point inconteftibly, had it not appeared that a difpute about fome franchifes of dean and chapter-lands had been determined by it nineteen years before. 117 It happened — I muft not fay, tin- * luckily for truth, becaufe they were * giving her a lift another way in fo c doing; that the two univerfities of « Strafburg — the Lutheran, founded in * the year 1538, by Jacobus Sturmius, * counfellor of the fenate — and the Po- ' prfh, founded by Leopold, Arch- ' duke of Auftria, were, during all £ this time, employing the whole depth * of their knowledge (except juft what « the affair of the Abbefs of Quedling- 1 berg's placket-holes required — ) in ( determining the point of Martin Lu- * ther's damnation. * The Popifh doctors had undertaken ' to demonftrate a priori, that from the ' neceflary influence of the planets on * the twenty-fecond day of October * 14.83 — when the moon was in the 4 twelfth houfe, Jupiter, Mars, and Ve- * nus in the third, the Sun, Saturn, ' and Mercury, all got together in the ' fourth — that lie muft in courfe, and. ' unavoidably, be a damned man — awd * that his doctrines, by a dire 61 corol- ' lary, muft be damned doclrines too. ' By infpection into this horofcope, ' where five planets were in coition ait * at once with Scorpio f,' — [In reading this my father would always make his head.] — 'in the ninth houfe, which the 4 Arabians allotted to religion — it ap- < peared that Martin Luther did not * care one ftiver about the matter — and f that from the horofcope directed to ' the conjunction of Mars — they made ' it plain likewise he muft die curling ' and blafpheming — with the blaft or « which his foul (being fteeped in guilt) ' failed before the wind, in the lake of * hell-fire. * The little objection cf the Lutheran * Nonnulli ex noftratibus eadem locruendi formula utun. Quinimo & Logiftce & Canonifbe — Vid. Parce Bar e jas in d. L. Provincial. ConiUtut. dc conjee, vid. vol. lib. 4. titul. i. n. 7. qua etiam in re confpir. Om. de Promontorio Naf. Tichmak. ft", d. tit. 3. fol. 189. paffim. Vid. Glof. de contnihend, empt. &c nee. non J. Scrudr. in cap. ^. refut. ff. per totum. cum his conf. Rever. J. Tubal, Sentrnt. & Prov. cap. 9- ff. n, ia. obiter. V. & Librum, cui Tit. de Tevris & Phraf. Belg. ad rinsm, cum comment. N. Bardy B:lg. Vid. Scrip. Argentotarenf. de Antiq. Ecc. in Epifc. Archiv. fid. coll. per Von Jacobum Koinfhoven Folio Argent. 1583, prsecip. ad Jiriem. Qijibus add. Rebuff, in L. obvenire de Signif. Nom. ff. fol. & de Jure, Gent. & Civil de protib. aliena teud. per federa, teft. Joha. Luxius inprolegom. qucm vclim videa.s, de Analy. cap. X, 2, 3. Vi<l. Idea. •f" Hzc mira, fatifque horrenda. Planetarum coitio fub Scorpio Afterifmo in nona Coeli ftatione, quam Arabes religion! deputabant efficit Martinum Lutherum facrilegum. hereticum, chriftianz religionis hoftcm. acerrimam atque prophanum, ex ^lorol^opi di- redlione ad Martis coitum, religiofiffimus obiic, cjus Anima fccleftiflima ad infernos navigavit — ab Aledlo, Tifiphone & Magera flagellis igneis cruciata pereaiter. Lucas Gauricus in Tracl:ata aiirologico dcprsteriti; rauitorum hominum acci- s-ner gcrucuras ^xamiuatis. « dolors TRISTRAM SHANDV. doftors to this was, that it muft certainly be the foul of another man, born O&ober 12, 83, which was forc- ed to fail down before the wind in that manner — inafmuch as it appeared from the regifter of Iflaben, in the county of Mansfelt, that Luther was not born in the year 14.83, but in 84 j and not on the azd day of Octo- ber, but on the loth of November ^ the eve of Martinmas-day, from whence he had the name of Martin.'' [ 1 mult break off my tranfla- tion for a moment; for if I did not, I know I mould no more be able to iliut my eyes in bed, than the Abbels of Quedlingberg. — It is to tell the reader, that my father never read this paflage of Slawkenbergius to my Uncle Toby, But with triumph — not over my Uncle Toby, for he never oppofed him in it— « but over the whole world. — { Now you fee, brother Toby," he would fay, looking up, ' tlf&t Chrif- * tian names are not fuch indifferent • things- — had Luther here been called by any other name but Martin, he * would have been damned to all eter- * nity. — Not that I look upon Martin,* he would add, * as a good name — far 4 from it — 'tis fomething better than a * neutral, and but a little— yet little as * it is, you fee it was of fome fervice to « him/ My father knew the weaknefs of this prop to his hypothefis as well as the beft logician could ihew him — yet fo ftrange is the weaknefs of man at the fame time, as it fell in his way, he could not for his life but make ufe of it ; and it was certainly for this reafon, that though there. are many ftories in Hafen Slaw- kenbfrglus's decads full as entertaining as this I am translating, yet there is not one amongft them which my father read over with half the delight — it flattered two. of his ftrangeft hypotheies toge- ther— his Names and his Nofes. — I will be bold to lay, he might have read all the books in the Alexandrian Library, had not fate taken other care of them, and not have met with a book or paf- lage in one, which hit two fuch nails as thefe upon the head at one ftroke.] * The two univeriities of Strafburg wcic hard tugging at this affair of Luther's navigation. TheProteftant cloclors had demonftrated, that he had net failed right before the wind, as the Pcpilb doclors had pretended} and as . every one knew there wa« r\4 failing full in the teeth of it — thejf were going to fettle, in cafe he had failed, how many points he was otfj whether Martin had doubled the cape, or had fallen upon a lee-fl\ore; and no doubt, as, it was an enquiry of much edification, at leaft to thofe who underftood thk fort of NAVIGATION j they had gone on with it in fpitc of the fize of the ftranger's nofe, had not the fize of the ftranger's nofe drawn off the attention of the world from what they were about — it was their bufmefs to follow. « The Abbefs of Quedlingberg and her four dignitaries was no ftop ; for the enormity of the ftranger's nofe running full as mnch in their fancies as their cafe of confcience— the affair of their placket-holes kept cold — in a word, the printers were ordered tot diftribute their types — all controver- fies dropped. ' It was a fquare cap with a filvef taflel upon the crown of it — to a nut- fhell — to have guefled on which iider of the nofe the two univerfities woulii fplit. " It is above reafon," cried the doc- tors on one fide. " It is below reafon," cried the others. " It is faith," cried the one. " It is a nddie-ftick," faid the other/ ft It is pofiible," cried the one. " It is impoflible," faid the other. " God's power is infinite," cried the Nolarians; tf he can do any thing. '*} " He can do nothing," replied the Antinofarians, " which implies con- tradictions." " He can make matter think," faid the Nofarians. " As certainly as you can make a velvet cap out of a fow's ear," re- plied the Antinofarians, " He cannot make two and two five/11 replied the Popifh doftors.— " It is falfe," laid their opponents. ' Infinite power, is infinite power,1* faid the doclors who maintained the reality of the nofe. — "It extend* only to all poflible things," replied the Lutherans. " By God in heaven," cried the Popifh doctors^ " he can make a noie, if he thinks fit, as big, as the fteeple of Strafourg !" < Now the fteeple of Strafburg being < the TRISTRAM SHANDY. the biggeft and the tailed church - fteeple to be feen in the whole world, the Antinofarians denied that a noie of five hundred and feventy five geo- metrical feet in length could be worn, at leaft by a middle-fized man. — The Popilh doctors fwore it could-- The Lutheran doctors faid, NOJ it could not. ' This at once ftarted a new difpute, which they puriued a great way upon the extent and limitation of the mo- ral and natural attributes of God. — That controverfy led them naturally into Thomas Aquinas, and Thomas Aquinas to the devil. The ftranger's nofe was no more heard of in the diipute — it juft ferved as a frigate to launch them into the gulph of fchool-divinity— and then they all failed before the wind. * Heat is in proportion to the want of true knowledge. « The controverfy about the attributes, &c. inftead of cooling, on the con- trary had inflamed the Strafburghers imaginations to a moft inordinate de- gree. — The lefs they underftood of the matter, the greater was their won- der about it— they were left in all the diftrefles of defire unfatisfied — faw their doctors, the Parckmentarians, the BraJ/arians, the Tttrpfatarians, on one fide — thePopifh do&ors on the other — like Pantagruel and his com- panions in queft of the oracle of the bottle, all embarked and out of fight. • « • ( The poor Strafburghers left upon the beach ! What was to be done? — No delay — the uproar in- creafed — every one in diforder— the city gates fet open. * Unfortunate Strafburghers ! was there in the ftore-houfe of nature— was there in the lumber- rooms of learning — was there in the great ar- fenal of chance, one fingle engine left undrawn forth to torture your curio- fities, and ftretch your defires, which was not pointed by the hand of Fate to play upon your hearts ? — I dip not my pen into my ink to excufe the fur- render of yourfelves — 'tis to write your panegyrick. Shew me a city fo macerated with expectation— who nei- ther eat, or drank, or flept, or pray- ed, or hearkened to the calls either of religion or nature, for feven and twen- ty days together, who could h»v§ held tut wie day longer, •119 * On the twenty -eighth the courteous ' (branger had promiied to return to * Stra(burg. * Seven thoufand coaches,'— [Slaw- kenbergius mult certainly have made ibme miftake in his numerical charac- ters]— * 7000 coaches — 15,000 fingle- ' horfe chairs — 20,000 waggons, croud- ' ed as i'ull as they could aii hold with * ienators, counfellors, fyndicks— be- ' guines, widows, wives, virgins, ca. nons, concubines, all in their coaches. * The Abbeis of Quedlingberg, wit]* ' the priorefs, the deanels, and fub- c chantreis, leading the proceffion in 1 one coach, and the Dean of Straf- * burg, with the four great dignita- * ries of his chapter, on her left-hand 4 —the reft following higgiety-pigglety * as they could ; ibme on horieDaCK— • * fome on foot — fome led — ibme driv-en * — Ibme down the Rhine — ibme this * way — fome that — all let out at iun- ' rife to meet the courteous itranger on. ' the road. * Hafte we now towards the cata- ' ftrophe of my tale • I iky, cata- f Jlropbe, (cries Slawkenbergius j) inaf- f much as a tale, with parts rightly * difpofed, not only rejoiceth (gaudety ' in the cataftrophe and peripeitia of a ' DRAMA, but rejoiceth moreover in * all the eflential and integrant parts * of it — it has it's prgtajis, epitafis, 1 catafla/isy it's cataftrophe or peri- 1 peitia, growing one out of the other * in it, in the order Ariitotle firit plant- * ed them — without which a tale had 1 better never be told at ail, (fays Slaw- ' kenbergius) but be kept to a man't ' ielf. * In all my ten tales, in all my ten * decads, have I, Slawkenbergius, tied ' down every tale of them as tightly to * this rule, as I have done this of the * ftranger and his noie. * From his firit parley with the cen* * tinel, to his leaving the city of Straf- * burg, after pulling off his crimibn * fattin pair of breeches, is the protajis ' or firft entrance — where the charac- < ters of the perfonx dramatis are juil < touched in, and the fubjecl: flightly * begun. * The epiiafis, wherein the aclion is * more fully entered upon and height - * ened, till it arrives at it's Irate or * height called the catajiajis, and which * ufually takes up the fecond and third * »#, is iAcJ.uded within that buiy pe- O « riod J20 TRISTRAM SHANDY. « riod of my tale, betwixt the firft « night's uproar about the nofe, to the < conclufion of the trumpeter's wife's « le&ures upon it in the middle of the « grand parade ; and from the firft em- « barking of the learned in the difpute— « to the doctors finally failing away, and < leaving the Strafburghers upon the < beach in diftrefs, is the catajlafa or * the ripening of the incidents and paf- * fions for their burfting forth in the « fifth aft: * This commences with the fetting ' out of the Strafburghers in the Franck- * fort road, and terminates in un- * winding the labyrinth and bringing * the hero out of a ftate of agitation (as « Ariftotle calls it) to a ftate of reft and ' quietnefs. * This (fays Hafen Slawkenbergius) * conftitutes the cataftrophe or peripei- * tia of my tale — and that is the part of f it I am going to relate. « We left the ftranger behind the cur- * tain alleep — he enters now upon the « ftage. " What doft thou prick up thy " ears at — 'tis nothing but a man upon ** a horfe !" — was the laft wcrd the ' ftranger uttered to his mule. It was * not proper then to tell the reader, that ' the mule took his matter's word for * it j and without any more ifs or andst * let the traveller and his horfe pafs by. ' The traveller was haftening with « all diligence to get to Strafburg that < night.—" What a fool am I," faid ' the traveller to himielf, when he had * rode about a league farther, " to think " of getting into Strafburg this night ! " Strafburg! — the great Straf- " burg ! — Strafburg, the capital of all " Aliatia! Strafburg, an imperial city! ' Srraiburg, a fovereign ftate ! Straf- " burg, garrifoned with five thouiand «c of the beft troops in all the world ! « Alas ! if I was at the gates of " Strafburg this moment, I could not " gain admittance into it fora ducat — " nay a ducat and half 'lis too much " better go back to the laft inn I " b^ve paflbd — than lie I know not -" where — or give I know not what." The traveller, as he made thefe rcflec- <• ticns in hU mind, turned his horfe' s i about ; and three minutes afftr « the itranger had been conducted into 4 hii chamber, he arrived at the fame inn. — " We have bacon in the houfe/' « Taid the lioil, «< and bread— and till " eleven o'clock this m'ght had three " eggs in it— but a ftranger, who ar- " rived an hour ago, has had them •" drefled into an omelet, and we have " nothing." " Alas !" faid the traveller, «£ har- " rafted as I am, I want nothing but " a bed."—" I have one as foft as is " in Alfatia," faid the hoft. — — " The ftranger," continued hrf " fliould have flept in it, for 'tis my " beft bed, but upon the fcore of his " nofe." — " He has got a defluxion?" * faid the traveller. — ' Not that I " know," cried the hoft.— lt But 'tis ct a camp-bed— and Jacinta," faid he, looking towards the maid, " ima- <( gined there was not room in it to turn " his nofe in." — " Why fo?" cried 4 the traveller, ftarting back. — " It is. " fo long a nofe," replied trie hoft.—. * The traveller fixed his eyes upon Ja- ' cinta, then upon the ground — kneeled * upon his right-knee — had juft got his ' hand laid upon his breaft— " Trifle ** not with my anxiety," faid he, rifing * up again.—" It is no trifle," faid * Jacinta, " it is the moft glorious " nofe1."' ' The traveller fell vpon * his knee again — laid his hand upon 4 his breaft—" Then," faid he, look- * ing up to heaven, "thou kaft con- " dueled me to the end of my pilgri- " mage — 'Tis Diego!" * The traveller was the brother of the * Julia fo often invoked that night by * the ftranger as he rode from Straf- * burg upon his mule j and was come,, * on her part, in queft of him. He c had accompanied his fifter from Val- * ladolid acrofs the Pyrenean moun- 1 tains through France, and had many * an entangled fkein to wind off in pur- 1 fuit of him through the many mean- * ders and abrupt turnings of a lover's * thorny tracks. • • '-' •* Julia had funk under it — and < had not beeu able to go a ftep farther * than to Lyons ; where, with the many ' difquietudes of a tender heart, which 1 all talk of — but few feel— fhe ficken- < ed-~ but had jul^ ftrength to write * a letter to Diego j and having con- * jured her brother never to fee her face 4 till he had found him out and put ( the letter into his hands, Julia took * to her bed. ' Fernandez— (for that was her bro- * ther's name)- — though the camp-bed * was as fpft as any one iu Alface, yet « he TRISTRAM SHANDY. 121 ha could not mut his eyes in it. — As foon as it was day he rofe, and hear- ing Diego was rifen too, he entered his chamber, and discharged his fif- ter's commiffion. ' The letter was as follows. '" SEIG. DIEGO, WH E T H E R my fufpicions of f{ your nofe were juttly ex- cited or not— 'tis not now to enquire —it is enough I have not had firm- ntfs to put them to farther trial. " How could I know fo little of my- felf, when I fent my duenna to for- bid your coming more under my lat- tice ? or how could I know fo little of you, Diego, as to imagine you would not have ftaid one day in Val- ladolid to have given eafe to my doubts ? Was I to be abandoned, Diego, becaufe I was deceived ? or was it kind to take me at my word, whether my fufpicions were juft or no, and leave me, as you- did, a prey to much uncertainty and forrow ? " In what manner Julia has refented this— my brother, when he puts this letter into your hands, will tell you : he will tell you in how few moments me repented of the rafa meffage fhe had fent you — in what frantick hafte fhe flew to her lattice, and how many days and nights together fhe leaned immovably upon her elbow, looking through it towards the way which Diego was wont to come. " He will tell you, when me heard of your departure — how her fpirits de- ierted her — how her heart fickened — howpiteoufly fhe mourned — how low fhe hung her head. O Diego! how many weary fteps has my brother's pity led me by the hand languifhing to trace out yours $ how far has de- fire carried me beyond ftrength — and how oft have I fainted by the way, and funk into his arms, with only power to cry out — " O my Diego 1" ' If the gentlenefs of your carriage has not belyed your heart, you will fly to me almoft as faft as you fled from me. — Hafte as you will, you will ar- rive but, to fee me expire — 'tis a bit- ter draught, Diego ; but, oh ! 'tis em- bittered ftill more by dying un ." intended was unconvinced ; but her ftrength would not enable her to finifh her letter. ' The heart of the courteous Dieg® overflowed as he read the letter — he ordered his mule forthwith and Fer- nandez's horie to be f addled ; and as no vent in profe is equal to that of poetry in fuch conflicts— -chance, which as often directs us to remedies as to difeafes, having thrown a piece of charcoal into the window — Diego availed himfelf of it j and whilti the oftlcr was getting ready his mule, he eafed his mind againft the wall as follows. "ODE. " Harfh and untuneful arc the notes of love, " Unlefs my Julia ftrikes the key j " Her hand alone can touch the pa.it, " Whofe dulcet move- " ment charms the heart, < And governs all the man V with fympathetick fway. ad. 0 Julia! " — < She could proceed no farther. ' Slawkenbergius fuppofes the word ' The lines were very natural — for they were nothing at all to the pur- po.(e, (fays Slawkenbergius) and 'tis a pity there were no more of them ; but whether it was that Seignior Diego was flow in compofing verfes— or the oltler quick in Saddling mules — is not averred : certain it was, that Diego's mule and Fernandez's horfe were ready at the door of the inn, before Diego was ready for his fecond ftanza j fo without flaying to finifh his ode, they both mounted, fullied forth, paff- ed the Rhine, traverfed Alface, maped their rt>urfe towards Lyons, and be- fore the Strafburghers and the Abbefs of Quedlingberg had fet out on their cavalcade, had Fernandez, Diego, and his Julia, crolTed the Pyrenean moun- tains, and got fafe to Valladolid. • It is needlefs to inform the geogra- phical reader, that when Diego was in Spain, it was not poflible to meet the courteous ftranger in the Franck- fort road ; it is enough to fay, that of all reftlefs defires, curiofity being the ftrongeft — the Strafburghers felt the full force of it ; and that for three clays and nights they were tofled to and fro in the Franckfort road, with the tempeftuous fury of this paf- 0,3 « iion, J22 TRISTRAM SHANDY. fion, before they could fubmit to re- * turn home. — When, alas ! an event ' was prepared for them, of all others * the molt grievous that could befal a ' free people. ' As this revolution of the Straf- * burghers affairs is often ipoken of, and * little underltood, I will, in ten words, * (fays Slawkenbergius) give the world ' an explanation of it, and with it put * an end to my tale. ' Every body knows of the grand * fyftem of univerfal monarchy, wrote 4 by order of Monfieur Colbert, and * put in manufcript into the hands of * Lewis the Fourteenth, in the year « 1664. ' It is as well known, that one branch * out of many of that fyftem, was the * getting pofleffion of Strafburg to favour * an entrance at ail times into Suabia, * in order to diiturb the quiet of Ger- * many — and that, in confequence of * this plan, Strafburg unhappily fell at * length into their hands. 4 It is the lot of few to trace out the * true fprings of this and luch like re- * volutions. — The vulgar look too high * for them — Statefmen look too low — * Truth (for once) lies in the middle. " What a fatal thing is the popular ** pride of a 'free city ! " cries one hifto- * rian— " The Strafburghers deemed it <c a diminution of their freedom to re- «* ceive an imperial garrjfon- — and fo ' fell a prey to a French one. " The fate," fays another, " of the " Strafburghers, may be a warning to ' all free people to lave their money. — 4t They anticipated their revenues — ?' brought themfelves under taxes, ex- :" haufted their ftrength, and in the ' end became fo weak a people — they * had not flrength to keep their gates ¥< fhutj and fo the French puihcd them " open." * Alas ! alas ! (cries Slawkenbergius) ' it was not the French — 'twas cu- ' RIOSITY pufhed them open. — The ' French, indeed, who are ever upon « tie catch, when they law the Straf- * burghers, men, women, and children, * all marched GUI to follow the ftranger's * nofe— each mun followed his own, * and marciied in, ' '1 raac und manufactures have de- * eayed and £ radiuuy grown down ever * fmce — but i.- v from any cauie which * commercial heads have affigned j for ' it is owing to this only, that Nofes < have ever fo run in their heads, that the Strafburghers could not follow" their bufmefs. ' Alas! alas! (cries Slawkenbergius) making an exclamation — it is not the firft — and, I fear, will not be the lait fortrefs, that has been either won — or loft — by NOSES/ END OF SLAWKENBERGIUS'S TALB. C H A P. I. WITH all this learning upon nofes running perpetually in my father's fancy— with fo many family prejudices — and ten decads of fuch tales running on for ever along with them—- how was it poffible with fuch exqui- fite— < W as it a true note ?' that a man with fuch exquifite feelings as my father had, could bear the mock at all below flairs— or, indeed, above flairs, in any other pofture, but the very pofture I have defcribed ? Throw yourfelf down upon the bed, a dozen times — taking care only to place a looking-glals firlt in a chair on one fide of it, before you do it— 1 But was the ftranger's nofe a true nofe « —or was it a falie one ?' To tell that before-hand, Madam, would be to do injury to one of the beft tales in the Chriftian world j and that is, the tenth of the tenth decad, which immediately follows this. 4 This tale/ crieth Slawkenbergius fomewhat exultingly, * has been referved by me for the concluding tale of my whole work j knowing right well, that when I fhall have told it, and my reader mall have read it through — it would be high time for both of us to fhut up the book ; inafmuch,' con- tinues Slawkenbergius, « as I know of no tale which could pofllbly ever go down after it.* 'Tis a tale indeed ! This fets out with the firft interview in the inn at Lyons, when Fernandez left the courteous ftranger and his fifter Julia alone in her chamber, and is over- written— ' THE INTRICACIES OF DIEGO AND ' JULIA.' —-Havens! thou art a ftrangc creature, Slawkenbergius ! what a whimiicai view of the involutions of the heart of woman haft thou opened ! how this can ever be tranflated — and Plat: " Jtyrfl «S*17«1. TRISTRAM SHANDY. 123 yet if this fpecimen of Slawkenbergius's tales, and the exquifitivenefs of his moral mould pleafe the world — tranilated (hall a couple of volumes be. — Elie, how this can ever be tranflated into good Englifh, I have no fort of conception. — There feems in feme pafiages to want a fixth fenfe to do it rightly. — What can he mean by the lambent pupi labi- lity of. (low, low, dry chat, five notes below the natural tone — which you know, Madam, is little more than a whifper? The moment I pronounced the words, I could perceive an attempt towards a vibration in the firings, about the region of the heart the brain made no acknowledgment. — There's often no good understanding betwixt 'em. — I felt as if I underilood it. — I had no ideas. — The movement could not be without caufe. — I'm loft. I can make nothing of it — unlefs, may it pleafe your worships, the voice, in that cafe being little more than a whifper, unavoidably forces the eyes to approach not only within fix inches of each other —but to look into the pupils. — Is not that dangerous ? — But it can't be avoid- ed— for, to look up to the ceiling, in that cafe the two chins unavoidably meet — and to look down into each other's laps, the foreheads come into immediate contact, which at once puts an end to the conference — I mean, to the fentimental part of it. — What is left, Madam, is not worth ftocping for. M C H A P. II.	315
mademoisellemori01robe_8	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	null	None	None	English	Spoken	7,410	9,684	* You vain child ! suppose I say no ? ' MADEMOISELLE MORI. 171 ' Oh, you will not say that, signora ; I could not help being inspired to-night,' she said, with a glance at Leone. ' Ah, Signor Nota ! ' said Mrs. Dalzell, with a smile, ' I have been hearing of your misdeeds from Madame Marriotti.' 1 She has been my worst enemy, but I can afford to forgive her now,' said Leone. ' She tells me many sad things,' said Irene ; ' she says I am spoiled for an artist, and that 1 en- courage Leone to set up Italy as my rival ; but I shall always choose for Italy to come first ; I am not afraid.' 1 Italy is always to be first,' said Leone, smiling proudly ; ' we are ready to make sacrifices when Italy asks for them.' ' And Vincenzo, what does he say to your set- ting up a rival to him, Irene ? ' ' Oh, signora!' exclaimed Irene, with a wounded look, and she shrank away from Leone, so that Mrs. Dalzell repented her words ; but he took Irene's hand, saying, ' There is no rivalry where there is one family ; Vincenzo has taken me into his, and made me rich.' 1 Eich, indeed !' said Irene, recovering her bright look ; ' he is so proud, signora ! he will have no- thing to say till he has made a fortune, though he knows long betrothments are unheard of here.' Mrs. Dalzell thought how this frank speaking, perfectly ladylike and refined though Irene was, differed from the bashfulness of an English girl in a like case ; but she could not like it less ; it suited the southern maiden, who had already several times that evening reminded her of Juliet. As they were continuing to talk of Vincenzo, 172 MADEMOISELLE MORI. Gemma Clementi left the piano and presently came to Irene, whispering something to her. Irene rose, looked vexed, said to Mrs. Dalzell, ' I Mill soon return,' and followed her to a little room, where cloaks and hoods had been taken off. ' Well, Gemma, what is it ? I want to go back.' ' Oh, you are to sing again, of course ; at all events, it cannot be that hymn ; it would drive me mad to hear it again. Every word made me feel as if you had stabbed me, and if Luigi had been there I would have stabbed you,' said Gemma, clenching her hand and knitting her brow. ' And to see that silly child, Imelda, full of delight ! The world is not wide enough for us two ; but, at least, Ravelli loves me, and only me, though they have chosen her to be his wife.' ' Did you only bring me here to say all this ? ' ' I hate the name of Italy — my only real rival ! Oh, you asked me something ? JNo, I brought you here to see Pietrucchio. I am kinder to you than you are to me and Eavelli.' She ran back into the other room, and in her place <tood Clementi. He was an old friend now, and Irene said, without hesitation, ' I am so glad to see you before you go.' ' Before I go on a mission whose danger you well know. Irene, this may be a long adieu ; once before you closed my lips when something escaped me of another love mingling with that for our country; will you do the same now? Ah! I understand ; no need to speak.9 ' Oh, Count Clementi ! you gave up your pro- spects for a nobler love than mine !' He looked at her fixedly and said, ' "When we last spoke of this, you said that, though you did not love me, you loved no one else ?' MADEMOISELLE MORI. 173 The words were a question, and her face replied plainly. A thousand things were in the look that flashed across his face as he spoke the one word ' Leone ?' 1 Yes,' she answered. Both stood still ; that moment had overthrown the schemes of three years ; little stood, at that moment, between Nota and a stiletto, but, even in the few in- stants which passed while Irene stood mute beside him, dementi's subtle brain had devised new schemes. "When he spoke again, it was to say ' Farewell !' ' Xo, au revoir ! Tou will return, you will bring success ; these are days for nobler things than mere private hopes !' said Irene, earnestly. 1 "When I return, if return I do, it will be to find you Xota's bride ?' ' Xo,' she answered, ' that cannot be yet, but — Count Clementi — I love him.' She meant to crush all hope, and at least she stung him, so that he could barely disguise the look of hatred that crossed his face ; but his voice did not betray him as he said, ' It is enough, the subject shall never be named again, and the future still belongs to me.' 1 Oh yes, the future, our country's future ! "We have that best interest in common ; we have shared all the past hopes and fears, and we shall have more good news when you return.' ' Yes, when I return. Till then, farewell, Irene !' He held her hand for a moment and regarded her steadfastly ; kissed it once, and disappeared, while she returned to Mrs. Dalzell with troubled thoughts. The first question was innocent and yet embarrassing enough. ' "Was the handsome girl who called you away Count dementi's sister ?' 174 MADEMOISELLE MORI. 1 Gemma Clementi — yes.' A great friend ?' ' We are such near neighbours that I see her constantly now that she has come home from the convent, but we are hardly friends.' ' But her brother is Vincenzo's special ally, after Signor Nota, of course.' ' Yes, he and Luigi Ravelli.' ' And who did I hear that that pretty child is, and the lady in black velvet, just what one would fancy Lady Capulet to have been ? She ought to wear a flowing train and a hood.' ' That is Imelda Olivetti, a dear, dear child, and the lady is her mother.' 'Child! she is sixteen, and Eavelli's promessa sposaj said Leone. ' I love her dearly,' said Irene ; ' do let me in- troduce her to you.' ' Thank you ; but my Italian has grown rather rusty : it strikes me that both it and your English would be the better for a little practice, signo- rina.' ' She is teaching me English,' said Leone, with pretended alarm; ' I hope she is capable of it ?' Irene shook her head saucily at the implied doubt, and in fact she spoke English very well, and her foreign accent was but piquant and pleasing. Madame Marriotti came up again, and made them listen to a German pianist ; afterwards she sent Irene to sing again, and sitting down by Mrs. Dalzell, told her who different people were, while from time ' to time old acquaintances came up to welcome the stranger and remained a few minutes to talk on the inexhaustible subject of the new Pope and his measures. Late in MADEMOISELLE MORT. 175 the evening an ecclesiastic entered, distinguished of course by his particular dress, but still more by his remarkable countenance, which forcibly recalled to Mrs. Dalzell's mind a picture she had somewhere seen of a Spanish saint — where, she could not remember, but this man might have been the original. A thin, ascetic face, the fea- tures so delicate that they would have been feminine had they been a whit less austere ; deep- set eyes gleaming under a broad, pale forehead ; with an indescribable look as if he were accus- tomed not only to read men, but to govern them. Such a face might have belonged to the founder or reformer of some rigid order ; but, stern and watchful as it was when at rest, it became singularly fascinating and persuasive, even seductive when he spoke ; and as he entered, there was a movement and murmur among those present, which showed he was a person of eminence, and several immediately surrounded him, as if proud to claim his acquaintance. His spare figure seemed from its straightness to rise above those around him, and he remained for some minutes the centre of a group, answering, with calm, soft tones, the buzz of eager appeal. Mrs. Dalzell noticed that Irene kissed his hand as he paused near her, and that Leone was one of those standing round him ; and turned to express her surprise to her hostess, but Madame Marriotti had hurried to welcome the new comer, and remained standing in deep conver- sation with him for some minutes. When she left him, he sat down near the piano, speaking occa- sionally to his neighbours, but generally listening to what went on around him, yet without seeming to do so ; the words appeared to float to his ear, ]76 MADEMOISELLE MORI. and an occasional remark showed that he heard and appreciated what was said on all sides in spite of the buzz of voices, in which the words ' The Pope,' ' Amnesty,' ' Cicceruacchio,' ' Grizzi,' ' Aus- trian policy,' seemed to cross and recross each other in all directions, with a freedom most signi- ficant that a new regime had begun. Madame Marriotti returned to Mrs. Dalzell, and whispered, 1 Padre Rinaldi. I don't love priests in general, but I do believe that man is a saint, if there be such things now-a-days, and he has enormous influence here ; the people absolutely worship him. His eloquence! you should hear him preach. I went once to St. Andrea della Yalle, but the crowd nearly killed me — there was not room for a reed in the church. He has travelled everywhere and knows all languages, and I have heard wonderful things (I'm sure I do not know whether they are true or not ; one can't believe half one hears, especially at Pome) ; but they do say, that the power he had amongst some tribe of savages whom he lived amongst for years, and converted, is something too extraordinary to be believed.' ' I could believe anything of that man,' said Mrs. Dalzell, looking at him with great interest. He raised his eyes and met hers at the moment, and she withdrew her glance hastily, lowering her voice, as she said, ' There certainly is mesmerism in him ; I feel sure he could obtain any power he pleased over me.' ' Mesmerism ! it is strictly forbidden here ; perhaps that means nobody but the priests are to possess it,' said Madame Marriotti, who cer- tainly had no love for the Pom an clergy. ' You must ask young Xota about him ; he will have MADEMOISELLE MORI. 177 plenty to tell you ; Padre Pinaldi is his oracle, and certainly a reforming priest is worth noting.' There was a constant movement in the rooms, as well as incessant talking, and a little crowd soon interposed between Mrs. Dalzell and Padre Rinaldi ; but she still seemed to feel his eye upon her, and even while laughing at herself, still de- clared that he possessed mesmeric power. Count Clementi had disappeared an hour or two before, and when she asked where he was, no one seemed to know. Irene and Leone could both have explained, but the matter was a secret. He had asked for no pledge of silence from Irene respecting the declaration he had made, earnestly as he wished that Leone should not hear of it. He rightly judged that from her no one would ever know that he had sought to be more than a friend. TOL. I. 178 CHAPTEE XI. Well done, thou watcher on the lonely tower ! Is the day breaking ? Dawns the happy hour ? We pine to see it : — tell us yet again, If the broad daylight breaks upon the plain. It breaks, it comes — the misty shadows fly, A rosy radiance gleams upon the sky ; The mountain tops reflect it calm and clear, The plain is yet in shade, but day is near. Mackay. MES. DALZELL was more successful in her second Tisit to Palazzo Clementi than she had been in her first. The servant girl again opened the door, but received her less wonderingly, and volunteered the information, ' La padrona sta a pettinarsi? How many times before the same odd phrase had amused the EDglish lodger until she learnt at last to comprehend that this " pectinating" pro- cess meant that Madama Cecchi was laying aside her morning deshalille, and preparing herself for the afternoon. She knew it would be vain to expect to see her for an hour at least, and went to the sitting-room of Irene and Yincenzo. Both were at home, and both started up joyfully to receive her, and her old favourite Tevere overwhelmed her with demonstrations of delight. The sitting-room had become thoroughly Italian MADEMOISELLE MOEI. 179 in her absence ; the walls roughly, but very effec- tively painted with views of Tivoli, Albano, and the Campagna ; no carpet on the uneven brick floor, except a narrow strip beside the sofa, and the furniture had a stiff, formal look ; the centre of the room was occupied by a piano ; a plaster bust of Pio Xono stood on a bracket with an embroidery frame below it, and the red sofa was adorned with a cushion, on which Madama Cecchi, in some extraordinary fit of industry, had worked a bird of Paradise with a brilliant tail. Less Italian looked a small bookcase. Yincenzo was writing in a thick manuscript book as she entered ; he was in his indoors costume of dressing-gown and velvet cap, and he looked even thinner and more of an invalid than of old ; his complexion had become that of one in confirmed ill health, and the crutches near his sofa showed that he found moving as difficult as ever, but his countenance was bright with joy at the arrival of Mrs. Dalzell. Irene's music and his carvino- for some time formed the topic of conversation ; he had been very fortunate in obtaining employ- ment ; Signor Trajano had been very kind in re- commending his works, and he was always busy. Mrs. Dalzell described again to him, what she had already told by letter, how good an effect some of his garlands of fruit and flowers had in an English mansion, where they had been placed, and described the paintings which they surrounded. "When all this had been told, Irene called her attention to a carnation on a table. ' Yes, I have been admiring it ; but how come you to admit scented flowers ? ' Irene and Yincenzo smiled, and the former n2 180 MADEMOISELLE MORI. placed it before Mrs. Dalzell, who then discovered that though it was a hondjide carnation plant, the flowers were paper. The imitation was so good that she repeatedly touched them before she could believe they were artificial. ' They are feigned,' said Irene, unconsciously translating from the Italian in which she thought. 'Imelda Olivetti made them and sent them to me.' 1 But these are not Ji?iti; these are my garden,' said Yincenzo, moving with difficulty to the win- dow, which he opened ; ' see, I have a stock, a camellia, and a rose-tree, and here is the canary which Leone was pleased to say he brought as a gift to me. See ! Tevere cannot bear it — he is so jealous of it, that when I let it out, we are obliged to put him in thef anteroom. Is he not a pretty fellow ? white and yellow, the Papal colours ! and do you see the plants — the goldfinch, in the win- dow of the top story opposite ?' ' Your neighbour quite beats you in colours, Yincenzo ; a red and blue cage ! ' ' My neighbour is an artisan, and we are great friends ; we water our plants and feed our birds at the same hour every day ; as the clock strikes, I always see his black beard and purple cap appear among them. I thought he must be a good fel- low, he is so fond of them, and he has quite tamed a little yellow water-wag-tail, that is always run- ning over the roof here ; I suppose he passed the same judgment on me, for we always exchange nods, and look for each other. Irene and I made up our minds that we would give him a pleasure, and bought a rose-tree for him ; he only possessed stocks and wall-flowers till then, and we sent it without saying whence it came ; but somehow he found out, and came to thank us.' MADEMOISELLE MORI. 181 'Such a scene of gratitude!' said Irene; 'and he has vowed to do service whenever and wherever he can.' 1 Just the same number of people looking out of window as ever!' said Mrs. Dalzell. 1 It is our way of taking the air,' said Yincenzo ; 1 1 find it very refreshing.' They sat down again, and Irene continued, ' I showed you the carnation, signora, because I want to talk to you about Imelda. It is a secret, but you stand so apart from it all that it is like telling a confessor; and I want advice, for Yincenzo and I are both puzzled. You heard that she was Luigi Kavelli's promessa sposa ; he is an engineer now, but he was brought up in Signor Olivetti's studio.' 'His studio — he is a painter or a sculptor, then?' ' Oh no,' said Irene, perplexed. Yincenzo saw the difficulty, and added, ' Perhaps in English the word is used differently ; it only means here a place to study in. Signor Olivetti is a lawyer.' ' I understand, and Signor Eavelli was his pupil.' ' So,' pursued Irene, ' Imelda has known him all her life ; the two families settled, almost as soon as she was born, that their sou and daughter should marry. Luigi never liked the law, and he has persuaded his father to let him be an engineer (you know we are to have railroads now), and not marry just yet. I am afraid the real reason is, that he and Gemma Clementi love each other. She came home from Sta. Caterina di Siena last summer, and was to have married some old marchess, but he died. I wish she had ! I don't know how it began, but they meet and write continually, and no one knows but ourselves.' ' ISot here ! ' exclaimed Mrs. Dalzell. 182 MADEMOISELLE MORI. ' No, no ; we could not allow that, though Ravelli is a great friend of ours.' ' And Irene positively refused to give him Gem- ma's letters,' added Vincenzo ; ' consequently they have respected her ever since.' ' How can all this be if Italian girls are so jea- lously watched ? ' ' Perhaps it sharpens their wits for deceit, signora ; and besides, Contessa Clementi is an invalid, and trusts to her maid and the sister-in- law who lives with her, and who takes very indif- ferent care of Gemma, I suspect ; indeed, Leone privately begged me not to let Irene go out any- where with her, long before the signorina knew he had any right to interfere.' ' Gemma has insisted on being friends with us, but I do not like her — I could not like any one who perilled dear Imelda's happiness,' said Irene. 'Is this family compact a very serious thing?' asked Mrs. Dalzell. ' Surely the simple thing to do is for Signor Luigi to tell his father the truth.' ' It would be in vain,' said Yincenzo ; ' Signor Haveili is quite despotic — a hot-headed, kind, tyrannical old man, never opposed by any one in his own family ; he would only think Luigi a fool- ish boy and not listen. He cannot understand that his son can be grown up. Besides, the Clementi would never consent, though they are decadente ; Ravclli is not even a count in the provinces.' ' Do the Olivetti family know how they are risking their daughter's happiness?' ' They would not believe it. They would think this a silly affair which the marriage would end, and Imelda has been taught from childhood to consider Luigi as her future husband. She is MADEMOISELLE MORI. 183 such a eliild that she does not see that he only likes her as a sister.' 1 Oh, signora, don't you think Luigi must find out how much better a wife she would make him than Gremma, who is so intensely selfish ? ' 1 "Who cannot endure to see him pat Tevere here ; she would poison anything he loved, she is so jealous and violent; and he is as blind as a bat to it, or taking it all for love ! ' said Yincenzo. ' She even dislikes to hear Italy spoken of, because she thinks he cares too much about it,' said Irene; ' but she knows better than to let him see that.' 'And Imelda cares for Italy just because he does — neither of them have a spark of real patriot- ism, but I can forgive her. The thing that puzzles me is, why Clementi, who sees everything, lets this go on. Perhaps he might, after all, let her marry a commoner. He has come with her several times when Luigi was here, and yet seemed to notice nothing. I cannot make it out.' ' Yet you like him ?' 1 Indeed I do, he has made noble sacrifices — he goes too far, I own, but of course he must be spurred by the fear that men may suspect him of a leaning to his old party.' 'And Cecchi?' Yincenzo shook his head. ' Cecchi is becoming a fanatic, quiet as he seems ; once set him off", and you have a regular Jacobin. I don't like his prin- ciples; he is mad about equality, and republics, and socialism, and such stuff. Our best men see that what we really want is a constitutional government, such as we shall have if people will but wait ; Borne was not built in a day, nor will it be reformed in 184 MADEMOISELLE MORI. one ; but Cecchi and his party call us moderates Pope's men; they are absorbed at present in one great body of liberals, but I am afraid they will split with it soon. Such as Cecchi would stick at nothing to compass their ends, and yet you know how mild and amiable the man is in private life. I only hope the Government will hold them well in, for they would make small account of men's lives if they stood in their way. There have been many assassinations of late years.' 1 Not in Rome ? ' 1 No, in the provinces ; but if a man stabs another, to this day they say in the Trastevere, " Poor fellow ! he has murdered such a one," and all agree to hide him.' ' Because they think he must be brave,' said Irene. ' There ! you see she understands the feeling. As if there could be bravery in a cowardly sudden blow with the stiletto ! Fair fight, face to face, I can admire ; but you see, those who justify assas- sination say it is the only means to get justice where fear and bribery rule everything.' ' Their reign is over now ! These three last have been wonderful years,' said Irene, triumphantly. ' Yes, so Yincenzo's letters showed me.' 1 My letters ! If I had told you half what I might ! You little guessed how much more there was to tell — what risks we were all running ! You must know that Leone was the very soul of what Government would have called a plot, what I call a propaganda ; though perhaps the reverend fathers here, Loyola's disciples, might object to that use of the word,' said Yincenzo, maliciously. 'The object was to spread liberal opinions, and give MADEMOISELLE MORI., 185 men some definite idea what to aim at, reform and freedom for Italy, but no driving away of kings and attempts at impossible republics. The thing was to get this into people's heads, but the very mention of such ideas was as much as one's life was worth. We all knew we risked life and liberty. There were Nota, Cecchi, Ravelli, and Donati at first, who planned and organized the measures to be taken, then myself. We wrote, and got our papers printed in England, or circulated them in MS. Irene can tell you who copied many of them ; it was in fact a kind of secret society, and in these three years our progress has been worth all the danger — we are counted by hundreds all over the Papal States; but it was perilous work. You can't be sure among numbers that some won't boast or betray ; we were standing on a mine with a lighted match in it.' ' Leone might well say that, if I realized his position, I should not promise him Irene,' said Mrs. Dalzell ; ' was this your care of her, Vin- cenzo ?' 'Signora,' he answered seriously, 'there are things more precious than even life or liberty ; we are Italians, and she is Xota's promised wife. This was no play ; it was life and death in thorough earnest. We had to distrust the very air we breathed. The danger, from the over-zealous, like Cecchi, was as great as it was from traitors. Over and over again Leone's room was searched ; more than once, I am convinced, a spy came here under pretext of buying my carvings. I assure you there were days when every ring at the bell was as startling as if the police must be outside.' Irene leant her head on her hand and sighed. 186 MADEMOISELLE MORI. She knew more about a conspiracy now than in the days of the Pastorale. ! I can hardly fancy such boys organizing a serious plot!' said Mrs. Dalzell; ' Xota himself not seven-and-twenty — there was Cecchi, to be sure.' ' It is only the young who have hope or courage enough to shape the future,' said Yincenzo ; 1 besides, Leone has a wonderful power of inspir- ing other people with his own brave, ardent spirit. Twice it seemed all over with us — the first time just before I knew anything about it, when poor Donati was arrested, and copies of papers and some of Leone's poems were found on him; but he kept the secret well. Poor fellow ! we thought the amnesty would have given him back to us, but he has never been heard of. Again, in '46, the police had certainly got information, but Pope Gregory died, and all proceedings were stopped ; for the city was like a seething cauldron, and Government was afraid of exciting the people. And since that we have been able to stand forth in daylight, thank Heaven ; no one is persecuted for being a liberal now, and Eome is proud of her poet and improvisator e.1 ' Yes,' said Irene ; ' but still you tell the signora all this in confidence, Yincenzo.' ' I do — there is no need to say much about it. Still, now that I look back, it seems marvellous all went well — such hair-breadth 'scapes ! We never could have got our papers \om England, if one of our associates had not belonged to the Custom- house, and another traded from Marseilles to Ostia. Our chief opponent was Madama Cecchi — we were obliged to let her into the secret, and she MADEMOISELLE MORI. 187 and Cecchi had suffered so much from his meddling with conspiracy before, that no wonder she dreaded it j but she came into it at last.' ' It appears to me, that the women are the chief sufferers, after all, Yincenzo.' 1 They are proud to accept that part, since they cannot take a more active one, signora,' said Irene, raising her head and smiling. ' Did Clementi know of all this ?' ' Not till quite the end of Pope Gregory's days. Naturally our friends had not the same confidence in him as we have ; his being Monsignore de- menti's nephew was of course very much against him, but all know what he really is now.' There was a pause, Mrs. Dalzell confounded by what she heard, and Yincenzo meutally reviewing those days of danger, anxiety, hope, and triumph. Irene broke it by saying, ' We have gone a long way from Imelda. What do you say about that, signora ?' ' "Well, my dear child, I don't know what to say. I don't see that you can do anything, but it is a disagreeable position for you to be in. Do you see much of these girls ? ' ' Gemma is always slipping in, and she has made friends with Imelda; I cannot think whv, for I know she hates her.' ' Cannot you guess ? I can, though Leone says I am a thorough Englishman, slow and sure. These Italians are so conceited, signora,' said Yincenzo, looking playfully at his sister ; ' they think no one knows anything but themselves. Why, don't you see, she meets Eavelli at Casa Olivetti?' ' Oh, Yincenzino ! that would be too treacher- ous!' 188 MADEMOISELLE MORI. 'Much she thinks of that! Ravelli angers me most ; he is the most honourable fellow in every- thing else, but the fact is he laughs at the family compact.' ' Zitto ! there is Gemma herself,' said Irene, as a rapid knock came at the door, and Gemma entered. She certainly looked very handsome, even in the untidy morning costume which displeased Mrs. Dalzell's English eye. She looked startled at finding a visitor, but replied readily in French when Mrs. Dalzell addressed her, and explained that she had come to practise some music with Irene, which was to be sung next day at the Amateur Philharmonic Society ; and she showed that she knew how to make herself agreeable, by her polite remarks to Mrs. Dalzell on Irene's singing and acting. Her own was quite as good — at least the latter, Vincenzo muttered in English. She looked at him with a rapid penetrating glance, like her brother's, as if she divined what he said ; and then, standing by the piano while Irene opened her music, whispered, ' Pietrucchio is gone ; he bade me tell you to give this to Eavelli yourself.' Irene saw the direction was in the count's hand- writing, and she had no choice but to accept the commission. They had scarcely begun to sing, when a knock came at the door again, and a lady's maid signed to Gemma to come out, and they heard the words, ' The signora contessa wants you ; I heard your aunt say you were with your embroidery mistress in her room, but you had better come in directly.' Gemma returned, and said she was obliged to go, and she disappeared with the cameriera. ' There !' said Vincenzo, emphatically. ' What MADEMOISELLE MORI. 189 lias she given you, Irene ? I dare say she has slipped in a note ! What do you think of her, signora ? a handsome, false face, is it not ?' They were again interrupted ; this time by the appearance of Madama Cecchi, enthusiastically delighted to see Mrs. Dalzell, who further de- lighted her by producing an English gift for her — a case of Sheffield scissors. The padrona made a sweeping and stately reverence, and received them as though they were made of diamonds. On hearing that Mrs. Dalzell was coming to lodge with her again, she said she had fully hoped and expected it ; she believed no tenant had ever left her without its being a day of mourning on both sides ; she had suffered so much in parting from them, that she had resolved never to let herself feel affection for them again. ' Tou forget the Eussian general,' said the malicious Yincenzo. ' Ah, Heaven ! the Eussian general ! what a man ! what a man ! Impossible to please him — what I suffered at that time none know, but I and Heaven ! Only an educated person can suffer so,' said she, clasping her hands on her heart. 'Always dissatisfied, always calling for his man, or Nino, or me — never quiet one moment ; a voice like thunder, a step like Atlas ! Enough ! He returned last winter — he never knew what he made me undergo ; I was robust, I had a fine figure before he came, but I grew lean, a sight to horrify ! My friends used to say, " But what is it ? what is the matter with you?" and I, " Nothing, nothing at all ;" for I have a certain spirit, I never complain. As I said, he returned last year, and, like all my lodgers, remembered me, and brought me a beau- 190 MADEMOISELLE MORI. tiful present, which I will show you, and he asked if I had lodgings to let again. I had an apart- ment vacant, but I told him it was let for the season — he enters my house no more. Imagine, dear signora, on the coldest nights he would spend hours in pacing the corridors, and saying he was too hot ; while he admitted the night air through the whole house by leaving the door wide open — ■ a draught as dangerous as a stroke from a dagger! Ah, what a man ! ' ' And then he quarrelled with a Polish family who happened to live at a corner of this floor,' said Vincenzo, ' and sent them word that they must leave the palace or he must.' ' How did it end ?' 1 Oh, both stayed, but they were natural enemies, always at war.' ' "What have become of Filomena and Agata, signora ? I see you have new servants.' The laughing glance exchanged between brother and sister showed that this, too, was a sore subject with the padrona. ' Agata is married,' said she, ' well married to a baker in the Babuino, whence I get all my bread ; but as for that other — ah, signora! what misery servants are ! in every house in Koine is tribula- tion on account of them. You recollect how good that girl was ? "We used to call her Saint Filomena, on account of the purity of her manners. Honest,' continued the padrona, counting on her fingers, ' that is one. Agile, two. Of a good heart, three. Enough. She met with a lover, a birbante, an idle fellow, who turned her head. I preached to her in vain. I said, " This cannot continue ; marry at once, or give him up." ' MADEMOISELLE MORI. 191 1 1 shall report this advice to Leone,' said Yin- cenzo, thereby winning the padrona's hearty laugh, but, nevertheless, she continued to detail her troubles. ' In vain, absolutely in vain. Did she go to the door — there he was. Did I send her on an errand ; he was leaning on the chains in the piazza, and she took three hours to perform what should have taken as many minutes. At last I said she was the scandal of the palace, and must leave me in a month. She went that day, and sent her sister to say she should come back no more. But what a girl !' 1 The end of it was that she displeased the hirbante by civetteria,' said Yincenzo. 1 How ?' ' Coquetry ; did you never see two little civette coquetting together ?' said Irene, putting her head on one side, and looking exactly like a civetta owl, while Madama Cecchi completed the portrait by mimicking its petulant cry. 1 And he declared that he would poniard her, and then himself, and end his days on a scaffold,' continued Vincenzo ; ' I don't know how he meant to do all three, but he contented himself with giv- ing her a good beating.' ' Tou have not as pretty a maid now, signora,' said Mrs. Dalzell. 1 No, ugly, very ugly, but swift — she runs like the wind ; she is a little demon. The other is pretty, Menica. You have not seen her yet. She is discreet too, a nun in her conduct.' 1 I shall beg to have the pretty one to wait on me. Now, signora, can we settle about my rooms, or must we wait for Signor Cecchi ?' 1 Cecchi !' began the padrona, in a tone of pro- 192 MADEMOISELLE MORI. found contempt at the idea of his interfering with her domestic arrangements; but instantly subsiding into politeness, ' it will be a happiness for him to have the signora as his tenant again. How often have we spoken of you, and I have said, " Do not fear, Nino ; she will return, she will honour us again with her presence." That is his way. The signora will see when he hears she is in Rome, what joy — Nino ! Ni !' ' Che c'e? What is it?' asked the pleasant voice of her husband, as he advanced into the room. ' Ah, what is this ! the English signora ! I am too happy to see her returned to us. How is it I did not hear of it ?' ' I came in too late to tell you last night, and you were gone out before I was up this morning,' said Irene. ' The signora has come to ask if we have an apartment for her, Ni.' 'Per BaccoV exclaimed Cecchi in utter con- sternation, ' I have just met with a Prussian baron and promised it to him ! How could I guess you would have let it in my absence ?' ' See, signora,' said the padrona, without even a reproachful look at her husband, ' I should have been charmed to have you here again ; you would have been welcome as rain in August ; it pierces my heart to lose you, but you hear ! Husbands are ever the masters — what can I do ?' ' But I say, I should have been grateful — too happy to have the signora here !' exclaimed Nino, driven to despair by this speecii ; ' what can I say ? what can I do ? I will go to the baron, I will tell him how it is ; he is a man of honour, a gentleman, he will understand — excuse, signora,' and he rushed out breathless. MADEMOISELLE MORI. 193 1 Let us go to jour apartment, signora,' said the padrona, composedly, as if nothing had occurred ; ' there may be some improvement we could have the pleasure of making for you.' She led the way, Mrs. Dalzell followed, struggling not to smile, and Irene and Yincenzo fairly gave way to the laughter they had hardly suppressed for the last five minutes. YOL. I. 194 CHAPTEE XII. With a gentle leap The rill runs o'er, and round, fern, flowers, and ivy creep Fantastically tangled ; the green hills Are clothed with early blossoms, through the grass The quick eyed lizard rustles, and the bills Of summer birds sing welcome as ye pass ; Flowers fresh in hue, and many in their class, Implore the pausing step, and with their dyes Dance in the soft breeze in a fairy mass ; The sweetness of the violet's deep blue eyes, Kissed by the breath of heaven, seems coloured by its skies. Childe Harold. THE theatres had just re-opened, and Irene, besides still continuing to study regularly with Madame Marriotti, was much occupied by rehearsals and performances. She was a very conscientious cantatrice, studying all her parts, great and small, with equal care, and giving in consequence to each a peculiar cast of her own, so that the public sometimes hardly knew whether-to approve of her deviations from established tradi- tions ; but she was beginning to be well known as a cantatrice of great promise and of an excellent school, and was already becoming the favourite singer at the theatre whore she was engaged, though she had Madame St. Simon, a beauty and a celebrity, to eclipse her. Irene was entirely devoted to her profession; MADEMOISELLE MORI. 195 she had set an ideal standard of perfection be- fore her, and did not need to be told that she had not yet reached it. Indeed, she was some- times amusingly indignant that the public were so easily satisfied, and was out of all patience when she discovered how far most of her com- panions made a very little pains go. Her thea- trical life had two sides — one noble and animating, the other so bitter and depressing that at times she was almost disgusted with her art itself. The tracasseries of the theatre, the character of many of her associates, the spite, envy, and malice which seemed to influence everything, great or small, these were absolutely revolting to the young cantatrice, whose own life had been so singularly guarded. Some of those, amougst whom she was thrown, had characters as unblemished as ber own, and amongst these she counted not a few friends ; but there were others who heartily disliked her, and threw every imaginable obstacle in her way. Madame St. Simon pretended to look loftily down on her young rival, declared their styles did not correspond, and never appeared on nights when Irene did ; and infinite were the scenes of rebel- lion and confusion causecUby her among the corps dramatique, which the manager had to soothe, threaten, and force into tranquillity, favouring the rivals alternately, both being too important to be sacrificed, and the one being as high-spirited as the other was unreasonable, and all the other per- formers siding vehemently with one or the other. Irene now kuew why Mrs. Dalzell had shrunk from such a life for her, but usually she considered her profession as apart from all these vexations, loved it thoroughly, and dauntless and hopeful, o2 196 MADEMOISELLE MOEI. rose lightly above vexations and difficulties ; or at worst was only dispirited till she had talked them over with Yincenzo. Illness brings out the feminine side of a man's character, and this was probably the explanation of Yincenzo's peculiar feelings towards his sister. Irene's hopes, Irene's future, were his own. "What- ever concerned her touched him ; on her was cen- tred a devoted unselfish love, which was beyond price. Another might love her more passionately, but none could do so better than Yincenzo. Their parts had been reversed in life — the sister took the active share; the brother regarded her with a woman's devotion. He had felt only happiness in her engagement to Leone ; which would give her a protector and secure her happiness. Yin- cenzo's feeling on this subject never varied. Irene was ever his chief thought ; he knew all about her companions, her difficulties at the theatre, as well as she did herself. Every one of her parts was studied with him ; he was the most patient of critics, and as there were sometimes between them the differing opinions and free dis- cussion that elicit truth, she owed not a little to his observations.	24,375
edinburghnewphi16unkngoog_6	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,832	The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal	None	English	Spoken	7,058	9,529	It is pretty well known thai the specific gravity of living men general, is less than that of waier. Mr Robertson, formerly, librarian to the Royal Society, procured an apparatus for tha purpose of determining the specific gravity of the human body* He chose ten men promiscuously for the purpose. Of thea^ three were found very nearly of the same weight as water, odb being a httle heavier, and the other two a little lighter than wat let; two others were found only about. 8 the weight of waterj but the other five were of intermediate specific gravities, Th* ^ average of the ten was, height 5 feet 6 f inches; weight, 146 Ibs.^ Specific gravity, 891 ; bulk, 2.618 cubic feet. From this I think We may safely infer that the body of a full grown living man, when plunged over bead in water, will be found upon the average to be nearly .9, the weight of an equal bulk of water, • It is remarkable that all the component parts of the animal 'frame, at least of the human subject, are severally specifically Iteavier than the whole body, with the exception of air. Bone, muscular flesh, blood, membrane, &c, are all heavier than water ; 92 Mr Dalton's Physialngicoi Invesiigatiojia on animal fat is jKrhaps the lightest of the components, but even this is heavier specificallj' than the whole man upon the average. Bone from the leg of a calf I found to be 1.24 specific gravity. The lean of beef (raw) I found 1.045 specific gravity. Blood is from 1.03 to 1.05 specific gravity according to circumstances. On the whole, the solid and liquid parts of the body, examined after life is extinct, would appear on an average to be somewhere about 5 per cent, heavier than water. That part of the volume of man which is exclusively occupied by air, and which may therefore be considered as adding nothing materially to the weight of the body, consists of the air-tubes and air-cells of the lungs, the trachea or windpipe, the mouth and other appendages. It is not easy to ascertain the medium volume of air in the lungs of any individual. Messrs Allen and Pepys found the air remaining in the lungs of a man after death somewhat exceeded 100 cubic inches. I found formerly that after a full inspiration I could blow out 200 cubic inches of air from my lungs, but was then quite exhausted. My ordinary in- sjnrations and expirations amounted each to about 30 cubic inches , Judging from the above facts and considerations, I should be disposed to conclude that the medium volume of air in the lungs of a middle-sized person would not be lees, but rather more, tlian 100 cubic inches. Besides the lungs there are no other receptacles for air, I believe, in the body except the sto- mach and bowels, which are occasionally more or less inflated with portions of air either from the atmosphere or other sources. If we allow 150 cubic inches for the volume of air contMued in the whole man when entirely immersed in water, it will be as fair an estimate, perhaps, as can be made. But it may be ima- gined by some that the whole substance of the body is pervi- ous to air ; that the skin, the flesh, the blood and even the bones, may be imbued with air, somewhat in the same manner that water is, and yet have no cavities or cells in which the air is collected into a visible volume. Whether such an idea has ever been entertained or discussed I am not aware ; but I pre- sume no one has succeeded in determining either the nature or the quantity of the air so enveloped in the system. We shalL Memoirs, voL iL (Nen- Series, p. !!)■) V 1 tlie Atmospherical Pressure on the Animal Frame. 98 how examine how far such a notion is countenanced by the pre- ceding statement of facts. ^According to the preceding table of Robertson, the average bulk of the ten men was 3.618 cubic feet, 4.500 cubic inches nearly; but of this volume 150 inches according to the above estimate were air, and the remainder 4350 inches were solid and liquid parts of the body. Now the average specific gravity <rf those parts of the body has been estimated above at 1.05 when examined as dead matter : this would make their weight equal to 4567 cubic inches of water ; whereas it was found by actual weighing, to be 146 lbs. as per table, = 4044 cubic inches : hence the observed weight was less than the calculated weight, a por- tion equal to the weight of 523 cubic inches of water, or more than one-ninth of the whole weight of the body. Here is a discrepance that demands an investigation. Cum Robertson's table of the specific gravities of men give too low an estimate ? This is not hkely ; every one knows that the human subject generally floats in water till the lungs become filled with that element,— a proof that the body is lighter than water; and many persons are observed to swim with the whole head constantly above the surface of the water. Have we overrated the specific gravities of the component parts of the body ? I think not : bones, and flesh, and blood are certainly ail heavier than water, some more, some less. Has the capacity of the lungs for air been underrated? X cannot imagine that any one wilt contend that the lungs uf ft middle-sized man will hold, at a medium state of inflation, six times the volume of air we have assigned. Upon the whole, I am inclined to believe the true explanation of the difficulty will be found in this, that the substance of the body is pervious to air, and that a considerable portion of it constantly exists in the body during hfe, subject to increase and diminution according to the pressure of the atmosphere ; in the same manner as it exists in water : and, further, that when life is extinct, this air in some degrE»; escapes and renders the parts specifically heavier than when the vital functions were in a stale of activity. The facts that water absorbs air of all kinds, that the quan- I Uty of the air absorbed is proportioned to the pressure and den- nttty of the gas, whether it be alone or mixed with other gases. I I 94 Air Daltoii'e Physiological Ii(vestigati<ms on and that certaiu laws of equilibrium take place, by wliic! acquires that state in which it is disposed aeither to give out DOT to take in any more gas, have beec abundantly proved by Dr Henry and myself. M. Saussure has shown the like for other liquids, aad for a great number of solid bodies. It may be seen, too, in my Chemistry, vol. i, p. 236, that a bladder, which is generally considered as an animal membrane, least pervious to air, may be filled with one gas, and being some time exposed . to the atmosphere, it will be found to continue full blown as at first, but the contents will be chiefly atmospheric air. Messrs Allen and Fepys, in thinr ingenious and excellent essays on respi- ration, have proved that when a Guinea pig or a pigeon is con- fined for an hour, more or less, in a mixture of hydrogen and oxygtn gases, in proportion as 78 to 22, a large portion of azotic gaa is found in the residue, and an equal portion of hydrogen disappears. They ascribe this change to effects of respiration, but it appears to me more probably due to the principle we are advocating ; namely, to the egress of azotic from the whole body, and the ingress of hydrogen in lieu of it, in consequence of with- drawing the external pressure of the former and substituting that of the latter. When the palm of the hand is placed over the top of the receiver of an air-pump, and the air is exhausted, the pressure of the mr on the outaiile is scarcely felt, but the inside is swollen and feels as if it was drawn or sucked into the receiver. Thus the senaation is on the inside and not without ; but there is within, and the consequence is a tendency of the air in the hand to escape into the receiver, which occasions the pain and swell- ing. It is thus also that the issuing of blood in the surgical operation of cupping is effected. Though it does not seem of much consequence what the pressure of th^ air may be on the animal frame within certain limits, yet sudden changes must always be accompanied with uneasy sensation. CHmblng mountains, or ascending in a bal- loon, removes a part of the atmospheric pressure from the body ; this causes the air in the body to tend outwards, and sometimes oc- casions bleedings. To supply oxygen to the lungs, a greater volume of air must be breathed, and this seems to produce an acceleration of the pulse. On the other hand, by descending I the Atmospherical Preastire on the Antmai Frame- 9S or 40 feet deep into the water in a diving bell, the pressura the air upon the body is iocreased inwards ; pains in the ears ■ felt from the difficulty of suddenly restoring a disturbed' 'equilibrium ; but if the descent is slow and interrupted, time is given for the air to enter ibe pores, and the pain is less sensible To what hmit warm-blooded animals could bear rarefactioD of air so as to subsist, has not, that I am aware of, been determiik- ed with much predsion. Ascents in balloons ha\-e been mada till the atmospheric pressure was reduced more than one-half. Formerly I found that a mouse couUl subsist in ^th of atmo- spheric density and seemed not to have suffered much ; but upon reducing tlie density below jth, the animal was convulsed and expred immediately, notwithstanding the air was instantly ad* , mitted. I If the view we have expounded in this essay, in r^ard \a the action of aerial pressure on the animal frame, be correct, it may be inferred, that the pressure admits of great latitude ; perhaps an animal could subsist under the pressure of half an at- mosphere, or of three or four, or more atmospheres. The uneasb ness and danger would be found in the quick transition ; if time ii sllowed for the air to enter the body, and to escape from it, the transition is gradual, and the sensation arising from it impeF> ceptible. The animal economy would be adapted to it, hke A in the transition from a cold to a warm climate. It may hero- , \| after be found, what length of time is sufficient to adjust the I equilibrium, and whether this subject is any way connected with certain diseased states of the body. As far as regards the ab- solute pressure on the body, and our insensibility of it generally, this question will be met by the argument, that the wr withia the body, by its elasticity, sustains a corresponding pressure from without ; but this only accounts for our alleviation from a small fractional part of the whole exterior pressure. The great- er part must still be supported by the body ; and we must have recourse to the great in compressibility of matter to account for our inseusibility of pressure. Canton found that water, pressed by one atmosphere more than ordinary, only exhibited a reduc- tion of jj5to'1' P^'^'- of '1"^ whole; if the same rate, applied to the compression of the human body, the reduction or compres- Mon of the size of a man, 4500 cubic inches, would only be ^th ■ I 96 Atmospherical Pressure tyn tlie Animal Frame. of a cubic incfi, for the weight of an additiooa) atmosphere. Now as the body consists of solids and liquids of almost in- compressible matter, and there is only a small part of the vo- lume consisting of elaslic fluid that is compressible, no mate. rial change of volume can take place, but on the sudden tran- sition from one atmospheric pressure to another ; and unless a change of volume take place, we cannot feel any pressure, either inward or outward. The phenomena of the water ham- mer shew, that the particles of water are hard, as they strike each other like flint and steel ; and it is exceedingly probable that other bodies, solids as well as liquids, are constituted in like manner. A general pressure on the system, then, only in- creases ill a small degree the attraction of the ultimate particles, and it is met by a corresponding increase of repulsion from the atmosphere of heat ; so that the system remains as nearly as possible the same, and unaffected by such pressure. I can scarcely forbear observing on the present occasion the ab- surdity of those who remark, that all people might swim, and that it ia only from fear or ignorance of the art that some fail in the attempt. When we see that some persons are heavier Ihan water, and others only ,8 of that weight, it would be just as plausible for a piece of deal to upbraid a piece of lignum vita with the in- ability to swim from fear, or from want of skill in the art, which the deal considered of easy acquisition. — Manchester Memoirs, vol, V. New* Series. Chemical Analyset of Spinel, Gahnile, and Chrome Ore, By Mr Hermann Abich. ■ss nueBrtoe Alum" Ox idu luted Chrome, Marnesia, . > .. Oxidiikted Iron, Zinc-Oxide, . .. Oxidul. Mnnganese, L ( 97 ) LAW OF THE niBBCTIVE POWER OF BAO* I : EXTENT TO weiOH the maonbtic inj I tSHIKD FOR UBASURINO UISTANCEfi. yvn the Uniform PermeahilUy of' all known Subsiatxrs to (A« J Magnetic Iti/tuence, and tli-e ApplkatUm of tkejact in En- I gineering and Mi7iing,for the Determination of the ThxA- \| neas ofSUld Substances not othericise Measurable. By the 1 HcT. William Scoeesby, F. R. S. Lond. & Edin., Correft. ] pondenl of the Institute of France, Sjc. &c. Communicated J by the Author. Concluded from p. 334 of precrding Vol, \|<NVKSTIGATION OP TI MAGNETS, AND 1 FLUBNCB MAY Bl S. A HE law of the directive power nf bar-magnets, at differi dittances, was the next subject of investigatii Coulomb, I believe, was ihe first to establish, by the test (rf satisfactory and consistent experiments, the previously assumed law, that the force of magnetic attraction and repulsion is m i;^e inverse ratio of tlie squares of the distance. The applica- Ijion of this law to the investigation in hand served at once to • Terify the law, and to render the results of my experiments of reneral application. In regard to the comparison of distances, ^t appeared to me to be of considerable advantage to estimate all ■distances in lengifcs of the bar made use of, by nhich the re- ■•ults for any oni; bar became applicable to all other bars of a ■.proportional form and quality, and state of magnetic energy. tAnd such, therefore, witfi a certain modification, afterwards found to be necessary, was the measure constantly adopted. Placing now the magnet in tlie direction of the east or west I point of the compass, or at right angles to the magnetic meri; Aian, I proceeded to ascertain experimentally the deviations pro^ duced, either by the same pole constantly, or by the mean of the acijon of each pole alternately, first at the distance of one. length, and then successively at other distances to the extent <^i ten lengths of the bar. Preparatory, however, to a general a])ptication of the results thus obtained, it will be useful to ascertain by calculation the actual force exerted by any magnet on a compass at different I difitances, according to the above law of attractions. I VOL. XIII. NO. XXV. — JULY 1882. c. M 98 Bev. Mr Scoresby on the Uniform Permeability of When the bar is placed in the prescribed position, with north pole at the distance of oiie length from the compass, then the action of the south pole, tending to counteract that of the north, will be in the inverse relation with the nearest pole of S' to 1. That is, if the force of the nearest pole be called 1, then the force of the remote pole will be inversely as 4 or ^th, which being in the contrary direction to that of the nearest pole, re- duces its action to ^ ths. In like manner, at two lengths of the bar, the force of the nearest pole being now inversely as the square of 9 or jth is reduced by the remote pole at three lengths distance, the action of which is inversely as the square of 3 or yth ; hence ^^ — ^ ^ s> representing the actual influence or general resultant of the whole of the magnetic forces in the magnet acting upon the compass. But we may obtain a general expression for all distances, «ther in lengths or fractions of lengths of the bar. Let F be (he influence of the nearer pole at the distance a. Then will -^ represent the influence at the distance x, and ==f, ^ counteracting bifluence of the remote pole at the dis- tance JTT- Hence the resultant influence if As the force F, however, being the separate action of a pole not practicably separable, is not a quantity that can be imme- diately ascertained by experiment, this expression requires to be extended so as to connect it with the value of the assumed force: — Let R be the resultant influence of a magnet on the compass at distance a, and, in the first instance, let a be equal to x. Then B = Fa'-?.Siin = P^itt + !'■ :Fa' a»+i m Therefore F = R -^ + 1 Hence, aU known Substances io the Magnetic In/luenoe, ^c, 09 The nature of the forces acting upon the needle, at various distances, with the general resuks, and a reduction of th^se re- sults to other ratios, are exhibited in the following Table. 8. 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 Comparative Influence of eachPcde. n=i ) 16 I J"l 81 J "-a ) «=is) "•mJ f Relatfionofibe Forces actii^ on the Compan. 1^ 1 1^ 4 1^ ' 9 J_ ' 16 J_ ' 25 J_ '' S6 jl 49 JL 64 J_ 81 1 100 ' 1 121"" 1 144" 1 169" J J9^" 1 4 9 J_ 16 !_ 25 36 - -L 49 "64 Jl_ "«1 1 100 1 "iBl 1 144 169 1 196 I 225 I General resultant or actual Corop. influence* „ . 2« + l * •j.+ i" Ratio <tf rewltant rednoed 3 4 36 7 144 9 400 11 900 13 1764 15 3136 17 5184 19 8100 21 12100 28 17424 25 24336 I 27 33194 29 44100 To the rdiitloii RbdBg-l. 27 2_ 108 9 300 11 675 13 1323 15 2352 JL 3888 19 6075 2t 9075 13068 25 18252 27 24843 To the rela- tion of }.0 inversely. 1.0 5.4 1 5.4 + 33.3 + 61.4 — 101.8 — 156.8 S28.7 + 319.7 + 432.1 + 56a2 + 730.1 — ^Wl^ KK) Her. Hr Scoteshj on &e Umfhrm PermeaUUty gfl Compurai jj sss H ■-^1 r^' I lU known Substances to ihe Magnetic Influence, S^. these general resultants ought to be proportional ti tajtgents of the angles of deviation produced by the magnet at tlie respective distances. For, since the compass is acted ui>on siniultaneously by forces * in two directions, that is, at right angles to each other, that of the earth, which may be considered as uniform, and always in the direction of tlie magnetic meri- dian, and that of the magnet varying as to intensity, but as to direction, being always at right angles to the other, — Ihe mea- sure of the variable force will be fairly given by the tangents of the angles of deviation produced in the needle. If, there- fore, the law of the magnetic force as to distance be correct, that the action of either pole diminishes in proportion as the squares of the distance increase, then the tangents of the ob- served angles of deviation applied inversely to the general result- ants, ought, on this hypothesis, to give the same product for all the different distances. In order to verify these deductions, and to obtain a practical 1 rule for determining the quantity of magnetic influence at al) J distances, however remote, a careful series of experiments wa^M made with the two-feet bar magnet and one of Eater's five-indi I compasses at the several distances of one to ten lengths. The following Table contains the observed deviations, as pro duced by each pole of the bar, with the application of the tat gent of the mean of the observed deviations to the reciprocal o the magnetic force acting on the compass at the respective disJl tance, so as to produce the ratio, which was expected to be u form, in the sixth column. * Though tbe forL'es ore more iu number Ihau two, it is only neL-essai^ conaider the resultuita of the Ibrcee in each direction. £00 Kcv. Mr Scoretby on the Un^brm Permeab^ of 11 Dev!«l«n)tllieCotnp«. Tanemt of Che il 1 Tmn-Bw. Ii\| ■tcnill- B.fl». ■ffiSi? Man. mgl«. tb^Foio^ * = 34 30 } 34 16 68130 \ 68130 74000 86-30 2 14 + n= 7 36 ,= 750 } 7 13 13550 i 73170 13703 7-48 5 + n- 2 44 1= 2 42 j- 3 43 4746 i 73208 4796 a-44 I + n= 1 13 1 1 13 2124 m 71022 2220 M6 3 + n. 44 <= 40 I 42 1222 m 74984 1206 0-43 ft e n= 26 >= 2a } 27 785 di 70888 737 0-26 2 — »c^ le <= 18 J 17 495 KM 77817 472 017 n= 10 >= 12 1 H 320 ^ 73186 333 0-11 9 n= 7 } 7i 219 6-^s 70022 231 08 oi + 1» ;:Sn «« 176 ai 76835 170 0-6 As the results in the 6th column appeared to differ too con- siderably to be at all satisfactory, the last three columns were added in order to determine the real nature and extent of the apparent discrepancies. Taking the mean of the ratios at 74000, in round numbers (which was found to be sufficiently near the truth), and applying that in a contrary way to the magnetic forces belonging to the different distances, the column of" calculated tangents" was obtained, the resulting angles of , which, with only one or two exceptions, correspond with those obtained by experiment within the probable limits of error of observation , ■ The compass employed being onlj graduated to 30 of (degree, and . without any vernier, it required some habit and attentJon to observe the an- gles within such small litnits as those indicated bj the coluoui of difierences* I I all knovnt Substances to the Magnetic Influence, ^c. These results, however, though sufficiently uniform and con- astent for most practical purposes connected with the present investigations, were not so entirely satisfactory as to be received as conclusive. For the difference between the observed and cal- culated deviations at the first distance was by far too considerable to be ascribed to any ei-ror of observation or other accidental dr- cumstancej since it was proved to be occasioned by some con- stantly acting cause, because of a similar discrepancy being al- ways found to occur through an extensive series of experiments with many different magnets. The discrepancies beyond the mere errors of observation were at length discovered to be mainly owing to Ihe adoption of ex- act lengths of the magnets as integers of distance, instead of the length of the interval between what may be termed the ybci g^ attractioit in the north and soulli portions of the bar. For, al- though the principal energy of a well constructed and well mag' netized bar \a doubtless at the extremities, yet a considerable though rapidly diminishing power necessarily prevails jcithin the extremities. The aggregate or resultant action, therefbi of the varying iniensitiea of either half of the bar may be ferred to a particular point or focus, which, through the plication of the foregoing law of attraction, may be detcnnint by approximation experimentally. In order to determine the position of the foci of attracti(H» ID a three-feet bar-magnet (A) of very superior construction, I assumed, in the first instance, the Jbcal length to be 2 feet 10 iOches, considering the foci of attraction to lie an inch withii^ the extremities of the bar. In this case the " Difference" in xbA int length, which in the preceding instance was S," 14', {Col. 9.)\|i asnow reduced to less than one-half. A focal length of 2 feet' 9 inches was then tried, when a further reduction of error was observed. Lastly, 1 assumed the distance between the foci to Ibe 2 feel 6 inches, and then the results were most strikingly -a ble i Ibe S feet 6 inches, and then the results were most strikingly ^^M eoQsistent and satisfactory. ^^\| The following Tables exhibit the results of the first and last ^H Mries of these experiments. ^^M 104 Rev. Mr Sooresby on the Uniform Permedbiliijf qf TABLE ofthi Eesults oUainedwhen the exact length of the Bar was made the integer of distance. Ratio oC Lengths. M6U1 DeviatSoo. Tan^eat. TtiHC.of Dflv. Magnetic Fotoe. 1 O / 36.0 72654 72654 2 8.19 14618 78937 3 2.66 5124 79056 4 1.23 2415 80500 6 0.46 1338 82104 6 0.28 815 82942 Table ofResuUs with three feet Bar-magnet^ when the distance between the foci was assumed to be ^feet 3 inches. Naof Focal Lengths. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dfstanoe- of nearest Polo to theCom- Ft. In. 2 3« 4 9 7 3 9 9 12 3 14 9 17 3 Deviation prodacedtay eBdipoleoir the Magnet. n 8 « 49 52.36 {" = 12 50.48 12.36 4.31 .0 I L36j .0 ) 13.12J 4.14) 4.48/ 2.20 } ^^ oTs} <^« ;:I2} «-«7 122612 22353 7899 3609 1978 1193 785 Pzopor- tional. 122612 120706 121870 120300 121377 121411 123088 Calculated Tangents from mean of 121600. 121600 22518 7881 3648 1982 1195 776 Resulting fi Anglei o / 50.34 12.41 4.30+ 1.8 0.41 0.27 Dif- 'eien ces. 14— 5 + 1— 1 + • The distance of the magnet from the compass at the first length, it wiU be observed, is three inches leas than the assumed focal length. This ap. parent difference arises from the measurements of distance being taken as the interval between the centre of the compass and the nearest extremity of the magnet, instead of the nearest focu of attraction in the magnet lying three inches within the extremity. ail kaoam Substances la tlie Magnetic InJliUTice, ^. UM In all my previous experiments, whicli amounted to fifieea to twenty series, the tangent of the angle of devia at the distance of the first length of the bar, was always c derahly less than the mean of the column of ratios, because of I the assumed length between the foci of the magnet being too I great ; but in this last series, for the first time, the tangent be- longing to one focal-length's distance is somewhat too great, which might seem to indicate that the assumed length was now too small. Where, however, all the ratios at other distances are found to coincide so very closely, the small difference in the first tangent must be referred to a peculiar cause, which, the greater j discrepancies with shorter magnets eventually enabled i detect. In the foregoing investigations on the magnetic forces acting upon a compass, the attractive and repulsive actions of the same pole of the magnet on the different poles of the needle have been - considered as a simple and not a compound action, because a most cases, excepting at short distances, they so combine as to pR)L« duce almost exactly double the effect of either influence separate ly. This double effect, therefore, which for simplifyir vestigation may generally be considered as the result of a single I force, cannot, in the case of a short distance, and with a large I com pass- needle be so considered, without being the occasion of a very perceptible error. For although the north pole of a magnet, when placed at a considerable distance from a compass, in the direction of its east or west point, will attract the south pole of the compass, and repel the north pole with ecjual energy, the same magnet, if placed very near the compass, so as to pro- duce a great deviation, will then have a difference of energy, as to its attractive and repulsive influences, because of the attracted pole of the needle being much nearer to the magnet than the pole which is repelled. Neither will the mean action of these two forces be the same as that of the force belonging to the dis- tance as measured from the focus of attraction to the centre of the compass. As, for example : e >eeii..^^J nete I d I I Let M, Fig. 4f, he a magnet, of which F is the focal point, aiid C a compass at the distance of at least four focal lengths. Let n s be the position of the needle under the influence of ter- restrial magnetism only, and n' s' the position whicli it assucnes under the action of the magnet. Then the action of the nearest pole F is represented by the sum of the squares of the distances F " and F n' inversely, which does not, in this instance, mate- rially differ from the sum of the squares of the distances F i and Fn inversely. But in the case represented in Fig. 5. the result is far other- wise. Here the bar M, placed at the distance of om focal length, occasions such a great deviation of the needle that a very considerable increase of action on the pole s! is gained, be- yond the diminution of action sustained by the pole n\ — the increase of force being in the proportion in which the sum of the reciprocals of the squares of the distances F ' and F n', expressed fractionally, exceeds tlie sum of the reciprocals of the squares of the mean distances F a and F n . ■ The fli )t ill all <!< '9 be equal. For 1'' s being a tri«ngle which ia biaecteil in the point C by a line FC drawn li the apei, the sum of the aquarea of F « FC and C». In the triangle F^ Iquare? F i' and F n', is equal to ti lines n and s'l'irepreaeiitingthe 80 P n, is equal to twice the squares of for the Kame reaaon, the sum of the ; the sijuares of FC and Cj'. But the needle revolving on a centre, are equal. But the nature and extent of this disturbing influence will be more evident, if we work out the case represented in Fig. 5^ exhibiting the effect of the first disUnce of a l^inch magnet (C) of 10 inches fbcal length, the powers of which, to the extent of six lengths, are exhibited in the following TaUe. and FC common to both ; hence twice the squares of each must be equaL Therefore the sum of the squares of F«, Fn, and the sum of the squares of F /> F »' being each equal to the same thing, must be equal to one another. Though, however, the sum of these several squares are equal — not so their reciprocals,, as is dearly shown by working out the case referred to in Fig. 6. Or, take a more simple case : X/et FC sa 4, and.C « r= 3 ; then the fi- gure F « C, being aright-angled triangle, FC 4 C« bF«, which gives F«» 5. If the needle be now brought into the line FC, then F' will be (4-3) = 1 ; Fn^ =: (4 + 3) =s 7; and FC, as before, «. 4. Now, the sum of the squares F s and F n rx 25 4 26 is 60; which is equal to 2 2 2FC +2Cs =: 32 + 18 being also 6a ^2 2 In like manner, F y +F»' = l« + 7* t» 601 Thus, ns before stated, the sum of the squares of F « F n', and the sum of the sq[uares of F x' Fn' are equal, each amounting to 60. But noiwthert' t 9 /■ 05 mpncak. TheredprocalsjofF* andFn ^ s 26 and 26, or ^ and and ^ their sum being ^ But the reciprocals of F s' and F»' (wm 1 and 49) axe ^ and - their sum being ^ + ^ ~ ^ Hence;, whilst the sums of the two sets of squares are equal, their reciprocals are found to be in the relatimi of ^ to ^, or as 1 to 12 nearly. Un^brm PermeabiKfy No. of Focal Lengths. Distance of the nearest 1 Poleftom theCompaM. Deviation by Katbk'i Compaii. Tangent. Ratia Eadipolaof the Magnet Mean. 1 2 Feet. Inches. 9 1 7 ns56 26 «8 62 20 »al3 48 «»14 S6 o / \|59 23 \|l4 12 168979 25304 16898 13664 3 2 5 n» 6 2 «« 5 10 1 5 6 8925 13770 4 3 3 n=: 2 14 «=: 2 30 1 2 22 4133 13777 6 4 1 n» 1 15i «==: 1 19 } 1 17t 2248 13794 6 4 U n^ 47 «s 46 Mean of 2 1 1 46i rO 6, rg'ectin 1352 ig No. 1. s 13759 r 1 c 13759 No. 1. repeated with a small compass, with a needle of 1 Y% inches. 1 9 n as 56 ).- j,f, ,^56 30 r* ^^ 146870 14687 Now, the position represented in Fig. 6. is that of No. 1, in the first line of this table, in which the magnet was placed at the distance of one focal length from the compass — ^not from the centre, but, in this instance, measured from the focal poles of the needle w, s. Therefore the distances F s and F n are each =z 1 ; and F's and F^w the distances of the remote or counteracting pole are each = 2. But owing to the considerable length of the com- pass needle, and the great deviation which occurred on this occa- sion (namely 69° 23'), the actual distances of the two poles of the needle from the nearer focus F were ^ and ^, and from the re- mote focus were 1^ and 2^. Let us now see what relation of forces these distances afford in comparison with those belonging to the distance 1 and 2. Firsty As to influence of the magnet on the compass, whilst the needle is in the meridional position s /?. The distances F* and Fn being each = 1, their combined jnSuencc will be inversely as 1* + 1* or f, which represents the r I all known Substances lo the Magnetic Influence, ^c. 109 wliole force of the nearer focus of the bar which would act on the needle in the position n s. Again, the distances of the remote focus F'a and F'n being each XT 2, both their influences will be inversely as 2', thai is 4 or ; the reciprocal of which, i, represents the respective forces. And 7+^ — 7 represeuts the counteracting force operat- ing on the needle in the position n s, at tlie distance % Hence ~ — 1^= I represents the resultant influence of both foci, or of the whole bar in the given posLcioQ. Secondly, As to the actual influence exerted by the n net in the deflected position of the needle s n'. The distances F !/ and F «' being ^^ and {^ = 4 ^°^ a' their squares, representing the inverse power of their action, are ^ and " Hence the reciprocal representing the attractive Jbrce is ; and the rec^rocal representing the repulsive Jbrce is ^ Then S + M = i?S + ^ = ^ o"" ^' "'''<^' represents the whole in- fluence of the nearer Jbcus in the actual position, V n', assumed by the needle . Again, the distance F' ", in the case before us, was found to be 1^, and that of F'n' = 9^, or \|\| and ^ = y and '^, the squares of which are ^ and ^. Hence the reciprocal representing the attractive Jbrce is and the reciprocal representing the repul&ive action is ^. Then ^ + ^=:^-t-^=:^ — the whole influence of the remote Jbcus, or counteracting forces, in the actual position, ^ «', as- sumed by the needle. Hence ^ - = = S - Sa = S "?'««i" the Bultant influence of both foci iu the deviated or actual position assumed by the needle, whilst the excess of this above the as- sumed force in the position n a = -^, indicates the quantity of power gained by the magnet in consequence of the length of the compass needle. It is here assumed that the attractive and repulaive forces are parallel to each other, which is not the case ; hence the lestilta obtained, though suHi- dentl; near for our present object, can only be consltoeA aa B.■p^^OT;lK^a^.^5lx^t. '.e m i 110 Rev. Mr Scoresby on the Vmfbrm PermeabUUy of H Reducing, now, the fraction -^ to the same denominator a> H the above, we have ^^^ as the resultant influence of the whol* I bar in the assumed position n, s. Therefore the entire or resul- I tant force acting upon the needle, in the deflected position n', /i ■ is lo the force in the assumed position n, s, as \|J^^ ^° uiisH' ** ■ as \|- to ^ nearly. If, then, we apply this proportion lo the ob^ I served'deviationof No. 1. (series in page 108), 59° 23', the Ian-- I gent of which is 168979, we have J : ^ : : 168979 : 144839, I : 56° 23', which, it is satisfactory to find, corresponds very ■ \ nearly with the deviation observed when a very small compaw M «fas substituted for the large one ; in that case, the angle formed' ■ by the needle, as near as could be observed, being 55" 45'. I Still, however, the deviation thus reduced is found to becond- I I 4erab]y greater than that given by a mean proportional, namdyt I j 64°. The cause of this difllarence is probably to be found in the I I peculiar direction, F', of the strongest force, which evidently -I s notstrictly tangential to the meridional position of the needlei'B " but must operate more favourably for overcoming the directiva I force of the eartli, than if, acting in the direction ^M, it wei<>l precisely at right angles to the terrestrial magnetism, , fU Since now the calculated deviations of the three feet magnef ' (Table, p. 24), as obtained from the mean ratio 121600, are all, except the first, within the hmits of the possible error of ob- servation ; and since the ratios obtained from experiments with the twelve-inch magnet (Table at p. 108) are all, with lhe"excep- tion of the first, uniform within the probable Hmits of erroi^'^ — whilst the discrepancy at the first focal length has been suffi. ciently, I trust, accounted for, — the position of the foci in both these magnets may be considered as rightly determined . For all practical purposes, therefore, connected with the proposed * Though I have hitberto spoken of a Rx^d Lind deterniinate focal posttie KpTEcenting the whole of the magnetic forces of either half a regularly n netized bar, yet I ara aware that that very focal posilion will l>a liable to** miaU variation at nerg tharl discaoces, in such cases being ntarar t mity than the calculated position. Nevertheless, at distances beyond t length of the msgnet, no alteration in the position of the fad, I spprehei will be discernible In practice. all knojffn Svbsiancea to the Magnetic Ir^ttmce, tj-f. IIB method of measuring the thicknesB of solid substances, a suffi- cient approximation, we find, njay be readily obtained by expe- riment, for tlie position of the foci of attraction in any regularly I magnetized bars what ' Hence the law of the directive power of bar-magnets, at any J distance, however remote, may be considered, I apprehend, satisfactorily determined ; ITT? _az- + i t before stated, representing the klbrces in the magnet, at a R. ': . * + 1' 2sultant action of all 1 iny distance, in measures of its foe Irlength, or in fractional parts of such measures, on a companil l< mtuated in the line of the longer axis of the magnet, and bearl ing east or west from each other. And hence the directive force n of all magnets, of proportional intensity of power, must be ai 1 the direct ratio of their focal lengths ; so that if a bar of 1 iodi 'I focal length will produce a given sensible action on a compasi] (suppose of 5'), at the distance of 12 feet, — then a bar of 2 feet 1 focal length, proportionally strong, will produce the same dt^- J viation at 24 feet, a bar of 3 feet focal length at 36 feet, or on^l of 6 feet interval between the foci of attraction, will produce t similar sensible deviation at the distance of 72 feet. f I 8. The foregoing investigations enable us satisfactorily to d^J termine The extent io zchlch thU method (^ascertaining distancA\ •may he carried.	3,859
b31362308_0004_41	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,907	Modern medicine : its theory and practice	Osler, William, Sir, 1849-1919	English	Spoken	7,436	9,705	The symptoms of thrombosis of the mesenteric veins are essentially the same as those following embolism of the mesenteric arteries except that they are, if anything, more severe. In 5 out of the 157 cases collected by Jackson, Porter, and Quinby,^ there were no symptoms referable to the abdomen. The most prominent symptoms in the average case are pain, nausea and vomiting, either diarrhoea or constipation, or both at different stages, abdominal tenderness, and signs of intestinal obstruction. Abdomi¬ nal pain is present in the great majority of instances, and in over one-half of the patients is general in character. Localized pain when present is most common in the upper abdominal zones, either in the epigastrium or about the umbilicus. Radiation of the pain is fairly common, but there is no particular distribution which is characteristic. The onset of the symptoms is usually sudden, and there is often a constant dull ache with exacerbations of severe colic. The cause of the pain is thought to be the contraction of the intestinal wall, and its spasmodic character makes it analogous to the pain of angina pectoris or to attacks of intestinal colic from abdominal arteriosclerosis (angina abdominis) . Nausea and vomiting are not necessarily present, and are more apt to be severe when the thrombosis occurs suddenly. The character of the vomitus depends on the severity and duration of the case, normal stomach contents being vomited early; later bile, faecal material, or even pure blood. Diarrhoea is present in only 50 per cent, of the patients, and in 41 per cent, blood occurs in the stools at one time or another. The diarrhoea is preceded or succeeded by obstipation in a small percentage of patients. Obstipation alone occurred in 22 per cent, of the cases collected by Jackson, Porter, and Quinby. It is at times followed by diarrhoea, usually with bloody passages. Abdominal tenderness occurs in 70 per cent, of the patients, and in a large majority is, like pain, generalized. When localized it is most likely to occur about the umbilicus, in the csecal region, or in the epigastrium. Distention is a late symptom and is practically always generalized. Leukocytosis and idiophilia were present in the Boston cases. The temperature varies; it may fall below normal, but not infrequently fever is present. Rare signs in thrombosis of the mesenteric veins are gly¬ cosuria and purpura. The diagnosis of thrombosis of the mesenteric veins is usually difficult, inasmuch as in but few cases the majority of the symptoms are present. In a large number of cases the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction is made. The most characteristic signs are stated to be the sudden onset of colicky abdominal pains with a fall in the temperature and passage of blood-stained stools, and later symptoms of intestinal obstruction with distention of the abdomen and perhaps some ascites. Thrombosis of the mesenteric veins is not infrequently associated with thrombi elsewhere in the body, and may be directly secondary to portal thrombosis. The presence of such thrombi elsewhere or of symptoms referable to thrombi should make the diagnosis more simple. Aside from intestinal obstruction, the condition may be con¬ founded, on account of the vomiting and passage of blood, with gastric or duodenal ulcer or with disease of the heart and liver, accompanied by passive ^ Jackson, Porter, and Quinby, Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. xliii. No. 3. 532 DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM congestion in the abdominal organs. Differential diagnosis in these cases must rest upon the presence of other signs of these diseases. Patients in whom purpura is present in association with thrombosis of the mesenteric veins might be confused with instances of abdominal crises in connection with purpuric skin eruptions of the erythema group. Thrombosis of the Portal Vein. — Thrombosis of the portal vein may result from disease in the vein itself, or mueh more commonly from pathological processes which cause compression of the vessel. In the vessel wall a sclerotic process comparable to arteriosclerosis has been occasionally described, but is quite rare. Usually portal thrombi not due to external pressure are of the propagated variety, are often although not necessarily septic, and are com¬ monly associated with intra-abdominal inflammatory processes, especially appendicitis. Thrombosis from pressure may occur in connection with neo¬ plasms of the head of the pancreas, the stomach, the omentum, or the lymph nodes in the hilum of the liver. Another group is associated with compression by cicatricial tissue either within the liver, as in cases of cirrhosis, or external to that organ, but surrounding the portal trunk. In the latter instance the scar tissue results from a localized peritonitis which may be due to gall¬ stones, gastric or duodenal ulcer, or tuberculosis. Gallstones themselves have occasionally been situated so as to compress the portal vein and lead to thrombosis. A certain number of instances of portal thrombosis without apparent cause have been recorded, the so-called idiopathic portal thrombosis, but Ponfick and others think that these are instances of traumatic portal thrombosis such as have been recently described by Heller and Wilke. ^ In some instances the evidence of the relation to trauma is plain, in others not very satisfactory. The symptoms of pylethrombosis are very different in septic and non- septic cases. Septic or suppurative pylephlebitis results in the formation of multiple abscesses in the liver, and the outcome is usually a rapid and fatal termination. Appendicitis is so frequently the exciting cause of this form of portal thrombosis that the French school speak of it as ‘fle foie appendiculaire.”^ The clinical picture in these patients is that of sepsis with local symptoms pointing to the liver. The onset is often sudden, with a violent chill, high fever and profuse sweating. The fever persists during the course of the disease, but is usually marked by exaeerbations, often with chills, which may occur daily at about the same period, or may be more frequent and irregular. Quite early, as a rule, gastro-intestinal symptoms appear, nausea and vomiting with perhaps diarrhoea, which according to Dieulafoy may be paroxysmal. Constipation may, however, be present throughout. Jaundice and tenderness in the region of the liver are usually prominent signs, and as the disease progresses the liver may reach twice its normal size. The icterus varies in intensity, and may appear early in the disease or not until late. The patients finally pass into a typhoid state and die in collapse or may succumb with the symptoms of eholfemia. The form of portal thrombosis assoeiated with simple pylephlebitis gives rise, in the majority of instances, to a. clinical picture resembling that of atrophic cirrhosis of the liver. In some patients, as in the remarkable one ^ Pfortavenenthrombose und Trauma, Inaug. Diss., Kiel, 1903. " ^ Dieulafoy, Clinique medicate de V Hotel Dieu, 1897-98. THROMBOSIS 533 reported by Saxer/ most extensive thrombosis of the main branches of the portal vein may occur without characteristic symptoms. Usually enlarge¬ ment of the spleen, ascites which recurs rapidly after tapping, and the forma¬ tion of a collateral circulation are prominent features. The collateral cir¬ culation may involve the superficial veins of the abdomen and lower chest, and is then plainly apparent, or it may occur through the left coronary vein of the stomach, the oesophageal veins, the intercostal veins, and the azygos veins. In the latter instance large varices may form beneath the mucous membrane of the stomach or lower end of the oesophagus, and such patients are apt to suffer from sudden and severe hsematemesis or melsena. The ascites which is so prominent a feature in some patients may be lacking in those in whom such hemorrhages occur. On the other hand, patients with well-marked ascites do not usually have the gastric and intestinal hemor¬ rhages. The minor manifestations of portal obstruction, anorexia, nausea, and intestinal disturbances, may be present, especially in long-standing cases. Jaundice does not occur unless complications are present. A few patients recover as the result of the formation of a fully compensating col¬ lateral circulation, but as a rule a fatal termination is to be expected either from severe gastric or intestinal hemorrhage, from gradually increasing asthenia, or from extension of the thrombosis or involvement of the mesenteric vessels and infarction of the intestine. When the process comes on gradually and gives rise to a picture of chronic portal obstruction, it may be impossible to differentiate it from atrophic cirrhosis of the liver, especially as this organ is often, although not invariably, decreased in size in cases of portal thrombosis. In the acute cases the rapid onset in an individual with a previously clean record, the absence of an alcoholic history, the absence of decrease in size of the liver, or even the enlargement of this organ, the early appearance of ascites and its rapid recurrence after tapping, or the presence of severe gastric or intestinal hemorrhages — all suggest a portal thrombosis rather than cirrhosis. Thrombosis of the Hepatic Veins — Attention has been called in recent years, especially by Chiari and his pupils, to a form of thrombophlebitis of the hepatic veins which has not as yet been described in this country, but which is probably not very uncommon. It is overlooked no doubt because the symptoms and the gross pathology are essentially those of hepatic cir¬ rhosis. Postmortem examination shows in most cases an obliterating endo- phlebitis of the hepatic veins, usually associated with thrombosis. Not infrequently thrombi are also present in the branches of the portal vein. The gross and microscopic picture, aside from the changes in the veins, closely resembles that of atrophic cirrhosis. The disease attacks both sexes alike, usually during young adult life, and seems at times to develop upon a luetic basis. The symptoms as a rule appear gradually, although in rare cases an acute onset with death in less than two weeks has been noted. Usually a sense of pain and discomfort in the hepatic region or the upper abdomen is the first thing noted. Later symp¬ toms suggestive of atrophic cirrhosis occur, the abdomen gradually enlarges, ascites develops, and gastro-intestinal disturbances may appear. The signs ^ Cent. f. Allgem. Path., 1902, vol. xiii, Nr. 15. ^ Hess, American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1905, vol. cxxx; Umbreit, Virchow’s Archiv, 1906, vol. clxxxiii. 534 DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM of a compensatory circulation may be apparent in the form of a caput medusae. Hsematemesis and melaena occur in rare instances, much less commonly than in portal thrombosis. Haematuria has been occasionally noted. Physical examination shows the presence of fluid in the abdominal cavity, which, if withdrawn, rapidly re-accumulates. It usually has the characteristics of a simple transudate, but is occasionally hemorrhagic. The liver is in the early stages enlarged, smooth, and firm; later it becomes contracted and more or less nodular. Jaundice is generally absent. The spleen is enlarged, hard, and easily palpable. In the final stages of the disease general anasarca may appear. There is as a rule no fever, and the urine is negative. In most patients the course of the disease is shorter than that of an ordinary cirrhosis, the average duration after the onset of symptoms being about six months. Hess states that no case of this disease has been diagnosed during life, most patients having been considered to be suffering from cirrhosis of the liver. Two acute cases with marked gastro-intestinal symptoms and prostra¬ tion were diagnosed as poisoning in one instance and intestinal obstruction in the other. According to Hess, the main points in distinguishing hepatic thrombophlebitis from cirrhosis are its occurrence in younger individuals, the absence of the cause of cirrhosis, the presence of pain in the hepatic region, the rapid development of ascites, and the frequency with which paracentesis is needed. Thrombophlebitis of the Umbilical Veins. — The occurrence of infection of the umbilical veins in the newborn child is one of the most serious dis¬ eases of early life. The condition is often insidious in onset, for, as a rule, there are no marked local signs in the umbilical stump. In occasional complicated cases pus can be squeezed from the severed end of the vein, but this is exceptional. It is stated by some observers that the more severe the infection the less the likelihood of marked local symptoms. Usually the symptom which calls attention to the condition is a gradually intensifying jaundice, which is often accompanied by symptoms of sepsis. Later hemor¬ rhages may occur, most often from the stump of the umbilical cord. Fever may be marked. There may be inflammation of the serous membranes, pericarditis especially, and occasionally gangrene of the umbilical stump, or erysipelas of the skin surrounding it. The inflammation usually extends to the veins of the liver and causes a diffuse hepatitis or multiple abscesses of the liver. The prognosis is very grave, much more so than that of the more frequent umbilical arteritis. Thrombosis of the Vessels of the Spleen. — Thrombosis of the main trunk of the splenic artery occurs very rarely, although this vessel is frequently the seat of arteriosclerosis. Thrombi in the smaller arterial branches give rise to the same symptoms as emboli, and will be considered under that head. Thrombosis of the main trunk of the splenic vein is rare. It may occur as a terminal process in connection with sclerosis of the vessel accompanying splenic anaemia, as reported by Dock and Warthin.^ Thrombi in the smaller branches of the vein occasionally cause infarcts. Septic thrombosis of the splenic vein may occur in connection with infectious processes in the pancreas from the contiguity of the vessel to that organ. The vein may be thrombosed as a result of typhoid fever. The condition is of pa clinical interest. thological rather than ^ Transactions oj the Association of American Physicians, 1903. THROMBOSIS 535 Thrombosis of the Pulmonary Vessels. — Thrombi in the pulmonary veins are common enough in the areas involved in inflammatory conditions of the lung, infarcts and tumors, and in emphysema. They occasionally give rise to emboli in the systemic circulation. Thrombi in the pulmonary arteries, even when they cause blocking of medium-sized branches, often, as Newton Pitt has pointed out, give rise to no marked changes in the lung. When changes occur they resemble both clinically and pathologically those due to embolism, and will be considered under that head. Box^ has recently suggested that in many instances emboli of the medium-sized and smaller pulmonary arteries are due to the detachment of primary parietal thrombi originating in the large branches, which they do not completely occlude. He believes that the presence of such non-occluding thrombi of the main branches of the pulmonary artery can be detected clinically, or at least sus¬ pected, and that precautions can be taken which may prevent dislodgement in some patients, avoiding fatal embolism. The premonitory signs which he considers of value are a harsh, systolic basic murmur in the pulmonary area (this is not invariably present), an undue acceleration of the pulse, which may occur a day or two before the fatal embolism, and cyanosis, usually slight, with dyspnoea. The occurrence of arterial thrombosis has been discussed to some extent under the heading of various diseases concerned in its etiology. The symp¬ toms so closely duplicate those of embolism that the two conditions will be considered together. Capillary Thrombosis. — Capillary thrombosis, as already mentioned, is of pathological rather than clinical interest. The possible relationship of capillary thrombi in the kidney glomeruli to disturbances in the secretion of urine, as suggested by Welch, seems worthy of further investigation. Herzog’s work on the plague indicates that such thrombi may be numerous enough in some cases of this disease to cause urinary changes, but the clinical histories of the patients from whom he obtained his material are unfor¬ tunately lacking. The relation of capillary thrombi to gastric hemorrhage and to ulcer and the so-called gastric erosions, especially in connection with postoperative hsematemesis, has been suggested by von Eiselberg and others, but needs further confirmation. Cardiac Thrombosis. — The diagnosis of the ordinary parietal cardiac thrombi from any direct effect they may produce upon the heart itself is generally considered to be impossible. It is stated by Gerhardt that throm¬ bosed auricular appendages may press on the pulmonary artery and cause a systolic murmur in the region of this vessel, but Huchard says this is exceed¬ ingly unusual. The presence of parietal cardiac thrombi may be suspected when, during failure in compensation without distinct evidences of valvular endocarditis, symptoms of embolism occur in organs supplied by the systemic circulation. Pedunculated thrombi and ball thrombi may be associated with sudden death with symptoms of syncope. Whether this is due to the blocking of the auriculo-ventricular opening by the thrombus is still a matter of discussion. In other instances ball thrombi are believed to give rise to symptoms which permit of a possible diagnosis, although, as Babcock states, it is doubtful if a correct diagnosis has ever been made during life. The symptoms are essentially those of an exaggerated mitral stenosis, marked ^ Transaciions of the Clinical Society of London, 1906, vol. xxxix. 536 DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM dyspnoea, cough, an unusually feeble pulse, and evidences of venous engorge¬ ment out of proportion to the degree which is usual in uncomplicated mitral stenosis. Localized gangrene of the foot, which von Ziemssen described in his patients and considered almost pathognomonic, is not necessarily present. The physical signs are those of mitral stenosis, although the pre- systolic murmur is said to be absent in some instances, and, when present, to show a marked tendency to intermittency. As diagnostic points, von Ziemssen emphasizes, the physical signs of mitral stenosis, the occurrence of the ordinary clinical signs of this lesion in an exaggerated form, especially a very small and feeble pulse, and circumscribed gangrene of the foot. SequelSB of Thrombosis. — Aside from those instances in which the symp¬ toms essentially represent the sequelae of thrombosis, as in thrombosis of the portal or hepatic veins, the remote results of thrombosis of the vessels of the internal organs are as a rule unrecognizable, for if the changes in the affected organ are not sufficient to cause death they are subsequently com¬ pensated for by the unaffected portions of the viscus, or, in cases of paired organs, by the uninvolved one. Changes in the central nervous system due to thrombosis are not, of course, followed by recovery of function if the lesion is at all extensive. Certain remote effects of peripheral thrombosis, and especially of peripheral venous thrombosis, need brief discussion. Of peripheral arterial thrombosis it need only be stated that the sequelae are the same as of arterial embolism. The important sequelae of peripheral venous thrombosis may be considered under two heads : first, the occurrence of secondary embolism, and, second, the probable local effects. The factors which influence secondary embolism have already been briefly discussed in connection with the disease associa¬ tions of thrombosis. As a general rule septic thrombi are more apt to give rise to secondary emboli than bland ones, and certain forms of thrombosis are commonly associated with embolism, whilst in others this sequel is almost unheard of. Thus puerperal thrombosis and thrombosis chlorotica com¬ monly result in secondary embolism, whilst syphilitic thrombosis almost never does so. Typhoid thrombosis is one of the forms in which secondary embolism is rather unusual, as it is in idiopathic recurrent thrombosis. There is, too, apparently some difference in the likelihood of embolism according to the vein affected. Haward’s table shows secondary embolism most frequently after thrombosis involving the iliac veins, next in frequency after saphenous and femoral thrombosis, and only occasionally after throm¬ bosis of the veins of the leg or of the viscera. The fact that the danger of embolism can be. greatly increased by sudden movements on the part of the patient or by undue manipulation of the affected vein by the physician should always be kept in mind. Of the local complications of peripheral venous thrombosis, the perivascu¬ lar suppuration has already been mentioned. Much more important are the more or less disabling sequelse which may occur when a large vessel like the femoral is permanently plugged. In patients who have suffered from such a lesion there may be present for years, even during the remainder of life, certain annoying symptoms. The most common of these are a feeling of heaviness and clumsiness in the limb, oedema, especially at night and after exercise, stiffness of the joints, and impairment of the circulation with coldness of the member. Changes in the muscle of the limb, usually in the form of atrophy, are frequent; rarely a well-marked hypertrophy of the muscles THROMBOSIS 537 results. To these symptoms must be added pain, which may be present along the course of the thrombosed vessel or may be more widespread, and is especially apt to invade the territory of the sciatic. Usually slight, the pain may be intense, neuralgic in character, and quite intractable. At night or after exertion distressing cramps in the muscles may be present. Diagnosis and Prognosis. — The diagnosis and prognosis of thrombosis varies so much according to the disease associations and the vein affected that a general discussion of the subject is impracticable. The main points bearing on both diagnosis and prognosis will be found in the discussion of the disease associations and of the symptomatology of thrombosis of different vessels. Treatment. — The treatment of thrombosis practically resolves itself into the treatment of peripheral thrombosis and of one or two forms of visceral thrombosis in which operative interference may with propriety be essayed. The prophylaxis of thrombosis has not as yet been seriously considered, and it is hard to see how this can be done unless we are to regard all patients suffering from certain diseases as possible candidates for this complication. We have as yet no way of telling what patients are likely to develop throm¬ bosis, nor are we sure that the underlying factors are the same in all instances. In one disease at least, typhoid fever, prophylactic measures have been suggested. Wright and Knapp^ consider that the thrombosis which is so common after this disease is due to the excess of lime salts in the blood, this in turn depending upon the milk diet which is so commonly in use in this disease. They suggest that a partial decalcification of the milk by the addition of 0.25 to 0.5 per cent, of citrate of soda might be of value as a prophylactic measure. This should of course be done only after the danger of intestinal hemorrhage is past. In view of the frequency with which a milk diet is used in other febrile diseases, this suggestion might be borne in mind in the dieting of patients with any disease likely to be complicated with thrombosis. The immediate treatment of patients with peripheral thrombosis consists first of all in the immobilization of the limb in order to minimize the danger of embolism, and secondly in such symptomatic treatment as is demanded. The limb must be placed in a comfortable position and the immobility must be absolute, the necessity for this being strongly impressed both upon the patient and the attendants. So far as the patient is concerned, he must not only be warned against sudden movements, but also against straining at stool and excessive coughing, and laxatives or pulmonary sedatives may be administered to aid him in doing this if necessary. Mechanical methods must be employed to fix the limb, and at the same time pressure in the imme¬ diate neighborhood of the thrombosed vein must be avoided. This may be done in the case of femoral thrombosis by the application of a well-fitting, properly padded splint reaching the whole length of the limb, or, after wrapping the leg in cotton wadding, by a series of broad, strong strips of bandage passing over the anterior surface and fastened to the mattress on each side by safety pins. If the latter method is used, the pelvis should also be fixed by bands and the foot held in an upright position at right angles to the leg. The use of bandage strips has the advantage over the use of the splint ot allowing easy access to the limb with a minimum of manipulation- ‘ Lancet, December 6, 1902. 538 DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The only subjective symptoms likely to demand treatment at this time is the pain, which may be intense. Morphine hypodermically is the only remedy of value in severe cases, but its use is seldom necessary after two or three days. This general treatment may be supplemented by the local application of an ice-bag or of hot fomentations. Belladonna ointment applied along the course of the vein or 30 per cent, ichthyol in lanolin have been recommended. The application of cold compresses moistened with normal saline solution for two or three hours daily during the second week is also recommended, as are applications of the old lead and opium lotion. All local medication should be applied with the greatest care. In the treatment of peripheral thrombosis after the acute symptoms have subsided the important question to be decided upon is how long abso¬ lute immobility is to be maintained. The French school especially, who have given much thought to the matter, insist that many of the ordinary local sequelae of thrombosis may be avoided by beginning passive motion and massage early. The three indications for beginning active treatment are, according to Quenu,^ absence of fever for three weeks, disappearance of local tenderness over the affected vessel, and progressive decrease in the oedema. The plan outlined by this writer is as follows: During the first week that movement is permissible, only passive motion is allowed, consisting of gentle superficial rubbing and gentle movement of the different joints of the affected limb. During the second week massage of the muscles, avoiding the region of the vessel, and more marked passive motion of the joints are employed, although marked flexion of the joints in the neighborhood of the thrombus should be guarded against. During the third week the restraining bands or splint may be gradually removed, so that at the end of this week all mechanical restraint has been removed and the patient is allowed to move the limb gently in bed. During the fourth week the patient may be allowed to increase the movements of the limb in bed, and finally to get up. The limb should at first be supported by a bandage, preferably one of some light elastic tissue, as the heavy stockings used in patients with varicose veins may hinder the formation of the collateral circulation. The use of some support, preferably a cane, will be necessary when the patient begins to walk, but may be discarded as power and confidence are regained. In patients in whom oedema and pain persist for a long time after convalescence, these symptoms may require special treatment. For the oedema the use of massage and electricity and the wearing of a light supporting bandage is necessary. For the pain the application of tincture of iodine over the painful points, local warm douches or warm baths, and the use of electricity are of value. The latter remedy may be applied in the form of the high-frequency current, or if pain is not very marked the constant current in doses of from 25 to 50 ma. EMBOLISM 539 muscular contractions. In chronic cases where a whole leg or arm is stiff and cedematous, the indifferent contact is best made at first by placing the foot or hand in a 1 per cent, saline bath at 100° F. charged from the indiffer¬ ent pole. The active contact is made by a hand electrode which is passed over the affected limb. After a week or two the indifferent contact may be placed over the lumbar enlargement so as to apply the stimulant directly through the nerve supply. Treatment should be applied at first daily for ten minutes in doses of 8 ma., gradually increased as the treatment progresses to 20 ma. The treatments may be reduced in number after the first two weeks, first to two or three a week and later to weekly treatments. Usually from one and a half to three months’ treatment is necessary. The sinusoidal current may be used as an adjunct during the later stages of the treatment. Internal medication is of no value except in special forms such as luetic thrombophlebitis. The surgical treatment of peripheral thrombosis has been suggested by Moullin in patients in whom the superficial veins are involved, and by Briggs in idiopathic recurrent thrombophlebitis. Moullin^ has been in the habit of excising the whole thrombosed vessel in such cases, and claims that it shortens the period of illness and removes the risks of secondary embolism, deep thrombosis from extension, and recurrence in the same vessel. There seems no reason why his method should not be more extensively employed in selected cases. Treatment of thrombosis of visceral vessels must in most instances be purely symptomatic. The chances of detachment of emboli from thrombi in visceral veins is slight; nevertheless, absolute rest in bed should be required where visceral thrombosis is suspected. In the case of mesenteric and portal thrombosis, there is hope that operation will save a small percentage of patients. In mesenteric thrombosis and embolism the mortality after operation is at present 92 per cent. (Jackson, Porter, and Quinby). Without operation, however, the patient is almost certainly doomed, and with increased skill in diagnosis and improvement in technique the percentage of successes can doubtless be increased. The operation chosen should be one which can be quickly performed with a minimum chance of shock. The procedure recommended by Jackson, Porter, and Quinby, ^. e., bringing the involved intestine into the wound, resecting with liberal margins, and fixing the open edges in the wound, seems most logical. It is possible that the Talma operation or some modification of it might be of value in throm¬ bosis of the portal or hepatic veins provided a diagnosis could be made early enough. EMBOLISM. The term embolism is applied to the obstruction of an artery, vein, or lymphatic from the lodgement in its lumen of undissolved foreign matter carried there by the circulation. The mass producing the obstruction is spoken of as an embolus. Etiology.— A discussion of the etiology of embolism resolves itself into a consideration of the sources and incidentally the varieties of emboli. It ' British Medical Journal, 1904, ii, 1688. 540 DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM may be well to first briefiy consider in a general way the phenomena of embolism. Under ordinary circumstances emboli are composed of detached particles of thrombi, and the seat of their lodgement depends on their point of origin. They may be arrested in the arteries of the systemic circulation, in the pul¬ monary artery or its branches, or in the portal vein, which has a distribution similar to that of an artery. Usually emboli which lodge in the systemic arteries or their branches originate in the left side of the heart, in the main arterial trunks, or rarely in the branches of the pulmonary veins. Under some circumstances it is believed that minute systemic emboli may originate in the venous system, passing through the large pulmonary capillaries. Emboli which lodge in the pulmonary artery or its branches usually originate either in the systemic veins or in the right side of the heart. There is reason to believe that occasionally they originate from non-occluding parietal thrombi of the main branches of the pulmonary artery itself. Emboli which lodge in the portal vein or its branches originate in the affluents of that vessel, viz., the pyloric, gastric, cystic, superior mesenteric, or the splenic veins or their branches. From the above statements it will be seen that particles free in the circu¬ lation naturally tend to move onward so long as the vessels in which they travel increase in caliber, and are finally stopped when they reach a branch of a vessel of diminishing caliber through which they cannot be forced by the blood or lymph stream. Ordinarily emboli lodge only in arteries, or in vessels like the portal vein which have peculiarities of distribution like an artery. Ordinarily, too, emboli in the systemic circulation originate only on the left side of the heart, in the larger arteries, or in the pulmonary veins. There are two exceptions to these general rules which must be briefly con¬ sidered. Venous emboli have been noted occasionally, usually, although not always, in veins without valves, and are most common in the subclavian vein, the innominate vein, the axillary vein, the pulmonary veins, the venje cavse, the hepatic veins, the cardiac coronary veins, the cerebral sinuses, the mesenteric veins, and the veins of the pampiniform plexus. They are spoken of as “retrograde” emboli, as they are due to the transportation of a thrombus formed elsewhere in the venous system in a direction opposite to the usual course of the blood stream. The cause of these retrograde emboli is still under discussion, the favored view being that they result from a backward flow of the venous current due to the sudden temporary stoppage of the return flow of the blood to the heart. The second exception to the general rules covering the sources of emboli is the so-called “ 'paradoxical” embolus, also spoken of as the ‘^crossed” embolus. This name is applied to an embolus lodging in an artery of the systemic circulation which originated in the systemic veins or the right side of the heart and reached its place of lodgement by passing through an open foramen ovale. How frequently this form of embolism occurs is uncertain. Its occurrence has been absolutely demonstrated in one or two instances by finding the plug engaged in the foramen ovale. It is probable that the passage of large emboli by this route is very unusual; even small ones would have difficulty in passing through the ordinary patent foramen ovale, for although the opening is present in probably over 30 per cent, of individuals, it is nearly always protected by a membranous flap, and under the usual EMBOLWM 541 pressure conditions in the cardiac cavities it is hard to see how emboli could pass through it. It is conceivable, however, that with a marked increase in the intracardiac pressure in the right auricle associated with diminished pressure in the left auricle the passage of small particles through the foramen ovale might not be difficult. Origin of Emboli. — All emboli are not composed of detached particles of thrombi, for while by far the largest number are of this nature, various substances may gain entrance to the circulation and obstruct the bloodvessels. These may be divided into two great groups according to their origin: endogenous emboli, which originate within the heart or bloodvessels, and exogenous emboli, which have their origin outside of the circulation, but gain entrance to it in one way or another. Both groups may again be subdivided, according to their nature, into bland or inert emboli, and active emboli, the former being harmless aside from their purely mechanical action, the latter being either infective or composed or living cells or of parasites. The bland endogenous emboli are usually broken-off particles of bland thrombi, but may consist of detached fragments of calcareous material originating from sclerotic patches in the valves or the vessels, of particles of detritus from atheromatous abscesses or ulcers, of pieces of clot from the interior of aneurisms or from the heart valves, or of material originating from the destruction of blood corpuscles or of blood parasites such as the malarial plasmodium. In the latter instance pigment emboli occur. The exogenous bland emboli may be of a solid, a liquid, or a gaseous nature. Solid emboli originating outside of the vascular system are very rare unless we include solid particles introduced into the blood stream for experimental purposes. There is at least one remarkable case on record in which a revolver bullet entered the circulation and acted as an embolus. Of the liquid emboli, the most common are fat emboli, usually seen after fractures, but also observed after concussion of the body, inflammation of the subcutaneous fatty tissue, and sometimes after infections with fatty degeneration of the internal organs. Certain semiliquid or liquid substances introduced subcutaneously for medicinal or cosmetic purposes, such as oil, mercurial preparations, and paraffin, may also give rise to emboli. Gaseous emboli mayffie due to the introduction of atmospheric air in the veins during operations or after labor, but in many instances so-called air emboli are due, as Welch has shown, to the production of gases within the circulation by gas¬ forming bacteria, and especially by the Bacillus aerogenes capsulatus. The active, or, as the French call them, animated emboli, like the bland ones, may originate either within or without the circulation. In the first group may be mentioned emboli of leukocytes and emboli originating from infective thrombi, although in the latter instance the infective element really originated outside of the circulation. In the second group emboli composed of body cells of various kinds, notably of cells from the bone- marrow, placenta, or liver, are not infrequent, and are sometimes spoken of as autositic emboli. Parasitic emboli are, of course, frequent in bacterial infections, especially in anthrax, glanders, tuberculosis, leprosy, and malig¬ nant oedema. The higher forms of vegetable parasites, the moulds and actinomyces, for example, may also form emboli. Finally, animal parasites, as the larvae or ova of filariae, trichinae, strongyloides, flukes, and taeniae, may obtain entrance to the circulation and produce embolism. 542 DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Special Pathology. — Site of Deposit of Emboli. — It is not to be assumed that all particles free in the circulation succeed in lodging in a vessel. Rarely the particles originating in the systemic or pulmonary veins become entangled in the meshwork formed by the chordae tendineae or the columnae carneae, and never get beyond the cavities of the heart. Still more rarely large emboli may lodge in the auriculo-ventricular orifices, obstructing them and causing sudden death. It is also to be borne in mind that the caliber of the embolus is often much greater than that of the vessel it obstructs, either because a long, thin embolus becomes folded, thus increasing its diameter, or because an embolus by lodging crosswise on the partition at the point of division of the vessel (riding embolus) interferes with the circulation of two branches at once. Pathological studies seem to show that emboli free in the blood stream do not lodge indiscriminately in any vessel, but that the vessels of certain organs are especially prone to be plugged. The data bearing on this matter are, as Welch points out, subject to considerable error, for they are founded on the study of emboli which have caused distinct lesions, whereas it is well known that many emboli produce no appreciable gross lesions, and in the absence of these a complete search for them, even under the microscope, would resemble the hunt for the proverbial needle in the haystack. Welch believes that the systemic arteries going to the lower extremities receive more emboli than vessels elsewhere. In the case of infective emboli there is a tendency to occur in those places where the circulation is naturally slowest, as in the liver, and also to create lesions in some locus minoris resistentiai. So far as bland emboli are concerned, various lists have been prepared giving their sites of predilection, but these frequently do not agree. According to Welch, the vessels most commonly affected are, in the order of frequency, the pulmonary, renal, splenic, cerebral, iliac, and arteries of the lower extremities, axillary and arteries of the upper extremities, coeliac axis and its hepatic and gastric branches, central artery of the retina, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, abdominal aorta, and coronary of the heart. It is to be observed of the vessels in this list that the ones most frequently affected are either those in direct line of fire from the commonest origin of emboli, venous thrombi, or those supplying organs whose cells are most easily injured by disturbances in their blood supply. Certain purely mechanical factors concerning the emboli themselves, the course of the blood stream, and the size and arrangement of the vessels also play a part in determining the point of lodgement. The action of gravity, the weight and size of the em¬ bolic mass, and the degree of obliquity with which branches are given off from the main arterial trunk, are the most important of these factors. The presence of changes in the walls of the arteries, such as roughening from atheroma or narrowing from external pressure, also doubtless play a part in many instances. Anatomical Characters. — The appearance of emboli varies with their character and age. Sometimes, especially when seen soon after their lodge¬ ment, they are easily distinguished from thrombi, but if they have been long in the vessel, so that a secondary thrombus has formed about them, the distinction may be impossible. The fresh embolus is distinguished from the thrombus by its shape, which is often more or less irregular, by its lack of adhesiveness or slight adhesiveness to the vessel wall, and by the fact that it may have the appearance of tissue from an old thrombus and that at some EMBOLISM 543 point on its surface there is often evidence that it has been detached from a larger mass. The secondary thrombus which usually forms about an embolus causes it to become adherent to the vessel wall, and it then on casual observation appears like an ordinary thrombus. Incision into such a plug may show that the central portion has a much older appearance than the periphery, and may even be calcified, but convincing evidence on this point is often lacking. The most important point in doubtful cases is the detec¬ tion of a source for an embolus, and unless care is taken this can easily be overlooked. It is impossible in some instances, as in deep-seated thrombi in bones, to detect the primary thrombosis, but this is more often missed because certain veins which are commonly the seat of thrombi, such as the small veins of the prostate and the base of the bladder, and the veins of the broad ligament, are not carefully examined in the ordinary autopsy. The condition of the vessel and the clinical history must also be taken into account in reaching a conclusion, although it must not be forgotten that changes in the vessel wall may predispose to the lodgement of embolus as well as to throm¬ bosis, and that the clinical history of a very sudden onset of symptoms, which is usually regarded as favoring embolism, is by no means uncommon in thrombosis. Effect on the Tissues of the Lodgement of an Embolus.— In certain ves¬ sels supplying vital organs, such as the main branches of the pulmonary arteries or of the coronary arteries of the heart, the lodgement of an embolus is usually followed by sudden death. Aside from such special vessels, the changes produced by the lodgement of an embolus depend upon the char¬ acter of the cells and the circulation of the affected tissue, and upon the character of the embolus. Bland emboli produce merely mechanical effects; active emboli produce in addition chemical and sometimes vital changes. The effect of the lodgement of bland emboli in the vessels of certain organs and tissues with an extensive and freely anastomosing blood supply, and cells which bear well temporary interference with their nourishment, may be quite inappreciable. Thus emboli of the vessels of the liver, the thyroid, the bones, the urinary bladder, the female genital organs, and the more vascular portions of the skin, result as a rule in a temporary anaemia quickly followed by the formation of a collateral circulation. A complete discussion of the mechanism of the formation of such a circulation will be found in Welch’s article in Allbutt’s System. Bland emboli in tissues whose circulation is anatomically terminal, or is insufficient to supply blood by collaterals to cells easily succumbing to the effects of anaemia, result in necrosis. The type of necrosis produced varies according to the character of the structure affected, and its relations to the surrounding tissue. If the part whose circulation is cut off is segregated from the rest of the tissues, as occurs after embolism of the main artery of an extremity, the resulting process is known as gangrene or mortification.	49,129
cultivatormonthl81851alba_23	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,834	The cultivator : a monthly publication, devoted to agriculture	None	English	Spoken	7,094	9,420	It is evident, also, from the rich deposit which is left by streams, and the general fertility of alluvial soils. The substances which promote fertility in soils, are more or less soluble, and hence may be taken up and carried away by water. The organic portions are capable, besides, of as¬ suming an aeriform state, and may be taken up by the at¬ mosphere. The nitrogenous portion of manures, (am¬ monia,) which is, perhaps, their most valuable property, is very volatile, and readily escapes into the air when not covered or combined with earthy or carbonaceous matters. It is also easily dissolved by water, and when the soil is unduly saturated, may be taken away by the liquid. (See Cultivator for 1848, p. 284.) Hedge. — W. P. B., Coxsackie. The Buckthorn will be the 11 easiest and quickest raised, and most durable,”" and it will ‘ 1 keep fowls from entering.” You can buy two- year-old plants at most of the nurseries at $5 per thou¬ sand, and seed may be had of the seed-dealers at $1.25 per quart. The plants should be set in a double row, or two rows, six inches apart, and a foot apart in the rows, which will require 32 plants to a rod, or 2000 to 1000 feet. (See Cultivator for 1850, pp. 68, 69.) Animal Offal as Manure. — T. H. C., New Albany, Ind. We think the best use which could have been made of the “ sheep’s heads, hogs’ feet, kidneys, and plucks,” would have been to mix them in a heap with the u creek mud and forest leaves,” together with strong, unleached wood ashes, at the rate of one bushel to five of the animal matter. The strong decomposition which would follow, would completely dissolve the flesh, skin, &c.,and render many of the bones so soft that they might , be easily pulverised sufficiently to be applied to the soil. 1851 THE CULTIVATOR, 139 The mud and leaves would absorb the gases. The com¬ post will be very strong, and should be applied with caution till it is ascertained how much the crops will hear. It should be slightly buried, but kept near the surface. Night-soil may be mixed with muck at the rate of one load of the former to three of the latter. It should be mixed several weeks before being used. It is most properly applied to grain crops 9 it is unsuitable for potatoes and culinary vegetables generally. Drainino-Tiles. — T. H. C. We know of no point nearer you than Waterloo, in this state where these tiles can be had. Mr. B. F. Whartenby of that place can supply the various sizes. Mulching for Potatoes. — C. D. S., Junction, Ill. We should think the effect of covering the ground be¬ tween rows of potatoes, with straw or coarse stable manure, would be favorable to the crop. It would tend to keep the soil moist, and at a more equable tempera¬ ture than if it were exposed directly to the sun. Our course would be to hoe the potatoes, carefully, as soon as they were fairly above ground, and then spread over the litter. If it was laid three inches thick, it would probably prevent all growth of weeds for the season, and would supersede the necessity of any further cultivation. “ Live Forever.”— J. F. G., New Baltimore, N. Y. We do not know the plant to which you allude under this name, and therefore cannot advise as to the u most expeditious way of eradicating it.” Please send a speci¬ men of the plant. Locust for Timber.— S. H., Amenia, N. Y. The yellow loeust, ^Robinia pseudacacia ,) is the best for timber. The seed may be planted either in spring or fall. If in the former, it is best to soften the hard cover¬ ing of the seed by pouring hot water on it, which will greatly hasten germination. If planted in fall, this is not necessary, as the frost will produce the same effect. Make drills, three feet apart, and drop the seed about as thick as you would bush-beans, covering to the depth of two inches — keep the plants clean from weeds. They may he transplanted to the plantation the second or third year. The seed is for sale by Emery & Go., at $2 per pound. Red Cedar for Hedges.— G- M., Lowell, Mass. Mr. James Wilson of this city, has the plants suitable for transplanting. Michigan Sod and Subsoil Plow. — C. W. C., New Durham, Ind. This plow is for sale bj7 Prouty & Mears, Boston, Emery & Co., Albany, and Newell French, (the proprietor of the patent,) Rome, N. Y. Pond Mud. — D. S. O. This would probably he use¬ ful in improving your sandy soil. Your best way will be to apply several loads by spreading it on and incor¬ porating it with the soil, next falL You will see by the result whether it would be an object to apply more. Mill for Grinding Corn and Cobs. — D. S. 0. Sin¬ clair’s corn and eob-crusher, cost, $35 to $40, according to size, with extra cutters and plates. It is for sale by R. Sinclair, Jr., Baltimore, and Emery & Co., Albany. Mineral Paint.— G. A. H„, West Stockholm, N. Y. You will find an article on this subject in our volume for 1849, p. 379. W. H. Starr, 67 Beekman street, New York, is an agent for the sale of this kind of paint. Gurious Machine.— M. K., Fond Du Lao, Wis. u Has the inventive genius of Yankeedom, yet produced a machine that will thrash, grind cob meal, and cut straw — ’two-horse power, and costing not over $100 altoge¬ ther?” We rather think not, but if any one knows of such a machine, let him speak. Sandy Soil. — A. C. C., Spencer, Tenn. The clay, pounded bricks, and the muck taken from your u moun¬ tain bog,” of which you speak, are good substances to apply to your sandy soil. Your stable manure would do better made into a compost with the muck and clay, than applied by itself on such soil. The “ chips and dirt from the wood-house” we think would not be worth the carting on the land you describe. Plan for Stable and Carriage-house. — A. C. C. We would refer you to our volume for 1844, pp. 282, 385, and the volume for 1846, p. 31. Gypsum. — D. S. O., Clarion county, Pa. We are unable to refer to any analyses which would show the difference in the Nova Scotia and Genesee plaster ; hut by an experiment on a small scale, you could readily ascertain their relative value for your purposes. Straw Cutter. — W. E., Jonesboro, Tenn. As a cutter for straw or hay, we know of nothing superior to Hovey’s. Its price is from $8 to $25, according to size- — latter for horse-power. For cutting and mashing large cornstalks, Wheeler’s is an excellent article. Price $27, for horse power. Grass for Sandy Loam. — W. E. We should think the orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) and perhaps the Kentucky Blue grass ( Poa pratensis ,) if your soil is in tolerable condition, might do as well as any with you. Destruction of House Rats. — W. S., Lahaska, Pa. Rats may be decoyed by various substances, and induced to enter traps set for them. The oil of rhodium and oil of anise are used for this purpose by professional rat-catchers. Dr. J. Y. C. Smith of Boston, states that he has used these substances with advantage. He states also, that ground plaster or gypsum, mixed with dry meal, will be eaten by rats, and that it will set in the stomach and kill them. Corn Planter. — W. S. “ Is there a machine for planting corn with accuracy?” Emery’s will plant it with sufficient accuracy, unless you want it in rows both ways. W. D., Quakertown, Pa. Emery’s machine is generally preferred in this section for corn, broom- corn, &c. Dairy-house. — D. A. L., Bethel, Yt. You will find some good suggestions in relation to the construction of such a building, in Mr. Craig’s communication in our March number. For description of the best modes of butter-making, practiced in this state, see Cultivator for 1848, pp. 207, 271— also for 1850, pp. 169, 170. Bone-mill. — L. B. A., Dorset, Yt. We do not know of a cut of such a mill. Should we find one that we think would answer the purpose, we will publish it. Seed Corn. — J. W. W., Montgomery county, Pa. We should think the Yermont improved Canada, the Red Blaze, or the Early eight-rowed White, all of which could be had of Emery & Co., of this city, would, if planted “ from the first to the twelfth of May, ma¬ ture in time to be taken from the field and put in shocks by the first of September and if the ground was in good condition and the crop well cultivated, there would be no difficulty in obtaining fifty bushels to the acre. 140 THE CULTIVATOR. April, €§t Inrtintlttratl SrpnrtniEnt. CONDUCTED BY J. J. THOMAS, MACEDON, N. Y. The Kitchen Garden* As often as any one visits our horticultural exhibi- bitions, he cannot fail to be as often struck with the fine appearance of the vegetables, their large size, and suc¬ culent growth. Here, with the thoughtless, the inter¬ est ends; while others naturally ask themselves,- “ why do not the products of my garden — now small, tough, and stringy, — grow like these?” This is a very profita¬ ble inquiry, and we shall endeavor to answer it in some of its particulars. To have good vegetables, the first, and usually by far the most important requisite,, is a good soil. To keep a free and succulent growth during our hot summers, it must be deep, so as to form a magazine of moisture,, by absorbing like a sponge all the rains that fall, and re¬ taining. them till wanted in time of drouth. This a shallow soil cannot do, neither can it allow that full and free extension of roots so essential to large and vigorous growth. Whenever a garden soil is deficient in these two great qualities, as most are naturally, it must be improved by artificial means. Whatever may be its character, the first thing is to have it thoroughly drained, unless it should happen to possess the very unusual merit of needing no draining. Ditches are best laid with tile manufactured for the purpose ; but where small surface- stones are plentiful, they are quite as economical,- and at the same time it is useful to the land, to use them in¬ stead. But here great caution is needed to prevent the soil from settling or washing in among them, — a very common evil. It is prevented by covering the surface of the stones with pebbles, or small flat stones, or more easily with slabs if they can be cheaply obtained. Being excluded from the air, they will last a long time, espe¬ cially if the wood be of any durable kind. We have never found them to fail in preserving ditches, even where the soil partook strongly of the character of quick¬ sand. They are covered well with straw or inverted sods before the earth is shovelled in. To deepen the soil, first use a subsoil plow to mellow its texture to a depth of a foot and a half, or if possible two feet. This will admit the trench-plow, (that is, a large common' plow in a fuevious furrow,) to a depth which could not possibly be attained without subsoiling, and will serve to mix the parts together and to work in the manure, to such a depth as to manufacture a deep bed of rich garden earth. The depth could not be reached without the subsoil plow, and the manure could not be worked down without the trenching ; and it may be use¬ ful to alternate them, two or three times before the work is done in the best manner. Where the garden is so situated that a team cannot be introduced, the improve¬ ment effected will well pay for the cost of trenching by hand. Soils are very often either too heavy or too light. When too heavy, they may be rendered lighter by work¬ ing in coarse manure, chip-dirt, and straw, in connexion with carting on sand. The latter may seem a slow and costly operation; but as the sand thus api>lied always remains, it only requires a few annual dressings to effect a great and permanent improvement. We have seen heavy soils, which were always either hard and cloddy, or else unfit to work from their plastic adhesiveness, made fine, rich, crumbling, and fitted exactly for garden- , ing, by burning the earth . This was done by first making a fire of such coarse knotty wood and vegetable rubbish as could not well be used as fuel within doors, and then . as soon as it began to burn well, to throw on earth gradually, so as to keep it half smothered, till the wood was consumed. This was done at the dry season, and when a large portion of old turf was thrown on the fire, with some brush or' vegetable rubbish, a great deal of earth wasburned with very little fuel. This burnt earth, scattered over the ground, had a great and very perma¬ nent effect ; and there is- probably no cheaper or more effectual way of mellowing as well as enriching heavy soils. When the soil is too light, it may often be made just right by mixing up with it the subsoil. I-f the under soil is not clayey, carting on an annual dressing of clay will in a few years effect a great improvement. It sometimes happens, that old, long-worn garden soils, may be strikingly benefitted by subsoiling and trenching;; the surface above and the marly stratum im¬ mediately beneath,, constituting a mixture of precisely .the kind wanted. In other cases, the application of lime and ashes will prove excellent on old gardens. A great saving may be effected- in the cost of cultiva¬ ting kitchen gardens by the use of the plow and cultiva¬ tor, wherever they can he so laid out as to admit the labor of a horse. Fig-. 1 — Kitchen Garden for horse culture. Fig. 2 — Kitchen Garden, laid! out into quarters. In the above figure, (Fig. 1,) we have endeavored t© show an arrangement for this purpose, where dwarf fruit trees, currant and gooseberry bushes, &c. are planted in continuous rows across the garden; the crops of vegetables being planted between, and the whole cul¬ tivated by a horse, which turns about at the ends on the spaces or alleys, a a. The flower garden and ornamen¬ tal part occupies a strip at the centre, on each side of the alley b b. If desired, this part may he wholly omit¬ ted. Fig. 2, shows the more common way of laying out kitchen gardens into quarters, where, it will he observed, horse labor cannot be introduced. There are a few of the smaller vegetables, ais radishes, lettuce, &e. , which cannot well he worked with plow and cultivator. For such, it is best io have one single narrow bed extending across the garden. For many of the larger vegetables, the space allotted to the improved mode will give a better growth than the common way of planting them in thick beds. For example . asparagus^ 1851 THE CULTIVATOR. 141 when thus given plenty of space, will attain more than double the growth acquired with ordinary cultivation. There is another matter of economy which will be ob¬ vious as soon as named, — that is, placing the kitchen garden as near to the stable as practicable, so that there will be no temptation to omit the copious application of manure at the right moment. Suckers from Fruit Trees. There is a general impression that suckers of fruit trees are less valuable for stocks than seedlings — possess¬ ing, it is alleged, less vitality, and exhibiting a stronger tendency to the reproduction of suckers. My experi¬ ence on this point has been neither very long nor exten- tensive, but as far as it goes, I doubt both of the above assertions. The plum, cherry, quince, gooseberry and currant, eminently, and the apple and pear, to tome extent, seem designed to continue themselves in this mode, as well as to reproduce themselves from seed. The same thing is true of a great many other fruits and flowers, whether produced by woody stems or herbaceous plants. As a philosopher, I would hesitate hastily to question such an arrangement of nature, as unwise, since it is so eminently cheap and useful. We have now in this. Oneida county, the Bleecker plum, (the Lombard of Downing,) by the thousand, not one of which, so far as I know, was pro¬ pagated either by bud or graft. And yet this tree is as thrifty and hardy as a burdock in an old barn- yard. The same remark may be made substantially, of other kinds of plums. That a seedling possesses a higher degree of vitality than a bud, graft, or sucker, is perhaps philoso¬ phically true, especially when the latter is from an old tree ; but when taken from a young tree, the difference may be so slight, as practically to be neglected. Again, the assertion that a sucker exhibits a superin¬ duced tendency to the reproduction of suckers, is in ac¬ cordance neither with science nor facts. A seedling tree — root and stem — is one homogeneous system. The original stem, standing centrally upon its roots, and a sucker, standing, it may be, four feet distant from the same tree, and based on one of its extended horizontal roots, can hardly be supposed to differ in constitutional tendencies. The parent tree has sent up this sucker, and thus manifested its inherent tendency ; will the suck¬ er be likely to do either less or more? But let us inves¬ tigate the main allegation above alluded to — that suckers exhibit less vitality than seedlings. A standard seedling tree, is found from examination in the autumn, to exhi¬ bit at the collar, below it, or upon some extended root, a small bud or buds. In the succeeding spring these buds throw up shoots of vigorous growth, dependent, for the time being, on the parent tree. In the latter part of the same season, but sometimes not until the succeeding one, such a sucker forms a collar, just be¬ neath the surface of the earth, from which it throws out in regular order, an abundance of horizontal roots. Soon after this, the tap-root that connects with the pa¬ rent tree, and which, for the time, had been its sole ra¬ dical dependance, becomes nearly obliterated. You have now, at the end of the first or second year, a perfect tree, whose sucker origin cannot be inferred from any¬ thing in its appearance. Its origin in a little bud, on the healthful root of a young tree, may have combined as much vitality as would be involved in its origin from a seed borne by the top of the tree, — certainly as much as would be found in a bud or graft from the same tree. In this case you have the advantage, moreover, if the tree were a valuable variety, of its propagation upon its own roots. There may be cases in which a tree, valuable for its fruit, has always exhibited a feeble or imperfect root. In such cases the variety should be extended by buds and grafts set upon healthful stocks. There is another consideration. A tree, even when well situated in re¬ gard to climate, soil and position, will usually exhibit greater hardiness, and more abiding health of root, than of stem. Mechanical accidents, insects, and the influ¬ ence of unfavorable seasons — one or all, may seriously damage the stem, while the root remains in comparative health. In this case, the renewal of the tree by head¬ ing back, or by propagating it from sprouts already ex¬ isting, is a matter of obvious propriety. It is, I think, a statement of Loudon, in his Encyclopedia of Garden¬ ing, that the English nurserymen, who cultivate hard¬ wood trees, frequently head back young trees, once and even twice, before they get a stem that is healthful and vigorous. Indeed, nature herself, often does this, throwing up a stout side shoot or sucker, to supercede the parent tree, where disease or accident had injured it. It may be farther observed, that many trees, propa¬ gated by buds and grafts, exhibit imperfect adaptations to the new stock. Here the union is never quite per¬ fect and healthful. Now this difficulty is avoided by the propagation of such trees by suckers. Nay, farther, a difference of season of maturity, or chemical character of circulation, frequently exists between the stock and the budded or grafted top, so that the fruit is defoli¬ ated before it is ripened, in consequence of the earlier maturity of the stock ; or its fruit injured by the astrin¬ gent character of the sap of the same stock. It were clearly better to use natural suckers of a good variety, than to propagate it on such stocks. In conclusion — I infer that it is safer to follow nature in all cases, where she prompts strongly to the continuance of a variety by suckers j and that, therefore, there is no objection to the use of suckers, as stocks for buds and grafts, simply on the ground that they are suckers ; and that, though in particular cases, suckers may exhibit less of vitality and shapeliness than seedlings, their general utility is not affected by that origin. The method so much resorted to in Europe, of propagation by layering , is analagous to propagation by suckers, though obviously a less natural, shapely, and healthful mode. Suckers, if removed before they form collars and ho¬ rizontal roots, are almost in the state of cuttings, and will often die, or dwindle for two or three years, before they recover and grow rapidly. Hence they should not be removed until well supplied with horizontal roots. Suckers, too, that spring up in a well cultivated soil, will make much better trees than those which spring up in neglected positions. Suckers sometimes come up in close bundles. It is then always best to thin them out to two or three, since otherwise, they cannot root well, or, if they do, cannot be separated safely. C. E. G Utica, Jan. 27, 1851. 142 THE CULTIVATOR, April. Fruit Prospects for 1851. The progress of vegetation in 1850, in the case of the peach, plum and grape, was probably unfavorable n its bearing on the prospects of fruit for the present year. Peaches were greatly injured by the “ curled leaf,” in June, 1850, the fruit being nearly all destroyed, and all the early shoots incurably dwarfed. The shoots that must bear the fruit, if any, this year, started late, and did not mature very well in the autumn. My fear is, that the buds had less vigor than usual to meet the se¬ verity of winter. A considerable number of buds are yet alive, enough, perhaps, for a fair crop; but whether they will be sustained though the remaining vicissitudes of winter and spring, we cannot tell. Plums were defoliated extensively by the hot, damp weather between July 14th and Aug. 21st., while yet the fruit was not mature. Hence, I am lead to fear a feeble state of its fruit buds, though my experience in these matters does not enable me to anticipate confi¬ dently. Grapes were severely injured, at the same time, and in the same way, as plums were. Much of the fruit never matured, in consequence of the defoliation occa¬ sioned by the mildew. When trimmed, in October, many vines needed cutting back nearly to their old wood, so immature was the growth of the season. Grafts set in April, that had made a growth of eight feet, were frequently cut back almost to the stock. I fear, there¬ fore, the buds of next spring will start weakly, at least in many places. C. E. G. Utica, Jan. 25, 1851. On Grafting. As the season for grafting is approaching, a few re¬ marks upon that subject may be acceptable. There is no kind of labor which brings a richer return than a few hours spent in grafting. And at the present time there is no difficulty in obtaining scions of the most approved varieties, gratis, or at a rate merely nominal. The best scions for grafting apple trees, are obtained from the last year’s growth, on the points of bearing limbs. Some grafters take scions of two years growth, under the im¬ pression that the grafts will bear one year sooner, but I would not recommend the practice. Many of the buds appear to lose their vitality, and the growth is apt to be irregular and unthrifty. The scions may be cut any time during February or March, and placed in a cellar with the butts upon the ground where the air will not strike them. In grafting apple trees, I have been the most successful, in cutting the scions about the fifteenth of April, and setting them immediately. Grafting wax may be made in the proportion of 2£ lbs. rosin, 1 lb. tallow, and % lb. of beeswax. When melted together it should be poured into a tub of water, and the operator, after rubbing his hands with tallow, should work it over till it becomes tough, and light-colored. If it should be too sticky, more beeswax may be used. Some graft¬ ers omit the tallow, and use in its stead, a small quanti¬ ty of linseed oil, poured into the kettle after the rosin and beeswax are melted. If the weather should be cold at the time of using, the wax may be softened by placing it in a kettle of warm water, or holding it over a lantern with a candle burning in it. The tools neces¬ sary for grafting are — a bank- saw, set wide enough to run easily through the limb, a grafter’s knife and wedge united, to split the limb and hold it open till the grafts are set; a small mallet, and a thin bladed pocket knife, with which to sharpen the scions. Probably the best time for grafting apple trees, is from the 15th of April to the 10th of May. If the grafting is to be done in May, the scions should be cut earlier in the season. As the operation of split grafting is easily learned by a few minutes observation of the process, I need not go into the details. The outside of the wood in the stock and scions should exactly correspond. In grafting an orchard, many farmers seta large num¬ ber of limbs in the middle of the top, leaving many of the lower branches to be lopped off as the new crown increases in size. It would be better for them to dis¬ tribute their favors more equally over the tree, and thus secure the advantages of greater space, air, and light — and finally more abundant bearing. The annexed figure represents a very conven¬ ient grafting tool for splitting the stocks in orchard grafting — a , the handle — h, the blade — c, the wedge — d, the head to knock it out with, after the grafts are set. The whole need not be more than 9 or 10 inches long, including the handle. D. D. Geneva , March, 1850. Northern Fruit Trees. Eds. Cultivator — In the last volume of the Cultiva¬ tor, p. 395, is an article from the pen of S. W. Jewett, on the adaptation of southern trees to a more northern latitude, which appears to me to be calculated to mis¬ lead the unwary, and therefore to require some notice. The writer admits that — 1 ‘ fruit trees of most kinds taken from nurseries along the sea-board , and replanted in Vermont, have, in most cases, met with ill success.” But he adds — “the fact is now well established, that those trees re-set in these parts [Addison county] which were propagated in the nurseries on the banks of the Hudson, are hardy and thrive better than most of the trees from our nurseries .” On what authority this statement is founded, except the single case of Mr. Hunt, who, it seems, is engaged in selling trees from southern nursuries, the writer has not informed us. I apprehend the matter has not been sufficiently tested to become a well established fact, that trees reared on the banks of the Hudson are better adapted to our climate than those of our own raising. The admitted fact that trees brought from the sea-board — from a climate only a little milder than that of the banks of the Hudson, meet with ill success, seems sadly to conflict with the other fact so “ well established.” Now, the writer will not probably deny that the rea¬ son of the almost universal “ ill success” attending trees brought from the sea-board is, that being reared in a milder climate, their texture and habits are not such as to adapt them to our higher latitude : and if there is any stability or uniformity in the natural laws, this reason holds good in all cases where trees or other plants are removed from south to north, just in proportion to the difference in the temperature of the climate ; that is, a 1851 THE CULTIVATOR 143 tree brought from Newburgh, Hudson, or Albany, is as really affected by its removal from a milder to a more rigorous climate, as one brought from Long-Island or New Jersey; but only in proportion to the change of climate to which it is subjected. In order to prove that there is a decided difference in climate, between the banks of the Hudson and lake Champlain, it is only ne¬ cessary to refer to the fact that Chestnuts, Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, Quinces, the Catawba Grape, and several other kinds of fruit, flourish and mature on the Hudson, while they will not succeed in Addison county, except in some peculiarly favored spot, and with special protection and care. If it is a fact, as stated by S. W. J., that some of the trees from the south, which have come under his obser¬ vation, u thrive better than most of those raised in our nurseries ,” the cause must be sought elsewhere than in the change of climate, for that, as has been shown, is against them. When our own northern nurseries are able to supply trees of as vigorous growth, as fine ap¬ pearance and of as choice varieties as are brought from southern nurseries, and I trust that day is not far dis¬ tant, it will require no uncommon share of Yankee shrewdness to decide which will be preferred for north¬ ern orchards. Row’d T. Robinson. Ferrisburgh , Ad¬ dison county , Vt., Is/ mo. 18, 1851. Cuttings from Suckers. Peach trees, headed down for the development of the bud, and Quinces under all circumstances, frequently throw up suckers close to the parent stem. These if removed from the old stock with clean cut, will grow with great facility. It is not worth while to do this ordinarily with peach¬ es, certainly not where stones are to be had. But with Quinces it is otherwise. Such cuttings from the latter will make twice the growth the first season that will be made by an ordinary cutting taken from the top of the tree. The reason obviously of this superiority lies in the fact that the stump of the cutting, having been formed below the surface, is more disposed to throw out roots than a cutting all whose growth had been above ground. Indeed, in the case of quinces you can frequently take off suckers with roots already formed. I have not tested this method with suckers from the pear, apple and plum, but analogically I have no doubt of similar success.* C. E. G. Utica, Jan. 24, 1851. Timber of the Deodar. — It appears that the timber of the Deodar cedar, (the most elegant perhaps of all evergreens, and which now sells at so high a price in this country,) is of the most durable character. Among the Himalayas, its native localities, the trunk sometimes attains a size of ten to twelve feet in diameter ; and an instance is recorded where the timber was taken from a temple supposed to have existed at least 1000 years, as sound in appearance as when placed there. * A success proportioned to their susceptibility of being grown trom cuttings, which all know to be far less than in the case of quinces. NEW PUBLICATIONS. American Journal of Science and Art. — The num¬ ber of this able and valuable journal for March, contains several interesting communications, among which are the following; Velocity of the galvanic current in Telegraph wires; by B. A. Gould, jr. Mineral Springs of Camden; by T. S. Hunt. Whirlwinds produced by the Burning of a Cane-Brake; by A. F. Olmsted. No¬ tices of coal in China; by D. J. McGowan. Limit of Perpetual Snow in the Himalaya; by Lieut. Strachey. Analyses of the Ashes of certain Commercial Teas, com¬ municated by Prof. E. N. Horsford. The work is con¬ ducted by Professors Silliman and J. D. Dana, aided in chemistry and physics by Dr. Wolcott Gibbs. Pub¬ lished in New Haven on the first of every second month, at $5 per year. Harper’s New Monthly Magazine. — We have re¬ ceived the number for March, for which it is sufficient praise to say, it equals its predecessors. The first por¬ tion comprises “ Spring,” by Thompson, with fifteen very beautiful illustrations. With the usual variety of contents, the number closes with a humorous chapter from Punch, appropriately illustrated. Published month¬ ly at $3 a year, by Harper & Brothers, 82 Cliff street, New-York. Lossing’s Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution — No. 11 of this work, relates particularly to some of the first scenes of the revolution, such as the battles of Lexington, Bunker Hill, &c. The illustrations are of the highest order of merit, and the general execution of the work is deserving the highest praise. Published by Harper & Brothers at twenty-five cents a number, each number containing forty-eight large octavo pages. The Farmer’s Guide. — We have received No. 15 of this excellent work, by Henry Stephens, author of the Book of the Farm, assisted by Prof. J. P. Norton. It is the most thorough work on agriculture which has been published. New York: Leonard Scott & Co., 79 Fulton street — twenty-five cents per number — the work to be completed in 22 numbers of 64 pages each. Next Show of the Royal Agricultural Society. — The next show of this society will be held in Hyde Park, London, in July next, during the exhibition of the great World’s Fair. The Council of the Society has decided on the details of the prize-sheet, of which the following schedule represents, summarily, the divisions and the respective amount of prizes assigned to each: — Short-horn cattle, . £215 Hereford cattle, . 215 Devon cattle, . 215 Longhorn cattle, . 40 Channel Islands breed, . . . 40 Sussex breed, . 40 Scotch horned cattle, . 45 Scotch polled cattle, . 45 Welsh, Irish, and other pure breeds, 40 Horses, . 270 Leicester sheep, . 170 South-downs and other short-wooled sheep, . 170 Long-wooled sheep (excluding Lei- cesters,) . . . 85 Sheep best adapted to a mountain district (excluding Southdowns,) . 50 Pigs, . 130 Total, . £1770 144 THE CULTIVATOR. April. THE BABIRUSSA CljE /nrnitr’H jlntt-Unnk. The Babirussa. The group of animals termed Suidce, or the hog fami¬ ly, comprehends several distinct genera, one of which is the Babirussa, the animal represented by the above cut. It is the only known species in the genus. Its native country is the Indian Archipelago, from which it has been occasionally taken to various European countries, but has never been fairly reclaimed from its wild state, though specimens have been kept for several years in menageries and museums. The animal resembles the hog in its habits, and its flesh is said to be good for food. Martin observes — “ Though allied to sus, [hog,] the Babirussa is dis¬ tinguished by certain peculiarities, one of which is the upward direction of the alveoli of the upper tusks or canine teeth; these tusks in the male, are enormously developed, as to length, and are extraordinary both in their form and position. They do not pass out between the lips, as in the hog, but cut through the skin of the snout, so as to appear like horns growing in an unusual situation. Instead of being stout and strong, they are slender, and rising vertically, curve backwards with a slight indication outwards, so as to form part of a circle, and often touch the skin of the forehead. The tusks of the lower jaw are sharp and powerful, and emerge from between the lips ; they bend upwards and outwards, and are sufficiently formidable weapons. The upper tusks are wanting in the female, and the lower are small. The incisors are four in number in each jaw. The molars are five on each side, above and below.” Improved Ornamental Fence. Eds. Cultivator — Enclosed I send you an addition to the already numerous plans for good fences, which like laws, to be serviceable, should be efficient, durable, and cheap ; in order to secure these three qualities, many circumstances must be considered. The situation of the farm, the relative cost of different materials, the con¬ venience for working them, 8cc. If there be plenty of timber on the land that would make rails, and so situated as not to be valuable for other purposes, an efficient, durable, and cheap fence may be made of rails; but if ft ft. ft ft ft 1 ft ft 1! f I ft ,1 1 ft ft ft iu ifS Spilllll 1! III lllllllllillllllllllllllllllilllllltli Hill INlltfc iff Tim 1. Q , ( WA A AAA A A A A A A A A A A A A ■A _ m mi u UjJJJ m y ,1 1, i, 1 II 1 1 1 Hill 1 llll 11 .11 1 ii ■To ii llllllllllllffl llllillilllllllliMIIIHl!1 ! Il!lli\| III llll 11 IHIMttj Tif;. 3. the land be free from timber, and have a plenty of stone scattered over the surface, a good stone fence would possess the three requisite qualities in a high degree. Should the land be free from both timber and stone, a board fence, such as is described in the fifth vol. of the Cultivator on the 15Gth page, if cedar posts and boards should not be very expensive, may possess the above mentioned qualities, — but in the absence of all these con¬ veniences, such a fence as is described below, and iepre- sented in the accompaning diagrams, will possess the desirable qualities in a high degree. Picket fences are well known to be the most efficient, but their durability, when constructed wholly of wood, has not been such as would warrant the expense, therefore they possess but one of the above qualities. There are three kinds of picket fences contemplated in the cuts, all having iron posts. (See Figs. 1, 2, 3.) Where large cobblestones are conveniently situated on the land, they may be placed about sixteen feet apart, on the line of the proposed fence, about half buried in the earth, and the iron posts drilled into them, and either wedged, cemented, or run in with lead. (See Fig. 4.) When quarried stone are more convenient, blocks may be split out about three feet long, set in the ground about two feet, and the iron 1851 THE CULTIVATOR 145 Which received the second premium for light soils, at the trial instituted by the New- York State Agricultural Society, June, 1850. It is manufactured by Mr. Chase, with various other sizes, at Amsterdam, N. Y. For par- ticulars, see report of the committee on the trial referred to, in our columns for 1850, pp. 324-330 — also Transac¬ tions of the Society for 1850. third kind is where no stone is convenient ; the iron post is then set into a cast-iron plate, represented in Fig. 6, which plate should be about two feet long, and buried below the surface about six inches, which makes a very permanent post, unless the land is subject to heaving by frost ; in such case the plate should be buried deeper. Fig. 1 is a view of a fence supported by posts of small iron, round or square, about half of an inch in diameter if square, and five-eights of an inch if round; the manner of constructing the posts is shown in the cut, so plain as to require no further description. The square pickets Fig. 7. are put through round holes, as shown in Fig. 7, which also shows the manner of fastening the iron posts to the lower rail, by square staples driven round the iron into I _ _ i Fig. 8. the wood; Fig. 8, shows the manner of putting paling through the rails instead of square pickets. Below are estimates, showing the relative cost of fences of stone and iron posts, and posts all iron, — the wood work not planed. About sixteen cents a rod may be saved by letting the pickets or paling go through the lower rail to the ground, and dispense with the base-board. Cost of picket fence with base-board, (Fig. 1.) per rod — 20 feet 1\| inch lumber, at $7.00 per M . . . . .. 16 feet 1 inch lumber, at $5.50 per M. 5 lbs. iron, at 8 cents per pound,. 1 stone, say,. Expense of constructing, .. Total,, _ . . ..	25,560
britishmedicalj1879unse_0_143	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,857	British medical journal	None	English	Spoken	7,281	10,948	M©NDAY . Metropolitan Free, 2 p.m.— St. Mark’s, 2 p.m.— Royal London Ophthalmic, 11 a.m. — Royal Westminster Ophthalmic, 1.30 p.m. Royal Orthopxdic, 2 p.m. TUESDAY . Guy’s, x. 30 p.m.— Westminster, 2 p.m.— Royal London Ophthal¬ mic, 11 a.m. — Royal Westminster Ophthalmic, 1.30 P.M. — West London, 3 p.m. — National Orthopxdic, 2 p.m. — St. Mark s, 9 a.m. Cancer Hospital, Brompton, 3 p.m. WEDNESDAY.. St. Bartholomew’s, 1.30 p.m.— St. Mary's, 1.30 p.m.— Middlesex, 1 P.M. — University College, 2 P.M. — King's College, 1.30 P.M. Lon¬ don, 2P.M.— Royal London Ophthalmic, 11 a.m. — Great Northern, 2 p.m. — Samaritan Free Hospital for Women and Children, 2.30 P.M. — Royal Westminster Ophthalmic, 1.30 P.M. — St. 1 homas s, 1.30 p.m. — St. Peter’s, 2 p.m. THURSDAY .. ..St. George’s, 1 p.m.— Central London Ophthalmic, 1 p.m.— Charing Cross, 2 p.m. — Royal London Ophthalmic, 11 p.m. — Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, 2 p.m. — Royal Westminster Ophthalmic, 1.30 p.m. — Hospital for Women, 2 p.m. — London, 2 p.m. FRIDAY.. . Royal Westminster Ophthalmic, 1.30 p.m.— Royal London Oph¬ thalmic, 11 a.m. — Central London Ophthalmic, 2 p.m. — Royal South London Ophthalmic, 2 p.m. — Guy’s, 1.30 p.m. St. ihomass (Ophthalmic Department), 2 p.m. — East London Hospital for Children, 2 p.m. SATURDAY .. ..St. Bartholomew’s, 1.30 p.m.— King's College, 1 p m.— Royal Lon¬ don Ophthalmic, 11 a.m. — Royal Westminster Ophthalmic, 1.30 p.m. — St. Thomas’s, 1.30 p.m. — Royal Free, 9 a.m. and 2 p.m. London, 2 p.m. HOURS OF ATTENDANCE AT THE LONDON HOSPITALS. Charing Cross. — Medical and Surgical, daily, 1 ; Obstetric, Tu. F., 1.30; Skin, M. Th. ; Dental, M. W. F., 9.30. Guy’s. — Medical and Surgical, daily, exc. Tu., 1.30 ; Obstetric, M. W. F., 1.30 ; Eye, M. Th., 1.30; Tu. F., 12.30; Ear, Tu. F., 12.30; Skin, lu., 12.30; Dental, lu. Th. F„ 12. King’s College. — Medical, daily, 2 ; Surgical, daily, 1.30; Obstetric, Tu. Th. S., 2; o.p. , M. W. F., 12.30; Eye, M. Th. S., 1; Ear, Th.,2; Skin, Th.; Throat, Th., 3 ; Dental, Tu. F., 10. London. — Medical, daily exc. S., 2 ; Surgical, daily, 1.30 and 2 ; Obstetric, M. Th., 1.30 ; o.p., W. S., 1.30 ; Eye, W. S., 9 ; Ear, S., 9-3° ’> Skin, W. 9 ; Dental, lu , 9. Middlesex. — Medical and Surgical, daily, 1 ; Obstetric, Tu. F., 1.30; o.p., W. S., 1.30: Eye, W. S., 8.30; Ear and Throat, Tu., 9; Skin, F., 4; Dental, daily, 9. St. Bartholomew’s. — Medical and Surgical, daily, 1.30; Obstetric, M. Th. S., 2; o.p., W. S., 9; Eye, Tu. W. Th. S., 2; Ear, M., 2.30; Skin, F., 1.30: Larynx, W., 11.30; Orthopxdic, F., 12.30; Dental, F., 9. St. George’s. — Medical and Surgical, M. Tu. F. S., 1 ; Obstetric, Tu. S., 1 ; o.p., Th., 2 ; Eye, W. S., 2; Ear, Tu., 2; Skin, Th., 1 ; Throat, M., 2; Orthopxdic, W., 2 ; Dental, Tu. S., 9 ; Th., 1. St. Mary’s. — Medical and Surgical, daily, 1.15; Obstetric, Tu. F., 9.30; o.p., Tu. F., 1.30; Eye, M. Th.,1.30; Ear, W. S.,2; Skin, Th., 1.30 ; Throat, W. S., 12.30; Dental, W. S., 9.30. St. Thomas's. — Medical and Surgical, daily, except Sat., 2; Obstetric, M. Th., 2; o.p., W. F., 12.30; Eye, M. Th., 2; o.p., daily except Sat., 1.30 ; Ear, Tu., 12.30 ; Skin, Th., 12.30; Throat, Tu., 12.30; Children, S., 12.30; Dental, Tu. F., 10. University College. — Medical and Surgical, daily, 1 to 2; Obstetric, M. Tu. Th. F., 1.30; Eye, M. W. F., 2; Ear, S., 1.30; Skin, Tu., 1.30; S., 9; Throat, Th., 2.30; Dental, W., 10.3. Westminster.— Medical and Surgical, daily, 1.30; Obstetric, Tu. F., 3; Eye, M. Th., 2.30; Ear, Tu. F., 9 ; Skin, Th., 1 ; Dental, W. S., 9.15. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES DURING THE NEXT WEEK. MONDAY.— Medical Society of London, 8.30 p.m. The President (Dr. John Cockle) will deliver an Opening Address. Dr. B. W. Richardson, “On the Sphygmophone in Diagnosis”. TUESDAY.— Pathological Society of London. 8 p.m. : Exhibition of Specimens. 8.30 P.M.: 1. Mr. Butlin: Growth in Left Ventricle, with Embolism of the Brachial and other Arteries. 2. - : Mollifies Ossium, with Myeloid Tumours. 3. Mr. A. Barker : Caries of Spine, affecting the Hip-Joint and Aorta. 4. Mr. Walsham : Small Round-celled Sarcoma. 5. Mr. A. Doran : Papilloma of Fallopian Tubes. 7. Dr. Moore: Disease of both Suprarenal Capsules without Bronzing. 9. Dr. Moore : Calvaria of Congenital Syphilis. 8. Dr. F. Taylor : Lymphadenoma. 9. Dr. Greenhow : Rupture of the Aortic Valves. Dr. Eve: Congenital Hernia, with undescended Testicle. 11. Dr. Eve: Syphilitic Disease of the Testicle. And other Specimens. FRIDAY. — Clinical Society of London, 8.30 p.m. i. Dr. Southey: Two Cases of Acute Rheumatism. 2. Mr. Lawson : Cancer of the Breast following upon Eczema of the Nipple of long standing. 3. Dr. Wilks (Ashford): Case in which a man was struck by lightning. — Quekett Microscopical Club (University Col¬ lege), 8 p.m. A. Martinelli, Esq., “ On the Germination of a Seed". LETTERS^ NOTES, AND ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. Communications respecting editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, 161, Strand, W.C., London ; those concerning business matters, non-delivery of the Journal, etc., should be addressed to the General Manager, at the Office, 161, Strand, W.C., London. Authors desiring reprints of their articles published in the British Medical Journal, are requested to communicate beforehand with the General Secretary and Manager, 161, Strand, W.C. Correspondents not answered, are requested to look to the Notices to Cor¬ respondents of the following week. Public Health Department. — We shall be much obliged to Medical Officers of Health if they will, on forwarding their Annual and other Reports, favour us with Duplicate Copies. Correspondents who wish notice to be taken of their communications, should authenticate them with their names — of course not necessarily for publication. We cannot undertake to return Manuscripts not used. Medical Etiquette. M.D. — If a friendly arrangement exist between A. and B., and A. is called to see B.'s patient, A. ought not to ask the patient whom he wishes to attend him. He ought to explain why he has called, and desire the patient to look to B. for his subse¬ quent attendance. A. should not charge the patient. If he expect payment for his visit, he should arrange privately with B. In the case of a confinement, it is usual to tender at least half the fee to the friend who has attended as a substitute. The medical man who was engaged to attend the case should conduct the after- treatment. If the confinement have taken place at night, or if it have been accom¬ panied by much delay or serious difficulty, a larger proportion of the fee should be tendered. Sir,— Will any correspondent kindly inform me whether vaccinating with calf-lymph is attended with greater constitutional disturbance than vaccination performed in the ordinary way, from arm to arm ? — I am, yours truly, Stockport. Xanthelasma Palpebrarum. Sir, _ In reply to “ Follicle” as to the treatment of xanthelasma, I can assure him that there is no really reliable medical treatment for the above affection, careful removal with the scalpel being the only radical cure. For references to the litera¬ ture of the subject, see Grafe and Samisch, Handbuch dcr gesammten Augen- heilkunde, vol. iv, part ii, page 425, et seg. As there seems to be some connection between the causation of this disease and a morbid state of the hepatic functions, cholagogues would probably tend to minimise the chance of recurrence after re¬ moval. — Faithfully yours, Chas. Ed. Glascott, M.D. 11, Saint John Street, Manchester, October 1879. Preliminary Education. Sir,— In answer to “ Paterfamilias”, let me call his attention to Queen Elizabeth’s Grammar School, Cranbrook. My eldest son was there for six years, and, without any other tuition, passed in the first division at the recent matriculation examina¬ tion of the London University. I have another son there preparing for the same examination. The tone of the school is good, and its reputation for results beyond dispute. The very moderate terms can be obtained from the Rev. C. Crowden, M.A., Head Master.— Yours obediently, Henry Lewis, M.D. Folkestone, October nth, 1879. Thymol. Sir, — I shall be obliged if any of your correspondents will kindly inform me concern¬ ing thymol : 1. Whether it has proved as efficacious an antiseptic as carbolic acid in the treatment of disease— e.g. , ozxna, sore-throat, ulcers, etc. 2. The usual strength for application externally or within the mouth. 3. The best formula for prescribing it, as it is almost insoluble (1 in 1000) in water. — I am, etc., ? Convict Service. Sir, — Will any of the numerous readers of the British Medical Journal be good enough to enlighten me on the following subjects, as regards the treatment of assistant-surgeons in Her Majesty’s Convict Service, and oblige. 1. What is the scale of pay to assistant-surgeons on entering the service, and the mode of annual increment? 2. What is the length of daily duty, and that of recreation? 3. Are they supplied with quarters, rations, washing, fuel, etc. — Yours, Anxious. Cider and Rheumatism. The member who wrote from Belfast on the 22nd ultimo may possibly get some in¬ formation on the subject about which he asks from Dr. T. H. S. Pullin, Medical Officer of Health for Sidmouth, Devonshire. In the course of an interesting report on the mortality in his district during 1878, Dr. Pullin refers to the high proportion of cases of rheumatism and heart-disease, and observes: “ There is a local conven¬ tional idea that the use of cider as a beverage is directly the cause of rheumatism, and thus indirectly of heart-disease. Careful statistical observations, however, com¬ pletely disprove the fact, but point strongly to the absence ef flannel next the skin, and the presence of damp feet and damp outer clothing as the cause.” Condensed Milk for Infants. Sir, —Will you allow me to corroborate the observations of “ A Member” in your last impression on the subject of condensed milk for infants. In opposition to the opi¬ nion of Mr. Laing, who writes to the Journal of September 27th, I beg Jo state that I have recently had under my care several cases of infantile diarrhoea, in which condensed milk had been the only food. The last case was a very obstinate one, accompanied by much wasting. The usual remedies failed to do any good ; but the child at once improved on changing its diet, and is now thriving well.— Yours faithfully, W. Whitfield Edwardes. 1, Oakley Square, N.W., October nth, 1879. Science in our Public Schools. Sir,— In one at least of our public schools— one celebrated for the liberty given to its pupils — the boys have applied their knowledge of anatomy and physiology in a very practical manner. A pretended feeling of illness has been so often disbelieved in by the doctor after recourse to the pulse, that these ingenious scholars have devised a means to overcome this little drawback. They arrange a pad, which they place in the axilla, and easily influence the brachial artery by pressing the arm against the side when the pulse is under examination. — I am, etc., E. Noble Smith. Magnetic Belts. < I Sir,— Mr. Fendick, w'hose letter appears in the British Medical Journal of to-day* had the vendor of the magnetic belt under his thumb. He should have refused', to certify, and the local registrar would not have registered the death of “ Mr. F.” 1 One inquest would go far towards carrying out the desired object. — I am, etc., • 1 Bristol, October nth, 1879. A Member. THE BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL. 641 Oct. 18, 1S79.] Correspondents are particularly requested by the Editor to observe that communications relating to advertisements, changes of address, and other business matters, should be addressed to Mr. Francis Fgwke, General Secretary and Manager, at the Journal Office, 161, Strand, London, and not to the Editor. Composition and Quality of the Metropolitan Waters in September 1879. The following are the returns made by Dr. C. Meymott Tidy to the Society of Medical Officers of Health. Names of Water Total Solid Oxygen required _ by. Organic Matter. Nitrogen Ammonia. Hardness. (Clark’s Scale.) Companies. Matter per Gallon. As Ni¬ trates, &c. 0.126 0.000 0.009 14.1 3-6 West Middlesex.. 20.40 0.159 0.106 0.000 0.010 14.1 3-3 Southwark and Vauxhall. 20.20 o-i55 0.105 0.000 0.009 13.2 3-7 Chelsea. 20.00 0.089 0.108 0.000 0.009 15.2 4.6 Lambeth. 20. 70 0.148 0.120 0.000 O.OIX 14.7 3-3 Other Companies. 18.8 6.5 Kent. 26.70 0.014 0.390 0.000 0.001 New River. 20. 70 O.O94 0.132 0.000 0.004 13-7 3-3 East London .... 20.80 0.062 0.126 0.000 0.009 13.2 3-7 Note. — The amount of oxygen required to oxidise the organic matter, nitrites, etc., is determined by a standard solution of permanganate of potash acting for three hours. Sir, — Would you or any of your readers kindly inform me where I may obtain “ car- feral” water-filters, which have been recently recommended for adoption in the navy, and wherer I may find any information as to this substance? — Yours obe¬ diently. Carbo. How to Form a Meteorological Station. Mr. H. A. Husband. — Instructions in the Use 0/ Meteorological Instruments , by R. H. Scott, M.A., F.R.S., is sold by Potter, 31, Poultry, and Messrs. Stanford, Charing Cross, price is. 6d. The Hospital for Diseases of the Heart, Soho Square. Sir,— Dr. V. Ambler having forwarded you an explanation whyhe refused to give a certificate of the cause of death in the case referred to by me in your issue of the 4th instant, perhaps you will permit me to supplement my letter by additional facts. On the refusal of Dr. Ambler to give a certificate, the man went to the beadle of his parish, who took him to the Registrar of Births and Deaths. On that official hearing the statement, he recommended them both to come to me. Before taking any other action in the matter, I directed the beadle to call on Dr. Ambler and ask his reason for refusing. He shortly returned, and stated that Dr. Ambler declined to afford him any explanation. Thereupon I told him to go to the coroner, who gave as his opinion that, under the circumstances, no inquest was necessary’. On this being reported to the Registrar, he gave a certificate, “ Referred to coroner ; no inquest necessary”. On this the body was buried. I have since seen this man. It is true he keeps a wine-shop ; but his means have been so impoverished by the long illness of his wife and child, both of whom died, that he is in arrears with the landlord and wine-merchant ; he has parted with all his valuables, in confirmation of which he showed me a bundle of pawn-tickets. He told me “ that the sole reason whyhe had not applied to his former medical at¬ tendant was, that he had ceased all attendance on his wife for three weeks” ; that the dispenser had visited his wife three times ; and he positively re-asserted that Dr. Ambler would have given a certificate if he had complied with his demand of a fee of a guinea. I have no other comment to make. — I am, sir, yours obediently, Dean Street, W., Oct. 14th, 1879. Joseph Rogers. Is Syphilis found in Cattle? Sir,— The above question, placed at the head of a brief letter in your issue of Octo¬ ber nth, will probably be answered by most veterinary pathologists in the nega¬ tive. Bovine animals are, however, not uncommonly affected with a disease the chief symptom of which is a purulent discharge from the lining of the urethra and prepuce, or vagina, and which is usually called gonorrhoea. This is always accom¬ panied by congestion and swelling of the parts, and occasionally by chancres or : chancroid ulcers, when, as is not surprising, the malady is often named syphilis. The chancroid sores probably occur sometimes in subjects who are not suffering from a purulent discharge. — I am, sir, yours sincerely, Francis Vacher. Birkenhead, October 13th, 1879. The Millerchip Fund. Sir, — The following additional amounts have been forwarded to me, and the donors have requested an acknowledgment in the medical journals. T. White, Esq., Belgrave Road, W. .. . .;£iB Sundry sums collected by W. Hyman, Esq., Guildford Street.. 2 D. B. Balding, Esq., Royston J. Bridger, Esq., Cottenham.. £ r. Archer, Royston Dr. Anningson, Cambridge Dr. P. French, per D. B. Balding, E sq. I 15 I 1 10 10 The total sum received amounts to ,£71 6s. 6d., of which ^60 has been paid over. — I am, sir, yours obediently, Joseph Rogers. 33, Dean Street, Soho, October 8th, 1879. Subscriber. — In order to practise legally in Paris, permission must be obtained from the Minister of the Interior : or an application be made to the Faculty of Paris University through Dr. Vulpian, the Dean, stating the diplomas of the applicant, and asking to be admitted to the final or clinical examination of the Faculty for the Paris M.D. The application to the Minister of the Interior should be made through our Foreign Office. Notice to Advertisers. — Advertisements for insertion in the British Medical Journal should be forwarded direct to the Publishing Office, 161, Strand, London, addressed to Mr. Fowke, not later than Thursday , Twelve o’clock. The Treatment of Ringworm of the Scalp. In answer to Mr. Jeffreys’ letter, in the Journal of October nth, on the treatment of obstinate ringworm of the scalp, we have received the following communications. Mr. James Startin has found the following treatment most successful in a large number of cases. 1. Well wash the parts affected with just enough soft soap to make a wash ; thoroughly dry, and then apply with a thick camel-hair brush some blistering fluid. 2. After a few days, when the inflammation has subsidedj use alternately the following applications : ol. cadini, creasote, and tincture of iodini in equal parts, and a lotion of hyposulphite of soda, two drachms to the ounce of water, with a little compound tincture of lavender. 3. If the skin should be sore from the use of the above applications, then the use of the white precipitate oint¬ ment of the British Pharmacopoeia, diluted with equal parts of vaseline, will prove most beneficial. Mr. Startin does not think we can ever give a prognosis of com¬ plete cure of these cases of obstinate ringworm under three months ; but he has never found the above to fail. Mr. J. Naish Smart (Bedminster, Bristol) thinks that Mr. Jeffreys will find a very effectual remedy in perchloride of mercury, in solution of two grains to the ounce of water, with the addition of a little spirits of wine or ether, to make it soluble. This solution, carefully applied with a camel-hair pencil two or three times a day, Mr. Smart has never known fail even in most stubborn cases, where the usual remedies have been used. Mr. G. Weller (Wanstead) recommends attention to the general health of the children. Plenty of fresh air, liberal diet, great cleanliness, together with tonics, iron, and especially cod-liver oil, will do much to improve their condition. Having a large public school under his charge, Mr. Weller finds that when he gets such cases as are described, the children are mostly of a strumous class ; ar.d.by letting them have the run of the grounds, also of the kitchen, they soon get id of their troublesome ailment. Mr. Francis Toulmin (Upper Clapton) has for many years been in the habit of using a solution of creasote in glacial acetic acid — one drachm of the former in seven drachms of the latter. The parts affected are painted with a stiff camel- hair brush. A crust is formed, which should be allowed to remain until the new hair raises it from the scalp. He cannot call to mind any case in which this re¬ medy has failed to perfect a cure. Sir, — Can you kindly give me the name of any institution, private or public, where a little girl eight years of age, who has had infantile paralysis on both sides, with im¬ perfect recovery, and is now aphysic, could be educated? She is by no means idiotic. — Yours faithfully. J. Batten Coumbe, M.D., etc. Twyford, near Reading, October 8th, 1879. Payment of Members of the Council of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Sir, — Your correspondent Mr. Woodman has misunderstood my letter and drawn a wrong conclusion therefrom. I neither said nor wished to imply that there was any change in the morality of the workers. Changes of morality, its attributes and its sentiments perse, are uncertain and difficult of proof. Let me be more explicit, and, for the sake of Mr. Woodman, add to the quotation he has made from my letter to the President and Council of the Royal College of Surgeons, “ affects injuriously the workers” in their material interests. Money payments cannot cancel medical and surgical debts : the profession is much imposed upon. Many members in it have to struggle hard for a subsistence : it suffers from combined causes, which have led to insufficient remuneration and its consequences in both public and pri¬ vate practice. It is noble to work benevolently for nothing for good and proper ob¬ jects, but not indiscriminately, at the expense of wives and families. -I am, sir, your obedient servant, John Postgate. Birmingham, October 6th, 1879. A Rare Monstrosity. Sir, — On the morning of the 30th of July last I was called to a labour. On exam¬ ination, I found the presentation natural, and labour progressing favourably. On the birth of the head, there was a cessation of pains for a longer period than usual. When the pains recommenced, I found the child did not make, any progress. I accordingly used gentle traction, and, after a sudden jerk, the child was easily ex¬ pelled. when I discovered that the cord was ruptured : fortunately, sufficient length of it was left on the child to ligature it effectively. After removal of the placenta, the cord was found to have broken at its base, so that it could not have been longer than six inches. The attachment of the cord to the body of the child was remark¬ able, as it was inserted by a broad expansion of the size of the palm of the hand under the skin of the abdomen, the expansion being of the same colour and texture as the cord itself. The skin was wanting for some distance around the cord, and seemed to be reflected upon this expansion. Immediately under the insertion of this base of the cord, and separated by a thin belt of true skin, a raw bright red surface was exposed, very irregular, looking as if the anterior wall of that part of the abdomen were wanting. At the right of the base of this surface was a letter S- shaped ap¬ pendage, which at a first glance I supposed to be a penis, but on more careful ex¬ amination I found to be the end of the rectum, as the child evacuated by means ot it. It had a perfect sphincter. The meatus urinarius was found higher up and more to the left, as an almost imperceptible fissure, with no signs of either penis or vagina. The anus was imperforate. The right leg was normal. 1 he left femur seemed reversed, so as to lie over the abdomen from left to right. The tibia on this leg was very rudimentary, being only one inch long. No fibula could be felt. This tibia was only about the thickness of a pencil, and simply covered with skin. The wzis fixeci by a tendon and skin only to that part of the hip rsthcr behind the great trochanter ; the toes pointing downwards and backwards, with their dorsal surface to the hip. This foot had only two metacarpal bones and toes, and could be wrought from the hip as motion was excited by tickling the sole. In addition, the child had a spina bifida about the size of its head, the tumour seeming to arise from the left lamina: of the second and third lumbar vertebrae. The child was quite perfect above the diaphragm. It voided both stools and urine, and cried and suckled like any other child. The head only gave indications of a seven months’ child. It lived eight days; and as no post mortem examination was allowed, further examination could not be made. On inquiry, the mother said she knew of no cause that could account for such abnormality.— I am, etc., Fairfield, September 1879. Alex. D. Pithie THE BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL. 64 Notices of Births, Marriages, Deaths, and Appointments, intended for insertion in tha British Medical Journal, should arrive at the Office not later than 10 A.M. on Thursday. Treatment of Sickness during Pregnancy. Sir _ In reply to “ A Member”, who desires to know how pepsine wine of a reliable quality may be prepared, I would state that it is indispensable to obtain fresh calves stomachs : these should be opened and cleaned of any contents by simple removal. The ends of the stomach are rejected, as affording little or no pepsine ; the mucous membrane is then scraped, and the scraped material added to marsala or sherry of good quality, and allowed to digest for some days. If the addition of the mucous material dilute the wine and render it liable to decomposition, it requires to be fortified by the addition of a little old French brandy. The quantity of calves stomach and wine used can easily be estimated after a little practice. This is the process followed when a really good pepsine wine is desired : the usual plan of adding dried pepsine powder to wine and filtering off the undissolved starch does not yield a result worth much. _ .. In recommending a fair trial of pepsine wine in repeated small doses for relieving different forms of nausea and vomiting, the mode of giving chicken-broth or jelly with it (referred to in my article in the Journal of September 20th) must bere- membered — that is in small quantities at regular intervals, to the exclusion of all other drinks and food. This will be found of special advantage m the gastric affec¬ tions of infancy and childhood, and seldom fails to relieve the distressing vomiting of pregnancy. In the latter condition, attention should be paid to the state of the bowels, which may require purgation. I do not recommend the pepsine and chicken- broth treatment as infallible, or the complete exclusion of other remedies ; but it will often render all other treatment needless. — Yours faithfully, Bournemouth, Sept. 30th, 1879. Willi a m F r as e r , M.D. P.S. — If the process indicated be considered too troublesome, Mr. Allen, a phar¬ maceutical chemist, of Henry Street, Dublin, can be relied on for supplying a really good wine, very different in its action from most of the common preparations sold under that name. Receipts for Cheap Dishes. Sir, — I have seriously taken in hand preparing the penny cookery book you suggested in a recent article. ' I find I have about twenty tried receipts, available ; but it has occurred tome that by making known what 1 am engaged in through y^our corre¬ spondence column, I could get assistance from many of your readers. I shall be much obliged, therefore, for tried receipts for cheap dishes, formed either entirely' of vegetable productions, or into which flesh-meat enters in very small proportion. I want especially some good receipts for soups, stews, and mixtures to be fried by dipping in a deep frying-pan of melted fat ; also for puddings to be made without eggs. Can any of your readers inform me what is the real nutritive value of Aus¬ tralian and American potted meat ? I have a strong suspicion that the muscular fibre has been so altered in the process that it passes undigested through the ali¬ mentary canal. If your readers will help me in this project, I think I shall pro¬ duce an unique cookery book. — Yours, etc., Alex. VV. Wallace, M.D. Parsonstown, Ireland, September 30th, 1879. An Advertisement. Sir, — I wish to have your opinion of the propriety of the enclosed advertisement, which has appeared in the local paper during the last four weeks. “ To the Poor of Hyde.— Reduced Medical Charges.— Advice and medicine, is.; visit and medicine (day-time), is. — Dr. Anderton, Surgeon, Great Norbury Street, Mr. Anderton is a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England and a Licentiate of the Apothecaries’ Society' of London, and has been practising here some years. — I am, sir, yours truly, 1 • »„* There can be only one opinion : and the opinion of the profession is so well known, that to pronounce its condemnation is unnecessary', and to publish it in a professional journal is a painful task. Colonial Qualifications and Practice. Sir, — Wrould you kindly inform me through the columns of the Journal whether a medical man possessing a colonial medical and surgical qualification, and two me¬ dical ones of this country', would render himself liable to any punishment by law if he practised surgery' in this country in a general practice, or whether it only dis¬ qualifies him from recevering his surgical fees by law? Also, if you know whether the possession of an English qualification entitled the holder to practise in the pro¬ vince of Ontario, Canada, without re-examination before the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario? — Yours faithfully, Medicus. London, October 3rd, 1879. » The law as to the query in the second part of the letter has been fully set forth in our Journal already. As to the first part of the letter, “ Medicus” would, we suppose, be doing what, till further legislation thereon, many singly qualified practitioners are now doing. Medical Certificates. Sir, — Mr. Nourse attempts to solve the difficulty as to pay'ment for certificates of death by recommending us never to fill one in until we have paid a visit to the house of our late patient and satisfied ourselves by personal observation that death has really taken place : we can then charge for the visit. But it seems to me that this mode of escape is provided against by the Registrar-General’s later forms of certificates, where a blank space is left for the words “as I am informed where the medical attendant does not personally know that the patient has really died. — I am, yours faithfully, G. P. Coroners’ Inquests. Sir, — Not long since, I was called from my bed to visit a little child who had been taken suddenly ill. It died before my arrival. A coroner’s inquest ensued, and a verdict of“ Death from natural causes” was returned. The coroner knew of the death within a few hours of its occurrence, and after three days a form of inquest took place. The jury' were taken from a cricket-field, and entered the poor woman’s house without any previous information. No medical evidence was called, though some of the jury expressed a very decided wish that I should have been present ; the constable saying to one of the jurymen, “ We can do without the doctor”, and the coroner quietly settled all inquiries, saying “ I have heard from Dr. C.” After the inquest, the coroner was good-enough.to call upon me, and I was surprised by some of his remarks. “Medical men often expect to be called on inquests when they are not. He had lately a very broad hint — in fact, a rap on the knuckles — regarding expensive inquests. It was the duty of the coroner to use his discretion in the calling of medical evidence, so as to avoid expense, there being nothing [Oct. iS, 1879. suspicious regarding the case, as the parents were very respectable, fond of the child, and properly' cared for it, and that the child died of.natural causes. I was afterwards greatly blamed by the child s relatives in that I was not present, and for the inquest not taking place earlier. We, I presume, have no protection.— I am, sir, yours faithfully, J- G. Hypodermic Injection of Morphia. Dr. H. H. Kane of New York City, who has for some time past been collecting sta¬ tistics on the hypodermic injection of morphia, would consider it a great favour if members of the profession who see this and have had experience with the instru¬ ment will answer the following questions. 1. What is your usual dose? 2. Do you use it alone or with atropia? 3. What is the largest amount you have ever ad¬ ministered? 4. Have you had inflammation or abscess at the point of puncture? 5. Have you had any deaths or accidents caused by this instrument 1 6. Do you know of any cases of opium habit thus contracted ? Where there has been a necropsy (5), please state the fact and the results obtained therefrom. All commu¬ nications will be considered strictly confidential, the writer’s name being used only when he gives his full consent thereto. Address all letters to Dr. H. H. Kane, 366, Bleecker Street, New York. The Treatment of Post Partum Haemorrhage. Sir, — I would like to mention one way of applying cold in the treatment of post par- tum haemorrhage that I have found most useful— namely, by the stomach — a most effective way. A tumblerful of cold spring-water, with perhaps a flavouring of brandy, will be most agreeable to the patient, especially just after the second stage is completed, and will act like magic. If the uterus have become filled with clots, they will quickly be expelled. If h.-emorrhage be expected, 1 give this immediately the child is born, and at the same time open the window for two or three minutes, and even take off some of the bedclothes : this adds greatly to the patient’s comfort and safety. In the cold stage of collapse, hot water and brandy with egg would be better. I would be glad to know how much pure ether should be given hypoder¬ mically in collapse ; and also what is the proper hypodermic dose of Langenbcck’s solution of ergotine ; and whether chloroform tends, as I think, to cause post par- tjiiit haemorrhage. — Yours, etc., Ihos. hi Clure, h.R.C.S.I. Worle, Weston-super-Mare, Oct. 1879. We are indebted to correspondents for the following periodicals, containing news, reports, and other matters of medical interest ’ The W estern Morning News ; The Glasgow Herald; The Manchester Guardian ; The Yorkshire Post ; The Leeds Mercury; The Cork Constitution ; The Coventry Herald : The British Guiana Royal Gazette ; The Ceylon Observer ; The Wigan Observer ; The Peterborough and Huntingdonshire Standard ; The Sussex Daily News; The Liverpool Mer¬ cury; The Banffshire Journal; The Newport and Market Drayton Advertiser; The North Wales Guardian ; The Sheffield Daily Telegraph ; The Wexford Inde¬ pendent ; etc. % We shall be greatly obliged if correspondents forwarding newspapers will kindly mark the passages to which it is desired to direct attention. COMMUNICATIONS, LETTERS, etc., have been received from:— Dr. J. J. Charles, Dublin; Dr. C. J. B. Williams, London; Dr. James Sawyer, Birmingham; Dr. Markham, London; Dr. W. bairlie Clarke, Southborough , Mr. Jessop, Leeds ; Dr. Fergus, Glasgow ; Dr. Wade, Birmingham ; Dr. Collie, London; M.D., Manchester; Mr. John Glaister, Glasgow; Mr. H. Morris, Lon¬ don; M.B., M.A. ; Juvenal; Mr. John Postgate, Birmingham; Dr. Rutherford, Edinburgh; Dr. Sheen, Cardiff; Dr. Knox, London; Mr. R. W. S. Barraclough, Herne Hill; Mr. R. Barwell, London; A Member; Mr. W. Reynolds, South¬ ampton; Dr. E. Williams, Wrexham; Mr. J. H. Wolstenholme, Rhyl; Dr. 1. C. Leah, Hyde ; Dr. E. C. Seguin, New York ; Mr. W. J. Mackie, Bedford ; An Associate ; Dr. R. Maclaren, Carlisle ; Mr. W. T. Grant, Birmingham ; M.B. ; Dr. C. Meymott Tidy, London; Dr. Lombe Atthill, Dublin; Mr. Wm. Adams, London ; The Secretaries of the Medical Society of London ; Mr. Morton Smale, London; Mr. Teevan, London; Mr. W. G. Clements, Rochester; Dr. T. S. Dowse, London; Subscriber; Dr. Miller, Dundee; J. M. S. ; Dr. Mackenna, London; Dr. H. W. Boddy, Manchester; Dr. J. B. Gill, Hastings; The Secre¬ tary of Apothecaries’ Hall; Dr. Alfred Carpenter, Croydon; Dr. J. Dougall, Glasgow ; Dr. Rabagliati, Bradford ; Mr. J. Brown, Bacup ; The Senior Physi¬ cian to One of the London Hospitals; Dr. H. Hastings, London; Mr. J. Naish Smart, Bristol ; G. P. ; Dr. W. G. Smith, Dublin ; Dr. J. H. Chapman, Dublin ; The Registrar-General of England ; Mr. Skelding, Reigate ; Dr. De Chaumont, Netley; Dr. H. Lewis, Folkestone; W. G. ; The Registrar-General of Ireland; Mr. A. D. H. Leadman, Boroughbridge ; Mr. L. S. Thorn, Abergavenny ; Mr. R. Lloyd, St. Albans ; Mr. M. R. J. Behrendt, Doncaster; Dr. Clifford Allbutt, Leeds; Dr. Elder, Nottingham ; Mr. C. Pridham, London ; Mr. F. Toulmin, London; Mr. S. Campbell, Devonport; Mr. F. W. Lowndes, Liverpool; Dr. Alexander, Hull ; Carbo ; Dr. J. B. Pitt, Norwich ; Dr. A. Duscan, Glasgow ; Mr. F. Vacher, Birkenhead ; Mr. J. Startin, London ; Mr. Weller, Wanstead ; Mr. G. E. Stanger, Nottingham ; Dr. C. E. Glascott, Manchester ; Mr. P. H. White, London ; Mr. J. Blackett, London ; Dr. H. Dunbar, Greenock ; Mr. F. R. Fisher, London ; Dr. Vallance, Stratford ; Mr. C. H. Hough, Derby ; Dr. Bernard Roth, Brighton; The Secretary of the Quekett Microscopical Club; Dr. Shorthouse, Croydon; Mr. R. Bowes, Richmond, Yorkshire; Dr. Tripe, London; Mr. E. Nettleship, London; Mr. Lawson Tait, Birmingham; Mr. F. J. Gant, London; Our Glasgow Correspondent; W. H. D. B.; Dr. Hoggan, London; Dr. Litton Forbes, London; Alpha; Mr. F. W. Jordan, Heaton Chapel; Librarian; Dr. A. M. Cash, Torquay; Dr. E. M. Skerritt, Clifton; Mr. Brodhurst, London; Dr. Woodward, Worcester : Dr. S. H. Munro ; etc. BOOKS, etc., RECEIVED. The French Exhibition of Horrors : a Sermon on the Sin of Torturing Animals. By the Rev. John Moffatt. Toronto : Hunter, Rose, and Co. 1879 Color-Blindness: its Dangers and Detection. By B. J. Jefferies. Boston; Houghton, Osgood, and Co. London : Triibner and Co. 1879. Oct. 25, 1879.] THE BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL. 643 REMARKS ON THE FIRST PRINCIPLES OF SANITARY WORK. Being the Address in Sanitary Science and Preventive Medicine , delivered to the Sanitary Institute of Great Britain, at Croydon, October 22nd, 1879. By ALFRED CARPENTER, M.D.Lond., C.S.S.Camb., President of the Section. The subject of my discourse is sanitary science and preventive medi¬ cine ; although “as old as the hills”, it is, as a science, of modern growth. In no other branch of science have we so few landmarks, and so few charts upon which the rocks and quicksands are fairly laid down. In no other science are there so few recognised dicta which can be accepted as axioms or dogmas, or acknowledged as postulates upon which a more elaborate fabric may be erected. This paucity of ma¬ terial does not arise from its absence, but because the axioms have to be agreed to and complied with by the masses before their truth can be ascertained. The results of the applications are too often marred or rendered nugatory by the independent action of a free people ; whilst, if the axioms be applied to a people who are not free, there is a similar result ; for it is impossible to obtain a compliance with sanitary law in private among those who do not know the reason why such commands are issued, however much a despotic authority may be able to control and to direct public actions. Thus it happens that sanitary science must be the outcome of a clearer knowledge ; and its perfection can only be brought about by a judicious instruction of the people in the fundamental principles upon which, as a science, it naturally depends. The foundation of local self-government is based upon the knowledge of the majority of the electors ; and it is certain that the elected will not (except in a few instances) proceed much in advance of the intelli¬ gence of those who elect them. I hail, therefore, the opening of a congress such as this as a step in the right direction, because its object is to interest and instruct the people in those first principles of sanitary work which will enable the electors to choose the good and refuse the evil, with more discrimination, from among those who wish to take part in the noble art of local self-government ; and by that means enable them to check the consummation of some of those gigantic jobs which are sometimes carried out in the name of sanitary science, but which are only started for the purpose of benefiting some private individual. The first principles of sanitary law are so often in antagonism to private interests, so often opposed to the pecuniary advantage of the few— who are also at times themselves the mainsprings of local au¬ thority — that it is not surprising to find unsparing efforts constantly made by interested individuals to show that the first principles are wrong. These efforts may be made in good faith, one or other of the fallacies of induction which Lord Bacon describes as “idols of the un¬ derstanding”, blinding the judgment, and causing the opponents of right principles to delude themselves into the belief that they are public bene¬ factors, by reason of their antagonism to the proposed change. These and other kindred causes tend to keep the science of disease-prevention on the threshold of that domain which a more perfect knowledge will accord to it, and which is only to be obtained by a generous instruction of the people in those axioms which are already established as scientific facts, and which, as such, are bases for future work. This science is destined to alter the whole field of medical practice ; to render obsolete much of our present knowledge as to the natural history of disease, and the measures which are now required for its treatment. The inquiry must come as to how the incidence of disease is to be prevented, rather than, having arisen, how it is to be cured. This will apply to every kind of complaint, and will not be limited to the zymotic class. Recent observations have shown that there is not much difference, except in degree, between tuberculosis and pycemia ; and that all the class of so- called strumous or scrofulous maladies, including consumption, are as capable of prevention as is ordinary blood-poisoning. The inquiry must be made, therefore, why phthisis appears so often in our death- lists, as well as scarlatina or typhoid fever. Nearly all the diseases which are fatal to yroung people are amenable to prophylactic measures, and capable of diminution in their fatal effects.	36,874
b21952073_2	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,879	On phthisis and the supposed influence of climate : being an analysis of statistics of consumpton in this part of Australia : with remarks on the cause of the increase of that disease in Melbourne	Thomson, William, 1833-1907 \| Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh	English	Spoken	7,307	9,499	Proof is here given that Tasmanian youth die phthisical in Victoria. In these fatal cases the complaint could not have been brought from England, but must have inhered, or been caught in Victoria. All the 30 Tasmanians who died of phthisis in Victoria, in 1877, were over 20 years of age. Neither Tasmanian nor Victorian 38 ON PHTHISIS air eradicates struma ; nor confers immunity from phthisis. CHmate cannot alter diathesis, however that occult morbid state may be defined, or physiologically expounded ; and no pathologist has yet succeeded in giving it a definition. Hence it would not appear so easy to show, even after it has been done, as is assumed by imitative demonstrators, of whom The Critic of Pure Reason might say, Men who never " think independently have nevertheless the " acuteness to discover everything, after it has " been shown them, in what was said long "since, though no one ever saw it there "before." But it must now be evident that among Australasian youth there is, from phthisis, neither moderate mortality nor innate immunity. ON THE EXTENT OF INDIGENOUS AND OF IMPORTED PHTHISIS ♦ Next in importance among the Medical Society's "conclusions" is the 5th, affirming that " the apparent increase of mortality " among young adults is due to the influx " of phthisical persons from abroad." To meet this sweeping assertion and prove it at variance with fact, the following table, similar to one given by me in 1871, is reprinted from last Victorian Year Book, 1877-8, merely altering for convenience by combining the numbers of the sexes into one group, instead of having them apart as in the Victorian Year Book. This table shows the number who died of phthisis in Victoria, in 1877, also the duration of their illness contrasted with the length of time they had lived in the Australasian colonies : — 40 ON PHTHISIS ■rem •UM0U3[nfl •^OOi-ivOi-iNOJ^'-i'OOOONO « N " M IT) >-( vn CO CO •oip 'Strtpu'B^s Suoj "sji auiog M tH CO •U8A0 puB 'sjjf ox 1-1 N IT) ro : N i_ 11 VO w Mwt^i-iONt^Pl 8 3 •sxi^jnom 9niog •sii^noni zi 0% 9 •sqq.Tiora s o\| I l-lOu^l-lTJ-o^coO Ti->-ii-iNror^ooooi-iO Q O S CO ^ IT) O 8 i?:? m iz; ON PHTHISIS 41 " Omitting 243 persons, respecting whom " the registers do not supply the information, " it will be observed that 403, or 48 per cent. " of the whole, died before they had been " ill a year, and that 322, or a further 38 " per cent., died after an illness of from i " to 3 years ; also, that in the great majority " of cases the period of residence in the " colonies was of much longer standing than " the complaint, thereby proving that the " latter had been contracted in Australasia. " Thus of the 593 deaths of persons born ' outside the Australasian colonies, respect- " ing which full particulars are specified, as " many as 569, or 96 per cent., contracted " the disease in Australasia, and no more " than 24, or 4 per cent., contracted it ' elsewhere." It will also be observed that of the 243 or 22 per cent, so omitted, particulars alone of duration of illness is wanting. Only 18 of them had lived less than 5 to 10 years in the colony. The remaining 225 had all been over 5 to 10 years resident. They too may have been old consumptives, a doubt of which the 42 ON PHTHISIS climate may take the benefit ; but against the surmise is the certainty that deaths of those of whom particulars are found add no colour of probability to the conjecture. The table showing the duration of illness in connection with the period of residence in Australasian colonies is now adopted for the first time in the Victorian Year Book for 1877-8. The same table showing the same points was originally published in my " Digest, &c., &C.,'" m 1 87 1, when the average length of residence of those who died of phthisis was ascertained to have been about 11 years, while the duration of their illness had only been about a year and a half, and nearly the same proportions obtain still. It is gratifying to know that an official beginning has at length been made with the only means of settling a long-vexed question ; and it is to be hoped that all concerned in death-registrations may now be particular in ascertaining exact facts of residence and duration of illness in persons dying of phthisis, to enable the Statist to continue his good work. Hitherto the deputy-registrars have ON PHTHISIS 43 been careful, the members of the medical profession being alone remiss with their part of the double duty. No doubt it is a much simpler matter to find the length of time in which any one has lived in the colony than that in which the same person may have been ill of phthisis ; yet surely a near enough approximation could in most cases be reached so as not to leave nearly a fourth part undetermined. . Of travelled invalids claiming to have derived benefit from living in Australasia, clinical report tells nothing. Except a few desultory writings replying to mine, no objective study has been given to the work in purely clinical histories. The great fault found with me was that I had not detailed individual cases ; but neither have my opponents. I preferred to depend upon public statistics, and they wisely follow my example. " The statistical was the " only ground-work upon which they could ' satisfactorily base a report. Anything further ' would be but matter of opinion," justly remarked the gentleman who presented the Report to the Society. That " it would not 44 ON PHTHISIS " do to strongly recommend the climate on " the strength of any array of individually- " collected facts," was the only other sensible remark throughout the whole discussion that followed. For many years no one in England or Australia has recounted cases proving by results the effect of residence in Victoria on phthisical people who came hither for health. Members of the profession assembled at the special meeting of the Medical Society, for the ostensible purpose of deliberating on the report of their select committee of inquiry; yet retired without taking the fine opportunity to offer a word of comment. At a critical juncture all were reserved and guarded, waiting to hear what would be said of it in England, and tacitly ratifying statements they will ere long regret to acknowledge. One of their number lately wrote an ear- pricking letter to the Lancet, telling how wonderfully the climate improved his own broken health ; but before the ink was hardly dry he was off to the hopefully better clime at the Cape. Of the host of phthisical ON PHTHISIS 45 doctors who were at one time boastfully said to be working hard at practice, and the " cloud of witnesses " in divines vigorously preaching, of whom climatic enthusiasts wrote rapturously, where are they now ? Have not they all succumbed to phthisis within the five years which our tables show to be the limit to the imported disease ? One Socratic arguer " would be glad to ** know the number of young adults who died " after arrival from 1861 to 1871." A reply was promised " at an early day." But a year and a half have gone in wasting time, and reply has not come yet. If it were true ' that phthisical persons who came to this " colony had a better chance of living than if " they staid at home," why has their coming been made to account for an " absurdly high phthisical death-rate " ? The points do not agree, and the inquiry vainly hoped to have been " settled twelve years ago " will have to be resumed. Alluding to an every-day practice in the modern climatic treatment of phthisis, Dr. J. H. Bennett, so recently as 1878, says he is 46 ON PHTHISIS constantly advising phthisical patients to settle in Australia, but nowhere in his volume is to be found one word about the result ; and we are now no better informed thereon than when his namesake, the late Professor J. Hughes Bennett, wrote eight years ago about one young person whom he had sent to Australia, but whose clinical history he had been unable to trace. In The Practitioner, the therapeutic power of sea-voyaging and residence in Australian climates in phthisis receives great attention in an exhaustive series of papers on general climatology ; and the author promises to give details about the mode of living suitable for phthisical invalids in this colony. And while criticism must be reserved until the advice be given, it may yet be remarked that, as Dr. Faber never resided during a single cycle of the seasons in Australia, his opinion must necessarily be to some extent deductive and conjectural. But we have already found how fallacious it is to infer what ought to be the effect on invalids from living under certain climatic conditions ; where everything ON PHTHISIS 47 about climate is minutely described, but not a word about patients. Nor is it alone those who wrote books and papers before acquiring actual experience of the effect of residence who fall into the a priori error. Thus, the Registrar-General of Queensland, in the " Vital Statistics, 1877," after alluding to the high death-rate from phthisis in Melbourne and suburbs as equalling that of England, adds " doubtless the sudden " changes to which Victoria may be specially " subject are unfavourable to persons suffering " from pulmonary diseases, but, apart from " this, there can be no doubt that the warm " and dry Australian climate is much more ' favourable to persons of consumptive habit " than most of the countries of Northern * " Europe, though it is admitted t^at the " prevalence of phthisis in England is largely " attributable to the occupations in which " great numbers are engaged." To these remarks it may be replied, that the last two years in Australia have been amongst the driest and warmest seasons on record, and yet both years were the most 48 ON PHTHISIS fatal years for phthisis which Victorians have ever had ; while it may be further observed, that in Melbourne and suburbs all kinds of factory, work-room, trading, and in-door life are, under a protective fiscal policy, rapidly multiplying, bringing town life to a parallel with life in England, affording another proof of the fallacy of the old climatic theory. Of Queensland it was also said that phthisis rates at Brisbane equal those at Melbourne, or 206 in 10,000 living ; but the Queensland Report itself shows, p. xxxii, only I2'35 ; with which the figures in the Australian Medical Journal, Dec. 1877, p. 375, do not agree. In sooth, in the Medical Society's Report, and the debate following on it, there is not one solitary reliable figure. The result of the Medical Society's delibera- tions on the curabililty of phthisis may be briefly given in their naive remark — " It is " certain that many phthisical persons claim " to have received benefit from residence in " the colony." Not clinical work, but sickly feeling, formed their opinion about ever fickle, always hopeful, unstoical phthisis ! ON PHTHISIS 49 It is popularly believed and medically affirmed that the high phthisical death-rate in Melbourne mainly comes from the place being an entrepot for that class of invalids who flock to it, and too often tarry there to die. The following additional details, however, still further show the exact extent of this immigration to be quite unequal to the full explanation, and altogether opposed to the prevailing opinion of climatic theorists. Deaths from Phthisis in 1876 and 1877 {except 143 in the whole number 2098, of whom no particulars can be got), showing the Period of Residence in Australasia. Numbers who died from Phthisis Period of Residence in Australasian Colonies. Total in Two Years. Proportion per cent. Under i month ID •51 I month to i year ... 45 2-30 I year to 2 years 29 1-49 2 years to 5 years 72 3-68 5 years and upwards 1354 69"25 Born there 445 2276 Total 1955 lOO'OO E 50 ON PHTHISIS Of 1,955 who died of phthisis in Victoria during 1876 and 1877, 445, or 23 per cent., were born in Australasia ; 1,354, or 6g per cent., had resided upwards of five years ; 72, or 4 per cent., upwards of two years ; and only 84, or about 4 per cent., less than two years. Even if all the 143 unnoted deaths could be added to the list of recent arrivals, that is within two years, 84 in number, which is hardly likely since the circumstances of new colonists are generally readily known, they yet would only raise the proportion to io'8 per cent, of the total number in the two years. That there is a fallacy in the ordinary interpretation of the high Melbourne fatality is suggested by the kind of efforts made to offer it a double explanation, first, from the insanitary conditions of the city, and secondly, from the arrival of incomers in a dying con- dition. If the latter reason be the true one, it would follow that the city cannot be so insalubrious to dwell in ; although from the fact of these immigrants dying so frequently, Melbourne and Suburbs would not appear to ON PHTHISIS 5^ maintain their former repute of being " all in ' all the best place in the world for consump- " tives, in all stages of the disease," except as a convenient spot to bring their sorrows to an end. A full analysis of the figures gives a fair idea of the operation of the two factors ; and both are alike antagonistic to the belief in a climatic influence, causative or curative, being in any degree at work, leaving alone the efficient all-sufficing personal con- ditions in individual constitution and manner of life. Of these, many of the more active were enumerated in the original Essay and need not again be here recapitulated, agreeing as they do with the views of many of the ablest expounders of the etiology of phthisis who have since then written. As it was never affirmed that phthisis mortality in Victoria equalled that in England, a negative was not required to be " incontro- vertibly demonstrated." Such supererogatory work could only be gone about by persons unable to keep before their minds the basis of a discussion. All ever averred, and now contended for is, that in Melbourne E 2 52 ON PHTHISIS and Suburbs the higher rate prevails. The Medical Society frankly admit " it is not " disputed that the rate of mortality from " phthisis is considerably lower in Victoria "than in England;" and herein retract what they before alleged. In Dobell's Report alone is it still said, " Mr. William Thomson, of " South Yarra, has endeavoured to prove, by " the aid of statistics, ' that tubercular con- " * sumption is increasing in Victoria, and is " * as general and fatal in it as in England.' " The two reports, from the same reporter, do not agree. The sentence in turned commas cannot be got in anything I ever wrote, nor is the gist inferable. Nay, I have even been called "disingenuous" for taking a big town full of jails, hospitals, factories, taverns, theatres and iniquity, to make good a case against the colony. In literary work fair quotation is "the very pink of courtesy." Nor were conditions of difference between town and country ignored, but held ever potent, phthisis being found less common away inland, where few work or live indoor, with ample fare for everybody. ON PHTHISIS 53 But it was also shown that when the disease does occur inland, it passes through every phase as in town, unaffected by climate. " In " how far the climate of Victoria is such as " to contribute, along with these and other " circumstances, to the reduction of phthisis ** mortality, is a much disputed point." The writer is the only disputant. But his writings, at first contemned as polemical, are from year to year in Victorian Year Books well corroborated. In controverting him the Medical Society of Victoria aim to hinder credence of views " calculated to involve the " character of the climate in the opinion of " intending emigrants from Europe." But what have members of a scientific society discussing processes of disease to do with hopes and fears of intending emigrants ? The rapid growth of a new colony in a pecu- liar climate offered rare facility for inquiring anew into a doubtful point in phthisis etiology \ and the opportunity was not to be lost through idle dread of some possible remote consequence.. Climate is the element to eliminate before bringing the phthisis factor into relief.. By 54 ON PHTHISIS the method of exclusion I have all along worked, and shall continue to do so, as the logical method of verifying inference. If the phrase " a small population " imply a thinly peopled country, then, in density must be found the essential. Not the mere .fact about people living near one another, but the way in which they do so live creates the phthisis factor. " Within certain limits there "is a definite relation between density of " population and mortality," wrote lately Dr. William Farr. And Mr. Haviland, comparing high and dry North Wales with wet Lincoln- shire, to test the damp-soil theory, found in a midland county, sheltered from sea-storm, " the " real source of mischief in abundant evidence " of overcrowding, where people huddle together " for warmth or company." Packing within the home in hamlet or village, on a thinly peopled country, leads to error about density and its accompanying yet non-essential evils. As Professor Paget, of Cambridge, lately well observed, it is the kind of air within the dwelling rather than the atmosphere outside that brought on phthisis ; a view ably advocated ON PHTHISIS 55 in Dr. MacCormack's work on the effects of breathing pre-breathed air. The greater prevalence of these faults of daily life in and around Melbourne than away in the open bush, made me compare the city with its cluster of crowded towns, and inter- vening country districts, with all England, in a general way. Straggling Melbourne, over sixty miles in circumference, with many of its minor towns ten miles apart, and open thinly-built fields between, cannot fairly be likened to huge London, compact New York, compressed Liverpool, or gregarious Glasgow. The attempt would be preposterous. The wider is the better criterion, and for the very reasons approved that made it selected in the essay, 1870. To the arguments then given at page 44, in favour of it, there is now nothing more to add, beyond the fact that as a testing point it is still adhered to. Indeed, it appears so fair and facile that anyone well may wonder why it was not earlier made his own. But that need be no cause of outrageous jealousy. Had data been freely allowed me for the whole colony, as well as for the central % 56 ON PHTHISIS district, inquiry would have included bleak Ballarat, high-levelled and inland ; glaring Bendigo, beyond the dividing range ; and litoral Geelong, open to the sea air, yet sheltered from the ' dynamic force " of southernly gales to which Melbourne is at all seasons so exposed. Thus might the potency have been singled out at those centres of industry, to find in what degree it was indoor, or climatic. By then comparing Melbourne and inland towns with wholly rural districts, later contrasts might have been obviated. Unluckily the subject was not popular. Under an entirely mistaken idea of the purpose of the inquiry, the investigation was, by the minister of the day, limited to the metropolis. " State archives were not to be let settle a ' doctor's squabble." The plea held good until an order in Parliament overcame objection. Thus was I on one hand accused of a sinister motive in asking for statistics of the whole colony ; and on the other, by thought- less critics, roundly abused for "disingenuously '* confining research to workshops, jails, and " hospitals, the better to make good a specious ON PHTHISIS 57 "argument" against climate and colony. Nay a charge was even levelled in a religious journal at the writer for having " written a " book to curse his enemies." The reverend critic forgot that every effort to stay disease or heal the sick has a divine warrant ; and that the Great Physician himself had to rebuke the Pharisee hindering clinical work. It is little wonderful, therefore, to find speakers at the Medical Society, when espousing the non-climatic view, protesting against being thought disparaging the colony. Consciousness of truth needs no apology. Of unadorned utterances about " manipulated figures," ' dis- ' paraging slanders on the colony," and other magniloquent betise in unsophisticated debate, no more need be said than this, in reply to one remark about a " theory invented first, ' and then facts made to square with it," that the facts now adduced must convince the curt doubter, who cuts debate by a quip, of their being genuine, found ready to hand, needing no touch of artful chiseling, gathered and told neither to entice nor deter invalids, nor abet any other pious fraud, but only to 58 ON PHTHISIS learn whether climate did or did not affect phthisis. The query was novel, and " by no " means in consonance with the general "experience of medical men;" yet it was none the less open to inductive proof, by " statistics bearing incontrovertible evidence of " truthfulness and correctness," such as mine now bear, and always have borne. Towards verifying them the Medical Society of Victoria largely contribute by steady encouragement of opposition. By this con- tinual friction, truth has been keenly tempered to drill through dense stolidity, until that medical Mimir's Well, the strong-room of the Registrar-General, has been tapped to allow a free flow of pent-up vital facts illustrative of the negative effect of climate on phthisis. Moreover, a department has thus been educated to appreciate the live value of buried documents, in making the dead give life to the living; and learn how figures that are dormant when kept in a heap, can, when spread about, fertilise the field of medical knowledge. Coin and blood globules are only useful in circulating currents. ON PHTHISIS 59 Whatever success has been thus achieved is due to varying degrees of phthisis found in town and country. Than the authors cited, none are better qualified by special study to offer an opinion on the effect of large-tow^n life on phthisis ; and I adhere to a mode of working out the problem by methods so corroborated. Ruehle followed Niemeyer, who recalled the neglected work of Addison, and the inflammatory doctrine, now, in opposition to their formerly believed diathetic of Laennec, adopted by our local etiologists, after reading works written since I drew for them the offending comparison. In adopting the crowding criterion, I am further justified by everyone now allowing the phthisical mortality of Melbourne to be on a par with that of England, an admission unaffected by the explanation that " some " exceptional circumstances must have come " into play to bring about such an absurdly " high figure." It is sagely averred that " if exceptional circumstances were absent," colonial town-life would be more natural. The same might be equally predicated of the 6o ON PHTHISIS bad parts of England, and her hospital towns, where invalids congregate. If exceptional circumstance went to the bush, and built a few big trading towns and villages crowded with indoor workers, there would phthisis follow. Melbourne once was bush, and at the happy time was free from exceptional circum- stance and phthisis. The reductio ad absurdum seems the only way to reach fatuity writing nonsense about an " absurdly high figure," when alluding to a death-rate, as if it were a comicality. It needs no philosophy to teach how everywhere " the exceptional circum- stance," i.e., the insanitary condition of life, personal or social, makes all the difference between healthy and sickly towns in diseases not endemic, to which category phthisis does not belong. When conditions work, climate cannot counteract them. Many have written about the evil effect of damp soil in other towns ; but none have explored the piled cottages at lake-like villages around Melbourne. Whether they give more phthisis than higher and drier built dwellings is unknown, because never investigated. They ON PHTHISIS 6r are occupied by indoor workers. By them, the damp-soil theory has not been tested. Only in a credulous dilettanti fashion, not in a practical way, has that favourite theory been here discussed. Here then are all the facts of our urban life " quite in accordance with the general " law which obtains throughout the country " (England), viz., that however excellent site, " soil, elevation, and climate may be, all can " be neutralised by crowding human beings " into an inadequate space, and giving full " scope to indulge in their hereditary or " acquired fondness for filth." In further deciding that phthisis depends on social rather than climatic causes, Mr. Haviland, in the Geography of Phthisis, &c.y 1875, concludes, " The climate, therefore, per " se, cannot be considered an exciting cause, ''however greatly predisposed to phthisis the " people may be." Therein the ablest medical topographer in England has come, by minute induction, to affirm the proposition with which our local controversy over ten years ago began. With 62 ON PHTHISIS that citation it might now be allowed handsomely to conclude. The exceptional circumstances of individual and social life in England or Australia alike operate to induce phthisis irrespective of climate. But damp-soil theorists were not content to advocate their views by borrowed illustra- tions, rather than from facts lying before their own doors. They set off their hypothesis by the contrast of an alleged immunity from the disease among people living at high altitudes ; and inferred that such localities would therefore prove good sanatoria for our own consump- tives. Even Baron von Mueller has been led away by enthusiasm for fragrant gum tree foliage to advocate the reservation of eucalypti-clad hills as sanitarian retreats for invalids made phthisical by Melbourne " exceptional conditions." The learned savant never proved the efficacy of the balmy air by actual trial, but merely thought that might occur by what was said to have happened on the pine-clad hills of Switzerland. But if the latter eff"ect has been illusory, the analogy ON PHTHISIS 63 would also fail. Upon this point the following account of the latest investigations of the matter will afford for us some applicable information. The citation is from Dr. J. H. Bennett, Consumption, 1878. " In the course of my summer's researches," says Dr. Bennett, " I met with a recently " published and very interesting work by Dr. " Emil Muller, of Winterthur, entitled, Der " Verbreitung der Limgenschwindsucht in der " S'chweiz, 1876. It is principally statistical, " and gives an elaborate account of the " mortality from Phthisis in Switzerland " generally. Amongst the tables at the end " are a series giving the average mortality "from Phthisis at different mountain eleva- ' tions, calculated on data furnished by a " considerable number of localities. "The average mortality at different eleva- " tions is given in three heads: — i. In persons " whose occupations were purely industrial, " principally watch and lace making, entailing " confinement in workshops or at home ; " 2. In persons whose occupations were partly " industrial, partly agricultural ; 3. In persons 64 ON PHTHISIS " whose occupations were purely agricultural. " I here give a digest of Table XVI. : — Average Mortality from Phthisis in the Mountain Regions of Switzerland. Occupation. Elevation. Feet. I. From 200 To i6oo 2. From i6oo I 0 3- From 2^00 To 3000 4- From 3000 To 3400 5- From 3400 To 4400 6. From 4400 To 5000 7- Above 5000 Industrial - IO-2 per cent. Mixed - 7-6 > > Agricultural - 6 Industrial - IO"2 )> Mixed - Agricultural - 53 )> Industrial - 47 5> Mixed - 9-6 >J Agricultural - 2-9 J J Industrial - 6-5 M Mixed - 6-1 >> Agricultural - 3-5 »» Industrial - 9-8 >> Mixed - 7-5 ) ) Agricultural - 5 ft Mixed -. - 77 5» Agricultural - 4 )> " These tables are very instructive, and entirely negative the statements so often " made of late years, that there is any special " immunity from Phthisis in the mountain " regions of Switzerland. They show that a certain proportion of the general population " in the higher mountain regions die, as else- ON PHTHISIS 65 " where, from Phthisis, the rate depending on " occupations in life. Industrial pursuits, " carried on indoors, in consequence, give a ** death-rate of io'2, io"2, 47, 65, 98, 77 ** per cent., according, no doubt, to the nature " of the occupation. One of the highest " factors, 98, is at an elevation of from 3400 " to 4400 feet. At 4400 to 5000 feet, in " mixed labour (partly workshop, partly agri- " cultural), the death-rate from Phthisis is 77." Dr. Bennett, as we ought to do, adds : — " This is the lesson we learn in the plains, " in all latitudes, in the north as well as in " the south. The mortality of phthisis rises in cities in all pursuits necessitating an indoor life — that is, with those with whom " respiration is defective, with whom oxygen " food is deficient. It rises according to " the degree of closeness and to the nature " of the concomitants. It falls in the country, " in pursuits carried out in the open air, with " perfect physiological respiration ; would fall " still more were not the night habitations " generally close and unhealthy, even in the " country." F 66 ON PHTHISIS All this accords with and confirms every word spoken or written by me during the last quarter of a century about the fancied influence of Victorian climates over phthisis. The so-called exceptional circumstance of city life has profusely furnished proofs of the accuracy of my early and lately expressed views, founded as they were upon strangely neglected facts. Of Dr. Hermann Weber's work on the effect of Alpine regions in that disease, the late Professor Parkes, in the best book on hygiene ever published, says : — " Although on " the Alps, phthisis is arrested in strangers, " in many places the Swiss women on the ** lower heights suffer greatly from it ; the " cause is a social one ; the women employed " in making embroidery congregate all day in " small, ill-ventilated, low rooms, where they " are often obliged to be in a constrained " position ; their food is poor in quality. " Scrofula is very common. The men, who ' live an open air life, are exempt ; therefore, " in the very place where strangers are " getting well of phthisis, the natives die ON PHTHISIS 67 * from it — another instance that we must " look to local conditions and social habits " for the great cause of phthisis. It would " even seem possible that, after all, it is not " indeed elevation and rarefaction of air, but ** simply plenty of fresh air and exercise, " which are the great agents in the cure of " phthisis." The latter is probably the truer account. Practical Hygiene, 1878, p. 440. In the same volume, the author, writing on varying degrees of phthisis among troops, asks, " what are the causes of this phthisical " excess ? The phthisis was not owing to ' climate, for that is unchanged. There is " only one condition common to all which " seems capable of explaining it — overcrowding. " The breathing the foul barrack atmosphere " was the principal, perhaps the only, cause " of this great mortality from lung diseases." To that conclusion it is added, " The * production of phthisis from impure air (aided ** most potently, as it often is, by coincident ' conditions of want of exercise, want of ' good food, and excessive work) is no new " doctrine." F 2 68 ON PHTHISIS In Melbourne and its suburbs the old doctrine only finds new application. It would hence appear inverting the order of procedure to form a sanatorium on some eucalypti covered hill for lungs diseased by town " exceptional circumstance." It places curative before preventive treatment ; the medical in lieu of the hygienic ; but it also admits the existence of phthisis, which was denied. Explanation implies confession. A more rational scheme, from a sanitary rather than a medical point of view, would aim to alter the exceptional conditions of town Hfe, so fertile in phthisis causation. When these conditions are found irremovable, invalids may be invited to seek healing eucalyptine vapour ; if indeed that benign effluence be not after all found no better than another idolum specus, or laboratory phantom. As far as information guides judgment, the effect is a myth. Under evergreen exhaling boughs in the native forest superstition is less fervid than with credulous Spanish peasant wearing a leaflet on the neck. Unless charms be more effective than reality, ON PHTHISIS 69 both are alike impotent against typhoid fever, or phthisis. The wide running roots of a tree, so greedy of moisture, may drink a marsh dry and thus check the growth of algae that are supposed to form ague malaria ; but against the other two diseases named, so common here, and arising from so entirely different causes, every day experience proves the agreeable aroma of the gum tree worthless. On all these matters the most concerned laity are as sorry theorists as are medical advocates of popular etiology. Neither go round the subject, but quietly look on the sunny side. Climate none can modify for personal wants ; but, while deprecating Utopian schemes for impracticable cities of Hygieia, urging a clearer knowledge of individual errors that in aggregate swell a death rate, must better regulate their removal, and make healthy life possible for everybody. Ordinary toilers in a metropolis aiming to become the workshop of a continent might well be taught how it is not the handicraft nor the desk work, but the way in which they are conducted, that 70 ON PHTHISIS brings into play the active agent in phthisis. Nor is it valid argument to affirm that a general immunity from inflammatory affections of the lungs denotes a like freedom from phthisis, seeing how the former often prevails in inverse ratio to the latter. Whatever the " something," hitherto eluding aided or unaided vision, or pathological imagi- nation, that makes pneumonia tend in one person more than in another, or indeed in some people not at all, to end in phthisis, may be, it is at any rate gratifying to find a growing opinion in favour of viewing phthisis often as a sequel of former lesions than always a primary systemic or pulmonary morbid state. When first that opinion was offered here the writer was invidiously reviewed as " one of those who applied the term phthisis '* to a group of secondary pathological states," and not merely to a certain result of prolonged errors of nutrition. Reaction favours the more thorough, though at one period thought peculiar, etiology. But when it is said to be " now recognised "that most cases of phthisis represent really ON PHTHISIS 71 " the final stage of some acute inflammatory " afl"ection, generally pneumonia," a more definite statement might be added, of the kind of pneumonia that is prone to that termi- nation. A medical society discussing a purely pathological topic need not fear to employ appropriate technicality, without which it is indeed impossible to proceed free from peri- phrase or ambiguity ; and more particularly in framing a Report ostensibly intended for scientific readers, rather than for popular perusal. If, then, it be neither the atmosphere over the roof, nor the ground under the foundation, but altogether air within the domicile that contains the efficient cause of phthisis, the potent agent is so far brought nearer ultimate analysis. Let us therefore try to follow to its lair this hiding evil, in croupous or catarrhal pneumonia, imperfect physiological respiration, scrofula, impaired nutrition, or other malady or defect with which it is usually coupled. Without adding a word more than need be on the relations which pneumonia, bron- chitis, and tubercle bear to phthisis, a remark 72 ON PHTHISIS may here be offered on the nature of the infecting particle, now admitted to be the special irritant, carried along lymphatic canals from deposits in the lungs or other parts of the body to set up morbid action within the air chambers that end in that disease. In his recent lectures. Dr. J. Henry Green describes nodules as formed by epithelium accumulated within the alveoli, and containing cells resembling leucocytes, and granular or amorphous material, but he cannot speak with certainty of their exact nature. Of the " circumstances that tend to make an inflam- " matory product infective, we are at present " ignorant. They may possibly be connected "with atmospheric influences, or with certain " undefined conditions of the organism." In incertitude speculation seemed allow- able ; hence my venture to conjecture how a nodule may be formed within an air vesicle by compact debris of epithelium left there after it had been blighted by being deprived of its protoplasm by the action of micro- cocci, in which case the giant cells and other constituents would be relics and not ON PHTHISIS 73 products by increased cell growth. To that view nothing in Dr. Green's description is contradictory. On the contrary, it agrees with the progressive character assigned by that eminent pathologist to true phthisis. Generally, the changes met with in the lungs in pulmonary phthisis are essentially similar histologically to those which occur in acute miliary tuberculosis, an admittedly infective disease. May not their analogy go further, and accept phthisis as equally infective ? In phthisis, as in tuberculosis, the large nucle- ated elements in the alveoli are evidently the offspring of the epithelial cells which line the alveolar cavities, and they, too, are always associated with granular material and leucocytes. These contents of the air chamber are accompanied by infiltration of the alveolar wall, a change in its adenoid tissue probably induced in the first instance by the irritant or infective particle acting on the protoplasm of the epithelium of the air vesicle ; rather than in inter-alveolar tissue, as was until lately held by many eminent pathologists. 74 ON PHTHISIS Here, then, there so far appears to be a connected series of morbid actions all directly connected with specific infection ; and the question will naturally arise, can they . be traced a step even further back ? Dr. Green says, " In describing the several lesions as '* inflammatory, I would again repeat that I " merely mean to imply that they owe their ** origin to so7ne kind of injurious irritation of " the pulmonary tissues." When infection becomes an auxiliary in the production of phthisical consolidation of the lungs, " the ' infective particles are usually derived from " some pre-existing phthisical disease." All phthisis is inflammatory, but to apply the term " pneumonic," tends. Dr. Greens adds, to mislead. The pneumonia preceding or accompanying phthisis would therefore appear to have a special feature, allied to tuberculosis. Is not the differentiating element a micrococcus ? or some form of fungaceous organism endowed with special pathogenic property ? And if tubercular virus, or phthisical material, be thus transferable from one locality to ON PHTHISIS 75 another within the same body, may it not hkewise be transferable from one body to another through the atmosphere ? This transference of infecting particles is the mode of communicating phthisis most obvious with present means of judging. Virus conveyed from a diseased to a healthy lung sets up therein the irritation and inflammation peculiar to phthisis. Whether catarrh can cause phthisis in absence of predisposition, weakness of lung, or diathesis, is with many a matter of doubt, as is also the question whether physical states of respired air, arising from mere cold and damp, can thus act on respiratory organs irrespective of proclivity. But connected with the inflammatory theory one thing cannot be lost sight of in the statistics of phthisis among young adults in this colony. It has been shown that the disease is most fatal about the twentieth year. Now Niemeyer, reviver of the new favourite doctrine, states that the pneumonia apt to run into phthisis "does not occur usually, even in " delicate and vulnerable persons, before the ' age at which pulmonary diseases generally 76 ON PHTHISIS ' become more frequent ; and it then takes " the place of those inflammatory diseases of " other organs which have prevailed during * the preceding period of life." This peculiarity may give a clue to the cause of the sudden increase of phthisis in native Australians approaching maturity. The tax on vital energy, when hope or fear at the outset of life come in conflict, may be too great for the inherent stamina. Or there may be unusual exposure to inhalation of specific virus. If phthisis were caused by cold and damp in ill-drained towns, they might be expected to affect all ages. But the disease does not appear to be induced by mere cold or damp in absence of that special irritant already mentioned. The crowding or huddling young folks together in sleeping-rooms and work-rooms facilitates the process of trans- ferring virus, very much as children catch ringworm. Nobody would hesitate to separate a ringwormy head from other heads ; but who amongst us would dream of excluding a lung loaded with infecting irritant particles — micrococci — in the blighted epithelium of ON PHTHISIS 77 diseased air vesicles ? Nobody would be so infatuated, absurd, hard-hearted, and theo- retically cruel. And yet an analogue of that worm, infecting irritant particle, or organism, at havoc on the mucous lining of the air vesicle, filling and packing the alveoli with dead epithelial scales that cannot escape through the narrow necks of the infundibula into the bronchi as readily as they melt in benign inflammatory catarrh, having no infecting particle, is now believed on good pathological evidence to be as effectively at work, and as communicable as is the irritant that sets going the peculiar irritation in the protoplasm of epithelium on the outer skin. The latter can easily be seen under very ordinary magnifying power, as a minute creeping plant ; but the devastating organism in the air vesicle has not yet been as clearly defined, if, indeed, the real mischief worker be not here, as in some other infectious diseases, beyond the visible limit. Yet it can be detected through its effect.	42,577
b21520677_37	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,868	Principles of chemistry, founded on modern theories	Naquet, A \| University of Leeds. Library	English	Spoken	7,530	11,416	HEAT OF COMBUSTION. 785 The CH* thus formed, we combine it with 0^by the reaction Cir'-fO-'= C0+2(H0), and measure the heat disengaged in this combustion ; it is equal to 210000. In both cases, we started from the T'^/Tx'^^f v'^'^^''' ^' ° ^"'^ fi^al system CO'^ + 2(H O) : the quantities of heat disengaged in the two reactions should therefore be equal among themselves. In the direct formation of CO and 2(H^0) it has been seen that 232000 represented the quantity; m the second case, x amount of heat was disengaged at the time of the formation of CH, and 210000 is the calorific equivalent for the combustion of CH* to form 00=^+ 2(H='0). We therefore have 232000 = a + 210000 and x = 232000 - 210000 = 32000 heat units.* M. Berthelot formulates the law deduced from these considerations, which he used in all his calculations, by saying that the dififer- tnce between the heat of combustion of two equivalent systems is equal to the quantity of heat disengaged or absorbed when one of the systems is transformed into the other. We will sum up the results J\I. Berthelot ai-rivedat by the application of this law, without entering into details of the calculations. In the case of the gradual oxidation of a body, with the formation of successive terms containing the same number of atoms of' C, the quan- tities of heat disengaged are evidently in proportion to the number of atoms of O consumed. For the oxidation of C==H^O, and its successive transformation into aldehjd, acetic acid, and oxalic acid, the number ot the calorific equivalent corresponding to the consumption of each O IS about equal to 54000. For methylic alcohol it would be 50000 In the homologous series, the quantities of heat disengaged by the taxation of 0* increases as the equivalent rises. The study of isomerism may gain much by the consideration of thermo-chemical phenomena. Eveiy transfoimation of a body into an isomeric body is accompanied by an absorption or disengagement of heat ; an example of this is seen in sulphur. \) e may see, a priori, that the amount of work, negative as well as positive, necessary to transform a body into its isomers is equal to 0 only in exceptional cases, and that as a general rule a disengagement ■r else an absorption of heat is necessary. Some data M. Berthelot has '^IJected on this subject confirm what he states. The heat of com- bustion of the hydrocarbides would be for Oil of lemon T 490000 — of turpentine .... 1475000 Terebene 1450000 The two first hydrocarbides possess a rotatory power which the latter is without, and the absence of which entails a certain disengage- nent of heat corresponding to a molecular work which has caused this OSS. This fact is confirmed by experiment : when terebene is acted on rem O^'ol" p"Ln7gIVair"'* '° '"''^^""'"^ 3 E 786 PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY. hy sulphtiric acid, it loses its rotatory power and disengages a consi- derable quantity of heat ; however, this reaction is not very clear, for it is accompanied by the formation of polymeric products. The polymers also present interesting phenomena. The transtonn- ation of a body into its polymer is accompanied by a disengagement ot heat This is found, for instance, when terebene is transformed into diterebene. It is remarked at the same time that the boiling point and the density increase, but that the specific heat remains unchanged. _ The comparison of metameric bodies having different functions is very interesting. With methylic alcohol, formic acid can give two dif- ■ ferent isomeric compounds : methyl-formic ether and acetic acid ; the first by direct union, and the second by means of the cyanide of ^ethyL The heat of combustion of the formiate of methyl is equal to 2o2000, and that of acetic acid to 210000 heat units. M. Berthelot thence concludes that the transformation of the formiate of ^eth^^ into acetic acid would be accompanied by a disengagement of 42000 units of heat But it is a recognized fact that a considerable disengagement of heat, accompanied by a change of physical properties corresponds to a more intimate combination of the component elements. In reality in the case in question, methyl-formic ether may be easily transformed into formic acid and methylic alcohol, while acetic acid presents a very much greater stability. M. Berthelot thence concludes Lt acetic acid is a fi?st principle, and formic ether a secondary one comprising under the first denomination the combinations more stable and intimate than those to which he applies the second. The same Tct s observed in the formic ethers of all alcohols compared to tli acids which are isomeric with them, as well as generally m the acids n''TT2"0 comnared to the isomeric ethers. For instance, butyric acid in burning disengages 497000, and acel.o ether 553000 units of heat. r. • -A 812000 Caproic acid orrnno Methyl-valeric ether SobUOU Generally, the more stable the compound the greater is the heat disengaged in its formation. Tlie compound formed under these con dftions has a density and a boiling point higlierthan ^^^t i^^^^^^^^ M. Berthelot observes with reason that the reciprocal tianslom^ ations of isomeric bodies belong to the most general notions of ni c a Seal chemistry ; heat is disengaged: 1st, when several molecules ^te to form a polymer ; 2nd, when a secondary compound is -n.fe-ed into apriinary one. lastly, M. Berthelot applies the pn^^^^^^^^^ just enumerated to the study of the formation of the ^^ffe^^^^ Organic bodies, which study is of very great interest, into which, evi, the limits of this work do not allow us to follow him Alomic Volume.-The ter^ atomic volume is aPP/^^^ to the quot of the atomic weight of a .body divided by f evident that if there were no space between the atoms, this woui ATOMIC VOLUME, 737 the volume of the atom itself. In reality this is not the case, because bodies contain considerable interspaces; but as the space existing around atoms of the same nature is constant under the same conditions the quotient spoken of also expresses a constant relation: it represents the portion of space occupied by a given atom, including the space which always suiTOunds that atom. On this conception of the term it is easy to understand that one body should have different atomic volumes, according to the combina- tions into which it enters and the place it there occupies. It is per- fectly conceivable that the atoms of oxygen, for instance, are more or less distant from each other and from the atoms of other bodies, according to the part the former act in the compounds. Now that the words atom and molecule possess very distinct acceptations, it is also necessary to distinguish the atomic from the molecular volume; this latter being the quotient, not of the atomic weight, but of the molecular weight divided by the density. In order to compare the molecular volumes of different compounds, it is necessary that the bodies should be taken in as nearly as possible the same conditions. When liquids are in question, they should be brought to temperatures at which they have the same tension of vapour, that is to say, to their boiling points. To be able to determine the molecular volume of a liquid, it is there- fore necessary to know : 1st, its boiling point ; 2nd, its density at a low temperature ; 3rd, its coefficient of dilatation, from the temperature at which its density has been ascertained to that at which the liquid boils. Kopp has determined the molecular volumes of a great number of 1 Q organic substances, bringing all to that of water = y = 18 ; he finds : 1st, that the molecular volumes of homologous compounds differing by n(Cff), differ from each other by n times a constant term, which is equal, as a mean, to 22, 2nd. That the molecular volumes of isomeric compounds are identi- cal (at least when these isomers may be derived from the same type). 3rd. That the replacement of by 0 does not appear to modify the molecular volume. 4th. That the substitution of C for H'* in a compound does not cause any change in the molecular volume. From the preceding data, M. Kopp has calculated the atomic volumes of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon in compounds. From the fact that the substitution of C for does not cause the molecular volume to vary, he draws the conclusion that C occupies the same space as H. Knowing that the specific volume of CH^ is 22, he thence concludes 22 that the atomic volume of C is — = 11, and the atomic volume of H 788 PEINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY. Then lie souglit the atomic volume of oxygen of substitution com- paring the molecular volume of an aldehyd or an acetone with that ot the corresponding hydrocarbide. Thus, if from the molecular volume of aldehyd (^'^'^\) (56-0-66-9) that of ethylene (C^HO W be deducted, there remains 66-44=12 for the volume occupied by the Tn calculating the atomic volume of the oxygen of substitution in several bodies, he found the values vary between 12.0 and 12 9, and took the number 12-2 as a mean tei-m. _ In order to determine the atomic volume o^^m^^^^^^^ subtracted 11, that is to say, the atomic volume of ^^^^^^Ir Thl 18-8 which represents the molecular volume of boilmg water, ibe difference 7-8 represents the atomic volume of typical oxygen. means of \hese numbers, M. Kopp succeeds -."^g molecular volume of an organic compound not nitrogenized G H (U; U , rSyng the exponents a, h, c,cl, by the respective atomic volumes of Z bodies ?o whose symbols they are attached. Thus we have : a X 1 +bx5-5+cxl2-2+/x7-8 = V; V beiug the molecular volume of the 'ToTrepresents the oxygen of substitution and 0^ the typical TXrdt objects to this calculation that it has tbe Mt of being Avbitrarv one body possessing several rational formulae: but if the gSt numbe. ot bodies (acids and alcohols) we know how to d.s- tinguish oxygen of aadition from oxygen ot substitntion. In othev bodies the distinction is less easy, but ~ J^' ^OPP^ formula can only be applied to the ''-t-knowrr corapo™^^ rt ™on srn^^irrmireitnr^^^^ may be thence deduced : in fact, it V = 35, D = t^e molecular ™lnme may be nsed to find the molecular weight : we have V X D = P. T H«,ofllefractioii.-Landolf has determined, by yery c.act me^C^hetrof retraction and ^^f/j' bodies,relativelytothrcelmes^a,^/3,and,.Totthehycl.o„e p he ha. also calculated the values in which n is the index of refraction, and i the density taken at the same temperature as tins . PoggcBdorr. oKxii., p. and cxxliL, p. 595; aud Chemie und I'harmacie, iv. supplement, vol. i. INDEX OF REFKACTION. 789 index ; D - P, in which P represents the molecular weight of the a substance. He calls the value given by this latter equation refrac- tion-equivalent. He uses the first in preference to that of Schrauff 7»* — 1 , to which the name of refractive power has been given.* The substances on which he has operated are : water, formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, caproic, and cenanthylic acids ; methylic, ethylic, propylic, butylic, and amylic alcohols ; the acetate of methyl, formiate of ethyl, acetate of ethyl, butyrate of methyl, valerate of methyl, butyrate of ethyl, formiate of amyl, valerate of ethyl, acetate of amyl, valerate of amyl, aldeh^'d, valeral, acetone, oxide of ethyl, acetic anhydride, ethylenic glycol, diacetate of ethylene, glycerine, lactic acid, phenol, essential oil of bitter almonds, salycylic aldehyd, salicylate of methyl, benzoate of methyl, and benzoate of ethyl. The first question Landolt considered was, " Does the grouping of atoms in molecules exercise an influence on the specific refractive energy, or does this latter depend entirely on the centesimal composition, or is it qxiite independent of the intimate constitution of the body ?" Beckerel, Cahours, Deville; and Delf had already discovered that metameric bodies, having very similar densities, also have indices of refraction which are almost equal. Schrauff went farther than this : he remarked that the absolute refractive power of metameric or polymeric bodies, calculated from the formula — =— , is the same in all bodies of ' a the same group ; whence he concluded that the centesimal composition alone excercised any influence on this refracting power. But after this, Dale and Gladstone found that for several bodies, isomers of the benzoic group, and for several polymeric hydrocarbidos, corresponding to the general formula «GH, the values of were expressed by numbers which are sometimes identical, but often very different : they thence concluded, contrary to the opinion of the previously-men- tioned authors, that, according to circumstances, isomerism sometimes does, and sometimes does not affect the specific refractive energy. How- ever, their experiments were not sufficient to establish the conclusions deduced. The differences observed might arise from errors in observa- tion or from impurities contained in the substances operated with. In order to remove this latter source of error from his experiments, Landolt operated with substances obtained by different modes of prepa- ration, and he always found that, when the purification was perfect, * The expresaions comaionly used in English for these formulsB are "specific refractive energy" for "absolute refractive power" for — ^ — ; aud "molecular re- « — 1 fnictive power" or " refractiou-equivaleiit" for — = — P. — T. S. 790 PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY. the differences observed between the values of the refractive power did not exceed 0-004. The following table contains the result of his researches on rneta- meric and polymeric bodies. P indicates the molecular weight. Metameiuc Bodies. FormuliB. Named of Bodies. 1 Density =d. Index of refraction Specific ] refractive < energy d lefraction- jquivalent >^'^-^ p d QSJJ002 1 P = 74f < Acetate of methyl .... (Formiato of ethyl .... 0-9963 0 • 90.53 0-9078 1-3846 1-3592 1-3580 0-3860 0-3967 0-3944 28- 57 29- 36 29-18 C^IPO'' \ P = 88f 0-9610 u yuzi 1-3955 i oi\jl 0-4116 0-4110 36-22 36-17 .P = 102] J JValeric acid \Butyrate of methyl .... 0-9313 0 8976 1-4022 1-3869 0-4319 0-4311 44-05 43-97 c«ir-o- \ P = 11G( 1 Valerate of methyl .... , Butyratc of ctliyl .... (Formiate of amyl .... 0-9252 0 8809 0-8906 0-8816 1-4116 1-3927 1-.S940 1-3959 0-4449 0-4458 0-4424 0-4491 51-61 51-71 51- 32 52- 09 C'H^^O^ \ P = 130( KEiianthylic acid .... ' I Valerate of ethyl .... I Acetate of amyl .... 0-9175 0-8674 0-8574 1-4192 1-3950 1-4017 0-4569 0-4554 0-4685 59-40 59- 20 60- 90 G'WO \ P = 74( 1 0-8074 0-7166 1-3940 1-3511 0-4879 0-4900 36-11 36-26 PoLYMEiuc Bodies. Formula;. Names of Bodies. Density=d. Index of refraction fua = n Specific 1 refractive energy fxa. — 1 d Kefraction- equlvalent fia— 1 p d C'H0 = CIPO' = 44 \ 88 [ \ Butyric acid .... 0-7810 0-961U 1-3298 1-3955 0-4222 0-4116 18-58 36-22 C'H' 0 = QGJ3_1202 ^ 681 116) \Caproic acid .... 0-7931 0-9252 1-3.572 1-4116 0-4503 0-4449 26-12 51-61 C/H"0 = 861 172f \Valerato of amyl . .. 0-7995 0-8581 1-3861 ! 1-4098 0-4830 0-4775 41-54 82-14 INDEX OF EEFEACTION. 791 It Avill be seen on inspecting this table, that metameric bodies, though presenting marked diEferences in their index of refraction /^a, and in their density d, only differ very slightly in their specific refractive energy — aiid in their refraction-equivalent ^^-^ P. But however slight these differences may be, they exceed those which might be attributed to simple errors of observation, and they exceed them in a marked degree when bodies are operated upon which are difficult to purify, like the compound ethers. The molecular grouping therefore exercises an influence on the specific refractive energy of bodies, but this influence is scarcely appreciable. The density and index of refraction of polymeric bodies increase when the molecule becomes double, but the value ., decreases a a little under the same conditions ; whence it results that the refraction- fia — l equivalents d P are not exact multiples of each other. Besides the observations on the preceding isomeric bodies, Landolt has made other experiments to determine the influence of the atomic structure on the specific refractive power. Mixtures may be considered as not having any atomic structure, and some may be obtained which present the same centesimal compo- sition as a given definite compound. In the homologous series these are easily prepared by mixing two terms of the series, the one above and the other below that whose composition is to be imitated. Thus on mixing One molecule of acetic acid + with one molecule of butyric acid a mixture is obtained having the same composition as propionic acid Two of ethyl-alcohol + one of amyl-alcohol same composition as propyl-alcohol 3(OT^0) Three of methylic alcohol 3(CH^0) one of amyl-alcohol as ethyl-alcohol One of ethyl-alcohol + two of amyl-alcohol 2(C'ff'0) as butyl-alcohol Landolt has also prepared liquids which present the same centesimal composition as glycerine by mixing : One molecule of propionic acid One of ethyl-alcohol One of methyl-alcohol CH0 with one molecule of water -f- ffO one of formic acid with one of acetic acid Composition of glycerine. Q3JJ8Q3 QSJJBQS 792 PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY. On mixing equivalent quantities of essential oil of bitter almoud.s and formic acid, he obtained a liquid which has the same centesimal composition as the salicylate of methyl C^H'O'. The results of his reseaches will be found in the following table, iu which /i-a, fxji and /^y indicate the indices of refraction taken ia com- Ijarison with the three lines of the hydrogen spectrum. Namics ok BoDIliS. d 1 d ^ d 1 mol. of acetic acid. 1 mol. of butyric acid. Propionic acid 1-0514 0-9610 0-9930 0-9963 1-3699 1-3955 1-3851 1-3846 1-3765 1-4025 1-3918 1-3913 1-3802 1-4065 1 -3956 1-3951 0-3878 0-3860 28-69 28-57 3 mol. of methyl-alcohol 1 mol. of amyl-alcohol. Ethyl- alcohol. • • • ] 0-7964 0-8135 0-8038 0-8011 1-3279 1-4057 1-3640 1 - 3605 1-3332 1-4128 1-3700 1 dbo7 1-3362 1-4169 1-3735 i o / UU 0-4528 20-83 2070 2 mol. of ethyl-alcohol . ! 1 mol. of umyl-alcohol. Mixture Propyl-alcohol. 0-8011 0-8135 0 • S065 0-8042 0-SOll 0-8135 0-8104 0-8074 1 -3605 1-4057 1 -3822 1-3794 1-36U7 1-4128 1 - 3887 1-3858 1-3700 1-4169 1 OU/0 1-3893 0-4717 28-43 28-30 1 mol. of ctiiyl-alcoliol. 2 mol. of amyl-alcohol. Butyl-alcoliol. 1-3G05 1-4057 1 - 3961 1-3940 1-3667 1-4128 1 Wlb 1-4007 1 -3700 1-4169 1-4045 0-4879 ^fi-17 ijU J- 1 36-11 1 mol. of propionic acid. 1 mol. of water. Mixture 0- 9963 1- 0000 1 1-0220 1-3846 1-3311 1-3856 1-3913 1-3371 1-3925 1-3951 1-3404 1-3964 0-3773 34-71 1 mol. of ethyl-alcohol. 1 mol. of formic acid. 0- 8011 1- 2211 0-9602 1-3605 1-3693 1-3610 1-3667 1-3764 1-3675 1-3700 1-3804 1-3710 0-3760 34-59 1 mol. of methyl-alcohol 1 mol. of acetic acid. 0- 7964 1- 0514 0 9606 1-2615 1-3279 1-3699 1-3594 1-4706 1-3332 1-3765 1-3656 1-4785 1-3362 1-3802 1-3692 1-4828 0-3741 0-3731 34-42 34-32 1 mol. of benzoic aldehyde 1 mol. of formic acid. Salicylate of methyl 1-0474 1-2211 1-0876 1-1824 1-.5391 1-3693 1-4900 1-5302 1-5624 1-3764 1-5089 1-5521 1-5775 1-3804 1-5210 1-5672 0-4505 0-4484 68-48 68-16 n -1 , ,1 This table shows that the specific refractive energy -j- ana lu refraction-equivalent — ^ P are about the same for definite compounds n-1 and for mixtures of the same composition. However, the value is a little more for mixtures than for the compounds. There is not » complete identity, but only a great approximation between them, ne , INDEX OF KEFEACTION. 7^3 therefore, as in the study of isomeric bodies, we arrive at the conclu- sion that hiolecnlar structure exercises an influence, but a very small one, on the specific refractive energy. Homologous Series. Berthelot was the first to study the modification the absolute refrac- tive power i — ^ — \ undergoes, when we pass from one term to another in a homologous series. His experiments were not very numerous, but he anived at the C(mclusion that bodies which differ by nCH give a Yn^ — 1 difference of nl8 in the value — ^ — . Schraufi" has tiied to prove, from the observations of Delfs, that in the series C"H"0^ the refraction- Pn^ — 1 equivalent — ^ — of any term whatever is equal to the mean of the refraction-equivalents of two terms equally distant from this mean term, one above, the other below, and that consequently, in homologous series, the optical properties vary serially. Dale and Gladstone, who have also studied this question, have contented themselves with ■re — 1 showing that the value increases when Off accumulates in mole- cules. Landolt, in his turn, has reopened the question, and we may deduce from his experiments : 1st. That generally an increase in the number of atoms of carbon and hydrogen produces an increase of the index of refiaction, but that sometimes the reverse of this happens. Thus the benzoate of ethyl has an index of refraction lower than that of benzoate of methyl. 2nd. Tliat the specific refractive energy — ^ increases when the number of CH^ increases, but that the quantities by which this value augments are unequal, and diminish progressively as CH^ is added to bodies more and more rich in carbon and hydrogen. Vn^ — 1. , 3rd. That the refraction-equivalent — — increases by a constant 1^ quantity, which is about 76 for each addition of CH^. ' Instead of experimenting on bodies classed in homologous series, we may operate upon bodies grouped in series according to characters other than the addition of nCH^. Thus there are bodies whose empirical formulae present constant differences between each other, but which have different functions. The study of such bodies enables us to determine, with more or less precision, the influence which their chemical constitution exercises on light. It is found that bodies which present See Poggendorf 8 Annalen, cxxiii. 608 and 609, tublo iv. 794 PEINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY. the same difference in tlaeir composition do not give equal differences in the value P, as in cases in which their chemical constitution d is the same. The causes -whicli determine the agreement or differences in these numbers become very clear when the rational formulas are examined. It is seen that the grouping does not exercise any influence on the value of the specific refractive energy when the bodies under consideration are derived from the same type, but that, on the contrarj-, it exercises considerable influence when these bodies belong to different types. Thus the refraction-equivalents of acetone ( cw\) propylic aldehyd ^^'^'^ J j differ about equally from that of butyric acid, because propylic aldehyd and ordinary acetone are very similarly constituted. The other series besides the homologous, studied by Landolt, are those of bodies whose formulee differ by nG, by nW, and by «0 ; omit- ting certain very refractive bodies which do not follow the same laws exactly. In those bodies which differ by nC, it is observed that the density and index of refraction diminish as the number of C increases, that the specific refractive energy does not obey any regular and simple law, but that the refraction-equivalent — ^ — increases about equally for each C added. For bodies differing hynW, the density, index of refraction, and specific refractive energy constantly increase with the augmentation of the number of H, and it is the same with the reft-action-equivalent Pn - 1 Each addition of 0 causes an elevation of the density and index of refraction, a diminution of the value and a tolerably regular , P?i - 1 increase of the value ^ — • Useful results are furnished by the modification of the refraction- equivalent which, by the addition of each element, increases by a determined quantity partly depending on the ^i^^^^^^ f ^ '"J: stance. It has been seen that two groups of bodies, which diner among themselves by equal numbers of atoms of the ^^me natin^^ present differences in their refraction-equivalents, which ^^^^^f^'' are almost equal when the bodies are derived from the ^''^^^ 2C Thus for each addition of C, the difference is from 5-41 to 5-43, wlien INDEX OF EEFEACTION. 795 the two bodies compared are monatomic, and are derived, one from the water type g\|o, and the other from the hydrogen type ^jj, as is the -g- > Oj and the hydride of acetyl ^'"^h})' etbylic alcohol (^^'^^'I o) and acetone The differences change and vary between 4-75 and 4-80 when the ompoundsare, one monatomic and the other biatomic. As, for instance, lactic acid ( H\|^^) acetic anhydride (Q2ppQ>0j; glycol I jjg >0" j and propionic acid ( H ( j* These observations are also applicable to bodies which differ, not by nC, but by nH* or by nO. It will be seen that for the same number of or 0 more or less, the differences between the refraction-equivalents f monatomic bodies are not quite the same as those of the refraction- i\|uivalents of polyatomic bodies ; moreover, with bodies having great specific refractive energy, irregularities are observed which are owing to the disturbing influence of dispersion, which influence may be dimi- nished by replacing the index of refraction found /x by the index A -4- B leduced from Cauchy's formula /u, = — — ^ — ; but its effect is still not entirely removed, Cauchy's formula not being perfectly exact. Indices of the Befractwn of the Elements. As the refraction-equivalents of bodies whose formulse differ by wC themselves differ by »(4-75-5-43), and as the differences correspond- 'ugtothe increase of the number of atoms of hydrogen and oxygen are, for r^H^ 2-66-2-12, and for nO, 3-24-2-45, let the mean be : For each C 5-09 — H"' . . . . 2-40 thence for each H - 1-20 — 0 .... . 2-85. The numbers 5 • 09, 1 • 20, and 2 • 85, respectively represent the refrac- r iun-equivalent of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. These numbers may be arrived at in another way : It has been seen that the addition of wCH* raises the refraction- ■quivalent «7-60. If from the refraction-equivalent of the acids "'IP"0^ which may be represented by the formula C"H^"+0-, the value ■orresponding to nCH^ be subtracted, there remains for 0^ the (mean) number 6, that is to say for O, the number 3. If, on the other band, from the refraction-equivalent of the alcohols "'H'^"+^0, the values corresponding to nCIP and to 0 be subtracted, here remains 2-6 for the value of or 1-30 for that of H. The refraction-equivalent of CFP, deduced from the observation of 796 PEINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY. homologous series, being 7-60, on deducting that of — say 2-60— we have that of carbon = 5. Landolt thinks that these latter numbers are the most correct, and he . . . . 3 • 00 It would be interesting to know whether the refraction-equiva- lents of the same bodies in the free state would be the same as the pre- ceding. The data we possess on this point are unfortunately not to be depended upon; but we know that in the case of the diamond its index of refraction taken in relation to the red ray = 2-434 . . . and its density = 3-55. The atomic weight of carbon being 12, we get from these numbers : Vn-l 12 x 2-434 -1 , = = 400. d 3-55 For hydrogen, the index of refraction in relation to the red ray is 1-000138, according to Dulong ; and the density, according to Eegnault, = 0-06927, thus P = 1. We have therefore : P«-l 1x1-000138 d ~ 0-6927 = 1-54. For oxygen, the index equals 1-000272, the density 1-10561, and the atomic weight 16, thence: Pn-1 _ 16 X 1:000272 _ —d i-10561 These numbers approaching so closely those deduced from the study of organic compounds, it is very probable that the refraction-equiva- lent of these elements remains the same, whether they be m the free state or in combination. Calculation of the Indices ofBefraction of Bodies corresponding to the Formula from the Indices of their Constituent Elements. Grailich, Waifs, Hoek, Schrauff, and others, ha.ve given fomul» which enable us to calculate the index of refraction of a mixture of liquids, when the centesimal composition in volume and the density of this mixture are known, along with the index of refraction of each of the liquids of which the mixture is composed. Biot and Arago have also given the following formula for calculating the index of refraction of mixed gases : « -, INDEX OF REFEACTION. 797 in which N is the index of refraction of the mixture, D its density, P its molecular weight, that is to say, the mean of the molecular weights of its components ; and n dp the coiTesponding values of each of these components. When applied to liquids, this formula becomes : N-1 n-1 n„-\ Landolt has calculated the indices of refraction of several mixtures 71 — 1 — 1 according to the equation : N = : ^- N has been taken relatively to the line a of the hydrogen spectrum. The results have always closely approximated to those furnished by experiment, as will be seen from the following table : Found. Naugs of Bodies. Calculated P d fjLa fj.a 3 methyl-alcohol 96 0-7964 1-3279 1 methyl-alcohol 88 0-8135 1-4057 184 0-8038 1-3640 1-3644 2 etliyl-alcohol .... 92 0-8011 1-3605 I amyl-alcohol .... 88 0-8135 1-4057 180 0-8065 1-3822 1-3821 1 ethyl-alcohol .... 40 0-8011 1-3605 2 amyl-alcohol .... 176 0-8135 1-4057 222 0-8104 1-3961 1-3960 60 1-0518 1-3706 1 butyric acid .... 88 0-9610 4-3953 148 0-9930 1-3850 1-3847 1 ethyl-alcohol .... 46 0-8011 1-3605 1 formic acid .... 46 1-2211 1-3693 92 0-9602 1-3610 1-3612 1 benzoic aldebyd. 106 1-0474 1-.')391 1 formic acid .... 46 1-2211 1-3693 152 1 - 0876 1-4900 1-4900 These rules which are applicable to the calculation of the index of refraction of mixtures may also be applied to that of compounds, as M. Landolt demonstrates. The value ^ of a liquid C"H"'0' entirely depends on the empirical formula, and not at all or very little on the rational formula. 798 PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY. Tlie equation then becomes : or P = gm +5',mi + g^m^ W ~ 1 etc., the product —z — by the atomic weiglit may be written : ct —F = U;-^g = r; — g, = r, .... etc. When the values of r, r,, r^, that is to say, the refraction-equiva- lents of the elements are knowTi, we ma}^ thence deduce the value R of a compound containing m atoms of the first element, atoms of a second, and wig atoms of a third. Thus we have 'R = mr-\-m.ii\-{-mj-2 ; which is the same as to say that the refraction-equivalent of the mixture P is equal to the sum of the refraction-equivalents of the constituent atoms ; and that it may be calculated absolutely in the same manner as the molecular weight. The refraction-equivalents calculated with the index /xa being known for C, H, and 0, and being equal to 5 for C, I S for H, and '6 for 0, the refraction- equivalents of the liquids C"H'"0'^may be easily cal- culated. Thus for alcohol CH'0 we have : the refraction-equivalent of C^WO = 2(5-00) -f 6(1-30) -\|- 1(3-00) = 20-80, from which N may he R deduced according to the equation N = 1 -f- p^p^- This calculation is very simple, and serves to determine with sufficient accuracy the index of refraction of many organic liquids, both mono- and poly-atomic ; but it is not applicable to bodies whose refractive power is very great. Optical Analysis. Landolt has found that by means of the specific refractive energy 1^"--'^^ the centesimal composition of a liquid composed of two or even d three elements may be determined. He first remarked that the value remains constant when the temperature augments or diminishes, n being diminished at the same ^'X^alt established that the relation between the specific refi-iclive energy of a mixture and that of its components maybe expressed INDEX OF REFRACTION. 799 — — 1 — 1,.-,. formula — p- " = —g-p-^ — ^ P » whicJi p and p indicate the weight of the components expressed in parts of P the weight of the mixture ; N-1 if therefore the value — ^ — of a mixture he determined at any temper- ^' 1 ature, and if — and be known, it is easy, when the mixture a a only contains two liquids, to determine the proportion in hundredth parts, making P = 100. We have the three following equations : lOON-T n~l n'-l :st. ^P+^ (100 -p) '»»( p— ^) 2nd. p = , — ~~d' ~ d' ■•^rd. y = 100 -_p. In order to verify this method, Landolt made the following observa- tions. The indices of refraction having been determined at 20° in relation to the red line of the hydrogen spectrum — A first mixture was made containing : ordinary alcohol . . 51 •! amylic alcohol ... 48-9 and a second mixture which contained : ethylic alcohol ... 20-7 and amylic alcohol . 79-3 n — 1 For amylic alcohol n = 1-4057, d = 0-8135 and = 0-4987. For ordinary alcohol n = 1-3606, d = 0-8011 and -^j— = 0-4501. In the first mixture N would equal 1-3822, D = 0-8065 and = 0-4738. In the second mixture N would equal 1-3961, D = 0-8104 and = 0-4887. These numbers give the quantity of amylic alcohol contained in the two mixtures, according to the equations ; 47-38 - 45-01 ,^ Q p = „ . = 48-8 0-4987 - 0-4501 48-87 - 41-01 0-4987 - 0^501 = 79-3 800 rRTNCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY. If these numbers were bubtracted from 100 to obtain the propoi-- tion of ethylic- alcohol, we have, lastly: 1st mixture. 2nd mixture. Calculated Tnie Calculated True composition. composition. composition. composilion. Amyl-alcohol . . 48-8 48-9 79-4 79-3 Ethyl-alcohol . . 51-2 51-1 20-6 20-7 This analytical method is excellent whenever a mixture only con- tains two liquids, and may even be extended to cases where it con- tains three ; but the indices of refraction must then be taken in rela- tion to several lines, when errors in observation are apt to occur, and ihe results of the analysis cannot be relied on. Though limited, the method of optical analysis just described may be of much service. Great care must be taken when it is employed to determine the index of refraction and the density at the same temper- ature of one liquid. But the indices of refraction and the densities of different liquids may be taken at different temperatures, as the value ^1 \ ^ — — - remains constant. a Landolt has made a series of experiments to ascertain what is the influence exercised by errors of obseivation on the results of the analysis. He determined n and d at three different times and at ditlerent temperatures for a mixture of chloroform and alcohol, and for each of these liquids separately. He thus obtained for the refraction- equivalents of these three liquids numbers which differed indeed, but were nearly the same. By combining these numbers be was able to form 27 equations. The quantity of alcohol found by the mean result of these 27 equations was 13-02, the real quantity being 13-11; the greatest deviation for alcohol was 0-26, and the greatest difference between the different analyses 0-32. This analytical method gives results which ai-e the more certain the more the specific refractive energies ^ of the two liquids mixed differ, and are usually so exact that the variations only affect the first decimal, and are not greater than those which attend the best analytical methods, n n j i f o Optical analysis has been applied to the study of the products o a fractional distillation. A mixture of 200 grammes of ordinary alcohol and 200 grammes of amylic alcohol was divided into 7 parts, passmg over below 130° or 132° ; the indices of refraction and the densities ot ^the pure liquids were : • ^ n - 1 n d Of ethylic alcohol . .1-3620 0-7975 0-4539 amylic alcohol . . 1-4076 0-8099 0-5033 INDEX OF REFRACTION. 801 The products of the distillation furnished the following results : the weights of the portions distilled are expressed in hundredth parts of the entire quantity : Portion. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Boiling point. 80°-90° • 90°-100° 100°-110° 110°-120° 120°-I30° 130°-13i° 131°-132° Quantity in hun- dredth parts of tlie product collected. [ 23-5 22-5 12 5 7-0 9-0 5-5 18 71 .... d . . .. n-1 d ' ' ' 1-3680 ' 1-3712 0-8003 0-8020 0-4598 1 0-4628 1-3781 0-7995 0-4729 1-3871 0-8109 0'4774 1-3983 0-8060 0-4942 1-4054 0-8091 0-5011 1-4075 0-8094 0-5032 Ethyl-alcohol. Amyl-alcohol. 88-1 11-9 82-0 18-0 61-5 38-5 by optical analysis in the study of fractional distillations ; it can also be used to determine in what quantities two liquids are mixed. Thus on shakino- water and ether together, and then separating the two layers, it will be foimd that the upper layer contains 95-19 parts of ether and 4-1 of water, while the lower layer contains 8-2 of ether and 91-8 of water. Optical analysis may also be used in the study of diffusion ; might it not also be employed to study the solutions of solids in liquids? Dr. Gladstone's works in relation to the refracting power of rock salt, solid and in solution, permit us to hope that eventually this may be the case. Optical Analysis of Compounds. The formula used to analyze mixtures is also applicable to com- pounds, and should give more correct results, since the specific refractive energies of their elements are known. As most of the organic com- pounds are ternary, it is necessary to determine the indices of refraction relatively to three lines : red a, green /3, and violet y of hydroge The following are the values of C, H, and 0 : C H O na — 1 0-42205 0-30160 0-17280 d 0-43093 1 31610 0-17596 802 PEINCIPLES OF CHEMISTET. By means of tliese and of the indices of refraction Na, N^, and of a body composed of 'h,ydrogen, carbon, and oxygen, whose density D is supposed to be known, the centesimal composition of the body may be calculated. In order to understand the principle of this calculation, , let us first place: 100 ^?^ll= A; 100 ^^^ = B; 100 ^^ = C; let us call the centesimal proportion of the carbon x, that of the hydrogen y, and that of the oxygen z. Wo shall have : 0-42205 a;4- 1-30160 2^ -f- 0-17280 z = A 0-43093 a;-f-l31610 t/-f 0-17596 z = B 0-43738 X -I- 1-31930 y -f- 0-17703 z = G from which equation we may ascertain the three unknown values. The following examples show how far this analytical method is correct : Ethyl-alcohol CH«0.—(Z= 0-8011, na = 1-36054, wy8= 1-36665 and ny = 1-36997; from which: A = 45-005; B = 45-768; 0 = 46-183: deduc- ing the centesimal composition of alcohol from these numbers they give as the Composition Tlie true corn- found, position being C . . . 51-9 62-2 H . . . 12-9 13-0 0 . . . 36-2 34-8 101-0 100-0 Amyl alcohol- d = 0■S^S5 ; na= 1-40573; w^= 1-41278; wy = 1-41689: thence, A = 49-874; B= 50-741; C = 51-246: from which for the cen- tesimal composition we get — Composition The true corn- found, position being C . . . 68-0 68-2 H . . . 13-3 136 0 . . . 21-9 18-2 103-2 100-0 As will be seen, the figures referring to carbon and hydrogen are sufficiently exact. The difference is only great in the case of oxygen, and this is because the specific refractive energy of this element is not well known. The formula ^^'P = ... can only be used for bodies of slight refractive power. If only binary compounds were to be analyzed, this might be done by knowing the index of refraction relatively to a single ray for the compound and for each of its elements : in the case of water IPO, the. HISTORY or SYNTHESIS IN OEGANIO CHEMISTRY. 803 specific refractive energy of oxygen not being well known, only approximate results can be obtained : the following is the equation which gives these results : l-30160a; + 0-I7280(100 -a;) = 33-111 in which x is the quantity of hydrogen. This gives re = 14 per 100 instead of 11-11, which is its correct value. Figures more nearly approaching the truth are found with the liquid hydrocarbides. Thus, for amylene, we have : D = 0-6733 ; Na= 1-37061; and = 0-O5044. Determining H by the equation : l-30160a;+0-42205(100 -x) = 65-044 AV'e find Tbe true com- position belug C . . . 85-4 85-7 H . . . 14-6 14-3 In applying optical analysis to compounds, the results are more correct the better the specific refractive energies of their elements are known. These energies being as yet only approximately known, it IS evident that this analytical method is at present only theoretical. But besides the possibility of its eventually becoming applicable, its theoretical possibility shows relations of considerable importance between the specific refractive energies and the composition of bodies. HISTORY OF SYNTHESIS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. In chemistry, analysis has long been distinguished from synthesis By the former, a given body is separated into its elements; by synthesis, on the contrary, the elements being given, the body is recon- stituted. Previous to the last twenty-five years, organic chemistry only possessed the first of these methods of investigation. Bodies were decomposed by degi-ees, by submitting them to the action of different agents, and starting from a complex compound, its elements were thus ari-ived at, passing through several more simple intermediate compounds. By means of these new compounds or of the elements, the original body ^vas never built up again. In other words, synthesis did not exist. During the last quarter of a century, organic chemistry has become possessed of this synthetical method so much wanted. In this chapter we intend to give an account of the different methods used for the realization of this important object. But first it will be well to define fho meaning to be attached to the word synthesis. 3 1' 2 804 PEINCIPLES OF CHEMTSTEY. As we have just said, synthesis is the opposite of analysis. By the latter, a compoiind is reduced to its elements, or at least transformed into other more simple compounds ; by synthesis, compound bodies are formed directly from their elements, or, at least, from compounds less complex than themselves. Briefly, in analysis, the molecular com- plication is diminished, in synthesis it is increased. However, if such an extensive acceptation were given to the word synthesis, an entire volume, instead of a chapter, would here he required ; we must therefore use the term in a more limited sense. In fact if we consider the different reactions which increase the molecular complication of bodies, we shall see that very different cases occur, as the following examples show. If alcohol be submitted to the action of sulphuric acid, ether is obtained ; now the formula of alcohol is C^H^O, and that of ether So if ' acetic acid acts on ethylamine, acetate of ethylamine, the empi- rical formula of which is C*H"XO^ is obtained, while tlie formula of acetic acid is C^ff 0^ and that of ethylamine OT'N. In the production of acetate of ethylamine, as m that of ether, a compound is formed the molecule of which is more complicated than that of its generators ; in other words, a synthesis is accomplished, if the wider acceptation mentioned above be attributed to this word. However, if the new bodies formed be submitted to active reagents, and the products which arise are examined, it is observed that these pro- ducts are the same as are produced when, not the compounds obtamed synthetically, but their generators, are submitted to the same reactions. For instance, the action of acetic acid on alcohol gives acetate of ethyl and water, and it is still acetate of ethyl and water which are formed when acetic acid is submitted to the action of ether : Alcohol. Acoticacid. Acetic ether. Water. rOTO) + 2(C^H^0^) = 2(C'1W) + (H'O) ^ Acetic acid. Acetic ether. Water. Ether. Analoo-ous facts are observed with the acetate of ethylamme.^ It appears therefore that in ether, as in acetate of ethylamine, he radicles which unite to form a molecule more comphcated than tbe orio-inal one, remain in a certain state of mutual independence, and again separate under the influence of suitable reagents.	12,389
gypsychristando01shargoog_3	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,895	The Gypsy Christ, and other tales	Sharp, William, 1855-1905	English	Spoken	7,595	10,293	But upon the interspaces of the river, what comparative silence! A disjointed passenger- boat, with spelican funnel darting back to the perpendicular, shoots from under a bridge, and paddles swiftly down-stream like a frightened duck ; a few moments, and it is out of sight, swallowed in the haze, or swung round a bend. A trio of barges, chained to each other like galley-slaves, passes up-stream, drawn by what looks like a huge bluebottle-fly. The bluebottle Digitized by VjOOQIC A Thames Etching. 77 is a tug-boat, a " barge-bug " in river parlance; and as it flaps the water with a swift spanking smash of its screw, the current is churned into a yeast of foam that is like snow against the bows of the first barge, and thin as dirty steam when washed from the stemmost into a narrow vanish- ing wake. As likely as not, the bargees are silent, pipely contemplative, taciturn in view of always imminent need for palaver of a kind almost unique in the scope and vigour of its blasphemy. Perhaps, however, the boy at the caboose forward whistles the tune of " O were I sodger gay " or that perennial favourite which recounts the deeds of Jack Do and Bob Did n't in the too familiar groves of Pentonville ; or the seedy man in shirt-sleeves, who walks the star- board plank with a pole and thinks he is busy, may yell a ragged joke to a comrade similarly employed on one of the other barges. Or even, and indeed very probably, the heavily cravated, dogskin-capped helmsman may suddenly be moved to a hoarse volley of words so saturated, dominated, upheld, overborne by the epithet " bloody," that the " coal-bunker " might almost be taken for a slaughter-house escaping in dis- guise. But even the barges slump up-stream Digitized by VjOOQIC 78 Madge o* the Pool : out of sight before long : and then, how quiet the river is for a space ! The wharf-rats are so fat that they make a stone-like splash when they plunge through the grain-dollops; but only a practised ear could recognise the sound in the rude sussumis of the current, or "spot'* the shrill squeaks, as of a drowning and despairing penny-whistle, when a batch of these ** Thames- chickens" scurries in sudden flight down a granary-slide and goes flop into the quagmires of mud left uncovered by the ebb. But at the Pool there is never complete silence. Even if there be no wind, the curses of the Poolites (in at least twenty varieties of human lingo) would cause enough current of air to crease the river's dirty skin here and there into a grim smile. Like the rest of the world, the Pool has its sociable seasons. Broadly there are two. The shorter might be called that of the concertina and open-air " flings ; " the longer that of the riverine singing-dens and dancing-saloons. But the regular population has not much time for systematic gaiety, not even in the long summer nights: a bad season, in fact, when there is little business to be done and too much light to do it in. The stranger visiting the neighbour- Digitized by vjOOqIc A Thames Etching. 79 hood — that is to say the stranger who carries in his aspect too obvious credentials as to his respectability — might laugh at the idea of there being a Pool population at all, that is, of a per- manent kind. He will find the saloons in the locality haunted by a motley gathering, where as a rule the ladies show no insular partiality in their acceptance of partners either in the danc- ing-shops or other dens of more or less repute, and where, without having had the advantages of an excellent training at a young ladies' acad- emy, they seem quite at ease with gentlemen of foreign parts, coloured or otherwise, who talk no lingo but their own. It is, in fact, a cosmo- politan society. The civilisation of the west and the wisdom of the east meet constantly in the intercourse of the Irish dock-labourer and the Chinese " grubber ; '* and the coolie or Malay is as much at home as the Dutchman or Portugee. There is a clan of which almost nothing is known. It is the people of the Pool. Ask the river-police, and they will tell you something of the "water-rats," though if your informant be candid he will add that he can't tell you much. >Ian^ unfortunate travellers have met members Digitized by VjOOQIC 8o Madge o' the Pool : of the fraternity; for one of their favourite and most reputable pursuits is the ferrying at exor- bitant prices (the inevitable purloining skilfully carried on at a certain stage is not charged for) of would-be voyagers by the Hamburg and Bal- tic steamers, when, on account of the tide, em- barkation has to take place midstream. The Poolites haunt Irongate and Horsleydown stairs, and are given to resenting active interest in their vested rights. But their chief means of life is otherwise obtained. They are the vermin of the Thames, and they scour its surface by night with irreproachable industry and thoroughness. It would not be easy to describe what they do, particularly under cover of mist or fog; it is simplest to say that they will do anything^ ex- cept speak to a " cat" or refuse a drink, A " cat," it may be observed, is the name applied to a member of the river-police ; and as the " cats " are always wonying, even when not directly chasing the Poolites, or "rats," the result is incompatibility of temper. Many of the Poolites haunt holes and comers in the neighbourhood of Horsleydown stairs. Some have their lair in old boats, or among rotten sheds or wood-piles ; others are as home- Digitized by vjOoqIc A Thames Etching. 8i less, as well as unpleasant and as fierce as dung-beetles. Among them there are "rats of either sex who are practically never ashore, whose knowledge of London is confined to familiarity with the grim river-frontages, and whose sole concern in connection with "the great name of England is a chronic uneasiness about her might and majesty in the guise of the police. A score or so of Poolites are marked men. That is to say, either through length of expe- rience in loafing and vagabondage, or owing to proved crime, their names are known to the " cats,** and their persons occasionally wanted. An invincible modesty characterises the Poolite. He sees no distinction in public arrest, and the halo of a conviction does not allure him. In a word, he is a water-rat, and wishes to remain one. The fact that he was so well-known, and could generally be easily found, was a chronic sore in the drink-besotted mind of old Dick Robins. He loathed this distinction, and could be have gained prolonged credit at any other gin-shop than that of his brother Bill he would 6 Digitized by VjOOQIC 82 Madge o'tBc Pool: have shifted his quarters. The fact that, as a younger man, twenty years earlier, when he was about thirty, — for age does not go by years in every part of the world — he had thrice served his term in jail, may have prejudiced him against any radical change in his way of life. On the second occasion he had appropriated in too conspicuous a fashion the contents of a lady's pocket, the wife of a sea-captain with whom he had found it difficult to come to an exorbitant arrangement ; and for this very nat- ural action he was condemned to three years' imprisonment, with atrocious and objectionable hard labour. He would have been embittered against the law to the end of his days, if he had not been so far mollified by the light sentence on his third "go," one of six weeks, — thus light, as the charge was only of having brutally kicked his wife up and down a barge and then into the half-frozen Thames. As she died of rheumatic fever, Mr. Robins could not legally, of course, be held accountable. For twenty years or more Dick Robins had found gin so pleasing a mistress that he had been unable to give any but the most nominal attention — it would be absurd to say to the education — to Digitized by VjOOQIC A Thames Etching. 83 the growth of his daughter. Her name was ^^girl:" that is, his name for her. Baptised Margaret, she was commonly called Madge. He realised that she was a girl, and comely, on account of various ideas of his own and sugges> tions from outside, all on the same level of pro- found depravity. He first regarded her as a woman when, having lost eleven and fourpence at Wapping-euchre to Ned Bull, that gentleman generously ofiEered to overlook the debt, and to spend the remaining eight and eightpence of the broken quid in two bottles of "Jamaicy" and four goes of " Aunt Maria," conditionally on receipt of Madge as the legal Mrs. Bull. The ofiEer would have been accepted right ofiE, but Mr. Robins found to his chagrin that the bottles of rum and goes of proof-gin would not be consumable till the marriage festival Madge was a dark, handsome girl, tall, well- made though too thin, somewhat slatternly in dress, though generally with a clean face, and, stranger to say, with fairly clean hands. N either she nor anyone else would have dreamed of the application to her of the term <* beautiful." Only those who caught a glimpse of her as she stood in a statuesque pose, pole in hand, on some hay Digitized by VjOOQIC 84 Madge o' the Pool : barge or hoy in ballast, or as she sculled up stream or down, deft as a duck in the fen- tangle, noticed the beauty of her thick-clustered, ample hair, and mayhap the splendour of her large, dark, velvety eyes. Madge knew very little of shore-life, even that of the Horsleydown neighbourhood, and nothing at all of the larger life of that vast metropolis which represented the world to her : though she was vaguely aware that beyond the Isle of Dogs the Thames widened to that sea which bore the foreign ships that came to London, and brought so many mariners of divers nationalities, all equally eager for two things: strong drink and purchaseable women. When ashore, she was generally at the house of her uncle Bill the publican, or, more often, at that of her sister-in-law, Nell Robins. For all her rough life, her rude im- aginings, her uncouth surroundings, her igno- rance of refinement in speech or manner, Madge was pure of heart, honourable in all her intimate dealings, and as upright generally as she had any call to be. Dick Robins was coarse and brutal enough in his talk when she had refused to desert the river-life of the Pool in order to act as bar-mai4 Digitized by VjOOQIC A Thames Etching. 85 at her uncle's public-house, the " Jolly Rovers." With all her experience, and she could have given points to most specialists in blasphemy, she learned the full vocabulary of utter degra- dation when she told her father that '^Gawd hisself couldn't swop her to that beast, Ned Bull, without her will, which would never be till she was drownded, and not then." The drink-sodden brute went so far, even before he violently struck her again and again, that, though he confirmed her in her abhorrence of the proposed union, he was the first great reforming force in her life. After tkat^ she realised, she lAight "dry up." Foulness of speech could go no further. A disgust of it all came upon the girl. She prayed an unwonted prayer to that m3^terious abstraction God, whose name she heard as often as that of the police, that she might have strength to refrain from all ugly horrors of speech, except, of course, such acknowledged ornaments of conversation as "bloody "and "damn." Yet no, not quite the first, if the most imme- diate, reforming influence. She had already Incurred the wrath and contempt of the Horsley- down and Irongate mudswipes, by her attitude Digitized by VjOOQIC 86 Madge o' the Pool : towards Jim Shaw, a despised and hated " cat," a river policeman. He had saved her from drowning, on an occasion when the most obvious help lay with her own people, not one of whom, boy or man, had bestirred himself. ** Water- rat' though she was, and acknowledged foe as was every ' cat," she was so little at one with her kindred as to be able to feel grateful towards her saviour, particularly as he was so good-looking a deliverer, and possessed, in her eyes, a manner of ideal grace and dignity. It was on a dirty, foggy, December afternoon that Dick Robins had tried, through a flood of blasphemy and obscenity, to drift his meaning alongside the wharf of the girl's mind. When he found that she would have none of it, was a rebel outright, he followed curses with blows, till at last, wild with rage and pain, Madge rushed from the low tavern whither her father had inveigled her. Naturally, she made straight for the river. Having sprung into a dingy, she sculled rapidly amidstream. She had no idea what she was going to do. To get quite away from that horrible street, from that drink-den, from that human beast who called himself her father — that was her one overmastering wish.. Digitized by VjOOQIC A Thames Etching. 8/ An unpleasant fate might easily have been hers that night, had she not fortunately broken an oar. The swing of the current caught the boat, and in a moment she was broadside on. A wood-barge and a collier were coming down, and a large steamer forging up-stream, and there she jobbled helplessly, right in their way, and almost certain to be crushed or swamped. All the girl's usual resourcefulness suddenly left her. She realised that she was done for, a thought at which not she but only her youth instinctively rebelled. Suddenly, slump — slump — splash — came the wood-barge almost upon her. She saw a pole thrust past her to stave the dingy off from too violent a concussion ; and the next moment some one was over the low side and in the boat beside her. She recognised Jim Shaw, as in a dream. " Here, I '11 put you right," he said roughly ; " hand me that oar." While sculling from the stem-rollock, he told her that he had been up- stream on duty, and had been given a lift down again by his friend, the owner of the barge " Pride of Wapping ; " that he had seen her predicament, and, as tiie distance narrowed, Digitized by VjOOQIC 88 Madge o' the Pool : recognised her face; and that << there he was." Madge thanked him earnestly, and remarked, incidentally, that " it was a bloody near squeak." She saw him look at her, and glanced back with a new, vague apprehension. ''You're a pretty girl, Madge, and a good girl, I believe, — too good to use that rot Wy, blast me, if I 'eard a sister o' mine use that word * bloody ' so free permiskuous, I 'd let her know — damme if I would n't I " " Have you a sister, Mr. — Mr. — Shaw ? " asked Madge, curiously, and not in the least offended. " No, nor no mother, neither ; but I had 'em. Look here, Madge, I 'm a lonely chap, an' I 've took a fancy to you — did that time I hauled ye out o' the Pool —and I '11 tell you wot : you cut old Robins and all that gang, and be my gal ? " Madge turned her great eyes upon him. He thought she was scornful, or mayhap only reckoning up the actual and possible advan- tages of the connection. She, for her part, was taken aback by what seemed to her his splendid chivalry and the refined charm of his address. " Now then, lass, say yes or no, for we '11 be Digitized by VjOOQIC A Thames Etching. 89 along o' the Irongate in a jiffy, an' some o' your lot 's bound to be there." " I '11 be your gal, Jim Shaw," was all she said, in a low voice. Shaw thereupon gave the oar a twist, and kept the boat midstream for a hundred yards or so below Irongate wharf. When nearly opposite a small floating quay marked No. 9, he sculled alongside. Ten minutes later he had obtained leave of absence for the night, and then he and Madge went ofiE together to hunt for lodgings. For the next few days Madge was fairly happy. She would have been quite happy if she and Jim could have been with each other; but it was a busy time with the river-police, and he could not get away at nights. He got back to their room between six and eight in the morning, but had to sleep till well after mid- day ; and as he had to be on duty again by six, and sometimes earlier, they had not much time for going an3rwhere together. But, in truth, Madge cared little for the entertainments they did go to. The painted tawdry women offended her in a way they had never done before ; the coarse jokes of the men did not strike her as Digitized by VjOOQIC 90 Madge o' the Pool : fanny. She was dimly conscious of a great change in herself. Physically and mentally she was another woman after that first night alone with Jim. She was his "gal,'* and would be the mother of their <<kid" if she had one; but it was not the obvious in wifehoo4 or motherhood that took possession of her dormant imagination, but something mysterious, awful even, sacred. The outward sign of this spiritual revolution, this new, solemnising, exquisite ob- session, was a complete cessation from even such customary flowers of speech as those above alluded to ; and, later, a more scrupulous tidi- ness. What joy it was when Jim told her one morning that he was to have Boxing-day as a complete holiday. At last the heavens seemed opened. He proposed all manner of wild and extravagant trips: a visit to the inside of St Paul's or the Tower, so familiar externally to both, to be followed by an omnibus-trip through the great city to that home of splendour, Madame Tussaud's, or even to the Zoological Gardens, the monkey-house in which had made on Jim's boyhood-mind an indelible impression of ex- cruciating hiunour. The wildest suggestion of all was a triple glory : the Tower and St Digitized by VjOOQIC A Thames Etching. 91 Paul's, then far away to the gorgeous delights of the Crystal Palace, and at night to the Pan- tomime at Drury Lane. But in great happiness the mind sometimes resents superfluity of joys. In deep love, as in deep water, says a great writer, there is a gloom. The gloom, in the instance of Madge, arose from her profound weariness of the streets and the house-life, her overmastering longing for the river. If an angd had ofiEered her a boon, she would have fulfilled a passionate dream by becoming a female member of the river-police, and being ranked as Jim Shaw's mate. When Jim realised what was in the girl's mind and heart, he good-naturedly, though not with- out a sigh, gave up his projects, and bestirred himself to please Madge. One suggestion he did make: that they should get '* spliced;" but Madge thought this a waste of time, money, and even welfare — for she vaguely realised that she had, and probably would continue to have, more hold over Jim as her "man" than as her legal husband. "It might be better," he remarked once, meditatively. "But why; donU I love you?" was Madge's na'fve and unanswerable reply. Digitized by VjOOQIC 92 Madge o' the Pool : By Christmas Day all was arranged. Jim knew the captain of a river steamer who had promised to take them as far as Kew. Thence they were to go by rail to Windsor, to show Madge those two marvels, — where the Queen lived, and "the real country;" then they were to leave in time to catch the ebb-tide below Richmond, and go down stream on a friend's hoy, the "Dancing Mary,'* all the way to Gravesend. Madge would thus see the country and the ocean in one day, and yet all the time be on the river. The project was a mental intoxication to her. She was in a dream by day, a fever by night Jim laughingly told her that he would be blowed if he would ask for another holiday soon. A memorable day, indeed, it proved. Madge's education received an almost perilously rapid stimulus. Long before dusk she had won for herself, besides a little rapture, a new pain that would henceforth be a constant ally, and per- haps a tyrant The beauty even of the winter-riverscape afEected her painfully. That great stillness, that indescribable calm, that white peace, that stainless purity of the snowy vicinage of the Digitized by VjOOQIC A Thames Etching. 93 Thames near Windsor, was an overwhelming reproach upon life as she knew it, and upon herself. She was conscious of three emotions : horror of the past, gratitude to Jim, her saviour and revealer, and a dumb sense of the glory of life as it might be. But at first she was simply overcome. If she had not feared how Jim would take such folly, she would have screamed, if for nothing else than to break the silence. He had his pipe, merciful boon for the stagnant spirit and the inactive mind; she had nothing to dis- tract her outer from her inner self, nothing to ease her from the dull perplexity and pain of that incessant if almost inarticulate soul-sum- mons of which she was dimly conscious. More than once, even, a great home-sickness came upon her ; a bodily nostalgia for that dirty, con- gested, often hideous, always squalid life, to which she had been born, and in which she had been bred. Once, at a lonely spot, where the river curved through snow-clad meadows, with an austere but exquisite beauty, she was con- scious of a certain relief, when she and her fellow-passengers were collectively swept by a volcanic lava-flood of abuse from an infuriated bargee, horrible to most ears that heard, but to Digitized by VjOOQIC 94 1HH% o' the Pool : her coining as inland odours to tised, seamen, subtly welcome as it was in its appealing home-sound. She was affected as profoundly, if not so acutely, by the voyage down the lower reaches of the Thames beyond the Pool. Windsor itself had not greatly impressed her. It was too remotely grand. When, late that night, the hoy anchored ofiE Gravesend, and through the darkness came up a moan, and a sigh, and a tumult as of muffled steps and stifled whispers, that was the voice of the sea, Madge, almost for the first time in her life, was troubled by the thought of death. The night was dark, without moon, and the stars were obscured by drifted smoke and opaque films of mist. An easterly wind worried the waves as they came slap-slapping against the current, and there was often a sound as of irregular mus- ketry. A sXtzdy swish^swish accompanied the now flowing tide, or the way of the wind. The salt chill that came with it made the girPs blood tingle. She longed to do something, she knew not what. They had two berths to themselves, screened 80 efficiently as to give them all the privacy of Digitized by VjOOQIC A Thames Etching. 95 a bedroom. They were very happy after their long wonderful day; but what with happiness, many pipefuls of tobacco, and liberal gin, Jim soon fell asleep. Madge lay awake for hours. It was a boisterous night seaward. The reach of the Thames estuary thereabouts was all in a jumble. The wind, surging overhead, had a cry in it foreign to any inland wail or city scream. Madge listened and trembled. The sound of the sea calling : it was a revelation, a memory, a prophecy, a menace. Digitized by VjOOQIC 96 Madge o' the Pool : II. Next day, Madge learned what she had ex- pected : that her voyage down-stream had been duly noted by her kindred. She knew them well enough to regret that she and Jim had not kept out of sight from, at any rate, London Bridge to the Isle of Dogs. Jim laughed at her fears, but warned her to hold her weather-eye open, and, in particular, to avoid the Pool. This, unfortunately, was just what Madge could not do. She had the river-water in her blood. Jim might as well have put a mouse near a cheese and told it to stay beside the empty bread-plate. Gradually she became a more and more fre- quent visitor to her old haunts. It was com- monly understood, Irongate-way, that Madge had gone off with some seafaring chap, but was getting tired, or perhaps was not finding the " rhino " quite so free. On the other hand, her secret was known where she would fain have had it xmguessed. She had a good deal to Digitized by VjOOQIC A Thames Etching. 97 put up with. The female Poolites had nasty tongues; the males of the species, whom she had kept at bay before with comparative ease, believed that they might now have a turn. An unspoken but not less dreaded ban lay upon her on the part of her own people. Now and again she saw Ned Bull, and the savage lust in the mans brutal face, with a concurrent hatred and revengeful malice, sent all her nature into revolt He caught her one day on Horsleydown stairs, and at once leered at her in devilish fashion and taunted her. She swung round and struck him full in the face. The next moment she was in the water. When a sympathetic bystander had hauled her out — sympathetic in the sense that he wanted to see Bull " give the gal her change ' in full — the man strode up and hissed in her ear, — " I '11 knife that bully-rip o* yourn as sure 's I 'm death on < cats ; ' ay, an* wot 's more, I '11 'ave you as my gal yet" < Ay, Ned Bull," answered Madge, in a loud, clear voice, while her great eyes flashed daunt- less defiance, "that you will when the Pool's run dry, an' I 'm squeaking like a rat in the mud; but not afore that, s' 'elp me Gawd I" 7 Digitized by VjOOQIC 98 Madge o' the Pool : After this episode Madge knew that she would have to be doubly on her guard. Ned Bull was not a man to have as an enemy, particularly as he knew well where to strike the only blow she really feared. And, as it happened, her fears ultimately proved to be only too well- grounded; though some months passed in ap- parent security. The only one among all whom she knew, who had remained loyal to her, was a girl called Arabella Goodge, to whom she had once done a prompt service. The girl had sworn that she would never be content till she had proved her gratitude, and she meant it The oppor- tunity came at last Late one afternoon in June, just six months after her union with Jim, Madge was astonished to hear herself asked for at the door of her lodging. " Is this wheer Jim Shaw's gal lives ? " was not tactful, perhaps, but it was unmistak- able. Madge recognised the voice, and was eager to see one whom instinctively she knew to be a herald of good or evil ; yet she could not but enjoy a delay which involved so personal a passage of arms as tdat which took place be- tween Mrs. McCorkoran, the landlady, and Digitized by VjOOQIC A Thames Etching. 99 Miss Goodge. Ultimately Miss Goodge was announced into the presence of " Mrs. Shaw, an' Mrs. James Shaw at that, an' be damned t'ye!" The girl came — and at what risk to herself no one could better know than Madge — to give warning of a plot. Two boats of " rats " were to lie in wait that very night, if the fog held, and run down the " Swiftsure," a particularly obnoxious ' cat-boat' Of course Miss Goodge would not have troubled to track down and visit Madge merely to tell her an interesting item of news ; only it happened that Jim Shaw was " stroke " in the " Swiftsure." Madge realised the peril at once. She thanked Arabella cordially, and then set off for Jim's station. The news was doubly welcome to Jim ; it meant promotion probably, as well as the excitement of a fight and of turning the tables. The upshot was, that a boat with three or four dummy figures was at the right hour set adrift through the fog just above the ap- pointed spot. The bait took. The collision took place, and Jim Shaws dummy in particular suffered from concussion of the brain from an iron, crowbar as well as from submersion in the Digitized by VjOOQIC lOO Madge o' the Pool : river. The ** rats" had scarcely realised how they had been befooled when the < Swiftsure ' was upon them. There was a rush and struggle. The Pool-boat was upset, and each of the late occupants speedily nabbed, with the exception of Ned Bull, — an exception which Jim Shaw regretted personally for obvious reasons, and officially because tiiat individual was particu- larly wanted at head-quarters, and his capture meant for the captor approval, and possibly promotion, by the powers that were. Nevertheless, practical approval came. True, the crew of the " Swiftsure " were individually and collectively called " du£Eers '* for having let Bull escape, when at least they might have hit him on the head with an oar: though to this Jim Shaw replied, and of course was backed up by his comrades, that Ned Bull must have sunk and been carried off in the imdertow. A drowned Ned Bull was not so satisfactory as a caught Ned Bull ; but still the fact was one for congratulation. What most concerned Shaw was his promo- tion a grade higher. The superintendent who informed him of this rise further hinted that the yoimg man was looked upon favourably, and Digitized by VjOOQIC A Thames Etching. loi that he might expect to get on, if he kept on acting on the square and was diligently alert for the wicked. On his way home next morning, eager to tell Madge the good news, Jim pondered on how best to celebrate the occasion. Suddenly an idea occurred to him. Promotion and pros- pects have a stimulating effect on ethical con- ceptions. Jim decided, firstly, that he would make Madge his legal wife ; secondly, that he would forgive his enemies and invite old Robins and Will of the "Jolly Rovers," and Bob Rpbins and his wife, and make a day or rather an evening of it. This, he was sure, would give Madge a position and importance which she could not otherwise have, while it was almost the only way (except the convenient if perilous one of double-dealing) to remove or at least to modify the resentment which Madge had in- curred. Madge was delighted with his news. It meant another day, sometime, up the river ; another night, Gravesend way, within sound of the sea; and, moreover, Jim could now cany out his fascinating projects in connection with Madame Tussauds and the Crystal Palace. To the question of the marriage ceremony she Digitized by VjOOQIC 102 Madge o' the Pool : preserved an indifferent front. If Jim really wished it, she of course was willing; if he didn't, it was equally the same to her. The girl, in fact, was one of those rare natures to whom the thing was everything and the symbol of no moment But she was seriously opposed to Jims Christian charity in the matter of the proposed wedding-party. She loved his senti- mental weakness, but, with her greater knowl- edge of ineradicable depravity, she thought that the honour of her father's company might be dispensed with. She yielded at last to the suggestion as to her brother Bob and his wife, with a stipulation as to Arabella Goodge ; but disparagingly combated the claims of her uncle. Being a woman, however, having begun yield- ing, she yielded all. Before Jim went off to the river that night, the marriage-day was fixed, and it was decided that, at the subsequent party at the aristocratic river-side tavern, the " Blue Boar," the company of Jim and his groomsman, Ted Brown, and of Madge and her bridesmaid Arabella Goodge, was to be further graced by Mr. Dick Robins (if sufficiently sober), Mr. and Mrs. Robert Robins, and Mr. William Robins of the "Jolly Rovers." Digitized by VjOOQIC A Thames Etching. 103 The marriage was to take place three weeks hence, as Jim was to get his long-promised holiday of a week, from the morning of Satur- day the 1 8th of July till the evening of Friday the 24th. What a week this was to be ! Three days of it were to be spent in the remote and wild country of Pinner, of which suburban local- ity Jim was a native, though he had not been there since he was a small boy. His aunt owned a small sweet-shop and general station- ery business there, and would receive him and his bride for the slack days, Monday till Wednesday. As for the other days, the pro- posals of Madge were wild, those of Jim fantas- tically extravagant. The young man was more in love with Madge than ever, having the sense to see that she was one among a hundred or a thousand. Their life together had been a happy one for both. It was Jim, however, and not Madge who took a pleasurable interest in the fate of the child whose birth was expected in September. It was on the 15th of July, just three days be- fore the projected marriage, that Madge was startled, or at least perturbed, by an urgent message brought to her by a pot-boy from the Digitized by VjOOQIC 104 Madge o' the Pool : " Jolly Rovers." Her father was ill, dying, and wanted to see her at once. Madge was neither hard-hearted nor a cynic, but it was with perfect sincerity that she re- marked, sotto voce^ " I 11 be blowed if 1 11 rise to that fake." Later, however, something troubled her. A new tenderness, if also a new weariness, had come to her ever since she be- came daily and hourly conscious of the burden she bore within her. She was so much an unsullied child of nature, despite all her dis- coloured and distorted views of life, that this mystery of motherhood had all the astound- ing appeal of a new and extraordinary revela- tion. Jim's child and hers ! The thought was strange and quiet as that winter-landscape she had seen once and never forgotten; though at times as strangely and overmasteringly op- pressive as the silence of the starry sky, seen through the smoke or lifting fog, or above the flare of the gas-lamps in the street. The upshot was that she set out for Plum Alley, off Thompson's Court, the trans-riverine home of her father, when he was not at the " Jolly Rovers " or elsewhere. On the way she called at the station to see Jim, but heard to her Digitized by VjOOQIC A Thames Etching. 105 surprise that he was on special duty Horsley- down-way. She muttered that she might per- haps come across him, as she was just going there herself, — a remark which the superinten dent heard disapprovingly. ' Shaw's out on ticklish business, my girl," he said, kindly enough ; " and it would be better if you were to keep out of his way : better for us, better for him, and better for you." All the same, Madge, as she went on her way, hoped she might at least get a gh'mpse of Jim. Since the " Swift- sure " incident she had never felt at ease when Shaw was on special duty. She was aware that Ned Bull, even if he was not drowned, had left a legacy of hate and revenge. The July evening was heavy and sultry. The air was as though it consisted of a poisonous doud of gin-flavoured human breath, with rank odours of divers kinds. In the narrow courts and alleys near the river the heat was stifling. The thunder, which all afternoon had growled menacingly roimd the metropolitan skirts be- yond Muswell Hill and Highgate, had stolen past the eastern heights of Hampstead and crawled through the murky gloom of the town till it rested, sulkily brooding, from Pimlico to Blackfriars. Digitized by VjOOQIC I06 Madge o' the Pool : As Madge crossed the river, and stood for a few minutes to look longingly at the water, she noticed first that the tide was just on the turn of the ebb, and next that a tiiick, sultry fog, scarce less dense than a typical * London mixture,'* was crawling stealthily up-stream from Shoreditch and Wapping. She was thinking of Jim, and was rather glad that he was on shore-duty. When at last she reached Plum Alley, she found, somewhat to her surprise, that her father really awaited her. On the other hand, she saw at a glance that his "sudden illness'* was a "fake." Dick Robins, however, did not give his daughter time for an indignant retreat, much less for reproaches. " Look 'ere, girl," he began hoarsely, " your brother Bob 's in trouble, an' you 're the only blarsted swipe as can 'elp 'im. S' 'elp me Gawd, this yere is true, ev'ry word on it, an' no fake. Wot? eh? Were is 'ee ? Wy, 'ce 's down China Run way. '£e's waitin' there. Waitin' for wot? Wy, blarst — I mean 'ee's awaitin' fur the stranger. Wot stranger ? Wy, the stranger as you 've to run down through the fog to the Isle o' Dogs." Digitized by VjOOQIC A Thames Etching. 107 Hoarse explanations, with remonstrances on the part of Madge, ensued, but at last she both understood and agreed. She had been brought up in full recognition of that cardinal rule that many things have to be done in life without knowing the why and the wherefore. She be- lieved in the present emergency, and understood why the task of conveying the stranger down- stream could be intrusted to no Poolite under a cloud. She was to go down to the sadly miscalled Larkwhistle Wharf, where she would find a boat in charge of a man. In the stern would be the " bundle." She was not to speak to this bundle " on any account, and was not to worry it " with curious looks. She was to row down-stream till o£E Pig Point in the Isle of Dogs, and wait ofiE shore till another boat joined her, and relieved her of her freight. The man, a friendly lighterman, would act as look- out and bow-pilot. "Wot about the weddin', father?" said Madge, somewhat reluctantly, as she was about to leave. Mr. Robins put down the bottle of "Aunt Maria," from which he had just taken a hoarse gurgling, salival swig. Digitized by VjOOQIC lOS Madge o' the Pool : " Oh — ah — to be sure — wot about the wed- dinM Ha, ha! WeU, I 'm blarsted if I know if my noomerous parlyhairymentary dooties — hiccough and choke — Yes, by Goramity, I m bl " Madge did not wait to hear any more. She had done her duty so far, and the sooner the rest of it was fulfilled the better content would she be. She could not leave, however, without a parting shot. Dick Robins heard her voice as she vanished down-stairs : ' Remember, father, if you and * Aunt Maria ' come together on Saturday, you won't be allowed in!" When she reached Larkwhistle Wharf she was perspiring heavily. The brooding thunder overhead, the stagnant atmosphere, the airless, suffocating fog, made existence a burden and action a misery. Movement on the water, how- ever, promised some reliel There was no one on the wharf, nothing beside it except a boat in which a muf&ed figure crouched in the stem-sheets, with a tall man seated upright in the bow. This was her boat, clearly. As she stepped across the gunwale, Madge Digitized by VjOOQIC A Thames Etching. 109 started and trembled. For a moment she tiiought she recognised, in the silent surly lighterman, no other than Ned Bull; but when she saw that he looked away, indifferent so far as she was concerned, and noticed that his hair was black and curly, and that he had a long beard, her sudden suspicion and fear lapsed into mere uneasiness. As for the other passenger, he was evidently determined to be- tray himself neither by word nor by gesture. In silence, save for the occasional splash of an oar and the steady gurgling wash at the bows, Madge rowed the boat down-stream. Thrice she was unpleasantly conscious of the hot breath of the lighterman upon her cheek ; at the third time, and without looking round, she quietly asked him to keep a steady look, out in front of him, as in such a fog an acci- dent might occur at any moment. At last she guessed that she was off the Isle of Dogs. She was glad. Not only was she exhausted with the heat and labour, but some- what anxious now about the condition of the boat, a rotten tub at the best. It had begun to leak, and the chill muddy water clammed her ankles. Suddenly, through the fog, she heard Digitized by VjOOQIC I lo Madge o' the Pool : the lighterman give a peculiar double-whistle. Almost immediately afterwards a boat, rowed swiftly by two men, shot alongside. The next moment the lighterman was aboard the new-comer. Once seated, he leaned over and whispering hoarsely to Madge to row straight on, after turning the boat's bow shore- ward, told her that as soon as she came to a pier she was to let the other passenger out. The man had scarce finished speaking before he and his companions became invisible in the mist Madge was again alarmed. The voice, sure- ly, was the voice of Ned Bull. She could have sworn to it, and yet — ? Wiping the sweat from her forehead, and pausing on her oars for a moment to listen to the distant moan and billowy hollow roar of the thunder, which had at last broken its brooding silence, she noticed suddenly that the leakage was rapidly becoming serious. The water was high above her ankles, and was swiftly rising. A gurgling sound behind her betrayed where the danger lay. The boat had been plugged, and the plug had just re- cently been removed! Digitized by VjOOQIC A Thames Etching. iii r Barely had she realised this when the dingy raked up against a jagged spike, and began to settle down. She knew it sdl now, all except the mystery of this taciturn, moveless stranger. So, Ned Bull was to have his revenge. But the need of prompt action brought all her energies into play. " Now then, you there," she cried angrily to her mute fellow-passenger, " you 've got tcr move if you don't want to fill yer boots wi' bottom-mud. We 're sinkin', d 'ye *ear ? . . .. Drat the bloomin' cove, 'ee 's asleep ! Hi I " But here there was a lurch and a rush of water. The boat collapsed, as though it were a squeezed sponge. ' No sooner had Madge found her breath after her submersion than she struck out to- wards and made a dive for her companion, who was evidently unable to swim, and was fast drowning. A minute later she had grasped him by his rags. She was conscious at the same moment of a red light piercing the gloom : the bow-light of a barge-bug churning splutteringly against the current and towing a half-empty hoy up-stream. She gave a loud cry for help, and then another Digitized by VjOOQIC 112 Madge o' the Pool : that was more like a shriek. The second was the result of a discovery that she had just made.	5,086
fullgloryofdiant00mighrich_3	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,909	The full glory of Diantha	Mighels, Ella Sterling, 1853-1934 \| John Forbes & Company	English	Spoken	7,298	8,977	" I am so glad," she said meekly. At this moment the coyotes burst into a weird howl as if in derision, and in DIANTHA ASCENDS A MOUNTAIN 65 spite of herself, as he turned to lead the way back to the river, she seized hold of his coat. The wild beasts sounded so near and she was afraid two or three of those long paces of his would carry him out of sight and reach. " I hope you don't mind," she said, faintly. " Hang on," he said briefly, and thus they came to the bank of the stream. There he stopped and said abruptly, " But how are you going to get across is the question." She said something about wishing she had wings so she could fly over, but he never relaxed from that severity of his. He said that the current was swift only in the center, but that it was so full of rocks that that alone made it impossible for her to wade it as he had done. " Perhaps I could carry you over ? " he said. " Oh, no, not at all," she spoke up with alacrity. " You go home and I'll stay here. I'm not afraid now." " Such nonsense ! " he exclaimed. A faint drizzle filled the air. As he went down to the bank and told her to follow, she felt as if the world were coming to an end and she was so footsore and weary she did not much care. He stepped off into the water, and turned around to her as she stood on the bank and, without a word, he put his strbng arms around her as if she were a helpless child. Then he lifted her, saying, " Put your arms around my neck and hold tight." Then into the dark water, he made his way forward. There was something so bewildering about it all, that she said to herself, " I am dreaming, that's what it is." But there she was with her arm about his neck and being " toted " over the river like a baby. That she, Diantha March, should live to see herself in such a situation, such 66 THE FULL GLORY OF DIANTHA a predicament, such a part as that, was past belief, she thought to herself. He almost stumbled once ; it was in the center, where the current was swishing about them, and the depth was up above his knees. She held her breath and tried not to clinch too tight and thought a thousand thoughts, enough to last a lifetime. All at once she remembered Crania, who was carried over the River Shannon by her lover, Diarmid, in the le§endary days, as told her by her dear old grandmother, and she felt a glamour stealing over her it was hard to resist. His breath was on her cheek and it was as sweet as a girl's. He regained his balance and went on steadily. She thought to herself that if they both had fallen into a hole in the treacherous depth of that mountain stream, then and there, and had been drowned together, well — and she drew a full breath, it would have been a sweet death to die. He was so free from the horrid usual con- comitants of a man, she told herself, that he was actually inviting. There was no vinous breath, no stale tobacco- odor, nothing but just the sweetness of a man newly born upon him. And she was so grateful to him, and so dependent upon his strength, and it was so dangerous with the current's cold swish below, that everything made her forget that she was not a child at that moment. Yet vaguely she wondered to herself why it was that a woman or a child even should think that a kiss could pay for things as well or better than a coin of the realm. Especially why such a thought as that should have been suggested to her who had never kissed any man outside of her kin. But the idea was almost irresistible, as she DIANTHA ASCENDS A MOUNTAIN 67 felt his breath coming fast, and his heart beating in strong sledge-hammer thumps, with the tremendous energy he was putting forth to bear her across the treacherous waters below, in safety. It seemed to her she had lived a lifetime, when finally he. had reached the opposite bank and set her again upon the ground. "If it hadn't been for that rock rolling over in the center," said he, " I think I could have gotten you over perfectly dry." She felt in a dream more than ever, for it had been the boast of Diarmid that he had carried Crania over without so much as dampening the hem of her robe. She came to her senses and realized that her feet were a little cold, yes, they were even dripping with water, but she had not noticed it before. He leaned over and wrung out some of the water from his trouser's legs and then led the way to the road. It grew darker all the time, but they just jogged along in silence at first. After a while he asked almost im- patiently, " Why did you do such a fool thing ? " And his voice sounded like music in her ears. " So she told him how she had wanted to be alone, how tired she had become of seeing so many people all about her, packed in tight in the New York flats, like living sardines, and all about her bachelor-girl friends of Pleiades Court in New York — as they went walking along the dark road, with the derisive howls of the coyotes punctuat- ing the night, and the hoot of an owl adding its weird- ness to the hour. He seemed interested, and so she told him about the Henry George meetings in the sum- 68 THE FULL GLORY OF DIANTHA mer, in Madison Square, and how they walked through the streets in the twilight without any hats on, and at- tended their meetings as other people did their churches. He seemed surprised at this item, for he was not aware that the author of " Progress and Poverty " was taken so seriously as all that. Then she told him about how she had left home and gone to Boston, and what an admirable man her father was, and many other things. He told her about his mother, and how he had given up going to college when his father had died, and similar bits of great interest to her. She felt that she had never had a more delightful talk with anyone in her life, in spite of her blistered feet, which were also wet and by now a mass of mud. They came to where the horse had been tethered, and he insisted on her getting on while he led him. But she only stayed on for a short rest, for the animal limped so she feared he would stumble and fall with her. So on they went, till the hour of dawn began to il- lumine the heavens, and by this time she was hanging on to his arm and merely dragging her feet after her. After the sun began to appear in a chariot of red and purple clouds, he told her that they should not have more than a couple of miles further to go, and then they relapsed into a furious silence — saying nothing but thinking thousands of things. Suddenly he said, " I suppose you will be prepared for what is to follow ? " She told him she doubtless would have a bad cold. He said, " You must be very simple — " and then left it unfinished. She began to get uncomfortable. He went DIANTHA ASCENDS A MOUNTAIN 69 on and asked if she had never read "The Mill on the Floss." " Of course, I have," she replied, a little worried, " Maggie Tulliver is a great favorite of mine." " Well, we shall have to be cleverer than Maggie was/' he said, presently. He looked at his watch. " At the present rate we are going, we shall arrive at the camp about five o'clock. There are some mean folks in our town, as well as there were in Maggie's village, so we may as well get ready for them beforehand." " What do you mean ? " she asked. " Well, I shall say we are engaged to be married, and in a couple of weeks you can break it off." She thought to herself that he said it as coolly as if he had remarked, " I will pass you the cucumbers." " But — you don't want, to — marry ? " she said stupidly. "Of course not, I can't afford it," he made reply, and then he added in what seemed to her the most pecul- iar way, as if significant of a thousand things, " be- sides—" While she was trying to understand what this might possibly mean, there came a sound of tramping hoofs down the road, and presently appeared three men on horseback on a search for them. Then with John Quincy driving, followed a double-seated rig, in which to place them when found. Mrs. Mackintosh could keep the secret no longer and had sent them out to their assist- ance. In an instant, John was on the ground to give Diantha a lift into the vehicle, and the three men had 70 THE FULL GLORY OF DIANTHA sprung to his assistance, holding the bridles of their horses about their left arms. They were all waved away, however, by " that man," as Diantha called him. " Miss March is my affianced wife," said he, as calm as ice, " I claim the privilege — " and he lifted her up with a great strong swing that made her feel as if she were a child in his arms, in spite of her weight of a hundred and thirty pounds. " Oh, now, I call that a shame ! " exclaimed handsome John Quincy, impulsively. " The idea of you walking off like that with Miss March while the rest of us were trying to break the ice gradually! I never gave you credit for being such a bold one as all that, Caspar ! " " Still waters run deep," spoke one of the horsemen, sententiously. As for Diantha, she had to restrain her desire to laugh at everybody hysterically, and took refuge in the first thought that came into her head. " So lovely of you all to come out to find us, and give us such a wel- come home. You can never know how grateful I am." "A regular bridal procession," said old Dow, dryly, John Quincy went on with more of his demurrings, under cover of which Diantha spoke briefly to the man by her side, whose face was turned to the front and not to her at all. ;< Tell me quick, what sort of a man is that Lock- wood?" " An inveterate gambler," he replied. "And Harris?" " As good a man as breathes." DIANTHA ASCENDS A MOUNTAIN 71 As they drove up in front of the tavern Mrs. Mackin- tosh greeted her most sympathetically, and carried her off and put her to bed, where she remained for two days. She spent the time thinking to herself, " I was never so happy in my whole life and I was never so miserable. What did Caspar mean when he said, ' be- sides ? ' Was it because he has to support his mother or did he mean that when it came to marrying he had some one else in mind ? " CHAPTER X EVERTON IS IN EARNEST SOMETHING had happened to Stanley Everton. A new idea had entered his brain giving a new pulsation to his heart, as if there were an element like wine in his veins. All else beside that new idea paled into insignificance. He found the pessimistic epigrams of Colonel Quincy palling upon him, the tart sayings of old Lockwood jarring upon his nerves. His discontent increased until he found himself ring- ing the bell of the gold-and- white apartment where dwelt his old-time friend, Howard Rose, and his dark-haired wife, Vivian, celebrated for her beautiful singing voice. She met him delightfully, and told him all the news of Diantha as told her by the "Pleiades girls." " They say Diantha has met her fate out there," she announced to him as if much amused. "As if anybody could be good enough for our Diantha, even if he is a Hercules." " True enough," said Everton, more troubled than before. Later the two men strolled out together and in his perturbed state of mind Everton took his friend into his confidence and told him the whole story of his con- versation with Miss March and of the compact into which they had entered. " I should not have let her go," he said determinedly, 72 EVERTON IS IN EARNEST 73 "that was my mistake. But I hadn't the faintest idea that she would find anybody out there worth speaking to for three minutes, but from the letters I have re- ceived and the way the girls seem to be taking it, it would appear that this fellow who poses as a sort of local Hercules is having it all his own way. I don't like it, and I'm not going to stand for it. Diantha belongs to me by right of priority and I'm going to have her." Like himself, Howard Rose was also a New Yorker by adoption and he loved a battle of any kind. He was a man of few words, however, when he came to express himself, so he only smiled and said, " Why don't you go out there arid beat him at his own game ? " " That's not a bad idea," returned Everton, musingly. " But I wonder if there isn't something else I can do besides that, something that Miss March would like? How would it do to send out a library for the queer little schoolhouse church she tells about? And how about these girl friends of hers, of Pleiades Court, Col- leen, and the others? Couldn't I do something for them?" " Why, of course ! Let them have the fun of selecting the library," suggested Howard, " and give the whole bunch an automobile ride and a dinner with Vivian to chaperone them. Diantha will be sure to hear of it all right." " Yes, that's a good pointer," said Everton, still in a brown study, " and what about that Henry George busi- ness they all are so interested in, how would it do if I went with them to some of those Single Tax meet- ings?" 74 THE FULL GLORY OF DIANTHA Howard looked at him in deep amazement. " Why, Stanley, old man, you must be in earnest ! " " In earnest ? " he repeated fiercely, " I never was so determined to win a bet before in all my lifel" CHAPTER XI MOONLIGHT BENEATH THE PINES the life of her, Diantha March could never re- member how she managed to get through the next four weeks after her mountain-tramp all night with Caspar Rhodes. First of all there was her reckoning with Barry Lock- wood. She could never forget that morning with the hoarse roar of the sawmill sounding in her ears, when he came and stood by her desk with a derisive smile on his pasty-white face. "Well?" was all he said. She looked upon him as a kind of madman and there- fore knew she should be compelled to fall back upon all her woman's wit and cleverness to avoid a scene with him. " Oh," she said as quietly as she could possibly man- age it, "you want to know what has become of the money you were so good as to lend to the firm, till the missing money turns up? It's all right, I put it back into the safe, and Mr. Harris quite approves — don't you, Mr. Harris ? " At this Harris came forward and expressed himself as satisfied, but he was very pale and watchful of Lockwood, holding one of his crutches in his hand like a weapon to be used for striking. 75 76 THE FULL GLORY OF DIANTHA " You think you're damned smart ! don't you ? but you'll find it don't pay, my lady ! " exclaimed Barry through closed teeth in his baffled rage. " What kind of a bookkeeper are you, any way? " She took up one of her business-cards from the desk and passed it to him. It contained her name with three initials after it. He pretended he did not under- stand. " Diantha March, C. P. A.," he exclaimed scornfully. "What's that?" " That is my card," she said with all her power of self-control, " it tells you the kind of a bookkeeper I am, a Chartered Public Accountant. I won the title from a college in New York City." He seemed to realize that she was beyond his com- prehension. As he turned to leave the office beaten for the first time in his life in having his own way, he gave her a final shot. " Miss March, I give you warning ! people who live in glass houses can't afford to make enemies. Just think that over, will you ? " When he had departed she turned to Harris. " Something will have to be done, Mr. Harris, I can't go on like this," she said quietly. " What's the reason that brute is allowed to go on the way he is doing ? " " Because of the influence he has ; his uncle keeps him here." "But not if he knew he was stealing the cash from the safe," she exclaimed. " I know old Horace J. well enough for that. Why, the old man is a miser." MOONLIGHT BENEATH THE PINES 77 " And the nephew is a degenerate," added Harris. " I don't see how you have stood it," she said looking at Harris kindly. " We'll have to send for Burns to come out and give him a private report for Mr. Everton. He's the one that will see to it. Do you know Mr. Everton ? " " Only by name and hearsay," replied Harris. " He is one of the most admirable men you ever met," her voice was full of enthusiasm, " why, in the office we call him ' Everybody's Friend.' " " What a godsend you are, Miss March," spoke Martin Harris. " Maybe I'll get well now, but this thing has nearly eaten the heart out of me." " When you are dealing with a madman," said she sagely, " you are justified in saying anything and doing anything to prevent bloodshed. Now, we'll have to ask Burns to be sent out for some other reason than the real one. What can it be?" " Why, there has been some talk about putting in an electric plant, and I had hoped they would, because it would give Caspar a chance." " Oh, Caspar ! " she exclaimed. " You know he's pretty poor because he has to support four people on what he gets, that's why he couldn't give you anything for the library." " Oh, well ! then you write for Burns to be sent out to look into the matter and I will, too. By the way, Mr. Harris, that last remark of Mr. Lockwood's refers to something, I suppose, about Caspar — and me ? " " I am afraid it does, Miss March — but don't be troubled — everyone knows Caspar is the soul of honor." 78 THE FULL GLORY OF DIANTHA Later in the day Diantha had a talk with Mrs. Mackintosh and conveyed to her as delicately as possible that although she dressed plainly she received a good salary from the company equal to that of any man, and also that she taught in the night-school in New York in the winter and received for that another one hundred a month — and that she tried to be forehanded and thrifty. The good woman gazed upon her with admiration. " Well, then, Miss March, you are much better off than Caspar is. I don't think he has any idea of it." " No, of course he hasn't," said Diantha meaningly, " and he thinks he is too poor to marry — he only became engaged to me from a sense of duty and he expects me to break it off as soon as everyone gets through talking about our tramp the other night." "If it had been anyone but Caspar," said Mrs. Mack- intosh severely, " I could have understood it. But there is no need for any girl to have to marry Caspar even if she has been compelled to be out all night with him. That was why I chose him to go after you, because I knew he was a perfect gentleman, and I could trust him, as I could myself. Why, that man has never kissed a girl yet ! That's what they all say." Diantha steadied herself. It was true then. He was the Parsifal of her dreams, the pure and unsullied being she had come so far to find. She wanted to make it easy for him to be engaged to her, and this was why she had spoken, but it was all in vain. After her talk with Mrs. Mackintosh, Caspar hardly spoke to her at all on the veranda in the evenings. MOONLIGHT BENEATH THE PINES 79 He made only a few remarks and excused himself early and retired leaving her in an agony of doubt. At last she received a note from him saying that he thought she might as well break off the pretended en- gagement as it was no longer a matter of talk in the town and there was no need to keep it up any further. The same mail brought her a letter from her friend Colleen, telling her all the wonderful things Mr. Ever- ton was doing, about their selecting the library and the rides and pleasures he had given them, and also about his actually attending the Single Tax meetings. She stood meditating in the middle of the floor. "Well, I can almost understand how it was that Elizabeth loved that wicked Tannhauser of hers," she announced in her impatience. " It was because he had so many arts at his command that he knew how to flatter and please a woman while Wolfram was encased in a wall of stone in spite of all his many virtues and splendors." Why did Caspar act so peculiarly? She brought to mind the description of a painting one of the Pleiades girls had seen at The Paris Exposition. It was that of a girl standing in a wheat field and by her side was a grand knight in armor, with a bunch of red plumes rising above his helmet and he was ten feet tall and the girl loved him madly. But the fact was made plain in the painting that no one was really there beside her, glancing down with love in his eyes at her. He was transparent, so one could see the wheat stalks through him and was only the figment of her imagination. 80 THE FULL GLORY OF DIANTHA It occurred to her that maybe she was like the girl in the wheat field. She was all mistaken some way in thinking that Caspar really cared for her behind all that brusque manner of his. But how could she be so de- ceived. She had thought it was his poverty alone that stood between them and so had contrived to have Mrs. Mackintosh smooth away this difficulty by telling him of her own prosperity. But herd he was actually per- suading her it was time to break the engagement. " What can one do with a man like that ? " she ex- claimed, " he doesn't want to marry me, even if I am better off than he is — why! maybe that is what is the matter ! " She put her hand to her brow, as it flashed over her that Caspar was not civilized enough to want to marry a woman because she was well off, on the con- trary he doubtless scorned such a thought. When Mrs. Mackintosh had told him of her little prosperity it had only made an obstacle between them instead of helping matters any. She wondered how she could have been so crude and so lacking as not to have understood him better. " It has only taken five years in New York to make me forget how a true man feels on such a proposition as that. I am afraid I am losing my own sense of delicacy — and getting a little — hardened — hardened." She thought of Mr. Everton then and wondered if she might not appear to Caspar as Mr. Everton had ap- peared to her. She hastened to assure herself that she was not hardened, that she had only made a mistake and re- solved that she would not allow such a thing as this to MOONLIGHT BENEATH THE PINES 81 Come between her and Caspar. Her heart cried out fiercely against such a working of fate as losing him now that she had found him. She would do anything, make any sacrifice of her pride to have him say, " I love you." She had said that when one is dealing with a madman one was justified in saying or doing anything to prevent bloodshed. " And also to prevent heartbreak," she as- sured herself. " It is noble of Caspar to have such high ideas and I wouldn't have him otherwise, but" — and she shook her head, " it is a kind of madness to let pov- erty on his part and prosperity on my part stand between us two. I am too sensible, I will do some- thing, something to remove that idea from his brain and then see if he has a heart after all ! " That evening on the veranda she managed to make them all confess how many brothers and sisters there were in the family of each and then she announced she could beat them all, in that she was the youngest of twelve and the luckiest one of the flock, adding indiffer- ently, " That was why I left Canada for New York ; it needed somebody to get a little prosperity in the home- place." And then she turned her head and looked straight into Caspar's blue eyes and saw the kindling of a new flame in their depths. " Don't you think so, Mr. Rhodes ? " she said insist- ently, and he gave her a quick little nod. She had conveyed to him as cleverly as was possible the information she had desired to impart, that in spite of her fine salary she had so much to do for others 82 THE FULL GLORY OF DIANTHA dependent upon her that she had only enough left for her absolute needs. And she saw that he understood. Presently she rose to go within, and instead of giving her his usual chilly good night, he begged her to take a little walk with him in the moonlight. As she took his arm and walked along the moonlit road, up and down, in and out of the clump of sweet-smelling pines, she could feel that he was laboring under a great ex- citement. After a long silence, he said in a strangely hushed tone, " As long as it is for the last time — I may — as well — " and then he broke off abruptly. " May as well — what?" she said lightly as if it were nothing serious, but his blue eyes looked straight into hers for the first time, and she felt a great joy stealing into her heart. He was not ten feet high, nor did he wear a bunch of red plumes on the top of his helmet, yet she knew she was the girl in the wheat field. " Explain/' he said. But they walked up and down and speech hardly seemed necessary. " I feel that the moment has come," he ventured at last, " when you may break our — engagement with perfect safety — as the incident of a few weeks ago — or is it — years — ago — should be forgotten by now, and we need not keep up this pretence any longer. At the same time, how- ever, I feel that I must explain — something" — and his voice grew husky. " I am so glad," she said, " I thought you had some- thing to explain." " Oh, did you ? Well, that makes it easier, of course. MOONLIGHT BENEATH THE PINES 83 Now that we are to dissolve this — partnership. Shall I call it a partnership ? " She agreed she liked the term very well. " Now that we are to dissolve it," he repeated, " it will be no harm to tell you that this has been a very difficult role for me to play, because I have feared all the time that you would think I might be taking advan- tage of it, taking advantage of the circumstances, I mean — so that while I have been acting in a friendly way to make others believe we were engaged, at the same time, I have also been acting in a distant way to you, so as not to appear — too presumptuous." She agreed that it was something like that. " And another thing has troubled me very much," he continued, and she could feel his arm trembling with suppressed emotion where her fingers touched it lightly, " Mrs. Mackintosh intimated that you are well off and that added to my perplexity, for I feared you might suspect I had entrapped you — into this — partnership of — of ours — in some way." And then he burst out into a perfect tumult of feeling in such contrast to the measured sentences of the instant before, that she was almost alarmed as he went on to say that he could not stand it to be misunderstood like that for a moment. And that he had never been so thankful in his life as to hear that she was one of twelve children, and had to help her family. " For now I can act myself," he exclaimed eagerly, " and let you know the whole truth, now that I know you have responsibilities to others, the same as I have, 84 THE FULL GLORY OF DIANTHA and that it will not be taking advantage of the circum- stances — seeing now that they no longer exist." He saw reflected in her face a something of the wild- ness of his own, and calmed down suddenly. " I hope I have not alarmed you — for that would be too bad," and he laughed. Diantha's brain was in a tumult. What had he been saying? She couldn't for the life of her tell, only that the partnership was dissolved and he was very much relieved. But the look in his eyes did not go with the words. " Of course, when any one has duties to others, they take precedence over any personal feeling one may have," he went on, more calmly, " but that inexorable fact cannot prevent one from having personal feelings, however much one tries. And though I am in duty bound to step to one side and go from your life — for- ever — O Miss March ! " he took her hand in his and held it an instant, " I want you to know that I have never been so happy and yet so miserable in all my life as I have been since I first met you." It was no figment of her imagination. Her knight stood by her side. He was very much embarrassed then and so was she. She could not speak. She did not know why they had to part forever, and she did not care. It was enough to her that she knew he was real, and that she had heard him speak these words. " Happy and miserable ? Yes, that is what love means, undoubtedly," she thought to herself ; for that was the way she had been feeling, too, all the time of their partnership. MOONLIGHT BENEATH THE PINES 85 " Now that it is all over," he said, " I want you to know that I have never known any one like you in my life, so clever, so bright, so beautiful and so good." She had to laugh at that, and assured him he must be making fun of her. But he said no, he meant it, and then begged her to forgive him for appearing so ungen- erous about refusing to help out on the Sunday School fund for the reason that he had to be just, before he could afford to be generous; that he had to help his family first. Diantha was so happy that she did not care if he had a thousand brothers, sisters, mothers, and aunts to support. She rejoiced to think that here by her side was a man after her own heart, even if they did have to part for- ever. She was so glad that there was one such man left in the whole world, that it renewed her faith in mankind generally. Mr. Everton had been mistaken when he had said that there were no innocent men in the world, that they were all alike. She had proved it. Caspar was noble and high-minded as any Parsifal, as any Wolfram. He believed that duty came first — that she was involved in the needs of her family as he was himself in his, he accepted the inevitable patiently, yet must let her know that she was dear to him. That was enough for one night. They walked up and down in the splendid silver of the moonlight, unaware of the world in general, until some coarse creature thrust himself upon their notice by speaking out most rudely. Diantha had been so ab- sorbed in what Caspar was saying that she did not catch 86 THE FULL GLORY OF DIANTHA the words, but there was a raucous laugh that brought her to her senses. " I am afraid it was Lockwood," said Caspar. " But why do you say ' afraid/ " she ventured. " Because he has been trying to pick a fight with me for some time. He has an evil tongue." She understood. She had incurred his enmity and this was to be the revenge that he had threatened her with. She entreated Caspar not to pay any attention to him, but simply to consider the source, a gambler mad- dened by drink whose habits made him beneath contempt. "A man deserves to be killed who takes a woman's name in vain/' said he resolutely. " O Caspar," she exclaimed, as the terrors of the sit- uation dawned on her, " and have you been enduring this, too, on top of all those other troubles — for me ? " As she glanced into his face for one good look, she saw that his forehead under the thick mop of hair was almost milk-white, that his dark beard did not conceal his high cheek-bones and that the ascetic tightening of his lips, did not prevent their being as red as a woman's and that there was a spark of fire shining in his dark- blue eyes. " I think we had better be going in," he said, " for though it is so beautiful out here in the moonlight, we know well enough that all these things have to come to an end." CHAPTER XII ONE DANCE WITH CASPAR ON the announcing of the breaking of the engage- ment of Caspar and Diantha, John Quincy begged that Miss March would accept him for escort to the Grand Ball which was to be given at the Junction by the Woodmen, a fraternal organization of which Caspar was treasurer. Mrs. Mackintosh urged her to do so as they were all going together in a group to have a good time. Finding that Caspar would be there, Diantha got out her party-gown and waved her hair and burst upon them all like a butterfly fresh from its chrysalis. She would compel him to look at her. From afar she saw him. As usual he was alone. Her heart yearned over him. What a maddening thing it was that they should be so near and yet so far. She felt she would dare every convention to have one dance with him. Yet how? A broken engagement generally left a pair at outs with each other. It would be in- consistent, it would be a cause for scandal for them to be friendly enough to dance ! She looked up to find Barry Lockwood asking for her programme. It was full already but the menace in his eyes filled her with dread. She realized that he meant to make trouble. 87 88 THE FULL GLORY OF DIANTHA "Don't be worried, Miss March," said Mrs. Mackin- tosh, "everybody knows that Barry is jealous!" Diantha took a breath. This then was the way it appeared to the people of Boulder. On the whole it was better to let them think so than to have them know the truth until he was uncovered and cast out in all his in- famy. She wondered how long it would be until Burns came out to learn what was the matter and then go back to reveal it all to Everton, who would see that justice was done and the town rid of his hated presence. Until then she realized she would have to be very cir- cumspect, very cautious, or the bad blood already existing between him and Caspar would have some terrible result. Yet her heart cried out that she wanted to have just one dance with Caspar and then she would be content. She took John Quincy into her confidence and as he was always good-natured, he assented to her proposi- tion most willingly. They went out on the floor and whirled around the room several times, and then as they reached the door, where was one standing in rather somber mood, John released her and said promptly, " Well, Caspar, here's your chance ! " A brilliant light came into his blue eyes as he smiled at her, but there came a tremble about his lip as if he were trying to control himself. " How do you know whether I can dance or not ? " " I don't care whether you can or not ! " she said eagerly, " but I can't endure it to see you here all alone while I am having such a good time." ONE DANCE WITH CASPAR 89 He put his arm about her waist gently, and swung out with that strong impetus that made her feel he was a natural waltzer, slow and steady and measured like the beat of a pendulum. It was not the latest step like John's, but plain and masterful like a strong heart-beat in its systole and diastole. She was so happy; only she knew it must come to an end, and what she was going to do then she did not know. For with that sweet breath upon her cheek she thought again of the night when he had carried her over the dark river, and she longed to be free from conventions and other people and customs and manners so she might shake off the whole world and be with him alone. She was rudely awakened from her thoughts by some- one getting in the way and pushing against them and throwing them out of balance. She saw the smiling white face of Lockwood with its red-lidded eyes. She heard the insulting words of familiarity with which he addressed her in the presence of Caspar to enrage him and bring about a miserable scene there before every one. This was to be his revenge for her guarding the safe from his infamous schemes. " Nobody pays any attention to a drunken man's insults," she said quickly, noting the suppressed rage in Caspar's eyes. " Take me to Mrs. Mackintosh at once." " I should have thrashed him a week ago," said Caspar, hoarsely. "It is all my fault," she said, "I shouldn't have 90 THE FULL GLORY OF DIANTHA danced with you. I implore you to let it pass. That man is at my mercy — I'll see that he is punished — but just have faith in me and wait a little." " What do you mean ? " asked Caspar. Diantha became confused and could not answer him without telling more than she wanted to reveal. So she blundered from one poor explanation to another. There came a puzzlement into Caspar's blue eye. " I should be sorry for you if you got mixed up in any way. You may not know it, but some people cannot resist Lock wood." " Well, I can ! " she cried, "I simply abominate him." But everything was changed between them. He left her with Mrs. Mackintosh without another word. Diantha knew she was standing on the brink of a precipice. Barry Lockwood had given her to under- stand, with the most devilish subtlety, there was no fail- ing to comprehend that it was a higher price than mere money he was demanding now, a more poignant bribe he was offering her to relax her vigilance over the safe and the books — it was the life of the man she loved. He would keep on with his insults until Caspar could stand no more and when in his enraged manhood he should strike the first blow with his fist, Lockwood would shoot him through the heart. The malignity of the thing drove her nearly mad. If only she could do something to gain time, gain time until Burns came out from New York ! What could she do, that was the next question. " How white and tired you are looking, Miss March," said Mrs. Mackintosh, and Diantha tried to smile at her. ONE DANCE WITH CASPAR 91 The grand banquet was ready and John offered her his arm for the supper march. Every one was hearty and hungry and the feast disappeared like magic. Diantha, however, was in such a quandary that she did not know what she was eating, trying to face that terrible question which had to be met and at once. All the way home in the stage she was still meditating. When they all got out and went up the steps to the tavern, Caspar passed Diantha by without a look. Lockwood smiled at her in his derisive way and took off his hat to her with a mocking bow.	6,275
harpersnew13harper_27	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,856	Harper's New Monthly Magazine Volume 13 June to November 1856	None	English	Spoken	7,108	9,384	Mr. Cumming, as every one knows, hunted South Africa. The northern regions of that continent have lately been hunted by a French sportsman of renown, Lieutenant Jules Gerard, who was so successful that he acquired the sou- briquet of "The Lion Slayer" — Le Tueur des\ Lions. Gerard has lately published his expe- riences at Paris. They confirm Gordon Cum- ming's statements with regard to the lion, and contain much interesting anecdote. The lion is the plague and the curse of the sheep-feeding districts of Algiers. At the time of the French conquest, farmers allowed for him as resignedly as for the exactions of the Bey. So much for the government, so much for the lion, the rest for ourselves ; such was the sim- ple calculation of every peasant in Algiers, and as fitness required, the lion's was — the lion's share. Estimating each lion's life at thirty-five years, he cost the province during that period a bagatelle of $45,000 or thereabouts to feed him. independently of the men, women, and children whom he took as a bonne bonche from time to time Of course, war was made upon the race, dimming describes the Boers of the South raising armies to fight the lion, continuing to fire at him after he is dead, and not daring to approach him even when his head is all shot to pieces, till a Hottentot has pulled him by the tail. Nor are the Arabs of the North much bolder or more skillful. Before the French con- quest, two kinds of traps were laid for the de- structive brute. One was a ditch, dug deep and . -=-: illK MAN-EATEK AT UOMR, LION-SLAYERS AND MAN-EATERS. OOK THE LION KEVIEWING THE HUNTEKS. wide, and covered over with light twigs and earth. On one side of the ditch a hedge was built a few feet high ; on the other, at a safe distance, were lodged the cattle'. Master lion, snuffing the cattle, would take the hedge for a common inclosure, leap over it, and find himself at the bottom of the deep ditch before he knew any thing. Then all would be noise and com- motion. Frightened cattle and sheep would trample each other ; men, women, and children would awake, and feast, and shout in frantic de- light. "When morning came, the rim of the ditch would be crowded with an eager throng. Stones fly, and insults; the women especially exhaust the vocabulary of abuse on the trapped lion. He, hopeless and resigned, gazes fixedly on his captors. There is no terror in his eye ; he knows that he can not escape, and makes no effort. Calmly he sits on his haunches while the Arabs fire at him from above. Perhaps a dozen shots are fired without striking a vital part. When the fatal ball does come, the lion looks up for the last time, shakes his head as if to say, What wretched shots you are ! then lies down to die. Women stamp on his corpse, and young boys slice his warm heart and eat it. Sometimes the ditch is covered with a strong flooring of beams; the hunters take their places within, and as the lion passes, fire at him through holes. They are comparatively safe, as the wounded brute never thinks of looking for his enemy beneath his feet. When a lion could neither be trapped nor waylaid, he was hunted. Thirty or forty strong men met together, took counsel, decided upon a plan of operations, and sent out their scouts. A system of telegraphic signals was agreed upon. A scout who saw the lion waved the skirt of his burnoose before him with his right hand. If the brute was still, the scout raised his skirt to his head, then let it fall. If he was moving, the burnoose was waved in the corresponding direc- tion. When the lion was found, the hunters followed him up till they met face to face. They then placed their backs against a rock, and stood in line with guns at full cock. In front of the line the lion would march majestic- ally as if he was reviewing the hunters, till, per- haps, he stood within twenty or thirty yards. Then the signal would be given and a volley fired. Usually, the lion was not killed. He was floored, however, and the hunters would rush at him with sword and pistol; the common result of which proceeding would be, that the dy- ing lion would seize one of them in his claws and crush his skull or break his neck with his last effort. When the lion did seize a man, dismay would paralyze his companions. They would retire to consult. At last, one of them, the bravest and coolest, would be deputed to rescue their comrade and finish the lion. He would advance toward the brute. Under the body of the lion the champion saw, perhaps, his mangled friend, the lion's claws in his throat. It was no slight exploit to walk within reach of those claws and fire, almost point-blank, at the animal's ear. Yet, it seems, the feat had been performed, and successfully. 226 HARPER'S NEW MONTHLY MAGAZINE. It may be seen, from the above sketch, that the Arabs are deficient in two essential requi- sites for lion-hunting — cool courage and steady aim. No man is a quicker or a better reader of the human face than the lion. He can tell at a glance whether he has to deal with a man he can frighten or not. It was only when the lion was driven to bay and cut off from escape, that lie would face Gordon Cumming or Jules Ge- rard ; but he charged Arabs and Boers, because he knew they feared him. The European hunt- ers, again, rarely fired thrice at a lion. Some- times one shot, and generally two, laid him dead ; but these Arabs and Boers fired volley after volley without settling the matter. There was one old Arab at Constantine, Ab- dallah, a charcoal-burner by trade, who was both bolder and a better shot than his countrymen. He was proud of his achievements, and not a little reserved with the French. Lieutenant Gerard once proposed a lion-hunt to the gener- al, and sent for Abdallah to act as guide. By way of opening the conversation, when the famed Arab arrived, Gerard asked him Avheth- er there were many hares in the neighborhood. Abdallah did not utter a word of reply, but strode away haughtily to a group of Arabs at some distance. Returning with one of these, he presented him to Gerard, observing con- temptuously, " Here is one of your hare men !" When Abdallah was in the field, he was brave as steel. He had been known to grapple Avith a lion hand to hand, to seize his throat, to bite him, and never to relax his hold till the brute was killed. But how unskillfullv even his hunts were managed, we may learn from an anecdote told by Gerard. A party of Arabs, under his leadership, fol- lowed the track of a large lion through the woods for some distance. They are suddenly stopped by a loud roar. " On the ground !" shouts the chief, "on the ground! remember) that you are men, and that I am with you !" Instantly the whole band is prostrate, huddled into a compact mass. Abdallah is on the look out. So is another Arab. So is a third. But sharp as they watch, the cry—' The lion !' — has hardly been breathed before the brute has sprung, and is among them, tearing, crunching, and lacerating. All fire at once ; the lion is wounded, and escapes to the woods. When he is gone, the Arabs fall to quarreling, to find out whose fault it was they were taken by surprise. All talk as loud as they can. Each has some new plan for prosecuting the hunt. While they are jabbering, the lion, roused by the taste of blood, and enraged by his wounds, creeps back as before, and springs upon the group again. This time, the Arabs fire better. They riddle him with balls. He dies, gathering his strength into one effort, and crunching a man's head. Net result of the hunt : the lion killed ; but two men dead and four badly wounded. Such is Arab hunting. Lieutenant Ge'rard was invited by a tribe of these Arabs to accompany them on one of their expeditions. Pie agreed, and admired much the calm manner in which they discussed the sub- ject in council, and decided upon a plan of operations. There were two lions to be killed, TUK UUAYDST IS DKl'L'TKD TO HMB11 THE LIOA. LION-SLAYERS AND MAN-EATERS. 227 THE LION IS AMONG THEM, TEARING AND CKUNCUING. both large and old. The Arab idea was that Gerard should constitute the reserve of the army ; that their young men should attack the lion, and if they failed, that Gerard, with his superior weapons, should come to their aid. If he disliked this, they had no objection to let him be an advanced-guard, to challenge the lion, fire the first shot at him, and then fall back on the main body. Ge'rard heard these proposals with a smile ; then choosing a young Arab, whose face betokened coolness, to carry his second gun, lie announced his intention of doing battle with the two lions alone. Great was the amazement of the natives; but Gerard's fame forbade re- monstrance. Gerard went forth, accompanied by his gun-bearer, and took up a strong position on a rock near the lion's retreat. From this he could see the lion approach, and fire with the advantage of a steady rest. His position chosen, the dogs were sent in to rouse the en- emy. Out came the lions, at fifty paces' dis- tance from each other; the foremost approached the rock. Gerard took cool aim, sighted the shoulder, and fired. Down fell the lion, with both shoulders broken, and helpless. His com- panion was more fortunate. Gerard hit him a few inches behind the shoulder; he fell, but rose directly, and bounded toward the hunter. So suddenly and so swiftly did he spring, that one immense bound placed him at Gerard's feet, and the latter had just time to catch his second gun from the hands of the Arab, fire point-blank, and send the ball crashing through his brain. This appears a very simple matter on paper, and one is inclined to despise the Arabs, who, in their way, would not probably have killed these lions without firing a hundred shots and losing men. But if Ge'rard's gun had missed fire, or his hand trembled ever so little, in less than half a minute his Majesty the Emperor of the French would have lost a useful officer. Lieutenant Gerard adopts the Arab notion that there are two varieties of lion — the tawny and the black — distinguished by the color of their mane. A similar idea prevails among the Boers of the South, who give different names to the black and yellow lions. Mr. Cumming disputes this on apparently good grounds, and says that when the lion is in the prime of life his mane is always black ; when he is young it is bright yellow ; when he grows old it turns to a dingy gray. This theory is easily reconciled with Gerard's facts. Of all the lions the black- maned fellow is the most dangerous: if his teeth are whole, he is a match for any beast of the forest. One black lion will lay waste a whole district, Fonder of blood than of flesh, he will slay four or five times as many cattle as he can eat, drink their blood, eat a few choice morsels from each, and leave the rest to the jackals and hyenas ; Avhence the old stories about his royal profuse- ness. One of these brutes had been ravaging a fertile district near the camp at which Gerard was stationed ; the Arabs sent for the famous lion-killer and implored his aid. He reconnoi- tred the locality, and choosing a dark night, 228 HARPER'S NEW MONTHLY MAGAZINE. stationed himself near the edge of a ford over a mountain brook at which the lion usually came to drink. He had scarcely taken a seat upon a stone when his guide began to tremble and beg him to return to the village, urging that the night was too dark. Gerard gave him leave to return home, but the poor Arab dared not risk the journey : he lay down in a group of lentises in a dreadful agony of fear. The lion had been roaring for some time, and the sound was drawing nearer. Gerard endeavored vain- ly to discern objects around him. So pitchy dark was the night that even after closing his eyes for two or three minutes, he could only jnst make out the course of the stream which ran at his feet. A moment afterward the lion roared again, apparently at a distance of a hun- dred yards. With his gun cocked, and his elbow resting on his knee, Gerard Avatched breathlessly. Nothing could be seen or heard. A few seconds elapsed ; then a low, dull moan on the opposite side of the brook, straight in front of the hunter. A single look, and there in the inky darkness were the two eyes of the lion, burning fiercely, and fixed on Gerard. The hunter confesses that he gasped at the sight, and though the night was cold, and he had been shivering the moment before, a profuse perspi- ration covered his forehead. With a single bound from where he was the brute could al- most reach his enemy : and that bound made, even victory was sure to cost him his life. Ge- rard took farewell of the world, and grasping his gun more firmly than before, put his finger to r.he trigger ; but the lion had taken to the wa- ter, and was splashing in the stream. Ge'rard listened and watched. The splashing ceased : on the hunter's left, close to him, he heard a soft, dull tread in the mud. Suddenly turning, he saw the lion ascending the eminence on which he sat. Useless, then, to look for gun- sights : with head erect and both eyes open, Gerard fired. By the light of the flash he saw a huge hairy mass roll over ; a tremendous roar almost deafened him ; the lion was splashing and writhing in the bed of the stream. Every now and then he moaned and growled. It was too dark to risk close quarters ; so Gerard went home, promising himself to return next morning for the corpse. By daybreak he was at the spot ; but the lion was gone. He could be traced for a short dis- tance by his blood ; but the spoor was lost when the brute took to the water. A band of Arab hunters was organized to hunt him down ; but for many hours they beat the bush and mount- ain without success. Toward evening Gerard heard a succession of shouts, and galloping in the direction whence they came, saw the Arabs fly- ing like the wind before the lion, who was chas- ing them on three legs. At sight of him the lion stopped, opened his mouth, and began to lash his sides with his tail. Gerard accepted the challenge, dismounted, and in spite of the entreaties, and even the physical efforts of the frightened Arabs, advanced toward the brute, gun in hand. The lion made off into a thicket. Gerard walked round it cautiously, but could see nothing. He ordered an Arab to throw stones into the lion's hiding-place. The first . ;?S*\| OXK .MMKNhK BOUInD PLACED 1IIM AT UERAJU/b 1E1CT. LION-SLAYERS AND MAN-EATERS. 229 HIS EYES, BURNING FIERCELY, WERE FIXED ON THE HUNTER. stone brought him out, and with tail stiff and straight, mane spread out and grinning jaws, he charged the hunter. Gerard sat down on the ground. Arabs fell to praying and roaring, "Fire! why don't you fire?" On came the lion in fine style, till within six or eight yards, when he was suddenly brought up by a hard lump of lead, which struck him an inch above the eye. He fell directly ; but rose again, rear- ing on his hind-legs. A second shot, straight through his heart, put him out of his pain. This was one of the finest lions Gerard had seen ; large, powerful, with a flowing black mane. Let us compare Cumming's style of per- forming a similar feat. He was watching a fountain for wildebeests one evening, and had already shot one wilde- beest and a pallah, when he heard at no great distance the roar of a lion. A troop of hyenas came galloping down to eat the carcasses ; Cumming knew the lion would soon follow. Sure enough, the hyenas had scarcely begun their meal when the roar issued from a bush just above the carcass of the wildebeest, and close to the hunter. Cumming loaded hastily and watched ; but the lion either had the wind of him, or was warned of the danger by his companions, and would not show himself. He continued to growl in a low tone, while the jackals chattered and the hyenas laughed, as though they were holding a most interesting conversation. Cumming lay still as night. Aft- er a long interval the lion must have made up his mind that his alarm was unfounded. All at once the jackals and hyenas made way on either side, and the lion, a huge brute with a fine black mane, advanced to the carcass and seized it in his teeth. After dragging it for some distance he stopped to take breath. There was no time to lose ; in a few minutes he would be safe under cover with his supper. As he turned to grasp the carcass anew, Cumming stretched out his arm along the grass and fired, aiming low. The lion sank, then rose, and crawled away, moaning and whining. After limping through bushes a short distance, he ap- peared from the sound to have fallen dead. As the hyenas and jackals make no difference between friend and foe when they are dead, Cumming knew that he must lose no time if he intended to save his game. He sent for dogs and men directly, and began to beat the bush. One of the dogs found the lion dead. He was a splendid fellow, with a head as hard as rock, tremendous teeth, and sharp yellow nails ; the most perfectly beautiful and symmetrical an- imal the hunter had ever seen. One shot had killed him, traversing the body and remaining in the shoulder; a very unusual circumstance. To meet a lion face to face, at night, in the forest, will probably appear to the readers of Harper's Magazine about as unpleasant an acci- dent as could occur to a man. People do not always die of it, however. Cumming once shot a buffalo at night. Directly afterward he heard, for he could not see at any distance, teeth tear- ing the carcass. Supposing the teeth belonged to hyenas, he fired a random shot to frighteu 230 HARPER'S NEW MONTHLY MAGAZINE. them away, and walked toward the carcass to see whether the head was worth carrying home. He was within five yards, when he noticed a yellow mass lying beside it. From the mass a well-known roar burst. A native who was fol- lowing dimming shouted " Tao !" — the lion ! and leaped away, blowing through a charmed piece of bone. His master followed his exam- ple so far as retreating went, and the lion, with- out noticing them, continued to munch the buf- falo. He was evidently an ignorant, ill-bred brute, unconscious of gastronomy. Cumming says he retreated to the cover of a tree close by, and fell asleep. While he slept the lion found his horse, and knocked him over with a blow, whereat the frightened natives awoke their mas- ter in fear and quaking. The lion was walking up and down in front of them, roaring terribly. " I now," says the Highland hunter, with that matchless coolness which lends such a charm to his narrative, "thought it high time to light a fire ; and collecting some dry reeds and sticks, in half a minute we had a cheerful blaze. The lion, which had not yet got our wind, came for- ward at once to find out what was up, but not seeing to his entire satisfaction from the top of the bank, he was proceeding to descend by a game path into the river-bed, within a few yards of us. I happened at that very moment to go to this spot in search of more wood, and being concealed from the lion's view by the interven- ing high reeds, we met face to face ! The first notice I got was his sudden spring to one side, with angry growls. I involuntarily made a convulsive spring backward, at the same time giving a fearful shriek, such as I never be- fore remember uttering." The end of it was that the lion returned to his buffalo, and the hunter to his fire, where he slept undisturbed all night. Of course such rencontres do not always end so happily. Some years before the French con- quered Algiers, two highway robbers, brothers, and men noted for their strength and daring, were caught, tried, and condemned to death. The day before the one fixed for their execu- tion they contrived to make their escape out of prison. They were chained together by the leg, and thus in forced company crept through the woods and thickets, in the hope of gaining a safe refuge. Toward the middle of their first night they met, straight before them in the path, a large lion. They were unarmed. Knowing the character of the animal, they shouted boldly, and threw stones at him ; he, very likely seeing through their mock courage, lay down before them, and would not stir. Losing heart at last, the robbers changed their tone, and began to implore the lion, in piteous language, for mercy. That instant he was upon them. The larger of the two he seized, killed, and began to eat, while the other pretended to be dead. In the course of his meal the lion came to the iron chain which bound the robbers' legs ; after ex- amining it for a moment, he bit the man's leg off above the knee. Just then he felt thirsty, and walked to a stream to drink. The sur- viving robber crawled off for his life, dragging THE SUEYIVOK OEAU'LED OFF, PKAGGING UI6 MtOTIIEB S LEG. LION-SLAYERS AND MAN-EATERS. 231 PKOVIDING FOK ONE S FAMILY. his brother's leg with him, and contrived to squeeze himself into a hole in the ground. When the lion returned, he missed him. Roaring loudly, he ran backward and forward several times over the ground, passing close by the hole, but strangely missing it. Soon after, day dawned, and the lion went off. Out of the hole came the robber, more dead than alive, and was about to cut his brother's leg from the chain, when a party of the Bey's horsemen rode up and seized him. He was taken before the Bey, to whom he told his story. His brother's leg was still in the chain to confirm it ; and the Bey, in consideration of his wonderful escape, awarded him an unconditional pardon. Not the least interesting portion of Lieuten- ant Gerard's revelations relates to the social habits of the lion. It seems that young lions suffer as much as babies from teething. Two- thirds of the females and a large proportion of the males die during this process — doubtless for want of proper medical attendance, gum-lanc- ing, and the rest. As the females suffer the most, it follows that, among adult lions, males pre- ponderate. Hence the lioness leads an envia- ble life. From her early youth she is surround- ed by a troop of youthful admirers, who follow her wherever sl\e goes, roar for her, hunt for her, and — very like some of our fashionable ball-room lions — pester her life out. She is in- variably a creature of sense and discretion. She needs no paternal vigilance to insure her com- fortable settlement in life. When her young lovers become pressing in their suit, she beckons to them that they must decide which of them shall win her. A free fight follows ; and while the combat rages, and the ground is strewed with skin, hair, mane, and blood, the lady de- camps, and seeks the companionship of a staid old lion, with a long black mane. If the victor among the young fellows presumes to claim ful- fillment of her pledge, the old lion will quietly crunch his leg, or, if he be very troublesome, tear his eye out. Then the old lion formally sets up house- keeping. He is the most uxorious of brutes. He invariably brings the first-fruits of the chase home to his love. He will not touch a morsel till she is satiated. Hungry as he may be, he licks his paws till she turns away from the car- cass. If she is attacked, he will die for her ; if she is ill, he will watch by her side with every sign of tender sympathy. This is the redeem- ing part of the lion's character. Very differently does the lioness behave. It is impossible to read the accounts of her con- duct without being struck with the remarkable contrast she presents to the ladies of our fash- ionable world. Before her marriage her levity and her faithlessness have been noticed. Wo regret to say that matrimony does not always alter her demeanor. Though she displays no ill-timed sorrow when her liege lord mutilates an audacious admirer, she is fond of having a troop of young fashionables dancing attendance on her, and will turn from her black-maned pro- tector to comfort them with a sidelong glance. Nor is this all. No matter how long she has 232 HARPER'S NEW MONTHLY MAGAZINE. been married, her husband can not pass another full-grown lion without a duel. The lady's pride requires blood. An Arab was walking through a wood one moonlight night, watching for an opportunity of killing a stag. Toward midnight he heard strange footstej)s, and peering hastily in the direction whence they came, he saw a lion and iioness marching through the brushwood. As quick as thought he sprang into a tree and hid himself in the topmost branches. At the foot of the tree the pair of lions lay down to rest. The Arab had hardly watched them five min- utes when away over the mountain he heard a distant roar. It met with an immediate re- sponse from the lioness. Enraged at her levity, her companion roared so loudly that the Arab leaped from the branch on which he sat, and let his gun fall. No no- tice of man or gun took the lions. The lioness continued to roar invitingly ; the lion, savagely, as if to say, " Well, let him come ; I am ready tor him!" A short while afterward the new lion made his appearance — a splendid fellow, witli a jet-black mane. Rising slowly from her seat, the lioness actually walked toward him. Shocked at such ostentatious treachery, her hus- band ran before her, and without another word sprang on his rival. In a moment the two lions were clasped in each other's embrace, tearing, biting, destroying each other. Their strong bones cracked like pistol-shots, and howls of pain intermingled with roars of rage. All this while the lioness lay watching the fight curious- ly, licking her paws and wagging her tail. When the struggle ended she approached the combat- ants and snuffed them. Both were dead. She bolted off at a light, pleasant pace ; and the Arab, in his tree, was so disgusted at her gross want of feeling and principle, that he could not help roaring at the pitch of his lungs an epi- thet which sounds better in Arabic than in En- glish. When the lioness becomes a mother, her morals improve. She watches her young with tenderness, defends them with ferocity. The lion, on the contrary, objects to babies. Their noise disturbs his slumbers, and interrupts his reflections. As soon as his progeny begin to try their lungs, he divorces his wife and goes to live at some distance. He is not so oblivious of his duties but that he remains within ear- shot, ready, at need, to defend his family. But he will not associate with them. Consequently the lioness leads, at this time, an active life. When she weans her young, she does the hunt- ing for the nursery herself. It is then the Arabs sometimes succeed in capturing young lions. They lie in wait near the spot where the den of the lioness is sup- posed to be, and wait till they see her go abroad to forage. A rush is then made, with good dogs, to the den, and the cubs are seized, wrapped in a burnoose to prevent their crying, and carried off. Woe betide the hunters if they meet the lioness on their way home ! In- stinct tells her what has happened. Reckless of danger she flies at the nearest man, and brings him to the ground, maimed or killed : then to the next, and so on throughout the SUE mUltaiM KU1UOU8LY, AND KNOCKS ONE OF THE IIOBSES DOWN. LION-SLAYERS AND MAN-EATERS. 233 ■ -< TIIEY DAD NOT GOKE FAK WHEN THE LION BPEANG OUT TjrON TUEM. hand, until the survivors escape or the lioness is killed. A nephew of a leading Arab sheik was unfortunate enough to meet a lioness on one of these occasions. She sprang toward him, though he was surrounded by sixty armed men. He reserved his fire till the last mo- ment, then pulled the trigger — the gun snapped. "Wrapping his left arm in his burnoose he offered it to the lioness, who crunched it directly, while the Arab fired two pistol-shots into her. She flew from him to another, who fired down her throat; but had his ribs broken, his side laid bare, and his body otherwise mutilated before the brute died. It was an expensive hunt for the tribe. Faithful to his mate, the lion is also faithful to his home. He has been known to live thir- ty years in the same den. In the south, Cum- ming notes that the domicile of the lion is apt to be governed by the quantity of rain that falls. If water is plentiful, each leonine family selects its home, and holds no intercourse with its fel- lows ; but if the season be dry, the lions will appear in troops, leading a nomad life, and fol- lowing the deer and other game as they roam the desert in search of green fields and cool streams. In the north, drought seldom drives the lion to abandon his habits or his home. Ac- cordingly, when he is old enough to declare his independence, he chooses a dense thicket and begins to build. He is royal in his notions. His palace is extensive, and its accommodations varied. He has rooms for summer, dens for winter. There is a lair hid by a deep thick arch of wild olive, and strewed with leaves and scraps of skin, where he lies during the burning August days. There are holes, deeper and darker, half-covered with twigs and branches, and fallen timber, into which he creeps when the winter storms burst over the thicket. There is a narrow nook, near the edge of the thicket, where he lies in wait for his prey, or watches for the attack of the hunter. And there is his nuptial home, a large comfortable opening in the thicket, where he sits to watch his bride tear an ox in shreds, or lavishes upon her love's warmest caresses. When the Chegatma find one of these lairs, and resolve to rid the country of its mischievous tenant, they gather around the spot, and usual- ly climb stout trees on the edge of the thicket. Then all shout together. At the sound the lion starts from his sleep. He does not rise from the ground, but raises his head and listens. In a moment a shot whistles through the branch- es over him. This angers him ; he raises one leg, and his tail grows stiff. Shall he rush out and wreak vengeance on the caitiffs who thus presume to disturb his repose in his own den ? Just then he remembers that, one day long ago, he was awaked by just such insults, and that, on rushing out to punish his enemy, his skin was perforated in a strange and horribly un- pleasant manner, and he had hard work to limp back to his home. He will lie still. He re- lieves himself by lashing his sides with his tail and tearing a tree with his claws. Meanwhile the shouts and shots fly thick and 234 HARPER'S NEW MONTHLY MAGAZINE. heavy. A ball strikes the tree against which he leans. A stone hits him on the nose. Con- vinced that forbearance is no longer a virtue, he rushes forth. The Arabs have heard him crashing through the brushwood, and are ready. The moment he appears twenty balls crack against his hide. Maddened, and lost to all thought of safety, he discerns a hunter in a tree close by, and flies at him. The Arab is out of reach, and while the lion is crouching at the foot of the tree, a better shot than usual lays him out. Though the lion seems to assume it as his natural duty to protect the lioness, she is well able to protect herself. Cumming found the females the more troublesome of the two. He had lost some cattle, and made a shrewd guess as to the identity of the thief, when, in riding out, he fell in with a lioness devouring a bles- bok. At sight of the hunters she made for the mountains ; but Cumming, being well mounted, gave hot chase, and gained on her rapidly. Be- ing within ear-shot, he shouted to her to stop — that he had something to say to her. She did stop ; would not turn round, but crouched, with tail turned to the hunters, as though doubtful whether they were worth looking at. As the sound of the horses' hoofs reached her she rose, faced about, and began to gnash her teeth and flourish her tail. Cumming and his men dismounted, and looked to their priming. This found to be in order, one of the men proceeded calmly to fasten the horses together. The lion- ess was puzzled. After a few moments' observa- tion, she advanced on the hunters, slowly. Cum- ming orders his most trusty man to reserve his (ire for her last spring ; kneels, and fires at sixty yards. Though hit in the shoulder she charges furiously, and knocks one of the horses down. "At this moment Stofolus's rifle exploded in his hand, and Kleinboy, whom Cumming had ordered to stand by him, danced about like a duck in a gale of wind." Cumming stood out from the horses, watching for a second shot; and the lioness seeing him, left the horse and made a dash at him. His rifle was true, and at a few yards the lioness was stretched. When she has her young with her she will never fly. Gerard watched a long time in the woods for a lioness which had committed fear- ful depredations among the Arabs. He was losing hope of seeing her, after several nights' watching, when he saw something move near the body of a horse at the bottom of a valley below him. A single glance satisfied him that it was the lioness with her cub. They played round the carcass a short while; then the cub began to help himself. At that very moment the mother saw Gerard sitting on a rock above. With a spring like lightning she seized her cub by the back and dashed off with him. They were lost to sight in an instant. Gerard sat a while watching for some sign of their return ; he was beginning to lose hope, and to regret that he had net fired when he first saw the pair, when he heard a noise in the leaves beside him. It was such a noise, he says, as a mouse would make in running over the leaves. His sports- man's tact revealed what it was ; and as he looked, two large paws, a pair of long mustach- es, and an enormous nose, appeared successive- ly to confirm the impression. His gun was on full cock at his shoulder; the moment he saw the red glaring eyes he fired, and at that short distance the iron slug with which he had load- ed his piece was fatal. That lioness had placed her cub in safety, and was coming deliberately to attack the hunter. Some critics have laughed at Gordon Cum- ming's book, on the ground that he never ad- mits that he missed a shot. Without assuming to defend the veracity of the great hunter, we may observe that, as compared with other sports- men, his consumption of powder is enormous. He seldom kills an elephant before the fifteenth or twentieth shot ; whereas Mr. Baker, of Cey- lon, accounted it a blunder to need to lire twice. It is true that the latter hunted in the tall jungle, the former in open country. As to lions, Gor- don Cumming usually finishes his beast at the second shot, and occasionally only at the third. Lieutenant Gerard says expressly in his hunt- ing directions, "You must kill with the first shot between the eyes." At any range beyond that of a pistol, this advice would be bad, obvi- ously. The lion's skull is so strong that even at fifty or sixty yards good hunters prefer the shoulder shot as more safe, if less effective ; and unless the lion be perfectly still, and the hunter have time for deliberate aim, in which case the eye would appear the most eligible shot, it seems difficult to quarrel with the practice. What a lion may do, even after his shoulder is broken, may be gathered from the following story — one of the best of our French sports- man's : A lion had worried a tribe of Arabs beyond endurance, and they had sought out Gerard, and besought him to rid them of the malefactor. They discovered his lair, which was in the side of a mountain, and, obedient to the Frenchman's orders, led out a goat, and tied it to a tree on the outskirts of a wood near the lair. Ge- rard took up a position in the wood, and had the satisfaction of seeing the lion look up as the goat was being made fast. After a mo- ment's observation he disappeared. Gerard lay quiet, watching; soon the goat began to trem- ble and shiver, and its ears to jerk convulsively. The lion was coming. He ascended the ravine between his lair and the hunter, slowly, and offering a capital target; but Gerard was so struck with his grace and majesty that he would not fire. If he admired the lion, the latter seemed to return the compliment. He stopped in his career, lay down, winked at Gerard, and eyed him with a benign expression. He seemed to be saying to himself, " I saw just now a man and a goat here. The man is gone, and there is another man there strangely dressed, who looks as if he wanted to speak to me. Dinner WHAT MR. TREVANION SAW. 235 time is near ; which would be best to eat, the man or the goat ? Sheep are better than goats ; but they are so far off. Men are fair eating, but this fellow seems thin." The lion decided in favor of the goat, and advanced toward the poor trembling creature. At twelve paces Gerard fired, with a steel- pointed bullet, at his shoulder ; a second after, he fired again at the same spot. Beyond a doubt both shoulders must be broken. The lion, however, escaped into his thicket. Im- possible to prevent the Arabs following him. Gerard gave his second gun to an Arab, di- recting him to hold it in readiness, and reluct- antly advanced with them. They had not gone far when the lion sprang out upon them. Ev- ery body fired. All missed but Gerard ; and his shot was not so effective but that the lion seized a poor wretch and began to tear him. Quick as lightning Gerard pulled the trigger of his other barrel, but for the first time in ten years it missed fire. He held out his hand eagerly to his gun-bearer for his other weapon, but his heart sickened when the Arab replied, trembling like a leaf, " Not loaded." He had fired with the others. Most providentially, the three shots which the lion had already received told at last. He expired before he had quite killed the poor fellow who was in his clutches. We can not better conclude this rambling ac- count of lion-slaying and man-eating than with the story of the " Lord with the Large Head." Gerard had again been summoned to free a district from leonine exactions. Having heard the story, he hastily laid his plan, and announced that he would set out that night alone. The Arabs endeavored to dissuade him ; but he laughed at their remonstrances. Finding he was resolved, the sheik took him aside and said, " My child, if the lions come to-night, the lord with the large head will come first. Do not mind the others ; they will rely on their father ; do you look after the lord with the large head.	12,734
the_lowell_advertiser_reel_12_321	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,846	The Lowell advertiser	None	English	Spoken	7,084	11,384	Trains will run in conjunction with those of the Nashua & Lowell, as follows: Leave Nashua at 9 A.M., 1:30 and 6:30 I cannot fail to give satisfaction to those who may favor me on the arrival of the cars from Boston. October 12th TO OWNERS AND AGENTS OF REAL ESTATES IN LOWELL. You are hereby notified and requested to see that your premises are IMMEDIATELY clean and noxious. A filthy and noxious matter and substances, or the city ordinances in such cases, will be at once effectively enforced. O. P. WALDRON, October 12th, 1849. City Marshal. DOWN—Will leave Danforth's Corner, at 12:10 and at 5:50 P.M. Nashua, July 17, 1849. CHAS. F. GOVE. Ship FRANKLIN AND BRISTOL BAILROAD. WANTED. A RARE CHANCE FOR CAPITALISTS. The above ON and after July 30, 1840, the Cars leave Bristol for Concord, Lebanon, Nashua, and Boston at 9:45, A.M., and 3:10, P.M., or on the arrival of the Cars from the North and South. Slates Leave Bristol daily on the arrival of the first train in wanted by an active business man, and will and second trains of Cars from Boston for New Hampshire, the whole being taken up in ton, and from the first train for Rumney, Westworth, two years from date of investment. Properly worth Warren, Alexandria, Hebron, Groton, Dorchester, and between 18,000 and 94,000. Will be pledged as a security, all towns in those directions, and a liberal rate of interest allowed. Address Box 1 Merchandise trains daily. 611 (post paid) Lowell Post Office, ONSLOW STEARNS, Anal. Lowell, May 23, 1749. 26th > Concert), N. H., July 28, 1819. ADVERTISER. TERMS $3 PER ANNUM. Tiic Lowdi Ti LOWELL, MASS., THURSDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 4, 1819. VOL. 14.-...N0 no. • piibliohnj on Tuti: ■ I' li.i».a.t,u ,1 JuljyJ.l iiix'„i„ialia 'ri-wcekly Advertiser, jWyman's Exchange Furnishinff "'jy, Thur.day iiiiil Huiurdayl rmm msa m— «s -.■r' • per iiiiDuiii, 111 udv luce. o'»3,60 »,„ .. «.. j'l»ix iiioiiiliaiiou, ilie lime of. "<»• J, <entrul SirceJ, * . A . II I L. U R K T II , KUirOK A.NU I'UOi'itlbxilU. Oi-nci, f ■'l'i"''""!<'» H.ill.liiia, Coiniii.rrini Sn.i.r., * '"■". i;«'ilr.i] iirton, Lowell Ma««. TKIl.US OP APVERTISixa. i'lttnun ,,, „, u Ihiod.ll.uuior lhr^nlii„Brii(itii.-nr,.ii. « ..;5 ,«„„ ,„r i„r„„ l,i,„rll„,i,,„rl,ni, .-r, ' . r , vl v m v": rlv '?"'""'• '■«'««■■ «.lv«rll.„,ii;i„„" ,',;,',:.,. monihiP. " "'' '" """P'" '"'° "I"".'" l'« cl.,.iig.,l,„„i. -T '■' • in iiiitlRes hlMerlHj «. (•imini..«..« -..._- Piiiii>r!4 silvorlt- T. »l.h'„,.?"". iT" '" "'"' •""' '""llvercd to ihe ,r. wKlioul ad.lliioiiHl ebarje. No. 3, Centrul Street, Scarfs, Self-adjuslingCravals, Gloves, Readj-made Linen Josicry LOWELL, MASS. UF.XN A KIMBALL, MERCUJINT TJIILORS, IIKILKR IR B'-oa,klolU,,Cassimws,a„d Ready-made Cluthme llo.;»ct^ <-'■ »"N. J. UowtBS K.MflL,. upr2 tfA S. N. PUKllAM & CO., WHOLESALE AN1> KLTAIL DEALEHS nrii'n, O ir N, Citiiiofite, ClrcnInra.lIunilhllU.Program- ma't, P;tini>ilet4, Pniiom, Hli»\|i-liUU, tMnnkit, Lnbels, itnd nVerv V4r<«uv nl Prduhii, oxecuteil wUb ueaineiiii,au(l ut •horl noilep, ftn llhrrHl lermH. The Lowell Patriot and Repnblican, )}Ut>ll«heiI vvaakly— every PninA v mobniho— iii tlie wnioo O.llutt.ttl 91.^0 jier Hiiniiiii.ill udvaiicfl DRUGS, MEDICINES, CIJEMICALS, Ferfumery, Fancy and Toilet Articles, tor. Central nml "i'0»fiii,B.-,.,,.„.^. riiy«iciunB preecriptioni. uttcniled lo \vitli care, at all hours. Prriiniis from the country may oblnin Medicines nl wholeuule at u liberal didcount; in all cases a stipcrior article. inay2i!ir GEO.HEDRICK, SIGN AND OIlNAMEivTAL FAlNTEll, 36 Centrai Strict, opposilr Iht Post (Jff,ct. Si^Bs, Military Standards, Haines, (Stock, and Tinware. Pianos, (Grain) and other instruments, Tailors' instruments, (Grain) and other instruments, executed in the best manner, and as low as possible. Brown & Alger, Attorneys and Counsellors at Law. Office—Waagner's Building, No. 30, Central Street. A. R. Brown, Commissioner for the State of New Hampshire. For Sale—3 large and convenient buildings, including a few buildings, on Centralville, a few steps from the bridge. A. R. Lowell, Apr. 10, 1849. Life Insurance Company of Hartford. New England Branch, 25 Canal Street, Boston. Geo. M. Clark, Agent. L. W. L. L., Huh-Agencies of Middlesex County, Mass. LOWELL: THUS. P. GONNELL, Esq Agent. NEW YORK: A. B. COHN, Esq Agent. HENRY UHLOW, M.D. Ex. May Mrs. E. Kidder's CHOLERA, DYSENTERY WALLACE, M.D. AN BEARD & GUNNISON, ATTORNEYS AT LAW, SUCCESSORS TO KNUWLKS & ALAHU No. 01 Central St., OPPOSITE THE AMERICAN HOUSE, LOWELL, MASS. ITHAMAR W. BARD, A. J. GUMMINGON. General W. Heard,— Commissioner for Maine tenements in New Hampshire. Jan. Central St. At the corner of the market, CHASE & GREGORY, merchants tailors, DEALERS IN — BROADCLOTHS, CASSIMERES, SATINETS, VESTINGS, READMADE CLOTHING AND GENTLEMEN'S FURNISHING GOODS. No. 34 Central St., opposite the Post Office, JOHN H. CHASE, Joseph GREGORY, Lowell, MS. March 1st. NEW STORE AND NEW GOODS. EL. S. MALL, Merchant Tailor, would respectfully inform the public that he has taken the store formerly occupied by Mr. Garriil, on Canal St., and had immediately purchased a new stock of Broadcloths, Cassimeres, Vestings, Tailor's. Trirriminjs and GENTLEMEN'S FURNISHINGS GOODS. A thorough, and public patronage is respectfully solicited, January A.M. Immediate and Perfect Remedy for COLD, DYSPEPSIA, SLICKNESS COMPLAINTS OF BLOOD, ARRIED, SKIN DISEASES, GENUAL DIGESTION, &c. WHERE and all other remedies are used in a timely manner, Clothing is no longer the only remedy, or Laid upon with terror — as a cordial will most surely cure the disease in the course of a very few hours, if taken at the commencement of the disease. It has been before the public for more than twenty years, and was the first article made known to the public as an IMMEDIATE and PERFECT CURE of the CHOLERA. It has been thoroughly SOLD AND REMEDIED. Lessled in every country and every climate, it has every evidence proved the same; Sure to Cure, Even where the cause has advanced to its last stages. WEAVER & BROTHERS, No. 7 Central, and 28 Water Street, DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF MAHOGANY, IMPROVEMENTS, FURNITURE, CAUPE, KATHER, CURLED HAIR AND FALL LACKS, and FALL LACKS, of ALL KINDS. LOOKING GLASSES, CHAIRS, CLOCKS, MERRILL & HEWOOD, POBBLISHER, BOOKSELLERS, STATIONERS Dealers in Paper Hangings, Borders, Black Bunking, &c. Blank Books made to order and Paper ruled to any pattern. Book binding done with neatestness and despatch. No. 23, Central street, Lowell. Joshua Merrill, C. H. Hewitt. At the office, UUGII McEVOY, D. A. A. JAILOR, No. 2, Corner of Block, Central Street — next to the Drug Store. $Jr V iMiiue ,t ddor tine lit ol new AUiX I'tiflihuiirihlir Itruad clolUs f Gausimeree and Veetingd consiaiiily on hand . Work cxecutetl tiy skilllul anil oxpttri- unced wufkiueii. (larmeulH may be re- turned after one day'ti wear, if the ■ ep9 work is not dutiiifiictaiV' tf WILLIAM P. WEBSTER. COUNSELLOR Aa\D ATTORNEY AT LAW, Agent of the St.ite Alutunl Life Asduntncc Co., ol Worcester, and the Washington County Mutual Eire luHUiance Co., N. Y. .\lsu, CominiHtiiouer to luKe depositions and acknuwi- edgiiient ol Ueed« to b^ u«(ed In Verinottt. Ollice Ml Central uireet, iinuer Lowell Adveiliser, Patriot and Keniilii;-.-:: 0!"»:e. marSOA&Ply LAW LAW NOTICE. B U T L E U At r A R R , ATTORNEYS ANU COL'NSELLORS AT — O F V I (m4 — W Y M A N ' 8 E X Cll A ^ 0 E BUILDING, At t: K n m A c K 8 r n >: K '1 . . . . l o w to t l. n. V. UUTLER. A. W. FARR. Jiinl A&ifp ^ AecouiitH alinobt daily reach us of the ravages of the Cholera, bolli ai Dnuie nud abroad, and of the little vueceHH uhirh haK rliUH <ar auended the atlcaiptd to check its iVightl'tij inroads on human life. Such being the laci, ii sun ly niay be regarded rr m era in modern di..i>ovuried ihit a medicine has been discovereil pnsi>eht4ing the po Aer of cheeking the proK- retJ8 of the (.Miolera, and eru(l-ic;iting it fium the syd* tern. All Kindred would most appropriately call the attention of the public to the invidious medicine, known as her CHOLERA, DYSENTERY, AND DIARRHEA CORDIAL. From Chambers' Edinburgh Journal The Contrast, It was a town in one of the northern counties of England that it was known as the "Kelley's" in England; it was one evening held. The bell from the chambers fell on a pile of glass with characteristic delicacy, and glanced back, as if from the glass and rich cut glass which it sparkled, it was indeed a gay and splendid place, and the rare wines circulated freely, and many were the glass of sparkling champagne, or rich glowing Burgundy, qualified by the joyous company assembled there. It was dinner with. All the members of the certain honorable corps, cavalry, and infantry, inclining to eat and drink, and show their loyalty to their Queen and country. The colonel of the regiment, a peer of the realm, was acting as president on this auspicious occasion; and, to use a newspaper phrase, the well-remembered board, proving the sincerity of their commendation by their actions, when they pronounced both the venison and the champagne excellent, and seemed resolved to enjoy themselves to the utmost of their power. Speeches followed the dinner — toasts were proposed and drank with acclamation— songs were sung— the laugh and the jest circulated as freely as the bottle, and nothing could exceed the hilarity of the whole meeting. Mirror and music combined to make a charming: all that money could purchase, or refined taste could desire, was there; and who would raise a voice of disapprobation?— who would call in question the propriety of such a meeting?— one which tended so strongly to create a social and friendly feeling, to give rise to acquaintances useful, in life, or to promote a kind and neighborly disposition amongst the guests. But this is not the only convivial meeting on that evening. A few miles from this place, had any taken a view of the little beer house called the Crown, they might have witnessed an assembly as miserable, though less elegant, than the least of the year-cavalry. It was a long, low room, furnished with settees and tables, which bore the marks of many a blow, and such rough usage: the plaster wads were discovered by smoke, and greasy from the heads, shoulders, and fingers which for years had lolled against them. Two dingy oil lamps high upon this wall, added their smoke to that of the many pipes at this moment lighted; and certainly to a. Overtaken indeed! But what right had you to be drunk, I should like to know?— a man likes you, who ought to know better! Pay Adhere has you been drinking? At the Crown. The Crown! Eh! Well now, Ar'nt you, ashamed of yourself, idling away your time like that? Why were you not at your work? 'Please your honor, I have no work.' 'No work?—no wonder! A drunken disorder, a fellow like you, who would employ you? It's your own fault entirely.' Peicr Johnson only hung his head the more heavily than before at the assertion which he dared not deny, since it came from Squire Flocher, though he felt it to be untrue; for he was perfectly willing to work when he had the opportunity, and was as seldom at the ale house as most men in the neighborhood. But Mr. Fleischer declined to bully the poor; at least, those who came here to hear his sister's character, his superior capacity; not desire to show his wit, wisdom, or judgment to the spectators, without any consideration as to the feelings of his helpless victims. 'Well,' continued he, 'I should like to know how you came to go to the ale haute at all?' 'Please your worship, I went to meet Mr. Gardner's bailiff, who was to pay me for three days' work.' 'I am sorry my bailiff set out so injudicious a place to pay it,' observed the young magistrate. 'I must look to this.' 'Injudicious!' said Mr. Gardiner. 'The premises are mine, and Mr. Turner is as regular in paying rent as any tenant that can be. I consider him a highly respectable man.' Mr. Gardiner was silent again; he appeared to be reflecting. His company went on, — 'But why could you not go home quietly when you had the money? Answer me that my good man. No one stopped you, no one compelled you to get drunk, or to make a noise, I presume.' 'Please your worship, it was not I made the noise—it was George Andrews, who was with me.' 'Oh no — I date say it was not—and it was not you that was drunk! Could it's not you standing here before us! I am sorry, my good fellow extremely sorry, to doubt your word.' ort^ but unfortunately it's not in my power entirely to credit your statement. 'I think,' interposed Edward Harding, 'you might let him off, Fletcher, be looks to wretch- refine, or rusmodious taste like the place would have any good; and after all, it is not clear that it was little charms, but there were merry voices there, who was making the disturbance. 'Ah, but then, you see, it's such a shocking habit, that of loitering in the ale house; it leads Many thousands cine, when the door It is hoped that Cordial at hand, and this medicine to its last stages. Keepers will keep the unrefined but little of an attack of the WASINGTON HOUSE, Fashionable Clothing, HAIR-DRESSING "STABLISHMENT, By E. H. SMITH. Champagne, 12 1 2 rent. Shaving by the Garden, chamber than at any other The only. Shaving Razors on hand at all times. Auctioneering July 7, 1872 SUGAR OF ALL Subscriptions received for all the most popular PERIODICALS of the United States. BOOKS and PRIVATE DISCOUNTS supplied on the basis of terms No. 66 Central Street, near the Bridge, decl2ly LOWELL MASS. AUGUSTUS MASON, M. D. PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON OFFICE— 128, Merrimack St., LOWELL, M. ASS. Office J. JOHN W. DAVIS, GENERAL DEALER IN DAILY, WEEKLY, MONTHLY AND ANNUAL ENGLISH AND AMERICAN PERIODICALS, No. 5 John St., Lowell, Mass. MUTUAL BENEFIT LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY — NEW YORK. JOSHUA MELLIS, Agent. Office — No. 23, Central St. J. ALONZO V. LYNUE, ATTORNEY and COUNSELLOR at LAW And Commissioner for Maine. New Hampshire and Ohio. Clerk of Utott and Devoe, St. Nov. 18, 1858. FRANKLIN T. SARGENT, SURGICAL AND MECHANICAL PENTIST, No. 2, Hurd St. Upstairs, Upstairs, Upstairs. FRANKLIN T. SARGENT, SURGICAL AND MECHANICAL PENTIST, No. 2, Hurd St. Upstairs, Upstairs. FRANKLIN T. SARGENT, SURGICAL AND MECHANICAL PENTIST, No. 2, Hurd St. Upstairs, Upstairs. FRANKLIN T. SARGENT, SURGICAL AND MECHANICAL PENTIST, No. 2, Hurd St. Upstairs, Upstairs. FRANKLIN T. SARGENT, SURGICAL AND MECHANICAL PENTIST, No. 2, Hurd St. Upstairs, Upstairs. FRANKLIN T. SARGENT, SURGICAL AND MECHANICAL PENTIST, No. 2, Hurd St. Upstairs, Upstairs. FRANKLIN T. SARGENT, SURGICAL AND MECHANICAL PENTIST, No. 2, Hurd St. Upstairs, Upstairs. FRANKLIN T. SARGENT, SURGICAL AND MECHANICAL PENTIST, No. 2, Hurd St. Upstairs, Upstairs. FRANKLIN T. SARGENT, SURGICAL AND MECHANICAL PENTIST, No. 2, Hurd St. Upstairs, Upstairs. FRANKLIN T. SARGENT, SURGICAL AND MECHANICAL PENTIST, No. 2, Hurd St. Upstairs, Upstairs. FRANKLIN T. SARGENT, SURGICAL AND MECHANICAL PENTIST, No. 2, Hurd St. Upstairs, Upstairs. FRANK H. H. F. BOWELT, M.D., ATTORNEY & COUNSELOR AT LAW, A.M. Building Central St., Lovell, Attorney and Counselor at Law. Office—Wanted's Building—Merrimack St. Law Notice. A.M. MEAD Jr., ATTORNEY & COUNSELOR AT LAW. Office—Appleton Bank Building, Corner of Central and Hild Sts. Lowell, Sept. 16th 1847. Alf GRIN REED, CONSTABLE, Office, 56 Coburn's Block (Next door to City Market Office.) LOWELL HOUSE MAIN STREET, If A OFFICE OF THE MINISTER AT LARGE, in the Free Chapel, (East door,) Middlesex at Open from 8 to 9; 12 to 12 1-2; 1 to 6. Office Box at the City. ISAAC H. MORSE, ATTORNEY AND COUNSELLOR AT LAW, And Agent for the Hartford Fire Insurance Company. Risk, taken upon Machinery, Mills, and other property Office — Manufacturing Building, Central St. DR. JHiillf I. S. M0RSE, Sec'ry. U. G. F. CORLISS, ATTORNEY AND COUNSELLOR AT LAW, Office—Savings Bank Block, near the City Hall LOWELL, ILL. DANIEL H. DEAN. MERCHANT TAILOR, No. 6 Canal Street, New York. AMERICAN HOUSE BY HUNTRESS & HUTCHINS, CIVIL STREET...LOWELL, MASS. GEORGE P. WALORON, ESSKrac^asT niH./m. ieib a^ ar^a /t OAm, M Ctstril St. LOWELL, MASS. Cholera, 1833 service or Diarrhea. Thirf Cordial immediately affects the vomiting, relieves the pain, stops the diarrhea, and restores the patient permanently. It is not healthy, but rather, it may be, or however low the patient may have become, it invariably restores. The severe cases of Dysentery are immediately controlled, the stomach is allayed, the bowels are relieved, and the bowels are unsupplied, and the bowels are relieved and re-supplied in the short space of ten days. tliro»ic i)iarr!s(ca, ICilher ill ehitdren or a(luli>, of oi'iikIih or yeaiB enn- tiiiuiiace, i« lutiht readily cured wiili ihis Curdial.not- wilh.-lauding they may be ir.iiiccd lo mere ekiihiiund; it iiiiaiedliilelv Kir(-ii<;Uien.H,aiid tdiui'lly u-ntorfs tlieui t(f pei leei hejith. lliolcrn Infantum. Il has haveil ilir Imi-h ol many lUiMrfanil chlldirn when reduird lo dt-aili's dmir liy lhit< eomplainl, — il give ihem iimneiliaic relief, and ihey veiy liuua recover. Sea Sickness. It iA a most pleaitani aiiilde>,irable rcnrdy for .Sea .Sirknews. Il checkd ihe vomiiiciK, anti readily re- aioiemhe patient. It inxeriably elieeks vomiiiny, pro- duced Irtiiii any canue v\h.itever. Ihitdrcii that arc Teething, iftnclhied to Hiarrha'a, ihouUl always be provided with this medicine, art it will keep ihe liowels legula- led, and keep olV the Caiilier. Il iti wholesome, safe and \|ihM8aiii to the liictle; and ehihlreu are fond of it, and will lake ii without trjuble or ditjiike. For ilcneral llebiiity and llyspcpsia. It is u most (-xeellent restorative, giving a healthy Uirn to both the mtoinaeh tnd bowelR,aad prevcnla food from preBiiing or iliitirestiiig the Klomuch. 'ihe public may ret<i llI4^lled that it contains neither opium or mineral ^ubt>lan(V8, or tinythiiig that ia in the least injurious to the aiitHtitulioii. Be Mire ihat vou obtain MRS. K. KinUKU'S Chideia IVIorbnti, l>y«entery and Diarrhcr tNirdial. ami you will gel the only true and original article, whirl. ha« ever been held in the hight»t csitiiiiatiun by the pulilie throughout the whole country. Il in put up iu botilei hohling neady tiquiirl, intend- ed for faintly utte, umi sold at (Jne Dollar per butlk. Mrs. H. KIDDER, 100 COURT STREET, BOSTON Drinking A large or who is the inventor and sole proprietor, and Apothecaries supplied in formerly, including instruments. Aiten. for Lowell, SAMUEL KIDDER Jr., CARLETON & CO. J. C. AYEIL and C. L. ALLEN. June 24-roB4in Gold and Silver Watches, Fine Jewelry, Silver Ware, Collar, Gold and Silver Pencils, Spectacles &c. Watches, Clocks and Jewelry, REPAIRED IN THE BEST MANNER. One to hand on gold and Silver Watches, Gold Chains, Silver Spoons, Silver Ware, Day Gold Chains, Forgings, Mufflers, and every kind of valuable property in the market. E. OLMSFIELD, July 18, 18 Merrimack St. 2 doors below Central St. GEORGE PIERCE, HAVING removed from No. 90 Merrimack St., To No. 5 William's Block Central St., invites the attention of his friends and the public generally, to his New Establishment of his own. He They promised him to join them; he was fretting? — he was working too hard? — he was out of work? — or what was the matter to make poor Johnson look so very wo-begone. No; he could not slay; his wife was sick, his children the wages which had just been paid him for ball a week's work — the only employees he had for ten days. But they pressed him to stay; they sat before him a foaming lankard; one even offered to treat him to a pint if he would remain and sing the song for which he was so famous. He begged; flulery, comfort, and cheerful society called the day over natural affection; he had minded every night should be the last, but there seemed always some excuse for swallowing him; and by midnight when he appeared to return home, he was sufficiently intoxicated to be unable to walk steadily. In company with one of his companions, who was more sober, but much more noisy than himself, he set out. The other man would shout and sing. and succeeded in making such a disturbance that the loyal policeman was seen approaching. Andrews, the noisy one, was sufficiently sober to elect his escape, whilst his quiet and stupid companion Johnson was detained by the policeman, with an assurance that he should be taken before the magistrates next morning and fined for being drunk and disorderly in the streets at night. It was two o'clock before the officers of the yeomanry-cavalry broke up their gay assembly. Time had flown rapidly away, and perhaps there were few who felt no surprise when they discovered the lateness of the hour. After a few hours spent in feverish sleep, one of the corps rose early on the following morning to return to his own home, a distance of nine or ten miles. His temples yet throbbed with the excitement of the evening before; the shouts of merriment and applause still rang in his ear; the glistening scene still danced before his eyes. But he felt dull, heavy, and miserable — in a frame of mind loquacious with everything, and especially himself. In the wild excitement of the proceeding night, all had seemed brilliant now he felt rather inclined to wonder where the chair could have been. He remembered all the early pan of the evening distinctly, but towards the latter pan his recollections were dim and uncertain; but the splitting headache which oppressed him made him conscious. He had somewhat exceeded the bounds of sobriety on the occasion. He was a young man, and being usually a sober one, to say the truth, he felt a little ashamed of himself upon this occasion. He returned home slowly through the cool morning air, which refreshed and invigorated him; and many a resolution did he form to avoid in future all such excesses. Edward Gardner — this was his name— was a magistrate: it was bench day; and though he did not often attend, he resolved this morning as a sort of penance for the last night's excess, to do his duty. Of course, one part of their business was to hear the case of poor Peter Johnson, accused of being found at twelve o'clock at night in the neighborhood, and making a disturbance in the streets. The culprit stood before the magistrates with a unanimity still more decreed than it had been last night, and his whole air and attitude betokened misery and shame. Mr. Gardner's opinion on the bench, a middle-aged man, fond of talking, with pompous manners, and rather a narrow mind, interrogated the unfortunate man. 'And so, my good friend, we are to understand that you got very drunk last night— eh, my man?' 'Why, please your honor, was a little overtaken.' To much evil, waste of time, and discovery and political discussions, and, above all, posing; if there were any arrangements all their villainous plots. Ans for the destruction of our game. There is no end to the innuendo it gives rise too. If you think so ill of this beer shop, shall, withdraw the license? What! Turner's? No, no; I didn't mean it's a very respectable house; I do not accuse him of anything of the sort. However, we last fine this man one shilling. Please your worship, I cannot pay. Eh! What did you say? ejaculated Mr. Fletcher. What's become of your wages? It was but four shillings, your honor, and I paid two to Jackson for bread we had eaten last week. And the rest—what's become of that? Petsr remained silent, and figured from one foot to the other, with a despondent air. 'What! gone? All gone — swallowed — gone in your cups— eh man? Now isn't it a disgrace to such a man as you to have reduced yourself to such extremities?' But you shall learn a lesson; we will commit you, and give you something else to do than to indulge in drinking. Clerk, make out the warrant.' Whilst the clerk was busy writing, Mr. Fletcher, turned to his companion, said; "Ah, Gardner, I suppose you had a merry meeting last night?" Edward Gardner, feeling this to be particularly inappropriate to the place and style before them, gave a reluctant answer. "Was his lordship in good spirits?" pursued Mr. Fletcher. "Very." "And was the wine good?" He nodded his assent. "You look a little heavy," laughed the other, "too good perhaps. Does your head ache?" The young man reddened, but knew not bound to stop him, when their affection was sudden. ly diverted by the hurried entrance of a woman, pale, emaciated, and poorly clad. She carried one child in her arms, and whilst two other sickly looking creatures clung to her gown, and tried to conceal their frightened faces in the scanty folds of her clothing, tears stood in her bullow eyes, and her frame trembled as much from weakness as from excitement. 'Oh, please your Wardships,' said she with frantic eagerness; putting back those who intervened to stop her, 'have pity on us, and do not send my husband to jail.' He has many ways, done so before; and if you will forgive him, he will never do so again; but we are all weak in temptation.' 'My good woman,' said Mr. Fleischer, 'I cannot allow this noise. If Peter Johnson is your husband, let me tell you that he is here to answer for having broken the law, the dignity of which we sit here to uphold; and that is the same law which condemns him, not we alone. Pray remember to whom you are speaking, and compose yourself to a proper and respectful manner. 'I should be sorry lo show disrespect for your worships, but pray have pity on my husband, who is a sood man as limes go, I assure you.' 'And pray how do you account then for his stiuandering all his money in (be ale hsuse, and leaving ytyi and your family to starve?' 'It's conioany, sir; and good fellowship, your worship. If you found yourself in a comforiabis, warm room, light and cheery like, merry com- panion; enticing you, and pleasant chat, and good liquor too, would you leave it at once for a dreary, dnrk«ooie house, no comfort, crying chil- dren, and hardly n mouthful to give ibem? Oh, genilemnn, may you never be tempted, or feel how hard a thing it is lo resist.' 'Woman, I desire yuu wilt not talk in ibis way. Do you mean to place us on a level, or imngine that I should succumb to the leinpta- lions which overpower your wsak minded hu»« band? Begone! Clerk, is the warrant ready?' 'And what is In become of ua?' shrieked lbs. wile, 'are we lo starve, 1 and my Imle ones, whilst tlieir I'athir is injail?' 'Constable, remove ihat woman,' said Mr Fletcher, harshly. 'Her noise inierropis Ibe course of justice.' Peter Johnson was commillsd 10 pcuoD, bat J afiis conGoeiiient was of short diira(ian; in a very few hours lie was iDforaieJ ib»i die Sne was paid, ■oil (hat he might reiura lo his hume. lie did CO, and 10 hisasiooishiueni discovered ihui ii was DO looger the desiituie hume which he had left il. Pood wag (here for lhepreaeiil,and work was promised lor the fulurc, lu he ili-peiideni uii Sleadioess and good conduci fur iiscoiiiinuaiice. This was the work of Edward Gardner; he had conscience, and he whispered to him pretty loudly that the revelers at the Crown were only humble imitators of the gay and aristocratic party which he had joined, and that the excesses which they were obliged to pass in the poor, were equally wrong, and far more inexcusable in the rich. THE ADVERTISEMENT. THURSDAY, OCTOBER 4, 1819. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICAN NOMINATIONS. FOR GOVERNOR, GEORGE S. BOUTWELL, OF ORIENTON. FOR REPRESENTATIVE, MIDDLESEX COUNTY CONVENTION. The Democratic County Convention for the election or Senatorial Candidates, will be held at Holbrook's Coffee House, Concord, on the tenth day of October next, at 9 o'clock A.M. The Democrats of each city and town in said County, are requested To send to said Convention, for each town and city one delegate, and one additional delegate for every twenty-five Democratic votes cast for Governor in 1848. Per order of County Committee. Alonzo V. Lymde, Chairman. Sept. 20, 1949. From all parties, and all sections of the country, complaints of the incompetency of the present dynasty to manage the affairs of the nation are being made. And these complaints are not confined to our intercours with foreign powers only, which is so ignorantly and recklessly carried on, that at any moment we may be plunged into a war upon a point of etiquette, or may lose important rights for want of knowing how to maintain them, but the whole machinery of our government at home appears to be out of order. The newspapers of all parties are filled with curses, loud and deep, with regard to the disarrangement and delays of the mails, such as we never before experienced. But for ourselves, we are inclined to excuse the administration; though its faults are great, its ignorance must be very great. For twenty consecutive years, the whig party has been in power but one month, and why should Whig politicians be expected to have the necessary experience to conduct with order, regularity, and success the affairs of a great nation? They should not. They have not had the necessary training and experience, and they never will have. It is, (or before they get that, they will be turned out. The people must have known the utter want of experience in these politicians, and of course expected all the evils and dangers the country is exposed to. From pulling the government into the hands or novices. We give the following extracts from the New York Express, (whig,) and the Washington Union, as specimens of what is said of the incapacity of the administration to conduct the affairs of the nation. But we seriously think sufficient allowance is not made for unavoidable ignorance. Where could they ever have learned better? — "The administration, it must be confessed, keeps on a grand display in its foreign negotiations — Scenes, events, coupes, and sparkle upon the surface of its action. It is a work all the while. There is an EXHILUTION EVERY NIGHT. No sooner are we over the wonders of the proclamation in behalf of Cuba, and the commissary and peremptory demand for the abducted Key against Cuba, than THE SAVING OF ALL LIQUOR AGAINST THE POULSIN affair. There is danger, there not, that our political palates may become so highly seasoned, that On the ordinary lure of quiet and peace, we may starve to death?"—W. Y. Express. Since the present administration came into power, which is but six months ago, the rabble, with Mr Clayton at its head, has contrived to pick quarrels, or get into diplomatic squabbles, with England, France, Spain, the German Confederation, and the Bashaw of Tunis. What but the most stupid blundering can account for this state of things? And where is all this unfortunate mismanagement to end? We were disposed to laugh at first. But we really begin to think there is danger of a rupture of our peaceful relations, and of war with more than one foreign power. We certainly think, in view of this strange state of things, this embroilment which half the world, in so short a period, that our citizens engaged in commerce should keep a sharp look out for the future. Remedies are certainly necessary, for we know not when a war may break out. Under the management of the present cabinet, it seems to behave in the conduct of our foreign relations with no more indulgence or caution than a mad animal in a china shop. Where is the "man of peace" which but the other day was had at the head of the administration? Or was it the mischievous cant? The "inventor" answers? The banter was accepted by one of the young men, and in a short time, by her dignity, the documents were procured, the parson in attendance, and the knot tied, which is indissolubly untrue in death, or by the act of one of the conductors of the State. So far, everything went merrily as any other marriage bell, but subsided no further. The dignified stubbornly refused to avail himself of his marital rights, by men's lurch, and all unheeded by the nuptial couch — the expected bride, languished away, alternately disolvining in tears, and reviving to pour forth reproaches — the atonement looked a "bad man," and the old folks buried here and there, fearful to commit themselves. So things soon came again. The last advices. Whether or not the reluctant groom will relent towards her whom he promised to love and cherish, or whether he will consign her untimely to the penalties of grass-widowhood, remains to be seen. The affair has caused a good deal of tumult and some excitement. — Ohio State Journal. We have read lots of stories like the above, every one of which, we have no doubt, is as true as the book of Genesis. Something like twenty-five or thirty years ago, somewhere in the State of Pennsylvania, a young suppose she was not handsome, unexpectedly become the inheritor of a large sum of money. She lacked a few days or months of her majority, and of course, was what, in law, is termed an infant. It accordingly became necessary for her to select a guardian before she could receive her inheritance. She very modestly selected a young gentleman of her acquaintance in the neighborhood, who was duly informed of his appointment. Immediately made his appearance, and as was natural, took his beautiful ward before a Justice of the Peace, was married — and, reader, we are not going to tell the rest of the story — you must be a blockhead, if you cannot guess it. Another story, more like the one above, was an affair that happened, we believe, in the little State of Delaware. A young gentleman had recently received the appointment of Justice of the Peace, in a certain neighborhood, and the lads and lasses were determined to have a little spur with him. Accordingly, a dozen couples, more or less, formed themselves as oddly as was possible, maids of twenty-five coupling themselves with lads of a dozen or fifteen, and vice versa, and placed off to the young Justice to get married. Young Shallow, was not so hilarious as not to perceive the joke; he married them according to law, and the next day, when they were laughing over the affair, they were told that their marriages were legal. How Ihey got themselves out of the scrape we never learned, but presume it was the last lime that any of them were ever married for fun. I lie lice Court, I Letter, of Acceptance irom the Democratic We have placed Ihewords at the head of this ai- r "'T' -,. I1„utw.i.l and ticle. no. because we h, any thing to say peculiarly Below are tb. letter. Irom ^'-" """^""^ "' sppropriate to the Polic^ourt of Lowell, but bec,.u«> Co.hmah in reply lo .he committee appointed by ■what we wish lo-saym.well enough be applied to the Democratic Stale <'^»'»«"'7 '"/"''^J' '''''" ° ! it ,a. well as lo an, othrcourt in our Commonwealth, their nomination respaelively lo the oflice. o. l""""""' exe.cisinga.imilar jurl.clion. We have not one and Lieutenant Governor of (he commonwealth. lUe 1 word, either of comrnenaion or censure to offer, in letter, are frank and manly avowal, ol democratic pr.n- i relation to the present o,e former incumbent of the ' ciplea. and will he read with hearty .ali.fact.un by j Police Court bench in th city ; our remark, have al- 1 every Demucial in ihe Siate.-i>rintt/ieW fosi. logcther a different u\|i\|i\|ttiun. Whoever has happene lo bo present when some poor,8uff'ering specimen ( humanity ha. been arraign Arrival of the Steamihip Canada, at Halifan. Our Gains. The Washington Union publishes a table comparing the result of the elections which have taken pUce this year, with Taylor's vote of last No- vember, and the aoouunt stands thus: — Dem. gain. Connectioui, 3,017 Rhode Island, 913 Virginia, 3,873 North Carolina, 4,713 Tennessee, 7,363 Indiana, 4.940 Iowa, 1,217 Kentucky, 3,509 Alabama, _ 5,077 Maine, 8,5ti4 LETTER FROM MR BOUTWELL. Urolun, Sept. 28, 1849. Gentlemen-Your letter of the 20ih instant, giving me olhcial nmice of my nomination by the de-ev" '^ alaie eonveniion as ii candidate lor governor ol this commonwealth, is before me. .„,„„„ In receiving »«J accepling this on-lesBrved _«estirao- ed for sumo trivial olient against the peace and dig- nity of this Commonwoah, before the Police Court, cannot fail to have notied that the Judge, with all i..mgi.umio co.npo«ure, o.en aCs in the threefold c«. . ^^ ^^^^ ,,,„,id,„cB «\| ...y (. piicity of Judgo» Juror o.d Altorney forihe govorn- , ^^^^ ^^^^^^^.^^ j^^^^^^^.^^ \| _ _^ ^___ mem. Poihups (he poor jriaoner m^ have some young [^^^^^ ofihuae principles uflrecdom and tquahly lo whicU Hnd inexporieiicud iipolo^y for an ifttornoy to niunago fullow ciliz»,'nii. I can only may poMens lo ihe sup- Tolal— ^ A glorious verdict truly! 4S,()3(j \|2^The Varmoulh UegiatRr lelia u good story uboul an incurable young rnprobate, vvho» wliilc trnv- elling in the curs from Purttund, was lectured by on old deacon on ihe sin of profanity: "You are on tho road to perdition,** said the old deacon. The young man drew a ticket from hid pocUei, and eyeing it wilh a look that puzzles descrip- tion, aiiid, "Just my d — d juck, old fellow — i bought a licUcl for Brunswick." Fourth District. The ofiicinl count of votes for Represnntjilivea to Congrej>« from the 4th District, at the fifth irtnl, Khnws.jfrho following result — whole number of votes, 9423. 'Nucessary for a choice 4712. Palfrey had 4UI ; 1'hoi\ipBon, 3164; Robinson, 1632; Scattering 16. TKe votes from Lincoln were not counted. The next trial will he on Monday, the 12th Nov., the day of the Slate election. This defense and to expect in his behalf, and perhaps he may not; but the injury in which both the prosecution and defense are conducted, will very soon convince any impartial observer that whether he has or not. The simple fact that the examination of witnesses, on the part of the prosecution, is conducted entirely by the Judge, expected testimony of the witnesses, is more than enough to condemn the whole proceeding as a contemptible, ridiculous farce. The fault may not be in the Court; it may be in the law, and it undoubtedly is but there is a great fault somewhere, which our legislature should immediately proceed to remedy. We may be, and indeed we have been often told, that all this is well enough; that it is a small matter, and we had better let it remain as it is. A small matter is it, that one of our own flesh and blood, a human being, possessed of natural rights as extensive as any other man's in creation, may be arraigned before a tribunal, and tried and examined before a Judge, who has previously heard every particle of the testimony expected to be produced against him? How much or how little the mind of that Judge has been biased or warped by his previous acquaintance with this testimony, God alone can tell; but he who can, for an instant, suppose that such a course of proceeding is not directly calculated to produce an unfavorable, an unfair impression on the mind of the Judge, we care not how well qualified for his station he may be, in other respects, evinces a most surprising ignorance of human nature. Let But the same course of proceeding be adopted in the trial of a civil suit, where the matter in dispute may be only of a shilling's consequence, and the whole community would be in arms, in an instant. And do the laws of Massachusetts regard a shilling of more consequence than the rights of a poor, defenseless stranger, who, forsooth, has had the misfortune of being suspected by the City Marshal, or perhaps by some mischief-making busy-body, of being guilty of petit larceny? No valid excuse, whatever, can be made for this outrageous exhibition of injustice, in our criminal jurisprudence. It will not do to tell us what the jurisdiction of our Police Court is not of final — that whatever errors may be there committed may always be remedied before a higher tribunal. That poor, half-starving, ragged prisoner has no money to prosecute an appeal, no friends to act in another matter in the same manner. To or out of a law suit. The democratic party is deliberated. If the democracy may not anticipate an immediate triumph in Massachusetts, it can be upon the results of its opposition. In various reforms already secured; in enlarging its resources to measures of favoritism, and the timely introduction of economy and reform by which the finances of the state were proved and its credit restored. The future course of the democratic party appears to be, perfect and secure. It should drive from the kingdom of the State to public rather than private purposes to secure an economic administration of the government and to secure an economic administration of the government. The existence of the elective franchise; to weparate the legislation of the state from the influence of corporations and render these institutions subordinate to the law; to blend our various educational institutions into one great system, supported by the public bounty, encouraged by the public bounty, and devoled to the education of the whole people; to lend our example, and sympathy and encouragement to the struggling republicans of every country; and above all to protect the laborer and the rights of labor in the distant territories of the time. If we are to judge from our experience as a nation, the democratic party has undoubtedly superior to any other party to accomplish whatever it undertakes. Nearly every measure which it has consistently supported has been uniformly successful. been Hustamed by the judgment of the country; so, nearly every measure which it has strenuously opposed has been finally rejected by the people.	40,694
officialgazette881unit_156	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,872	Official gazette of the United States Patent Office	United States. Patent Office	English	Spoken	6,684	9,742	1 OCTECT LEAK WITH HAL0«EN DETECTOR bloworyI NITfl KMEN A leak detection method wherein the hermetically sealed container is vacuum heated and then immersed in a relatively cool bath of a detection fluid such as tri- chlorofluoromethane. Should leaks exist the detection fluid is drawn to the interior of the container by the resulting reduction of pressure. After all traces of the fluid are removed from the surface of the container, leaks are de- tected by means of a halogen detector or by observance of bubbles when the container is immersed in a second liquid. 3,548,637 VELOCITY PROFILE SENSOR SYSTEM FOR CONTROL OF A SLURRY PIPELINE Moye Wicks m, Houston, Tex., assignor to Shell Oil Com- pany, New York, N.Y., a corporation of Delaware FUed Apr. 11, 1969, Ser. No. 815,364 Int a. GOln 11/00: GOlp 5/12 U.S. CI. 73—53 5 Claims Apparatus and method of detecting the heterogeneous flow of a slurry so that corrective action may be taken by flowing the slurry through a pipeline so that the slmry continuously substantially occupies a preselected portion of the throughbore defined by the {Mpeline and selecting at least two locations within the pipeline throughbore portion A fine tube viscosimeter employing a by -pass conduit provided with a fine tube and connected to a main con- duit of a process Une. Two pumps are independently in- serted within the by-pass conduit sandwiching the fine tube for introduction and discharge of the liquid from and into the main conduit. Loss of the liquid pressure passing through the fine tube is picked up and used for deter- mination of the liquid viscosity and further for control of the pump revolution. The upstream pump is driven at a faster speed than the downstream pump. 3,548,639 BROMIDE-CHLORIDE SALT MOISTURE INDICATING COMPOSITION Walter O. Krause, Chesapeake, Va., assignor to Virginia Chemicals Inc., West Norfolk, Va., a corporation of Virginia Original application Aug. 19, 1968, Ser. No. 753,655, now Patent No. 3,499,316, dated Mar. 10, 1970. Divided and this application Sept 9, 1969, Ser. No. 870,339 Int CI. GOIn 33/00; COlg 57 /08 Ir.S. CI. 73-61.1 2 Claims Moisture-mdicatmg materials of the type used in refrigerant systems to detect moisture content which may have a deleterious effect upon the system capabilities, particularly a mixed salt consisting of cobaltous bromide and either barium chloride or magnesium chloride. The moisture indicator composition undergoes a reversible color change as wetted, indicating the degree of moisture within the refrigerant system. December 22, 1970 GENERAL AND MECHANICAL 1859 3,548,640 CAVITAN DETECTOR Wallace R. Deason, Akron, Ohio, and Lewis Fowler, University City, and Walter N. Trump, Webster Groves, Mo., assignors to Monsanto Company, St Louis, Mo., a corporation of Delaware Fried Apr. 13, 1967, Ser. No. 630,667 Int CL GOIn 29/04 VS. CL 73—67.2 3 Claims 3,548,642 SYNTHETIC APERTURE ULTRASONIC IMAGING SYSTEMS John J. Flaherty, Elk Grove Village, KesMth R. Erickson, Niles, and Van Metre Lund, Chicago, DL, assignors to Magnaflux Corporation, Chicago, DL, a corporation of Delaware Fried Mar. 2, 1967, Ser. No. 620,041 Int CI. GOIn 29/00 VS. CL 73—67.5 46 Claims CKYSTAL HIGH- Jg AMPLIFIER CRYSTAL Means and method for detecting fluid cavitation within hydraulic systems. The apparatus employs a tuned piezo-electric probe assembly cooperating with filters and logarithmic amplifiers to consider frequencies between about 30,000 and about 100,000 c.p.s. By bringing the probe into contact with a servo-valve or the like, cavitation and internal leakage can be detected. 3,548,641 RECORDING SYSTEM FOR ULTRASONIC INSPECTION APPARATUS Hugh A. Mitchell, North Hollywood, Calif., assignor to Magnaflux Corporation, Chicago, Ill., a corporation of Delaware. Filed Sept 30, 1966, Ser. No. 583,255 Int. a. 101 29/04 VS. CI. 73—67.9 20 Claims Ultrasonic systems for developing high resolution indications of the characteristics of a narrow slice-like region of a body in which bursts of ultrasonic energy are transmitted with signals reflected from the region to a multiplicity of receiving locations being stored, the signals with respect to each reflecting point being stored in a certain pattern. Processing means are provided including means responsive to the pattern of signals stored with respect to each reflecting point to produce an indication at each point of a display area in accordance with the correlated and integrated effect of the signals received from the corresponding point of the region. In one type of system, the Signals are stored on film and optical processing means are provided, preferably using a coherent light source. In another type of system, storage cathode ray tubes, image converters or the like are used. 3,548,643 HOLOGRAPHIC VIBRATION ANALYSIS METHOD AND APPARATUS Emmett N. Lcith, Plymouth, and Juris Upatnieks, Ann Arbor, Mich., assignors, by mesne assignments, to The Batteau Development Corporation, Columbus, Ohio, a cooperation of Delaware. Continuation-in-part of applications Ser. No. 361,977, Apr. 23, 1964, and Ser. No. 503,993, Oct 23, 1965. This application, Oct 29, 1965, Ser. No. 505,652 Int CI. GOlh U.S. CI. 73— 71 J 3 Claims Recording system for an ultrasonic pulse-echo C-scan system in which a recording is produced at a point moved over a recording medium in synchronism with scanning of a part. Gated signals are applied to a multi-level discriminator circuit to produce and hold an output signal at one of a number of discrete output levels, the output signal being applied to the recording means. Important features relate to the discriminator circuit which includes a plurality of bistable circuits, to clipper means for removing lower amplitude portions of the gated signal, to the re- setting of the discriminator circuit and to edge sensing and indicating means. A method of analyzing the average vibration of an object over a selected period of time by vibrating the object, recording the vibration thereof in the form of a hologram and reconstructing the hologram and observing the interference PRODUCT INSPECTION SYSTEM Donald T. O'Connor, Barrington, Arthur D. Debb, Blue Island, and Kenneth R. Erikson, Chicago, Dl., assignors to Magnafinx Corporation, Chicago, Dl., a corporation of Delaware. Fired Jan. 16, 1967, Ser. No. 609,641 Int. CI. GOIn 29/00 US, CI. 73—71.5 1 Claim pair of photoelectric sensors connected to a bistable system for providing an output at each full cycle of the pendulum past both sensors, and means for counting the outputs of said bistable system. 3,548,646 TENSILE TEST APPARATUS William R. Holman, Danville, Calif., assignor to the United States of America as represented by the United States Atomic Energy Commission Filed Feb. 28, 1969, Ser. No. 803L154 Int CI. GOIn 3/10 Cl. 73—97 10 Claims Ultrasonic inspection system including a rigid roll in rolling pressure contact with a workpiece, serving to transmit ultrasonic energy between transducer means in the workpiece. The roll may also operate as one of a pair of reduction rollers and with a hot workpiece, the roll serves to protect the transducer means against excessive temperature. Either one or a plurality of transducers may be used. In one embodiment, the roll is hollow with the transducer means supported therewithin and a liquid may flow continuously through the hollow roll for ultrasonic coupling and to carry away heat. In another embodiment, the roll is solid and the ultrasonic waves are transmitted therethrough. 3,548,645 DEVICE FOR MEASURING HARDNESS OF PLASTICS BY MEANS OF PENDULUM METHOD Ryszard Tadeusz Sikorsid, Ul. Otwarta 2/10, and Janusz Nowaczyk, Ul. Szenwalda 5/2, 1st of Wroclaw, Poland FUed Jan. 24, 1968, Ser. No. 701,530 Int a. Gold 5/36; Gold 3/52 VS. a. 73—79 1 Claim A tensile testing apparatus for measuring mechanical properties of a specimen under the influence of high pressure gaseous or liquid environments. The apparatus comprises a cylindrical enclosure with a piston therein dividing the volume thereof into two compartments. A test specimen is clamped between one side of the piston and the end of the enclosure. Pressurized gas is directed to both compartments and then allowed to escape from one, the mechanical effect on the specimen being determined from the measurement of the differential pressure between compartments and the displacement of the piston. The cylindrical enclosure may be her metically sealed with the walls thereof of sufficient thickness to withstand the high pressures involved, but preferably located within a high pressure vessel or autoclave of a commercially available area. Apparatus for measuring the hardness of plastic by counting the number of swings of a pendulum whose apparatus is damped by the test material comprising a material, especially kraft paper for grocery, shopping bags, and the like, that includes a holder for a paper specimen, a carriage, a force gauge on the carriage, a platen on the force gauge shaft and a piece of paper. The means for moving the holder and carriage relative to each other and for bringing the platen into contact with, and puncture, the specimen to record on the force gauge the force required for the platen to puncture the specimen. 3,548,648 SONIC WORN CUTTING TOOL DETECTOR By Weichbrodt and Stephen E. Grabkowski, Schenectady, N.Y., assignors to General Electric Company, a corporation of New York Filed Apr. 15, 1968, Ser. No. 721,427 Int Ci. GOIn 19/02. 29/00 U.S. CI. 73—104 8 Claims provided with a parallel row of teeth along its periphery, with the teeth of one wheel arranged to slide between the teeth of the other wheel thus forming a row of teeth which are alternate in origin, for example, torque teeth from the torque wheel and reference teeth from the reference wheel. A single pole, variable reluctance sensor in close proximity to the rotating wheels provides an AC signal in which any two adjacent cycles of the signal will be controlled by the relative position between the two rotating wheels. 3,548,650 LOAD CELLS Campbell Dean Beadle, Pentwyn Ponthir Road, Caerleon, Monmouthshire, Wales Continuation of application Ser. No. 615,720, Feb This application May 13, 1969, Ser. No. 826,074 Int CI. PHASE DISPLACEMENT TECHNIQUE James R. Parkinson, Addison, Vt, assignor to Simmonds Precision Products, Inc., Tarrytown, N.Y., a corporation of New York Filed May 27, 1969, Ser. No. 828,217 Int CI. GOli 3/02 VS. CI. 73—136 5 Claims A load cell comprising in a closed chamber a simply supported beam of constant cross-section, means whereby, on application of an external load to the cell, equal deflecting forces are applied to the beam at two points each spaced inwardly of the beam supports an equal amount and strain gauges located on the beam between the points at which the deflecting force is applied. 3,548,651 DEVICES FOR THE ADJUSTMENT OF TIRE PRESSURES Junnosuke Itoh, 345 Kinden-cho, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan Filed Dec. 26, 1968 Filed Dec. 26, 1968 Ser. No. 787,158 Int CI. B60c 23/02 VS. CI. 73—146.8 9 Claims A phase displacement torque measuring system utilizing a pair of exciter wheels mounted in spaced relation ship on a shaft in which each of the exciter wheels is hose is not applied to it. A pocket tire pressure gauge for checking and adjusting tire pressures comprising a manually-adjustable scale-set relief valve in direct communication with a member for connecting to a tire valve, so as to effect blowing-off of excess pressure in a tire, and optionally provided with an air inlet opening also in direct communication with the connecting member, to receive an air hose by means of which a tire can be inflated through the gauge to the required pressure, the air inlet being provided with a shut-off valve, to prevent escape of air through it when W. Cole, Jr., 12 Vale Drive, Mountain Lakes, NJ. 07046 Filled Feb. 10, 1969, Ser. No. 797,742 Int. CI. GOp 5/06 LATTVE 10 aims An instrument for measuring tack has ui^r and lower clamps for holding specimen strips at right angles. Manual lifting of the lower clamps against the upper clamps causes a determined weight to press the specimen surfaces together and starts a timer. The timer starts a motor for separating the clamps, and the separating force is indicated by a spring balance. 3,548,653 DIRECTION AND VELOCITY DETERMINING APPARATUS Victor B. Corey, Bellevue, Wash., assignor to United Control Corporation, a corporation of Delaware Fried Mar. 24, 1969, Ser. No. 809,837 Int. CI. GOlw 1/02 VJS. CI. 73—189 16 Claims A novel apparatus and method for measuring, under widely variable speed and air flow conditions, the true air speed of any aircraft having an air flow therearound, includes a shrouded turbine rotor having a plurality of blades, a fixed shroud axially aligned with and slightly spaced from the turbine shroud, a magnetic pick-up assembly for conversion of the rotor speed to electrical pulses for the ultimate air speed measurement and a mounting assembly to afford rotation of the air speed i meter around axes corresponding to the pitch and yaw xes of the aircraft. In operation, the tuitine is rotated by the movement of the air over its blades and a partial vacuum is created in the gap between the rotating and fixed Shrouds, thus offsetting axial forces acting on the rotating shroud and reducing friction on its bearings, while the air speed meter assembly is deflected about its mounting under the influence of the transverse air forces acting on it. The magnetic pick-up assembly employs a variable air space to effectuate reluctance to convert the rotation of the turbine to electrical pulses and transmits these pulses to a measuring apparatus in the aircraft which records the vehicle speed. Detection apparatus for determining the direction and velocity of an incident fluid flow stream. A sonic vibration producing means axially spaced from a sonic vibration detection means is oriented parallel to the direction of flow of the incident fluid flow stream by servo means in order to determine the direction of fluid flow. A second sonic vibration producing means axially spaced from a second somite detection means and having a common axis at 90° relative to the common axis of the first mentioned means is relatively moved by servo means to indicate velocity of fluid flow. The velocity and direction of flight of a helicopter are indicated by a pair of the above means using circuits which combine the signal outputs to eliminate rotor produced disturbances. 3,548,655 MEASUREMENT OF FLUID OR SURFACE VELOCITIES Richard J. Rudd, Westbury-on-Tun, Bristol, England, assignor to British Aircraft Corporation! Limited, London, England, a British company Filed Oct. 2, 1968, Ser. No. 764^465 Claims priority, application Great Britain. Oct. 4, 1967, 45,258/67; Feb. 23, 1968, 8,942/68 Int. CI. GOI 1/00; GOI 5/t I.S. CI. 73—194 I 6 Claims In a Laser Doppler Velocimeter particles suspended in a fluid or affixed to a moving surface pass through an interference pattern of fringes derived from a Laser December 22, 1970 GENERAL AND MECHANICAL 1363 Source. The fringes are spaced apart in the direction of movement of the particles and the resultant periodic fluctuation in the amount of light absorbed or reflected by the particles is recorded on a fixed photo-detector. The Doppler variation in the frequency of these periodic fluctuations is representative of the velocity of the particles. 3,548,656 FLOW METER Victor J. Guarino, Canal Parit, IlL, assignor, by mesne assignments, to I-T-E Imperial Corporation, Philadelphia, Pa., a corporation of Delaware Filed Feb. 5, 1968, Ser. No. 703,112 Int. CL GOI 1/06 VS. CL 73—229 16 Clahs A flow meter wherein measurement is accomplished by recording the rotations of closely spaced flat discs magnetically suspended parallel to the gas stream in a rectangular flow channel so that the discs are rotated by viscous drag. 3,548,657 DEVICE FOR AN OUTSIDE DISPLAY OF THE LEVEL OF A LIQUID CONTAINED WITHIN A TANK Maria Panerai and Giuseppe Panerai, both of 2 Piazza Galileo Ferraris, Florence, Italy Filed Nov. 19, 1968, Ser. No. 777,084 Claims priority, application Italy, Nov. 30, 1967, 41,102/67, Patent 819,856; Mar. 27, 1968, 35,858/68; May 2, 1968, 36,692/68; May 15, 1968, 37,000/68; Oct. 9, 1968, 40,337/68. In CL GOFF 23/00 VS. CI. 73—293 6 Claims element anchored to the bottom of and projecting from the top of the tank, and said elements projecting into said tank and cylindrical element, apparatus associated with the top of the tank for sending a light beam on said optical elements, a corresponding plurality of feeler elements within said cylindrical element and connected with each optical element to detect the light changes on said reflecting elements in dependence upon the level of the liquid, and further apparatus external of said tank and coupled to the feeler elements for transducing said light variations on said light-transmitting elements into a visible display corresponding to the metering liquid levels in said tank. 3,548,658 DRAUGHT GAGE Roland C. Lawes, 700 Carnation Ave., Metairie, La. 70001, and Frederick Lee Jordan, 247 Marmande Ave., Lot 18, New Orleans, La. 70123 Filed Feb. 18, 1969, Ser. No. 800,216 Int. CL GOlf 23/16 VS. CL 73—302 4 Claims Apparatus for determining the draught of a vessel. A tube extends downward to be aligned at its lower-most point with the bottom of the vessel at which point the tube has an opening. The tube then extends upward and is connected above the surface of the water to a water-filled manometer. Gas is forced down the downward extension at a pressure sufficient to force gas out the opening aligned with the bottom of the vessel. The condition of flow out the opening is detected by measuring flow off the gas applied to the downward extension. The pressure necessary to force gas out the opening is read on the manometer and thus the draught of the vessel is obtained. The two extensions of the tube are enclosed in tubular housing closed at the bottom by a butterfly valve which has a Small aperture to overcome the transient disturbance of waves. A device for an outside display of the level of a liquid contained within a tank, particularly for inflammable liquids, characterized by a plurality of optical light transmitting elements located at vertical intervals within the side wall of a vertically disposed liquid. The cylindrical hollow. DEVICES FOR MEASURING THE UQUID CONTENTS OF CONTAINERS Frederick Albert Ellis, Dorset, England, assignor to Flight Refuelling Umited, London, England Filed May 22, 1968, Ser. No. 731,022 Claims priority, application Great Britain, May 24, 1967, 24,137/67 Int. CI. GOlf 23/10 VS. CL 73—314 4 Claims A device for measuring the quantity of liquid in a receptacle comprises a calibrated measuring rod inertable in a substantially vertical tube in the receptacle and carrying an electrically operated indicator. A float surrounding the tube and supported by the liquid carries a magnet which actuates a switch on the measuring rod. OFFICIAL GAZETTE December 22, 1970 To close the circuit of the indicator when the switch information concerning temperature existing at a particular distance arrives at the same level as the magnet, and the position of the current in time and display thereof is continuously provided by intersection of the storage device and indicator. A reset facility is provided whereby the storage device may be cleared and information may be updated. The contents of the rod can then be read off by using the calibration marks thereon. HUMIDITY-SENSING CLOSURE FOR A CONTAINER Leopold Periaky, Lanham, and Carlton E. Ohiheiser, Silver Spring, Md., assignors to Hygrodynamics, Inc., Silver Spring, Md. Filed Aug. 1, 1968, Ser. No. 749,432 Int. CI. GOlm 25/56 UA CI. 73—336 6 Claims 3,548,662 PRESSURE RATIO MEASUREMENT SYSTEM William E. Brandau, Westwood, and Anthony E. Napp, Woodcliff Lake, NJ., assignors to The Bendiz Corporation, a corporation of Delaware Filed Nov. 22, 1968, Ser. No. 778,188 Int CI. GOll 9/04 U.S. a. 73—398 Claims A closure for a solid rocket fuel container consisting of a threaded plug with a diametral holldw inwardly facing handle. Mounted in the handle is an electrical humidity sensing element which is thereby exposed to the interior of the container. A pair of contact blocks are mounted in the handle and are electrically connected to the terminals of the sensing element. The blocks are held in place by respective screws whose heads are exposed at the outside face of the handle so that they may be engaged by the prongs of the Contact probe of a humidity indicating device. A pressure ratio measurement device has an operational amplifier having an input receiving a constant reference voltage and an output providing an energizing signal. Pressure sensing means for sensing first and second pressures are energized by the energizing signal and provide first and second electrical outputs corresponding to the energizing signal and the first and second pressures respectively. The first electrical output is connected to the input of the operational amplifier to vary the energizing signal so that the second electrical output corresponds to the ratio of the first and second pressures. 3,548,661 ELECTRICAL THERMOMETER Amos Clifton Lilly, Jr., and Elwood Maurice Gentry, Richmond, Va., assignors to Philip Morris Incorporated, New York, N.Y., a corporation of Virginia Filed Mar. 11, 1969, Ser. No. 806,219 Int. CI. GOlk 102, 7/24 U.S. CI. 73-362 5 Claims An electrical thermometer for periodic temperature measurement and long-term display thereof. The thermometer embodies an electrical circuit including continuously-operating temperature detection means, a particular output signal of which is coupled through a momentarily-conductive transfer unit to a storage device and an indicator. Operation of the transfer unit provides 3,548,663 ELECTRICAL GENERATOR INCLUDING COMPONENTS OF AN AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE MECHANICAL SPEEDOMETER Bernard G. Radin, Oak Park, Mich., assignor to Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Mich., a corporation of Delaware Filed July 31, 1968, Ser. No. 749,090 Int. CI. GOp 3/54 UA CI. 73-510 5 Claims An electrical generator for producing periodically varying electrical energy useful in automotive vehicle applications and having a frequency proportional to vehicle speed in which the electrical generator comprises a magnetic means preferably in the form of a permanent magnet having a plurality of poles coupled to a shaft that is driven at a speed proportional to vehicle speed. This magnetic means or permanent magnet for its a portion of a mechanical speedometer of the automotive vehicle that in addition has a pole face or flux collector radially spaced from the permanent magnet and means interposed between the permanent magnet and the pole face or flux collector for producing a torque that drives a vehicle speed indicating device. A coil or output winding and ferromagnetic means coupled to the coil are mounted on the speedometer for intercepting flux leakage from the permanent magnet and the pole face or flux collector of the speedometer mechanism. As the magnetic means or permanent magnet is rotated at a speed proportional to vehicle speed, magnetic flux coupling the coil is varied in time and produces a periodically varying output in the coil or output winding having a frequency proportional to vehicle speed. 3,548,664 RESTRAINED GYROSCOPE FOR STEERING PURPOSES Waldemar Moller, Stelgen, Germany, assignor to Bodenseewerk Gerattechnik GmbH., a corporation of Germany Fried Apr. 10, 1967, Ser. No. 629,480 Claims priority, application Germany, May 3, 1966, F 49,099 Int. a. GOlc 19/04 UA CL 74—5.5 7 Claims In a gyroscopic control arrangement for use for example in aircraft, a gyroscopic control is pivotally mounted about an axis of precession and a pneumatic restraining and dumping means for the gyroscope is provided and includes first and second compression chambers intercoupled by a fluid flow damping restrictor. The first chamber has a relatively smaller volume with respect to the second chamber. Means such as a piston are positioned in the first chamber and coupled to the housing for displacing a volume of air in the first chamber in accordance with motion of the gyroscope about an axis of Precession. 3,548,665 POWER SHIFT TRANSMISSION James W. Crooks, Whitefish Bay, Wis., assignor to Allis Chalmers Manufacturing Company, Milwaukee, Wis. Filed June 11, 1969, Ser. No. 832,357 Int CI. B60k 17/28; F16h 37/06 VJS. a. 74—15.63 17 Oaims A vehicle transmission having two planetary gearsets and countershaft gearing including drive and driven gears carried on rotatable input and output clutch housings. Clutches on the clutch housings selectively engage clutch discs on the elements of the planetary gearsets to provide a plurality of output speed ratios through one gear-set, both gearsets, and for the countershaft gearing of said transmission. 3,548,666 MULTIPLE SPEED TRANSMISSION James W. Crooks, Whitefish Bay, Wis., assignor to Allis Chalmers Manufacturing Company, Milwaukee, Wis. Fried June 23, 1969, Ser. No. 835,469 Int CI. B60k 17/28; F16h 37/06 VS. CI. 74—15.63 10 Claims ACUKTION COFFEE IT A planetary type power shift transmission having countershaft gearing and means to provide forward and reverse shifting of the transmission through selective engagement of a plurality of hydraulically actuated clutches on clutch housing controlling power transmission through concentrically located planetary gearsets. 3,548,667 TORQUE TRANSFER GEAR CASE WITH A DISENGAGEABLE POWER TAKEOF Robert L. Hoover, Royal Oak, Mich., assignor to First Motor Company, Dearborn, Mich., a corporation of Delaware. Fried June 12, 1969, Ser. No. 832,685 Int CI. B60k 37/00 U.S. a. 74—15.86 4 Chdms A torque transfer gear case for use in distributing torque from the power output shaft of a multiple ratio transmission mechanism in a vehicle driveling to output drive flanges for a vehicle driveshaft, said gear case. Including a power take-off gear connected drivably to a driving gear and a clutch mechanism for engaging and disengaging a power takeoff shaft including a fluid motor having an annular piston concentrically positioned with pulley having an axis common with the second axis is respect to the power takeoff shaft and a clutch sleeve coupled to the second pulley by a drive belt. As the first engageable with clutch elements carried by the power pulley revolves about the offset axis, the second pulley takes off gear and the power takeoff shaft, said piston effect-sifting movement of said sleeve as it is shifted axially while being held fast against rotation. 3,548,668 DUAL ECCENTRIC SHAKER Joseph A. Amori, 1270 Pine Ave., San Jose, Calif. 95125 Filed May 29, 1969, Scr. No. 828,999 Int CL B07b 1/30; F16h 25/18 VA, a. 74—^1 -otates on its own axis and reciprocates about the axis Which is common with the axis of the third pulley and the 2 Claims third pulley is driven on an intermittent basis. 3,548,670 V-BELT PULLEY [anspeter Sdmegg, Konital Kreis Leonberg, and Heinrich Grimm, Raidwangen Kreis Nnrtingen, Germany, assigns to Ernst Heinrich Alctiengesellschaft, Statgart-Zuffeniaiiscn, Germany Filed Sept 11, 1968, Scr. No. 759,036 Claims priority, application Germany, Sept 22, 1967, H 60,280 Int a. F16h 55/52 [S. Ci. 74—230.17 2 aaims AiH)aratus including a pan or bed, adapted to serve as a Shaker, a separator, a conveyor, etc., having dual eccentric support and drive means, including a novel mounting for one end thereof enabling the sets of eccentricities to be out of phase with each other without harmful results, for driving the head and tail ends in oscillatory movement. 3,548,669 INTERMITTENT DRIVE Theodore Waddn, Stamford, ComL, assignor, by mesne assignments, to Ivanhoe Research Corporation, New York, N.Y., a corporation of Delaware. Filed June 3, 1969, Ser. No. 829,905 Int CL F16h 35/02 VS. CL 74—84 4 Claims A first pulley, offset from an axis is revolved about the offset axis. As the first pulley revolves, it functionally rotated. The first pulley is spaced from a second pulley by a first connecting link and connected to the second pulley by a drive belt. The revolving and functional rotating motion of the first pulley is converted to an oscillating and active rotational motion of the second pulley. A second link, pivotally coupled to the axis of the second pulley at one end and pivotally coupled to a second axis at the other end, limits the oscillating motion of the second pulley essentially converting such motion into a reciprocating, arcuate motion about the second axis. A third V-belt pulley, in particular for a steplessly adjustable V-belt transmission, in which the inner conical section of the pulley forms a more acute cone angle than the outer conical section. 3,548,671 CONTROLLABLE STEPWISE DRIVE OR TRANSMISSION Werner Mueller, Aaran, Switzerland, assignor to Countries AG, Zurich, Switzerland, a corporation of Switzerland Filed May 9, 1969, Scr. No. 823,355 Claims priority, application Switzerland, May 10, 1968, 7,032/68 Int CL F16h 35/02 VJS. CI. 74—394 10 Claims A controllable stepwise drive arrangement for deriving rotational steps and rotational step sequences for an out-out shaft from a motor driven input shaft as a function of control signals. The inventive drive arrangement comprises an ordinary gearing means incorporating rotatably mounted sun gear means arranged behind one another at a common axis, one of said sun gear means being coupled with said driven input shaft and the others possessing stepwise therefrom different rotational speeds. A respective planetary gear revolving about the axis of said sun gear means meshing with two sun gear means Of neighboring rotational speed stages, said planetary gear carrying at one end face at least one entrainment means carrying out epicycloidal movements with respect to the planes of said sun gear means. A power take-off wheel having recesses is mounted coaxially for rotation with respect to said sun gear means and is coupled with said output shaft, said entrainment means cooperating with said power take-off wheel. A signal-controlled harmonic auxiliary drive arrangement cooperates with said power take-off wheel, said power take-off wheel being displaceable as a function of the input shaft in the direction of the axis of said sun gear means from discrete positions in which it is coupled with a respective sun gear means into a neighboring position, whereas during such displacements it remains coupled with at least one respective entrainment means of a planetary gear and under the action thereof is continuously accelerated and decelerated, respectively, from the rotational speed of one sun gear means to the rotational speed of the next sun gear means. 3,548,672 AUTOMATICALLY CONNECTIBLE AND DISCONNECTIBLE GEAR TRAIN Byron Conrad, Columbus, Nebr., assignor to Dale Electric Trains, Inc., Columbus, Nebr., a corporation of Nebraska Filed Mar. 26, 1969, Ser. No. 810,726 Int CL F16h 57/00, 35/18 VS. CL 74—405 7 Claims which moves closely to a position whereby the gear train is engaged. Thereafter, the friction of a spring, which initially prevents rotation of the coupling, is overcome and the latter rotates within the friction spring thereby resulting in a motorized potentiometer drive. 3,548,673 ANTIBACKLASH GEAR TILUN Anthony J. Suchocld, Rochester, Midi., assignor, by mesne assignments, to the United States of America Fled Jane 17, 1969, Ser. No. 834,102 Int CL F16h 55/18, 1/14, 55/34 VS. CL 74 — 409 7 Claims A Combination toothed gear and friction gear train which alleviates backlash. CONTROL VALVE LINKAGE Robert L. McGuire, Burlington, Iowa, assignor to J. L. Case Company, a corporation of Wisconsin. A motorized potentiometer in which the gear train can be disengaged to selectively operate the potentiometer. This application relates to linkage means for intercommunication manually. The device has an axially movable clutch, connecting two brake pedals and a modulating valve pedal. OFFICIAL GAZETTE December 22, 1970 To respective valves for allowing simultaneous action of all pedals and individual action of the brake pedals. During simultaneous action, the linkage causes movement of the modulating valve and then subsequently movement of the brake valves while maintaining the modulating valve in the moved condition. The modulating pedal cooperates with both brake pedals to cause simultaneous action. Of the brake pedals upon actuation of the modulating pedal. 3,548,675 ADJUSTABLE STEERING MECHANISM Delmar C. Grimes, Flint, George H. Moller, Ann Arbor, and George Ulics, Plymouth, Mich., assignors to Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Mich., a corporation of Delaware. Filed Dec. 16, 1968, Ser. No. 784,051 Int. CI. B62d 1/18 VS. a. 74—493 17 Claims An adjustable steering mechanism for an automotive vehicle in which the steering column is slidably and pivotically connected to each of two axially spaced apart support members and in which the steering column is not constrained to pivot about a single fixed point. 3,548,676 SAFETY STEERING WHEEL Werner Breitschwetter, Stuttgart-Botnang, Germany, assignor to Daimler-Benz Aktiengesellschaft, Stuttgart-Unterrichtung, Germany Filed Aug. 25, 1967, Ser. No. 663,316 Claims priority, application Germany, Aug. 30, 1966, D 50,975 Int CI. G05g 1/10 U.S. a. 74— 552 19 Claims TRANSMISSION Kurt Becker, Obemkirchen, Germany, assignor to Hermann Heye, Obemkirchen, Germany Fried Dec 31, 1968, Ser. No. 788,125 Claims priority, application Germany, Jan. 9, 1968, 1,704,112 Int. a. F161I 37/06 U.S. CI. 74—665 11 Claims A transmission wherein two or more axially spaced iron internal gears are rotatable about a common vertical axis and carry outwardly extending output members. Each gear is driven by a separate eljectric motor by way of a step-down transmission. The operation of motors is controlled by a programming system. 3,548,678 TORQUE ABSORBER FOR SHAFT MOUNTED GEAR DRIVES Allyn E. Phillips, Brookfield, Wis., assignor to The Falk Corporation, Milwaukee, Wis., a corporation of Wisconsin Filed May 14, 1969, Ser. No. 824,505 Int CI. C21c 5/50; F16h 37/06. 57/00 Jus. CL 74—665 Claims A safety steering wheel for motor vehicles which comprises a steering wheel ring connected with the hub by way of two spokes which cross one another, preferably without mutual contact, and are secured to the hub in such a manner that the inner ends of the spokes are secured to respectively opposite sides of the hub. A torque absorber and torque absorbing system for imitating rotation of a shaft mounted gear drive for heavy equipment, such as a basic oxygen steel making furnace, which includes a pair of spaced torque absorbers, one on each side of the gear drive, that contact the housing of the drive to restrain its rotation and wherein. The torque absorbers are especially adapted so they will undergo only compression loading during such rotation-restricting condition. December 22, 1970 GENERAL AND MECHANICAL 1369 3,548,679 OUTPUT TORQUE DIVIDEND Ernest M. Woodford, Waynesboro, Fa., assignor to Litton Industries, Inc., a corporation of Delaware Fired Oct. 29, 1968, Ser. No. 771,396 Int. CL F16h 37/06. 57/00 V3. CL 74—674 10 aims clutch housing supporting a plurality of clutches for selecively clutching the sun gear, ring gear, and planetary carrier to the clutch housing to thereby provide a multispeed transmission. 3,548,681 MULTIPLE SPEED POWER SHIFT TRANSMISSION James W. Crooks, Whitefish Bay, Wis., assignor to Allis Chalmers Manufacturing Company, MUwankee, Wis. Filed June 23, 1969, Ser. No. 835,672 Int. CL F16h 37/06; B60k 17/28 I J.S. CL 74—682 11 Claims This disclosure relates to a device for effecting relative movement between a rack and two driving gears. Each of the two driving gears is interconnected with an input torque through a system of gears which divides the input torque equally for transmission to the two driving gears. The system of gears which divides the input torque in- cludes a sun gear and a plurality of planetary pinions. The rotation of the planetary pinions about their own axes imparts rotation to one of the two driving gears while the rotation of the planetary pinions about the sun gear imparts rotation to the other of the two driving gears. 3,548,680 PLANETARY TRANSMISSION James W. Crooks, WUtefish Bay, Wis., assignor to Allis- Chalmers Manufacturing Company, MUwankee, Wis. Filed June 23, 1969, Ser. No. 835,468 Int CL F16h 3/44. 37/06 U.S. CL 74—682 10 Claims A vehicle transmission having two planetary gearsets and a countershaft gearset with rotatable input and out- put clutch housing carrying clutches selectively engaging clutch discs carried on the elements of the planetary gear- sets to thereby provide a plurality of speed ratios for the transmission. 3,548,682 VEHICLE TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS Clifford Raymond Schofield and Desmond Ernest Hutchinson, Bradford, England, assignors to The English Electric Company Limited, London, England, a British company Filed Oct. 10, 1968, Ser. No. 766,578 Int. CL F16h 37/06; B60k 27/05 U.S. CL 74—691 4 Chiims This invention is concerned with a variable-speed transmission system, especially for vehicles, including a step-lessly variable unit and a planetary gear train. By locking one or other of two parts of the planetary gear train, two regimes of operation can be achieved. In one regime, which is the low gear regime for vehicles, and can also include a reverse drive, the planetary gear train acts as a sort of differential gear. In the other regime, this differential transmission having countershaft gearing ferential effect is absent and the variable unit drives the connected between input and output clutch housings rotat output direct. The specification is particularly concerned with ccmcentrically with input and Output shafts. Said with a regime changeover mechanism including a toggle OFFICIAL GAZETTE December 22, 1970 moved between one position to the other via finger members engaged by abutments on the co-operating members of the planetary gear train. 3,548,683 DIFFERENTIAL GEAR MECHANISM WITH WOBBLING INERTIA RING Alan R. Fisher, Highland Park, Mich., assignor to Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Mich., a corporation of Delaware. Fired Not. 29, 1968, Scr. No. 779,908 Int CI. F16h 1/44. 1/40. 1/47 VS. CI. 74—711 6 Claims A differential gear mechanism adapted to deliver torque to each of two side gears carried by axially aligned power output shafts, including a wobbling ring gear situated between the two side gears in driving engagement therewith to develop an inertia torque bias. 3,548,684 ROTARY INDEXING MECHANISM Ardiur R. Gregersen, Hinsdale, Dl., assignor to Ty Mies, Inc., Westchester, Dl., a corporation of Illinois FUed Mar. 28, 1969, Ser. No. 811,491 Int CI. B23b 29/32 VJ^ CI. 74—822 4 Claims locking plunger is withdrawn, a finger presses against one side of the block to rotate the block slightly so that a corner of the block is in the path of the plunger. The plunger then moves towards the block prying on the said corner and rotating the block to its next dwelling position where it is held by the plunger being pushed against a face of the block by a fixed wedge on the opposite side of the plunger. 3,548,685 VEHICLE ENGINE CONTROL MEANS Walter Dittrich, Nuremberg, and Jakob Konrad, Nuremberg-Reichelsdorf, Germany, assignors to Maschinen-Abiilc Augsburg-Niircmberg AlcttengscUscliaft, Nuremberg V. berg, Germany Fried Oct 14, 1968, Scr. No. 767,319 I claims priority, application Germany, Oct 28, 1967, 1,630,822 Int CL B60k 21/00 UlS. CL 74—858 5 Claims The drive shaft or gearshift of a vehicle is coupled to the engine fuel throttle valve so that the togine power is reduced for lower transmission ratios and vice versa. 3,548,686 POLE DRILLING MACHINE- Theodolite Mail, Hartsdale, N.Y., assignor to American Technical Machinery Corp., Mount Vernon, N.Y., a corporation of New York Filled Nov. 13, 1967, Ser. No. 682,471 Int Ci. B23b 39/24 Us. Ci. 77—22 8 Claims An indexing mechanism has a polygonal block rotatable about an axis through its midpoint. When a driving and an apparatus is disclosed for drilling spiced holes in the surface and along the length of a pole, the holes being drilled at an angle to the axis of the pole. The apparatus is comprised of a longitudinally disposed machine bed having cradle means for supporting poles aligned parallel to each other. A drill assembly is provided together with means for moving the drill assembly relative to the poles along the machine bed to predetermined positions. Means responsive to a signal rotate the poles to predetermined radial positions. While means are provided for actuating the drill assembly after the poles have been indexed in the predetermined radial position. The complete drilling of a pole from end-to-end is determined by a coded array of actuating means located in the path of travel of the drilling assembly. The end faces of the jaws of a jaw coupling member preferably of the cutting head and bottom surface. TREPANNING DRILL TOOL William S. Hewley, Cumberland Hill, R.I., assignor to Madlson Industries, Inc., a corporation of Rhode Island. Filled May 17, 1968, Ser. No. 730,168 Int. B23b 51/04 V3, CI. 77—69 3 Cbdms The face of the jaw receiving recess of the other coupling member are located approximately in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the drill. A trepanning drill for deep drilling, having a plurality of separated cutting edges located at the end of a cylindrical body, the cutting edges being arranged to each take a portion of the annual cut and with the cutting edge of the control cutter taking the greatest load to provide a primary reaction force being supported by wear pads so that the wear pads and the control cutter serves as a guide contacting the outer diameter of the annular cut to guide the tool as it progresses through the work.	15,376
edinburghannual05scotgoog_9	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,810	The Edinburgh annual register, for 1808-26	Sir Walter Scott	English	Spoken	7,084	9,864	The subject was brought before the House on the 19th February, by Sir Robert Peel who^ in a series of desul- tory debates, was supported by Mr Peel, Mr W. Smith, and some other members, and opposed chiefly by Mr Philips, Lord Lascellcs, Lord Stan- ley, and Mr Finlay, His proposition was, that the time, if spent in the fac- tory, should be restricted to twelve hours and a half, of which one and a half should be allowed for meals, lea- ving eleven hours as the entire period of labour. He observed, in Manches- ter alone 20,000 persons were employ- ed in the cotton manufactories^ and in the whole of England about three times that number. The business was of a peculiar nature, requiring of ne-* cessity that adults and children should work in the same rooms and at the same hours. It was notorious that children of a very tender age were ^ragg^ fi^m their beds some hours before day light, and confined in the Victories not less than fifteen hours \| and it was also notoriously the opinion of the faculty, that no children ot eq^ht or nine years of age conU bear thst degree of hsirdship with impuni^ to their health and constitution. Mr Peel also observed, it was proved that children were empbyed there fifteen hours a^ay, and after anr stc^paffey from five in the morning tifl ten in the evening — seventeen faours^ and this of* ten for three weeks at a time. On the Sunday they were employed from six in the morning till tvrehre, in cleaning the machinery. The medical men ex-- amined by the committee were some of them related to manufoctnrers, and well acquainted with factories. It was on evidence, that children had. even been employed at an age as early as five^ and some were employed im* der the age of seven. Could any per- son say, that a child of seven years of age ought to be employed fourteen hours ? Was it necessary to have the evidence of medical men to prove that to employ a child of seven years of age was unfavourable to health ? At the second reading, Sir Robert saidt in 1802, he told the House that he was an advocate of free labour. He was still an advocate of free labour, and he wished that that principle should not be infringed on. He ooold not think that little children, who had not a will of their own, couki be caE- ed free labourers. They were either under the control of a master or a pa« rent. He hoped the House would take these children under their protec* tion. If ever there was a case which deserved the attention of every mem- ber of the House, the present was the case. Mr Peel said, it was objected^ with a show of plausibility, that it was improper to interfere with free labour ; but from the age of the chSk dren, and from the situation of the factories, their labour could hardly be said to be free. The masters of tlie cotton mills fixed the same hours of labour for all the persons employed^ and a diild could not say» that he Digitized by Google CBAf.5«3 HISTORY. Ids wooU not work nine hours ; he nratt work the ordiiMiy Dumber of hottrt, or not ftt iIL He was satitfied that a mmiber of miBf were well inansred» hot he repeated, that it was for those which «veie improperiy managed, that kgisktioii was meant. After a mini- W of desultory obsenrations, it being reaan-ked that the hill was creeping throagh its varions stages without any legnlar debate baring taken plaee, one wu appointed for the 87th April.. Its advocates then urged, in addition to their former arffuments, liiat numer- OQS pedtions had been presented to par- liament* praying that that time might he shortened { and more especially one^ fiom Manckcster, proceeding from pcnons wholly uniotetested, except mm nM>ttvea of humanity \| among which persons wore SO medical men» aad 91 dergymen. Humanity was the only motive by which these indi* Tidoals could be influenced, for ther luui no ccMinexion of any kind wiui the cotton factories. There were pe- titions praying' for the same object, firom the ^lioners themselTes ; and even from some of the master manu- hixuvin the sole motive of most of whom must be, a benevolent wish to alcviate their situation. Indeed Mr P.hdieved that tkt number of master nanufoctttftrs who supported the bffl was greater than that of those who oppottd it, and that many of them were even anxious that its provisions dwnld be extended to^adults. It was obrimia to every person who had ta« kea tho trooUe of ivfleoting upon the soli^ecty that human nature, at so ear- ly aa age, was not capable of bearing such excessive fatigue as must arise from IS to 14 hours' uomterrupted Isbour. It could have no other emct tlMn to destroy the constitution of rMklicii, and to prevent them from hrmnMng healthy and useful subjects; The principle of iaterference, though ia general to be avoidody was constant* ly acted upon ia' cases wMdi appear- ed to present an exception from ordi« nary efflployments. Now, did the cot- ton trade present such an exception as cidled for the application of this re-* medy ? He thought it did, and for this reason— it was carried on in immense buildings, in many of which more thsn 1000 children were kept at work, 12, 14, and sometimes 15 hoars a-day«— no distinction being made between the child of the tenderest age and the most grown, or between the imbecile and the strong. These children were obliged to work the same hovrs as men $ and if, in manufactories where the average time of working did not' exceed 12 hours, from accidents which stopped the mill, they lost a few hours, they were obliged to fetch them up by ** extra time," and this imposed upon them occasionally the necessity of working 15 hours in one <ky. tml thenuehts of tt» tftor tlditeeii hours and a half of fatigue* when» throoghout the day« labour bad draiu- ed from them every spring of action that could refresh their faculties, and bf nivnbed that dasticitj of mind which could excite them in the pursuit of study ?«— was it not disgusting to see tbem thus transferred, after 13 or 15 hours of bodily exertion^ to close the day under the hands of a writing-mas- ter ? It was impossible that it could bs requisite to the prosperity of this great and flourishing country that such enormous labour would be exacted of near twelve thousand children in one town* Those who spoke of the unhealthiness of cotton mills were an- sewered by some honourable members, who seemed to think, that of all the healthy spots on the face of the globe, a cotton mill was the most healthY- Indeed, if all that these honourable sierobers said of the healthiness of cot-, ton mills were true, application ought to be made to the legislature for th« erection of cotton miUs, for the pur* pose of further and more effectually providing for the health of his majes- ty's liege subjects* Against these arguments the oppo- nents of the measure maintained, that there was no proof of any evils that toM justify legisbtive interference* Mr Fblay warned the House against entertaintogaoy measure, which went, like the present, to interfere with a maaufacture of such vital importance. It was the most important ever esta-^ blishcd in thii country; indeed, he • beheved, it employed nsore people than all the other manufactures of the country taken together* The exports from it exceeded 20 millions a^ear; and what was exported was not equal to what the home consump^ tioB was. The whole amount of the mtmificture' was little short of 40 milUons ayear. In opposition to the aUeged unheakbf nature of the em^ ployflseBt 9n the cqKqh A^oriei^ it was stated by Mr Finlay, that in July 131 7» the whole number of pot^pons ia. the Manchester infirmary amounted to 870 1 of that number, S5 only weie from the cotton factories Now* the number of persons in Manches- ter, engaged in the cotton factories amounted to 24,000, while the po^a» lation was between ninety and a hun* dred thousand. There was» thepefoi% the nM>st complete evidence of the su« perior health of the persons engaged in the cotton factories, to that of xhit other inhabitants. Lord Stanley ad- mitted that great abuses had oqce pre- vailed as to the treatment of childrea in cotton manufactories. They bad been frequently removed undc^ the conduct of parish officers, against their own will and thut of their nearest coiu nexions, to some distant manufactory, and bound apprentices in troops to those with whom they and their pa^ rents were totally unacquainted ; and they expe^enced in their fuU rigour all the severities of such a system. The cotton trade was not then what it was at present. Those who were engaged in it at that time, were anxious to procure, in a short time, immode- rate returns from their capitals. In pursuance of that object many abusee crept in with respect to aoprenticeap to prevent which, it was judged expe- dient to pass the Apprentice Act* out it could not be denied, that a great amelioration in the system had since taken place. The bill now before the House, however, stated, that the Ap« prentice Act was no\/ insufficient, but from what reason he did not know« As to the general opinion that the cotton trade was so far more unwhole* some than others as to call for the in- terference of the House, of that there was no proof* Water-gilding wae very permcious to those employed ia it, yet it was not under the operatioo of any legislative restriction. The Digitized by Google OlAf#fi.l HI8T0RY. wr bf^ly bnkibnout. Childreo> how- ever, were employed in it> though ex- posed lo violent beets and drafts, of air. Gbss»cotti]ig also was unhealthy. The work was carried on in damp places ; people of tender age were cm« ployed in ic, but yet, in none of these CMes did the legislature think it ne- cessary to interfere. Was the wea- WDg trade less unwholesome than the ooitea ? And were not children put lo it at an early age» and kept as long at work ? The weaver was pent up in aloocy doscy confined cabifl> and oitea obliged to work upon a damp floor. Working people were exposed to the vidsikudea of excessive heat and cold» to damps of everv kindt and to every speciea of bodily ufirmity, in the coil nd lead mines, and yet nobody ever called for such legislative eQactn&ents in the manaseraent of those concerns^ X«ord Lasce&es observed, that mills worked by water could be in opera« tioa only at particular times, and that to prevent extra work at those times voold be a very serious disadvantage. The labour as at present followed, was undoubtedly, in his opioiooy free labour, as he did not know how the parent was to be separated from the child by any mode of legislative inter- ierence, and as free labour it should uadoubtedly be allowed to continue. At the close of the debate, the mea- ante was carried in the House of Com- mons by a majority of 91 to S6. The bill was introduced by Lord Kenyon io- to the Upper House. It was strong* Iv opposed, however, by Lord Lau^ oeidale, who insisted, that such an in- leiierence was contrary to every sound piaciple of poUtical economy. He m particular urged, that evidence should be taken, and counsel heard 00 the subject. This was seconded by the Lord Chancellor,' who decla- red, that he had never seen evidence on which a legislative measure could with io Itttle proprie^jr be foao4ed 9$ that hitherto collected. Lord Liver- pool, on the other hand, strongly sup- ported the bill. He admitud, indeed» that much of the evidence was contra- dictory ; but wjiatever might be pro* duced by the counsel at the bar, this he should be prepared still to nuda- tain, that if the maximum of childien'a work in the factories in Question was seventy-two hours a-week, and this was admitted by the counsel at the bar, then, in spite of all the testimony that might be brought, he would as- sert, that it was morsJly impossible such labour should not have those io« jurious efiFects which called for the in- terference of the legislature. — X^rd Lauderdale's proposition, however, was finally earned. The report was not brought up till the 5th of June, whe* Lord Kenyon stated, that in so late n period of the session, he. considered il pecessary to postpone the further con- sideration of the bill. Lord Lauder* dale triumphantly insisted, that the evidence was fully sufficient tojustify such a resolution ; but Lord iLenyoo denied having received any such im- pression, and pledged hipMelf to bring forward the subject at an early period of the ensuing session. A bill was also brought in this ses« sion for the regulation of chimney* sweepers and their apprentices. Its par* licular object was to prevent the ea[\|« ploy men t of boys^ the effects of whidh had been manifest and truly terrible* Mr Bennet, who introduced the billf stated, that within even the last year, no Jess than five fatal instances had occur- red to shew its character. One of these in England, and another in Scptlaod, had been attended with circumstancefof peculiarly aggravated cruelty. In Xioil* don, with a view to save fud, the fluea .w«re often no more than seven or eight inches in diameter, and consequenuyt in order to clean such chimneys, it be- came necessary to employ children of Digitized by Google 106 EDINBURGH ANNUAL REGIffTER, 1818. [Chap. S. the teaderest age. For that porposey indeed, chiidreo of less than seven years of age were often employed, nay, fo- malechildreo were actually soeogagedra some instances.— The biU was brought IB, and ordered a first tkne on the 9th Febroary. On the 18tb, when a pe« tttiott was presented from York in its hwaur, Lord Milton obsenred, that there were many chimneys in the me- tropolis which could only be swept hj boys, and would be rendered useless hj the passing of the bill. He proposed, that only some particular encourage* ment should be given to the use of ma-* dunery, and a heavy tax be laid on the employment of cUmblng-boys. Mr Bennet, however, maintained, that those who had such chimnevs could well afford to alter them ; that they were, in fact, the most dangerous, and those in which chiefly the acddenta had happened. The bill, however) passed the House of Commons, and was introduced by Lord Auckland in- to the Lords. After, however, it had gone through the different stages, and was come to the third reading. Lord Auckland announced his intention of proposing its postponement till next •essioo. He did not at first expect that any thinff could have occurred to have induced him to postpone a mea« •are, the object of which was to put an end to a most severe labour so un- tiaturally imposed on children of a ten- der age ; but the investigation which had taken place in the committee, pro- ved the necessity of a delay, to wnick he was rductantlY bound to accede. In the course of the investigation be- fbre the House, it appeared, that there were many in the trade who treated the children very humanely i but others were guilty of the greatest crueky: and the condition of the children em- ployed was, on the wh<^, very miser- able. A modified bill had been sug- gested I but his opinion was, that an end should be put to the nlKdetysten. Though the evidence vmis in aoaie points contradictory, it was on the whole greatly in favour of the aboli^ tioQ. An address had beeen -voted by their Lordships, for the purpose of causing an experiment as to the prac tieability of using itiachinery, to be made by the surveyor-generaL That experiment had already commenced oq a very extensive scale, and sixty of the most difficult chimneys had been swept without any failure. The result of tne experiment would afterwards be con- si4ered, by a board composed of brick- layers and masons: but it was obvi- ously impossible that this inveatijra. tion could be brought to a condusioa during the present session. On that account he could not now press the third reading of the bill ; but the de- lay would give farther time to the pub- lic for preparations to meet the change of practice, and might smooth many difficulties which otherwise would have occurred. The bill vrould be intro- duced eaHy in the next sesMon, with a full confidence of success in the accom- pUshoaent of a measure which would prove not oaly beneficial to the indi- viduals who were the objects of it, b«t to the whole community. Mr Bennet, on the 3d of Mareh^ brought forward another bfll, of wbidk recent examples had too fully proved the necessity. The report of the Po- lice Committee, with several flagrant examples which had occurred in the courts of justice, had proved, that the reward of iOL granted to those instn^. mental in the conviction of offenders, had a tendency to produce the very worst efiecta. There could, Mr Bed^ net said, be no question that a number of juvenile offenders were permitted to roam at large, and to proceed from one stage in crime to another, till they were, as it vras technically called* « worth their weight' — that was, iOf^ Digitized by Google Chaw. 5.2 HISTORY. l(tt iteribg. It was atated in eiMencet, that, on tiiaby the first qnestton fire-^ qneatiy put to police-officers and wit- nesaes wm, what they wotdd gam by the convictton ? and by this means, persons^ of whose giult there could be oo doubt, were mquend^» from the diffiailty of obtainmg witnesses, ac- miitted; because witnesses felt their diaractera assailed by the sort of oues- tions which were put to them, and be- cause this blood-aaoney hung like a stone about their necks. Another Rason for remedying the system was, diat it led to conspiracies for procu-^ liag people to commit crimes, to ob- tain the reward for their conviction* He was convinced he was not ezag« gcrattag when he said, that it had been a loQ^r estaUished practice in this coun- try, for individuals, day after day, and year after year, to stimulate others to the comoiission of crime, for the pur- pose of potting flooney in their pockets irf their conviction. It was his inten- tion to propose, that what were tedu- aically called Tyburn-tickets, should be contiDued ; and that the reward of 40L should still be paid to^the execu- tors of auT persons kiUed in the pur- soit c^ hignwaymen, or the executors af persons kiOcd in discharging their doty in seizing of criminals, on whose convictioa the reward was payable.^— fiat insCead of the rewards on convic- tbn, payable by the 4th, 6th, and 10th, of William and Mary, the 5th of Queen Anne» and the 14th and 15th of George IL he intend^ to propose, that there should be assigned money fior^he cxpences of prosecuting, and bringing forward witnesses, in aU cases of fdony whatever, whether a convic- tion did or did not take place, at the discretion of the judges. The bill was then brought in, and passed through its several suges ; but, m its recommittal, the Attomey^Geno- nd proposed all aflsendment, wnich was not certainly to abolidi the feward or revrards due upon the trial and con* viction of an onender, but simply that it should henceforth be left to the dis-»' option of the judge or justices of as* size to apportion such compensatioii as might appear fit, or even to refuse it altogether in the same case. When men mid no longer a right to claim the rewards, they would lave no temp* tation to conspiracy ; and, on- the other hand, there would remain a due en* couragement to those who exerted themselves vrith honesty for the ap* prehension and conviction of offniders. Sir Samuel RomiUr objected to the clause, as rendering tlie bill in a great degree nuffatory, since it still left the reward, owy with a discretion to wkh* hdd or apply it. In Binmngfaam^ a case had lately occurred, whereia po- lice-officers had earned 120/. by the conviction of three boys. Rewards had the necessary e£Fect of warping the evidence, and of inducing informers to give a cobur to their testimony, cd- cttlated to aehieve their object in the conviction of the prisoner. The sya« tern, besides inducing persons to ooih spire against the lives of innocent in^p dividuus, created in witnesses an eager- ness for the conviction of the prison* ers quite revoking* The nearest re* latives were seen not unfrequently per* juring themselves, to obtain the re* ward by the death of their kinsfolk; and he had himsdf known a case, where a father had evinced the most shock* ing anxiety for the conviction of his own son. There was another dread* ful evil attending this system, that po* lice-officers, in the metropolis, and other large towns, were anxious to sop- port nurseries of crimes, in hopes that those poor creatures, entrapped by themselves, might eventually become profitable to t&m. The same opiaion was expressed bj Sir James Mackintosh t nocwithstiiid- Digitized by Google no EDINBURGH ANNUAL REGISTER, 1818. ICham.S. ior ivbtefat die anKndmtiit wt$ carried WnhoOt t dlTlBiOD. The game-lawt had for some timt been the subject of nmch discussion in I^liament. The high and aristocra- tic principles which thej* breathed trere repuenant to the fedmgs of the age, and the spirit of the British con- stitution. Yet the interest and pride of the landed proprietors fgrmed a strong barrier against any mitigation of their severity* After all that was said against them, therefore, the mea- sures actually taken had tended only to arrest, by new penalties^ the rapid proffress of poachin?. Such was the tendency of the bill introduced* this year by Mr G. Bankes, which propo* sed to make it penal to purchase game, as it had already been made so to sell it* He expected the support, not of those members alone who were anxious to protect the game of the country^ but of those also who were solicitous to diminish the number of ol^nces connected with the unlawful destruc* tion of game. Most of these offences would he got rid of, if the legislature could effectually prevent the buying aad selling of game ; for it seldom nap* pened that poachers killed game for •aatenance, or for the mere gratifica^ dOn of their own t\|Mtes. Mr Curwen, however, insisted, that the proposed measure only tended to Make the game-laws still more odious \ and while the present oppressive and unjust code ot laws existed, it was vain to think of putting an end to the crimes which they Kcneratedr By a majority, however, of GQ to ^ leave was given to brinfir b the WL. On the Oth of May, at the second mdtnsr of the bill, the question came to be fully argrued. Mr Bankes hesitated not to declare himself inimical to the whole system eftfaf game4aws. A ivport had beeo made to the Houac on ^e gaaie4twa, in whidi there vras a recomaocDdatscm to make game private property. That report had been laid on the table of the House two years ago^ and had as yet produced nothhig. When any member should bring forward a com* prehensive measure founded on this re* port, he should be willing to agree to the repeal of all the game-bws ; but, so long as they exbted, their opera« tion should be nude uniform, wfanch was the object of the present bill. He had beard it objected to this bill, that if it passed, as game could not be af- terwards bought, the class of contu- aers, who now purchased it, would have no means of obtaining it. He did not see the force of this objection* Game not found in the market would be sent to town as gifts, and the tables of the rich might thus be as amply supplied as before. If there was any thing enviable in the situation of a country gentleman, as connected with this species of wealth upon^his esute, it veas the power of making presenU of fame to his friends. Some poulterers aving been prosecuted, stated, that they could not have incurred the pe^ nalties had they not customers, who would be their customers only so loag as they could supply them with game. His bill, therefore, by prohibiting die Durchase of game, would protect thb helpless class of persons. Mr Curwen, however, opposed the measure with the same vehemence aa 'Cver, observing, ** the misery and suf- fering produced by the game-hwscall imperiously on the legtskture to re- move them from our statutes, rather -than to ado^t any meMure which may increase their number. The cure of this evil will require a very different remedy. I would eatreat the House to pause before it h prevailed on to take any step calculated to extend more i^Idely the ome and wfttqbed- Digitized by Google CflAF. 5«^ HISTORY. Ill Hess produced by the kws b questiofi. The House cannot have forgotten, that it was in proof two sessions a^ by the papers on your table, that 1200 persons were immured^ in various parts of the kingdom, for offences against the game-laws. Did not this disclo- sure shock every unprejudiced man within and without the walls of this House?— The legal criminality and fatal consequences which spring from these offences call loudly for preven- tion. The ruin and di^treds that over- whelm so many poor families, are per- haps the least oi their calamitous ef- fects. The contamination of morals, contracted in prisons, leads to the com- mission of every species of crime. — Does any one suppose, that poaching can be suppressedwhilst the game-laws remain as they are ? It is hopeless to look for obedience to laws, which, by a great proportion of the higher or- dm, as well as by the whole of the subordinate ranks in society, are re- garded as oppressive, tyrannical, and unjust — trenching on the rights of the many to favour the few. The poacher, however obnoxious to the sportsman, suffers nothing in moral estimation whfle his depredations are exclusively confined to game — no turpitude is at- tached to the offence — ^public opinion holds the game-laws in detestation* Nothing, in my opinion, would con- tribute more to the cojnfort of coun- try gentlemen than a total and radical dumge in the game-laws. The temp- tation which will be held out by the wealthy, for procuring that which is ' deemed a luxury, will defeat any pe- nal^—atiy punishment we can inflict. If the bill should work at all, it would be highly injurious to the country. — Believing, as I do, that it will be either nugatory, or will give^reatrt* faciliti'es to the conviction of Inferior offenders only — in either view I am hostile to ' ftit measure : I would not consetit, Ibr one, to any step that coiild hftvie the least tendency td perpetuate the gtnML laws.** Sir^. RomiUy, however, said, he could not see how, when ^ the House refused to make it legal to sell game, they cotdd hesitate to punish the buy^ ing of game. It would be st^nge^ when it was not legal to seU game^ that it should be le^l to buy game. "What would be said if ther were to Sunish persons guilty of theft, and yet eclare the receivers of stolen goods to be perfectly innocent ? If no per- sons bought game, no persons would sell game. Under the system of the game-laws, it was not considered any violation of honour or morality to buy the game, — and as to the procured and sellers, their punishment was felt not as a disgrace, but excited sympa- thy among the people at large. Among the higher orders, the bws were vio- lated with little compunction, to ob« tam the desired luxury, though the utmost rigour in imposing penalties was exerased against the lower. The second reading was carried by a majority of 116 to 21. The bill was introduced into the House of Peers by the Marquis of Caernarvon, who ODserved, that with* * out approving the principle of the game-laws, he considered it certain, that no means could be found 6f tho- roughly remedying them ; and thought ' that, in their present-state, they ought to be made consistent with themselves. Their penalties oueht to attach equal- ly to the rich and the poor. Lord Lauderdale, however, observed, the ' bill was so framed, as to render It impossible that any evidence of the commission of the offence should be obtained. How could there be any evidence of the offence, if the buyer ' and seHer were both equally, guilty • in the eye of the hw ? The utt- tmtural ^tfte of the game-h#8 pro- Digitized by Google lis EDINBURGH ANNUAL REGISTER, 1818. OCmap.S. 4iioed a oonrtiotdetire to nokte them* InltgiilitiDgy the first thing always to be considered was, whether the mea- tore proposed was practicable^ Did not their Lordships know that there was in this country a nnmerous body of fiinded proprietors as rich as landU •d proprieton? These men had no manorial rights i but they possessed wealthy which gave them the command of erery thing they could desire for their table ; and with what they desi- fed they would, doubtless, be supplied, in spite of all the laws which could be enacted. It was absurd to suppose that men of great fortune could be prevented by laws from obtaining any of the luxuries of life. — The Lord Chancellor was of the same opinion ; but Earl Grosvenor, disapprovmg of the £^elaws, thought he must in the interun rote for the present bill, on the principle, that the receiver was as bad as the thief. Lord Holland also •upported the bill, which was carried by a majoritT of S3 to 9. Mr Oj^le luought in a bill for the . auppression of rambling. London, he laid, contained not less than a thou- aand gambling-houses, from which the most dreadful mischiefs arose As the main object of the. bill was to ap- . ply the sptem of licenses to gambling- houses, which at present are altoge* thcr illegal, it was obsenred to have rather a tendoicy to extend the evil ; and Mr Ogle at length agreed to with- draw it. Under this head we may with pro- priety introduce Mr Michael Angelo Taybr's motion reapcctinjr the As* sizes in the Northern Circuits. It was brought forward on the 17th Febru- ary. He said, every member of the House knew, that, throughout the three kingdoms, with the exception of the counties of Cumberland, North- , umberland, Durham, and the town and county of Newcastle-upQn«Tyae» there w?re regular. gaoUdelivcries twice a- year, as courts of asshce, and sittings at Nisi Pritts, were held twice ayear in the different counties, vrith the ex- oeptioa of those mentioned. Wfaj those counties wete deprived of the privileges enjoyed by the reit of the country, he was at a loss to deter- mine. Those counties were as rich as weU-peopled^ and as deserring of protection, >s any other part of the kingdom. It was well-known, that in the northern counties many persons had been in prison for the last three months, to take their trial, not at the next spring, but at the next summer- assizes. Thus a number of persons vfert to be confined from niae to eleven months, before their guilt or innocence could be ascertained. In cases where, for instance, a landlord had occasion to eject a tenant^* if any objection were taken to the judgment of the Court, and a new triu was granted, two years at least would ebpse before the q«es« tion could be decided. Though the population of these kingdoms waa double the population in me reign of Queen Elizabeth, and though the pro- perty of the country was more than fourfold what it was then, jet there was no farther provuion made for the distribution of justice at present than there waa at that period. There wete twdve judges then, and at present there were^ no more. No provision had been made for the increase of po« pulation, and consequently none for the increase of crime. Though mil- lions were squandered away on trifles^ the substantial paru of the constito* tioo were left unprorided for. The honourable gentleman then exphiaed his plan. There was, he observed, an officer belonging to the Court of Ex* chequer, who might be made a most useful person to promote one of tbe objects he had in view. This officer was the Cursitor BanMu It was a «U Digitized by Google CflAiwff.3 HISTORY. lis had fetipcd firoMa legal or in&kl ma- itioM whnmA^ aad was almost always fiUtd by tnen of taknt. At present, the daty of Uie Curskor Baron was ktle aaofe than to receive tlie slieri£Es I when they came down, and to examine . their aecovats. He thoncrht, that if this . officer were iove^od with t he power of la vadge^ not to sit in Bank, but to pre- frdde at the Old Bailey, and go the dr- rant, it woald BMWt materially cootri* I hate to the prompt administration of jutice^ and wonlof at the same time, be attended with Tery little additional npcnce. The salary of the Curaitor Bma waa, he behered, at present lOOOIL a-year, which, if taised to the uad salary given to the puisne judges, aenkl not be considered as a great ex> Moe, when the advantages to result nass it were taken bto consideration. He woold aleo propose, that an officer ■■ilar to the Cnrsitor Baron should 6e iitached to the Court of King's Bench, lith power» save that of sitting in Bsak, to that of the other judges i— thst his duty should be to ta£e biil, it St Niai Prtns, attend at the Old Bailey, and go the drcoit,— and also to hour caaee of Nisi Prins in term. The two officers he had mentioned aeoU he able to take a considerable priom of the trouble on themselves, ■iwouhl io turn relieve the ji>djD[es hia the kboura of the circuits. The ctpttee, he should again preM upon the House, would be triflmg, when tMipufied with the important advan- ^ which woold result from it. xhe Attomey.General objected to ^ iBotbn, because he thought it V^igfat fbfward too suddenly altera- ioai whidi required the most serions ^•HtiaiiiM before they were made, ^ because the honourable mover had >^<va no grounds to prove that any •"Wjfency eiisted which would ren. fetthe paposed alteration ioMnedU VOL. XI. PAET. f. atdy Becassarr. As the motion then before the House went suddenly to aker a longr and established mode of administering justice, and that too without any sufficient cause being ad- duced, he thought it his duty to move the previous question. &irC. Monck, however, supported the motion ; and Lord Castlereagh, though he thought the House was not prepared to enter into the subject, saia that it would be ptvmature to address the throne on so important a point as a change in the constitution of Westminister Hall ; yet he did not mean to dissent from the proposition, that it was proper some alteration should be made. He did not mean to imply that it was not desi- rous that there should be an admini- stration of justice in the parts which the honourable gentleman had men- tioned, twice a-year instead of once i but he thought that, instead of the motion he had made, if he had mot ed for an inquiry, it might have been pre- ferable. Mr Taylor had jumped to his conclusion at the very outset \| and by adopting the previous question, they would not be neglecting the mo fion, but merely disapproving the man- ner in which it had been put.— Mr Taylor then consented to witndraw his motion, and to move, next day, for a committee of inquiry, which was then agreed to. On the 2Sth April, Mr Taylor brought up the Report of the Commit, tee on the Northern Circuit. It fully confirm^ his representations, stating that the business of the assizes in this part of the kingdom was great and yearly increasing ; that thtre appear- ed no reason why there should be on- ly one circuit there, while there were two in the rest of the kingdom. Great inconvenience and delay thence arose ; so that, by way of remedy, the plan of bringing actions in other counties was often resorted to. On consider- Digitized by Google 11* EDINBURGH ANNUAL REGISTER, 1818. [Chap.S. ing these circamsUDces, it appeared desirable, that the present Northern Circuit should be divided into two se- parate circuits, one comprehending Westmoreland, Lancaster, and Cum- berland ; the other York, .Northum- berland, and Durham. Mr Taylor being thus fortified by the opinion of the committee, brought forward, on the 26th May, a motion for an^ addrec(s to the Prince Regent, humbly requesting, that the benefit of an assize twice in the year should be extended to the northern counties, and engaging to make good any expence which might be necessary for this pur- pose. Lord Castlereagh, however, ob- served, that any change in the admi- nistration of justice was too serious a matter to be made precipitately ; that admitting the evil to exist, great dif- ference of opinion prevailed as to the remedy which might be most advan- tageously applied to it. Time was ne^ cessary for consideration ; and he beg- ged the honourable gentleman in the meantime to withdraw his motion. Mr Brougham concurred in this recom- mendation. He thought that such a measure should^eceive the concurrence of all the three branches of the legis- lature ; that the judges ought to be consulted, and that time for consider- ation was absolutely necessary. Mr Taylor complained that he had been formerly told that the House should wait till the facts had been stated $ the facts had now come, and he was again desired to wait till some other oppor- tunity should occur. Did the noble Lord and the honourable gentleman opposite recollect, that if they adjourn- ed this question, the next circuit would be left exposed to the same evils and inconveniences, the same denial of jus- tice ? He finally, however, agreed to withdraw his motion. On the 2d of June, Lord Erskioe brought forward, in the House of Lords, a proposition of some impor* tance, havug for its object to prevent arrest in cases of libel before the find- ing of an indictment. He had evi- dratly in view at once the case of Mr Hone, and the circular letter of Lord Sidmouth. His Lordshio began by expressinfl^ his surprise, that on the first mention of this bill, a decisive opi- nion against it should have been given by the Lord Chancellor, in a manner so opposite to his usual character. By nature a man of talents, from educa* tion a schc^r, and bred from hb very youth in the study and experience of all its possible transactions, nobody could be better qualified to decide in tfai^ forum with the same rapidity as he did the other day here on the sub- ject now before us— yet how often does he there pause, and r^-pause, consider, and re-consider— and why ? From the justest and most amiable of all motives — He even runs the risk of sometimes appearing undecided and dilatory, nu ther than mistake the rights of the meanest individuals^ in the most incon- 'siderable concerns, whose interests are in his hands. He denied having any virish to protect those who made a trade of defaming the government. <* I consider, and always have considered^ a systematic defamation of public mea- sures and public men as a very great calamity. Libels of that description must always more or less exist in a free country, but they can only be kept under and rendered odious by the de- termined support in Parliament of the acknowledged principles of the con- stitution, and by a liberal and manly confidence in the good sense and affec- tions of the people.'' He admitted that there were decisions in favour of the practice arraigned ; but, said he, • I have always had a feverish jealousy upon this subject, and a great horror of that kind of law commencing in ac- knowledged usurpation, but growing Digitized by Google Chap. 50 HISTORY, li^ op at last into SQch pnctice, by in cauttoas decbiofM» and negligence in parliamentary revision, as to make it dangerous to root it out without the direct authority of the statute. He condemned the conductof ministers in prosecuting writings on the pre- tence of irreli^on, when the real mo« tive consisted m the attacks contained in them on their own measures. '* The government of God, and the sacred truths which support it, cannot be un- dermined or overthrown ; but the go- vernment of man must be supported, or it will fall. No man can hold in higher detestation than I do any irre- verence to the sacred Scriptures, nor to the sublime offices of our church, which are built upon them through- out ; but unless the law had declared such publications to be specifically li^ bels, It became difficult to maintain an intention to ridicule them, when the obvious and palpable intention was, to ridicule the political state. I have no difficulty in saying, as a general oh- $eroationt that I consider systematic and indecent attacks upon Parliament and the administration of government or law as gi^at evils and calamities. All abuses may be exposed, and all the principles of our constitution vin- dicated, without evtn the risk of the author's being questioned as criminal.	2,558
calendarcarewma00ofgoog_35	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	null	None	None	English	Spoken	8,840	19,394	Lord Deputy, &c. — coni, , advices touchiuff the proportioiis and places to be assigned to certain prin- cipal natives desired by, 52. , his instructions sent inio England to the Lords of the Privy Council, with their answers, 79. I a petition by certain of the nobility oflrelandto, 265. , his answer to the same, 266. , the petition of the knights, citizens, And buigesses of the counties, cities, and ancient boroughs to, 267. , a plot to kill, 279. , the petitions of the Commons to, 282- 285. f his second advice concerning the plantation of Longford and 0Carrolls country, 882. to be restrained from fjEuming offices, &c.,447. , warrant to, 811. , letters of, 55, 123, 131. , letters to, 41, 43, 70, 120, 802, 825, 836, 387, 866, 426, 427. and Council, 48, 50, 57, 67-69, 101, 110, 125, 141, 148, 167, 168, 171-174, 179, 184, 187, 188, 192, 197, 207, 208, 218, 270, 277, 281, 289, 299, 310, 815, 819-821,881,883,839,851, 870, 374, 429, 438, 447. , ....... proclamation of, touching the de- fective titles, 12. , , the second proclamation by) touching defective titles and surrenders, 42. f » advice to, to take order for peopling and inhabiting towns, erecting schools, and building churches, 57. , , proclamation against priests and Jesuits by, 74. , , are to hold the Undertakers to the performance of their Articles, 81. , warrant for removing the natives by, 87. , 9 propositions by,'touching eccle- siastical government, 160. I , extraordinary allowances by, 190. , , their resolution and advice con- cerning the compositions in Connaught desired by the Vice-President of Con- naught, 190, 191. , , a proclamation by, for banishbg Jesuits and priests from Lreland, 482. , , letter oft 425. Lord Deputy and Commissioners fbr the plantation of the escheated lands in Ulster, 120, 142, 144, 145,878-381. , , warrants by, 58-60, 63, 87. , , proclamation by, 61. , , letter of, 115. Lord Admiral, the, letter to, 55. Lord Chamberlain, 326, 364, 866. Digitized by Google 620 GENERAL INDEX. Lord Chancellor, 55, 107, 110, 141, 148, 196, 335, 341, 864, 866, 425. of£D\|^a]id,146. ofScoclaDd,57. Lord Chief Bmwd, 83, 96, 99, 104, 107-109, 179, 301, 4S5, 441. Lord Chief Justice, 181, 301, 339, 386, 425. of England^ 386. Lord Justice, 342. Lord Keeper, 825, 326, 328. Lord Lieutenant, 66. See Lord Deputy. Lord Prefidoit of the Counci of Connaught, 120, 336, 338, 339, 342, 343, 454. , his pay, 298. and Council, established in Connaught by Queen Elisabeth, 294. Lord Primate, the, 247. Lord Privy Seal, 55, 326, 328, 364, 366. Lord Steward, 326. Lord Treasurer, the, 55, 81, 124, 138, 328, 330, 354, 364, 425. Sec Chichester. refers the petitions of the Londoners to the Commissioners, 65. , letter of, 73. See Earl of Salisbury. Lords, the, of the Privy Council, tee Privy Coimcil. Lords Temporal and Spiritual, 23, 146, 148, 170. Lords Justices, the, 328. Loige, barony of, an account of the Under- takers in, 93. Loring, Pet., 91. Lorrowe, 436. Lother, Gerald, Justice of the Court of Com- mon Pleas, 181, 198. Lough Caghe, 87. Chichester, 224. Loughderge, Priory of, 246. Lough Enisholyn, Lough Enisholyne, Lough- inisolyn, Louglunsolin, Loughenisoun, the Barony of the Glynnes bo called, 16, 30, 140, 148, 170, 220, 221. Longher, the castle and lands of, 255. Lougherbege, 34. Loughfoyle, Loughfoile, Loghfoyle^ Logh- foile, 17, 19, 37, 152, 178, 409, 437. , its salmon and other fishings belong to the city of London, 87. the sahnon fishing of, 152. Longhmerane, manor of, 890. Loughmoe, Baron of, 817. See Purcell. Lough Neaugh, 152. Lough-Nemiok, 408. Lough Bawre, 186, 230. Loughsirilly, Loughswillie, 19. Loughtecarrolan, 249. Loughty, Loughtie, Loughtee, Longhte, Barony of, 45, 48, 227, 282, 247, 248. Louth, Louthe, Lowth, co., 116, 119, 184, 185, 159, 168. , Baron of, Lord 0^184, 170, 266. See Plunkett. LoQthiane, 360. Loovaine, Lovayne, 807. Lovayne, $ee Louvaine, Lovell, Francis Viscount, 252. , John Lord, 252. Low, George, 829, 834. , Sir Thomas, 86. Countries, tl^ 8, 261, 262, 429. Lowbe, Ja., 90. Lower House, the, 186, 168, 267, 268, 283, 289, 290, 452. , tke number of members in, 134. , the action of the Protestants in, 270. Lowry, Sandy, 41. Lowfmay, 481. Lowther, Geo., 829. , Sir Gerrard, Garrard, Gerard, Knight, 411. , , when knighted, 885. , his allotment as an Undertaker, 400. Loyer, the river of, 151. Lucas, Hen., 89. Ludgate, 140. Luegagh, 406. Lnelline, Will, 88. Luffime, Nichokis, 33. Lugger, Win., 91. Lugh, the wood of, 45. Luin, 453. Luins, (VModeagh, 348. Luke, Alex., 89. Lumbard, Francis, 337. Lunnaigh, 84. Lorganie, 246. Lurgie, precinct of, allotted to English Under- takers, 400. Lusher, Sir Nicholas, Knight, 227, 232. , William, 227, 282. Lusse, Lord of, his allotment as an Undertaker, 405. Luttrell, of Woodstock and Athey, 196. , Thomas, << turbulent and seditious," 276. Lye, John, 23. Lyffer, see Lifier. Lyme, 57. Lynch, Richard, Prothonotor of the Ex- chequer, 180. Lyndsey, Barnard, 282. , Jehue, 283. Lyne, Lawrence, 91. , Thomas, 91. , Will, 91. Lynn, William, his allotment as an Unde1 408. Lynsey, Ferremy, 402. Lyons, Captain William, 217, 229, 242. Lyrath, 28. Lysbom, see Lisbon. Lysmayne, 29. Lysmore, see Lismore. Digitized by ii Google GENERAL INDEX. 521 LysBelincf, 246. Lyttle, Heniy, 116. , Philip, 90. M. MabeU, Dowager of Kildare, 196. Mac, Mack, Mc, &c. Mc and O', the titles and additions of, and sach like names of greatness should be abolished, 161. McAdin, Moraigh, 84. McAdwick, 895. McAlester, Walter, 239. McArt, McArte, Art CNeale McNeale, 237. , Doneli Groome, 289, 240. , Donnill, 83. , Edmond, 88, 84. , Henry CNeale McNeale, 287. , Owen, 34. McArtmore, Moraigh, 35. McAoIa, McAnlla, Alexander, 75, 283. McAwley, Alexander, 245. , , otherwise Stewart, his allot- ment as an Undertaker, 405. ,Phelim, 240. McBarron, McBaron, Art, Arte, 52, 229. McBrady, 230. McBran, Oron, 34. McBranan, 346. McBrane, Fcurdarraigh, 35. McBrann, James, 34. McBren, Arte, 83. McBreene, Robert, 35. McBrene, Moraigh, 35. McBrenn, Dowleen, 35. McBrenne, Donull, 35. McBrien, McBrian, McBryen, Arlogh, 846. , Arra,430. , Cormock, 240. , Edmond, 195. , Ferdorogh, 238. , Hugh, 242. , Morgan, 25. , Morrough, 119. , Phelim Duff, 240. , Philip, 243. , Monagh, 846. Roe, OoUo, 239. , TirUgh McHugh, 242. , Tirlogh Oge, 287. * McBronn, Art, 142. McCabb, Shane, 242. McCahir, McCaher, Toole, 239. , James, 195. McCahirs, the, 80. McCaier, Art, 85. , Edmonde, 35. , Gerot,85. McCann, McCan, 456. , his country, 152. , Carbry, 229. , Hugh McBrien, 236. , McPhelim, 236. , Bory McPatrick, 236. MoCarr, Edmond, 34. McCarta, 846. McCarties, the, 457. , the genealogy of, 457. McCarty, McCartie, McCarte, Baron of Mus- gree, 846. , , his genealogy, 346. , , prisoner in the Tower of Lon- don, 346. , Carbreagh, 346. , Charles, 118. , Cormaek Oge, letter of, 458. , Dermond, 849. , Dermot, put to death as a rebel, 376. , Doneli, 849. , Florence, 348. , O'Machart Don Dormicio, 363. Reaghe, 194. McCarty More, MoCartimore, 348, 350. , Doneli Oge, 349. MeCavell, Phoores, 26. McCawell, Hugh, 238. McCoghlan, McCoghlin, 846. , his country, 298, 367, 383, 480. McCoghlans, the, 430. McConaligh, Donnell, 311. McConnell, McConell, Agnus, 351, 353, 354, 357. , James, 851. McConnells, the, 292. McCormicke, Moraigh, 35. McCormock, McCormuck, Doneli, 240, 348. , Donogh, Donnoghe, 261, 349. Boy, Tirlagh, 289. McCoronoght, Owen, 240, McCorr, Melaghlin Oge, 240. McCoystiUos, the, the Nangles so called, 295. McCree, Patrick Crone, 289. McCreen, Terrelaigh, 34. McCuIlock, James, 238. McCullogh, McCuUoghe, James, 76. , , his allotment as an Undertaker 404. McDa, 821. McDa-Mores country (jtic), 299. Digitized by Google 522 GENElEtAL INDEX. MeDui, Gbriiry, 2S«. ^Do«dl,S3«. UcDkwj, one of tfie Bvkei, 294. , Teg. 43. McDermod, Jmms, t6. McDennood, Connock, 349. More, 849. More, Dooell ne Spohie, 350. McDermoodt, the, 19S, 198, 294. McDemott, HcDennot, Dondl Boe, se. , DooBAigli Og«, 84. , Edmond Dof; 34. , Fardmiimigb, 84. , Hngh Ben^gb, 84. , Shane, 86. Boe, Kill, 195. MeDereC, Shane, S40. , WOlm., 240. McDiciinoid, 346. McDomhnoyll, Bandall, Yiiooont of Downe- linnge, 875. lieDoiM^ies, the, 298. McDomB^, Skmrnt McDoaell Qroome, 237. McDonnaigh, MiT^i—i\|>, Onii^ 84. ,Donil],85. , Teg Bdlaigh, 84. Oge, 82. ^ , Art, 85. McDonnell, McDoneD, McDonill, McDonoll, McDonnille, Agnus, 859, 360. , Alexander, 185. , Oge, 286, 455, 466. Ballagh, Dwaltagh, 289. , Shane, 240. Ban, Art, 85. Bane, Ojn, 85. Beoogh, Cahir, 26. , Calnagh, 236. , Cole, 854. , Collo McArt, 286. , Collo McEner, 286. , Connack, Connock, 34, 240. , Dermond, 27. , Donel Qroome, 239. , Edmond Groonie, 286. , Fcrragh McTirlagh, 119. , Gerot,35. , GUa«pick, 237. , GUlpatricke, 35. , Hugh, 185. , James, Sir James, 354, 355, 455, 45C. , Moriertagh, 35. , Morishe, 35. , Mulmoiy, 236. Oge, Owen, 239. ......... Owr, Art, 35. ,Bren, 35. , Gerot, 35. , Morish, 35. I William, 35. MaeDoDiieIl^«oBf. , Fitrick, 240. ,Fhdifli,34. • Sir BaDdaD, Sir Bannakl, Sir Bon- na]d,237, 840,351, 854, 355, 357-361, 365. ,Bichard,85. , SotMmj, Barley, 854, 455. , Thomas, 85. Oge, Dermond, 349. , Teig MeDermood, 850. Boe, Dermond More, the first Lord of Dowallj,849. McDooo^ McDomiog^ 195, 261, 846,849. , theLorda of Dowally were erer called, 849. , Bryan, 25. ,FarT,29. , Mlaghlin McMuUrony, 119. , Owen, 26. , Thomas, 199. McDonoghes, McDonogfas, die, 295, 349. McDonoght, James, 240. MeDQaIl,346. MeD«ia^S4S4. MeBiBiBd, MdMhrneaAe, Oaier, 88 , Gerald, 85. , Nicholas, 35. , Walter, 185. ,Wil]iam,34. Oge, Teige, 238. Mc^, Gaier, 34. , Donnell,85. McEnery, John, 74. McEnisi, 846. McEnn, Oyne,.84. McFtotdl, Mulmory McHngh, 242. McFerrye, Willm., 117. McFynnen, 346. ,Donnell,117. McGarrald, Edmond, 26. McGaiett, John, 26. McGarrott, Donoogh, 26. ,Mortagh,26. McGawran, Cormock, 242. - McGeorge, the surname of the Lord of Athen- ry, 819. McGennis, McGennys, McGennes, 456. , his country called Ivagh, 456. , Sir Arthur, when knighted, 384. SirHugh, Knight, 119. McGerot, McGerrot, Donagh, Donnaigh, 34, 85. , Edmond, 35. McGerrett, Owen, 195. McGibbons, the Burkes called, 295. McGillaspike, McGillaiJpeck, 351, 455, 456. McGilleduff, Cale, 240. , Dwaltagh, 239. , Hugh, 236. Digitized by Google* GENERAL INDEX. 623 McGillins' country, the Rowte so called, 45((. McGilpatrick, McGilPatricke, McQillpatricke, McGilyPatricke, the pedigree of, 278. , F3nmeD, Baron of Upper Oasory, 118, 846. , the surname of the Lord of Upper Ossory, 819. McGlannahies, the, 293. McGlassny, Hugh, 243. McGoghagan, 346. McGrannahie, 295. McGrath, Termon, 246. McGuab, Shane, 240. McGuillin, 456. McGuire, McGuir, McGuyre, McGwire, &c., 18, 455. , his country, commonly called the oo. of Fermanagh, 19. , Brian, 53. , Connor Roe, O'CJonnor Roe, 52, 53, 143, 189. , , his lands in co. Fermanagh, 20. , Hugh, Sir Hugh, 348. , , an Act for the attainder of, 156. , Tirlj^, 53. McHenry, McHenrie, Sir Tirlagh, Turlogh, 22, 56. , , his submission, 429. MacheU,23l. McHugh, McHughe, Ck>rmock Oge, 240. , Ck>ronoght, 240. , Donell, 26, 195. , Donogh Oge, 240. , Patrick, 240, 241. , Pheagh, Pheaugh, 450, 451. , Shane, 240, 243. Oge, Art, 195. Mclbrien-Are, 346. Mclnnes, Gerald, 34. McJames, Enny Duff, 239. Bane, Thomas, 243. McJordans, the, the D'Ezetres called, 295. McKans' country, called Qankanny, 456. McKee, Sir Patrick, Patricke, Kt., 76, 233. McKeen, Calloigh, 34. McEenee, Terrelaigh Buie, 35. McKeman, McKyeman, 230. , Owny McThomas, 242. McKenna, Patrick, 223. McKever, Neale, " a barbarous cleA,** secre- tary to O'Neale, 455. MoE[inan, 456. , his country, called the Troughe, 456. McKowDse, Dorlough, 35. McLahagh, Brien, 347. ,Nill,347. McLaughlin, Walter, 238. McLanghton, 223. Maclellan, Sir Robert, Kt, Laird Bombey, Chief Undertaker of Rosses, 75. McLennan, Sir Robert, 420, 421. McLiaaigh, Gillpatrick Oge, 35. McMahon, McMahowne, McMahonn, &c., 312, v 313. , country of, 456. , the name ^ extinguished, 313. in Thomond, 346. in Ulster, 346. , Bnen, 268. , Hugh Roe, executed for tretson, 313. , Phdan, 33. ,Teige,431. , Tirlagh, 431. McMahons, McMahonns, McMayhons, the, ^ 313, 430, 431, 448^ 456. MoMalaghlyn, Gilpatrick, 35. McMallen, Phellim, 237. McMahowne, Sir Bryan McHugh Oge, , when knighted, 384. McMaurices, country of, 299. , the Prendergasts in co. Mayo, called, - 294. McMawen, Teg, 33. McMiertagh, Teg, 34, 35. McMoigh, Dermot Ower, 83. , Dowloun, 33. McMollnay, 195. McMohnory, Owen, 243. McMoraigh, McMoraighe, Edmond, 34. , Gerald, 34. , Moriertagh Duf, 34. McMoriertai^ Art, 35. , Cair,34. , Colloigh, 34. , Edmond, 35. , Farganmaun, 35. , Griffin, 34. McMoriertarghe, Donnaigh, 34. , Terrelaigh, 34. McMoroghe, McMorogh, McMoroigh, McMoroighe, McMorroghe, Mc- Morrough, McMorrogh, Art, Lord of CO. Wexford, 251, 252. , Art, of Leinster, 458. , Dermond, King of Leinster, the mar- riage of his daughter, 457. , , the banished King of Leinster submitted himself to Henry II., and became his liege man, 457. , Donnough, 26. , William, 195. Oge, Art Owr, 35. , Gerot,35. , Terrelaigh, 35. McMoroghy, Owen, 239. U Digitized by Google 524 GENERAL INDEX. McMorrif, McMoris, Lord, Lord Baron of Kerry, 314, 816, 517-«19. , of lixnaw, 819, 820. Kerrj, 815, 319. , , the famtme of the Lord of Kerry, 319. or Fitimorrifl, the Lord, ^inees of one ■ignlflcation, 315. , Gerrmt,26. McMortagfa, Da^id, 26. , Gerald, 25. McMonMeoge, Dyn, 35. McMolcaTow, Cahir, 239. MeMolmorie, Neale, 239. HoMnlrony, Brian, 240. MeMorchie, Donogh, 236. McNeale More, Hugh, 456. , , his country, called the Fuse, 456. Boe, Brian 0Neale, 237. Mac Ke Liona, Leionn, 346, 347. McNemarra, McKemara, Mac Ne Mare, Mac- namarragh, 346, 431. ,DoneU0ge,n6. , Fin, 431. , Sir John, 481. , , when knighted, 883. Reog^,431. McNemarras, the, 481. Macoghlin's country, 313. McO'NaUy, Manas, 58. Macoakin, the allotment in co. Londcmderry of the Merchant Taylors' Hall, so called, 420. McOwen, Bryan Bdioghe, 280. , Cahir, 242. , Dermond, 849. ■ ., DoneU, 242. , Mohnory, 243. , Owen Oge O'Haggan, 287. Oge, Phelim, 286. McOyn, Qerot, 35. , James, 34. , Terrelaigh, 34. McPaddins, the Barretto called, 295. McFatricke, the surname of Lord Conrcy, 319. McPhelim, Brian McDonell, 236. , Donill Eeaigh, 86. Art,EflF,84. McFhelin, Patrick, 34. , Redmond, 84. , Terrelaigh, 34. McPhersone, Dermot, 85. McPhillip, Brian, 242. McPhillipins, the, the Borkes called, 295. McPiercie, the somame of the Lord of Dnn- b^e, 819. McQuyn, McQom, DoneU, 239. , Hugh Boy, 289. McBanells, the, 295. McBichard, Ck>y Ballaffb, 5S. McBiefe,Feargos,Kingaf Sootlaiia,34«. 8m Fergus. MoBory, Donogh, 240. , Morgan, 82. , Fhdim Da£^ 9iO, 241. McBoMe, Caier, 84. McBowrie, Neale Garre, 846. Maeroridie, the Irish name odf ihe Tjord Bre mingfaam, 448. See Raines. McShagfalin, King of Ophalyr, 457. McShane, Cahir, 248. , Con., 241. .......... Dermott, 26. , DoneU Backagh, 248. ,£dmond,194. , Edmond McBrian, 240. , Henry, 241. , , his aUotment mm an Undertakery 418. , Hugh, 242. , Owen, 248. , Patrick, 26. , Thomas, 84. Boe, Connor, 244. , Hugh, 243. McShehies, the, 448. McShemes, Shane Dufi; 35. McShemmone, Dermot Owe, 35. McSheredan, Owen, 242. McSheron, Dayid, 26. McSwyne, McSwine, Hugh Boy, 239. , Manne McKeale, 289. , Mulmory, Sir Mulmorye, 239. , , his aUotment as an Undertaker, 408. , NeUe Garva, 239. Owen Modder, 239. , Tirlagh Carragh, 239. , Walt McBaugMin, his aUotment as an Undertaker, 408. McSwyne a Doa, Sir Mulmory, 61. Bannagh, Banagh, 58, 228, 245. , his aUotment as an Dndertakcr, 408. , Donnogh, D<mogh, 61, 239. Faine, DoneU, his aUotment as an Undertaker, 408. McSymon, Dayid, 26. McSynnan, Henrie, 240. ,PheUm,240. McTeg, lisnrgh, 34. jWiUiam, 34. McTeige, McTeig, Cahir, 26. , Sir Coimuck, 261. , Donnoghe, 117. , James, 26. , Owyn, 117. McTeiggarran, 346. McTelligh, Maurice, his aUotment as an Un- dertaker, 895. J Digitized by Google GENERAL INDEX. 525 McThomas, Brian, 240. Oge,Efl; 85. McThonu, Teg McGerote Glll-Fatrick, 34. McTirelogh, Farrall, 289. McTirlagh, Shane, 239. Mcllrleogh, Connor, 24a Mcl^logh, Molmory, 242. McTirlough, Edmond, 26. McTuUy, Moriflh, 244. McTyrlagh, Phillip, his allotment as an Un- dertakei, 397. McVaddocke, McVadox, his eoontry, 299, 321. Mc William, McWillm., Morogh, 195. , <the CO. of Mayo has, of ancient Englii^, the Bulges, that continued the name of McWilliam till it was hy composition abolished," 294. McWiUson, his allotment as an Undertaker, 407. McWorrin, Donnell, 241. McYllrem, Dermot, 34. McYnnes, Braane, 35. , Brenn, 34. , Gerotte, 35. , Lisaigh Doff, 35. ,PheIim,34. McTvilles, the, the Staantons called, 295. Maganley, James, 209. Magawran, Maganran, 230, 242, 398. , Brian Oge, 242. , Donagh MoManner Oge, 242. ,Donogh, 242. , Owny,242. Mageny Stefiana, Barony of, 52. Mageoghan, Brian, 186. Mager, George, 91. Magharientrim, 417. Magherboy, 233. Magherenegeerath, 246. Magheriboy, the precinct o^ allotted to Scottish Undertakers, 401. Magherie StefGuia, barony of, 20. Magherieronshe, 489. Magherine, 246. Magheritierran, 453. Ma^ery Boy, the prednct of, works by the Scottish Undertakers in, 76. Magherycreenagh, 247. Magherye, the, of Ck>nnaught, 298. Maghevientrim, 248. Maghirqnirke, 458. Maginesse, Sir Arth., 251. Maglas, 32. Magmy, Donnell, 41. Magnus, King of Norway, 362. Magohagan's country, 313. Maguire, Maguiher, Magwire, &c, 346. , Bryan, Brian, 228, 241. , , his allotment as an Undertaker, 401. .......... Brian Oge, 240. , Connor Roe, 345. , Conor Glase, 240. , Con Boe, 345. , Cormock McCoUo, 240. , Cugonnagh Oge, Cugonnaght Og, 845, 348. , Donell Deane, 239. , Donogh Oge, 240. , Garrott, 240. , Sir Hugh, 346. , Hugh Boy, 241. , John, 240, 241. , Patrick Ballagh. 241. , Patrick McHug^ 240. , Phelim Oge, 240. , Richard, 241. , Bory,240. , Rory McDonogh, 241. , Shane McEuer, 240. ,Tirlagh,24L , Tirlagh Mirgagh, 241. , Tirlagh Moyle, 240. Maheme, Anthony, 40.. Mahonn, in co. Cork, 846. \l^ ^ Mahowe, John, 89. Mahowne Bridge, 137. ^ Maidens, Maydens, the Rock of the, 488. Maids, an Act proposed for the protection of, 163. Mainileawna, 347. Maisterson, Sir Richard, Et, we Masterson. Malahide, Mallahide, 196, 456. Malby, Malbie, Malbye, 378, 382. , Henry, 294. , Sir Nicholas, 208-210, 367, 370. , , the rent or composition granted to, may be redeemed to the King's use, 67. Malike,431. MaUow, MaUowe, Malloe, 121, 136, 187. , the manor and lands of, 256. Mallnre Ishind, 246. Malone, M. William, 285. Malranckan, 81. Man, the Calf of, 438. , Mannia, the chronicles of, 352, 362. , Isle of, 851. Manfield, 457. Manglisse, 35. ' Mannering, Manneringe, Captain Edward, 254. , Sir Gkorge, Kt., his allotment as an Undertaker, 396. , Henry, 27. Manor Roe, 414. Digitized by Google 526 GENERAL INDEX. Knon, Courts of the King's Four, 115. , the Stewtfd of the, 108. IftndtfM, Cftptain, S», 2^1, 248, 249. , , hk allotmait as aa UiMlertiker, 406. ManwariDg, Captam, 122. Maps of Irelasd, aa old book of, bakmgbig to Lofd Treasurer Burgbley, 441. Marburie, Sir 6eo.,liia allotoient as an Under- taker, 407. ICardi, Mar^ Earl of, 127, 458. See Mor- timer. law to be abolished, 168. Mardam, 180. Marifdt, 422. Markendale, Bryea. 91. hiaiket. Clerks of the, an Aet proposed to re- dress the abases and extortions ot, 161. , Escheator Clerk of ths, 115. Markets, 452. Marlocke Haren, 489. Marriage fees, excessire, 905. Marriages between the Englidi and Iridi tend to modify their mutual hatred, 305. Marris, Edmond, 188. Marroweott, Tho., 90. MarsfeOd, Ambrose, 90. Marshal, Marshall, the, 58, 68, 88, 116, 178, 217, 218, 229, 272, 274, 350. See Bagnall and Wingfield. of England, 252. See Nottingham. MarduOl, Philip, 89. ,Rapp,91. Marshals, the, 827. Marshalston, Marshalestonn, 35. Marten, Stephen, 89. Martial Council, the, 442. Uw,450. Martin, Tacharie, 91. , William, 41. Marwood, Tim., 90. , Williaro, 327. Mary, Queen, 96, 158, 159, 161, 164, 165, 185, 816,318,328. Maryborough, Maryburrough, Mariborougb, Marieborougb, 95, 135, 218. , the fort of, 80. Masserine, Masseryne, 178, 218. Masses, the State penalty for hearing of^ 115. Master of the Ordnance, 53, 70, 429. See Carew. , Rollfi,301,326. Masterson, Mastersonne, Maisterson, Nicholas, 32,118. , Sir Richard, Kt, Constable of Wex- ford Castle, Seneschal of Wexford, 25, 81, 183, 185, 212, 252, 301, 303, 322 324. Matchett, Daniel, 226. , James, 226. Mather, Baphe, 89. Mathew, Matiiewe, Morgaii, 187. , Tho., 89. MaAewcs, James, Sergeant-at-Ami, 184. Mathews, Patrick, 286. Manghiy Connanght, 198. Mawe, the Seren Heads of, 438, 439. Mayne, 85, 453. , James, merchant, examination of, eoncemiag pirates, 431. Maynootfa, MynunOi, 219. Mayndidl, 453. Mayse, John, 90. Mayo, Maio, co., 1S4>136, 145, 169, 193, 279, 292-294, 345, 347. ., a description of; 294. Meade, Wniiam, Beoorder of Cork, 8, 11. Meagh, odierwise Starke, Edmond, 198. Meares, Captain William, 189. Meath, Medie, Axdideacon of; 23. SeeBider. , Bishop of, 92, 130, 148, 170, 185. , , and Clogher, 135. , Kings ci, 348, 457. , 00., 66, 116-119, 134, 135, 159, 168, 229,390,447,450,451. , , Its dirisions, 453. , , the baronies of, 453. Mede, Bernard, 286. , Dominick, 286. , Nichcdas, 286. Mee, Connoek McNe, 237. Meeres, Captain, 54. Mdamore, manor of, 389. Meldrame, Captain, 76. MeUadge, Isaac, 91. MelHcke,298. Melrose, the chronicles of, 362. MelTiU, Sir Bobert Kt, 57. Mercer, John, 91. Mercers' Hall, its allotment in co. London- derry, 420. Merchandises and commodities, a proposal that there should be no restriction to the exportation and importation of, 160. Merchant Taylors' Hall, its allotment in co. Londonderry, 420. MerchantB, customs snd subsidies and imposi- tions iq>on, 97. , their indifference to the general good when their interests are concerned, 205. Merchants, the, enriched by underiiand dealing and private baigainmg, 205. , ''ever disccttitented with public pro- ceeding for benefit of the common weal," 205. Mergagh, Hrleogfa, 240. Merlin, John, 286. Merrick, Bob., 90. Merrifield, John, 91. Mers, the, 860. Meryouge, 116. Digitized by Google GENERAL INDEX. 527 Mesn profits upon seizures, 113. Messareene, 149. Methwold, Willm., 329. Meyler, Patrick, 33, 342. MeyUefonte,219. Meyres, William, 23. Michel^ 194. , Rob., 91. , Tho., 90, 91. , Will., 91. Middleton, Boger, 262. Midleton, Captain, 120, 121. Miermode, 394. 3iiIdrom, Mr., the agent of Lord Burleigh, one of the Undertakers, 94. Mile-Spanaghe, '* whom all the chronicles of Ireliuid agree to bo the absolute con- queror of the whole island," 292. Miieto or Milo, 347. See Milo. Millard, John, 91. Miller, Rich., 90. Mills, Greorge, 91. , John, 90. Milo or Miieto, 347, 348, 350. Milthrop, 328. Milton, 28. Mint, a project for a rojal, 8. , advantages of, 8. , 'the well and skilful ordering of a mint is a fundamental point and comer- stone to build the public weal upon," 137. ' Ministers, an Act prohibiting the ui^ust exac- tions for mortuaries and such like by, 160. Minto, Mynto, Lord of, 75, 238. See Stewart Missett, Baron, 354. , , his lands, 456. ,D. Rl, 286. Missetts, the, 362. Missine Head, 435. Mochlor, Thomas, 286. MocoUop, the manor and lands of, 257. Modeler, Patrick, 236. Modsagh, 348. Modsaghluyn, 348. Moelruona, 346. Moelsagh, 346. Moghnuoad, 347. Moline, John, 286. Mollngare, 135, 169. Mon of Oalway, the, 438. Mollens, the Point of the, 438. MoUineuz, Molynaz, Daniel, King-at-Arms in Irehmd, 182, 187, 314. , Samuel, Cleric of the Clerks, 182. > , Marshal of the Star Chamber, 184. Molynax, see Mollineox. MonaghagHn, 245. Monaghan, Monahan, Monahon, Monoghao, 136, 218, 312, 313, 439, 450. rents, ISO. , CO., 134-136, 168, 223, 346. , , the baronies in, 312. , the name of an estate allotted to Sir Hugh Warrall, Kt, as an Undertaker, 305. Monaghiin, 245. Monalsfrum, 34. Monastery lands, the letting of, 15. may be partly "disposed of to the college of Dublin to fill up part of their book granted by Queen Elizabeth, for which they shall pay only half as much rent as the English and Scottish Un- dertakers," 15. that may be passed to the college of DubUn, 17. Mondough, 34. Monday, William, 90. Monester, 407. Monetrym, 341. Monganestone, 35. Mongaroe, 35. Mongin, 347. Monks, Haven of the, 437. Monkton, proclamation dated at, 12. Monoghan, see Monaghan. Monopotaghie, 247. Mens, 407. Montague, Mountague, H., Sir Henry, 36, 886. Montgomery, Mountgomeiye, Hugh, Sir Hugh, Kt., 118, 835. , Bishop of Meath, 92. Monybeg, 195. Moone, 25. » Barony of, 25. See Kilka. Moore, Moor, More, Archibald, 187, 243. » his allotments as an Undertaker, 394, 396. ' , Arthur, 230. , Brent, 230, 243. ., Captain, 54. , Edward, Sir Edward, 275. , when knighted, 384. , Sir Garrott, Qerrott, Caret, Garrett, Garratt, 42, 63, 75, 92, 218, 229, 235, 275. I the Lord, his allotment as an Under- taker, 418. > Sir Thomas, when knighted, 385. , Will, 90. Mor, Morraigh, 34. , Teg McOyn, 85. Mordant, Mordante, Sir Nicholas, 137. > , when knighted, 384. More, his country, 321. , John, Sir John, 276, 295. , when knighted, 884. Mores, the, 443. Digitized by Google 628 GENERAL INDEX. Moretowne, 84. Morgan, James, S85. , Captain Robert, 7. Horison, Moryton, Morriion, Sir Bichard, Kt, Vioe-Prendent of Monster, 42, 64, 75, 88, 89, 9S, ISl, ISS, 127, 187, 194, 217, 218, 258-258, 428-430. .., , his application to the King for the goTemment of Monster on the re- signation of Lord Danvcrs, 428. Moriey, Fran., 841. Momej, Mome, 178, 457. Morogh, Morroghe, Morroogfae, Morrougfa, 195. , Christopher, 11. , Donnongh, 26. Moroghes, Morrowes, Moorrooghs, the, 108, 211-213,322. Morphie, John, 213. Morphue, Patrick, 26. Mornigh, Christopher, 9. Morris, G., 8. , Thomas, Sir Thomas, 91, 334. , Lord Thomas, Lord Baron of Lix- naw, 334. Morrison, John, 89. Mortar-pieces of brass, 95. Mortell, James, 286. Mortimer the Great, now called McNemarray 448. See Names. ,his lands oalled by the Irish BUla. lowe, 448. , Edmond, Earl of March, 458. , Roger, Eori of March, 458. Mortmain, license o( 442. , statoteof, 2. Mortuaries, an Act prohibiting the o^jost exaction of ministers for, 160. Morjson, Sir Richard, Kt, see Morison. Mostin, Piers, 289. Mostion, Pierce, his allotment as an Under- taker, 400. Motheley, Sir Robert, Kt, 92. MotheU, Patrick, 28. Moting, Nich., 391. Motton Island, 436. Moulinton Bay, 437. Moomedoigh, 34. Moonster, proyince of, see Monster. Moontaghe, 117. Moontagoe, Sir Henry, 86. See Montague. Moonteagleloyall, 122. Moontford, William, 41. MoontGarrett, Moontgarrett, Moontgarret, Richard Lord Viscount, 27, 134, 170, 266. Mountgomerye, Sir Hogh, Kt, 118. See Montgomery. Moon^oy, MoonQoye, Mon^y, 16, 95, 136» 170,218,232. , land to be assigiied for the mainte- nance of a free school at, 16. , precinct of; allotted to Scottish Under- takers, 77, 418. the Casde of, 224. , Lord Deputy, the Vicetoy, 863, 383. , , his excdlent character, 1. , , in writing to Carew, Lord Pre- sident of Monster, about Ireland, ex- presses himself as most anxious " to be rid of this miserable oonntry,'' 1. , letters o^ 1, 458. Moont Norris, Mountnorris, Monntnorryes, Moontnories, 22, 95, 136, 169, 236. , the fort of, 226. Mountrenflhard, the seigniory of^ 258. Mountwhany, Lord, Laird, 76, 238, 398. See Balfore. Mouley, 195. Moume, abbey o( 262. Movlagaghe, 453. Moy, Captain Hen., 54. Moy, Moye, rirer of, 292, 29a , Haren oi, 437. Moyart, 431. Moycassell, otherwise B£agohagans coontry, 313. Moyclare, 119. Moycrane, 400. Moydowe, Barony of, a description of the land in, 881. Moyegh, 404. Moyferraghe, barony o^ 453. Moygiasse, 402. Moygnoise, 453. Moyhill, William, 25, 26. Moylagh, Moylaf^ 245, 458. Moyle, Sir Patrick McArt, when knighted, 384. Moymmor, 84. Moynagan, 408. Moyne Bay, a description o^ 297. Moynellan, 248. Moynoy, the creek of, 19. Moynterlemy, otherwise called Tiiremorrearth, 410. Moynter Wreens, 480. Moynt Mellan, 408. Moyrye CasUe, 226. Moyorackeye, 453. Moyvane, 198. Mochwodd, 83. MockalI,249. Mocklane, 25. Muckon, 394. Muffe, the allotment in oo. Londonderry be- longing to the Grocers' Hall so called, 419. ^ Mnghereceghan, 244. Molcreevy, Phelim Oge, 238. Digitized by Google GENERAL INDEX. 529 Manafenry, 249. Mnllafeny, 249. MuUagh, 898. MollaghlMUie, 248, 250. Mullaghrash, 24. MallaghTegh, 404. Mollalelish, 416. Mullanacrine, 250. Hiillebane, 416. MuUenefeniy, 249. Mullhallans, the, 80. Malnmry, 48. Mangan, 448. Munster, Mounster, Monater, &c., 2, 9, 16, 114, 130, 187, 156, 199, 214, 218, 815, 884, 848, 876, 430, 447, 448, 451, 454, 455. , Council of, 69, 186, 425. , Lord President, President, Governor of, 12, 262, 885, 841, 875, 876, 425, 428-480. See Carew, Norris, Perrot, Thomond. , , letter to, 458. I Lord President and Ck>iincil of, letter of, 428. , Vice-President of, 55, 64, 89, 104, 137. 258-258, 428. See Danvera, Nor- ris, Morison. ) , examination concerning pirates by, 481. f > a certificate of, for returning knights and bmrgesses to Parliament, 186. > > and Conncil o^ 69. , Attorney of, 187. , Chief Justice of, 8, 187. , Second Justice of, 187. , Commissioners of, 7. , Escheator of, 187. > officers in, 184. , the plantation of, 181, 188. , the Undertakers in, 104, 109, 121, 180. t t the notorious omissions and for- feitures made by, 69. I , the musters of, 121-122. ) } how to influence parliamentary elections, 186. , >the estates of, continually sued and yezed by the Irish, to be established by Act of Parliament, 167, 9 , their trade, 206. f htLYe liberty to transport raw hides, 204. t > an abstract of the inquisitions concerning the lands of, 258. 9 the composition of, the means of in- creasing the rerenue by, 101, 167. , pirates infesting, 55. , proceedings concerning the treaty for reducing the pirates of, 64. , examination concerning pirates by the Vice-President, 481. contains seven counties, 184. 6. Munster— conr. ,the number of members of Parliament aentby, 184, 185. 9 the comparative strength of Catholic and Prot^tant members of Parliament in, 169. , the corporate towns of, 165. » the tanners in, 206. , counties and inhabitants in, 480. ,ihe comparison of the English and Irish acre set down accord!^ to the rates found in, 432. , a map of, 441. y its unsettled and rebellious state, 428, 429. Murder, a statute regarding, 164. Murders, compounding of, 448. Murey, George, see Muirye. Murfey, Tho., 842. Murgagh, Hugh O'Keale Mcl^eale, 238. Murgallen, barony of, 458. , Murrey, John, his allotment as an Undertaker, 403. Muirye, Murey, George, Lord Broughton, 75, 79. Murten, Rob., 91, Murtie, Geo., 337. , John, 337. Muster Master General, 802. See King. Musters, Commissaries of, 178. Musgree, Baron of, 846. See McCarty. 9 Cormack, Lord of, his marriage, 849. Muskry, 849, 350. f Lord of Dowally and, 849. See More. Mutton Island, 296. Myldmay, Sir Henry, when knighted, 884. Mynions of brass, 95. Mynnuth, 219. See Maynooth. Mynto, Laird of, 76, See Minto and Stewart. Myntle, Will., 89. My8sel],.26. Myssett, Robert, 24. N. Kaas, the, 24, 119, 185, 169. , keeper of the gaol of, 183. See Eustace. , Barony of, 24. , , names of the jurors for the King in, 24. L L Digitized by Google 630 GENERAL INDEX. Nadfride, 346. Nads, Laig, 846. Naghtons, the, 481. 9 their eoantrj, 481 Nagles, Baront of Navaiie, 816. Namea, the, of EngUah fiEuniliei settled in Ire- land changed to Irish names, '^dis- goising their names in hatred to Eng- land," 448. Mangall, Derbj, King of Leinster, 846. See Dermott Nangle, Baron of BeOeabarones, now Coy- Btallo, S98. , Robert, S8, 186. Nangles, the, called the McCoystilloe, S95. Nantes, the rirer of, 151. Nanton, Mr. Secretary, 877. Napper, Sir Robert, Kt, 92. Nashe, Jdm, 89. WiD.,89. Natives (Undertakers), S88, 2S9, S84, S87, S40-24S, 844, 888, 898, 898, 896, 897, 400. , allotments to, 407, 414, 418. , their conditions as Undertakers, 51. , a proclamation aflecting, 68. , 'adTiee for removing of the natives who are swordmen,' 48. , the o<mditions to be observed by the servitors and natives of the escheated lands in Ulster, 60. shall Qse tillage and hnsbandry after the manner of ue English, 52. •• shall have estates in fee &nn, 58. shall take no Irish exactions, 58. , advices touching the proportions and places to be assigned to certain princi- pal natives desired by the Lord Deputy, 58. , warrant by the Lord Deputy and Council for removing the, 87. , grant of escheated lands to, 885. , lands granted to, 289, 242, 848. , a list of those to whom lands were granted, 888. , regulations for, 879. Naunton, Robert, 880, 381. , Mr. Secretary, 866. Navan, Navane, 185, 169. , Barony o( 458. , Nagles, Barons of, 816. Navarre, the kingdom of, 809. Neale, 846. , Hugh, 850. , Lady Katherine Ny, 380. , Mary Ny, 888. , Peter, 886. , Robert, 119. Neales, the, 80, 851, 350. See (VNealc. Nealla, DoneU McShane, 887. Neal's Key, at Waterford, the rent of, 340. Necaroe,400. Neilson, Captain, 54. Nden, James, 886. Neowrye, 136. Nettervil, Robert, 885. Nettervill, Nicholas, 116. NeveD, Walter, ^. Newaoghmroe, 841. NewcasUe, New Cattle, 19, 32, 118. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 38. Newocnnen, Sir Bewerley, Tvhen knighted, 385^ , Sir Robert, Kt., Pnrreyor of the Victuals, 188X , when kzugfated, S84r^ , „hisallotmeDt a« an Undertake, 410. Newee, Captain, 817. Newenham, Lady Mary, 119. Newfoundland, the value of the fishing st, to Ireland, 140. Newgent, see Nugent. Newball, 85 NewUuid,119. fish commonly <^Iled by ihe names of Bascalean or Poor John, 140. Newman, James, clerk in the office of tiie Master of the Rolls, 66, 814, 318, 8S8, Newpurton, 401. New Rosse, 83, 169, 390. Newry, Newrey, Newrye, Nearie, Ac^ l^^t 128, 149, 150, 152, 217, 218, 886, 439. House, 155. Newton, 410. , the castle o^ 844. , Alexander, 90. , O'Clane, 84. O'More, Newton CMoore, 84 .William, 41. Newtown, Newtowne, 186, 489. Neylan, Doctor Ja., 481. ^choUs, Richard, 91. Nimestoune, 82. Nobility, the, in Ireland, being Lords of P»" liament, a list o^ 134. , the origin of their nameSi SIP* Nogha, 28. Nolan, Donagh, 26. , DoneU, 26. ,Teige,26. Non-residence, an Act against, 155. Norfolk, Duke of, 180, 444. 5w Howard. , , his lands intruded upoa^^tac^— ^ septs, 105. Norman, John, 91. Normandy, 809. Norragh, Barony of, 25. , names of the King's juroti in, 85. Norris, Noireis, Norreys, Sir John, 354, 429. , Sir Thomas, Kt, Vice-Prerident of Munster, 256, 428, 429. Northampton, Eari o^ 18, 232, 444. Digitized by Google GENERAL INDEX. 531 North, the, 225, 227, 228, 429, 434, 448. , President of, 448. , revolt of, under (yNetde, 448. Northe, Bic, 90. Norton^ Dudley, 835, 433. , Sir Dndly, 827. , Mr. Secretary, 425. , Captain Walt., 89. Norway, Si^ignas King o^ 862. Norwegians, the, 352. Norwich, Bishop of, 352, 356. Nottingham, Thomas Earl of. Marshal of England, 252, 802. See Marshal Nugent, Nugente, Newgent, 134. See Delyin. t Christopher, Chrystofer, Sir Chris- topher, 209, 242, 243, 271, 272, 274, 276. , Edmond, 242. , Edward, 242. , Gerald, 276 , Ja., 88. , John, 286. , Mr., 220. , Nicholas, 285. , Sir Richard, when knighted, 888. ...., Sir Robert, when knighted, 884. , R. P. Robert, 285. , William, 286. Nngents, the, 294, 295. Nnr, Mortie, 34. Nurebolreogh, 246. 0', Mc, and such like names and attributes of greatness given without warrant of law, an Act proposed to abolish, 161. Oak, an Act proposed r^arding the sale of, 162. Oath of supremacy, 198. See Supremacy. ' to be tendered to all mayors, sherifb, and others bearing ofBice, * and such as refbse shall be deprived of their authority and punished as they by law may be," 128. Obbyns, Mr., his allotment as an Undertaker, 415. Obigny, Obigney, Obignye, the Loid, 79, 283. 0'Bimn,346. O'Bolger, BrasseD, 84. , Dermot,84. O'Boyle, O'Bouill, 52, 53, 222, 239, 245, 346. , his widow, Honora Bonrk^ 52, 61, 143. , Edmond Boy, 239. , Irriell, 239. , Tyrlagh, Tirlagh, 61, 228. , Tyrlagh Boe, his allotment as an Un- dertaker, 408. 0Brena, Edmond, 29. , Patrick, 29. , William, 28. O'Brien, O'Brian, O'Bryen, O'Bryan, Earl of / Thomond, 184, 185, 814, 346, 348, 457. , Briann, 187. , Daniel, Sir Daniel, 268, 431. , Sir Donnell, when knighted, 384. , Lord HeniT, heir apparent to his £Uher, Earl of Thomond, 147. , Mahowne, 431. — ,Teige, 432. , Sir Tirlagh, 431. O'Briens, CBrians, the, 292, 848, 480, 448, 457. , Earls of Thomond and Lords of Ibra- can, 348. y' O^roenan, 846. O'Caen, Sir Donnell, 53. See CCane. O'Cahan, 846, 456. , his countiy, 456. , * the traitorous joggling,'* 279. O'Cahon, Anagh, 439. O'Callagl^an, 261. O'Cane, O'Caen, Ocane, Sir Donpell, 53. , , when knighted, 884. , , his wife, 58. , , his county called Coleraine, 16. O'Carroll, O'Carrell, O'Karrell, O'Karrel, KiBgofUriell,457. , , his country, 818, 367. ..,......, ., the advice of the Lord Deputy concerning the plantation of, 382. , , the Lords Commissioners' Re- port to his Majesty oonceming the plan- tation of Longford and O'Cairoll's county upon the escheated lands in those counties, 878. , Ely, EUy, 318. , , Com R^ (King's county), her territory, a description of the hmd in, 382. , ... ., the territories o^a brief certi- ficate of the number of acres, &c, 381. , Sir Mokmy, when knighted, 383. O'Cassida, Cormock, 240. O'Caven, Manus, 58. CCleery, Loy, 239. , Shane, 239. O'Coggy, Brian, 243. O'Connell, Sir Bickarde, Biccarde, Vicar- General of CO. Kerry, 198, 199. L L 2 Digitized by Google 532 GENERAL INDEX. (yCoABor, O'CooMT, O'Cooor, ke^ 457. , Sir Domiog^ wben kniglrtady S84. Don, DoQB, S9a-SM, 846. , Sir Hngfa, 191. F«lgie,S46. Kerry, Kkrj, 84«, 480. Boe, Bo, 998, 994, 846. Sligo, Sligoe, 993, 995, 846. , DoneU, 199. O'Connori!, (VCkxmerB, O'Konnort, the, 180, 999, 993. 0CoAerao, Brim, 940. O'Corr, Owen, 937. CCoutey, Sir Morris, ^'papift priett,* 198, 199. 0Deft,846. , DoDongfa, 901. , John, 901. OdenfleeC87. O Derdin, Brian, 937. O'Derin, Jenkin, 987. O'Derinnj, Dondl, 989. O'Dionsagfa, 846. 0Doe, McSwine, 58. , Sir Motmory MoSwine, 989. Odogbe, 98. O^Dogberty, ODoghertie, O'Doghorty, ODo- gharty,846. , hit oonntry, 188. , hit rebellion, 81. Cahir, the rebellion of, 979. , Con Connaoght McQwire, an Act for the attainder of, 156. , Ladj, 188. , Biehard,41. O'DoneUj, Edmnnd Oge, 986. , James Carragb, 987. , Shane McMelaghlin, 987. O'DonneU, O'DoneU, OT)onnel, O'DonniU, 0Donel, &c., with his wife and son taken prisoners, 455. , Eghnehan, 989. , Ilngh Boj, 945. , Hogh Boe, an Act for the attainder of; 156. Hogh, Sir Hogh, 846, 850. , Manns, 59. , , his widow, 52. , Sir Neale, <<the traitorous Joggling'' of, 979. , Bory, Bowry, Earl of Tiroonnel, 847, 850. , Sir Bowry, when knighted, 383. , Shane McHogh, 988. , Shane McTirlagh, 989. 0Donoghs, the, of Kerry, 846. O'Dorman, William, late abbot of the Abbey of Bangor, 855. O'Dowdes, the, 298. O'Dowgan, Mortagh, 989. 0Dowyer, Conner, 74. , John, 74. ODoyer, Dorby, 74. ODoyle, Teige McDcMuioagli Beogh, 74. O'Doyn's coontrj, 818. 0Doyrane, O'Doyrmn, CDoyron, OT)<m, Caier,84. , Dermott, 34. , Doooll, 84. ,Mortaigfa, 84. , Sawle, 84. , Seferaii^ S3, , Shane, 84. , WiUiam, 84. ODrycane, Derraigb, 83. ODada,846. Cn>nhiggee, Sir Owen, " papist priest," IW. 0Dainngeanan, Cn^iorgeeryhe, 875. O'Doir, 846. O'Doyn, 846. O'Dyrane, Shane, 84. See O'Doyrane. O'Flanegan, O'Flannefrmn, Hogh, 940. , Monertagh,241. 0Flanigans, the, 994. O'Flahertie, Moroogh Dremoyer, 74. O'Flahertjee, Flaherties, the, 992, 293, 294. OTarroll, 0'ftffrall,:O'F«rrell, O'Faraill, 346. , his ooontry, 66. , the name of, not to be taken or ffp- ported, 880. , questions regarding his lands, 66. ,thenatiTe8 not to take the name of 870. , Manrice FitxGerald, 118. ,Bosse,66, 119. , Teige, 118. Boy, 208, 209. OTarroUs, OTarralls, the, 67, 210. O'Galchore, O'GaUchore, Cormock Bov, 239. , McHogh, 239. , Donell BaUagh, 289. Oge, Alexandw, 851, 854. , Edmond, 194. , Harry, 145. , Sir Henry, 22, 145. , Fatricke, 286. Oglethorpe, Oglethorp, Bobert, SirBobert,Kr., Second Baron of the Exchequer, 91 1 179. > , when knighted, 884. 0Gnion, Flalia, 875. O'Qoone, Cale, 242. 0Gormagan, Teige, 26. 0Gormelie, Bory, 287. 0Qormigan, Teige, 117. 0Qormly, Tirhigh Oge, 288. O'Gradies, the, 481. O'Grady, Donnogh McShane, 116. , Donogh, 74. Digitized by Google GENERAL INDEX. 533 (VHaggan, Brien Oge, S86. , Donogh Beogh, 236. , Edmond Oge, 287. , Fardorogb, 237. , Hugh Groome, 237. , Langhlin, 236, 237. , Owen, 287. , Fhelim Boj, 238. O'Hanlies, the, 294. CHanlon, O'Hanlaon, 0Hanloyiie, 846, 456. , his country, 22 ; called Orrier, 456. , Ardell More, 236. , Art, 246. , Art McFhelim, 286. , Sir Oghy, Oghie, 142, 189. , Oghy Oge, 235. , , his Bomj 235. , Patrick, 187. , Patrick McManns, 286. , Bedmond McFerdorogh 286. , Bory McFerdorogh, 286 , Shane MeOg^y, 285. , Shane McShane, 285. , Shane Oge, 286. , Tirlagh Groome, 285. O'Hanly, 846. O'Hara, 346. O'Hares, the, 298, 295. O'HartB, the, 298. O'Heyn, 346. O'Heynes, the, 292-294. O'Hossy, Oghy, 240. O'Karrell, see O'Oarroll. O'Kearyaile, 846. O'Eeefe, 346. O'Keford, Chri, 89. O'Keillaghne, 346. O'Eellies, the, 292, 293, 294, 431. , their country called Emany, 198. O'KeUy, O'Kelye, 346. , Arthur, 90. O'Kennedie Dun, 430. Fun, 430. Boe, 480. O'Eennedies, O'Kenedies, the, 105, 480. O'Einselaghes, the, 251. O'Konnors, the, 180. See O'Connors. Olanus, Bex Maniu» et Insulamm, 852 OXaughlin, Owny, 481. Old, Katherine, 40. Old Aboy, 28. Castle, 453. Courte, the, 83, 218. Head of Khisale, the, 438. Olderflete, island of; 488. Oldersteat, 437. Oldtowne, 26. Olxrer, town of, 389. , Geo., 89. Ollyyer, And., 91. O'Loghlain, 346. Oloingsig, 847. Olortleigh, 34. CMachart, Don Dormicio, 863. See Mc- Carty. CMadagane, 346. CMaddins, CMaddens, 292-294, 432. Omagh, 16, 170. CMahowne, Moyle More, 194. O'Manus in Scotland, 347. O'Mallan, Fardorogh McCahir, 237. CMally, 847. CMalone, his country, 430. 0Bfaloy, his country called Fercall, 818. CMay, river of, 489. CMayles, the, 292, 298, 295. CMellan, Cahir, 286. Omey, Omye, 186, 224, 228, 231. , abbey of, 224, 244, 246. , the fort of the, 224. O'Meaghe, Barony of, 80. CMeawghe, 448. 0'MoUoye,Canogh,118. O'Moloy, Hugh, 186. CMoore, CaUogh, 187. CMoores, the, 130. 0^ora,847. O'Moroghes, CMoroughes, the, 251, 299, 821. O'Moroghow, Donough, 81 1. CMuldoone, Donell Oge, 240. O'Mullchallan, Hugh Grome, 288. O^ullen, Dennis, 41. , Captain Dioniss, 53. , Shane, 58. CMulloy, his country, 867. O'Muntully, Shane Bane, 248. O'Mukian, 105. O'Murey, Donefi, 866. Omye, abbey of, see Omey. O'Nealan, Barony of, 251. O'Neale, CNeall, O'Neal, O'Neyle, &c., 347, 850, 351, 457. <S^ Earl of Tyrone. the genealogy of, 850. , made detain when the North reroltcd, 448. , Art, 850. Sir Arthur, 16, 80. , Art McCarron, 285. , Art McBoiy, 238. , Art McTirlogh, 286. , Brian, 52. Brian Crosagh, 288. , Brian McArt, 237. , Brian McMehghlin, 286. , Brian Shane, 850. Con, Conn, 52, 229, 850. , , created Earl of Tyrone, temp. Henry VHI., 455. Con Boy, 237. , Con McArt, 287» Digitized by Google 534 GENERAL INDEX. O'Naiae— conf. , Coa MoShne, SM. , , his allotment as an Undertaker. 401. , Con McTiriogli, SS8. , Connaok, prisoner in the Tower of London, 850. , Sir Omnock, A3. , Sir Cormaek ICoBarron, when knighted, 388. ^ Doiidl MoHemy, S86. , Donn McTlrlogfa, S88. , Donnongfa, 95. Henry Mc8haae,5S, S85. , Henry Oge, Sir Henry Oge, 18, 287. , , when kmi^ted, 884. , Hery, second son of Hugh late Earl of Tyrone, an Act fi» the attainder o^ 156. , Hngh, Ute Baron of Dnnganoo, an Act m the attainder of, 156. , Hugh McCarbry, 286. , Hugh McDooeli, 287. , Node McTirlogh, 286. ,Neall,52. , 0Neale McAit, 237. , Owen McHngh, 236. Owen VaUy, 286. , Fhelim Groome, 238. , Fhelim McTirlogh Brasek)gh, 236. Shane, Shan, son of Con Earl of Ty- rone, 80, 850, 851, 455, 456. , , the Act of Attainder of, 455, 457. , , his rebellioas conduct, 455, 456. , Shane McTirlo^, 236. , Shane Roe, 287. ,Tyrlagh,415. , Captain Tyrlagh, Tirk>gh, 229, 287. , Sir Tirlogh, 236. , Tirlogh Lenogh, 361. , Tlrlagh McArt, 52, 53. Sir TerlogheMcHeniy, when knighted, 884. , Tirioghe Oge, 80. O'Neales, the, the s^t of, 455, 456. CNeilan, 142. , precinct of, allotted to English Under- takers, 415. O'Nellan, 225. Oneylan,281. O'Nolan, Bowry, 25. , Thomas, 25. Onslowe, Geo., 89. Onslye, Sir John, when knighted, 384. Ophaly, Ophalye, McShaglin, King of, 467. , Barony of, 25. , the plantation of, 368. O'Balie, Shane McPhillipp, his allotment as one of the Undertakers, 394. Orchades, the Isles of the, 457. Ordnance, Master of the;, 53, 6S, 95, 116, 217, 229, 272-274, 801, 44S. Set Csfcv om/ St John. , oiBeeri of the, 18S. ,tfae daily pay of clerks, gmaers, and artificers mti^ 217. , a note of all thebcaaaaDd iron ort- nance now remaining witlua tfc^ of Ireland in the charge of die! (4 95. O'Beily, CBeyly, O'Beyley, OTBelej, CBe^, O'BeUy, (yKefie, O'Beiy, O'BoiBy, Ac, 48, 847, 455. ...., his widow, 48. , CO. CaTangcnentty called Us eontiy^ 20. , Brian MeShane^ 242. , Cahdl McBrian, 242. , Oaken McOwen, 242. , Connor, 242. , DonneU McBrien, 248. , Captain Hugh, 244. , Hni^ Mc^iane, 280. , John, 242. , Melmore McHngh Cmiolagh, 230. , Mebnore McFhilfip, 230. , Mdmore Oge, 230. , Mohnory Oge, 244. , Mofanoty McFhillip, MolliBorie Me- FhiDq>, 244. , , his allotment as an Undertaker, 894. , MnUmore, 120. , Mnllmorie McHu^ his allotment as an Undertaker, 397. ,Malmore Oge, his allotment at an Undertaker, 894. , FhOip, Phillip, 248. , an Act fbr the attainder d, 156. , Shane, 248. , Shane McFhOUp, 248. , Tirlagh McDoneU, 243. Organ, The 91. Orian, Donell, 25. , James, 28. , Piers McHeniy Roe, 28. ,Tiriagh,28. 0'Biana,847. Oriel, 235. Original writs, fines for, 1 10. Orkney, a prise of pirates apprehended in, 55. Ormond, Ormonnd, Ormonde, the O^cnedies in, 105. , Eari of, 12, 49, 92, 122, 134, 148,170, 192, 257, 295, 818, 829, 340, 372, 387, 889, 453, 456. See Butler. , , claims an estate of inheritance in the prisage of wines, 99. , , liberty of, 199. , , a warrant firom the Lord Jus- tices to the Judges to certify their opi- nions of the Earl of Ormoods title to the liberty of co. Tipperary, 328. Digitized by Google JENERAL, INDEX. 535 Ormond, Earl of— con/. , , his title to the poesessions of the late Earl of Ormond and to the posses- sions of Theobald late Lord Viscount Tully, 888. • .., , the award made bj the King between him and the Lady Dingwell, 371, and the Earl of Desmond 426. , , the title of Mr. Sentleger to the lands of, 439. , James Earl of, 391. , Thomas late Earl of, 348, 371-^73, 386, 888^91. , Countess of, 365, 366. , Lady Elizabeth Countess of, 388. J >Lady Helen, Dame Ellen, Countess of, 364, 389, 390. > . « , Joan Countess of, sole daughter and heir to James Earl of Desmond, 388. Ormond and Ossory, Ossery, Earl of, 27, 179, 185, 371, 372, 426, 427. See Butler. .t , , Lady Helen, now Countess Dowager of, 364. O'Rourke, O'Rork, O'Rorke, CBoerk, O'Rwrk, O'Rwrke, O'Rworke, &c., King of Meath, 169, 192, 295, 847, 457. , , his country, 447. , , , caUed the Ereny, 193. , Richard, 28. , Robert, 78. , Sir Tdge, when knighted, 384. O'Rourkes, O'Rwrkes, the, 293. Oder, Orrier, Oryer, 50, 52, 229. , Barony of, 142, 189. , < O'Hanloyne's country," 456. Orrell, Captain, 40. Orrier, see Orier. Orten, John, 90. O'Rwikes, the, 298. See 0Ronrkes. OHyan, Piers, 28. Oryer, see Orier. O'Sagnissi, 347. Osbaldeston, Qeffery, Chief Justice of Con- naught, 184. Osberston, 24. , Gerald, 119. , Osborne, Ric, 89. O'Serin, Donoghi. O'Shafiieses, the, 292-294. CShaftnes, Sir Roger, when knighted, 385. O'Skellan, Brien, 240. Osneye, 130. Ossory, Ossery, 364, 371. See Ormond. , Donald, King of, 457. , Bishop of, 27, 135, 170. , , his claim, 381. , the cathedral church of, 154. , Earl of Ormond and, see Ormond. Ostend, Ostende, 362. O'SttilleaTun, 347. 0SwilleYane, Donell, 199. O'Swolliran, Owen, 74. 0'Toole,Cahir, 117. ,Diermot, 116. 0Hery, Edw., 90. O'Tuhill, 347. O'Quin, O'Quinn, O'Quine, O'Quyne, Daniel, 311. yDonell, 245. , Murtagh, 237. ,Neale, 238. , Neere, 236. , Owen Roe, 237. , Phelim, 286. Oughterard, manor of, 38"^. Oughtred, Sir Hen., 253. OuUaws' goods, 112. Overke, Barony of, 28. OvghyaUe, 453. Owen, Captain, 237. , Dermot, 26. , Sir Hugh, when knighted, 384. , John, 91. Owen I-Gny, the bay o^ 19. Owles, the, 293, 295. Owlorte, the, 33. Owre, Donell, 195. Owten, Jherom, 91. Oyster Haven, 438. P. Palatine, the counties, in Ireland, 317. Pale^ the English, 103, 156, 168. See English Pale. , , compodtion of, 102, 103. , , an Act to establish for ever the compositions oi^ 156. , , the English manner of tillage and husbandry as practised in, to be ad<^ted by the senritors and natives. Undertakers in the plantation of Ulster, 62. Barons, the, 315, 320. Palfrey, Edw., 91. Palmer, Peter, Second Justice of the Common Phice, 181. Paney, Charles, 91. Panter, John, 89. Papal indulgences, 201. Digitized by Google 536 GENERAL INDEX. Papists, the, 281,282. likely to be retiinied to Parliament, 146. Pare, the, 119. Pardons, fines for, 110. of alienations, fines for licenses of alienations and for, 108. Paris, Matthew, 852. Puish chorcbes and incnmbents, the proposed endowmoits of, 18. Parker, Bob., 90. Parkins, lient, 54, 288. , , his allotmait as an Undertaker, 408. Parliament, the, 57, 182-184, 197, 147, 157, 164, 165, 268, 271, 275, 280-285, 288- 291, 814, 816, 817, 820, 850, 851, 862, 878, 374, 484, 442-444, 454, 455. , Act of, 97, 98, 100, 128, 160, 167, 168, 170, 171, 178, 218, 268, 281, 854, 358, 427, 444. , , chaontrjr lands in Ireland not jet Tested in the Crown by, 104. , , for the re-edifying and repairing of cathedral and parochial chorcbes, 154. , , the Undertakers oontinuallysned and rexed by the Irish of Monster and the new Undertakers of Ulster to be established by, 167. , Acts of, the King for secoring and settling all things tooching the planta- tion of Ulster to give his royal assent to all, in England and Ireland, 38. ..., ...;.., thooght fit to be enacted in Ireland, 154, 164. • , not held in Ireland for many years, 69. , many sobsidies haye been granted by 96. , certain grants taken from the Crown are retomed by, 106. ,a note of how many cities and boroogh towns are to send burgesses to, 184. , the nomber of members in, 134. the ancient cities Of Ireland are ex- pected to retom Protestants to, 185. , knights and borgesses to be sent to, out of the €k>Temment of Connaoght, 145. , remembrances to be thooght of tooch- ing, 146. , motives of importance for holding a, 164. , an interesting accoont of, 164. , the members of, 170. to be held in Ireland, « the great Joy conceived by all " regarding, 265. , petition from some of the Recosant members of, to the Lord Chichester of Bel&st, Lord Depoty General of Ireland, 268. See Recosants. , the rootine of bosiness in, 272. , onseemly condoct in, 276. ParUament^coJi/. , brief relations of the passages is, summoned in Ireland in 1613, 278. , Lords of, 266. , , a list of, 134. , «a note of the Lords and Beeosants <' in the Hooses of F)ariiamettt that ** were the principal distorbers of the « same," 275. , the Lords attending hare each of them bronght a priest, who iroold advise and role his Psriiamentarj condoct, 199. Hoose, the. House of, 268, 269, 276. , the Clerks of, 148. , Hooses of, 168, 275. , the Upper Hoose of, 165, 270. , the Lower Hoose of, 870. , shoold take the oath of ss- premacy ' if not too sharp to be olEered, 146. , , the action of die Protestants in, 270. , , the Speaker of; 367. , , « the choice of a Speaker at ti>e ** Paiiiament is very material. Of Irish " birth there are none to be tmstet^ ^ and if there were there is none meet ^ for that place, by reaaon of thdr « many years and little experieno^'' 146. - , English, 146. , , its law with r^ard to the alienations of ecclesiastical persons, 167. , the Lower Hoose o^ the charac- ter and position of the members d, 443. Bolls, 164, 167, 817, 818. Parliamentary elecdons, the various infloenocs they shoold be subject to, 136. Parliaments and English laws in Ireland, the first establishment of, by Archbishop Usher, 130. Parmenter, Chris., 221. Parrett, Sir John, 262. See Perrot Parrott, Sir John, 429. 5^ Perrot. Parry, Tho., 18. Parson, William, tee Parsons. Parsons, Fenton, 223. , Lawrance, Clerk of the Crown in Monster, 184, 201. ' , Parson, Parsonns, Personns, Wil- liam, the King's Sorveyor, Sorveyor* General, 78, 179, 209, 223, 229, 232, 327, 381, 483. , , his allotments as an Undertaker, 898, 412, 414. Partridge, John, 89. Passage, 13, 337, 339. Patent Rolls, few only in Ireland, most of them having been transferred to the Tower, 106. Patrick, Bedmond McGill, 240. Patterson, William, 41. Digitized by Google GENERAL INDEX. 537 Paul v., Pope, indulgences granted hj, 199, 201 ; and graces, 199. Paolett, Sir George, see Pawlett Pawlett, Faulett, Sir George, 41, 146. , , when knighted, 884. Payen, Melems, 28. Paynes, Lieut, his allotment as an Undertaker, 418. Payton, Auditor, 827. Pearchie, Rob., 91. Pearson, Peerson, William, 225, 342. Peerson, William, see Pearson. Peachie, John, 90. Pecke, Da., 275. ,Bandall, 89. Pedigrees, a book of, 845. Peers, Captain William, 456. Peldon, Thomas, 117. Peleponnesus, 347. Pelham, Mr., 454.	4,744
practicalchristi00crafiala_10	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,896	Practical Christian sociology; a series of special lectures before Princeton theological seminary and Marietta college, with supplementary notes and appendixes	Crafts, Wilbur F. (Wilbur Fisk), 1850-1922	English	Spoken	7,348	9,202	Look at the primaries in saloons,18 whose slates serve for political "slates," and tell" me what right good citizens have to expect that from such a source, or from the larger nominating conventions which the primaries create, they will on election day be presented with any other choice than that between a bad candidate of their own party and a worse one of the other party. Those who believe that between two evils we should choose neither, in such case often stay at home on election day, which they would have had no occasion to do had they not stayed at home on the night of the primaries. Or else they vote for some better candidate offered by a third or fourth party, who cannot be elected, as their solemn protest against the sin of their own party in its unfit nomination — a nomination which usually could not have been made if the men who protested against it afterward had protested beforehand at the primary. The good man who ought to have been nominated was not, for the simple reason that the good men who ought to have been at the primary were not. Very likely the primary, was on prayer meeting night because no Christian man was active enough in politics to object, and because verts are in the South, States, in the North, cities. The leading evangel- lists of the revival are : Rev. Dr. C. H. Parkhurst, author of the New York anti-Tammany movement ; Rev. Dr. Josiah Strong, author of The New Era; Rev. Dr. F. E. Clark, author of the Endeavor Good Citizenship movement ; and Mr. John G. Woolley, the prophet of the new crusade of the Church against the saloon. Mr. E. J. Wheeler's Voice editorials on the Church's unfaithfulness to the anti-saloon issue, and Professor George D. Herron's jeremiads on its unfaithfulness to the anti-monopoly issue — hardly more severe than the criticisms of the four first named on the same lines, though received less gladly by Christians — have been hardly less arousing. FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 203 Christian men were neither expected nor wanted. But they were needed, and would have been more truly Chris- tian if, even on prayer meeting night, they had left the praying to the women, as the men of one church did, and had gone to the primary, pastor and all.* When Cin- cinnati was fora brief time redeemed from the domination of Sunday saloons in 1889, it was due, in part, to pulpit announcements of primaries, and Christian attendance upon them, through which tickets so much better than usual were nominated that there were three men in the total of both tickets fit for a Christian patriot to vote for — men so eccentric that they gave their word of honor they would keep their oaths to enforce the laws; and these were elected, with the result that two thousand liquor dealers were soon on their knees asking through their attorney to be forgiven, and promising to be good. § 10. Let it be remembered that no new political machinery can save us if bad men are left to engineer it. One of the most noticeable characteristics of the national conference on good city government, at Cleveland, May 29-31, 1895, which the author attended, was that when- ever any one proposed a change of charter by which his city was to be saved from corruption, some one else at once arose and said that his city had made that very change and was as badly off or worse than before. Unsalaried city service was proposed, but Troy had become one of the most notorious of corrupt cities on that plan; spring elections separated from State and national elections was urged, but all Pennsylvania had tried that, and had not thereby ceased to be the most boss-ridden of all commonwealths in both State and city politics. Election, of all the officers of a city on one * Hon. Henry Faxon said in a convention in Berkeley Temple, Boston, "If the people who go to church would go to the caucuses there wouldn't be any need df reform." 204 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. ticket, in order to get better men than are usually elected by wards, was named as a panacea for " peanut politics," but Cincinnati under that plan had been for years without a single representative in the Legislature from Hamilton County who would introduce a reform bill for its good citizens even "by request." It was proposed to give almost kingly powers to the mayor on " the federal plan," authorizing him to appoint a cabinet of single-headed commissions, while only small powers were left to the city council; but Brooklyn had found that such a charter, without corresponding character in the mayor, did not prevent the revival of prize-fights in its midst, by permis- sion of the executive, on the very day when prize-fights were excluded by the legislature from Florida and by the courts from Louisiana. Ballot reform was urged, but the best of ballot reform laws had been beaten by bribery in New Bedford. Civil service reform was favored, but it had been made a farce in New York under Tammany. Everywhere it appeared that the best machinery had been used for the worst purposes for lack of civic patriotism and vigilance in the body of the citizens. The history of municipal reform was seen to be one long search for a machine that would run itself and relieve the lazy citizen of the consequences of his neglect. Every such attempt had failed. It was the old boarding-house case over again: " If this is tea, give me coffee. If this is coffee, give me tea." The way cities have been changing back and forth from state control to home rule, and from council to mayor, calls up the lover in the 13i$h>w Papers : " He stood awhile on one foot first, And then awhile on "tother ; But on which foot he felt the worst He couldn't 'a' told you, nuther." The comparison of views made it very apparent that the best machinery was of no avail with bad officers to PROM THE STANDPOINT OP CITIZENSHIP. 205 engineer it, while experience here and there strengthened the conviction of many that good men may achieve good government with almost any machinery. This does not mean that one charter is as good as another, but it does prove that all the efforts to substitute machinery for good citizenship, for vigilance and votes, will be in vain. There is no salvation by substitution in our municipal life. The fifty per cent., more or less, of the respectable voters who do not vote in city elections may as well cease their efforts to make their laziness harmless by trans- ferring powers from mayor to council, or from the council to the State. There is no escape for either pocketbook or conscience but by the path of vigilance and voting. A fascinating folly in all departments of life is the idea that failures due chiefly to neglect of individual duty and to lack of personal effort and energy can Political be removed by a mere change of machinery. Machinery The Sabbath-school teacher who has failed lnsufficient- to interest his class because of his own lack of study and sympathy blames "the lesson system," and changes to another, when it is a change in himself alone that can better the situation. Many a dull preacher has found to his surprise and sorrow that even 'a Moody Bible does not make him successful, unless it is studied. Even so, if we should purify our citizenship by restrictions on immi- gration and naturalization, and a» educational test for suffrage, we should not Delect better men unless better men were nominated; and better men would not be nomi- nated, unless better men attended the primaries; which even now good men could generally control, if they would.19 The man most needed in the primary is the very man who may think he has no right there — the independent voter. A 'man is entitled to vote — and the law should so provide— -in the primary of the party whose ticket, in the 206 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. main, he voted at the preceding election. A so-called "straight ticket" is seldom really "straight" until it is "scratched." A party has really no better friend than those members who help to defeat its unsuitable nominees and so to save it from the straight defeat it would soon meet if such nominations were forgiven, and so fostered, by the better elements of the party. Let us now see what can be done under existing laws through the executive and judicial officers selected by the primaries and elected at the polls; and then we shall be prepared to ask the legislative officers so selected and elected for whatever new political machinery the use of what we have may show to be necessary. § ii. Lawlessness, rather than legislation, claims first attention. Lawlessness, a very different thing from anarchy, which receives relatively undue attention, is also more danger- National Habit ous, a more serious evil than intemperance, of Lawlessness. Sabbath-breaking, impurity, or gambling, because it includes them all. Anarchy proper is the doctrine of those who believe all government; despotic or popular, should be abolished. Only a few can ever be led to accept such a doctrine. Far more danger- ous than anarchy is the course of those who believe in law but break it whenever it pleases or profits them to do so, so far as a threatening police club does not prevent.* The statistics of the rapid increase of crime is suffi- ciently startling — murders multiplying three times as fast as the population — with American-born murderers in full * Rev. Dr. Chas. H. Parkhurst says {Independent, May 9, 1895) : " The real ground for alarm lies in this, that in what we know as anarch- ists— that is to say, in the men who make a business and profession of lawlessness — there is exhibited, ripe and gone to seed, the same tendency that in a germinal condition is diffused throughout an exceedingly large element of our population." FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 207 proportion.20 In the words of our faithful censor, James Russell Lowell : " From the Rio Grande to the Penobscot flood This whole great nation loves the smell of blood." Prison reform, both prevention * and cure, merits ear- nest study." But all the punished crimes are but a trifle to the unpunished lawlessness." § 12. If you would see lawlessness at its worst, look at the speak-easies in the national Capitol, where our law- makers are also law-breakers, breaking a law they have themselves made. That liquor is there illegally sold was declared during the World's Fair controversy in both houses of Congress without denial, and I have personally verified the statement, f For the lawlessness next in rank recall the World's Fair, where, by order of the local directors, with the con- nivance of various national officers, the Sabbath-closing law was nullified. Liquors were sold openly, although the fair was on prohibition ground — this with the formal approval of the national commissioners, in spite of a protest which I presented, with the late Mr. J. N. As if that were not enough, the directors not only per- mitted, but by contract required, the exhibition of Oriental obscenity in abdomen dances, in defiance of State laws. The lawlessness next in rank is that of the Sunday * Professor R. T. Ely says : " It is largely the social will which deter- mines the amount of crime and pauperism. If we have the will to learn what should be done, and then the will to do what we know should be done, we may reduce to a small fractional part of their present force the dependents and the delinquents." f The D. G. W. C. T. U. made public protest against the drunkenness and other disgraceful proceedings of the Sunday session at the close of Congress in 1895. 208 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. papers, which were instituted, in nearly all cases, when the manufacture, trade, and transportation involved were in defiance of Sabbath laws, as they are still in nearly all the States." The investigation of the Police Department of New York City, in 1894, showed that in a multitude of ways respectable corporations and citizens had violated the laws and so subjected themselves to blackmail, which, what- ever the moral hue of the collector, can seldom be ex- torted, let it be remembered, except from the "black." In all departments of life we might well devote some of the energy now used for making new laws to obeying and enforcing those we have; for law-breaking is an almost universal American habit — a habit that, in the use of ille- gal Sunday trains, includes even some of the ministry.24 Lynching calls for our severest condemnation as a strange outburst of savagery, increasingly common in the North, yet more frequent in the South, that challenges the attention of the statesman and the reformer, but cannot be further discussed in this brief survey of citizenship. § 13. Above most other lawlessness towers that of sworn executive officers who make themselves perjurers by Executioners defending and befriending law-breakers.26 of the Laws. in the American Railway Union insurrec- tion of 1894, it was noticeable that the rioting was mostly in States and cities whose chief executives were apologists for anarchy.28 It was a scene for a painter — truth if not fact — when General Miles of the United States Army, early in the Chicago strike, entered the mayor's office and suggested that he should call for State troops to deliver the city from mob rule. The mayor weakly intimated that he did not wish to interfere. Gen- eral Miles then took out his watch, and said: "If you do not call out the troops within thirty minutes, I shall arrest you by order of the President, and take charge of your office." The troops were then ordered out.8' PROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 209 In the States of Minnesota, and Washington, and New Hampshire, any citizen may give like warning to the mayor or any other officer who " wilfully neglects or re- fuses " to enforce the liquor laws. That is, the punish- ment of perjured officers is not by impossible impeachment but by indictment and trial in court, as in the case of any other perjurer. By such prosecutions or by mandamus, or— best of all — by righteous voting at primaries and polls, executives who will execute may be secured every- where in place of such mayors as we now have, whom I have found by travel, inquiry, and by conversation with themselves — although there has been much improvement since the civic revival began in 1892 — to be mostly either bad or goodish, or goody, or good-for-nothing — like the voters who elected them by sins of omission or commis- sion. It is too much forgotten that the weakest spot in our popular government is the large city, for mayor of which, therefore, a stronger man is needed than for Governor or Senator. Our politics pines for pluck. " A ruddy drop of manly blood The surging sea outweighs." EMERSON : Friendship. § 14. In the controversy of the National Municipal Convention of 1894, in Minneapolis, between the Eastern men, who favored city government by Mayor or mayors, and the Western men, whose pref- Council to Lead, erence was for government by city councils — the former putting the chief responsibility upon mayors with almost autocratic powers ; the latter putting the chief responsi- bility, as in London, on the city council — history is with the Western men.48 While an autocratic ruler, if good and great, makes the best government, whether for city or nation — autocracy, on the average, has been weighed and found wanting, and there is no reason to suppose that American mayors would use monarchical powers better 210 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. than foreign kings have done. We want no "mayors of the palace." Brooklyn has found, by sad experience, that concentration of power in the mayor is of little value un- less a mayor is selected who has courage to use it. In- stead of assuming that city councils will always be corrupt and so must be shorn of power, let civic patriotism be so revived that good men will elect good men to this im- portant body. And instead of increasing the powers of city executives, let them be compelled to use the powers they have. Executive officers might greatly reduce the ills of the times, while waiting for better laws, by law enforcement. Many evils that cause a loud call for municipal reform are due to the perjuries of those who are sworn to be executives, but forsworn to be executioners of the laws."9 The sale of indulgences to law-breakers in New York City is but an exaggerated sample of what is understood to be the custom in nearly all our large cities.* § 15. There is little to be hoped from any municipal reform movement that is more anxious to clean the Saloon Domi- streets of physical than of moral filth ; nation- that seeks to purify the cities without antagonizing the saloons, whose domination is the very citadel of municipal corruption. What has been accom- plished by Brooklyn's victorious attack on "the ring," while sparing the rum? Its "reform mayor " within a month of his election was whispering that he believed in "reducing the saloons, if possible," and in "a judicious enforcement of the Sunday laws." Within a year of his election he was advocating the legalization of Sunday * Voters who themselves ordered their officers to compound for a stated fee with the crime-breeding saloons ought not to be surprised to find the plan extended to the boon companions and habitues of the saloons — the harlots, gamblers, bunco-men, and thieves. FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 211 saloons by State laws — bound to make the saloons law- abiding, if he had to legalize all their crimes. On one fundamental principle of municipal reform all the leaders of that movement, now at the front, are agreed, namely, that there should be no national politics in city elections. That public sentiment favors this is indicated by the provision in the new constitution of New York State for holding city elections separate from all others. But before anything more than a change of " rascals " can be accomplished, another issue will have to be added by the municipal reformers, namely, No saloon domination. When' municipal reform usually lacks the power to say " No saloons," it can and should say, at least, " No saloon domination." Even Lord Rosebery, who is no Puritan, urges so much as that. It will not save a city to kill its Tammany, for the saloon is the tiger. He will not mind a mere change of keepers. In the words of Mr. Charles Stewart Smith, Chairman of the City Reform Committee of the New York Chamber of Commerce, "When the rum question is settled here we shall have good government." To the two negative planks named municipal reformers should add a third, which is positive — the motto of the Inter- national Law and Order League — "We ask only obedi- ence to law." Even Prohibitionists should consider that a city's executive officers can have nothing to do with their State and national issue except where it is already the law, and there prohibition is included in the plank of law enforcement. That city is happy indeed whose State legislature per- mits it to vote, as Chicago has done, for municipal civil service reform ; and for municipal lighting plants, as in some Massachusetts cities ; and for municipal street rail- ways, which will soon be a third subject for local option in the cities of many States. American voters have been in the past more ready to vote for men than measures, 212 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. but the watchword, " Measures, not men," seems now likely to have its day. Both good men and good meas- ures we must have. § 16. Institutes of civics and reports of riots have dis- pelled partially the recent dense ignorance of the people as to the relative executive powers of Relative r Powers of EX- mayor, sheriff, governor, and President, ecutives. as reSpOnsible in that order for keeping the peace in our cities — an ignorance which our schools should have made impossible. In my reform tours I have often come upon a city that was in despair because the criminal classes had elected a mayor of their own, or because the city council had refused to reenact some State law into a city ordinance, or had made a city ordi- nance contravening the State law. The city fathers of Bradford, Penn., having repealed the State Sabbath law, so far as their city was concerned, by a contrary ordinance, I suggested in a public meeting there that they should be formed into a kindergarten class, and sup- plied with little maps of the State that they might learn that Bradford is in Pennsylvania and subject to its laws. So in Denver also. As to the perjured mayors that abound, I had a part in a most interesting exhibition, at St. Paul, of the relation of mayor, sheriff, and governor. The mayor, having allowed violations of law for years in the case of Sunday saloons and Sunday theaters and Sunday baseball, the officers of a so-called athletic club put up a cash guar- antee that he would not interfere with a proposed prize- fight, also , illegal, which guarantee subsequent events showed they were safe in placing. A pavilion was erected, and carloads of toughs and gamblers came from all parts of the land. Meantime a few good citizens, not hoping much, called a public meeting. Although the two leading newspapers were owned by the two chief officers of the athletic club, and edited accordingly, the FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 213 people rallied in force. The crowded, enthusiastic meet- ing showed that there were seven thousand that had not bowed the knee to Baal. The meeting, by resolution, declared that the mayor, in giving permission for the proposed law-breaking, had really abdicated his office by breaking his oath, and appealed to the governor to enforce the law, through the sheriff, the State's officer for the county in which the city was situated. The governor, although his business partner held the stakes, responded to the commanding voice of "the sovereign people" as their prime minister, and commanded the sheriff, on penalty of dismissal, to prevent the fight. The mayor threatened forcible resistance through his city police, but when, at the sheriff's request, a regiment of militia was called out, this perjured officer thought better of his threat. This lesson in civics was impressively completed when the regiment, early in the evening for which the fight was announced, marched through the streets and camped for the night in the -building which had been built as a pedestal for lawlessness. The Sunday saloons of Denver, although they had the mayor, himself a liquor-seller, with the police, on their side, were permanently defeated by the sheriff, who had been elected on that issue by the aid of rural votes in the county outside the city. Another fight with Sunday saloons in which I had the privilege of sharing, at Cincinnati — already referred to — brought to view yet another way to enforce laws in spite of a bad mayor ; which was done in this case through a city judge and prosecutor, selected from the regular party tickets as nominees that friends of law and order in both parties might safely unite upon. § 17. This brings us to the powers and duties of judges in law enforcement. In the case Powers of just referre'd to the judge did not merely Judges, wait in solemn passivity to judge such cases as might be 214 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. brought to him by the people, but — for a while — aggres- sively pursued crime by his charges to grand and petit juries, and by active cooperation with the city prosecutor, who also abandoned the usual waiting attitude and hunted criminals, as in duty bound. Our courts are the best part of our politics, but many of our police-court judges really belong with their prisoners in the "pen." Once upon a time there was a police judge in Cincinnati who was having "a little game" in a saloon when the legal hour for closing arrived. The saloon-keeper pro- posed to close, but the judge demurred and said he would close up when the game was over, if the proprietor wished to go to bed. After a while a patrolman began to pound the door behind which the tell-tale light and con- versation assured him the law was being violated. The players fled out of the back door and over the back fence, on a nail of which the judge was " hung up," like many another "liquor case" in his own court. He remained quiet on his nail, however, until the patrolman had gone, and so escaped. The proprietor was brought before him the next day by the patrolman for the violation of law. The case was postponed and, later, nollied — all of which is a fair sample of the sort of courts we tolerate in our cities. Police-court judges and city attorneys are in many places excusing themselves for not trying liquor cases, and others that touch the vices which have a politi- cal " pull," on the ground that juries will not convict and the trials only make costs for the State.* Jury laws in some cases, and the methods of their administration in more, are a scandal indeed ; but a little money spent on such juries, showing that their verdicts are contrary to the clearest evidence, would doubtless result in the * This excuse was made in" Brooklyn, but the Law Enforcement Society proved that vigorous prosecution could win verdicts even from police-court juries. FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 215 rectification of the jury law, and thus supply the court with honest jurors. Judges have great discretionary powers in the matter of naturalization, and might and should use those powers to check the growth of that evil of the first magnitude — • the ignorant and venal foreign vote — by refusing citizen- ship, as they have authority to do, to such foreigners as are manifestly unprepared for its right use. In a Pitts- burg court I saw twenty men naturalized in thirty minutes, but one of whom gave any promise of good citizenship, the others forming a squad in the modern invasion of our land by Northern barbarians. The judge said to me, after the ceremony, " They were no more fit to be citizens than so many cattle." And yet he had been too timid to use his great powers to exclude them from the ballot. The pulpit and such parts of the press as are not in fear of the baser sort of foreigners — the only ones, save their political leaders, who would object — might make such a public sentiment, might organize such petitions to judges, that only the better sort of foreigners, who have first been nationalized, would be naturalized. Let us do this, while agitating for laws that make such action mandatory on judges too timid to take the responsibility. In some States, judges have large discretion also in the matter of liquor licenses. In Pennsylvania this power is practically unlimited, but in few cases has a judge used his full power in refusing to license what would soon fill his court with criminals.30 II. POLITICAL BETTERMENTS THROUGH IMPROVED LEGISLATION. § 18. Dynamics are more than mechanics, men than methods, officers than laws; but we want both at their best. The. good citizens we now have could dominate the bad ones we now have, if they would — even with our 2l6 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. lax laws of immigration and naturalization; even with the ballot in the hands of native and foreign ignorance. But it will be easier for the right to rule when we have better laws. i. Laws needed for purifying citizenship. The negro and naturalization are the two serious snags in our suffrage, the second worthy to be called ''the The "South- Northern Problem" as the first is pre- em Problem." eminently "the Southern problem." Unbiased students must recognize that the North made an almost fatal mistake in giving the ballot-scepter to the negro — the scepter of majority rule in several States — be- fore he had been prepared by mental and moral education, as are European princes, to use it wisely and honestly. The South made a yet more serious mistake in preventing the negro supremacy they feared by lawless methods, when they might have done it legally by an impartial educa- tional qualification for suffrage in their State laws, with a consequent reduction of the representation of the South in Congress and in the Electoral College to correspond to the real voting population, as justice demanded. In five trips through the South we found many Christians in advance of the politicians on these points. The devices formerly used to nullify the black vote having been used successfully of late by and against the new white party in the South — in South Carolina and Alabama respectively— the Southern conscience is at last aroused, and a civic revival is sweeping through the South; not, as in the North, with reference to the reform of city governments, but rather of State governments, with a good prospect that ballot reform, without the North's usual and unwise pro- visions for ignorant voters, will make a "New South" indeed ere long. Let every patriot help forward the movement, at least so far as to "Let the dead past bury its dead." FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 217 Strangely enough, the politicians have learned nothing from giving political power prematurely to the negroes, and are making the same blunder on a The Indian smaller scale among the Indians.31 A few Vote- Western counties are already dominated by the "Indian vote." Our "Century of Dishonor" in dealing with the Indians* culminates in making them, in their ignorance, soldiers and voters. § 19. The educational qualification for suffrage is hardly less needed in the North than in the South. In the cities, the "black belt" of the slums often con- Naturalization. tains the balance of power. The foreign vote is that even in State elections, in most cases. In thirteen States— an unlucky thirteen — voters of foreign parentage are in the majority. But in most States the American vote, reenforced by the two- fifths of our foreign population who are American in spirit, might put an educational qualification upon all new voters, and should hasten to do so. Since 1890, as before stated, I have advocated the passage of such a law in every State to take effect on the first day of the twentieth century, now close at hand. Let the absurdity of having men vote who never read our Constitution end with this cen- tury. Universal suffrage should mean that every one may vote by achieving certain qualifications that are possible to all. Whatever other celebrations the new century's birth may have, it should especially be celebrated by the enactment of great and useful laws on this and other lines. The consideration of the foreign vote brings up the Chinese question. Why have politicians so violated * General W.. T. Sherman, in an official statement-, says that the United States has broken a thousand treaties with the Indians. See Helen Hunt's Century of Dishonor, and Ramona, and documents of the 1 Indian Rights Association, Herbert Welch, Secretary, Philadelphia. 2l8 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. American principles in the disfranchisment and exclusion of the Chinese ? We are told it is because they are im- chinese EX- moral, and because they do not come to stay elusion. kut carry their money back. But cannot both those charges be made with equal force against Hungarians, Italians, and Slavs? On July 30, 1894, the Pittsburg Post advocated a law compelling these three classes of Europeans to stay in this country, because they were so accustomed to carry their savings back to Europe. But Hungarians, Italians, and Slavs have votes, and so, although in their morals and habits and disposition to " stay " they certainly do not excel the Chinese, we can- not even get a law passed by which our foreign consuls shall effectually exclude from our land so much as their paupers and criminals. 2. Laws needed to protect the purity of elections. 3a § 20. Specific evidence that a considerable percentage of American voters are venal has been repeatedly given The Venal in magazines and otherwise in recent years. Vote- This has been shown of Indiana, Dela- ware, and Connecticut particularly, which we have no reason to-suppose do not together come fully up to the average of the country as a whole.33 But the most surprising revelations are the wholesale and open briberies by both the city parties in New Bedford under the first and best of ballot reform laws, and despite the further fact that New Bedford is one of the few cities that has adopted the muncipal reformers' panacea for municipal corruption, the exclusion of national and State politics from city elections. This underscores a previous remark as to the insufficiency of any political machinery without manhood. At the 1894 election, according to The Out- look, the victorious party, despite its condemnation of the bribery by which its opponents had won the preceding election, devised a new method of bribery that ballot FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 2IQ reform could not prevent, the payment of a minimum two dollars each to a great number of so-called "workers" (many of whom did no work except to bear about on their breasts the party badge), with an additional three dollars or more in case of victory to make sure that even in secret voting they would vote as they were paid. The first act of the mayor elect was to sit at his desk, behind a huge pile of greenbacks, and pay the promised bribes. There ought to be prosecutions, of course ; but as the leaders of both sides, as usual, have been guilty of the same treason, it is likely that if undertaken they will, as usual again, never come to trial. In that same city, when the speaker was one of its citizens, bribery having been unusually bold at the polls, a voter was prosecuted who had been seen to receive ten dollars from a party leader just before he voted. Asked on the stand for what the money was paid he replied promptly "For a pig," which was both true and false, but suggests the difficulty of proving bribery. More severe laws on this crime are needed,* but a more severe public sentiment against every Benedict Arnold who will traffic in the sacred duties of patriotism, who will sell his elective or legislative vote, whether for patronage or money, is not less required. A man guilty of bribery should be 'made to feel, by social ostracism, that the brand of treason, self-inflicted, is upon him. f 3. Laivs needed to guard the purity of public office. §21. For better elective officers we must look to patriotic effort in the primaries, but the serious question * The Corrupt Practices Act of Great Britain should be added to the official ballot and secret vote as the third essential of ballot reform — no election expenditures being allowed except for educational lectures and literature ; so excluding the new " workers " fraud. f " He who sells his vote, sells his country; and he who buys it immolates patriotism on the unclean altar of his greed and ambition," — Archbishop John Ireland. 220 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. remains how to secure an efficient civil service in the realm of appointments.34 "To the victors belong Civil Service the spoils " has a multitude of believers, not Reform. aii of them politicians. They talk plausibly of the danger of "an office-holding class," and the fair- ness of "rotation in office," as if experience were not as valuable in government work as in like business when conducted by individuals, who do not discharge trained clerks and take on greenhorns every four years. The opponents of civil service reform forget that offices were not made to enrich individual citizens but to promote efficient government. Hon. Theodore Roosevelt in the Atlantic Monthly of February, 1895, reports that, up to the close of 1894, civil service reform had captured about fifty thousand offices, about one-quarter of the whole national list of appointive officers, measured by number, and one-half, measured by salary. In the same article he says : "This spoils method is that which pre- vailed in England under the Stuarts and the Georges, and which still prevails in Morocco, Turkey, the South American Republics, and other States not yet very far advanced toward civilization." One reason for the lagging of this worthy reform, which should have triumphed as quickly as ballot reform and for like patriotic reasons, is that Christian ministers, in the past, have not usually counted it one of the "moral reforms" which they should promote as a Christian duty, nor even so closely related to the nation's safety as to demand their active aid on the score of patriotism. I>ut surely it is no small danger to have a civil army, already nearly a quarter of a million and rapidly enlarging, dependent for its living on the continuance of the dominant party in power ! Such a condition becomes indirect bribery large enough to turn a close national election. This reform has also lacked, until recently, the sup- FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 221 port of working men, who counted it a gentlemen's reform and no concern of theirs ; but now they find that the one chief objection to the ownership and management of natural monopolies by government is the increase of party spoils which it is assumed would ensue, although every intelligent advocate of the new industrial functions of government expects civil service reform to be a part of the plan. Working men may, therefore, be relied upon henceforth to promote civil service reform as a prepara- tion for State industrialism, which civil service reformers might well study as an ally that would hasten the triumph of their cause by making it a necessity. The elections in Chicago and New York in 1894-95 must give a swift and strong impulse to civil service reform: Chicago by voting it, New York by furnishing the "horrible example" of the curse of patronage. New York has found that Tammany was but one of a tyrannical triumvirate, of which patronage and saloon domination survive to nullify, or at least delay, reform. Chicago having overcome both patronage and the " ring," let us hope will not be defeated by rum, which is third and unconquered of her triumvirate also. By its defeat, with the others, let Chicago yet more fully realize her motto as enlarged by William T. Stead, "I WILL GOD'S WILL." 4. Laws needed to protect the purity of legislation. § 22. There is an increasing hostility to the national Senate, partly because it is so largely composed of millionaires who are supposed to have popular Eiec- bought their titles to membership in this tion of Senators. "American House of Lords," and partly because it has in recent crises seemed too unresponsive to popular demands and too responsive to the wjshes of trusts. This popular hostility showed itself in the very large vote by which the National House of Representatives, in July, 1894, passed the bill for the election of Senators by 222 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. the people.85 There are three strong reasons for this proposed change: i. To prevent bribery, which is now suspected, with good reason, in the many senatorial elec- tions in which men of great wealth or agents of rich corporations, who are not great statesmen, secure this "political prize." 2. The increasing waste of legislative time in prolonged deadlocks, which, in several cases, after wholly crowding out needed State legislation, have terminated by expiration of time without result, and left the State without its full representation in the national Senate. 3. It is increasingly important to separate State and national issues, which could be done if the legislature did not elect Senators. In that case State legislators could be elected with reference to their views on subjects which they could themselves legislate upon. As to the Senate maintaining its present conservative character as a body more removed from popular excitement than the lower House, that would probably be sufficiently guar- anteed by the long term and by election from the State as a whole. If the Senate is sometimes too slow, the House is often too fast, the members of the latter being in such close touch with the people as to feel every heart-beat of popular excitement, those of fever as well as those of health. If the national Congress needs mending, what shall be said of the less satisfactory State legislatures ? The com- mon remark is, " This is the worst legislature we ever had." The people find even "worst " too feeble a word for our unspeakable city councils. § 23. Turning now to legislation, let us note, first, the proposed international legislation, by which Great Britain international and the United States are expected to agree Arbitration. that an future differences that cannot be settled by diplomacy shall be settled by arbitration. A memorial to this effect, signed by 354 members of Parlia- FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CITIZENSHIP. 22^ ment, was recently brought by one of its members, Hon. W. R. Cremer, to our government, which received it with favor. This omen of peace, however, is offset by the rage for iron ships of war and the Napoleonic craze of our magazines, which recalls the words that Schiller, if I remember rightly, makes Richelieu say to Napoleon : " From rank showers of blood And the red light of blazing roofs You paint the rainbow, glory. And to shuddering conscience cry, ' Lo ! the bridge to Heaven.' " § 24. As to taxation,3' the national Board of Trade and other commercial bodies have concluded, for one thing, that the tariff should be adjusted, as Tariffs and suggested originally by Mr. E. J. Wheeler Other Taxes, of The Voice, through a permanent non-partizan tariff commission, representing all sections of the country, who should be instructed to prepare from time to time such a customs schedule as would afford needed govern- ment revenue and only as much added protection as would represent and maintain the higher and fairer wages paid in the United States as compared to Europe.37 A good story has become current to the effect that a Princeton professor of political economy, a few years since when tariff was the class topic, asked several of the young men in his class each to define the purposes of the political party to which he was opposed so fairly that those of that party in the class would accept the definition. In no case was either a Democrat or a Republican suc- cessful. And that was before the Cleveland-Gorman tariff conflict of i894.38 There is great outcry from those affected against income taxes. They are objectionable on account of difficulty of collection, but it is hard to see how the principle is inconsistent with the generally accepted 224 PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY.	38,984
cihm_61637_15	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,761	A Complete history of the present war [microform] : from its commencement in 1756, to the end of the campaign, 1760, in which all the battles, sieges, and sea-engagements, with every other transaction worthy of public attention, are faithfully recorded, with political and military observations	None	English	Spoken	6,478	10,619	At th;ee()Vlotk in thy inoining, of the loth qj noveinber, general Meyrr gave the fij^nal, and, im- nuihately, a place, lo lately ihr leat oi pleariiie, arts and trade, was all ii\ llanies. Dreadful as this rnn- lla-ration was, yet the good order of the prufri.iii tToops, am! tl. eare of the governor, jneventnl it from being more Ihoeking than was neeellliry -, vny tew lofl their lives, (iencral Meyer letired int.) the city ; and the gates were diredly barrieailed . The Saxon and aiillrian miiullcrs i niaile the nioft aggravateil complaints all Pairope over, of the bar. L>.uitii;s • Vi(kSclinu'ttaii% nicinoii.il conriTiiiiu; llic hiiniiim the fuburhs of Piolilcn. I \ icic M. ronickau the vSnxon rcfiilcnt's incmorial to the diet of ihc cnipirc. " Hy the violence of tlie flames, which was kept up hy ,ci\| l,„t jjalls, fired into the houlcs ami along thc< llicct.s, the whole wis inllintly on rtrc."— «« A fl^oc-niak<'r, who was ninninsr away willi In.s infant on a pillow, to iavc it fioin In-inp; burnt to do.itli ui< nut by a volunteer, who Ihatchcd the pillow' away from him and threw the babe into the Han.cs."-- One man had pot his things into a waggon ; tl c prufli.ins llopt it, covcial it over with pitch, iml fet It on fire.' -•• Uy thi.s means a multitude of peopi,. of all mh-^ who inhabited thofc populous fuburbs, pcrinial amidll the fl.inus' The number of thoCe who were killed in the (inglo inn, callal the (ioldcn 1 lart, amounted to 90."— «« The aulliian army beheld thcle horiible nCls, filled with indignation and rage. It;, generals nidt- ing with conipaHlon, tried every method to remedy Vhcm. Thr,- lent 300 carpenters into the fuburbs, to uuleavour to c\tin<Tui(h tlic flames." All thcfc falfitics are abundantly confuted in the follow- ing authentic papers. Letter from M. de Bofc, chief cup bearer to the court of Drcfdcn, to count Schmettau, I have the honour to acquaint vour excellency, in anfwertowlut you wrote me this day, I mull own, that ever fmce you had the government of Diclden, J infoiiued you of all that his royal high- mis ^iirt of Drcfdcn, ( 327 ) --there i'-hn.i.neiusiaiiiucJ;:;:;:;;-,;:^^^^ ^"^•" '"^•''"«''- ''w't ./ ma In I'l''' V '" r''^^"''^-"' ^'' ^"'^ im'll'^th.c;o,hc Tuhurls ti .1 1' ""'"'^ "'^ ''^X. X"" .l-l.uh; i-uo ulHd,t^;.. " '^'''^''""''-^';''' -'j-'cd to vmM.r.krul thci. to h. ,.,'/' ''>' ""'• ^' >"i.r excellency. <l"''i"t his royal InVIiiicIs , " ' 1 '^ '''''^i'''' '•"' '» ••"- il"H-M approach near t c ow? "'''"T'. "'•■'^' '^ """"'^1 Daun '" '»"- the luLurbs. an ;„ ," : ! • ' '^'^• ^?^' "-"''' '- obliucJ 'l-""i;l« r u.adc (cvcMal rem . n • ""'"^ ''"'' T'^ '"''''• AK "^••. '-'^'-nlyourlcl ,: v. ;r:; -r^ I'ytl'c king your n,a- -.1. "o/to attack the i'^ To wh c I"" T "'1 '" ''"""'^^' Er'c::.;d-t.t^;;^:r huiiour 10 be. tic. -^ " '"'' ^"' 't- i have the Dec. 4, i-cH. T Certificate of the magl^ratcs of J^rcfdcn. !')■ the foldicrs. ' ^' ^^ '''- ^'■''■' ''"'' 'vvo vvoin.ded Ptniii^d ar tiie if, I lit, norofiiicaijJli-.ui t ir.op,, vv!io. ( 32S ) tiU'y fyrcAi.] r.bont in their memorial.';. Thry made no Iciuple to invrnr and alter tat'ls m luch a manner, as to move the j-n-atill jMry towanis the (uJiVrcrs, an-i cqii.al iiuiiiriiafionai-ainll his pniHian nuijdly. Hut ail ihele v-'-; ialfitics vveie fully lemouil, bv ihe aiirhniiic ccnifitates ot" the m.n-ri(li.ir<s, iscr. ot Drelilen, who weie peritdly attjuainteii wiih the tranlaelion ; atid ail the heap of invent.ons that had been jiahiud upon 111 Liiiropc lor truths, wuc inllaiuly overthrown. uho, it is pretended, nflirttd in cxtingniniint; the flames. Drc'llm dec 4, 175S. ■ • (L. S.) The ni:igiiliattf8 of DrdJcn. Ccrtifif.rcnf the judges of the fiibuib of Drcfden. Vv'c the ju-igcs of ihc h luirl) of i:)rddfn, cutify, and aruH th^t at the time of the calamity that hath jull happened, thi-us parted in this manner, 'ihe conibullibles were rcphin d on the -th nt november; and the m.ig.llinte.s ordc-ud all the iiidj;es to attend tbein: accordingly, S;mon Std/.nn-, jud^.e ; John Chwltian, aluc;. man; John .Michael hiber, and John Chullian Kivtfclimar, ji'docs mte.uled, and were told, (beinj; enjoined at the (anic time. to'uc' acniiaint the orher judg.s with ii) to provide the houle.s with wa-.r to give notice to the Iandlo.ds, and keep the pumps ready, aiuitn- ficavonr to aflilt one another ; becaule, if any misfortune (hould Jnpp.-n. the people of the town could not come to our allill.irrc lK,r could we go to theus ; and of thin, wc informed all tiic iMirr'hers. < )n ihp Rth and 9th the anfttian army approached the town • and on the 9ih, the aiidiian luiflar. forced then way to thr fybu'rb ot Inna. and to Zinrendorf" honie. Vv the irth, at two in the morning, fire w.is fettothc quarrrs of^hrna, Rnin, and Wdldorf, which conlumed 266 fioufcs in all I heie have been rherefoie in all, two peifons burnt, a man and a woman greatly advanced in years, and whom it was impolliblc to lave ; two killed, and two wounded. \Vl.at has been faid of a waggon is falfe ; and it is equally h fe that ninety perlons perillicd at the Hart ; only four perlon. in ail having lolt their lives, as we have jult mcr---,ned. Laftly it J^ falie that the auHrian c-rpr'nters afliikd u.s e.xtinguifhin5Tthe iiie. vVe never (aw on' of tiiem. We certify, that all the above is Itri^ly conformable to truth. '^ ■' Signed by the ten judges of Drefdcn. •758- Marilial Iiry majp no a mniiiur, us Inlk-rcrs, and ',i'<'y- Hut all ''i^'Jiirlu'iiiic Divlilcn, who t'li'-Hi; and ail inid upon all irown. allies. Drcfijcn, atcs of DaiJcn. )rcfJen. itiCy, and afkd, KippcKtd, thirip ilacid on the :th .iiiJj;fs to atund Ctiiiilian.aiui'f. •tlclimar, judges, line time, toac lulcs with waiLr, s ready, ami til- libfortune ihould to our allill.iirc, ifonned all the the town ; and to thi- fyburb ot ;t to the quarrrs bS houlfs in all. irnt, a man and t was inipoilibif id it is equally ' iour ptrlon^ in led. Laftly, it xtinguifhingthe hie to truth, ly the ten judges L'fdcn. Marilial i(\(;o() men before JoM. ill 1V,^ r i , ^' ot Vrulhd notice of the fthetv wh; i ""''/"V^'ng lie oitlerec count Dnli.n ,.. '^uic?,, tnan l»t "f 1 orgau i general Wcclrl, who, ;ith a fn»li 0 ,t D.,h„a bcn,g con,. ,„, loon aft,-r, th't'vc'. ^^ :;t'3c:r' tt;;:;;';r;:^;^•v^^f'''^- . In tlif mean time, his prnffian ,„,],ny „„ „,,.. I g w,t , the gicatcd li,cecl from Sil dla ft tln.hJ the 15th of novcmbcT, \|,e arrived 1 I . ' ^ Laving afterward. .iouK'cI his . "y o h " -t's u,,!,"'^ the generals l>oh„a and Wedel h . .^ T ' phan.lyat Drefden, the ami 'xi.e a U, tn ,""''"" con,manded by n,ar(l,al Daun, aT^rC" 'Jf "th '^ ' ire, tell back on the king's nea- approach into bT mar.hai placed his troops into quarters of nt^t, ■^.ent. .n fmh Htuationsas to forr^, an ir^ntnfc Cn "I troops all along the frontiers of Silefia and Saxo^J where die imnen-.l -.-t-,. :..:.. . ,' ■^■"'ony ; - .■i.i«..i„, ■.:,n,) juijicu, and continued it through l.'t I 7 h^->' •t, m ( 330 ) thrpugh Thiirlngia and Franconia, where it was united to the quarters of the prince de Soubize, extending weftward, along the courfe of the Main and Lahn, to meet thofeof marfhal de Contades, which ftretchetl to the Rhine, and continued the chain along it quite to the Matfe, fo as to command the whole courJe of of the Rhine, on both fides, both upward and down- ward. I left the ruffian army retreating after the battle of Zorndorf, to Stargard in Pcmcrania. General Fcr- mer forefaw that he fliould be unable to keep his ground in that province during the winter, unlefshe could fecure fome lea port, by which means he miaht receive the neceflary reinforcements from Rurr]a1)y fea. In purfuance to this plan, he relblved to attack the little town of Colberg on the Baltick ; expeclintr it would be an eafy conqueft, as it was but meanly fortified. On the 3d of oclobcr, 15,000 ruffians formed the fiege -, but what with their incapacity in that part of the art of war, and the brave defence made by major Heydon, the governor, this little town, fo poorly fortified, and fo weakly garrifoned, held out againft them 26 days, and then obliged the. ■ 0 raife the fiege, the i^ih of o6lober : and this w >• gss out receiving any fuccours whatfoever from withoui. The ruffians, without enterprifing any thing elfe, re- tired in fo dilgraceful a manner cut of Pomerania, without having been able to mafter one place of flrength, in either Brandenburg or Pomerania. But they deftroyed all the country as they palfed, with the mod favage fiercenefs. Nor were the rulfians the only enemy which carried on an inglorious war againll his pruffian majefly •, the fwedes were driven back into their own territories, with great lois ; and feveral of their important pofls taken, before they went into quarters of cantonment. About the time that the auftrians retired into winter quarters, the french did the lame, without any moleliation from prince Ferdi- nand; king- ot o Saxony ; protedtioi ilich a 17 for the t\ which he This dec revenues were fcqi Priifila, s belonging the king i officers in : it was united ie, extending ^ and Lahn, lich ftretched tlong it quite ole courje of d and down- the battle of General Fcr- to keep his :er, unlefshe ans he might tn Riiffia by VQd to attack : -, expecling but meanly Doo rulTians incapacity in •rave defence s little town, ifoned, held ged the. ' o d this w 1- I )m withoui. ing elfe, re- Pomerania, ne place of L'rania. But ed, with the rulFians the ( 33^ ) nand; his army was too weak for offenfive ODeratlon, princ. difpoftd h s X in th n 'ftT^S"- ^'^' Lnner, Tn the bill,opric of IZtrlTlT"' »d Hildeflaei™. arui L the landg. fa ' „f Sf"' Before 1 cl.lmil., the aftiirs of his p.uflUn nnfX tort ,s campaign I nu,ft take notice of t L S" which tliat monarch made in his conduft, toward ^^e iinfortiinate electorate of Saxony. When fiift h. • lp;i7i7:L,!-rair;r;xret-^^^^ Cl\. r/haf n '"' -torn to Drefden, after™ irg lorccd maifhal Daun once more to ouit Savonv ■, altereci h,s refolution : he ordered hisrefttT [V^ .end a decree to the depmies of the eftates of Tl e ....ate wimh, at the fame time that it enjoined jn to ckhvcr a certain quantity of flowe IZfo^ ige, fignified in expjefs terms • " Th,r ,i,/ u i K-t Pruffi. haihitherto't^^atecUhfe a faVof axony as a country he had taken under I, s fpecia po tection ; the face of affirirs was now c nS in lortnctutuie, omy as a conquered countrv cut nf inis decla;ation was no fooner pubhHied than t-h^ revenues of all the faxon minliL of con WnL were cqucflered ; and as the rufiians h^^H Sd "n r ufna, all the rents of the eflates in that countr tefn'7'"''"'^. °^""' ^^^ iamewasdrek; -tictrs lu tae rulTiaa icrvice. IIis majcfty aJfo or- dered M > \|}'':f 'SiHil' JM fffi ^ ' IP' um "%■ ( 3^2 ) ordered feals to be put on the papers of 20 perfons of confequence belonging 10 the court of Dreldcn v^ho were, at the lame time enjoint-d to fet out for Warfuv, in 24 hours ; in fhort, the adminiftration of the government was thrown entirely into the hands of prufTians. It has been very juilly remarked on this i that as foon as the king of Pruflia had declared that he cor^fidered Saxony as a conquered country, the people had from that time a right to cxped to be governed in fuch a manner as became a ju(l; prince; more efpccially wht-n the conqueror's affairs are not in fuch a dangerous fituation, as to require a very ri- gorous behaviour. Drefden had been quire exhaufted by former contri- butions, and had even fuftered military execution long before: fo that but little excufe can be made for thefe unjuft and violent proceedings. What could be more unreafonnble, more odious, or more cruel, than to retaliate on the unhappy iaxons, fomepartof the exceffes committed by the ruffians on his domi- nions. Such a proceeding is not confident with that greatnefs of foul which one would think fliould at- tend fuch vaft abilities, ps are pofTefled by his pruHiim majefty. But let us review his a(fhions this campaig;i, we fhall there fee his brighteft fide. In the lall campaign, he gained the mofl refplendent vidories •, but in this he formed and executed the moll ufeful defigns. The retreating out of Moravia in the face of a fuoei ior armv, in that mafterlv man- ner, ( 333 ) nsr, in wliich it was executed ; his rapid march to drive the rufTians from his dominions ; his gaining the battle ot Zorndorf, merely by his own prefence of mind ; his marchmg from thence to relieve Saxony when m the mean time, the auftrians over- run Sile- fia; defeated at Hochkirchen, and yet a^incr as if he liiJbeen VKflorious ., marlTial Daun's whole pla^Ji being to prevent his entering Silella ; he takes a great compafs round all his forces, and marching unpurfued, in the f^v'irtelt manner, raifes the fiege of Neifs, and clears all Silefia of his enemies. from one corner of his dominions, he flies to the other ; Saxony is again in danger ; above an hundred thoufand of his enemies bcfieging three great cities in it j they no fooner invade, than he refolves to refcue ; f jm the extre- mity of Silefia, he makes forced marches into Saxony railes the fieges of its capital, Leipfick and Torgau! drives the two armies of the auftrians and the empire entirely out of the elec1:orate, and arrives triumphantly atDrdden; four armies, containing above cwo hun, died and litty thoufand men, endeavour to over- whelm his dominions, they are defeated, and drove back with dilgrace ; his territories are cleared, and he keeps pofTcffion of Saxony itfelf In (liort, whether we confidcr the rapid and vigorous marches, the art- ful movements, andjudicious choice of polls, in par- tial ar, or tHc great management, the deep laid fchemes, or die Iliiuied and refined condud in general • we mud certainly allow this campaign to difplay on the part of that monarch, very great abilities, and P;ene- ralihip ; greater than ever he had ihewn before Ihe angular fituation of England guarded it from thofl- terrible ravages of war, which laid wafle the rdt of hurope, confequently we can f^nd but little tor the lubjecT- of a military hiHory there. Several Iquadrons had been equipped, and failed in the win- ter, but their operations were too minute to be com- prchen.dcd in the narrow plan of this work. Mr. Keppel, having been fent out from England with a fmall ftpiadron of fhips, to attack Goree' came in fight of that place the 28th of December! The Dunkirk, the Naffau, the Torbay, and theFou- geaux anchored againfl fevcral batteries, on the illand of Goree, and at the lame time covered two bomb- ketches by their fire. The adlion began with a fmart cannonade from the ifland on the fhips, as they bore down, which was not returned, till they came ex- tremely near, and then began a mod dreadful fire, which in a few hours filenced the french batteries; and made fuch a terrible havock among their garrilbn, that M. de St. Jean furrendered the fortrefs and ifland, with his garrifon, prifoners of war j in it was found 110 pieces of cannon and mortars. The ifland of Goree confifts of a low narrow piece of land, near cape Verd in Africa, Wed long. 17. in the river Seneiial. about half a mile 40. iat. I long, but very narrow. Though it is in the torrid zone, yet it enjoys a cool and temperate air almoft the year round -, which is owing to the equality of the days and nights ; and its being continually rcfreihed by alternate breezes from the land and Tea. M. de St. Jean had embellifhed it with feveral fine buildings-, and added fome fortifications to it. The conqueil of thefe fettlements on the coaft of Africa, were of infinite importance to the britiih nation, and of ntar as much advantage to its commerce, as any \ idc append IX. C 235 ) ;iny of the numerous acquilitions we have made this vv;ir. h' ranee, by means of them, brought her lli- gar ifliiiuls to that high pitch, wliirli they arrived at iuforc the war. The fugar trade, and that to the (o:i(t of Africa, are fo blended together, that the for- mer cannot fubfifl without the latter, on account of the negroes brought from thence ; the frcnch, by means of their iettlements of Senegal and Goree, railed the price of negroes upon the englifli, on many parts of the coaft, from 6 and 7 1. per head to 20 and ;ol. And, although this great rife in their price af- k\n\ the englifh Wclt-iiidian trade fo very fenfibly, yet their own llifFcred not the leaft by it, by reafon loftlieir extraordinary bounties, privileges and im- nninities, which the french government allows for the encouragement of their african commerce. The gum Senegal is another article of great confequence, which falls into the hands of the englifli, by this im- portant conqueft. I'he african gum is exceeding ufe- ' ful, in Icvcral french manufaftures ; fuch as their filks, and odicr fabricks, which require a gloffy luftre to recommend^ them to foreign nations ; and this gum isnolefs u fef ul in feveral englilh manufadlurcs. So ' advantageous is ir, that Mr. Poftlethwait * informs us, that we have a recent inftance of two merchants in ' the city of London, who gained above 10,000 1. by a I loading of gum from Senegal, which they obtained in the year 1757, on this coall •, the firftcoO: of which ! cargo, on the outfet, did not amount to 1000 1. I'here are alio feveral other very material articles of trade, which mufl be chiefly in the hands of the poflxfflbrs of thcle important fettlonients. (Jold duft, ivory, &c. arc very beneficial trades ; Init the vafc advantage of the negroe trade is unbounded -, the whole Weft- ' indies inult depend greatly on thofe, for negroes, who polllds Senegal and Goree. Importance of the african expedition confidercd, p. 4. Never V I iii ( 336 ) Never was any year more glorious to Great Brltam than 175B. We have many times triumphed over France, perhaps with greater eclat ; but never with fuch real advantage to the nation. Thofe conqueits which promote our trade, and confequently our naval power, are the moft beneficial to us. The pofTefnon of Louiflnirg tlirew into our hands the whole cod- fifhery, by which France maintained yearly in time of peace, near 20,000 feamen, and the profits to that nation were calculated at upwards of a million fterl- ing •, fuch an article, I think, to engliflimen, can want no heightening. It is juftly agreed, that our navy depends in great meafure on our north american com- merce ; had the french been able to put thofe deep laid fchemes in execution, (which I have before treated of more fully) and which depended in a great mea- fure, on the pofleffion of the forts Frontenac and du Quefne •, our colonies would have been in the utmoft danger. The conqueft of thofe forts broke the chain, with which they had confined us, within fuch very narrow bounds, and threw a great part of the furr trade into our hands. The conqueft of Senegal and Goree, as I havejuft mentioned, deprived the^french of thofe valuable branches of commerce, the negroes gum, gold duft, and ivory. The expedition to the coaftot Franceconvinced all Europe that that kingdom was vulnerable, even at home ; and the mifchief it did to their trade was very confiderable. Laftly, if! we add the advantages gained in the Eaft- indies. in what a confufed manner muft the war have been carried on ? But the two parties united have triumphed over fadion, perhaps more dangerous than the ene- my; they have employed the forces of their country to the beft advantage J the navy, that glory of Great Britain, has been exerted in the mod formidable man- ner} and, what is unufual, we have at the fame time, been equally vidtorious at land. They fent a britifh army to Germany, and at the fame time another to to the coaft of France, without in the leaft negledling the marine. In /hort, Britain, this year found herfelf »like viaorious in every quarter of the world. CHAP. wy^""^^Bp'^ '> ( 338 ) CHAP. XVIII; Situation of the hdligmnt powers at the opening ef tht year 1759. State of the affairs of his prujjian ma. . jejty. Of the emprefs queen. Of the emprefs of Ruf. Jia. Of the republic of Holland. Cafe of the dutch \ fhips conftdered. Affairs in England, In France,, Expedition to the IVeft-indies, under Hopfon and Moort, \ Unfuccefsful attack on Martinico. Baffe terre in Gua- daloupe defiroyed. ^he forces land. Baffe Terre taken, General Hopfon. dies. Grande Terre conquered. 7kt\ ijland capitulates. Remarks on its importance. THE events of the year 1758, convinced all the belligerent powers of Europe, that the foi.jnel of the war was not to be obtained H^ any one viftory, however confiderable ; but would de won by thofe whole refources enabled them to fuftain the horrors! cf it longer than their enemies. It was plain, at' the conclufion of the laft year, that that general, whofe genius furnilhed him with the greateft refources, was mod likely to prove, in the end, vidorious. It was really aftonifhing to fee fo many great vidtories \| gained by the pruflian troops, without being able to ' procure a fafe peace ; when many of them would in former times, have been fufficient to transfer the em- pire of the world from one faction to another. Nor was it lefs furprifmg, that the three campaigns, wherein the king of Pruflia had met with fuch great furcefs, did not exhauft him more. Thofe fuccefles, great as they were, often times were dearly purchafed;\| and befides thefe, he had met with fome checks ; partj of his dominions had been pollefibd by his enemies ii the ^ ( 339 ) the kingdom of Pruflia was in the hands of the rufll- ans, part of his weftphalian territories in thofe of the french. Many of his grcateft generals were dead ; and great part of thofe brave veterans, who had per- formed fuch unparrallelt d adlions under him, at the beginning of the war were no more : add to this his coffers, which had been fo lon^ a filhng were drained. But yet, for all this melancholy catalogue, his pruffjan majefty was far from being exhaulled, at the clofe of the laft campaign. Had that been his fituation, let me afk the intelligent reader, whe- ther he would have been able to drive fuch formid- able and numerous enemies out of his german domi- nions. Ac that period, he entirely polft/Ted the elec- torate of Brandenburg, Pomerania, Silefia, Magde- burg, and Halberftadt of his own dominions. Saxo- ny, part of Mecklingburgh, and part of fwedifli Po- merania of his enemy's -, add to this, he ftill received afubfidy of 670,000!. fterling, from Great Britain ; add alfo thofe great refources which he found in his own fuperior genius ; and in the abilities of his bro- ther Henry, feconded by a long lift of able generals, who ftill remained to command his armies. Thefe advantages enabled him to finifh tho laft campaign in fo glorious a manner, and to prepare with tiic ne- ceflary vigor for opening the approaching one. The emprefs queoii, durmg the courfe of the war, had met with much greater Ihocks than the king of Pruflia i and the war felt equally heavy on her : but the refources of her power, as they are more natural than thofe of her enemy, fo they are the more vifible to the reft- of Europe. Her immenfe territories •, many of them equally fruitful and populous, enabled her to recruit all her loftes. It muft be a very long war that would entirely exhauft the houfe of Auftria; her dominions are of fuch an immenfe extent •, the fub- jeft fo ufed to fupply free quarter and endure military 'iccncej her fubjects lb numerous, i'o hardy, and Z 2 make 'M I r Piifi M ( 340 ) make fuch good foldiers •, that It is not to be ^on* dercu at, that the emprefs queen was able to recruit her armies, on every (hock they rereived : In fadt marflial Daun, very early in the new year found that he fxiould be at the head of an army as formidable as ever. The emprefs of Ruflia was drawn into the war by the envy which flie always had to her formidable rival in the north, the king of PrufTia. Never did any power enter into a war upon more unjuft motives than the court of Peterfburg ! It was meer envy of the rifing greatnefs of the pruffian monarch. But as (lie had engaged, flie refolved to perfevere. The ex- pence of the war fell more heavy on her enemy and the republic of Poland, than it did en herfelf •, and, as it was an opportunity of forming her troops to fer- vice, fhe refolved to continue in her prefent fyftem, The britifli minifler made the greatelt efforts to de- tach her from her alliance ; but all his endeavours were vain •, the court of Peterfburg, notwithftand- ing the bad iuccefs it had hitherto met with, conti- nued refolutely bent on the ruin of the king of PrufTia. Holland, during the greatefl part of the preceding year, had been filled with nothing but remonftrances, memorials, and complaints, concerning the captureof her merchant fliips by the englifh men of war and privateers. France, foon after their fliips were feized by the engliOi, at the beginning of the war, finding that tlicir trade would be entirely ruined ; endeavour- ed to obviate that flroke by her policy. She took off the tax of 50 fous per ton, which flie always chufes to keep on foreign freightage : fhe opened even her american ports, and admitted other countries to that choice part of her commerce, which by her maritime regulations, flie hath at other times To flrid- ly kept to herfelf. Neutral nations feized at once on the advantage, and opened to the enemy new channels! for ( 341 ) for the conveyance of thofe riches, by which the war was to be nurfed and protrafted : Under tlic banner of friend (hip they thus ferved the caiifc of the ad- verfary, whofe wealth fecured by that proteaion would have pafTed fafe and unmolefted through the engiifh fleets. Britain refolved, that her naval power fliould not be rendered ufelefs, and feized on the property of her enemy, which fhe found on board neutral ftips . The dutch were moftly concerned in this contraband trade i and they made terrible clamours at the cap- ture of their Ibips. The merchants of the principal cities in Holland prefented feveral memorials to the Hates general for redrefs of their grievances, offering to arm themfelves and protedl their trade. I'he ftatcs remonflrated to the court of Great Britain againll this proceeding, but they met with a very cold re- ception. In fa<5t, their claim was founded neither on the law of nations, nor on that of nature. Holland, whenever fhe was engaged in warv-almofl; conlkntly purfued the fame conducfl : fhe fometimcs even prohibited the commerce of neutral nations, be- yond all jullicc and moderation. In the year f i ^09, when die government of Spain firft prohibited the fiib- je6ls of the united provinces, from trading to the ports of that kingdom, a liberty, which had unaccountably been aliowrd them, from the commencement of their revolt to that period ; the ftates general in revenge, publiflied a placart, forbidding the people of all na- tions to carry any kind of merchandife into Spain. It is declared in the 4iit article of the treaty of 1674, between Great Britain and Holland, and alfo in every other commercial treaty, " That all goods are con- traband, which are carried to places blockaded or in- • Difcourfe on the conduft of the government of Great Britain, p. 6. f Grotii hiftoriarum, lib. 8. Z3 veiled. i i !'• w^rw Tk^w':-^m i 1 f ■■■1: ' P ( 342 ) vefted. To fhew what opinion the dutch had of « naval blockade in i6c}o, when they pretended to have blockaded up all the coaft of Flanders, and openly avowed, that they would take and condemn all neutral fhips, which had the moft diftant appear- ance of being bound to the ports of that country, In 1689 t, they alfo declared publicly, to neu.ral na- tions, that they defignedto block up all the ports of] France. Now a blockade may be confidered as com- plete by fea as land -, and were not the french weft- ; indian iil.inds as completely blockaded, as it waspof. fible for the dutch to blockade the ports of France?! And much more-, their diftrefs and famine, for want I of a communication with their mother country, fully declare, that they were invefted. But befides thele feveral reafons, I could produce many others founded intirely on the letter of the treaties fubfifting between Great Britain and Holland, to ftiew that they have not the lead right to carry the property of the enemy in their fhips i but the bounds of this work will not permit me to be more particular, I muft refer the reader to a very ingenious work, which canvaflTcsthe affair to the very bottom, entitled, " A difcourfe on •' the conduct of Great Britain, in rcfped to neutral] « nations." If we turn our eyes towards England, and com- pare the ftateof that nation at this period, with the I ftate it was formerly in, during the war, we (hall find \| that the very maxims of government were changed;' the conAitution wore a different face. That unprece- 1 dented union, which reigned in both houfes of parlia- ment, enabled the miniftry, who lived inthe greateftl harmony with one another, to concert thofe great plans] of aftions againll: the enemy, and by their f netra- tion in the choice of commanders to enfure their Convention between England and Holland, 1689. 4- Placarr of iunc 26, i6jo. fucccfj. I 5 ( 343 ) llicccfs. France, during the year, had every day found the power of the englifli in America to exert kfelf more and more : it had been like an almoft linothered flame, which, when it broke through the fmoke that had covered it, blazed forth with renewed violence. Thofe (hocks, fo fatal to the trade of France, which (he had received in America that year, had convinced her, that it would never be pofTible to retrieve thofe lofTes, by her operations in that part of the world. Her great efforts muft be made in Europe. Hanover was her aim on the continent, if (he could keep pofkffion of that eleftorate till a peace, (he doubted not of being able to conclude an advanta- geous one. But to effedb this, it required that their army in Germany (hould be recruited, and reinforced, that the fubfidies which had been paid to Sweden, Au- llria, and RulTia, (hould be regularly continued •, that the king of Pru(ria might gain no refpit. Nor was the plan which France determined to purfue, confined to Germany, (he refolved to fet about in real earned, invading Great Britain , for this end, immenfe prepa- rations were to made in feveral of the ports of tliat kingdom : by this means, the peace did not depend onafingle ftake, they had two fchemes, and if ei- ther of them fucceeded, their defign would be entirely anfwered. But all thefe great points could noc be put in execution, without: great funds. It was the misfortune of the french nation at this time, to be governed by a weak and divided miniftry, and a ravenous miftrefs, who fleeced the kingdom of im- menfe fums every year. The deftruftion of their trade made money very fcarce, and the neceflities of the (late being urgent, they were obliged to adopt a new plan of raifing the revenue. Moreover Silhounate was made controller of the finances ; and he imme- diately removed the farmers of the revenue from linding the fupplies j ^nd new methods were devifed Z 4 for 't J { 344 ) for raifing money ; but the great want of it ftill ap; peared, thefe were only temporary expedients. But as the face of affairs in England was fo much phanged, fo thefe fchemes of her enennies no longei; had that effed which ufed to attend them . At the fame time that an army was maintained in Germany, and fuch numerous forces were kept in adlon in America, the Eaft and Weft indies, Britain, by the good con- du6t of her government, was enabled to guard againft ; any attempt that France might make to invade her. The militia ad, fo well known, had armed feveral thoufand men for the defence of the kingdom, the refyular troops were augmenting both in number and fpecies ; and for the firft time we faw light horfeand infantry. Our navy was more formidable than ever,! and feveral fquadrons were generally blocking up the ports of France, and cruifing on their trade, \Yhilft others were carrying deftruftioh to the french colo- nies in every part of the world. In this fituation, Britain had little to fear at this period, from the de- fjo-ns which that nation had formed to invade her. One of the moft confiderable expeditions that was undertaken by the englifn miniftry, in the beginning of the new year againft France^ was that to the Weft- indies. About the latter end of odlober 1758, com- modore Hughes, with a fquadron of eight fhips of the line, a .rigate, and four bombs, with fixty tranf- fports, fet fail from Spithead, having on board thci following regiments, the old buffs, Duroure's, Elliot's, Barrington's, Watfon's, and Armiger's, with a de- tachment from the artillery at Woolwich -, 800 ma rines were alio diftributed on board the men of war. \| The general officers employed were, major general! Hopfon, commander in chief; major general Har- rington ; colonels Armiger, and Haldanc •, and lieu- tenant colonels Trapaud and Clavering, brigadiers. The gd of January, 1759, they came to an anchorj in Carlifle bay, in the ifland of Barbadoes. Commo- dore C ^45 ) - lore Moore, who was lying in that bay, with ano- tiier fmall fquadron, took upon himfelf the command of the united fleet. Having watered at Barbadoes, they fet fail from thence January 13th, their armament not exceeding 5000 men complete . The grand* objeft of this expedition was the ifland of Martinico, the firft of the french fugar iflands, the feat of the government, and the center of all the trade which France carries on with the Weft-indies : It is very ftrong both by nature and art. The fhore on every fide indented with very de bays y the many fands round the ifland which are to be feen only at low water, render an approach very dangerous with- out good pilots. It is very fruitful, well cultivated, and watered, abounding ,/ith plantations and villages along the fea coafl:. Port Royal is the principal place in the illand, which is confiderable for its fize, trade, and fl:rength. St. Pierre is the fecond town which is of near as much confequence as Port Royal. The french had at this time a good number of regular forces here; befldes a numerous and well armed mi- litia, aiad not contemptible for their difcipline. The 15th of January, the troops were landed with- out oppofition, on tLe weft fide of Port Royal har- * ^hipsthat compofed the fquadron. Line of battle. Ships. Berwick Wincheftcr Rippon Briftol Norfolk Cambridge St. George Panther Lyon ' Burford Guns. 64 SO 60 50 74 80 90 60 60 64 Men. 488 3SP 430 350 600 667 750 420 400 520 Captains, Harman. Le Crafs, Jehkyll. Leflie. Hughes. Burnet. Gayton. Schuldham. Trelawney. Gambier. Four frigates, four bombs, and fixty tranfports. hour. I f 346 ) hour, after the men of war bad driven the frencH from their batteries and intrcnchments ; they had fre- quent fkirmiihes with the enemy, but thefe did not prove fo great an obftrudlion to the fuccefs of the troops, as the nature of the country. A multitude of deep ftreams of water, inclofed by fteep and aimoft perpendicular precipices, proved a great ohftacle to the march of the troops ; the roads broken up, and they had five miles to march before they could get to Port Royal. General Hopfon, finding thefe diffi. culties unfurmountable, fent on board the Cambridge, to acquaint the commodore, that he found it impoin. ble to maintain his ground, unlefs the fquadron could give him afliftance, by landing fome heavy cannon, &c. at the favanna, near the town of Port Royal, or that the commodore would attack the citadel in the bay, at the fame time that he did it on the Ihore. A council of war having judged this to be impradi. cable, the general gave orders for the troops to retire, and they were re-embarked on the 17th. One can- not help obferving in the account of this tranfadion, which was publiflied in the Gazette, and which I apprehend was extradled chiefly from the commodore's letters, that there did not feem to be fo perfeft a har- mony between the general and the commodore as is always neceflary in fuch expeditions as thefe, and on which their fuccefs entirely depends. The next day the general acquainted the commo. dore, that the council of war was of opinion, it would be moil for his majefty*s fervice co go to fort St.	29,962
pennsylvaniaarc00librgoog_10	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,874	Pennsylvania archives ..	Pennsylvania. Secretary of the Commonwealth. [from old catalog] \| Pennsylvania. Dept. of public instruction. [from old catalog] \| Pennsylvania. State library, Harrisburg. [from old catalog] \| Hazard, Samuel, 1784-1870 \| Linn, John Blair, 1831-1899, [from old catalog] ed \| Egle, William Henry, 1830-1901, [from old catalog] ed \| Reed, George Edward, 1846-1930, [from old catalog] ed \| Montgomery, Thomas Lynch, 1862- ed \| MacKinney, Gertrude, [from old catalog] ed \| Hoban, Charles Francis, [from old catalog] ed	English	Spoken	7,532	13,385	Jonathan Bonsai, 105 4 Benjamin Bonsai 150 3 Enoch Bonsall, 50 2 Brannon & Garrat, t m., Benja. Brannon 240 4 Thomas Brooks, John Brooks, 55 2 Abm Bonsall 195 3 Jon'n Brown, 40 John Ball 100 3 Joshua Bonsai 126 3 Joseph Bonsai, s. m., b. m., . . 108 6 Nathan Davis 220 5 John Dunbar 50 3 William Davis, 100 2 Jonathan Evans 40 2 Abner Evans, Peter Evans,. ., 1 William Farrier, 20 Robert Farrier, William Garret, 64 3 Garret & Mathews, Nathan Garret, Ju'r, 160 5 Thomas Garrett, b. m., 150 5 John Garrett 125 3 Isaac Hibberd 184 2 John Hibbard 75 John Hays 4 1 Joshua Hardy, Joshua Jones, 80 1 Sam'l Jackson, 216 2 Rich'd Kerns & Alex'r Kerns, 133 4 Sam'l Kirk 50 2 Isaac Kirk, 45 Isaac Log. 365 2 Tho's Lewis, 40 2 Wiirm Lewis, 60 3 Sam'l Levis, Ju'r, g. m 1 Sam'l Levis, s. m., p. m 106 Cba's Loyd 7 Ann Lewis, 150 4 Antb'y Liewes, Sam'l Leedom 4 Abraham Log 1 Cattle. 8 5 3 4 1 3 4 1 2 5 10 8 3 5 1 1 1 5 4 5 4 10 4 1 1 1 5 3 2 1 8 2 Sheep. Servani.M. 360 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1780. Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Servants. Benjamin Log, 86 1 2 Rachel Moore, 100 5 6 Tho's Marshall, f. m., 2 2 Tho'a Marshal, Ju'r, 4 2 3 Jas. Marshall, 32 1 Abm Musgrove, 200 3 5 Rob't McClellan 134 3 4 Joseph Oldfleld, 15 1 Jno. Pauling, 60 2 2 Will'm Parker 98 .. James Pyot 130 4 8 David Pasel, 32 1 William Pawlin 20 .. 1 John Reeder, 2 1 Israel Roberts, 62V6 1 3 • Tho's Randolph, 1 William Smith, 200 2 4 Samuel Smith 150 4 4 Larrance Smith 2 Mary Smith 145 3 3 John Sellers, s. m., 347 7 6 James Steel, g. m., 20 1 2 John Tyson, g. m., 98 1 2 Mathias Tyson, 3 3 Morris Trueman, 6 William West 95 2 7 Rob't Williamson 4 .. 1 John Yard 50 2 2 Nathaniel Smith, Lydla Mendenhall, Shadrack Hartshoo, Job Evans, Hannah Bonsall, Richard Hays, William Moore, Nathan Sellers, card maker, Valantlne Keasley, INMATES. Nathan Thompson, Thomas Evans, Evan Evans, Geo. Firth, John Kirk, Hezekiah Hibberd, John Hlnde, Joseph Worrall, John Fox. CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1780. 361 Francis Shields, Joseph Hibberd, Isaac Hibberd, John, at John Hibberd's, Meredith McOall, James Brown, James Moore, John Moore, James Bfarshall, Aaron Marshall, Boaz Mathews, John Garrett, Thomas Nngent, FREEMEN. Oburn Garrett, James Williamson, David Sellers, Benjamin Yard, William Domilbers, Leonard High, Thomas Kitchen, John Paulin, Sam'l Lewis, William Kirk, James Gleaves, Nathan Bane, The Beforegoing Rates .and Assessments were duly laid. Wit- ness Our Hands this third Day of March, 1780. DAVID CLOYD, AND'W BOYD, BBNJ'N BRANNAN, Comm'rs. (362) RETURN OF TAXABLES FOK THE COT NT Y OF CHEvSTER. 1781. (363) (3G4) CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. SPRINGFIELD RETURN. James Crozer, 110 Job Dicky 40 Lewis Davis, 240 Henry Effinger 250 Wm. Espey, 75 Wm. Fell, s. m 200 Joseph Gibbons, tavern, 190 Abraham Garrett 100 Wm. Harris, Esq'r, 160 Edward Home, 48 John Hall, cordwainer, 119 Joseph Heacock, Est'e, s. m John Lewis, g. m., 28 Wm. Lane, 25 Thomas Leiper, 95 George Lownes, 106 Hugh Lownes, smith and cut- ler 75 Tho's Levis, Esq'r, 165 Samuel Levis, 239 John Levis 300 Slater Lownes, smith and cut- ler 16 Jasi McCuIlugh, Ill John Morris, 50 Jecee Maris, 117 Jehu Maris 60 Jesse Maris, JuY, 200 Jobn Ogdon, still 163 Seth Pancoast, still, 138 Owen Rhoades, 135 (365) Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Servants. 3 4 4 3 4 5 5 12 2. 2 2 1 4 5 3 4 3 5 2 2 2 4 3 3 2 1 4 3 2 10 4 366 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Ser' Eliza'th Rhoades, 100 Owen Rhoades & Wm. Garret, 7 David Richards 40 2 1 Mathlas Tyson 166 3 3 Rob't Taylor, 50 John Thompson, 127 7 12 Ellsha Worrall, 16 3 3 John Caldwell, Edward Fell, John Glenn, Jacob Lobb, Wm. Marshall, INMATES. Wm. Paist, Thomas Taylor, Israel Taylor, Tho's DelWeaver. Daniel Brom, Caleb Davis, Esq't, James Dicks, Zachariah Fisher, Leonard High, John Levis, Ju'r, Curtis Lownes, And'w McClellan, FREEMEN. Seth Pancoast, Ju'r, Charles Sankey, Sam'l Stadon, Joseph Worrall, Wm. Waterhouse, Matthias Cooper, John Morrison, John McDaniel. SADSBURY RETURN. Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Servants. John Armstrong, 100 2 3 James Boyd, 117 2 6 Mathew Boyd, 175 3 8 George Boyd, 175 2 6 Andrew Boyd 250 1 1 Cathrine Boyd 194 1 3 James Bulla 200 3 3 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. 361 Jonas Chamberlain, 200 Robert Cowen, 448 Hugh Cowen, 170 Mary Cowen, 170 Tho'8 Clemson 100 John Crow. 100 Septimus Coates, 545 Thos Davis. 200 Joseph Evans, 99 Hanna Poster, 200 John Fleming, 115 James Francis, 187 Tho's Haslep 122 Hannah Hope 200 John Henry 110 Gideon Irwin, g. m., s. m., ... 143 Josiah Irwin, 200 Cha's Kincaid. 200 James McClelan, tavern 300 Samuel McCielan, 211 Robert McClelan, 200 Henry McClellan 112 James Miller, 250 Henry Marsh 200 William Marsh 150 Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Servantn. Gravenor Marsh, i^Mla Moore, James Moore, g. m., -4-niirew Moore •/''aixkes Moore, -A^eac'r McPherson 214 -AS'azi ess McPherson 194 To:^^Mi McClure 27 «^^^^^ph Park, Esq'r, g. m., tan 3^».rd, Jc»^^l)h Powell, ^^^ * ^ iam Pimm, g. m., s. m., .. ^^^^ ^"^ge Robison, J<=^'^X)h Sharp 413 ^^■=^«^ ^Brew Stewart, 200 '^^^=^:3[ia8 Scott, 150 3c»:fci.:K:fc^ Truman, g. m 200 3 Truman 120 Williams 300 225 260 300 160 160 187 200 200 94 3 10 3 4 3 4 3 1 4 2 7 8 4 7 8 12 8 6 6 6 3 9 2 4 3 1 2 3 4 2 5 6 2 2 3 5 4 4 6 6 368 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Servant!^. Mary Williams, 60 2 3 William Wilkin, 110 2 5 John Wilkin, 145 5 5 Cha'a Porters, 200 2 4 Tho's Thomson 100 2 1 Tho's Lee, 100 2 4 James Wilson, 180 5 5 INMATES. Wm. Bruce, Mathew Crawford, Patrick Crawford, James Dunlap, John Glasgow, Patrick Harvey, Samuel Wright, Edward Riley, James Kirkpatrick, William Marsh, Alex'r McPherson, George Kenney, Wm. Townsend, Wm. McGloughlan, Robert McKelvey, Wm. Morrow, Andrew Willson, Patrick Shields, George Slone, Hugh Lermon, Hugh Woods, Jacob Enoch, Wm. McClellan, Patrick Dougherty, Samuel Smith, Joseph Williams, Robert Cooper, James Cowen, Hamble'n Gamble, John Miller. Bryan McQuinn, Adam Cowen, Rob't McClellan, John McClellan, Wm. Miller, George Miller, James Bankes, William Ewen, FREEMEN. Wm. Lewistown, Andrew Jack, James Williams, Minshall Williams, John Boyd, Dan'l McConkey, Wm. Attley. CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. 369 GOSHEN RETURN. Acres. HorHes. George Ashbridgep g. m 400 3 Joshua Ashbridge, g. m., 8. m., 350 3 John Bowen, tavern 180 4 Alez'r Boggs, 140 3 Sampson Barnet. chairmakerp. 50 1 William Balne, 125 2 Abel Boakes, 20 Lydia Canbe 90 3 James Clark, 130 3 George Davis, s. m., f. m 80 1 Lydia Davis, 120 3 Ellis Davis. 100 2 Jno. Darlington. 50 Tho's Darlington, 50 Mary Davis, 40 John Davis 60 Enoch Eachus, 175 2 Wm. Eachus 100 2 Samuel Entrlcan, 106 3 Dan'l Fitspatrick, 120 2 Richard Goodwin, Joiner, 3 Ann Goodwin, 130 Joseph Garrett, wat'h raga- later 250 2 Jonathan Garrett 100 2 James Garrett, 150 Mary Garrett 50 1 Josiah Garrett 39 Jesse Garrett, 78 Josiah Haines, 135 2 Henry Hill, 350 4 Jona'n Hoopes, 200 2 George Hoopes, s. m., 200 3 John Hoopes, distillery, 300 5 Tho's Hoopes, Ju'r, shoemaker, 100 2 Tho's Hoopes, Sen'r, tan yard, 340 2 Daniel Hoopes, 110 Jacob Hankey 100 1 24— Vol. XII- 3d Ser. Cattle. Sheep. 6 7 6 6 1 3 3 3 1 3 1 Servant!!. 370 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Servam.-. Samuel Hoopes» 110 Gervis Hall, shoemaker, 100 Joseph Hunt, 199 James Hemphill, 160 Edward Hicks 136 Fra's Hoopes 200 Aaron Hoopes 50 John Hartley 160 Wm. Johnston, Sr 45 Joseph Johnston 146 John Jones, 25 Wm. Johnston, Jr., 71 Rlch'd Jones, bl'ksmlth 100 Tho's Lewis, Ju'r 135 Tho's Lewis, Sen'r 137 Loveirs Land, 83 Hannah Leamey, 130 Rudolph Lapp, 100 John Mitchem, 139 Sam'l Moore, 238 Isaiah Matlack, 400 Jona'n Matlack, 184 Phineas Massey, 170 Charity Millson 200 Amos Matlack, 200 Jos. Moore, M. D., 200 Flower Oaks, 80 Joseph Leonard 120 James Pierce, 150 George Pierce 100 Abram Pratt 200 Wm. Patterson 55 Wm. Rattiew, Sr 220 Thomas Reece, 164 Charles Ryan 90 Wm. Rattiew, Ju'r, 50 Joseph Rea, Ju'r, shoemaker, . 100 Thomas Russell, 140 Bamett Swager, 150 George Smith 200 Wm. Smith, 140 Hanah 6 3 6 4 6 1 1 3 4 3 6 2 2 2 4. 1 4 7 2 2 3 6 2 3 3 4 2 1 2 4 4 4 3 3 4 5 2 5 1 1 3 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. 371 Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Servants. Joshua Thomson . 200 .. 1 Benja'n Treago, . 100 2 4. John Underwood, . 100 2 4. Isaac Williams . 194 5 7. Lydia Williams, 12 1 1. Tho's Williamson, . 160 4 5. Charles Ramsey . 50 2 2. Adley Brown, . 161 3 4. Wm. Sharpless, . 200 2 3. Thomas Schofield, . 150 2 2. Samuel Walne, 60 4 2. Thomas Taylor, Esq'r, Caleb Taylor, tavern, Joseph Gibbons, g. m., James Gibbons, g. m., ■ INMATES. Absolom Boakes, Joseph Mellan, George Bradley, Levi Massey, Jacob Bear, John McDermont, Wm. Bane, Sen'r, Jno. Milllson, James Brown, Sam'l Olliver, John Bane, Sam'l Phipps, Joseph Brown, Samuel Phipps, Ju'r, Jesse Bean, John Robison, Jos. Beaumount, Jos. Rhea, Sen'r, John Cain, Philip Reese, Joseph Cooper, Rich'd Richards, Joseph Clark, John Rattew, J no. Chamberlain, James Steward, John Connelly, John Speakman, Seth Evanson, William Speakman, Ralph Forrester, Jesse Talkinton, Nathan Griffith, James Underwood, Jesse Jefferies, Evan Thomas, Isaac Haines, James Taylor, Isaac Haines, Junior, Henry Woodward, James Hoopes, John Wolly, Jesse Hoopes, Morris Thomas, Joseph Hoopes, Joshua Williams, Godfrey Hibberd, Caleb Thomson, Phineas I^wis, Nathan Hoopes, 372 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. Gideon Williamson, Thomas Patterson, Wm. Walne, Hans Frederick Hizer, John Murtlan, Tho's Houlstone. FREEMEN. John Downes, William Eaches, Joseph Fawkes, John Perrell, George Garrett, Ezekiel Hoopes, Sam'l Hodge, Jno. Hutchison, Henry Hoopes, Joseph Brown, Rich'd Jones, Ju'r, John Johnston, George Mousur, Benja'n Matlack, George Matlack, Arthur Murphey, James Olliver, Moses Pierce, Sam'l Persons, Rob't Rustain, Isaac Reece, mill, Wm. Rattew, Jun'r, Jesse Rattew, James Simrall, George Smith, David Smedley, Aaron Sellers, M, D., Jacob Tressell, Joshua Weaver, Jacob Haines, Ellis Williams, Fred'k Keller, Jesse Oakes. WEST BRADFORD RETURN. Sarah Arnold, 10 Joel Bailey 150 Richard Baker 212 John Batten, Jr 118 John Batten, Sr., 118 James Brown 150 Tho's Beaumount, tavern, 52 Jesse Bufflngton 130 Robert Bufflngton, 112 Jona'n Bufflngton, s. m., f. m., 70 Wm. Bufflngton 300 Joseph Bale, 40 Wm. Clayton 97 Acren. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Serv 1 1 4 4 2 4 2 2 1 2 4 4 1 1 1 2 3 2 4 2 3 1 2 2 5 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. 373 JoBhua Clayton, 190 John Clayton, 60 John Carpenter, 150 James Chalfant, 177 John Clark 112 Wm. Cooper, f. m 100 George Dunlf en 100 John Doudle 40 Jerman Davis, 300 Richard Downing 70 Abra'm Ford 100 Joseph Gheen 100 Abel Griffith, 118 Stephen Harlin, 300 Joseph Hawley, 150 Major Howell, 247 Abiah Hoopes, 200 Samuel Hunt 70 Henry Her, 40 George Jacobs 25 Tho's Johnston 1 10 Wm. Ingland, 50 Levi Jones, 300 John Johnston, 100 Malakiah Effinger 180 Walter Lilley 112 Mary Lewis, 40 Daniel Leonard, 113 Daniel Leonard, Jr 75 James Lewis 100 Humphrey Marshal 50 James Marshall 135 Sam'l Marshall, 195 Isaac Marshall 158 John Marshall, 212 Joseph Martin 65 John Martin 100 Caleb MarUn 100 James Millson, 117 Griff'h Mendinhall, 112 Abra'm Pyle, 125 Jane Ramsey, 70 Sam'l Sellers 200 Sam'l Sellers, Jr., 1 Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Servants. 11 1 1 3 374 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. Thomas Shuart 300 Tho's Shugars, 100 Widow Shuart 60 Benja'n Taylor. 40 James Trimble, g. m.. s. m., . . 90 Joseph Thornbery, 6 William WnUon, 200 Tho's Worth, 150 John Worth 50 John Webb, 100 Tho's Williams, 115 Joseph Woodward 115 James Woodward, 70 Robert Woodward, 150 Jos. Woodward, weav'r 85 Wm. Woodward, 60 Wm. Woodward, farm'r, 99 John Woodward, 160 Sarah Woodward 40 Richard Woodward, 80 Jesse Woodward 40 Jas. Woodward, W., 90 Jona'n Valantlne, 80 Skinner Webster 100 John Young 300 Archd Young 200 Wm. Wall, 70 Acres. Horses. Batten, Sam'l Cummlngs, weaver, Wm. McCoole, Robert Carter, Jesse Caine, Evan Chaffen, Jona'n McCartey, John Highfleld, bl'ksmith. David Marshall, INMATES. William Mann, weaver, Jona'n Sellers, John Shugar, smith, Richard Strode, Leath Ingram, John Kennedy, Daniel Kenny, James McMasters, Thomas Wiley, John Welsh, Benja'n Miller. CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. 376 FREEMEN. Curtis Buffington, Isaac Bufflngton, David Ball, Pbilip Cannel, Joshna Clayton Samuel Clayton, Jamee Chalfant, Robert Carter, Enoch Gaschall, Garrett Garrison, John Spencer, John Man, Andrew Ferrell, Jona'n Lewis, David Lewis, Isaac Marshal), Joshua Marshall, Abram Marshall, Joseph Martin, John Miller, James Morrison, Abra'm Miller, Jos. Leonard, Tho's Llgett, Wm. Webbster, Wm. Osbourn. TINICUM RETURN. Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Servants. Jesse Bonsall .20 Nicholas Diehl 160 Nicho's Diehl 198 Dhil & Graff, 27 Graff & Dhile 200 Christ'r Graff 66 Hunter & Sterling, 16 William Kerlin 20V6 Samuel Levis 15 Isaac Levis, 5 Hugh Lloyd 47 Laskie & Robison, 159 Sketch'y Morton 140 Joseph Morrison, 46 Philip Price 12 Henry Paschall 12 Joseph Rudolph 20 Jacob Rudolph, 43 Benjan Richards 44 Benja'n Rue, 93 Morde'i Roberts 14 12 13 20 45 3 18 90 13 2 376 CHESTER COUNTY RATE&-1781. Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Servantu. Sorrell & Garrett. 169% 2 4 Sorrell, Garrett & Co., 188 34 Sorrell, Garrett & Co 130 Henry Shriver, 70 ., 27 Sebast'n Stonemire 10 Wm. Smith, ... . 122% 4 5 Israel Taylor, 78 John Taylor 66 7 3 Andrew Vandyke, 4 Duncan McDonald, Shed'h Hartsho, Edward Waas, Uriah Roe, shoemaker, Samuel Morris, John Morris, William Thorn, INMATES. Martin Bower, Casper Trytes, Jacob Rowan, Christ'r Rowan, Eli Barnett, George Bface. Abram Culan, Christ'r Willson, Rich'd Moreland, FREEMEN. John Miller, Lawrence Kenney. EAST FALLOWFIELD RETURN, Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Servants. Samuel Armstrong, 389 Joseph Arthurs 200 John Anderson, 130 David Bailey 180 Robert Bell 130 John Bentley 200 Ruth Bentley, 150 Mary Bentley, 56 John Boyd, cordwalner 65 3 5 4 6 1 3 3 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. 377 Rob't Bennett 30 George Chandler, 160 Tho's Chalfant, 90 Patrick Carson, 150 Philip Dougherty, tavern, dis- tillery, 326 John Elliott, 100 John Filson, Ju'r 127 Robert Filson, 195 Eleanor Grant, 76 Joseph Gladney 65 John Hannah, 145 Jas. Hamilton, 145 Mary Hayes 300 Thomas Haslep 198 Deborah Harlan 35 John Jordan 329 David McKlmm 100 James Marsh, 184 Jesse Marsh, brksmith 50 Martha Mackey, 100 William Moore, f. m., s. m., . . 130 Samuel Moore, 100 Charles McCalla Eliza'th Carroll, 50 John McMicken, 50 Robert Morrall, 161 Wm. McPherson, distillery, .. 120 Ajidrew Oliphant, 160 Caleb Phipps, g. m., 300 Alex'r Peoples, 100 John Patterson 100 Joseph Powell, 133 James Porter, 309 David Powell, distillery, 133 John Powell 276 John Powell, Jr., 30 Joseph Pemberton, 445 Thomas Scott, 170 Francis Sook, 150 Andrew Scott 150 Abram Southward, 50 Wm. Trueman, s. m., g. m., . . 104 John Tellus, distillery, 180 Acres. Horses. Cattle- Sheep. ServaiUM. 2 2 1 2 2 5 6 2 3 2 1 2 6 1 2 2 4 3 5 5 8 1 5 4. 2 3 3 4 5 6. 1 • •• 2 2 3 4. 3 2 4 3 6 378 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Servants. Samuel Thornton 90 John Wiley, 246 3 8 John Worth, g. m 162 3 8 Abram Wolfington, Jr., 117 1 1 William Young 100 1 1 John Curry, taylor, James Harvey, Richard Taylor, weaver, William Rankin, weaver, Henry Meteer, w'wrlght, Patrick McVannon, weaver, Arch'd Gilfilling, George McCorkle, James Steen, INMATES. John Filson, Sr., Jacob Thomas, mason, Jesse Harland, w'wright, Wm. Harland, Isaiah Scott, Jesse Bentley, John Dougherty, w'wright, Henry Dechey, taylor, Antho'y Cornwell, weaver. James Armstrong, John Armstrong, James Rodden, Benjamin Willson, Dennis Kerney, taylor, James Corbet, miller. FREEMEN. William Carters, scho'lmaster. Joseph Filson, cordwainer, John Linn, weaver, William Scott, Michael McCray. EAST BIRMINGHAM RETURN. Caleb Brinton, 260 George Brinton 180 Amos Brinton, g. m., s. m., . . 20 William Brinton 175 Edward Brinton, 194 Obediah Bonsall 100 Thomas Bullock 50 Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Servants. 21 3 2 3 1 5 2 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. 379 John Bennett, 200 William Boyd 70 Thomas Chandler, 50 Robert Chamberlain, 100 Joseph Chamberlain 100 Abram Darlington 200 Edward Darlington 282 Charles Dilworth, tavern 62 Joseph Dilworth, tan yard, ... 47 James Dilworth 31 Caleb Dilworth 135 Joseph Davis, Jr., 150 Joseph Davis, 150 William Dunwoody 130 Robert Fralm, 100 Gideon Gilpin, tavern 300 Israel Gilpin, 200 Jesse Graves, 184 Thomas Gibson, 150 John Gordan, 80 Robert Green, s. m., 80 John Henderson, 140 William Harvey. 150 Thomas Hannum 150 William Jones 110 Thomas Jones, 140 Job Mercer, 60 Thomas Mateer, 130 William Mason 200 Peter McMurry 170 Rob't McElhoe 75 Ellas Neald, 25 Samuel Painter, tavern, 164 Eleanor Pennock 100 Benja'n Ring, s. m., f. m., 150 Nathan Ring, 130 James Russell 100 James Smith 100 Edw'd Simonson 75 William Simonson, 75 William Salle 175 Joshua Sharpless 120 William Smith, 100 William Twaddle, s. m., f., ... 200 Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. ServaiitH. 2 4 2 2 3 3 5 13 5 5 2 3 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 3 4 5 2 3 3 5 3 4 2 2 2 4 3 3 4 5 3 4 1 3 5 7 2 3 3 6 2 5 1 380 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Servants. John Thatcher, 50 2 1 Rachel Wareon 50 1 2 Eli Woodward, tavern, 140 3 4 John Woodward, 60 Est't of Wm. Yarnell, 50 .. INMATES. Richard Allen, Jno. Chamberlain, shoemaker, John Chamberlain, mason, Robert Chamberlain, mason, Samuel Croesley, William Chapman, Aaron Cottle, John Cunningham, Thomas Davis, Richard Davis, David Denney, John Fred, Thomas Fraime, blacksmith, Philip Hillyard, John Hennens, weaver, George Harlon, weaver, Fra's Harbison, weaver, George Hannums, David Johnston, brksmith, James Logan, James Marshall, Peter McDaniel, Charles McCloughlan, Abel Ottey, Gideon Pratt, James Pyle, John Rusflell, weaver, Christ'n Storkie, John Simkins, Fred'k Woolf, John Hook, Jacob Ayres. George Brinton, John Bennett, Samuel Bonsall, Jacob Bennett, Wm. Dllworth, Jesse Green, Sam'l Jones, Robert Logan, Hugh Murphey, FREEMEN. John McGloghlan, John Patten, Sam'l Russell, Samuel Scott, Thomas Smart, John Thatcher, Stephen, Ellas Ring, Charles McCrea. CHESTER COITNTY RATES— 1781. 381 EAST BRADFORD RETURN. Abel Boake, Joseph Bufflngton, George Carter, Joseph Cope, 200 200 260 70 Nathan Cope, 100 Samuel Cope, 300 James Carter, 129 Timothy Cavender, 23 Mary Davis, 150 Susannah Davis 7 Tho's Darlington, 100 Amos Davis, s. m., 150 Francis Dutton, o. m., 120 John Dillworth, 65 John Darlington, 100 Joseph Downing 90 Samuel Entrican 210 Benjamin Few, 150 James Fuol, 70 David Gray, 80 Joseph Guess, 193 Thomas Gibbons 250 Enoch Gray, 150 Nathan Gheen, 100 Nathan Hoopes, 100 Joshua Hoopes 200 Benja'n Hawley, 150 John Hannum, Esqr, s. m., . . 420 Nathan'l JefFeries, 50 Richard Jones, 200 Emor Jefferies, g. m., 290 Hannah Jefferies, 200 James Jefferies, 125 Peter Ingram 120 William Mercer, 150 Benja'n Powell, g. m., s. m., . . 26 Samuel Painter, 200 James Painter, 100 Acres. Humes. Cattle. Sheep. ServantM. 6 2 3 3 3 4 5 1 3 1 6 4 2 5 4 4 1 2 2 6 2 2 1 1 2 15 3 10 4 5 4 1 4 2 4 2 382 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. Joseph Painter, f. m., 50 Joseph Parke, 200 Elizabeth Pearson, 100 John Parry, tan yard 8 Joseph Rhoades 100 John Robinson, 150 Phillip Sheffer, 150 Jona'n Strode, 300 Nathan Sharp! ess, sadler, 30 Rlch'd Strode, 100 Thomas Speakman, g. m 50 George Seeds, weaver, 90 Isaac Sum son, joiner, 3 Abiah Taylor, g. m., s. m 250 Abram Taylor 100 John Taylor, 190 Isaac Taylor, 140 John Townsend, 200 Ebeneazer Worth, 280 John Woolerton, 100 James Woolerton, 100 Samuel Worth, 60 William Underwood, 120 Emor Jefferies, 125 Thomas Carter -57 Acres. Horaes. Cattle. Sheep. Servani.H 2 3 4 7 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 4 2 2 2 6 2 2 3 6 , 1 3 2 3 4 3 4 2 6 2 3 3 8 2 3 2 2 1 3 2 2 2 4 2 2 INMATES. Gilbert Bradley, James Bruce, Michael Chalgan, John Carter, George Foesett, wheelmaker, Michael Fusick, Daniel Grimes, taylor, James Hopkins, weaver, David Harris, cooper, William Hoopes, James Jefferies, weaver, Emmor Jefferies, miller, Simon Kerns, shoemaker, William Lovegrove, Benja'n Leonard, mason, Gideon Malin, bl'ksmith. Robert Mercer, John McCarty, carpenter, John Nethery, Nathan'l Norgrove, stamper, Samuel Osburn, Benanuel Ogden, Joiner, John Pearson, mason, Isaac Ryans, Griffith Roberts, John Rhoades, chairmaker, Ann Starr, Samuel Stringfellow, George Stringfellow, shoe- maker, William Sevens, CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. 383 William Taylor, Henry Matlack, shoemaker. Joseph Underwood, shoemaker, John Forsythe, schoolmaster, Sam'l Underwood, James Jefferies, Jesse White, blacksmith, Marm'ke Weble, woolcomber, Samuel Way, shoemaker, Nathan'l Woodward. George Carter, John Carter, Samuel Cope, Job Darlington, Thos Darlington, Jos. Darlington, Joseph Frame, John Frame, Alexander Grimes, Caleb Hawley, Samuel Painter, Samuel Parsons, Ellas Neald, FREKMEN. James Robison, Abram Sharpless, Jesse Scott, John Slack, Peter Strode, Joseph Townsend, William Townsend, Joseph Underwood, Joseph Woolerton, Adam White, Joseph Vernon, Isaac Yearsley, Jesee Stringfellow. HAVERFORD RETURN. Acres. Horses. Cattl». Sheep. Servants. William Brooke 98 3 6 Jacob Beery 140 4 3 John Bargeman, 195 3 6 Isaac Butler, 110 2 3 Samuel Brlggs, 270. 5 8 William Burnes, 20 Cha's Crookshanks, 40 3 3 Thomas Comogg, 150 4 5 Abram Comogg, 85 3 6 Jacob Charles, 270 6 5 Lewis Davis, tan yard, ...'.... 157 5 10 If aac Davis, 175 3 3 Jesse Davis, 50 2 1 Wm. Davis 25 384 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. Acr«»s. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Servanls. John Davis, 80 1 2 Griffith Davis, 74 2 2 Caleb Davis 67 Jesse Ellis 103 2 2 Sarah Ellis 73 3 4 Dav'd & Jonan Ellis 90 2 2 William Free. 160 3 5 John Gracey, 150 2 1 Charles Humphreys, g. m., s. m., f. m., 210 5 6 Abram Hughes 84 2 2 Edward Hughes 100 2 3 George Hayworth, 50 2 2 Mary Hayworth, 100 1 1 Samuel Johnston, 74 3 3 Jacob Johnston, 133 2 8 Aaron Johnston, 75 2 Hugh Jones 40 John Lindsey 197% 4 9 David Lewellin, 100 4 5 David Lyons, tavern 9 2 1 Abram Leaden, Ill 2 6 Henry Lawrence 12 Simon Litzenbergh, 100 2 3 Abigail Lloyd 30 1 2 Mary Miller, tavern, 150 3 3 Rob't McGoogan, 150 4 8 Nicho's Poehien, 80 2 2 Christ' n Peterman, ; . . . 188 2 5 Hugh Quinn, 170 4 8 Philip Sheaff, tan yard 220 3 7 Richard Willing, 337 7 12 Obediah Wildy, 117 2 2 Martin Wise 114 2 4 Antho'y I^wis 100 Elisha Worrall, g. m., s. m., . . 2 Geo. Litzenbergh, John Thomas, Jacob Humphreys, Jacob Bear, INMATES. Laughlin Mcintosh, Jacob Prince, Sam'l McClure, John Hayworth, CHESTER COUNTY RATES--1781. 385 Joseph Wonrall, William Downey, Casper Whiteman, Henry Wells, Richard Tippins, Andrew Frederick, Samuel Thomson, Wm. Pullerton, Lewis Griffith, Samuel Gracey, James Quinn, Alexr Soley. John Comogg, Wm. Llewellin, John Cochran, Mich'l Fimple, Joseph Davis, FREEMEN. Duncan Johnston, John McDaniel, John Furlow, Wm. Lloyd, Tho's Symons. LONDONGROVE RETURN. Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Servants. William Allen, g. m 150 William Anderson, 2G0 Thomas Butler, 300 Charles Booth, 100 Aaron Baker 152^ ■Stephen Cook, f. m., 150 William Chandler, 100 Rob't Cain, 140 Debora Crooks, , 100 Rebecca Cook 100 Richard Flower 170 Moses Frazer 178 William Fryar, 150 Joseph Gray, 94 James Greenfield, Henry Hayes, f. m , Edward Henderson , Jacob Holiday, f. m David Harlin. g. m., s. m.,. 25— Vol. XII— 3d Ser, 256 100 200 100 200 386 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Serv John Hindman 150 4 7 William Jackson 350 4 6 Joseph Johnaton, 150 3 2 Tho's Johnston 33% 1 James Kelton, 200 4 3 Robert Lambourn 100 3 4 Tho's Wilkison 15 2 2 Jonathan Lindley, 150 3 6 Francis Lambourn, 180 3 4 Jacob Lindley, 50 1 James Lindley 40 1 Josiah Lambourn 200 2 6 Alex'r Lewis 150 5 4 Widow Miller 200 .. John McKee, 230 3 3 David Mackey, 150 3 6 David Moore, g. m., f. m., 150 3 4 Thomas Morton 110 3 5 Thomas Millhouse 200 2 4 Joseph Moore, g. m., s. m., ... 100 2 3 JoEeph Pyle 90 Joshua Pusey, g. m., 165 4 6 John Pusey, 200 3 6 Lewis Pusey, g. m., s. m 150 2 6 George Passmore, g. m., s. m., 270 2 6 Joseph Richardson, 90 2 4 Hugh Spikeman, 200 2 4 Samuel Sharp, 150 2 6 William Thomson, storekeeper, 224 4 7 Fra's Wilkison, g. m 100 ' 3 5 Joseph Taylor 150 2 4 William Thomson, Ju'r 100 2 2 John Williamson 160 2 3 David Wiley 220 4 5 James Way, 160 1 3 Thomas Ward 137 3 5 Thomas Woods, 100 2 4 Ephraim Willson 100 2 4 Fra's Williamson, 80 2 2 Jacob Woods 200 3 6 James McClure 200 3 4 Robert Montgomery 40 John Ross. 189% 5 4 James Williamson 12 2 2 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. 387 Acres. Horses. Cattle. John Baldwin, 200 3 4 James Swayne, 84 1 1 James Redish, 115 2 4 William Edwards 12 1 Samuel Woodward 100 2 6 Sheep. Serv Robert Robison, weaver, William Cook. David Williamson, Samuel Millhouse, silversmith William Finsley, weaver, Joseph Chanler, James Walters, Robert Martin, James Reanolds, INMATES. Richard Geary, shoemaker, Jonathan Price, hatter, David Flower, Michael Scantlin, Jeremy Underwood, William Johnston, William Hall, Ellis Bentley. John Wiley, Daniel Hannah, Patrick Cluss, Nathan'l Wallace, Francis Carson, Thomas Flower, Patrick Brians, John Cane, Moses Caine, FR F.EM EN. William Jackson, Joel Morton, Charles McGee, John Thomson, Enoch Speakman, Alexander Smith, James Grimes, John Starr, Isaac Sharp. LONDONBRITON RETURN. Acres. Horses, (^tittle. Sheep. Serv John Alexander. 43 ^o>ert Allen, 100 2 2 ^«-tli€rine Crawford, 100 2 3 '^olin Cljj^jnlje^ j^u 100 38S CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. John Chambers, Sen William Carroll 150 Binja'n Chambers, 25 John Beason lOO John Evans, Esq., 500 Evan Evans, Esq., 250 William Hops 160 David Hughes 45 John Hohn 190 Isaac Hughes, 45 Isaac Johnston, 35 Henry Booser 200 James Kennedy, 198 Thomas Lunn, tavern, 40 John Murphey, f. m OUiver Ruseell, 320 Hugh Russell 218 \cre«. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Serv 25 .. James Reed Robert Scott, Jun'r, 300 80 Edward Still 100 John McKee, .. William Price, James Taylor,. Samuel Work, John Whan, .. 60 80 90 100 200 Benjamin Whitting 172 John Williams 170 John Whitting 200 Robert Scott, Sen'r, 80 12 9 5 INMATKS. John Manson. John Barrett, John McKelvey, Robert Kennedy, Joseph Thomson, John Rose, Robert Russell, Archibald Stewaft Samuel Evans, Reese Evans, John Gass. FREEMEN. Hugh Smith, James MoCleery, William Robison. CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. 389 NEWLIN RETURN. James Allen Jeese Bentley, 140 John Butler 200 2 Tho's Baldwin 140 2 Tho's Baldwin, taylor, 140 2 Isaac Baley, 300 John Bailey 192 3 Tho's Bufflngton, 200 3 Richard Barnard 400 3 Robert Chalfant 90 3 Abner Cloud, 60 James Conner, 145 4 David Drennen 300 3 David Eachoff, tan yard, 138 2 William Eachoff 7 Caleb Hayes 100 2 Joseph Hayes, 200 4 Solomon Hayes, 120 4 Mordicai Hayes 200 2 William Hannah 205 3 Joel Harland 250 4 Abraham Hayes 100 Joseph Luckie, 122 3 Amos Nichols, 120 3 Caleb Pierce, 190 1 Abram Pyle, 120 George Pierce 180 3 Joshua Pierce 120 3 Job Pyle 150 2 Sarah Stubs 10 James Smith 200 3 James Shields 245 2 Eben'r Speakman 150 3 Joseph Smith, 170 3 Jesse Taylor, 180 3 Isaac Tremble, g. m., s. m 130 3 Charles Willson 150 2 Thomas Willson, 120 4 Acrefl. Horsefi. Tattle. Sheep. Serv .320 .. 390 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Serv Wm. Wlckersham, 150 2 2 Wm. Wickersham, Jr., 100 3 3 Peter Wickersham 100 2 1 Rob't Bentley 130 William Archers, millright, John Bran nan, mason, Robert Chaffent, mason, John Cashedy, weaver, Jesse Chalfent, John Cramer, George Gothrop, Joseph Grist, mason, Eli King, wheelwright, Nicholas Moore, Chrlst'r Mires, Isaac McCartey, James Milleson, carpenter, Wm. Nichols, cooper, Wm. Park, shoemaker, James Quintance, smith, Chrlst'r Rudeback, George Rudeback, Wm. Smith, John Quiggley, Jona'n Tice, Robert Young. FREEMEN. Michael EakoCT, Isaac Harvey, John Liggett, James Nickols, David Pierce, George Speakman, Caleb Harland, Joshua Harland, Jacob Taylor, Gravenor Bailey, William Millison, William McCoy, Andrew McGuire. we:st nantmell return. Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Ser\'unt8. James Anderson 100 3 7 Samuel Astln 310 4 4 Joseph Arbiickle, 100 3 4 Widow Alford 75 2 2 Andrew Buchannan 130 3 4 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. 391 Acres. HorseK. James Buchannan, 130 4 Samuel Buchannon, 130 4 Mathew Buchannon 186 4 Martin Bush 50 2 Hugh Bay, 64 2 Mathew Brown 180 3 Andrew Barr, 128 4 John Byars, 199 2 John Brown 237 2 Abram Beatty 250 3 Henry Barker, 160 4 Peter Bunn, 100 2 Thomas Bull 100 3 Samuel Christy, s. m 100 3 Robert Christy, . .* 100 2 Sam'l Cunningham 230 4 Christian Caufman, 100 Samuel Corothers 150 3 James Couples, 130 3 William Caldwell, 120 1 James Cummins, f., 264 3 Alexander Craig, 200 2 James Coswell, 150 2 Isaac Chapman 60 4 Mathew Curry 184 1 Joseph Darlington, 150 6 James Dun woody, Jr 250 3 Robert Dunwoody, two stills, . 276 6 James Dunwoody, 250 4 Richard Dowler 40 1 Christian Fisher, 150 3 George Fail 200 2 John Gait, two stills. 591,^ 2 James Graham, Jr 100 3 James Graham, Sen'r 150 2 James Gait, 59% 2 Abraham Grahams 150 3 John Grahams, 250 5 Jane Grahams 143 2 Samuel Gardner 140 2 Fra's Gardner, Sen'r 201 3 James Goudy, 256 4 James Gilliland, 50 3 Andrew Gardner, 149 4 Cattle. 7 6 4 1 1 2 4 4 5 4 9 3 4 3 2 10 3 4 1 2 5 8 3 2 2 7 3 8 8 2 3 3 4 5 4 4 2 11 3 5 4 4 Sheep. Serva 392 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. Michael Graham, 180 Sam'l Henderson, 294 James Hanna, 216 John Henox, 194 Joseph Hance 300 Peter Hunter 432 William Hunter 190 Philip Hersh, s. m., g. m., . . . 5 William Henderson 200 David Henderson, 100 Joseph Henderson, 100 John Hiddings, 100 Benja'n Jones, 300 Jered Irwin 73 Wm. Irwin, 100 George Irwin, 150 John Irwin, 25 James Karr 80 Joseph Karr 86 David Karl 86 Thomas Kenedy 145 Widow Kennedy 100 John Lasey, s. m., g. m., two stills, 200 Robert Lusk, 211 Alexander Long, 200 William Logan, 200 Jacob Moyers 100 James McCammont, 100 Joseph Martin, 99 Robert Matthas. 168 Dav'd McConeaughy 100 Hugh Miller. 75 Daniel Moore 100 Samuel McKeldoff, g. m., s. m., 250 Michael Miller, 75 Ellza'th McConeaughy, 185 James McCochran 200 Michael Miller, Sr., 200 Paul McKnight, 160 James Moore, Esq'r, g. m., s. m., 300 Wm. Moore, 224 James Nezbet 260 Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Servants. 3 5 4 7 4 7 5 5 2 5 4 6 4 6 1 2 5 6 2 5 4 5 3 • 5 2 4 4 6 3 4 3 4 2 1 2 2 2 4 6 8 2 4 2 3 2 5 2 3 4 5 2 3 3 8 2 5 2 2 2 4 6 10 1 3 1 1 3 7 2 3 5 5 6 8 3 3 5 5 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. 393 Jamee McClure, 280 Wm. PleraoU, 160 John Proudfoot, 180 Rich'd Person. 312 Alice Plersoll, 152 Charles Pegingham 60 Mordecai Plersoll. g. m.. s. m., 128 Isaac Philips, 211 Mark Peeler. sUll. 112 Jeremy PersoU, 70 Nathan'l Porter. Esq'r, 150 William Rogers. 170 Mathew Robison 300 John Robison. 160 Ephraim Robison. still, 172 James Skeen. 70 John Strong, two stills 100 Robert Stewart. 64 Timothy Steele 180 James Starrett. two stills 657 John Starrett. tan yard. 100 John Sook. 605 John Todd, 76 Henry Tims. 309 Joseph Treago 212 Samuel Thomas 126 Ann Thomas. 45 Samuel Weir, 114 Robert Wallace 200 Gayan Wallace, 150 John Walker 600 William Brooce, 30 Mathew Bags 128 Jason Cloud, 375 Jacob Caufman. 100 Robert Carson 190 Leonard Frlshcom 356 George Hunter, 278 Robert McCloskey 205 Thomas Mlllerd, 100 John Moore. 100 Binjamin Marple 149 John McKnight 130 William Treago 200 Acres. HoraeB. Cattle. Sheep. Sen'ants. 4 12 1 1 8 3 6 5 , 3 1 3 2 4 2 . , 1 1 4 2 4 3 6 2 3 5 7 6 6 2 10 2 2 2 5 2 2 4 6 394 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Serv Moses Treago, 200 2 2 John Wallace, 170 4 6 Ann Starr, 160 2 2 Robert Liggett, 150 4 6 Estate of James McConeaughy, 65 INMATES. John Hanson, Ehp'm Allen, William Wilson, clerk. Neal McNeall, George Wallace, Isaac Robison, Wm. Willson, mountain, And'w Roes, Wm. Porter, Bzekiel Thomas, Wm. Beatty, John Thompson, James Elliott, Ludwlck Bower, Darby McDonald, John Campbell, Absolem Williams, James Curry, Nathan Darlan, Ellis Chapman, Jesse Rea, John Dunwoody, John Rea, Thomas Rogers, Wm. Carson, John Sook, Arthur McClean, Christ'n Totwiler, John Russell, Samuel Marshall. John Kilpatrick, Jesse Richards, Jacob Smith, Joseph Carson, John Ralphsnider, Rudolph Gitinger, And'w Ralphsnider, John Oalaway, Abraham Caufman, John McConeaghy George Glbney, Wm. McKean, Jonas Nutstone, Jacob Lawrey, James Morton, John Hamilton, Wm. Scott, Fras Gardner, Wm. Bell, Hugh Morton. John Irwin, William Lawrey, David Robison, John Lusk, Mathiaa Martin, Wm. Cunningham, Wm. Watson, John Ward, FREEMEN. Jos. McKelduff, Sam 'I McKelduff, John Elliott. Jesse Bruce, Jos. Norman. CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. 395 Rob't Craig, Sam'l Craig, John Craig, James Russell, Cha's Dunlap, Robert Dunwoody, Wm. Dunwoody, Patrick McDoal, James Starrett, David Thompson, Wm. Iddings, Jas. Beverlan, Dan'l Grahams, Jacob Millson, David Beaty, Jared Grahams, Robt Nezbitt. Alex'r Nezbitt, Wm. WlUson. Collen Spence, Nathan '1 Irwin, Alex'r Irwin, Robert Gray, Andrew Grahams, John Falklnder, James McKibbon, Christ'n Sook, Jos. Thompson, Robert Wallace, Nathan '1 Marshall, John McCleester, Andrew Brown, Robert Beaty. Oftorgc Durland, Rob't Bay, Jas. Liggett. EAST TOWN RETURN. Richard Adams, 192 1 Michael Benger, lOO 2 Widow Brown, 109 3 John Baker, 50 2 Michael Bowman, 100 2 John Butler 26 2 Widow Davis 63 2 John Evans, 51 2 Evan Evans, 75 3 Henry Fox, 73 3 Wm. Griffith, 100 2 John Goff 94 2 Wm. Hannah, 60 2 Wm. Hunter, 200 4 David John 29 1 Rev'd David Jones, 150 3 Benja'n Junkin 265 4 Acres. Horses. Cattle, Sheep. Serv 396 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. Azariah Lewis, Ann Llewellyn, 66 David Llewellyn, 50 Fred'k Lantis 90 Antho'y Morris, 75 Morris Morris, 40 Lewis Morris 200 James Morris 125 Thomas Massey, 75 Joseph Massey, 75 Israel Moore 75 Moore & Richards 66 Martin Poterf 35 David Reece, 100 Christ'r Rue 50^ Judith Reece, Robt Stephens 125 Nathan Scott, 209 Sarah Scott John Steel, 150 Jonathan Thomas 150 Cha's Thompson & Co., 125 John Taylor, 140 Peter Uble, 150 Samuel Vanleer, 150 Casper Wise, 250 Precllla Worrall, 51 Griffith Williams 135 Antho'y Wayne 360 Whiteh'd Weatherby, 100 Thomas Wealsh, Mary Nichols Acres. Horses, (^attle. Sheep. Serv . 20 .. 2 3 2 3 3. 4 2 2 1 3 3 5 6 11 2 4 2 2 1 William Kerney, Thomas Sims, David Morgan, Joseph Philips, Wm. Elliott, Daniel Evans, INMATES. Samuel Junkin, Evan Griffith, Daniel Mahony, Benja'n Galaher, Daniel McCahan, Andrew Steel. CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. 397 FREEMEN. John Tucker, John WilliamB, Tho'8 Ellis, David Junkina, Samnel Smiley, John Slusman, Wm. Steele, Joshua Oarrett, Thomas Thomas, Thomas Jones, Rob't Shannon, George Lee, Daniel Bowen, Wm. Reed, James Page, Benjan Baker, Joseph Mercer, Felix Laferty, Wm. Baker, James McVaa, Benja'n Brown, Philip John, John Junkins. EAST NANTMFLL RETURN. Acres. Horses. Cattle. 8heei». .Serv Benja'n Abram, 200 Edward Black 155 Elizath Boyar, 100 Jacob Beckley, 91 John Boyer 100 Mark Bird, Esq'r, mine, 100 Thomas Bull, g. m 432 William Brown, 170 Borich Bechhold 61 Phineas Beerbower, 94 Philip Boyer 100 James Cummings 35 John Clyne 77 Philip Cosner 100 Dcuiiel Dowling, 50 James Duggan, 100 Vendll Donifelser, 100 Abner Evans, 175 Elihu Evans 92 Jeremiah Evans, 60 Christ'r Fulker, 100 John Fertick 138 Abel Griffith, 78 1 1 3 5 1 5 3 3 5 6 7 9 2 4 2 4 1 2 2 5 , 2 2 3 2 3 2 4 5 4 2 5 3 3 2 4 3 4 2 4 398 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Serv Evan Griffith, 200 1 Dan Griffith, Esq'r, 270 John Gates 200 James Guest, 150 William Griffith 100 John Howel, 100 James Henderson, 532 Jacob High 100 David High, 120 Allen Jack 303 Adam Johnston, 73 William James, 200 Thomas John, sadler 25 Thomas Jenkin, 150 George Kimes 165 Wm. Kirk 200 John Klnower 150 Clirist'r Kinower 160 John Lewis, Exr, 152 John Lewis, Ju'r, weaver 140 Rachel Jones, 175 John Lloyd, 134 John Liggett, 233 James Loan, weaver 22 Thomas Lloyd, 294 Ezekiel Miller 15 Jacob Murray 100 James Miller, tavern 50 James McClune 50 Rudolph Mick 20 Henry Moses 123 John Nice, tanner, tan yard, . . 178 John Olliback, 284 George Price 156 James Pugh, 100 Nathan'l Potts, 600 Rutter & Potts, g. m., f., s. m., 4,255 Powell Pearson, 136 Henry Ramstone 9 Jno. & Wm. Robison 258 Ralph Robison, g. m., s. m., shoemaker 9 Thomas Rutter, 70 John StepheES 235 4 6 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 4 6 10 3 5 3 4 4 8 3 4 2 • 4 2 2 4 7 2 4 3 5 3 3 2 5 3 4 3 3 2 5 2 2 3 12 2 3 2 3 1 , , 1 2 3 3 6 3 9 4 8 3 7 2 3 20 26 2 4 1 2 5 6 1 3 2 3 2 3 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. 399 Martin Sheller, 1 William Stanret, 466 Henry Sheaffer, g. m.» s. m., . 155 Richard Templand, founder, . . 417 Wm. Templand, 450 Wm. Thomas 150 Jamefi Templand, 200 Jacob Vinance, founder, o. m., 8. m., 450 Frederick Wallick 100 Branson Vanleer 486 Samuel Vanleer, 1,029 Gideon Willson. 62 Hugh Williams 194 Jonathan Wynn, 150 Acres. Horses. Catti. Sheep. Serv. 2 8 10 3 4 6 6 5 7 2 2 3 5 5 6 2 3 4 5 6 9 2 2 3 6 4 6 George Beagle, Jacob Bower, John Brian, Hartman Cring, John Campbell, Henry Decker, Elias Davis, John Dodson, shoem'r, John Davis, Sam'l Evans, Michael Everhart, Charles Faucit, Aaron Forrister, weaver, Henry Foy, James Guest, John Guest, John Gautt, Michael Hager, shoem'r, John Horn, Fred'k Houk, Henry Houp, Henry Hetherling, weaver, Jacob Hofman, Nicholas Hunter, John House, INMATES. Lewis Jenkins, potter, Thomas Jenkins, Ju'r, William Jenkin, Stephen Kimes, Thomas Lelghton, David McKee, Matt'w McDugal, Alex'r McKee, Henry Mets, John McCcrd, weaver, Michael Moye^, Tho's Morgan, carpenter, George Nice, Israel Patterson, schoolmY, Joseph Philips, Thos Pickens, John Rose, John Rout, blacksmith, John Rutter, James Ruth, Owen Richards, Michael Smith, weaver, Betty Simmers' husband, Martin Sheller, Ju'r, Henry Sevilla, weaver, 400 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. Hieronym Sailor, brksmith, Wm. Stepleton, schoolm'r, Jacob Steel, John Smith, Fra'8 Steel, Jacob Sheller, Ezekiel Thomas, Tho's Templin, George Vendling, Jacob Vinancls, oil miller, William Vance, taylor, Adam Wampool, Jos. Whitaker, weaver, Jacob Walter, Eph'm Wayne, shoem'r, Jacob Wack, shoem'r, James Wynn, John Woodrow, carpen'r. Ralph Weer, weaver, Wardner Wynn. FREEMEN. John Boyd, Jofi. Cunningham, John Cummings, Tho's Dilrumple, Jesse Evans, Wm. Ewing, John Gilmore, Andrew Hager, Isaac Jones, Isaiah Kirk, Mathew Love, schoolmaster, Jacob Moses, Bernard Muchler, wrlght. Jacob Mock, John Nixon, Antho'y Petz, Adam Peck, Rich'd Templand, Ju'r, Samuel Watts, Philip Warner, Jacob Wiseburger, potter, Jona'n Wynn, Ju'r, Adam Tompman, brksmith, John Stornback, William Brown. WEST WHITELAND RETURN. Evan Anderson 96 Wm. Beale, 318 Samuel Bond, 405 John Boyers, 160 John Bull, 99 John Bowen, 120 Tho's & Bond, Exr's, 100 James Clark, 250 John Cuthbert 228 Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Serv 4 12 7 3 3 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. 401 David Dunwoody, 200 Mathias Finger, 127 Widow Garrett, tan yard 50 George Gue&t, 4 George Hoffman, 215 John Hoover, 200 Sam'l Jefferies, 200 Widow Jacobs, 300 John Jacobs, 200 Isaac Jacobs, tan yard, 150 Rich'd Jacobs, 45 Samuel Lewis, 128 Joseph Morris 200 Daniel Merridith, 200 John Newlln, 100- Wm. Richards 152 Jas. Richardson, 139 Joshua Smith, 200 Widow Smith, 138 Isaac Speakman 150 Rich'd Thomas, g. m., 250 George Thomas, 250 Joseph Tremble, g. m., s. m.,. Daniel Thompson 72 Wm. Todd, 35 David Williams, watchmaker,. 100 Joeiah Wilkinson, 80 Rich'd White, 120 Jacob Zooke 105 Henry Zooke, 105 Wm. Trimble Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Servants. 3 5 1 2 1 3 4. 2 4 5 6 14 1 . , 3 6 2 3 3 7 4 9 3 4 2 4 2 3 5 5 2 3 3 7 6 13 3 12 3 2 2 1 2 2 , 2 2 2 5 7 2 3 INMATES. Joseph Bond, Thomas Carr, Patrick Cannon, taylor, Jas. Dun woody, dlstiler, Wm. Dougherty, b'smith, Levi Evans, wheelright, Tho's Gray, George Moiers, Sam'l Johnston, weaver, 26— Vol. XII--3d Ser. Edw'd Willson, Isaac Hughes, Rich'd Jefferies, weaver, Ezeklel Rigg, cooper, Geo. Garrett, Joe. Randies, Wm. Ingram, blacksmith. Jas. Wilkin, Peter Bowling. 402 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. John Odear, Jos. Dowler, Tho's Morris, FREEMEN. Jacob Hoffman, Aquilla Jones. John Thompson. LONDONDERRY RETURN. John Alexander, 184 Charles Allen 80 Francis Blair, 226 David Buchannan, 150 David Brakenridge, 141 Peter Burgendine, still, 150 Henry Charlton, 225 Moses Curry 87 Samuel Cross, 156 John Crossby, 133 Eliza'th Carlton 150 Wm. Clelan 44 Joseph Caldwell, 182 Samuel Crlswell 200 Charles Criswell 192 Isaac Crlswell, 145 Robert Craigg, 130 Alexander Fulton, 210 Wm. Fletcher, 100 John Finney, 202 James Gibson, 216 James Graham, 213 Nathan Hayes, 225 Joseph Hutchison, 120 John Hindman, 80 James Haverfield, 180 Rev'd Dan'l Jones, 110 Thomas Jefferles 59 James Jackson, 245 Montgom'y Kennedy 184 David Kinkead 125 John Kinkead. 125 . Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Servants. 1 4 5 5 3 5 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 5 4 2 4 3 7 4 8 3 2 2 7 4 5 2 8 2 4 2 2 3 6 3 2 3 6 4 12 3 5 1 , , CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. 403 James Laferty 13 James Lane, 186 William Love 210 Samuel Love, 156 Hugh McGuire 200 Samuel Mackey, 100 Henry Moore, 124 Charles McOlaughlin, 60 Ellza'h McClanahan, 191 Robert McCaddan 173 Wm. McCracken, 92 Thomas Mercer, . .■: 150 Jacob Miller, 380 Robert Patterson 84 James Pugh, 90 Joshua Pusey 11 Ellis Pusey. 47 Acres. Horses. Cattle. Sheep. Servants. 3 1 2 2 9 3 2 1 1 3 4 4 7 3 9 4 8 3 3 3 4 4 4 2 2 5 6 4 15 4 5 David Ramsey, 271 John Ramsay, 290 William Reed, 250 Adam Reed 200 John Robertson, 95 Henry Sanderson, stillery, 274 Joshua Scott, 145 Tho's Strawbridge 203 Joseph Strawbridge 240 John Stilwagon 260 Luke Scott, 70 John Thompson, 80 2 2 John Thompson, Jr., 122 George White, 150 2 4 Jacob Willson, 22 2 4 Benja'n Walker, tan yard, 140 3 6 John Watson, 160 3 4 John Wickersham, 160 3 6 John Walker 25 1 3 Isabella McClane, 12 1 1 Richard Bailly, James Brogan, George Curry, INMATES. Edward Durrun, James Graham, John Gllmore, 404 CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781. James Qraham, Jr., John Hal ley, Samuel Lucas, John McMullln, Alex'r McWoodby, Patrick McBride, John Nail, James O'MulUn, John Quigg, Moses Ramsey, Fra's Sample, John Widdows, Robert Nixon. Joseph Adams, Wm. CrlBwell, David Crosby, John McCracken, Alex'r Maxwell, Patrick Quig, Alex'r Picken, FREEMEN. David Roberts, Jas. Strawbridge, John Taylor, John Walker, David Irwin, James Pogue, Tho's Willson. UPPER CHICHESTER RETURN. Acres. Horses. Cattle. She Joseph Askew 100 Nathan'l Brown, 100 Joseph Brown, 82 Wm. Booth 130 James Craig 115 Sam'l Carpenter, tan yard, tan- ner 20 Mordicai Cloud 200 Jacob Dingee, 90 Rich'd Dutton, 160 John Dutton, 70 Tho's Edwards 200 John Eyre, 120 Isabella Grubb 120 John Habersack 40 James Huston, 200 Mathias Kerlin 100 Wm. Riser, 100 p. ServHfiiH CHESTER COUNTY RATES— 1781.	21,604
gardenerschronic353lond_82	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,874	The Gardeners' chronicle : a weekly illustrated journal of horticulture and allied subjects	None	English	Spoken	7,654	10,435	The after-manaeement of grass plots in larce towns consists of an annual top-dressing of light, rich soil applied during winter and raked in during the spring. Amonest the various arti- ficial manures none is better suited for the London parks and gardens than " Phytobroma," which should be mixed with about six times its bulk of wood-ashes and applied early in May. THE KITCHEN GARDEN. By John Dunn, Foreman, Eoyal Gardens, Windsor. Brussels Sprouts.— If seeds were sown in February to furnish plants for early supplies, good strong seedlings should be available for planting out now. Assuming that the ground was trenched and manured in winter, nothing further will be necessary beyond hoeing the surface of the bed before the plants are put out. Set them in rows made 3 feet apart and allow a distance of 2^ feet between the plants in the rows. Make the soil firm about the roots and afford the latter a liberal supply of clear water until they are re-established. Plants that will furnish the main crop should be ready for transplanting in nursery beds, allowing a distance of 6 inches be- tween the plants each way. The plants should be ready for planting finally early in June. Cauliflowers. — Plants which were raised from seeds sown last September and planted out in April are growing freely, and should receive liberal supplies of manure water from the farm- yard. Hoe the soil between the rows and draw a sufficient quantity to the stems to prevent the plants from being shaken by rough winds. Plants raised this spring should be planted in rich soil and watered freely. When they have become established hoe the soil between the rows frequently, as this will favour healthy growth and keep the ground free from weeds. Another sowing should be made to furnish plants for autumn supplies. Early London and Halloween Giant are good varieties that may be selected for this sowing. Cucumbers. — Plants in unheated pits should be thinned freely and the laterals stopped at the first or second joint beyond the fruit. Top- dress the bed when roots appear through the mounds of soil and peg the leading shoots to the earth to encourage fresh roots to develop. The growth should not be allowed to become crowded but should be regulated at least once weekly, taking care to remove all spindly shoots and rough leaves. Syringe the plants twice daily in fine weather, and close the pit as early in the afternoon as can safely be done. A cold, stagnant moist atmosphere should be avoided, or mildew may prove troublesome. Seeds should be sown for successional plantations, choosing Dickson's All-the-Year-Round. Carrots. — A sowing of main-crop Carrots should be made as soon as possible to afford roots for winter supplies. The ground for this crop should be thoroughly broken up and made as fine as possible. Sow the seeds in shallow drills and cover them lightly with fine soil. Make the surface smooth with a wooden rake, taking care not to disturb the seeds in the process. When the young plants are large enough they should be thinned to 6 inches apart. Apply light dustings of soot on frequent occasions during the season, as this will stimulate growth and keep the carrot fly in check. Continue to make small sowings of stump-rooted Carrots from now onwards until the end of June, to furnish sup- plies of young roots throughout the season and save using those which are intended for winter supplies. The first sowing should be ready for thinning ; a space of 3 inches will be quite sufficient between the plants, as they are in- tended for immediate consumption. Globe Artichokes. — Old plantations of Globe Artichokes should be examined and all worthless suckers removed, leaving only a few of the stronger shoots on each plant. Afford the plants liberal supplies of manure water during the growing season. Those recently planted must not be allowed to suffer from want of water at the roots. French Beans.— To ensure a plentiful supply of French Beans throughout the season it is necessary to make frequent sowings from now onwards. Seeds may be sown at this date in any part of the garden provided the soil is rich enough to ensure quick, clean growth. It is much better practice to sow fortnightly through- out the summer than to make larger sowings at longer intervals. Beet. — The principal sowing of Beet intended for next winter supplies should be made about the middle of May. The ground for this pur- pose should be pulverised thoroughly and the seeds sown in shallow drills drawn at 15 inches apart. When the young plants are large enough to handle they may be thinned to 9 inches apart in the row. Improved Globe is one of the best varieties for summer and autumn supplies, but if long roots are desired, Veitch's Selected lied or Dickson's Epicure may be chosen. Turnip- rooted Beet raised from seed sown early in the year should be thinned to 6 inches apart. Keep the hoe at work amongst the plants, taking care not to injure the roots. PLANTS UNDER GLASS. By F. Jennings, Gardener to the Duke of Devonshibe, Chatsworth, Derbyshire. Ivy-leaved Pelargonium CharlesTurner. — This variety of Pelargonium is suitable for training as standards. Select the more vigorous plants, remove all the side growths up to within 6 inches of the head and secure the steim at close intervals to a straight 6take. When the stem has grown to a suitable length it should be stopped by pinching to allow the other shoots to develop, stopping them when they have made sufficient growth, in order to secure a good, bushy head. If the plants are stood out-of-doors to harden take care to choose a sheltered position as the plants are very brittle and may be injured by rough winds. If the plants are required to flower early in the autumn it is not advisable to place them out-of-doors, but to grow them in the conservatory or a cool house. Crossandra undul/efolia. — This beautiful free-flowering stove plant may be propagated from cuttings inserted at almost any time. Plants raised from cuttings inserted at the present time will be useful for brighten, ing the stove-house in January and Feb- ruary. The shoots should be inserted singly in thumb-pots filled with fine soil mixed with plenty of sand. Stand the pots in a close frame provided with gentle bottom heat, and when rooted shift the plants into larger pots. For the final potting employ a mixture of rich loam, peat and leaf-mojild, with coarse sand and wood ashes added. Grow the plants throughout in a warm house. Verbena Miss WiLLMOTT^This beautiful variety of Verbena is suitable for decorating the conservatory and dwelling house. Plants raised from cuttings rooted at the end of March and early in April that are established in 3-inch or 4^-inch pot6 are ready for a final shift. Pot them in a mixture of rich loam and leaf-mould with coarse sand, wood ashes and decayed cow manure, and a little peat added. After they are potted grow them in a warm house or frame for a few days and soak the soil thoroughly with water. Avoid exposing the plants to cold draughts, as they are very subject to attacks of mildew. Should mildew appear dip the plants bodily in a solution of " Sulphurcide," and con- tinue this treatment until the mildew disappears. Grow the plants in a warm, moist atmosphere with a night temperature of 55° until the flowers are opening, when they may be placed in the conservatory or greenhouse. Cut the shoots back slightly when the plants have passed out of flower and save those that are re- quired for stock purposes another season. Marguerites. — Plants of such varieties of Marguerites as Queen Alexandra and Mrs. F. Sander that are required for flowering early next autumn should be ready for their final shift into 6-inch or 8i inch pots. The soil should consist of a mixture of rich loam, leaf- mould, wood-ashes, coarse sand, mortar-rubble, fine bones and soot. Place the plants in a close frame, well water the roots and syringe the foliage. At a later stage they should be hard- ened gradually. Be on the watch for the leaf- mining maggot and directly it is detected remove the affected leaves. It is a good plan to syringe the plants occasionally with weak soot water. The date for pinching the shoots should _ be governed by the period the plants are required in flower. It is a good plan where plants are re- quired for successional blooming to pinch small batches at different periods. Cuttings. —Salvias, Heliotrope, Eupatorium and otheT plants raised from cuttings inserted in the spring should receive careful attention, affording them larger pots as required. Where early plants of Cinerarias and Calceolarias are re- quired a pinch of seed may be sown in finely sifted soil and germinated in a cold frame or on a shelf in a north house. Cover the pot or pan Mai 24, 1913.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 345 with glass and paper until the seedlings appear, when air may be afforded gradually as growth advances. __^ THE FLOWER GARDEN. By Edward Harbiss, Gardener to Lady Wanijoi, Locking, Berkshire. Summer Bedding.— Tuere will be an inclina tion to extend the season of spring bedding a Jittle longer than usual this season owing to the plants flowering so late. In these circumstances it will be wise to advance the preliminary work as much as is possible, so that when the time for bedding-out arrives the work may be carried out with the least possible delay. Beds which have been planted with spring flowers will require a little manure when preparing them for summer bedding plants. The materials from an old Mush- room bed are suitable for the purpose, but should they not be available a little artificial fertiliser or well seasoned soot may be employed. While waiting for the finish of the spring flowers the mixed border and other outlying bed6 may be planted. Calceolarias, Arctotis, Dahlias, Asters, Lobelia cardinalis, Ageratum, Verbenas, annual Phlox, Salpiglossis, and nearly all kinds of annuals may now be planted. The general scheme of decoration will before now have been decided upon, but it is not too late to introduce one or two new features. The plants which are used for bedding purposes cover a much wider range of variety now than formerly, and in con- sequence there is no difficulty in making great changes in the general bedding scheme year after year. May-flowering Tulips. — Bulbs of Tulips growing in beds which are to be planted with summer flowering plants should be lifted carefully and replanted in prepared ground in the reserve garden. This class of Tulips furnish flowers for indoor decoration during the month of May. and a sufficient quantity should, be planted in the reserve garden for the purpose. Provided the ground is rich enough, May-flowering Tulips aro well adapted for naturalising in grass. Bulbs which have been grown in pots may be planted in the wild garden. Japanese Irises.— Iris Krempferi is probably the most popular and beautiful of all the Irises, but unfortunately it does not adapt itself to all kinds of treatment, and although some measure of success is often attained by cultivating it in the open in rich, deeply-tilled soil, there is no doubt these Irises are more at home on the banks of streams or pools. Suitable conditions may easily be made by using artificial water, and by this method of culture the plants may be dried off during the resting season, which is a great advantage. Imported plants should be procured and planted at once. They enjoy a rich rooting medium, and, unless the natural soil is sub- stantially rich, a portion should be removed and replaced with loam and well rotted manure. Iris Kaempferi may also be grown successfully in pans or shallow tubs, immersing the receptacles in water to the depth of two or three inches. Old- established plants may be taken up and divided. Those which are not disturbed must be cleaned of weeds. Lightly fork up the soil amongst them and afford a top-dressing of well-decayed cow-manure. THE ORCHID HOUSES. By W. H. White. Grower to Sir Trevor Lawrence, Bart., Burford, Dorking. Phal/enopsis. — Such species as Phalfenopsis amabilis (grandiflora), P. Aphrodite, P. Schilleriana, P. violacea, P. Lueddeman- r.iana, P. Esmerelda, P. Stuartiana, P. San- deriana, P. sumatrana, the almost deciduous P. Lowii. also the supposed natural hybrids P. leueorrhoda, P. casta, and P. intermedia Portei, having finished blooming have commenced to develop fresh roots and leaves, and should be examined at the roots. Some of the plants may- need increased space, for the potting materials may be decayed and need replacing by fresh compost. Phalaenopsis may be grown either in teakwood baskets and cylinders, or in pots or shallow pans ; I find they grow best in the first- nanicd receptacles. In any case, whenever it is necessary to afford the plants more space take special care not to injure the roots by detaching them roughly from whatever they are clinging to; the growing points of the young roots are especially susceptible to injury. Established plants that are well rooted in small baskets may be placed with their old baskets in larger re- ceptacles, filling the space between with clean crocks and surfacing the whole with a thin layer of freshly-gathered Sphagnum-moss. By this plan no roots are injured, nor do the plants re- ceive the least check. Deteriorated plant* grow- ing in large baskets should be placed in others a size smaller and treated for a time ju6t as if they were freshly imported plants, merely filling up to the collar of the plant with clean, broken crocks. The crocks should be kept fairly moist by spraying them several times a day, and when new roots appear a thin layer of moss should be placed over the surface. Healthy plants that are well rooted and have room for further develop- ment should be afforded fresh mess, removing as much of the old Sphagnum as possible. Small, weakly plants with few or no roots should be placed in small Orchid pans, to be transferred again to baskets when they are established. For the first few weeks after transference water should be afforded with great care, merely sprinkling the moss on the surface and around the sides of the basket ; but immediately the young roots begin to fasten themselves on the wood and the new leaves advance in growth a more abundant supply of tepid rain-water is necessary. These plants are natives of the hottest regions of the East and require a very warm temperature. During the summer a north situation is suitable, as direct sunshine is not an advantage. Afford the plants plenty of ventilation whenever the weather is favourable. Odontoglossum citrosmum. — As the plants pass out of bloom they may be re-potted if neces- sary, and a.s they make but few root6 use only a small receptacle. Ordinary flower-pots furnished with wire handles are preferable to baskets- Afford plenty of drainage and pot firmly, using a mixture of Osmunda and Al fibres. By making the compost firm the pseudo-bulbs retain their plumpness for a long period during the resting season. Suspend the plants well up to the roof-glass of the Mexican or Cattleya house, and if possible in a position where they may obtain plenty of fresh air, especially at night. For a week or two after re-potting keep the sur- face of the compost, merely moist, but when in full growth afford water copiously. FRUITS UNDER GLASS. By James Whytock, Gardener to the Duke of Bdo- cleuch, Dalkeith Palace, Midlothian. Melons.— Plants bearing fruits on the poiot of ripening need to be kept moist at the roots to maintain the foliage green and healthy, as healthy leaves are very necessary for the production of Melons of high quality and flavour. As the fruits show signs of ripen- ing admit air in increased quantities, but continue to maintain a warm temperature. Later plants trained to single stems that have reached the limits of the rafters are throw- ing out lateral shoots on which the female blossoms develop, and the laterals should be stopped at two joints beyond the fruits. Polli- nate the female blossoms during times of bright sunshine, and when a sufficient number of fruits have set on each plant — which may be seen by the embryo fruits swelling rapidly — restrict the growth of the plants by pinching the side growths at two joints beyond the fruit. The trellis should be well furnished with foliage, and sufficient of the other shoots should be trained in for the purpose, but avoid crowding. As the fruits develop they will need supporting. A piece of garden netting may be used for the purpose, and this may be tied to the trellis with a cord. Where Melons are planted on a narrow ridge of soil the roots must be top-dressed as soon as they appear above the surlace. They may be covered two or three inches deep with rich, heavy loam, or, if the compost is light, it should be mixed with some artificial manure. Apply the top-dressing as often as the roots show through the surface. The soil having been kept somewhat dry in order to assist the setting of the fruit, a copious watering may be applied at this stage now that the fruits are swelling rapidly. In order to further assist the plants, place a little soluble concentrated manure in the water, which should never be allowed to wet the collar of the plants. The night tempera- ture of the pit should range from 70° to 75°, according to the weather, allowing a rise of 10° or 15° in the daytime. Syringe the plants gently during the afternoons of bright days, and at other times during the day damp the walls and paths frequently to supply atmospheric moisture in order to destroy red-spider. A sowing of Melons may be made for successional fruiting and seed- ling Melons may be planted on a mild hot-bed in a frame or pit. The plants will furnish ripe fruit in the early autumn. Cucumbers.— Plants in full bearing must be stopped regularly and thinned of all super- fluous growth, but do not remove the leaf just above the fruit. Avoid overcrowding of the growths and leaves and take care not to over- crop the plants. As the season advances, and after the plants have been in bearing for some time, the older growths may be re- moved by degrees and young shoots trained in their places. This will result in the plants giving a regular and continuous supply of fruit for some time to come. As the roots appear on the surface of the soil lightly sprinkle the latter with artificial manure and afterwards cover with a top-dressing com- posed of loam and short, decayed manure. Water the roots liberally and, on occasions, supplement the clear water with liquid manure. During the afternoons of fine days the foliage may be syringed gently at the time of closing the house, and the paths and bare surfaces damped. This will permit of the temperature rising to between 80° and 90°, falling as the night advances to 70° or 75°, according to the weather. When very hot sunshine prevails after dull day6, the roof-glass should be shaded slightly during the middle of the day. Cucumbers may be grown during the summer in frames or pits. They should be planted in a mild hot-bed made with leaves and dung, setting the plants in the centre of each light on a small heap of soil consisting of half loam and half well-decayed manure. If the plants are given proper attention in the matters of airing, atmospheric moisture and making the most of sun-heat, they will fur- nish good crops. THE APIARY. By Chloris. Grading. — -When the sections are removed thev should be examined, and, if possible, graded. Those may be classed as the first grade which are free from thickened cappings — often due to leaving the sections too long on the hive after completion — which have a good appearance, with the comb attached to the wood all round, with most of the edge cells filled with honey and sealed, and which have few pop holes. Those having a few of the defects described above must take second place ; while those with more serious defects should be consumed at home. The empty or nearly empty drawn-out combs will be in- valuable* when the clover honey begins to flow. To secure straight combs do not omit to use good dividers, the best of which are made of perforated zinc or tin. Showing Honey.— All sections should be even in quality, and all of the same kind of cells, i.e., not mixed drone and worker, and it will be found that the finished worker cells always look better than the coarse drone cells. The former have a white appearance in the case of clover and heather honey, and this cannot be got when drone cells are tolerated. Do not glaze the sections at once, but store them in a clean, dry and warm cupboard. Should it be necessary to glaze at once, then re- glaze before placing them on the show bench to give them a fresher appearance, and do not lace heavily. The maximum width is three-quarters of an inch. 346 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [May 24, 1913. EDITORIAL NOTICE. ADVERTISEMENTS should be sent to the PUBLISHER, 41, Wellington Street. Covent Garden, "W-C- Editors and Publisher. — Our Correspondents would obviate delay in obtaining answers to their communications, and save us much time and trouble, if they would kindly observe the notice printed weekly to the effect that all letters relat- ing to financial matters and to advertisements should be addressed to the Publisher.- and that ■ail communications intended for publication, or referring to the Literary department, and all- plants to be named, should be directed to the Editors. The two departments. Publishing and Editorial, are distinct, and much unnecessary de- lay and confusion arise when letters are mis- directed. Letters for Publication, as well as specimens of plants for naming, should be addressed to the EDITORS, 41, Wellington Street, Covent Garden. London. Comm >m /rations should be WRITTEN ON ONE SIDE ONLY OF THE PAPER, SCl)t as early in the week as possible and duly signed by the writer. If desired, the sign-ature will not be printed, but kept as a guarantee of good faith. Special Notice to Correspondents- — The Editors do not undertake to pay for any contribu- tions or illustrations, or to return unused com- munications or illustrations, unless by special arrangement. The Editors do not hold themselves responsible, for any opinions expressed by thei* correspondents. Illustrations. — The Editors will be glad to receive and to select photographs or drawings, suitable for reproduction, of gardens, or of remarkable flowers, trees, etc., but they cannot be respon- sible for loss or injury. Local News- — Correspondents will greatly oblige by sending to the Editors early intelligence of local events likely to be of interest to our readers, or of any matters which it is desirable to bring under the notice of horticulturists. APPOINTMENTS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK. MONDAY, MAY 26— Surveyors' Inst. mwt. TUESDAY. MAY 27- Messrs. J. Waterer and Sons' Rhododendron Sh. at R.H.S. Hall (4 days). Bath and West and Southern Counties Soc. Sh. at Truro (5 days). Average Mean Temperature for the ensuing week deduced from observations during the last Fifty Years at Greenwich— 54.5. Actual Temperatures : — London.— Wednesday, May 21 (6 p.m.). Max. 64° Min. 480. Gardeners' Chroniele Office, 41, Wellington Street. Covent Garden, London, Thursday, May 22 (10 a.m.) ; Bar. 29.8. Temp. 59°. Weather— Raining. Provinces.— Wednesday, May 21.— Max. 57° Ipswich ; Min. 53° Peterhead. SALES FOR THE ENSUING WEEK. TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY and THURSDAY NEXT— The entire collection of Orchids formed by Herr Gust. H. Muller-Abeken. of The Hague, at 1. By Protheroe and Morris. At 67 and 68, Cheapside, E.C. WEDNESDAY NEXT— Hardy Bulbs and Plants, at 1.30 : Palms and Plants. at 5. By Protheroe and Morris. At 67 and 68 Cheapside, E.C. The success of the ex- The Chelsea hibition of the Royal show. Horticultural Society, which opened on Tues- day latst in the grounds of the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, has exceeded all ex- pectations. The brilliant appearance in the two-acre tent brought vividly back to the mind the glories of the great show of last season, and it seemed that we were aigain witnessing an international display of the world's horticulture, so large and numerous were the groups, and so magni- ficent the quality of the varied exhibits. In the earlier hours of Tuesday people passed from flower-bed to flower-bed, admired the planti;, remarked upon the extent of the display, and con- trasted again and again the beautiful surroundings and the disposition of the groups with the conditions which pre- vailed at recent Temple Shows. It was perfectly obvious that everyone was more than pleased with the change, and took the greatest delight in assuring them- selves that hereafter it would be incum- bent on the Society to hold its summer exhibitions in conditions no less ex- cellent than those which obtained this week. We fully share the popular feeling and most heartily congratulate the Society on the splendid realisation of a policy that has been urged for a long time, and in many places, including our own columns. But it would be ungracious to forget, and especially at this moment, the deep debt of gratitude we owe to the Benchers of the Inner Temple for past favours. By generously lending their gardens to the Society for a long series of yeans the Benchers made it possible for the great show of the season to be held in the very heart of the metropolis, and upon, a site that is rich in historic associations of a kind that must appeal to horticulturists in general, and to rosarians in particular. It is impossible to estimate how much the Temple flower showts have contributed to the success which the Boyal Horticultural Society has experienced in the past twenty-five years, but those who are most closely associated with the management of the Society's affairs will be amongst the first to admit that the spring exhibitions have been the means of attracting large numbers of new Fellows every Season. The regard in which the Temple Shows have been held was evident indeed last year, when the holding of the Inter- national Exhibition rendered a Temple fixture impossible, and caused on that account much disappointment to many of the Fellows. The Temple Shows were popular from the commencement, and their success increased on every occasion, until they attracted exhibits and visitors in such numbers that the available ground wais no longer sufficient to accommodate either the one or the other. The series has now terminated, and the cessation of the world-famous Temple Shows is due to nothing but the phenomenal success which attended them. In these circumstances, and with feelings of gratitude to the Benchers, we look forward to the natural development of a succession of super- Temple Shows at the new site at Chelsea, where there is ample space both for ex- hibition and for inspection. An excellent start has been made, and the Council and Society's officials merit congratulation upon the efforts made to ensure that exhibitors and visitors should take kindly to the change of Isite. The Directors of the International Show last year may have contributed to this end by demonstrating practically the excellence of the Chelsea ground, but this circumstance should not obscure the fact that the labours of the Society on the occasion of this first effort have been much more onerous than usual, and that they have been discharged with the utmost credit. Thanks are alike due to the exhibitors for the loyal manner in which they support the Society at all times. When the trouble and expense which exhibitors undertake are considered it becomes self- evident that the efforts of the Society are well backed, as well by the trade as by amateurs. Some of the rock-gardens at Chelsea appeared as if formed to last a generation rather than for the short period of three days, and the great number of plants that go to the making of such exhibits as those contributed by Messrs. Sutton and Sons, Carter and Co., Veitch, Webb, Piper and. others give to the observant an impres- sive demonstration of the vast amount of time and labour devoted by our leading horticulturists to their business and their- art. With respect to novelties it may be ad- mitted that the exhibition was scarcely of first-class importance. There were new hy- brid Orchids and some pretty varieties, but nothing that caused sucli surprise as the firtet Odontioda, which was staged at a Temple Show held in 1904. Messrs. Piper's exhibited very interesting old specimen Wistarias, that were valuable' as showing iseveral distinct varieties, and there were new varieties amongst Roses, Begonias, and other florists' flowers, but perhaps the greatest novelty of the show- was Olearia chathamica, a new and dis- tinct species, with flowers of the most dainty character. As we have already stated, most of the- exhibits in the tent were disposed in the- most natural manner, so that many of the- groups appeared as ordinary beds in a general scheme of flower gardening. The experience gained on this occasion will, we trust, convince those responsible for the arrangements that this method is better than any other for the purpose of exhibition, and it is to be hoped that it alone will prevail, at least in the large tent. On future occasions exhibits that require stages and backgrounds altogether out of keeping with the design should be accommodated in other tents. It is de- sirable also that a separate tent be pro- vided for garden implements that cannot be shown out-of-doors. With these- umall additions, and with rather fewer beds, so arranged that the perspective will extend from the centre of the marquee to its boundaries, the exhibitions on the Chelsea site- should become as nearly per- fect as is possible for mortal affairs to be. Small Holdings. — The annual report on the Small Holdings Act shows that the total area of land leased or sold for the purpose of small holdings amounts to 168,015 acres. Of this land 37,000 acres have been leased direct to 2,984' holders by private owners; 124,709 acres have been let by County Councils to 8,950 holders, and 6,094 acres have ;been leased to 49 "small hold- ings associations " ; and 212 acres have been sold' to 20 smallholders. During the five years since it has been in operation the Act has provided about 15,000 holdings. In 1912, the number of appli- cants was 4,076, together with 13 associations. and of these 2,278 individual applicants and 13 associations have been accepted as suitable. The number of applications received in 1912 was less than in 1911, but greater than in 1909 or 1910. The demand for holdings is very great in Nor- folk, and considerable and increasing in the Isle of Ely, Cambridge, the Holland division of Lin- colnshire, Bedford and Somerset. After discuss- ing various directions in which improvements may be effected in the administration of the Act — particularly in the establishment of colonies of small holdings wherein co-operation may be prac- tised— the Report concludes by pointing out that the Act has proved of benefit to the rural popula- tion ; it claims that the stream of migration from Mat 24, 1913.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 347 the rural districts, both to the towns and the Colonies, has been checked, that of the holdings established there are comparatively few that have proved to be failures, and that not a few of the tenants are anxious to increase the size of their holdings. C The Lancashire County Council School of Horticulture.— The~scheme of agricultural education adopted by the Lancashire County Council includes a school of horticulture. Of the county farm of 329 acres at Hutton, some four acres have been set aside for the purposes of a horticultural station. Certificates will be awarded to students who follow the horticultural course, and the County Committee is prepared •to grant studentships to a limited number of persons who have been engaged in garden work scribeTS. The presentation was made by Mr. King, the president of the Scottish Horticul- tural Association, who referred to Mr. Mackenzie's long connection with the Associa- tion. R.H.S. Gardens Club.— The annual outing and general meeting of the R.H.S. Gardens Club will be held on June- 14, when a vi6it will be made to the John Innes Institute at Merton. Particulars may be obtained from the Hon. Sec- retary, Mr. R. J. Wallis, 131, Maldon Road, Colchester. Presentation to a Gardener.— Mr. H. I'eh- kins, who has been Gardener at Greenlands, Henley-on-Thames, for thirty years, has just retired. The occasion was marked by the presentation of an illuminated address and a The Length of Roots.— Tne statement that the roote of a specimen of Cucurbita maxima measured by Clarke attained to the prodigious length of 80.000 feet is used often by teachers in order to impress on scholars the importance and efficiency of the root-system of plants. From recent careful measurements it would appear, however, that Clarke's figure is exaggerated and applies perhaps to Jonah's gourd, but not to any other cucurbit. A careful computation of the total length of the root-system of a flourishing plant of Cucumis sativus gave the respectable but more modest figure of 280 feet. Seed Crop Prospects in California. — According to our contemporary Horticulture dis- quieting reports are coming from California re- garding the seed crop prospects. The seed-grow- ing districts are said to be suffering from lack Fig. 147. for a period of not less than six months. The studentships will be tenable for one year. New Work on Rubber. — The Cambridge University Press will publish shortly a book on Rubber and Rubber Planting, by Dr. R. H. Lock. It deals with the history of the use and cultivation of rubber, its botanical sources, the botanical physiology of rubber and latex, the diseases, chemistry, and manufacture of rubber, and with rubber planting. Presentation to a Nursery Manager.— On the 13th inst. Mr. Alex. Mackenzie, who is retiring from the managership of Messrs. Thos. Methven and Sons' Warriston Nursery, Edinburgh, after service for more than forty years, was presented with a puree of sovereigns and an album containing the names of the sub- THE CHELSEA SHOW. FORMAL GARDEN EXHIBITED BY MESSRS. J. CARTER * CO. purse of gold, as evidence of the esteem in which Mr. Perkins was held by his friends and colleagues. Edinburgh Royal Botanic Gar den Guild.— The first meeting of the Guild will be held in the Lecture Hall of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, at 8 p.m. on Wednesday, June 4. A President, Vice-Presidents, Committee, Secre- tary and Treasurer will be appointed, and it is hoped that there will a large attendance. Accident to Mr. John Heal, V.M.H.— We regret to learn that Mr. John Heal, of Messrs. Jas. Veitch and Sons, Ltd., met with a serious accident at Putney on Sunday last, when he was knocked down by a runaway horse. His injuries prevented his appearance at the R.H.S. Show. of rain. During the past two years the excellent seed crops of California have helped to make good the shortage of seed raised in Europe, and it is to be hoped that that country may be spared the misfortune of light seed crops this year. Preparation of Bordeaux Mixture.— Experiments made by Mr. L. A. Hawkins (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Bull. No. 265) in- dicate that Bordeaux mixture may be made by adding concentraf.il calcium hydroxide to dilute" copper sulphate, or vice versa, provided the mixture be .sufficiently agitated. By this method the inconvenience of diluting the sub- stances in separate and necessarily large vessels is avoided. To render it adhesive, Mr. Hawkins recommends 2 lb. of rosin fish-oil soap to 50 gallons of a 3-2-50 Bordeaux mixture. Next to rosin fish-oil soap, ground glue appears to be the 348 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. [May 24, 1913. most effective adhesive. Without a suitable adhesive the value of Bordeaux mixture is very seriously reduced. Seeds and Plants Collected for the U.S. Department of Agriculture.— As is always the case, the Bulletin of " Seeds and Plants Imported " makes interesting reading. In the present instalment (Bulletin 261) various plants collected by Mr. F. N. Meter in Central Asia are enumerated. They include a new durum wheat, the Yeiskaia, from Russia, which has proved extraordinarily hardy ; two wild forms of Medicago falcata, the Siberian alfalfa, the Siberian Cherry — a form of Prunus fruticosa, which is a low bush not over 4 ft. high, perfectly hardy and extremely drought- resistant, the fruit of which, though very small, one of the American importations is an Italian Plum, the Papagone, which was obtained near Naples, and is said by Dr. Easen, who secured it, to be 'the finest plum he has ever eaten in any eouwtry — 3 inches long, greenish-yellow in colour, with a thin, slender stone. Forestry Appointment.— TheG3neral Board of Cambridge University have appointed Mr. William Dawson, B.A., B.Sc. Agr. (Aberdeen), Lecturer in Forestry at Aberdeen University, to succeed Mr. Augustine Henry as Reader in Forestry at Cambridge. There is reason to be- lieve that the lectureship will be replaced in a short time by a professorship. Mr. Dawson is an Aberdonian and still quite a young man. He passed through his University career with dis- country. Mr. Dawson is in great request as an advisor on matters of afforestation, and some eighteen months ago he conducted a tour of the Scottish Forestry Committee to the leading Forest Schools in Germany and other parts of the Continent. A valuable report on this tour has recently been issued. A New Larch Disease in Scotland.— Messrs. Borthwick and McWilson record in Notes from the Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, No. 36, a " Pine-leaf rust," or Peridermhim, which has made its appearance on Larch in Scotland. The fungus which gives rise to the disease — Peridermium Laricis — has not been recorded pre- viously in Scotland. It attacks the Larch early in the season, and is found fully developed in THE CHELSEA SHOW. Fig. 148. flower beds forming part of messrs. stjtton & sons' exhibit. makes an excellent preserve. As the Bulletin observes, it is not easy to find fruit bushes that will live in the interior of Alaska, where the temperature falls to - 58° F. and the summers are short and cool. Yet it appears probable that two varieties of large-fruited Black Currant from the Yakutsk province of Siberia will prove equal to the test. Of Asparagus, with respect to which it might be thought that no improvement is necessary — except in respect to rust resistance — the list includes two forms, one of which (from Table Mountain, South Africa) is said by Sir Percy Fitzpatrick to be "a great delicacy and to my taste better than any cultivated kind." Fruit growers in this country should note that tinction, taking prominent places in botany, zoology, economics and agriculture. On com- pleting his studies at Aberdeen he went to Germany and Austria, and studied forestry at Tharandt and Munich under the guidance of Professors Neqer, Neumeisier, and Mayr. On his return to Scotland about six years ago he was appointed first Lecturer in Forestry at Aber- deen, where he has done very good work, the number of students having increased considerably under his Lectureship. Besides teaching, he col- lected large quantities of museum material, much of which he brought from the Hungarian Ex- hibition, and the Forestry Department of Aber- deen is now one of the best equipped in the leaves only three weeks old. At so early a date as June 30 the diseased branches shed their leaves. The fungus is always found on the upper side of the leaves, and some- times also on the lower side. The outstanding secidia, or cluster cups, are arranged in rows on either side of the mid-rib, and the number on a leaf varies from 6 to 15. In the early stags the secidium, or pseudo-peridium, is closed, but when thj spores which it contains are ripe it is open on its free side. The spores are numerous and orange-yellow in colour. This fungus is distinguisned from Cseoma Laricis, which pro- duces orange-yellow spots on the leaves, by its upstanding pseudo-peridium. Mat 24, 1913.] THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. 349 ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY EXHIBITION AT CHELSEA. May 20, 21 and 22. THE spring show, formerly known as tho Temple Show of the Royal Horticultural Society, was held on these dates in the grounds of the Royal Hospital, Chelsea. About 10 acres was leased from the hospital authorities for the purpose of the exhibition, and it was expected that this would prove ample, but the entries were so numerous that only half the space applied for could be allotted, and no late applications were entertained. Some little saving of space was effected by placing the tables closer together, but this was a great disadvantage and caused crowd- ing. The large tent was erected by Messrs. Piggott Bros., and we understand that the major portion will be used again in connection with the York Gala. The timber used in the erection of the. tent weighed 70 tons. The building of the rock gardens and the erection of the tent was started some nine day6 before the opening of the ishow under the superintendence of Mr. S. T. Wright, who informed us that he had re- ceived every facility from the Hospital authori- ties. Special drains were laid to carry off the roof water, and stand pipes provided both in the tent and for the rock gardens. H.M. Queen Alexandra, Princess Victoria, and the Duchess of Fife visited the exhibition on the first day. As showing how numerous visitors were on the Tuesday, at one time more than a thousand chairs around the bandstand in the Ranelagh Gardens were all occupied, whilst at the same time the tents were crowded. The rock- gardens provided the greatest change from the Temple Shows. The rockery arranged by Mr. J. Wood, Boston Spa, was the finest conception of this style of gardening we have seen. The principal subjects, beside the rock-gardens. were Orchids. Roses, Carnations, Rhododendron1;. Gloxinias, Pelargoniums, Ferns and hardy flowers. There were not many exhibits of fruit, and only a moderate display of vegetables. The arrangements were carried out without a hitch, and the thanks of every one are due to th* Secretaries, the Superintendent, Mr. S. T. Wright, Mr. Frank Reader, and the other mem- bers of the staff, for the help rendered to ex- hibitors, visitors, and the Press. Orchids. One of the large stretches of staging extend- ing the whole length of the main tent was occu- pied by the Orchids, the various groups being staged so as to form a fine feature from a spec- tacular point of view. In number they were beyond the average of the usual May shows of the Royal Horticultural Society, and probably they occupied a greater extent of space. Ail were of excellent merit, and displayed the out- come of good cultivation, but although there were a larger number of plants entered to go before the Orchid Committee (over eighty), there wa6 not a large proportion of really "new and dis- tinct things. Lieut. -Colonel Sir Geo. L. Holford, K.C.V.O., Westonbirt, Tetbury (gr. Mr. H. G. Alexander), as usual when he exhibits, filled the place of honour, his grand group being staged at one end of the staging at the entrance. The plants, one and all, were superblv grown, and demonstrated in the highest degree the beauty of their various sections. The backing of Coco's and Kentia Palms, mingled with the scarlet and orange coloured sprays of Epidendrum radicans, and E. O'Brienianum, had masses of the bright-yellow Oncidium Marshallianum overhanging noble specimens of Cattleva Mossiie. which bore between them over 200 flowers, the finest of the named varieties beinc Mahomet, a grand form with 15 flowers; Parsifal, Valhalla, Marmion, de Ruyter and A. Dimmock, all very distinct ; and several white-petalled kinds, in- cluding a fine specimen of C. M. Reineckiana. Other Cattleyas in great beauty were C. Skin- ned, with 8 large spikes, and a smaller specimen of Temple's variety ; a dozen plant6 of the charm- ing white C. Dusseldorfei Undine, raised at Westonbirt, bearing together over 50 flowers ; C. Magnet; varieties of C. Mendelii. including the pretty form named May Queen ; C. Schroderae in fine examples, the variety Geisha being very distinct; C. Hyeana splendens, of a rich mauve purple colour, and the clear white C. intermedia THE CHELSEA SHOW. Fig. 149. — odontonia l^lia sander': petals and sepals blotched with red. See Awards, p. 351. alba. Among the sprays of white Phalaenopsis Rimestadiana, the bright-red flowers of Renan- thera Imschootiana appeared, and beside them arrangements of the fine forms of Miltonia vexillaria, for which the Westonbirt collection is noted, and which included a typical form with 59 flowers; the variety Snowflake, with 15 spikes, bearing together 85 flowers ; marmorata, with 75 flowers ; and virginale, with 125 blooms. The Laelio-Cattleyas were finely displayed, and included L.-C. Fascinator (one with 4 spikes) ; L.-C. Britannia, L.-C. callistoglossa, L.-C. G. S. Ball Westonbirt variety, forms of L.-C. Ganymede ; Glaucus, luminosa, Opliir and others.	40,487
angloamericanma05unkngoog_40	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,852	The Anglo-American magazine	None	English	Spoken	6,602	9,061	He had a tongue which might wile a bird from the tree, and often when curling the frontlets of the august Sourocks, have I laid down the tongs, fairly entranced and carried away by the intoxication of his narrations 1 The yeast worked as fkvourably as the brewer could hope or expect I Every day did the antiquated dowager get fonder of her suitor ; — and ere long the gossips of Dreep- daily (for we are cursed with our own share of such vermin) began to predicate the very day on which the minister would get a job in the conjunction of the parties. It is incumbent upon me, at this point, to certiorate the ignorant in such matters, that one of the rarest things under the wide canopy of heaven is a tom tortoise-shell cat Indeed, so much is it prized and sought after that, ' unless historians are the more deceitful, kings have been known to barter their dominions for one, and, after aU, chuckle in their sleeves, under a conviction that they had taken in, or done for the venders. This being premised, it so happened that as the captain and his venerable sweetheart (for such in reality was now the dame) were sitting billing and cooing over a cup of green tea, her ladyship heaved a deep and expressive sigh. ^ Oh, GtohasEie I" she exclaimed, many8 the grand sight ye have seen (he had been enlarging upon Mahomef s Coffin, and the Roc of Sinbad the Sailor)— but have ye ever in the course of your travels fallen in with a tom tortoise-shell cat ¥ Oh, what a proud and happy woman it would make me, if I could only become the possessor of such a priceless treasure I It would render my col- lection absolutely peerless, and cause the heart of Dr. Mucklekyte to break with sheer envy I" Mr. McLoon did not say much on the sub- ject, at that sederunt, but his eyes glanced and twinkled with an expression of cimning and exultation, and he seemed to be anxiously revolving some deep matter in his mind. He took his leave by times, and eariy next morn- ing, when he called to pay his respects, ho presented her ladyship with a fine, fhll-grown young cat, of the sex and colour which she so sorely coveted. This, of course, was irresistible I What greater proof of affection could mortal man give ? He struck whilst the iron was hot — made his proposals in due and regular form — was accepted — ^and an early day was fixed for the nuptials, the space being abreviated in consequence of the captain's lack of time. Was not the dowager Lady Sourocks a proud and happy woman? She seemed to tread upon the air, and if the king had met with her, the chances are great that she would not have condescended to call him cousin 1 So mighty was the ecstacy of her delectation that she appeared to think little about the change of condition which she was so soon to undergo. The idea of the mar- rowless cat was so extensive and absorbing that it occupied every nook and cranny of her brain, to the exclusion of every meaner concern I I need hardly say, that, at a matter of course, her ladyship could not keep her good fortune to herselC Without loss of time she THE CHRONICLES OF DREEPDAILY. 808 despatched a herald to the manae (or parson- age, as Englishmen call it), summoning Doc- tor Mucklekyte to his " faur Jiours," or tea, as there was something extra wonderfiil to be submitted to his inspection ! The minister promised attendance, and re- li^ously kept his promise, though it was Saturday night, and ho had not written more than the twentieth head of his Sunday's fore- noon discourse! Over he came at the ap- pointed hour, and sat himself down, as usual, in the big elbow chair. The doctor had ac- quired a prescriptive right to this eaSe-en- gcndering lounge, more by token that no other scat in the mansion would have accom- modated his outrageous and unsurpassed bulk! Justice having being done to the scandal Iroth, (as Sir Walter Scott styles it), and the paraphernalia of the tea-table removed, Lady Sourocks, who disdained the modem frivolity of bells, blew a silver whistle, and directed her right-hand woman, Betty Bachlcs, to bring in the illustrious, and never-enough-to- be-appreciated grimalkin I "You will find it," she said, ** on my Indian shawl, upon the top of the spare bed, and, as you value your life, don't toozle or disturb the precious angel. I would not have a hair of it ruffled for a French King's ransom!'* Betty departed upon her momentous mis- sion, but in vain did she search for the object of her embassy. There lay the shawl bearing evident marks of recent pressure, but the much cherished cat was no where to be found ! Her ladyship soon got an inkling of the alarm- ing aspect which matters had assumed, and rushed about the tenement in a state closely bordering upon distraction ! Every comer was searched, and trebly searched, but in vain! The cat — the priceless, neighbourless cat was amissing, and not a clue could be got of her hiding place or fitte ! Here was a terrific stramash, as the High- landers say I Lady Sourocks speedily ad- journed into a nervous fit! Betty Bachles stood quaking as white as a bleached dishclout ; and the doctor who on the plea of increasing inftrmities in general, and the rheumatics in particular, hiMt never abandoned his seat, began a homily touching the distresses of Job I This was like casting oil upon a bonfire to extinguish the same, and had the effect of driving the bereaved curiosity-hunter almost into a state of insanity, "Job!" quo he, — she shrieked like a delirious sea gull — " Job, indeed I Na, na. Doctor Mucklekyte, say nae- thing to me o' Job I He nae doubt had his, trials and crosses, honest man, but oh ! he never, never lost a tam tortoise-shell cat !" Betty Bachles afterwards certiorated me, that during the transaction of these passages the doctor, though he tried to assume an appearace of sorrow and sjinpathy yet could not altogether conceal a twinkle of exultation in his bleared grey eyes. Beyond doubt ho was inwardly rejoicing that after all, his rivars collection was to be deprived of what would have thrown his own for ever into the back ground of mediocrity. Alas ! for poor human nature ! After some time, when Mass John had exhausted his bead roll of costive comforts he rose to take his leave of the grief-stricken and most dolourous mansion. poor Doctor could comtnand, to a certain extent his wandering and staggering wits he made a rush to the door — ran home as if the next year's stipend depended on his speed — and never drew breath till he had denned himself in the deepest recesses of his study. Like the ancient Grecian painter, of whom I have heard Mr. Paumy discourse, I draw a Teil over the sharp pangs of the doubly widowed Lady Sourocks. Imagine, gentle reader every thing that is gloomy and heart- rending, and then double the dose, and you may come to have some faint idea of her sufferings I After the first whirlwind of her grief had subsided, her ladyship dispatched forthwith a letter to a cunning artificer in Glasgow, requiring him to come forthwith, and embalm the remains of the murdered cat These were, in the interim, placed upon the roof of an out- house, the speedy progress of corruption (it being the middle of summer) forbidding any detention within doors. Notw'thstanding of the tragedy above re- cited, the preparations for the nuptials pro- ceeded as formerly agreed upon. The captain, ajs I stated above, had a peculiarly enticing tongue — and he promised to bring home another cat of the same breed, which his friend the Emperor of China possessed, and which, he said His Majesty would doubtless bestow upon him, if applied ta The important morning came round at last, like other ordinary days. Mr. McLoon was to call about noon with the best man, to claim his bride, and her ladyship was in a perfect even-down stew in adorning and beautifying her person for the solemn and awful cere- monial. As she was meditatingly standing, after the completion of her busking, at a window which overlooked the lair where the doomed cat lay in the purrless sleep of mortality, she thought that she discovered an incomprehensible change in its appearance. Not a word did she whisper to any one, but grasping a pair of tongs, glided softly out of the house, and made a careful j^t mortem examination of the corpse. What a discovery did she make of the craft and villainy of the Judas, who had managed to gain her mature affections I The cat was no lo7.2;cr of a tortoise-shell huC) but the bulk thereof presented a dirty grey, and streams as of melted paint, ran all around the neighbourhood. To make sure of the matron's purse and hand, the graceless impostor had coloured a common haudrone in imitation of the rarity, and a heavy shower of rain fidling shortly after the exposure thereof had revealed the coat of paint, and the captain's coat of hypocritical darkness, at one and the same time I Being a considerate woman and prudent, instead of proclaiming the discovery she lifted the tell-tale body into her apron, and regaining her chamber, quietly there awaited the coming of the blushloss, fortune-hunting traitor. Punctual to a minute he made his appearance, marching up the Main street with his white top boots and gold laced coat as proud like as the grand master of the turkey-cocks ! — He knocked miycstically at the outer door with the air of a man having authority, looking grandly on the convocation of women and children who stood at the bottom of the stair, admiring his pomp and bravery I The Duke of Wellington when ho got a sight of Boney's back at Waterloo could not have exulted more than did Gchazie McLoon at that eventfid epoch of his existence I Slowly did the door open upon its massive hinges, but instead of the captain receiving his bashful (rouge) blooming bride, he got the defunct cat, rank as it was with filth and corruption dashed about his ears! And in place of ** my brave sweetheart " and so forth, the gentlest word he obtained was, ' ill-looldng thief, ^ and " unhanged deceitful catteran I' To cut a long story short, the school boys, who had begged a holy day to see the company at the wedding, got word of the transaction, and executed summary justice upon the de- linquent They pelted the poor detected vagabond out of the town with rotten eggs, and never more was he seen within the bounds of the royal burgh of Dreepdaily ! And so endeth the chronicle of the Dowager Lady Sourocks second and last wooing I Ths Throne or thk Gesat Mogul. — ^Tbe Xo* gul empire has ever been proverbial for ita splendour. At one time, the throne of its chief was estimated at £4,000,000 sterUng^-^e vahie being chiefly made up of diamonds and other jewels, received in gifU during a long succession of ages. SOKOS AMD BALLADS. soo SO^GS AND BALLADS, BT A BACEWOODSHAir. No. in. DSB CANTY GADOBE. Gsoftoi TcBVBTTLL, better known In the head of Liddlesdale and Jed Forest^ as the Ganty Cad- ^f or gallopping Eggman, is the hidiTidual whose loTe is ohronioled in the following Tersea. His fiUher and grandikther, by the mother side, were both Cadgers ; and Geordie, who had Hved £rom a child with his old maternal rolatiTe, followed the same occupation. It was at Swinnie Toll-gate, tiiree miles west of Jedburgh, where he used so oft to "comejing^ngin" on the market night, Ttteaday, and was aye made so weleome by the Toll-keepers bonnie daughter* I can recollect, ▼en, frequently seeing him and his grey marc, early on the Wednesday morning, just going out of sight at Swinnie dyke nook at the gallop. Un- fortunately the upshot of so much love was a young Cadger. But Geordie was honourable— if he did what was wrong he also did what was tight-^ut a stop to the gossip of the half of the parish, and made her " an honest woman,^ after aH They were living thirty years ago, and for angbt I know may be living still, at the Blacklee- Boath, a little above the wears on Boule water, in the very cottage where old George Edomson, a Norian of excentric memory, had first settled and lived for nearly a century before them.— " Bonnie Hobble EUiot,'' the fine old Border Air, to which these verses were written, is mentioned lomewhere by Scott, and was a great favorite in my young days. I have frequently known the douce guidman to order the parlor door to be set ^ar, BO that he might hear it more distinctly when long by the maiden at her wheel on a winter^s erening. The following verse, with the chorus. Is all that I recollect now of the old Song : ^7 P<^ggy ca^ ^^® ™7 bread ; My Peggy can brew my ale ; And if I was ever sae sick, lly Peggy wad make me hale. Bonnie Hobble Blliot, Cannie Hobble now, Bonnie Hobble Elliot, He lives at Unthanke knowe. 0 weels me on the cadger, HeB aye sae fa' o' his glee, 0' a' the lads that ca' here The cadger's the man for me. TOL. I. — TJ The cadger can cuddle and kiss, The cadger can dance and sing, And there's nane atween Liddle and this But the canty cadger can ding. 0 weels me on the cadger, kc Whenever I hear but his whistle, Or stoulins he gl'es me a clap, Hy heart gets in dccan a bustle, It's like to loup into my lap. 0 weels me on the cadger, kc Yestreen, when Kirk Yetholm and mair At the bridal were a* in their brawSi He dawted and danced wi' me there ^Tm I didna ken weel where I was. 0 weels me on the cadger, ko. Vm plagued to dethe wf my mlther— Aye rhynung away " will ye spin," But my wheel gangs as light as a feather When Geordie comes jhigling in. 0 weels me on the cadger, fte. My tittle she's everly jeering. My jBither does naething bnt fiyte, I greet when Fm out of their hearing, And wish so fbr Tuesday's night 0 weels me on the cadger, &o. My blessings upon his grey yaud,. The yaud but and the creel. And mickle braw luck to the lad That's tousled me off sae weeL O weels me on the cadger, He's aye sae fu' o' his glee, 0' a' the lads that ca' here The cadger's the man for me. «^ I)Btn>0E&Y or Pantomivk PntroRMKiis.—- The leading actors are seldom or never employed in the pantomhne. They consider it mfra dig^ and secure exemption by a clause in their letters <tf engagement. The business is discharged by the second rates, and vtUity men. The latter are worked like galleyHslaves ; I have ofWn marvelled how they got through the duties which belong to their position. They represent on the average four characters in the opening, with treble that number in the comic-sequel, a change of dress for each. Young aspirants for honours histrionic, who are tired of their indentures, and have souls for poetry, figure to themselves the stace as a nicejolly, easy, idle life. I would advise tnem to begin at the beginning, and enlist as utilitarians for the run of a pantomine. There is nothing like experience for cooling down enthusiasm. Long before their term of service has expired they will petition for dismissal, or use interest for an im- mediate exchange into the comparative comfort and indulgence of the House of Correction.— •2>tt6- lin University Magazine,^ 806 OCCASIONAL SAYINGS AND DOINGS OP THE BLINKS\ OCCASIONAL SAYINGS AND DOINGS OF TH£ BLINKS'. No. L ▲ CHAPTES RELATING TO THE BLINKS 7AUILT, AND MORE PARTICULAKLY TO ITS PRESENT RES- PECTED HEAD^RAMBLINO, INTRODUCTORY, AND ▲ LITTLE BIOGRAPHICAL. Mr. John Blinks was a good, honest, respect- able and comfortable sort of a man, who had started light in the race of life ; carrying lit- tle or noUiing in those artificial cavities, the pockets, which serve much the same purpose m man, as the pouch of the monkey and extra stomach of the camel do in those other varie- ties of mammiferous animals. The race of life, however, differs from all other races in this important particular — ^that light weight by no means increases speed — and to be what is commonly called a * fast man," it becomes essentially necessary that he should be well, that is, heavily backed — the more heavily the better ; ana strange to say, the more of this kind of weight he car- ries, the more he seems to be in need of ballast In llr. John Blinks, as I said before, these convenient appurtenances were at the com- i^encement of his journey, in a collapsed, shrunken and empty condition — and if the naked truth must be told, the natural cavities of the body, which were evidently intended by nature to contain something, as she has made nothing in vain, were in not much bet- ter condition. "What!" says one, "were his stomach and his pockets equally empty?" Alas ! poor fellow, it was even so, for being the second of ten boys, his father, who for the trifling duty of curing the souls of three or four thousand parishioners in a rural dis- trict in the south of England, received for emolument something less than half of the salary of my Lord Cutaway^s vaUt de ehamhre ; was not always able, notwithstanding, the active economy of a bustling little wife, to spread so ample a board as the actual necessi- ties of a growing fiimily required. Now John was emphatically a sturdy chip of an old English oak block, which means, I suppose, that be was sound at heart, though vegetating on little better than a barren rock. A soil, if 80 it may be called, which not unfre- quently yields the toughest and most durable timber ; and though not blest at the period of which I speak with the most acute per- ceptions— ^he had still a very tolerable share of what this world, ever dealing in the strong- est contradictions, calls from its rarity com- mon sense. John had now attained the age of fifteen, and a perpendicular altitude of five feet four inches, and lying on his back one clear, calm, cloudless day, in the neighbourhood of a friendly hedge, looking up into the un&thom- ablt sky, a position he was fond of aasoming when in a thoughtfril mood — it seemed so to expand his soul, and clear his mind from the dust and rust of plodding every day matters, as a plunge in the clear blue ocean refreshes and invigorates the physical frame. The idea suddenly seemed to stnke him that this kind of thing was not going to do. He was get- ting too old to be much longer dependent upon a father whose small means were already over; taxed. Sooner or later he must grapple ^fth the world for himself, fighting in the ranks as a foot soldier, he must now advance with the column or he would be thrown down, marched over and trodden under foot Man is a progressive animal, and already in the gene- rous spirit of budding manhood he felt him- self a man, his breast expanded at the thought, he did not believe the journey of life so rough as had been represented to him, he felt withm him a latent energy which could scale moun- tains, or dare the dangers of the untrodden deep, and ere he sprang from the ground, his resolution was taken, and he who but an hour ago had lain down a boy, rose frx>m the eartli aman. Of how much do we not feel ourselves capable at such an age, and why not? Is it not so in every phase of nature ? It is the young bee, inexperienced though he may seem, that fiibricates the purest honey ; — ^the young shoots, and not the scathed and time- worn branches that yield the fairest and most perfect fruit We idl probably enter upon life forewarned, and therefore forearmed to meet its trials, we are ready and able enough to scale its cloud-topped mountains, but we stumble over the first mole-hill in our path — and, firom every fall, rise dispirited and with the loss of much of that confidence which was our greatest strength. The gigantic diffi- culties we were to encounter and grapple with like Titaus, seem never to come withm reach of our arm — ^but the lapse of a few short years finds us broken down, disheartened, dismayed and perishing, like a lion stung to death by gnats, amidst the pressure of innu- merable ills of so petty a nature, that fh^ would excite in us only a smile of scom, had we been left but a tithe of the glowing eneigy with which we first bounded forward to encounter them. Could we but meet the ills of life drawn up in array for pitched battle at such a time. Who would not fight man- fully to the last gasp against any odds t and — " A« Tictor exDit, or in deatk be IiSd low, With his back (o the field and his feel to the foe.'> But this is not our destiny. We are fitting in an enemy^s country, whose policy \% is not to expose himself to the first flush of our ardour; though the adverse powers ner^ oppose themselves in any great force. Tek are they never altogether absent, we are har- rassed continually in firont^ flank and rear, until fairiy worn out and exhausted with marching, counter-marching and umamembls OCCASIONAL SAYINGS AND DOINGS OF THE BLINKS'. 807 small reverses — too contemptible to be taken indiyidually into consideration, we are ready at the first new alarm to throw down our arms, and yield us up prisoners to a mere handful of the foe. John straightway returned home, and aston- ished his father by stating broadly the result of his cogitations, — adding, * If the world is, as Antonio says, * A tla^e whore every man must play his part ;' then it is time I began to play mine. Life is short, and the world is wide. It must find room for me. I will no longer under any coDsidcration be a burthen and expense to you and my mother. The world may be a hard nut to open, but if there is anything in it, it shall yield me my share of the Kernel" It was in vain that the worthy old pastor impressed upon his mmd the impracticability of his scheme, he ^maintained stoutly that " nothing is impossible to him that beUeveth," and he had no want of faith. Was not his- tory full of examples of the unconquerable force of the human mind when directed by energy and perseyerance ? Did not Thomas Qay, the lighterman^s son, begin the world penniless and die possessed of half a million ? And do not the Tarn worth Almshouses, Ghrisfs Hospital, and the yet more celebrated one in Soathwark which bears his name, yet stand to commemorate the fact? And haye not hun- dreds of others fought the battle of life single handed with equal success? Impracticable! Pshaw ! eyery thing was impossible till it was accomplished. Columbus* egg was a case in point; nature, he argued, was full of mysteries, which it was the business of man to unrayel, and things that now are regarded as common- place matters of course, were absolute impos- sibilities a few centuries ago. As if to establish sads&ctorily, at least to his own mind, the truth of his arguments ; he succeeded in a short time in oyerruling by his honest and earnest manner the cautious adyice of his &ther, and the, yet harder to oyercome, tearful dissuasions of his mother, and one sun- rise saw him with all his worldly possessions appended to a stout cudgel oyer his shoulder, bidding adieu to the home of his childhood, and stepping out manfuUy for the nearest sea- port town, with the determination of putting himself on board the first ship, no matter what her destination, that would take him for what upon trial he might be worth. '* Aids ioif et U del Vaidera^^ says tiie French pro- verb. John had neyer heard of it, unless •^sop^s waggoner imploring asssistance firom Hercules could haye giyen him a hint, but in his own mind he had already experienced its meaning. John% education in consequence of the Actiye duties in which his fikUierwas engaged, coupled with his scanty means^ had been much neglected; of reading and writing, those two doorways of knowledge, he pos- sessed the keys, beyond this he had little to boast of; but there were few books in his own language, within his reach, that he had not read, and as is not unfiequently the case with boys who haye felt the want of education, he was a tolerably good thinker. To haye seen his awkward loutish figure, reclining in the position I haye mentioned, beneath the shade of a hedge or tree — ^a casual observer would haye regarded him as the personification of laziness ; but such judgment would have been as false as the superficial judgments of the world usually are. There was an engine at work within that apparently inanimate form — and a certain amount which was represented by the knowledge he had picked up firom various sources, was then and there being multiplied by reflection — any small facts which nature offered as he went along being added in to make up the sum total. By this process of mental arithmetic he had long since arrived at the conclusion, that the greatest mechani- cal power which the world has produced, could never equal the effects of the steady continuous application of the smallest means. The slow development of the oak firom thjo acorn had not escaped him — nor the smooth and silent action ol the rill which had worn itsdf a passage through the granite rock. " Rome " thought he, * was not built in a day," but time hath conquered even Rome, the race L9 not to the swift nor the battle to the strong ;, and nature upon idl sides proclaims this truth^ that perseverance is strength. What is the power of the minute coral insect when com- pared to that of the mighty ocean in its wrath? Yet tlus insignificant adversary is daily robbing the sea of its dominions — and ocean recoils foaming before it Many a fer- tile island, the work of this fnSi architect, now waves its blooming verdure — ^where once the storm-tost mariner foundered amid the waters^ and sounded their depths in vain I It was with the fiill intention to go and do likewise, so far as the power in him Uy, that John now, " lika the nantUiu ahell on the ftthomleu sea,'* steered boldly forth into the world. It was his first voyage out of sight of home — ^but he was honest resolute, hopefhl and courageous — ^all which qualities are indispensable in a journey attended by so many dangers; — and long ere time had " Sent with pallid my, Streaks of coM, untimely gray. Through the locka whose burnished hue Had but seen of yean a few." Honesty, resolution and courage, had wodi their reward. Rich, he was not, yet ; but he had enough, and to spare— and this^ in his- opinion, was wealth. The nature of John Blinks, however, was not one to emoy the favours of fortune alone — and in verification of the proverb — " Where goods increase, they are increased whioh eftfe 808 OCCASIONAL SAYINGS AND DOINGS OF TBOS BUNKS'. them/^ — he about this time took it into his head to many — " to have some one," as he has since expressed it to me in the words of a &yourite poet, (for John, while gaUiering the fruit of the garden, was not unmindful of the flowers,) " To cheer his aickneae ■ watch hit health— Firtake— but never watte bi« wealth— Or stand with emilet unmurmuring by. And lighten half his poverty." The person who was distinguished by bar- ing this honour conferred upon her (and let me tell you that the gift of luilf such a heart as his was an honour that the highest in the land might have been proud of), was the only daughter of a Mr. Percival, a gentleman of decayed fortune, whose acquaintance he had picked up during a bhort sojourn at Monte-Video, where he had gone as super* cargo. John had carried his principles with him &irly through life-— did nothing in a hurry, except occasional acts of charity, of whicn the world, who considered him a close, cautious man, knew nothing ; but haring once made up his mind upon any subject^ it be- came from that time as unalterable as the laws of the Modes aftd Persians. It was ow- ing to this peculiar idiosyncrasy that his ma- trimonial operations were conducted in a dif- ferent manner to that commonly pursued by men who ai'e getting up in the world. It did not take him long to satisfy himself that in Jane PerciTal he had found one of those rare specimens, who, thoueh cast in Nature's fkir- est mould, presented her ieast attractive side to the outward gaze. Much as you might be struck by her first appearance, which was singularly beautiful, this, which might be called the bloom upon the rose, was lost sight of when a more intimate acquaintance revealed what, to follow up the comparison, might be called the fragrance of the flower — the genu- ine and sterling qualities of her mind. John, however, was in no hunj. The idea of marriage had not presented itself to him, before, as one requiring his own personal con* idderation. Love had never knocked at the door, or, if he had, he had found the occupant so much engaged with other concerns that he had no time nor inclination to let in so trou- blesome a visitor. But now he would be de- nied no more — and his knocks were so loud and frequent that John felt he must give him A hearing at last ; and who that ever yielded so much to the imp, but has found his con- cessions met by yet more unreasoaable d^ mandsf Such, however, was the experience of our frieiKL For though he had now sailed on his return voyage, the miaohievous urchin, whose 'acquaintance he had made, would give him no rest There was no end to the tricks he played him : and even his sleep, which before had been tranquil as that of a child, was now, throus:h his machinations, continually troubled (or, fair reader, blost, if you prefer it), by vis- ions of the lady of Monte-Yideo in desperate positions-— either drowning, burning^ bang rudely assaulted, or some other equi&y terri- ble alternative, from which nothing but the most violent efforts of Mr. John Blmks could rescue her. All men of genius have their pecuharitiea and favourite positions for indulging in medi- tation. Calvin thought best in bed ; Cujas when laid at full length upon the carpet; Gamoens amidst the tramp of charging squad- rons ; Comeille with bandaged eyes, writhing upon a sofii. That of John may, perhaps, be remembered ; and though &r from the stumy fields of merry England, was there no other place in which he could indulge his humour I Happy thought I The upper poop deck was a quiet, retired spot; the cros^ack was as good for all practical purposes as a hedge ; and, no sooner said thaa done, he was up— aye, and down upon his spinal processes ere his eye had lost its momentary glance of ex- ultation. It was long since he had ei\joyed such a refreshing reverie— even Time for a moment seemed to be arrested, and the past, the present and the future, were arraigned be- fore him, as they shall hereafter stand in the endless now of eternity. Who can tell over what weary wastes of land and oceao, thought, that electric spark of the mind ranged instantaneously, as some new feature of the case under consideration required the presence of the various parties interested at the conference. Swift as was the arrowy course of the shoal of porpoises which played about the ship, as though she rested station- ary upon the waters, crossing and recrossing her course, curvetting and leaping ; now, a thousand &thoms deep beneath the clear blue sea, now tossing the whole length of their shilling bodies aloft into the sun^s rays, glit- tering like gems and gold. What though their speed had rivalled that of the storm- driven cloud, was it, when compared to that subtle movement of the mind ? Surely a type of its immortality. Space, it hath akeady an- nihilated. But Time is yet to be overcome. After long study and reflection, John a^ rived at the conclusion that it would be prih dent to marry. ' I am not yet rich," said he, * but I can already see that the road I am travelling leads to competence, and I have travelled towards it too long to be mistaken." It never for a moment entered his tiMUgfatfl to consider what the wei^t of the hdy^ dower might be ; he had never been accus- tomed to make bargains in that way ; and, I am satisfied fitun what I know of him, that even when surrounded by the ereatest diffi- culties, he would have spumea contempta- ously any amount of g(dd that m^ht hire been ofieied him in compensation for many* ing a woman he did not love. He despised all such traficking as a species of dishonest baj^er, in which himself represented the OCCASIONAL SAYINGS AND DOINGS OF THE BLINKS'. 809 amount to be paid in consideration ; and he would no more have consented to pass him- self off for more or less than he was worth, than he would have paid for any merchandise in spurious coin. Poverty in principle and poverty in love, thought he, are the only two poverties to be avoided in marriage ; for love which alone can confer happiness in the mar^ ried state, is a plant that may be nourished by riches, but cannot be begotten by them. John had practically fathomed the meaning of the word poverty, and \mderstood the right use of money as well as any one. It repre- sented at once his ammunition and commis- sariat department, for the war which he waged with Time — but beyond this he cared Tory little for it, thinking, with Bacon, that '* riches cannot be called by a better name than the baggage of virtue ; for as the bag- page is to an army, so is riches to virtue ; It cannot be spared nor left behind, but it hlndereth the march ; yea, and the care of it sometimes loseth or disturbeth the vic- tory." With riches, beyond what he had daily use lor, he as yet knew little ; but with poverty he had gone to school, and been on terms of the most intimate acquaintance. He was a rough fellow, and had bullied him a good deal at first, but John was candid enough to own that he had received as much good as evil at his hands ; and after grappling with him often, and at length overcoming him. he had learnt to regard him in a different light — and, like a true John Bull, refU^d ever afterwards to fear an enemy whom he had once conquered. His mind once made up on the question, he began to wonder within himself that its advantages, had never struck him befbre. He alwajs knew there was something he wanted — a sort of indefinable longing, as if some at- traction were being constantly practised to- wards him, which he could not altogether resist, nor yet quite understand the means of complying with. It was as clear as the noon- daj sun to him now : the fountain had burst its bounds, and flowed as naturally to the ocean of its destiny as any other mountain torrent rushes to the sea. And no two tri- butary streams ever mingled their clear wa- ters to ibrm one river, in more indivisible unitj, than he felt in the beautiful language of Scripture, that " they twain would be one flesh.'* Nevertheless, he was to all appear- ance as cool as a cucumber, for he was not a man to be carried madly away by anybody or anything. The passions, he used to say, are either good <yt evil in exact proportion to the nnk which they occupy in the kingdom of the mind. If they are subservient, then are we masters, and enjoy all the advantages to be derived from their ready participation in our desires. If they are masters, then are we slaves, and subject to all the heartburn- ings and ignominious conditions which slavery imposes. in leaving John to his soliloquy, the reader will not be surprised to hear that he soon found his way back to Monte-Video ; he ar- rived there mostof^rtunely, for Janets father, had died, and the young and delicately-nur- tured girl, left to her own resources, was just making her first actual acquaintance with a cold and selfish world. Her unprotected con- dition left her exposed to the worst evils, and her hitherto sunny life had already been darkened by the pettv annoyances to which her position rendered her peculiarly obnox- ious. John, when he sailed from Monte- Video, had said nothing definite about ever returning thither again; but Jane, by that quick intuitive perception which women so eminentiy possess in matters of the heart, had read, to a certain extent, his feelings almost before he had rightly construed them himsel£ His return, therefore, though nothing could have been more in accordance with her own wishes, did not appear to astonish her so much as John had expected. During his short stay upon this second oc- casion, he outraged all preconceived notions of his being a quiet commercial gentleman ; embroiled himself with many of the young men of the city, one of whom, an erratic dis- ciple of Esculapius, he had incontinentiy kicked out of the window, for some real or fiuicied impertinence to his inamorata, where- by, to use that worthy's own words, the glutei muscles and tubera ischii were so se- riously injured, that he was unable to present himself comfortably on horseback for a week.	50,402
australianlawti02unkngoog_38	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,880	The Australian law times	None	English	Spoken	7,903	11,904	15/ to furnish. The council stated then that there were five miles of streets in the borough which had been formed on a permanent level, that a consider- able part of the street wae altered^ one part being oat down and another being raised; These were facts from which the inference could be drawn that tiie' council of the. then town of Frahran considered I3>at this portion of High-street was fixed at a level which the council intended should be a permanent lerveL If so, the present council coiild not proceed to fix levels under sec. 408 of the present Act with- out exceeding the powers- given to it. Biit there was another ground on which the defendants had ftiiled to support their defence. Assuming that it Wias not lerveiled or paved, and there was abundant evidence that the whole of this street was suli^t to a process by which it was smoothed and prepared far^ traffic^ and that from that time it had been used for that. pur{k>8e;' but, assuming that it did not eome ' within that definitiop, « the defendants had failed to show that they had fixed the levels in the niann^r:pxesoribed'by; tfaf statute. ' They -were louiid io &x the Jevete in such a- way as to give to tl^e inbabitantcra right of" appeal; They were bound Id givj^ notice, one month at the^leafit,' before fxing the levtels, by advertisement to be twice inserted in a newspaper, of ithmr intentioii' to ^x the levels. ^ One inonfh, at the kast,''- nieaint one dear month. The ^evidence hei^. showed <ihst only one advertise- ment ^was.pubiishhdiit the tiine^ fmd the insertion of tlubi^9«Sl0/altMtlwii^ the notice. It wae not necessary to refer te the'» decision in the case of Eing v. The Mayor of Kew, because that was a case where the levels were not fixed, and the present case stood upon a difiPerent ground from it The plaintiff had made out his right to maintain the verdict for £490 9s. 6d. June 4. Thb Qubbk v. Geobob Noblbtt. Jijtsticea of the Peace Statute {Amendment) 1876^- (No. 565^, eeo, 2\'^A $tatement taken tn oecor* 'dance with the provisiona of eec 21 if Act No.- 565 can be read in evidence without previous medical testimony to show that the person making the statement was %U at the time such statement was taken^Such statement need not be signed then and there by the justice taking the same. This was a special case stated by Judge Oope for the opinion of the judges of the Supreme Court Mb. Pisheb appeared for the prisoner; Mb.* Ohomlby for the Crown. The prisoner, George Noblett, was tried at the criminal sittings of the Supreme Court, at Mel- bourne) on the 15th April, before Judge Cope, on a charge of stealing in a dwelling-house. It ap- peared that the prisoner waa engaged to act as a nurse to one William Perryj and it was alleged that whilst he was so employed he stole a sum of money from Perry's trousers' pockets. Perry, had died before the trial, and his statement on oath, which purported to be taken under the 2l8t section of the Act No. 565, waa tendered in evidence by tixe Crown, but objected to by the counsel for the prisoner — first, on the ground that before such a statement could be put in and read medical evi* dence shonld be called by the Crown to show that the deceased man was ill at the time such state- ment was taken ; and, secondly, on the ground that the justice before whom.it was taken did not sub- scribe it " thereupon,^' as required by the Act, and which, it was submitted, meant ''. then and there/^ without leaving the room, but (as it appeared on cross-examination) took it with him to the court- house, a distance of about a quarter of a mile, and as at rst stated, ^'within three minutes," but, subsequently changed to within a few minutes, of taking such statement^ signed the same, and added thereto his reasons for taking it Judge Cope ovep- ruled both objections, and admitted the statement reserving for the condderation of the judge of the Supreme Court the determination of the question as to whether his ruling was correct or not The prisoner was found guilty, and senteiice waa passed^ Section 21 ef the Justicea of the Peace Amendment Act No. 565 provided that, whenever it shall be made to appear to thesatisfaiction of any justice that any person dangerously ill, and in the opinion of some legally qualified medical practitioner not likely to recover from such illness, is able and will- ing to give matetial information relating to anj indictable -offqixDiy it ehaU be lawful fori tU juatioe >igitized by I 0»t_„ June lOih, MM.; THB AnSmAUAN LAW l^TMSS. \Sf6 to take in writing the statement on oath ov affirma- tion of Buoh person so being ill, and sach jastice shall thereupon sobscribe the same^ and shall add thereto, bj way of cantion, a statement of his reason for taking the same, and of the day and plaoe when and where the same was taken. The Court held that the evidenoe was admissible, •and oonfirmed the oonviotion. May 13, U; June 2. ^HB Ejmo's Bibthdat Co. (Rsqistebsd) v. Jack. Mining Companies Act 1871 (No. 409), sees, 60, 52, 54, 55 — Absolute for/eihtre of shares — CaUs^Upon absolute foifeihcre of a share under sec. 54 of Act. 409 the person to whom the forfeited share belonged is relieved Jrom liability to be. swed for Uie eall, the non-pay- ment of which has occasioned the forfeiture, and he is exonerated further from liability to pay any calls subsequently made by the comr pany. Under sec. 52 the manager alone can sue for the amount of a call within tJie foitrteen daySj and if that time is oMowed to elapse^ neither the manager nor the company can after- wards sue the person who ovmed the forfeited share, either for the first or any subsequent call upon U. Appeal from County Court, Dunolly. Mb. Hblm and Mb. MInttbb for the appellant (defendant) ; Mb. Topp and Mb. Babbett for the pUuntiff (respondent). The plaintiff company sued the defendant, James Jack, for £27 10s., for eight calls made on shares held by him in the company. The calls were made at intervals between December, 1883, and July, 1884. The questions involred in the case were, whether an action for calls could be brought in the County Court by the company after 14 days had elapsed from the time when the call was payable, and the second question was whether a shareholder who did not pay one call could be sued for that and subsequent calla The judge of the County Court decided in favour of the company, and gave a verdict for the amount of the calls. The defendant now appealed. Mb. Justice Hioinbothah, in delivering the judgment of the Court, said : The plaintiff company sued the defendant in the Dunolly County Court to recover eight calls on the inereased capital of the company, the first of which was due on December 12, 1883, and the last on July 9, 1884. The learned judge of the County Court gave judgment for the plaintiffs for the full amount claimed, with costs. Against that decision the defendant has appealed. It was a leading feature of the policy of the Mining Companies' Act 1871 to protect diare- holden of mining companies and to reduce their liability within fixed limits of time and amount With this objact in view some new and striking provisions were introduced into that portion of the Act which relates to calls (sec- tions 50 to 57). Thus calls are in all cases to be made payable on a particular day of the month, of which public notice is to be given, and upon no other day (section 50). A call is to be recoverable either in the County Court, or before any Justice by the manager as a debt diie to the company, provided (and this condition applies, in our opinion, to pro- ceedings taken by the manager before a justice^ as well as in the County Court), that proceedings be commenced within 14 days from the day when the call was payable (section 52). Then follows a very remarkable provision, viz., that any share upon which a call due is unpaid shall, at the expiration of 14 days after the date upon which the date shall be due, be absolutely forfeited, without any resolu- tion of the directors or other proeeeditigs— provided that no proceeding for the recovery of the call shall during such 14 days have been commenced ; and whei^ ^a proceeding is taken -within that ttnle«the same consequence of absolute forfeiture of the share is to follow if the amount awarded shall not be paid or satisfied within 14 days after the judgment or order has been obtained (section 54). A forfeited share may be sold, and the proceeds applied in pay- ment of the call and expenses (section 55). The words '' absolutely forfeited " are to be taken, we think, in their literal sense. The share is gone from the owner, who ceases to be a shareholder at the expiration of the time limited for payment ef the call j he is then relieved from all liability for that as well as for future calls, but if the company exercises its option not to sell the share, he may, if he likes, come in at any time before sale, and regain the status of a shareholder. If, however, the company sell the forfeited share, the person to whom it belonged at once and finally loses all interest in it Upon absolute forfeiture, the time of which is exactly defined, the person to whom the forfeited share belonged is relieved, in our opinion, from liability to be sued for the call, the non-payment of which has occasioned the forfeiture, and he is exonerated further from liability to pay any calls subsequently made by the company. The manager must commence proceedings within fourteen days from the day when the call is payable ; if4ie <miit tor Digitized by VrrOOQ IC TWM AUSTBHOAm UM WOOk iW do ao, and the Aax^ ia coaseqaenca absolutely forfeited attbeend of that time, it would be oontrarjT, we thiak^ to the olearly^xpressed in- teatioa of tbe legislature to hold that the companj minht at any sabaequent time institute prooeediags ia its own name to reoover the amount of the first or of any subsequent pall. We thiak that the .light of suit ia giyea to the mfMiager, and to the maaageraloaei and for a time whiob has designedly been made short ; and that if that time is allowed to. elapse, neither the manager nor the oompany oan afterwards sue the person who owned the forfeited share, either for the first or for aay sub- sequent call upon it, The view that we take of the general intention of the Aot relating to calls. eannot be reconciled with the last part of section 53, which provides that payment of any number of calls due by a shareholder may be enforced in oae and the same proceeding before a justice. The of GiUhridge v. Oippslander &, M. Co., 5 ng.g..°g A. J. B., p. 161 ; and S$gfinav. M^Gregor^ wpa/rte Wilkmawi, 6 Y. L. Re-entry implies a previous complete removal of the name from the register, or something tanta- mount to removal. The general intention of these sections of the Aot relating to calls is, we think, plain, and such general intention must pre- vail against the particular intention of a portion of one of the sections inoonsbtent with and subordi- nate to it. The appeal will be allowed, but with- out costs. Digitized by Google ' AlSr ANALYTICAL DIGEST OF TSB GA8E8 REPORTED IN THE AUSTRALIAN LAW TIMES REPORTS, FOE THE TSAB 1884-5, VOLUME VI. Compiled by James C. Andbrsok, Esq., LL.B., Barri^ter-ca-Law, VICTORIA. Accounts, filing of — See PEAcncB (Probate); Butcher r. Mantn, 113. Accounts, not keeping reaso nab le — See Jnsolysnoy Statute (12) ; Re Monaghan, 1. Accounts, passing of—Sss PEAcrriOB (Probate) (29) ; In the Wm of AUison, 143. Accounts, taking of — See PaAcrriCE (2) ; BOl v. Clarke, 127. Acquiescence-See Nuisance. Action, Agreement to abandon— where a plaintiflf in the full possession of his senses, and with the advice of a friend, enters into an agreement to abandon an action, he will not be allowed to continue it in breach of such agree- ment ; Johnston v. Boyd^ 236. Action, Joinder of Causes of— See Practicb (36) ; M'AuUy V. Beatty, 266. Administration— See Peobatb. Administration Act 1872 (No. 427), seo. 36— Applies only to a resisting executor ; Ju Spinka, 36. Adverse Possession. — See EjEqTHSHT (3); Hall v, Warbur- ton, 12. Advertisement— See Praotiob (Probate) (17, 29) ; In the WiU of Schneider, 85.; In re QfoaA, 171. Affidavit— See Peacwice- (Pro- bate). (2.) Jurat of — See Jus- tices OF THE Peace (Auekdhekt) Statute, 1867 (7) ; Reg, v. HovoiU, ex parte Walker, 150. Agreement— Action for breach of an agreement terminated by third party— onus of proof lies on plain- tiff to show the authority of the third ]^arty— Where an agreement is ambiguous documents of thepre- lindnary negotiations may be looked at to ascertain the intention of the parties ; Norton v. WiUiamaoni 101. Amendment of Informali- ties Act 1884— (No. 810), sec. 6 — See Trades Marks Statute 1864 ; Reg, v. Alley, ex parte M'Queen, 169. Answer— See Divorce (4) ; Belcher V. Belcher, 21. Appeal from County Court —New trial— Opinion of judse of inferior Court erroneous ; 7%e Buujlkh Patent Damp-rensting Co, V, Luplau, 243. Appeal, Notice of- See Prac- tice (78) ; Lewis v, Klapproth, 221. (2.) See Justices of the Peace Statute (6) 1865 ; Boyle v, Reynolds, 256. ——(3.) Re-hearing of action on appeal from County Court — See Practice (9) ; 0Hara v. Rochford, 219. ——(4.) Suit defective for want of parties— Leave to amend—Join- ing absent infant — Next-of-kin necessary parties to suit by trustee in insolvency to recover policy of insurance on life of deceased insol- vent — Life Assurance Companies Act 1873 (No. 474), seo. 37— Con- struction and application — Appeal Court refused to decide question of construction while decision pending before primary judge; Davey v. Pern, 131. Appeal Case from County Court, Contents of— See County Court Statute 1860(15) ; BaM V. Williams^ 162. (2.) Preparation of— See County Court Statute (13) ; Grant v, CfUligan, 10. (3.) Striking out- Filingand Serving of— See Justice of the Peace Statute 1865 (5) ; Local Board of Health of Bcdlarat v. Carvalho, 191. Arbitration and Award- Award set aside where the arbi- trator has not dealt with a question which was left to him ; In theAr- hitration of Husband v. Husband, 60. Arbitration— Agreement to Refer; See Common Law Pro- OBDUBB Statute 1866 (2); Tk4muon V, The Tasmanian Fire Insurance Company, 167. (2.) Reference to— See Common Law Procedure Statute 1865 (1) ; Ferrell v. Imperial Fire Inauranee Company, 10. Assignee against Wife of Insolvent— Evidence necessary where wife of insolvent claims to be entitled to money in a bank in the name of the husl>and — Of crops upon land apparently fanned bv the husband ; Haskerv. 8umm€rs,80. (2.) Appointment of New— Act 7 Vict., No. 19, sec. 13 — Discretion— Although the Act 7 Vict., No. 19, allows the appoint- ment of new assignees, the Court has a discretion— AiO&davit of appli- cant's solicitor necessary as to whether the insolvent wanted his certificate, and what he wanted it for, whether there were any credi- tors, whether they had been served with notice of the application, and whether any creditors had proved their debts ; Re Snowball, re TrC' gaskis, 197. Assignment-See Landlord AND Tenant (2) ; Foreman v. Gill, 22. (2.) bjr cestui que trust of in- terest in portion of trust estate as se- curitv for loan— Mortgage- Parties — ^Where an executor nad siven in- structions to hk solicitors to do the necessary acts to entitle him to act as executor, and had acted as such althouffh he had not proved the will— ^eZd, that such executor was a necessary party in an action by a creditor of one of the oestuis que truitent; Ninnis v, Heales, 264. (3.) by way of Mort- gage—Concurrent bill of sale — Omission to renew contract of sale —Contract for letting and hiring— Security— Redemption ; Pruntz v, Anthoness, 194. " (4.) Notice of— See LiFi Assurance Companies' Act 1873 (3) ; Walpole v. The Colonial Bank, 147. Attachment. Foreign — See Pbaoxigb (6); SaUey v. Ban^f 66, Digitized by Google 280 AN ANALYTICAL DIGEST— Vol. VI. Attachment of Surplus Moneys In Sheriff's Hands — See Practice (73) ; WhiUUyv. Rwerina and Schuca Hed Oum Oompany, 237. Attorney. Name of, Not entered In County Court Book— See County Court Sta TUTB 1869(1) ; Oiffard v. Unity Q. M, Company, 159. Ballot Papers- See Local Go- VERyuENT Act 1874 (7); JReg. r. PooUy^ ex parte Scarlett, 160. Banker and Customer- Dia- hononr of cheque — Banker not liable to crutomer for the dbhonor of a cheque where the 8um of money for which the cheque u drawn U not filled in in the body of the inatmment ; H%iUB v. The Commer- cial Bank, 9. Bill of Costs, Order for Delivery of- See Practice (7) ; In re Chamber; ex parte Speed, 126. Bill of Exchange— See Mar RiED Women's Property Act (1) ; Rennieon v. Keighran, 61. Bill of Sale, concurrent with Assignment by way of Mortgage — See Assign- ment (2) ; Pruntz v, Anthonees, 194. Bills of Sale Act 1876 (No. 667), sec. 15— Contract for letting and hirin^^Real contract not put into writing ; Howse v, Glowry, 8 V. L. R. (L) 280 followed ; Bruce v. Oamett, 13. Bond— See PRAcncE (Probate). ■ (2.) Assignment of bond entered into by Mministrator— An improner payment of simple con- tract aebts before judgment debts or a delay in pavment of debts oonstitutes a breacn of the adminis- tration bond, and a creditor would be entitled to sue upon such bond —Where a creditor has assigned his right he cannot sue; Be KeUacky, 196. Bye-laws— See Local Qovsbn- mbnt Act 1874 (11); Bider v. PhiUip$, 87. ■ (2.) See Local Government Act 1874 (10) ; Be the Shire of Bo- rw>ndara, ex parte. Wadick, 209. Calls, Liability for-See Mxn- ING Companies^ Act 1871 (2); King's Birthday Co, {Begittered) v. Jack, 276. Candidate, Election of, for Municipal Council — See Local Government Act 1874 (4) ; Beg, V, M'Leod, ex parte Watson^ 181. Capias ad Respondendum See Common Law Procedure Statute (4) ; Union Bank' v. Bin- dermant 87. ' Capias ad Satisfaciendum —See Common Law Procedure Statute 1865 (4) ; Union Bank v. Binderman, 87. (2.) A writ of capias ad salis- faciendum is merely a writ of the Supreme Court of the colony of Victoria, and as such has authority only within the limits of the colony; Beg. v, Bobinson, 141. Casts of Tracks- See Evi- dence (8) ; Beg. v, O'Brien, 96. Caveat- See Probate. (2.) See Transfer of Land Statute 1866 (6) ; Ex parte Peck, 162. Certificate of Discharge- See Insolvency Statute 1871 (6) ; Be Sinclair, 79. Certiorari, Fiat for Writ of — Proof on oath of six days' notice in writing required by 13 Geo. II., c. 18, s. 6 ; Ex parte Sayer, 24. Charging Order-See Judica- ture Act 1883 (1) ; Long Tunnel O. M, Co, V, Zimmier, 26. Chattels — Mortgage — A legal mortgage of a personal chattel may be maoe without a deed ; Johnson V. Union Fire Insurance Company of New Zealand, 60. Cheque, Action on — See Practice (26); Nathan v, TumbuU, 139. (2.) Consideration for— See Landlord and Tenant (2) ; Foreman v, Oill, 22. (3.) Dishonour of— See Banker and Customer. Commission -See Evidence (2); Merry v. Beg,, 14. (2.) See Evidence (1); Austin V. Mackimton, 19. (3.) See Husband and Wife (1) ; MaXpas v, Malpas, 20. (4.) See Practice (Probate) (30) ; In the wiU qfAUison, 143. — (6.) to Examine Wit- nesses ^ See Evidence (2) ; Merry V, Beg., 23. Commissioner of Titles, Power of- See Transfer of Land Statute 1866 (2) ; Ex parte Metropolitan Building Society, 171. Committee of Lunatic— Where a person has obtained an order appomting him committee of the person and estate of a lunatic, but nas been unable to give the necessary security, the Court wiU not appoint the executor of a will under which the lunatic is entitled to property as committee in his place without a reference to the Master — Where the oonmiittee of a lunatio has died having incurred costs, his personal representative is the proper person to move for re-imbursement out of the estate ; Be Morris f 3. Common Law Procedure Statute 1865 (No. 274), sec 266 — Matter referred to arbitration — Power of judge over costs of the award ; Ferrell v. The Imperial Fire Insurance Company, 10. (2.) sec. 266— Agreement to refer — Staying proceedings in action in policy of msurance until after arbitration ~ Materials of applica- tion insufficient— Conditions essen- tial to jurisdiction of Court to grant order to stay proceedings, the Court or a jndffe must be satisfied (\) that no sufficient reason exists for non-reference to arbitration ; and (2) that the defendant was at the time of bringing the action, and continued to be, willing to join and concur in all acts neces- sary and proper for causing such matters to be decided by arbitra- tion. The burthen of proof of both condition rests with defendant ; Thomson V. The Tasmawan Firt In- surance Co,, 167. — (3.) sec. 308— Foreign judg- ment in personam — Execution in Victoria where judgment has been obtained in New South Wales against one member of a co-partnership on behalf of ftll the members— Execution can issue in Victoria against all such mem- bers upon the filinffof a memorial of such judgment--Where a foreign iudgment in personam is sought to be enforced in Victoria, such judg- ment is conclusive between all the original parties to the cause to the same extent as in the country where the judgment was obtained and is not examinable in our Courts exoept for defects apparent on the face of it, or upon extrinsic evidence ad- duced to show that the foreign Court had no jurisdiction, or that the judgment was obtained by fraud or manifest injustice; Hogan V, Moore, 166. (4.) sees. 331, 334, 336, 339 — Imprisonment for Debt (Amendment) 1866 (No. 292), sec. 2 — Common Law Procedure (Amend- ment) 1866 (No. 290), sec. 4— A writ of * capias ad regpondendum" cannot be issued after jud^ent — A writ of ^ capias ad satirfaden- dum " may be issued, but no one can be arrested on it -The word ^^cafias' in sec. 339 of Act No. 274 IS a writ of " capias ad respon- dendtan " only ; Union Bank v, Binderman, 87. (5.) Sec. 388-See Taza- TiON OF Costs (2 ; Be Dt^eU and Manton, 191. (6.) sec 429— Landlord and Tenant Statute 1864 (No. 192), sec 84— <^osts-> Action in trespass for imponnding sheep — ^Damages 'less than £10 recovered > Certifi- cate of judge— Meaning of sec 84 of Act No. 192; Sanderson v. gi AN ANALYTICAL DIGEST~Vol. VI. 281 Companies' (Mining) Act 18o7 (No. 324), sec. 9— No action can be brought against a member of an unregistered partnership for mining purposes upon a simple con- tract made by or with any other member of such partnership, on behalf of the same, unless such con- tract or memorandum thereof be in writing, and signed by the member sought to be charged ; Ex parte KUcM'ngman and MUton, 246. Companies' Statute 1864 (No. 190), sec. 73— Winding-up— Company carried on at a loss — Peti- tion by majority of shareholders The fact that a company has, from the first, been carried on at a loss, is no ground for allowing an appli- cation for winding-up the company compulsorily ; Re The Buzolich Patent Paint Company, 130. (2.) Sec. Ill, Bub-aee. 8— Winding-up company— Resolution — Where it is sought to voluntarily wind-up a company, on the ground that the company cannot, by reason of its liabilities, continue its busi- ness, such ground must be dis- tinctly stated in the extraordinary resolution ; Pe The Household Go- operative Supply AssociaUon, 247. — (3.) Sec. 121 — Applica- tion ex parte for delivery up by manager of books, &c., of company • - Notice of application required by judge ; Pe the Household Co-opera- tive Supply Co,, Limited, 213. Compensation-See Sale of Land (1) ; O'Shanasty r. Littlewood, 11. Compromise— See Life Assur- ance Companies' Act 1873 (3); Wal- pole V. The Colonial Bank, 147. Contract— See Bills of Sale Act 1876; Bruce V, OarneU, 13. Contract for Sale, Omis- sion to Renew— See Assign- ment ; Pruniz v, Anthoness, 194. Contract of Sale and of Letting and Hiring— See Instruments and Securities Statute 1876 (1); Afendell vM'Lay, 166. Contract for Letting and H i ri ng — See Assignment (2) ; Pruntz V. Anthoness, 194. Conversion, Wrongful — Pledge— Lien— Evidence of conver- sion —Inference of fact by Court - Acts inconsistent with plaintiff's ownership — Definition — To estab- lish a conversion, it ia sufficient if a right of possession by the party aggrieved be shown, althoueh that rSht mav be subject to fulEilment of conditions ; Claxton v. Evertng- ham, 132. Conviction— See Justices ofthe Peace (Prohibition), 1877 (11) ; Ex parte Kirk, 217. (2.) amendment of— See Trade Mabks Statute 1864 (2); Peg, v. Alley, Ex parte McQueen, 169. (3.) Form of —See Poisons Act 1876; Peg, v, ShUlinglaw, Ex parU Chine, 161. (4.) Sentence -> Prisoner pre- viously convicted, and sentenced on other charges - A prisoner was sen- tenced to a term of imprisonment, to commence at the conclusion of other sentences previously passed upon him— Held, that the form of conviction was good ; Peg, v, Hodges, 144. Copyright Act 1869- (No. 350), sees. 36, 60 -Who is an agmeved person within sec. 50— Who is the author of an engraving — What is an original engraving ; Pe Martin, 61. Costs— See Seoubitt FOR Costs (2); Lai Lai Iron Co. (^o Liability) r. MuUigan, 177. (2.) De die in diem —See determine it at the ensuing sittings ; Oijard v. The UnUy Gold Mining Company, 159. (2.) Sec. 39 - Thia sec- Husband and Wife (3) ; Hayle v, Hayle, 18. (3.) Discretion of a judge in Chambers with regard to ; Fahey V. Ivey, 26. (4.) Power of judge over costs of award— See Common Law Pboceduke Statxttb 1865 (1); Ferrell v. Imperial Hre Insurance Co., 10. (5.) Scale of— In applica- under Rules of Supreme 1884, Order XIV., r. 1; tions Court M'Lean v, Knipe, 166. (6.) Security for — A party recently . releasea from prison who is in destitute circumstances and who brings an action for his own benefit is not liable to give security for costs provided that he perma- nently resides within the jurisdic- tion of the Court ; Main v, Donald, 23. (7.) Plaintiff company liquidation - Removal of assets out of the reach of the process of the Court — Rules of Supreme Court, August, 1884, rr. 4, 5; Oriental Bankv, Balstead, 2f7 , (8.) Taxation of See Practice (7) ; In re Champs, ex parte Speed, 125. Counter-claim— A judge of the County Court has power to enter- tain a counter-claim under sec. 56 of the Judicature Act 1883 ; Griffin V, Poss, 258. County Court Statute 1869 (No. 345), sees. 35, 68 Prohibition — Name of attorney not entered in County Court Book — Power of ju^^e to reinstate case struck out — Where a judge has struck out a case on the ground that the name of the i^laintiff's attorney is not entered m the book, he has power to reinstatethe casei andtohearand \| tion relates only to actions com- menced in the County Court; Freeth r. Hines, 267. (3.) Sec. 42 — • Intorrosa- tories — Where the plaintiff's sole objection to have the action remitted ia that he wishes to deliver interrogatories to the de- fendant the judge will adjourn the summons to enable him to do so ; Nixon V, Milton, 98. - (4.) Sec. 43 — Applica. tion for security for costs or for remission of action to County Courtafter issue joined - Time when such application ought to be made; Po^ertson v. Brown, 46. (6.) Sec. 43 -Application for remission of action to the CJonnty Ck>urt —Practice ; lUley v, Hoyt, 67. (6.) Sec. 43 — AppUca- tion for remission of action to County Court made ** ex parte ;" Stevens v, Afayor, dx,, of Fleming- ton and Kensington, 98. (7.) Sec. 43 — Corpora- tion — Affidavit — A coiporation can apply under sec. 43 to have the action remitted -Who may make the necessary affidavit; Stevens v. Mayor of Flemington and Kensing- ton, 99. -(8.) Sec. 43— Remission of action to County Court — The words * 'other actions' in sec. 43 refer to fldl actions of tort not specifically enumerated in that section — Pro- cedure to be observed in applica- tions under sec. 43 of the County Ck>urt Statute 1865 for the remis- sion of an action from the Supreme Court to the County Court ; Taylor V, Port, 129. (9.) Sec 43 — Form .of summons and of the order following the summons to be ob- served m applications to remit actions under sec. 43 of the County Court Statute ; Goad v. The Mayor, Jfc, of St, Amaud, 168. (10.) Sec. 43 — Applica- tions under sec. 43 of Act No. 345 should be made before a defendant has delivered his state* ment of defence(i?o^er^son v. Broum, 6 A. L. T. 46 corrected); Turn- bvU V Miles, 267. (11.) sees. 72, 74, 76- Ejectment — Trial before a lury - Jurisdiction — An action of eject- ment in the CJounty Court cannot be tried by a jury— It does not fall within the three classes of excep- tions to the rule that a judge of a County Court has the exclusive power to determine all questions of fact as well as of law. SembUt a trial so held is a nullity not an irregnlaritv, and therefore cannot be allowed by conseni ; Mason v* Pyan, 152. Digitized by ' Google 282 AN ANALYTICAL DIGEST— Vol. VI. (12.) 8608. 100, 103 — A suit for redemption in which the 8a1e of the mortgaged hereditament8 is songht to be set -aside is within the jurisdiction in equity conferred upon the County Court by sec. lOO—A judge has a diM!retionary power under sec. 103, and will not order an action to be transferred to the County Court, if he think it a proper one to be tried in the Supreme Court ; Andrew v, Figg,96. (13.) sec. 120 — County Court Rules, 269, 271 — Appeal — Appeal case irregularly drawn up — Respondent not agreeing to or dissenting from case pre- pared by app^ant; Orant v, OiUigan, 10. (14.) sec. 120 — Appeal from County Court — Rehearing directed before a judge of the Supreme Court — Direction that' costs theretofore incurred and thereinafter incurred be paid by unsuccessful partv — Costs there- inafter incurred include the costs of the rehearing— Cost8»Review of taxation ; Slack v, Terry, 30. (15.) sec. 120.— Appeal from County Court— Appeal case — Evidence— The judge of the County Court should give the Court of Appeal the benefit of the evidence ne has been able to take in his notes, and should for- ward the exhibits which have been put in during the hearing ; BatUd V, WUlianu, 162. — -^ (16.) sec. 120— Practice to be observed where a cause in the County Court is directed on appeal to be reheard before a juoge of the Supreme Court; Eddingtcn and Cartahrook Estate Co. {No lAabUUy) v, Ochiltree, 189. (17.) sec. 120— Non-suit — Appeal from County Court — Misdirection ; LUOe v. Trotnuin, 252. Covenant.— See LAin)LOBD and Tbnaitp (5) ; Carson v. Wood, 92. Creditor, Administration by— See Practice (Probate) (28); Be Spmks, 36. (2.) Administration to— See Practicb (Probate) (28) ; InreQuish, 171. (3.) Preferential— A landlord has a right to appear and vote at a ceneral meetmg of his tenant's creditors ; Be Trump, 2. (4.) Secured— See iw soLVBNCT Statute 1871 (2); Be M'Namara, 112. Creditors, Meeting of— See Insolvenct Statute 1871 (1) ; i?e William Evans, 249. Criminal Law and Prao- tioe Statute 1864 (No. 233), sec. 48 — Where a priBoner is charged with unlawful!;^ and in- decently assaulting a girl under twelve vears of age, ignorance of such girrs age is no excuse ; Beg,v, Oibaon, 224. Cruelty — See Marriage and Matrimonial Causes Statute 1864 (2) ; French v. French, 210. Customs and Excise Act 1862 (No. 147), sec. 143-See Licensing Act 1876 (4); Beg, v, Walsh, 11. Damages— Breach of Contract- Review of taxation—Allowance of maintenance — The damages in an action founded upon breach of con- tract to retain and employ for a given time are to be an indemnity to the plaintiff for his losses by the breach of contract — The jury in assessing the damages may look at all that has happened, or (if the action is brought mimediately upon the wrongful dismissal, and before the end of the period of service) to all that is likely to happen to increase or mitigate the losses of the plain- tiff down to the day of trial— They cannot include in such damages as a separate item the plaintiff's main- tenance as a witness during the time he was awaiting trial as a witness— The prothonotary has a discretion to make such order, as to the allowance to a plaintiff as a witness for maintenance during an enforced detention at the place of trial, as he may think reasonable ; Norton v. Williamson, 128, (2.) Liquidated-Under an agreement not to carry on busi- ness for the space of five years under a penally of £100, and not to start in the same line of business in a radius of eight miles, it was held that the penalty of £100 was to be considered as liquidated damages for the breach of the first part of the Mpreement ; but that, as the secondpart did not contain any penalty, no damage could be recovered unless proved; Bennetts V. Akehurst, 242. Debts, Contracting Wit Fl- out Intending to Pay- See iNflOLyENCT Statute (12) ; Be Monaghan, 1. Decree —See Pbaotios. Desertion— See Mabsiaoe akd Matrimonial Causes Statute 1865 (1) ; Jones v. Jones, 182. Devastavit. Joinder of Ac- tion of, with otiier causes of action— See Practice (36) ; MAfdey v, Beatty, 266. Discovery— See Practice (63); Wainman v, Hansen, 67. (2.) of Documents— The £5 required by r. 26 of Order XXXI. to be paid into Court must be paid in before the summons for discovery is taken ont ; Aitken V. Mtershank, 205. ' (3.) An application for dis- covery of documents is not a prO' ceeding, and can be made although all proceedings in the action are ordered to be stayed ; Peck v. Lemd Mortgage Bank, 268. Divorce — See Husband and Wdte (3) ; Hayle v. Hayle, 18. (2.) See Maiuuaoe and Matrimonial Causes Statute i^MENDUENT AoT 1883; Cam- eron V, Cameron, 26. (3.) Alimony — Respondent out of jurisdiction — Where the Court has jurisdiction to entertain a petition for divorce whether the respondent is resident within the jurisdiction or not, it has also juris- diction to make any other order incident to such petition ; SplaU v, SplcUt, 218. ■ (4.) Paragraph in petition alle^^g that respondent was guilty of ' incest" before marriage rtruclc out as scandalous and irrelevant — Time for filing answer expired — Further time allowed — Brg, Oen,, 18th Sept., 1861, Rules 2. 19, 55 ; Belcher v. Belcher, 21. (5.) Rules of Supreme Court 1884, Oder XXXVDI., r. 10— Affidavit note -The note required by rule 10 of Order XXXVnr. to be appended to overy affidavit, must be added to all affidavits filed and used in the Divorce and Matri. monial Jurisdiction of the Suprem^ Court ; Cameron v, Cameron, 210. Document, Meaning: of — See iNSOLysNOT Statute 1871 (14) ; Be Clapham, 15. ■(2.) Production of— See Practioe (66) ; AUken v. Etter- shank, 221. • (3.) When a document con- taining promises to pay is to be re- garded as a promissory note under sec. 51 of Act No. 645— See Stahp Duties Act 1879; Davies v, Herbert 197. Easement— See Transfer ov Land Statute 1866 (2) ; Ex parte The Afetrqpolitan Bvilding Society 171. (2.) Where the defendant owned certain land on which were houses, and there was a water-pipe passing through other land of the defen<£uit and supplying such houses from the road, and the de- fendant after the sale of such houses to the plaintiff cut off such pipes so as to deprive the plaintiff of water. Hela, that this was a rea- sonable easement and passed to the plaintiff; Taylor v. Browning, 244. Ejectment— See Landlord and l^ANT (5) ; Carson v. Wood, 92. (2.) See County Court Statute 1869 (11); Mason v. Byoji^ 152. — — (3.) Adverse possession — ^In- f ence to be drawn from fence ex- tending across boundary — Mis- direction; HaUrVk War(fwiMu\2, Digitized by VrrOOQ IC AN ANALYTICAli DIGEST— Vol. VI. 283 Election of Councillor — See Local Govbbnhbht Act 1874 (4) ; Reg, v, M'Leod^ exparU Watswi, 181. Engraving— See Copymght Act 1869 ; Be MaHin, 61. Eviction — See Landlobd and Tenant (3) j JeU v. BradshaWi 110. Evidence — Commission to ex- amine witnesaeB— Commission not proceeded with— Taxation of costs —Review of taxation ; Austin v, MaMnnonf 19. (2.) Commission to examine witnesses— Application preriously refused by another jndge; Meriy V. Beg,y 28. (3.) A document, signed by the person impounding and given to the poundkeeper, and which stated that certain horses had been impounded, and that certain dam- ages for the trespass was demanded, is receivable in evidence, it having been proved that such person im- Sounmng had instructions from the efendant to impound; Orifin v. Boss, 258. (4.) Criminal Trial— Evi- dence cannot be given of a state- ment made by a witness at a pre- vious trial— What a prisoner says or does at a previous trial is adnus- sible ; Beg. v, Booney, 100. (6.) Discovery of Fresh— See New Trial ; Ward Fence, Inference to be drawn from -See Ejjctmbkt (3); Hallv. WarhurUm, 12. Fences Statute 1874 (No. 479), sec. 4— See Poukds Act 1874 (3); Reg. v. Hutchinson, ex parte JesseU, 161. !.) sees. 7, 8, 9-Pro- Heame, 49. (6.) Necessary witnesses residing out of the jurisdiction— Grant of commission to examine ; Merry v. Reg,, 14. . (7.) Taken by one party on commission after he and the other party have stated that they do not mtend to call further evidence inadmissible on the hearing; BeU V, Clarke, 34. . (8.) Trial for murder- Threats — Misdirection — Threats used against a class are evidence against a prisoner charged with the murder oi one of that class — The cast taken of traclu said to be the prisoner's, and of tracks made by the boots the prisoner was wearing at the time of his arrest are evi- dence — It is not a misdirection for the judge to tell the jury that they might tii^e into consideration the fact that it was not suggested that any one except the prisoner enter- tained any lU-feeling to the de- ceased, or had any motive or induce- ment to commit tl^e crime ; Beg, v, O'Brien, 95. (9.) Where wife of insolvent claims to be entitled to money in a bank in the name of the husoand ; Hasher v. Summers, 80. Executor— See Peobate. Execution, eguitable. See PBAOTioTiiS) ; ^rskank v. Bus- itU, 140. hibition— Dividing fence — Notice to contribute— Service of notice. A notice by one landowner calling upon his adjoining landowner to contribute to the construction of a dividinff fence must be served on such adjoining landowner person- ally-. What IS personal service ; Beg. V. Heron, ex parte Mulder, 143. Fictitious Capital, Meaning of —See Insolvency Statute (12) ; Be Monaghan, 1. Fisheries Act 1873 (No. 473), Bee. 34— Taking fish of less weight than prescribed by law— Evidence; ExparU Tobias, 10. Foreign Procedure — See PBAcncE (21) ; Cussen v, Macpher- son, 205. Forfeitures for Treason and Felony Abolition Act 1878 (No. 627), sec. 8— Assign- ment by curator of mining lease contrary to duty as curator — When a defendant who procured for him- self the appointment of curator under Act No. 627, sec. 8, wrong- fully transferred certain proper^ belonging to the estate, the Court ordered a reconveyance and an in- demnification for all loss resulting from such wrongful act to the owner on his release from custody ; MitcheU v, M'DougaU, 259. Fraud and Misrepresenta- tion, Particulars of- See Practice (42) ; Vail v. Oilmour, 168. Fraudulent Representa- tion- See Pkaotice (5) ; DesaiUy V, Ham,2\, Garnishee — See Practice (6) j Bailey V, Barclay, 66. 13 Geo. II., c. 18, s. 6— Fiat for writ of ceritorari— Proof on oath of six days* notice in writing neces- sary ; JEx parte Sayers, 24. 21 Geo. 111., c. 49— The act of 21 Geo. UI., c. 49, is in force in the colony of Victoria; M'Hugh v. Bohertson ; Benn v, Syme, 227. Guardian — See Iniant (2) ; Re Hunt, 84. (2)— See Married Womak (1) ; ReBonayne, 33. Guest— See Innkeeper Ain> Quest; Reg V. Hinton, 12. Health (Amendment) Act 1867 (No. 310), sec. 47- A local board cannot sue under sec. 47 of Aot No. 310, until notice has been nven of the amount due ; Local Board of Health qf BaUarat East V. Carvalho, 200. Husband and WifeT-IHvorce —Commission — Suit not in issuer — Commission granted to examine witnesses although the suit is not in issue, if circumstances require ; Maipas V. Malpas, 20. (2.) Gift by husband to wife within two years of the insol- vency of tiie husband— See In- solvency Statute 1871 (7) ; Cohen V. lArOz, 18. (3.) Petition for divorce by husband against wife — Application for costs of wife de die in diem, and for costs of trial— Form of order ; HayU V. Hayle, 18. (4.) Voluntary settlement —Where a husband having made a voluntary settlement of certain property on his wife, sold this proper^ after the death of his wife, having taken out administration to her estate. Held, that the land so settled is part of the assets of the wife, and that the husband, as ad- ministrator, is accountable to the next-of-kin of the wife for the value of such property ; Howell v. Harding, 246. Indemnity-See Practice (36); Heseltm v, Crozier, 206. Infant, Guardian of— See Married Woman {I); Be Bcnayne, 33. (2. ) Appointment of guardian- Maintenance ordered out of income but not out of corpus; Be Hunt, 84. Informalities Amendment Act 1884 (No. 810), sec. 6— A judge, sitting as a Court has power to amend the minute of an order made by justices directing imprisonment as a means of en- forcing the payment of a fine, they not having power to make such an order ; Seg v. Alley, ex varte M'Queen, 216, Injunction— See Trade Mark (3) ; Hop Bitters Manufacturing Co, V, Luke, 89. — (2.) See Trade Mark (1) ; H<yp Bitters Manufacturing Co, v. Wharton, 176. (3.) No application lies against the Crown to prevent the issue of a licence inconslBtent with the rights of a former lessee — When proceedings to be taken ; The Shire ofBaUanv, Beg, 109. Imprisonment for Debt Act 1865 (No. 284), sec. 3— Debtor's summons— Minute of order — Sub- sequent order — A minute of an order of justices which discloses no offence as having been committed by the debtor is iMkd — So likewise is a formal order which does not dis- close any offence mentioned in sec. 3 of Act No. 284 ; Beg, v. Hard- ware, ex parte Smitlu^h Digitized by ' y Google 284 AN ANALYTICAL blC^EgT— Vol. VL I nnkeeperand Guest—Under what circumstances lien of inn keeper over guest's property may be defeated ; Reg, v, Einton, 12. Insolvency Statute 1871 (No. 379), sec. 22— Meeting of creditors — Attorney under power — An attorney undei power can appear and vote at a meeting of creditors upon his sworn statement that he is duly authorlBed to act ; the Sower of attorney need not be pro- ceed — Where a creditor consents to a reduction of his claim he may be allowed to be present at a meet- ing of creditors for a less amount than his claim— An agent of a creditor can value the security held by such creditor; Re William Evans, 249. (2.) sec. 37— A secured creditor who denies the fact of holding a security cannot petition for sequestration — A secured creditor who petitionsfor sequestra- tion is bound to give up his security at the price he puts upon it ; ite MNamara, 112. . (3.) Sec. 37, sub-sec. (iL) — A creditor of an insol- vent cannot bring a suit to set aside a transfer of property made by the insolvent on tne ground that the transfer was made with intent to defeat and delay his creditors— The official assignee is the proper person to bring the suit ; Douglas V, M*Intyre, 90. —(4.) Sec. 53— A creditor can raise an objection to the affidavit of another creditor at a meeting under sec. 53 of Act No. 379, at any time before the creditor signs the resolution ; Re Snelly 61. (5.) Sec. 66— A judge sitting in Chambers has no power under sec. 56 to appoint a new assignee to an estate in the event of the death of the first assignee - Such application ought to be made to a judse sitting as a Court - On an application for confirmation of a certificate of discharge, notice should be given to the official assignee ; Re Sinclair, 79. . (6.) Sees. 68, 68 (iii.), 93— Pension— Where an insolvent is in receipt of a pension not in the nature of half^pay, but one given wholly for past services, such pension passes to the trustees, and is property within the meaning of sees. 58 and 68 (iii.) of Act No. 379; Re Alexander Coekbum, 248. (7.) Sec. 70- Gift by hus- band to wife within two years of insolvency, a settlement within the meaning of the section, and void as against the trustee of the hus- band's estate ; Cohen v, Liniz, 18.	28,863
casegreatbritai00statgoog_34	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,872	The case of Great Britain as laid before the Tribunal of Arbitration, convened at Geneva under the provisions of the treaty between the United States of America and Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, concluded at Washington, May 8, 1871. Vol. 1-3. (conc. the Alabama claims)	Great Britain , United States Dept . of State	English	Spoken	8,108	12,321	Sm : I am directed by Earl Eussell to transmit to you herewith copy of a letter and its inclosures from Mr, Adams,* relative to a screw steam- ■ A similar letter was addressed ti dbyGoogle BEITISH CASE AND PAPEES, 539 vessel which is in course of construction in the yard of Messrs. Thom- son, at Glasgow, and which is alleged to be intended for the service of the so-styl^ Confederate States ; and I am to request that, in laying the same before the lords commissioners of Her Majesty's treasury, you will move their lordships to cause immediate inquiry to be made in this matter, and to take such legal steps as may prevent any .attempt to infringe the law, I am, &c., (Signed) E. HAMMOMD. Mr. Mammond to the secretary to the admiralty. [Immediate.] POEEicfN Office, October" 10, 1SG3. Snt : I am directed by Earl Russell to transmit to you the accompa- nying copy of a letter and its inclosure from Mr. Adams,^ respecting a vesa5 called the Canton, which is in progress of construction at Messrs. Thomson's yard at Glasgow, and which is stated to be intended for the service of the so-styled Confederate States ; and I am to request that, in laying the same before the lords commissioners of the admiralty, you ■will move them to give directions that the attention of.the commander of whichever of Her Majesty's ships is now stationed in the Clyde may be directed to this vessel. I also inclose a copy of the letter which has been addressed to the treasury and home department on tliis subject.^ 1 am, &c., (Signed) E. HAMMOND. Mr. Hamilton to Mr. Hammond. Treasuet Chambers, Ootoher 22, 1863. (Received October 22.) SlE : I am commanded by the lords commissioners of Her Majesty's treasury to transmit to you, for the information of Earl Eussellj the in- closed copy of a letter, dated this day, and of its inclosures, which have been received from the commissioners of customs respecting the^screw steam- vessel building at Glasgow for the service, as is alleged, of the Confederate States of America. I have, &c., (Signed) GEO. A. HAMILTON. [Inolosore 1 in Ko. 5.) Mr. DieMiia to Mr. SawUton, CuSTOM-HouSB, October 23, 1363. Sir: Witli rofereuce to nij lettci' of ycsterday'3 date,' transmitting for tte informa- 'Ifo. 3. 3gee iuclosnre in No. 13. ,Gooi^lc TREATY OF "WASHIKGTON. lector of tbie rf — „. , ^ . . .. vessel in tlie course of ooDstmotion at that poit, which, it is alleged, is the warlike aerrioe of the Conifederate States of America, I 3.at now dice. mit to you oopy of a letter from Messra. P. HefideTBOn &. Co., of Glasgow, addressed t the collector at that port, in which they state that the Teasel in c[nestion was con- tracted, for, through them, on account of Mr. Pembroke, Austin Friars, London. I am, &e., GEO. DICKINS. Jl/i'. Trevoi' to the commissicmers of customs. CuSTOM-HouaB, Glasgow, Ootober SI, 1863. HONORABU! Sirs; "With reference to my report of yesterday's date, relative to a screw-steamer being constructed in the yard of Meases. Thomson at this port, and sup- posed to be intended for the warlike service of the Confederate Stfltes of America, I have further to report that, on commdnicatiug with Messrs. Patriok Hendersou & Co., highly respectable merchants in this city, I am informed the vessel referred to is for Mr. Pembroke, of Austin ITriars, to whom Messrs. Henderson refer for any inquiries; they having only acted in the transaction as brokers. I annex their written reply. Eespeetfolly, &c., <j (Signed) FREDK. TREVOR, Colltclor. [470] -[Inoloaore 3 in No. 5.] j¥r!ssi'3. SmuJersaii ^ Co. to Mr. Treroi: Gi^sGOw, Ocioler 21, 1863. Sib : Beferring to your fisit to us this morning, we beg (as requested by yon) to re- peat in -writing what we then verbally stated to you, that the steamer you inquired about, building by Messrs. J. and G. Thomson, was contracted for through us on account of E. Pembroke, esci., Austin Friars, London. We are, &c., (Signed) HENDERSON & CO. The secretary to tlis admiralty to Mr. Ilammond. ADjMiRALTy, OotoJ)er.23, 1863. (EeceiTed October 24.) Sir : With reference to your letter of the 19th iustaiit, I am com- manded by my lords commissioners of the admiralty to send you here- with, for the information of Earl JKnssell, a copy of a letter, dat«d the 22d instant, from Captain Farquhar, the senior officer of Her Majesty's ships and vessels in the Clyde, reporting upon the iron-clad vessels ■building in Messrs. Thomson's yard at Glasgo'w, and supposed to he intended for the so-called Confederate States of America. I am, &c., (Signed) W. G. BOMAINE. Captain FarguMr to tlie seerela>'!/ to tlie admirall^. HoouE, GreetMch, OcloUr 23, 1863. Sir : With reference to your eonfideutial letter of the ISth instant, I have the honor to inform you that, from the information I have been able to glean respecting the ves- eel iJluded to, building at Messrs. Thomson's yard at Glasgow, and also from personal. dbyGoogle BRITISH CASE AND PAPERS. 541 obBervatioa, there caa liartUj be a doabt tiat the statemeots and surmises coutained in tlie Uuited Statw consnl's letter to Mr. Adsms respeotiDg her are pretty correct. She is evidently hnilt for aggreasive pnrposeB, and, Ecom her flue lines, ane wiU proha- blf liaye great speed. The description given of hei; appeaianoe, &d., ia exact. Preparations are heiug ma^e for launGhing this T^S3sl,'and I thiuk it not Improhable that she willbelannoheddnringthenextspriag tides. Greal' diftLeulty exists in asoer- taJniug the intention of the owners regarding her after she has been launched. Form- erly no obstacle was placed in the way of my inspecting Messrs. Thomson'a-yard and obtaining information celating to the sliipa building there ; but much more caution is now used in affording information. A large plated steam-ram is also being built in the same yard ; but her construction has made very slow progress lately. In the course of a day or two I have no doubt I shall be able to gather more particn- !ars about the Canton : but I have thought it my duty to at oiioe lay before the gov- ernment the above information. I have, &c., (Signed) . A. FAEQUHAR. [471] So. 7. Mr. Hammond to tlie laio-offwers of the Croicn. POEEIGN Office, Oetober 24, 1863. Gbnti.bm:en : I am direeled by Earl Enssell to transmit to yoii tlie accompaDying correspondence respecting a screw steam-vessel called the Canton, whicli is in the course of construction in tlie yard of Messrs. Thomson, at Glasgow, and -which is alleged to he intended for the ser- vice of the so-styled Confederate States.^ Yon will see fi'om the report of the collector of customs at Glasgow that lie vessel in qnestion is stated to'be huilding for Mr; Pembroke, of Austin Friars ; and I am to request that you will fh,vor Loi-d Itussell with your opinion whether it would be proper t-o ask Mr. Pembroke whether he will state for what purpose this vessel is being constructed, 1 am, &c,, (Signed) E. HAMMOND. So. S. Mr. Brace to Mr. Hammond. [luiGieiliato.] .Whitehall, October 34, 1863. (Received Oetober 24.) SiE: I am directed by Secretary Sir George Grey to acquaint you that, on the receipt of your letter of the 19th instant, a communication was immediately made to the lord provost of Glasgow respecting a screw- steamer called the Canton, which was said to be in course of construc- tion in the yard of Messrs. J. and G. Thomson, of Glasgow ; and I am to transmit to you, for ,he information of Earl Eussell, the inclosed copies of letters from the sheriff of Lanarkshire, (to whom the lord pro- vost referred my inquiry, Messrs. Thomson's yard being beyond the jurisdiction of the city of Glasgow,) stating all that is known respect- ing the Canton. I am, &c., (Signed) H. A. EEUCE. 'Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. d by Google TEEATY or WASHINGTON. Sir A. Alison to Sir G. Grey. Shbbipf's Office, Glasgow, October 20, 1863. Sir; The lord provost of Glasgow, who is at preaonteDgaged in attendance on Prince Alfied, who is on. a flying YJsit to tliia city, has put into my hands sonr letter of the 19th, directing inquiries to he made concerning theacrew-steamer, to be called the Can- ton, said to be in the course of constmction in the yard of Messrs. James and Ge«rge Thomson, of Glasgow, near .that city. The lord provost informs me that he has ahready apprised you that the vessel in ques- tion iein course of oonatrnotion, not in Glasgow, to which city his jnriBdiction ia con- fined, hut in the river Clyde, in the connty of Lanark. I have accordingly put your letter into the hands of Messrs. Hart and Grinniel, the procurators fiscal of the lower ward of Lan»rli:sliire,wit]idirectiona tomake theueees- saiy inquiries withont delay, the results of which I ■will commttuicate to you as soon as received. I have, &c,, (Signed) A. ALISON, Slu-riff of La-imrkshire, 473j "[IncloeuTO a in Ko. 9-1 Sh A, AlUoit to Sir G. Qre^. SHm<isi''B OiiTiCB, Glasgow, Ocioiei-23, 1863. Sir : I heg to inclose a letter containing all the inforwatioa which I have been able to obtain regarding a vessel which is building by Messrs. J. and G. Thomson, in the Clyde, and which, according to their statement, ianotintendedforeither of the bellig- erent parties. You will observe that Mr. Hart, the procurator fiscal, expected some additional in- formation in the course of a day or two, which I shall transmit to you the moment I receive it. I have, &c,, Mr. Eart io Sir A. Alison. Peocuhator Fisoal'8 Olfl'ICE, Glasgow, Octoler 33, 1863. Dear Sir Archiealii ; Ou Wednesday last, tlie 31st instant, I proceeded ia the build- ing-yard of Messrs. Thomson, Clyde Baiok, and saw Mr. George Thomson, one of the^ partners, on the subject of the letter ftom the secretary of state's oiBee to the lord pro- Tost, and handed by you to me for the purpose of inquiry ; and as requested by me, Mr. Thomson has sent me copy of a letter which he addressed to Mr. Trevor, of Her Majesty's customs, on the same subject, and which, he states, contains aU the informa- tion he can give thereanent. It was late in the day whpn I saw Mr. Thomson ; and yesterday being fast-day, I have nsot seen P. Henderson & Co., bnt shall endeaver to do so, and will also wait on Mr. Trevor in the course of the day, and will then communi- cate any further information that may be obtainefl. The vessel in question is No. 64 of Messrs. Thomson's series, and is named the Canton; and I may mention that Mr. Thomson stated, that he was confident that the Canton is not fitted for war, and it is anything but probable that she is intended as a war-vessel for service of either of tiie parties in America. The Messrs. Thomson are also huilding another iron-clad vessel, which Mr, Thomson has mentioned is for a party in London ; and ho appears quite ready to show the building contract, and give any information regarding it of which I remain, &c., '"' — --■" WM. HAKT. Hosted byGoOgle BRITISH CASE AND PAPERS 543" [Inclofliire^laNo.?.] Mmrx. J. a^d G. Tliomson lo Mr. Mart. Clyde Bank Fotisdeby, Glasgow, October 21, 1863. Dear Sir: Eefevring to our oouversation to-day, we now beg to hand annexed copy of letter sent liy us yesterday to Mr. Ti'OTor, Her Majesty's customa, relative to a aorew- steanier called tlie Canton, presently bnilding ia our yard at Govan, (Signed) '' JAMES AKD GEORGE THOMSON. irs. J. and G. Tkomso)! to Mr. Ti-evor. Cltdb Bakk Fo under y, GUigme, October 39, 18(i3. ve beg to ooufirm tlie verbal information we gave ^ , !, that tlie vessel No. 64 of our seriea is building [473] hj us through the 'order of Mesara. Patrick Henderson & Co., of tliia city. We are quite ready to exhibit the contract and specificatioua wlien reqnired. We are, &c., (Signed) JAMES AND GEOEGL; THOMSON. The law-o^ieerft of the Cnmn to Earl Jimselt. [Immediate.] ,T-iNCOi.N'S Ink, Octoher 26, 1863. (E«ceived October 20.) My LOBD : We are honored with your lordship's commands signified in Mr. Hammond's letter of the 24th instant, stating thathe was directed hy your lordsliip to transmit to us the accompanying correspondence respecting a screw-steamer vessel called the Canton, which is in the course of construction in the yard of Messrs. Thomson, at G-lasgow, and which is alleged to be intended for the service of the so-called Confed- erate States. Mr. Hammond was also pleased to state, that we should see from the report of th^ collector of customs at Glasgow, that the vessel in ques- tion is stated to he building for Mr. Pembroke, of Austin ]?riarB ; and that he was directed by your lordship to request that we would favor your lordship with our opinion whether it would be proper to ask Mr. Pembroke whether he will state for what purpose the vessel is being constructed. We are also honored with your lordship's commands signified in Mr. Hammond's further letter of the 24th instant, stating that, with refer- ence to his letter of that day's date, he was directed by your lordship to transmit to us the accompanying further letter, and its inclosures, re- specting the case of the Canton.* In obedience to.your lordship's commands we have takeu these papers into consideration, and have the honor to report — That the description of this vessel, given in Mr. Hammond's letter of the 15th instant, is such as to make it clearly proper that Her Majesty's governmont should use all legitimate means to ascertain her true cbar- d by Google 544 TREATY or WASIIINOTOK. acter and destiuation; aud, as it is stated by Mr. Hart, in liia letter of tlie 23d instant, to Sir Archibald Alison, that Mr. Thomson " appears qnite ready to show the building contract, and give any information of which he is possessed," it appears to us to be, perhaps, desirable that all the information which Mr. Thomson is able and willing to give should be obtained before any application is made to Mr. Pembroke. Subject, however, to this remark, we see no objection to the course pro- posed by your lordship, of inquiring from Mr. Pembroke whether he is "willing to state for what purpose this vessel is being constructed. We take notice that Mr. Underwood refers to' the Scotch law as af- fording greater facilities than the English for conducting a preliminary iiiveslagation into cases of this kind, aud as authorizing, " an inquiry and interrogation, undet oath of the party immediately implicated." Tour lordship will doubtless be advised upon this and all other points arising iu eases of the same kind in Scotland by the proper law-officers of the Grown for that part of the United Kingdom. We have, &e., (Signed) EOUSDELL PALMEE. E. P. COLLIEE. KOEEET PEILLIMOEE. So. 10. ■ The secretary to the admiralty to Jllr. Jlaiiimoud. Admiealt"?, Octoher 26, 1863. {Received October 20.) Sje : With reference to my letter of the 23d instant, I am commanded by my lords commissioners of the admiralty to send you herewith, for the information of Earl Bussell, copy of a further letter, dated the 25tii instant, from Captain Farquhar, of the Majestic, giving further particu- lars respecting the Canton, building In the Clyde, and supposed to be destined for the so-called Confederate States, I am, &c., (Signed) W. G. KOMAlM'l. , [OJJ '[Inclosni'B in Ko 10.] Captain Farijiihai' to He seoi'elarji to Hid adiniraUj/. HOGTJE, Greenoch, OrioSer 25, 1863. Snt : Eefamug to your contidectial letter of tbe Ifltli instant, and its inolosui'es, I beg to lay before yoa tlie following additiixoal informatioa ■wMou I have obtwaed re- garding the Canton, Bcreir-Bteamer, building in Messrs. Thomson's yard, at Giaegow. This vessel is to be lannoliea on the SSth. proximo, aud afterward talceu to a qnay in the vicinity to have her engines imd boilers put la. Her dimensions ai'e exaggerated by the American conaul, her length being 231 feet on upper (leot and 33 feet beam ovet all. She is being bnilt for Mr. E. Pembroke, of Austin Priara, Eoiidon, aud lier agents at GlasgOTV are Mesflra. Patrick. Henderson & Co. Although, being fitted up as a passen- ger-diip, there are several peculiarities which show that when the ocoaaion arose she miglit easily be converted into a vessel for aggressive purposes, not, perhaps, so much into a regular man-of-war, her scantling aud upper-deck pi-otectioa iieing rather slight — as into a second Alabama. Her ports are being plaaked inside, and QonceaJed as much as possible outside, but no eye or ring-bolts are visible along her bulwarks. Her agents will give no information as to her ultimate destiaation or employraoat. I have, &c., (Signed) A. PAJKQUHAE. d by Google BRITISH CASE AKD PAPERS. Mr. Bruce to Mr. Hammond. [Immcxliate.] WniTEHALL, October 27, 1863. (Keceivcil October 27.} Sih: With reference to my letter of the 24th inatiiiit, I am directetl by Secretary Sir George Grey to transmit to you, for the information of Earl Bnssell, the inclosed copy of a letter from the sherift of Lanark- shire, forwai?ding a further report from the procurator flseal relative to the steamers which are being built iu the Ciyde. I have, &c., H. A. BKUOE. [Incloaare 1 in !No. 11.] Sir A. Alison to Sir G. Greff. Shbkiff's Office, Glasgow, Oofober 26, 1863. Sir ; I have tte honor of inclosing another report from the proonratov fiscal liere regarding the iron-clads building in the Clyde, from which you will see that Patrick Henderson & Co. were the parties who had contracted for both vessels, and that they have referred to a party in London as their employers. I have, &c., (Signed) A, ALISON. Mr, Hart lo Sir A, Alison. PBOCTJKATOR Fjscal's Office, County BnilMnga, Glangojv, October -ii, 1863. DiiAR SiE Archibald : Refening to my note of yesterday, I have to mention that I have now seen Mr. Trevor, of the customs, and he informs me that he has seen one of the partners of Patrick Henderson & Co., who, in answer to inquiries, reported a party in London as the one for whom the Teesel named the Canton was being built, anil that this information Mr. Trevor has reported at the secretary of state's office. With reference to the iron-clad veBsel, Mr. Trevor states that about two months ago he made oertaiu inqulrleB, as directed by communicattons received from the home office, and reported the result, which was to the eSeot that Patrick Henderson &. Co. were the parties who bad contracted for that vessel also, and that they had referred [475] to a party in London as their employers. In this state of matters; it seems to me nnneceesary to repeat the inquiries and to report, but if ilpsired I am loady No. 12. Mr. Hammond to Mr. Bruce. Foreign Opfigb, October 27, 1863. Sir : 1 am directed by Earl Russell to request that you will acquaint Secretary Sir George Grey that, having referred to the law-officers of the Crown your letter and its inclosurea of the 24th instant, respecting the steamer Canton building in the Clyde, he has been advised by them that, as Mr. Hart, in his letter to Sir Archibald Alison of the 23d in- H. Ex. 282, vol. ii 35 ,^ , flowed by LiOO^IC 546 TEEATY OP WASHINGTON. staiit, states tbat Mr. Thomson appears quite ready to show the bnild- ing contract, and to give any iuformatiou of whioh he is possessed re- garding the vessel, it would be desirable to obtain all the information which Mr. Thomson is able and willing to give; and I am to request that you will move Sir George G-rey to give directions to that effect. I am further to state to you that the law-officers have called Lord Eussell's attention to the statement made by Mr. Underwood, the Fni- ted States consul at Glasgow, in his letter, of which a copy was ti-ans- mitted to yon in my letter of the 19th instant, to the effect that the Scotch law affords greater fecilities than the English law for conducting a preliminary investigation into cases of this kind, and as authorizing ' an Inquiry and interi'ogation under oath of the party immediately im- plicated ;" and I am to request that you will move Sir George Grey to consnlt the proper law-officers of the Crown for Scotland npon this, and upon all other points arising in cases of the same kind in that part of the United Kingdom. I am, &c,, (Signed) E. HAMMOND. Air. Hamilton to Mr. Hammond. Trbasuhy Chambers, Octoi^er 29, 1863, (Iteccived October 29.) Sir : Eeferring to previous correspondence relating to the screw steam-vessel stated to be building at Glasgow, for the warlike service of the Confederate States of North America, I am commanded by the lords commissioners of Her Majesty's treasury to transmit to you, for the information of Earl Eussell, the inclosed copies of a letter and ac- companying documents, which my lords have received from the com- missioners of customs, relating to the vessel in question. I am, &c., (Signed) GEO. A. HAMILTON. Mr. Diokens to Mr. SamUloii. Ceistom-House, Ootobef 21, 1863. Sir ; I am diTOctccI to acixnaint you that, od tlie receipt of the order of tbe lords commiHSiDnora of Her Majeaty'a treasury, dated 19th inatant, ou the sabjoct of a screw ateam-veesei stated t« lie under construction in tlie yard of Messrs. Thomeonj at Glas- gow, for the warlike Herrioe of the Confederate States of America, inett'uctioua were at once forwarded to the ooUeolor of this revenue at Glasgow, to ohtain and report all possihle information respeetiDgthe vessel in question ; and I now transmit, for [476] the information of their lor(Uliips, a copy of a report iieceived this morning ftom that officer, together ■vrith » copy of a report of the meaeming sni-veyoi', wlio has ine^>ected the vessel, and I am instraeted to state, with reference to the letter of Messrs, H. and Q. Thomson, of which a copy is also transmitted, that the collector has been directed tf apply to Messrs. Thoinson, and to Messrs. Patrick Henderson &. Co., of Glasgow, therein refened to. for the uaiiie of the hoase ia London for which the vessel is stated to have been built. I am, &o., (Signed) GEO. DICKINS. d by Google BBITISH CASE AND PAPERS. Mr. Treeor to the eommiseioiiere of castoms. Custom-House, Glasgow, Octoher 20, 1863. HONOHABLB Sirs; With reference to yoiir honors' order of the 16th instant, trans- mitting the directions of the lords commissioners of Her Majesty's treasury, with copies of aooompanying papers relating to a screw-steamer in the l)uilcHnK-yard o£ Messrs. Thomson at this port, stated to be for the ■warlike service of the Confederate States of America, I respectfully report that, on acoideutally hearing a rumor yesterday that a, Tessel in the yard referred to was supposed to be intended for a guu-boat, I directed the measuring suivsyor to Tisit the Teasel and report the result, I transmit herewith his report. On the receipt of yonr honors' order I personally visited the yard, and have had an inierview with Mr. Thomson, who has permitted me to see the vessel, and informs me it is proposed to lannch this vessel next week, when she is to be conveyed to Finniea- ton quay, in this harbor, to receive her engines. In her present state she has no ap- pearance of aritiament, but there is little donht she Gould be converted into an aimed veeaeh Mr. Thomson informs me she is built under contract and specification fbr a honse in London,' whose agents at Glasgow are Messrs. Patrick Henderson & Co., and he has promised to send me a letter to this effect, stating the house to which he refer s, I have informed him that the vessel will not be allowed to leave this port until direc- tions are received from the government. Since writing the above, I have received the letter from Messrs. Thomson, which I Eespectfnlly, &c., (Signed) PEEDE. TEEVOE, Collector. P. 8. — The Messrs. Thomson do not give the name of the house in London. I will, however, make inqniry to-morrow of Messrs. Patrick Henderson & Co., and report the result. F. T. Mr. Costeth to ]^r. Tremr. CosTOM-HoosK Gl-vsgoav, Oetoher 20, 1863, Sir; I beg to state that, in accordance with your directions received yesterday, I proceeded tEe first thing this morning to the baildlng-yard of Messrs. J. andG. Thom- son for the purpose of examining the screw-steamer Canton. I find she has nine ports hinged and fitted on either side, fonr large ports very similar to the ordinary cargo ports, and five smaller ones, and ftom present appearances it looks as if the intention was to shut up from the inside by planking the bulwarks from deck to rail, except fl?om the large ports, i. e., two on either side. The front bnlk-head of the top-gallant foreo^tle is not fitted in the usual manner, but is composed of a series of doors hinged at the top, and capable of being lifted uji and secured to the under side of forecastle deck, or removed at pleasure. Her flttmga, as far as cabin accommodation, &0y are concerned, are, to say the least, unusual, bnt in the present unfinished state ot the ship it is difficult to say for what purpose they are intended. The poop is at present divided into two compartments art, the itont part forming one saloon or cuddy. The space between decks aft is divided into two cabins entered by separate compan- [475] ions, both being fitted with state-rooms, the fore one being the smaUer of 'the two ; these cabins are now being fitted up. I beg to add that the &ames of the Canton are of iron-plaaking, teak above lihe load-line, the top sides are plated with iron iu the usual manner, her engine-room is 78 feet in length, the coal-bunker being fitted at the sides in the usaal way. She is also fitted wiui a lifting-screw. I also beg to add tJiat, when I surveyed the vessel for tonnage, she had no internal fittings what- ever, and presented the usual appearance of merchant ships of her size. The dimen- sions aie: length, 231 feet; bre^with, 33 feet; depth at midships, as taken for tonnage, 18- S5. I" Signed) dbyGoogle TEEATY OF "WASHINGTON. Messrs. J. and G. Tliomson to Mi: Tree Clyde Bank Foukdery, Glasgow, October 20, 1863. DjiAE SiE : As requested by you, we beg to confirm the verbal information we gave io jon at our jaid to-day, viz, that the vessel, No. 64 of onr series, is bnikling by us thToagh the order of Messrs. Patrick Henderson & Co., of this city. We are quite ready to exhibit the contract and specifications when required. We are, &c., (Signed) GEORGE AND JAMES THOMSON, Jfr. Hamilton to Mr. JJanmond. Trea'suet Chambees, October 29, 1863. (Eeceived October 29.) Sir : I am eommaiided by tbe lords commissioners of Her Majesty's treasury to transmit to you, with refei'eQce to previous correspondence on the subject of the ecrew-steamer building. at Glasgow, as has been stated, for the irarlike service of the Confederate States of North America, the inclosed copies of a letter from the board of customs, and the accompanying papers ; and I am to request that yon will more Earl Bnssell tp inform my lords of any directions which he may desire should be given respecting this ship. I am, &c., (Signed) GEO. A. IIAillLTON. Mr. DicHnti io Mr. Sammoiid. , . Cu3TOM-HOU8E, Loudon, October a9, 1863. Sir : With reference to mj letters of the 21st and 22d instant, on the subject of the eteamer Canton, now in the boilding-yard of Messrs. Thomson, at Glasgow, and gns- peoted of being intended for the warlike service of the Confederate States of America, I am now desired to transmit to yon, for snoh directions as the lords commissioners of Her Majesty's treaaivry may think fit to give thereon, copy of a report of the collector of this revenue at Glasgow, stating that the vessel in question would be lanuched this day, and reqnesticg insti'uctious for his guidance in the event of any attempt being made to move the vessel down the river. I am, &c., (Signed) GEO. DICKIKS. Mr. Treeor to the eommission-ers o/ ciis/uuw, .Custom House Glasgow, Octobtr 33, 1863. HoNOBAiiLE Sirs: With reference to my previous reports on the subject of the steamer Canton, now in the buildlog-yard ot Messrs Thomson, and supposed to be intended for warlike purposes in the service of the Confederate States of America, I transmit herewitli a letter from the agents, Messrs Patrick Henderson & Co., intimat- ing that the vessel will be launched to-morrow I understand it is intended, imme- Google BEITISH CASE AND PAPERS. 649 tliately after being lauiiolied to remove tlio vessel to Finnicstoa quay, to put in tlie xoachinery ; but iu the eYent of any attempt to take tUe vessel down tne river, I reBpectfttlly request inatrnctious wliutlier I am to stop her, or what other steps I am to take. It may be proper aJao to state that I have had two interviews with Mr. Underwood, the consul of the United States in this city, upon whose representation the present inquiry is being made ; the first of them, on accidentally meeting Lim in the street yesterday afternoon, and by his ooUing on me at the cnstom-honse this morning. He appears satisSed that the vessel is intended for another Alabama. I aoqaaiated him. that full inqniry waa beiDg made, the result of which wonid be offi.eiaJly reported ; that I was not authoriaed officially to communicate with him, but that I may state generally the builder had offered to show the contract and specification under which the vessel was built, and that at present there was no appearance of armament on hoard, although she may be hereafter converted into an armed veaseL I further as- sured him that, if he wished further inquiry as regards this or any other vessel in the Clyde, it would be my doty forthwith to investigato as fiir as possible any circum- stances he may represent in writing, reporting the result, transmitting his letter to your honors, and he wowlfl receive a reply in due course. He said I should probably hear Irom him shortly. Respeotfully, &.C., (Signed) Messrs. Henderson 4- Co. to Mr. Trecor. Glasgow, October 2S, I8S3. Dka» Siu: We iutend to launch to-morrow, at a o'clock, the steamer you wen lately inoniriug about, and if convenient, we shall feel honored by your preaenoe 01 '' P. HENDERSON & CO. No. 15. Hammond to the secretary to tlte treasury. Foreign Opeicb, October 29, 1863. Sir : Iq reply to your letters of this day's date, respecting tlie ship Canton, now being constructed in Messrs. Thomson's yard on the Clyde, and -wliicli is alleged to be intended for the service of the so-styled Con- federate States, I am directed by Earl Enssell to request that yoa will state to the lords commissioners of the treasury that his lordship is of opinion that it would be better to wait a few days before taking any definite steps in the matter; but it would be as well that a vigilant watch should be kept on the vessel, and that the home oflco should obtain all the information they can aecfuire regarding it, in order that the board of treasury may be apprised of anything which the home department may be able to ascertain. ■(Signed)'' E.HAMMOND. [47!)] Ko. 16. Mr. lliimmond to the secretary to the admiralty.^ Foreign Office, October 29, 1863. Sir : "With reference to your letter of the 27th instant, I am directed by Earl Enssell to transmit to you, to be laid before the lords commis- 'A aiaiilar lottiir wus ailili'i;ssbd io the home oHiuc. I. ,db,Gooi^lc 550 TREATY OP WASHINGTON. eioners of the admiralty, a copy of a letter whicli his lordship has caused to be addressed to the hoard of treasury relative to the vessel Oantoii,^ which is being constructed on the Olyde, and which is alleged to be intended for the service of the so-sty!ed Confederate States. I am, &c., (Signed) ' E. II.AMMOND. No. 17. Mr. Sruce to Mr. Eainmond, [Immediate. WHlTEHAiL, October 30, 1863. {deceived October 30.) Sm: I have laid your letters of the 27th and 29th instant before Secretary Sir George Grey, and I am to acquaint you, for the informa- tion of Earl Eussell, that, in accordance with his lordship's request, communications have been made to the lord advocate and to the sheriff of Lanarkshire, with the view of obtaining the information reverted to in your letters respecting the Canton, and the power of investigation given by the Scotch law in such a case ; and, as soon as replies are received from the lord advocate and the slieriff, copies of them will be forwarded to you. 1 am, &c., (.Signed) H. A. BEUCK. Memorml frmn the Glasgow Dmatic^ation, Society. Received Novemher 9. Unto the Eight Honorable Earl Enssell, Her Majesty's principal secretary of state for foreign aftairs : The memorial of the committee of the Glasgow Emancipation Society humbly ehoweth : That a vessel of the same description as the Alabama has been launched, (and is now in the harbor of Glasgow,) from the building-yard of Messrs. James and George Thomson, into which machinery is being rapidly placed, with the view of hurrying her out to sea, which probably will be done immediately, though in a very incomplete condition. That this vessel is currently reported to be for the so-called con- federate government of America, and to have been contracted for by Messrs. W. S. Lindsay and Company, of London. That said vessel was fitted up with gnn-ports, ring-holts for gun-tackles, powder -maga- Kines, and shot-racks ; but that these fittings were recently taken out to some extent — the gun-ports temporarily fitted up, and their appear- ance as much as possible disguised, by the seams being puttied and painted over. That she has been superintended in her construction by parties under- stood to be southern agents, and that Captain Maflt, who commanded the confederate privateer Florida, has been within these few days in d by Google BRITISH CASE AND PAPEES. 551 Glasgow, and is still understood to be here, waiting to take the cooi- mand of this vessel. Tour memorialists therefore implore your lordship to take immediate steps to prevent the departure of this vessel, until a satisfactory inves- tigation has been made into her charter, ownership, and destination. And your memoriaUsts will ever pray. Signed in name and on behalf of the committee of the Glasgow Emancipation Society, this 4th day of November, 18C3. (Signed) ' WILLIAM 8MEAL, ANDREW PATON, Secretaries. [480] * Bo. 19. Air. Hammond to Mr. Waddington. [Pressing.] FoUETGN Office, ^November 6, 1863. 8iR : I am directed by Earl Eussell to request that you wiU move Secretary Sir George Grey to cause his lordship to be informed whether any reports have been received at the home office on the points bearing on the case of the steam-vessel Canton, now fitting in the Clyde, referred to in my letter of the 27th of October, and in your letter of the 30th of October, namely, the contract under which that vessel is being built, and the facilities afforded by the Scotch law for inquiring into a matter of this description. If no such reports have yet been received, Lord Eusscll would suggest that the authorities to whom reference has been made should be waited upon for an immediate reply, as the vessel is launched, and is now being provided with her machinery. I am, &c., (Signed) E. HAMHIOND. 3Ir. Uammond to Messrs. Smeal and Futon. PoREiaN Office, Mveinher 7, 1863. Gentlemen: I am directed by Earl Eussell to acknowledge the receipt of the memorandum dated the 4th instant, and signed by you on behalf of the Glasgow Emancipation Society, requesting the inter- ference of Her Majesty's government to prevent the departure from that port of the steam-vessel Canton, until an investigation haa taken place as to her character, ownership, and destination ; and I am to acquaint you, in reply, that the attention of Her Majesty's government has already been directed to this matter. ■ (st^ed)*' E.HAMMOND. d by Google 552 TREATY OF WASIUNGTON. No. 21. 3ir. Ilainmonil to pie secretary to the treasury. ' [Immediate.] Foreign Office, S'ovemier 7, 1803. Sir : With reference to previous correspondence respecting the steam- vessel Canton, which is supposed to be fitting out in the Clyde for the service of the so-styled Confederate States, I am directed by Earl Euesell to transmit to you, for the information of Secretary Sir George Grey, a copy of the memorial from the Glasgow Emancipation Society, requesting the interference of Her Majesty's government to prevent the departure of this vessel.' I am, &c., (Signed) E. HAMMOND. Mr. Waddinr/ton to Mr. Hammond. [Immediate.] Whitehall, November 7, 1863. (Eeceived November 7.) SiE : With reference to your letters of the 27th ultimo and 6th instant, I am directed by Secretary Sir George Grey to transmit to you the inclosed copy of a letter from the lord advocate, and a copy of the joint opinion of his lordship and the solicitor-general for Scotland, in the matter of the steamer Canton, which is being built in the yard of Messrs. Thomson in the Clyde, and is supposed to be intended for the service of the so-called Confederate States; and I am to request that you will submit the same to Earl Eussell for his informatian, and at the same time to call his lordship's attention to the paragraph of the lord advocate's letter in which he states that he " will be ])repared to pro- ceed on receiving the instructions of the government." I am, &c,, (Signed) H. WADDINGTON, [481] ■!■ -J. Moiia-ieff to Mr. i Edinburgh, Kovmiibei' G, 1863. Sir : I have tlic liouoi to ackBowledge the receipt of youi' letter of the 30th tiltimo, ti'ansmlttiug au estraet of a letter from tbe foteigu ofG.ce of date tbe 27tb ultimo, and ft copy cf the letter tiierein referred to from Jlr. Underwood, the Uoited Stales eonsnl at Guaa^ow, relative to a Bteamer which is beiiiR hnilt in the yard of Meaais. Thomaon. la the Clyde, and Buppoaed to be uitended for the service of tLe eo-called Confederate States, and reqneating my opinion aa to the facilities afforded by the Scotch law for conducting a preliminary inveetigatiou into cases of this kind. I have the honor to state, for the information of Secretary Sir GieorKe Grey, that I thought it right to con- join the solicitor-geneitil in the opinion which I transmit herewith. I have given instructions for the examination of Mr. Underwood, and for aaeertainiug sneh other facts aa may be accessible, with a view to the preparation of such an appli- cation to the court as is suggested in the opinion, and I sLall he prepared to proceed on receiving Wie instructions of government. I bare, &c., (Signed) J. IIONCRTEFF. ' A similar letter nas addreased to the home olUce, ^Inclosure in No. IS. »Goo^lc BKITISH CASE AND PArERS. 563 \|Inolo9i,re2ttilio.aa.] We have oarefally oonaidered tlie matters refevred to iu Mr. Hammond's letter to tbe Jiome office of the 2Tth October, and tliat from Mr. Underwood, the American oonsnl at Glasgow, of date the 15th October, iu reference to the foreign-enlistment act, and to the prooeediugB which njay be properly taken .under that act iu oaaes occurring in Sootlaud. The statute itaelf is drawn almost entirely with reference to English pro- cedure, but the course specially directed to be followed is not inapplicable to Scotland, although, as regards criminal prosecutions for ofienses under it, it do^ not appear to contemplate the ordiuary action of the public prosecutor. The procedure directed by the fourth section of the statute may be held to exclude the interference of the sherin, who is the ordinary eieoutive and magisterial officer through whom the public prose- ■cutor in Scotland acts ; and it ia certainly doubtful whether, in criminal prosecutions ia Scotland, it might not be sucoesaiully contended that the fourth section of the statute most be implicitly followed. We aw not, therefore, prepared to say that this statutory offense oould competently follow the ordinary course pursued in public prosecutions in Scotland. Mr. Under- wood, however, is entirely mistaken in supposing that the law of Scotland gives any eanotioli to the examination upon oath of persons accused of crime. U permits them to make what is called a declaration before the magistrate, at which time they may be asked questions by the procurator-fiscal, which, tbey niay answer or not as they choose, and they are uniformly warned to tliat effect beibre the declaration ia taken. The public prosecutor has the right, in the course of the initial inTestigation before trial, if a witness refuse to answer questions which he is asked, to apply to the sheriff for a warrant to eiamine such witness upon oath. But tliis is a right very rarely and very scrupulously esercieed ; and the moie so, that it is geueraUy held that a witness so examined upon oath is afterward protected irom prosecution. The public prosecutor may also, in cases in which no thinks there is an tirgont neces- sity, apply to the sheriff for a warraut to seize books or papers belonging to parties aocnsed of crime, as well as for the seizure or detention of property, if these steps ap- pear to him to be necessary to the ends of justice. But they are proceedings never resorted to except in cases of great and manifest crime. In the circumstances descrifod by Mr. Underwood we are very clearly of opinion that it is inexpedient, and have great doubts, if, under the foreign-enlistment act, it would be competent to adopt any such proceedings as those we Lave referred to ; even if their competency were not doubtful, we should think that it would be an unjustifiable streteb, of the powers of the public prosecutor to resort to them in a case in which, it still remains a matter of dispute whether the iacts alleged agaiust the parties im- plicated amount to a crime. We are, however, of opinion that the object which Her Majesty's government has in view of detaining the vessel in question, and having its character under the [482] foreign-' enlistment act asoertained, may be accQmplisned by having recourse to the civil tribunals in an action for forfeiture of the vessel, oombiued with an application for an. interdict agaiust the sailing of the vessel until the question under the act is disposed of. If apTimorfacie case can be stated on the part of the govern- ment in regard to the character and destination of the vessel in question, so as to bring it within the scope of the foreign-enlistment act, we think it probable that the court would at once interdict the removal of the vessel until the legal question should be determined ; and it would also be competent for the court, and we think it not im- probable that they would exercise that power, to grant an ortler for the recovery of aU. books and papers relative to the vessel, under which, the parties would be examined upon oath, and would be obliged to produce what documents they held, and to explain whether any of those c^led tor had been destroyed or were in the hands of third par- ties. If such an order were granted, its execution would probably be the most effectual means of obtaining the evidence desired. (Signed) J. MONCEIEFF. Y. YOUNG. Edinburoii, libvembir 6, 1863. No. 23. Mr. Waddington to Mr. Hammond. [Immediate.] Whitehall, November 7, 1863. (Received November 7.) SiE : With reference to your letter of the 27th, and Mr. Brace's reply d by Google 554 TREATY OF WASMIKGTON. of the 30th ultimo, I am directed by Secretary Sir George Grey to transmit to you the inclosed copies of letters from the sheriff and pro- curator-fiscal of Lanarkshire, and of the specification of the ship Can- ton, and to request that yon will submit the same to Earl Eussell for his lordship's information. I am, I . WADDISGTON. Sir A. Alison to Sir G. Gres. Sheriff's Office, Qlaagam, Noveniba- 4, 1863. Sir ; I have now tlie lienor of iaclosing the apecificatdons and oontracte regarding the sMp Canton, now lying ia the Clyde, wlUi a fiili letter of information regarding it, obtained by Mr. Hart, the proeurator-fiacal, Trhioli I trust will afford nil the infornift- tion deBired by Her Majesty's government. ' I have, &c., (Signed) A. ALISON. [Inclosiire S in No. 23.] Mr. Mart to Sir A. AUaon. PBOCUEATOR-FieCAL'S OFFICE, CoHnty BmldUigs, Glasgoia, November 3, 1863. Deak Sir Archibald ; Eeferring to the letter of date 30th October, froro the home ofQoe, I Lave to mention that I have made farther inquiries relative to theehip Canton. 1 have again, seen Mr. Thomson, who haa exhibited the speoifioations according to whiiih she haa been bnilt, and has kindly allowed me to take a copy of them, which I now send inclosed, and which he eaye are tlie apeoifioations specially refeired to in the contract. The contract is betwist Wm, under hia firm of J. and 6. Thomson, and Mr. Edward Pembroke, No, 8 Anstio Friars, Iiondon, and was entered into under the directions of Patrick Henderson & Co., of thia city, oa the brokers of Mr. Pembroke. The Teasel has now been launched, and is lying at the Finnieston crane, in the Clyde Harbor, to receive her engines, and she ia expected to be completed about »ix weeks hence. I called at the office of F, Henderson & Co., and Mr. Robert Henderson of that Srm has corroborated Mr. Thomson's statement ; but the contract is in the hands of Mr. G«lbraith of that firm, who is out of town to-day. I have seen Mr, Forbes, [433] of "Monorieff, Paterson Forbes & Ban, of thia city, who prepared the contract, and Mr. Forbes showed me the draught of the contract, and I find it is precisely in the terms mentioned by Mr. Thomaon; and all the parties whom I have seen have expressed the conviction that the vessel is intended for merchant service, and say they are not awaie of any intention to dispose of her to cither of the belligerent par- ties in America. It does not oecat to me that the matter can be farther espiscated except by inquiries at Mr. Pembroke, in London ; but I shall be glad to attund to any fiirthor directiona that may be given on the subject. No. 24. Mr, JIamviond to the secretaj't/ to th& admlralti;. [Immediate,] . FoEEiGN Office, Novemier 8, 1863. Sni : With reference to yoor letter of the 23d and 36th ultimo respect- ing the steam-vessel Canton, now fitting in the Clyde, and suspected to he intended for the service of the so-called Confederate States, I am d by Google BRITISH CASE AND PAPERS. 555 directed by Eai'l Russell to transmit to you herewith the specifications according to which that vessel has been huilt and is to be fitted ; and I am to request that yon will move the lords commissioners of the admi- ralty to cause the same to bo examined by some competent person, who shall be required to report whether there is anything in the specification te show that the Canton is intended for a vessel of war. I am to request that the specilication may be returned to this ofllcc. I am, &c., (Signed) E. HAMMOND. Mr. Waddington to Mr. Sammond. Whitehall, N'ovember 9, 1863. (Eeceived November 10.) Sir : I have laid before Secretary Sir George Grey yonr letter of the 7th instant, inclosing a copy of a memorial from the Glasgow Emanci- pation Society in the matter of the Canton; and I am to acquaint yon, for the information of Earl Hussell, that the memorial has been commu- nicated to the sheriff of Lanarkshire, and he has been requested to fur- nish any further informfition which he may be able to obtain on the- subject. I am, &c., (Signed) H. WADDINGTON. The secretary to the admiralty to Mr. Sammond.	9,351
sim_mirror-monthly-magazine_1824_4_index_1	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,824	The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction 1824: Vol 4 Index	None	English	Spoken	892	1,735	AE MIRROR, eae raresn VOLUME THE FOURTH. Britain’s Naval Paris, 252. nye Scienqt1F1c, 110, 194, AwEcporEs, in every number. Saxons, Customs of the, 308. 242, nis of a New, 266. Denos Rees a4 Distressed Trav 25. Dog, singular A ° of a, 270. Reema Ss the, 2, 22, 61, 102. Drowned, to Restore those Apparently, 367. Brutomee her 10, 50, Saray Sweeny of zo, 458. - Eprerams, in every Number. — Equiv Ven 3 y Member, ny ni Booms corner Facetiz, 150. aper, the, Grey Horse, the, or Clerical Wit, 155. the, 161, 217, Harlin ay Satie = ah Accoun 49. ————., John, Memoir of, ib. 88. Harvest, Rev. G., Anecdote of the, 413. 164. Hill’s, Column at Shrews 289. Binds Sas Song, 107. on ical Gleanings, -343. Home, Mrs, C. B. Wilson, 343. psara, a Poem, 244. ae Manufactory, Origin of, Melodies by Moore, Irving, Rev. E., yom Church for 113. Washington, Tale by, Fam Jacquot, Jacques, &c., 207, James II., Disintement of 263. ——on Queen Jeannie Makenzie, an. Blegy, 164. Seeding, On a corn, For Game of, Angle Saxon, 298. Kemble, J.P. Linea by 400 Pao Se a 412. a + pak neoee on, 2, 2a 61,102. ifs Danghtera, © 117)y. 272. Ballad, 7. Lewis, Lee, Anecdote of, 31h. one day, &c., a Song, 277. Lovely Mary, a Poem, 84. Lover’s Tomb, the, 408. —— in an Apothecary’s Shop, Lather, Martin, Anecdote of, 442. Macbeth, true History of, 146. Maestricht, Town House, 433--Siege, 434. Magic Lay of the One-horse Shay, 4 —— Squares, to form, 262, 293, 295. Magnetism, Animal, 462. Maid of Orkney, the, 350. Manners, English, Irish, and Scottish, 462. Marriage, on, 162—Licenses, 413. Mary of Butlermere’s House, 81. Matrimonial Felicity, 39. te for, 128. Mickle, W. Julius, Ballad by, 357. Middleham Castle, a name of, 97. Mignonette, Account 105. Mineral Camelions, to make, Miseries, Half a dozen, Modern Habits and Customs, a of, 372. Poem by, 412. Anecdote of, 42. Mother Eve’s Pudding, a Recitation Mother’s Lantent for Fin Mass Mule Spinning, Account eT 398. Multum in Parvo, wet 195, 229. Manden, Anecdote of; 394. Music of the Spheres, on the, 98. Music of the Neck, ye wagnen 307. Naval Neapolitans, yreien of 223, 444. Negro Funeral described, 390. Newcastle, Duchess of, Memoirs of, 46. New Way of Debts, 206. Night Thoughts, 34. Nepery, Lord, Seomwater, 461. November, Three Sonnets on, 436. Nursery, a Royal, 126. Oxberry, Where is the Harp of the Minstrel, 275. Palm Tree, Description of the, 46. Palm Tree, Description of the, 46. Palm Tree, Description of the, 46. Philocopher’s Faux Ane, the, 399. Pictures, the, a Siena? 172, 192. Pier at Margate, on the, 416. a of Cuba, 43. in Russia, 348. Pocket Books for 163, 413. Poe Popular, 342. itaph on Two, 160. fenea Memoir of, 120, 258. Porter, to correct its Acidity, 80. Potatoes, to Preserve, 78-Uses of, 159,430. Power Looms, Account of, 307. Prayer, versus Play, 288. Priest, Funeral of a "Hindoo," 424, Projects and Com: Proverbs for the e, 59. eee 250, 277, 311, 325. Resemblance, Points of, 288. Revolutions in Literature, 62. Richard III. Relics of, 440. es a Whale, 430. igmarole Club, Mi of 84. Robber, “— Young, 18]. “ Rogers, igram by, 330." Rose of Jericho, oo A Roseberry Topping eran 326. Eee aca yal Poets, the, 41 464. Rufus, William, Dea. Few — 74. ustic an Curate, ‘a Pindicte, 404. Sailors, British, 87. Saint and the Groom, the, =. Salutations and Greetings, 2 Z Sandwich Islands, Visit Poi Death of the King and of 195, in ap Queen the, 72, 195 a a ee eee \| jae le bitants 68, 213. Sappho’s —. i fy Saturday Night in London, 10. Savage Life; Magnanimity in, 368. INDEX. Scriptural Prints, Use of, 89. Sceae in Switzerland, 397. 97, 5 Se 322. s ry, Minister. Shevlin’ Fath ) 392. onument, 319. 234. Sighs bene; 295. Simple and Compound Interest, — Siward’s Monument, 145. Sexton Book, the, 194, Seymour in sheet poms States, 282. Ow Star of Bethlehem, a Poem, 450. Stationers’ Hall, Dinner at, a Sketch, Church, Description of, 337. Statens Soliloquy, 226. Suett, the Actor, Aneedotes of, 250. Superstitions in Mecklenberg, 89. of the Manks Peasantry, Templar, who of the, 1 : Royal Tat Hackney, 177,-217. Thebes, ‘ ombs at, 23 of Corsica, Memoir of, 174. "Vase, An There's not a breath, &c. a Thinking, or 'Hodge' in his Leach, Time Calculation against, 18. mappoo Saib’s Seal of State, 25. Woman rules, a Song, 357. the, 53, 119, 230. Tovoonarats 253, Town 369. Tuileries, Description of the, 257. Turks of 265. Tytler, James, Life of, 380. Valerian, Medical of the, The Metallic, 306. Vauxhall, Poem on; 219. Venice, Description of, -77. at ‘Sea, Project for a Sea, 23. Victory, the, Washing and Steam Washing Company, 357. General, Letter from, 438. Water, power of, 372. Water impure, to correct, 429. Waxwork, curious, 318. Weather in England and Australia, Welsh Language as Antiquity of the, 51 West Wickham, Singular Custom at, 356. Welsh Language as Antiquity of the, 51 West Wickham, Singular Custom at, 356. Isle of, on 322. S, Curious, 6, 100. Love, World, General Goon of the, 230. Women V Indicated, 155. Yankee, Origin of the Word, 352. York Dimensions of, Yssaoois, Account of the, 315. Zeuxis the Painter, 35. THY END OF THE FOURTH VOLUME.	36,447
classicaljourna25unkngoog_8	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,810	The Classical journal ..	None	English	Spoken	7,479	11,146	On the ffritings of A monius. Ill Compare with Ibis the descriptive passages in the Eclogues, for instance, or Georgics of Virgil. Among . these Idyls is the too celebrated ''Cento Nuptialis:" with regard to which, however, or rather with regard to the obnoxious passage with which it con- cludes, we may doubt whether it originated so much in a mere gloating love of impurity, as in the indulgence of a reckless inge- nuity, glorying, with a kind of perverse triumph, in the dexterity with which the language and versification of Virgil had been forced into a combination with subjects so anti-Virgilian. The ** Epistles'* are, on the whole, the most interesting of Auso- Dius's works. They are the natural effusions of his heart, his fancy, or his immediate humor, with little restraint except that produced by the consciousness of writing in verse. We may ven- ture to diversify our monotonous criticism by one or two extracts. The following, from an epistle to his father on the birth of his ( Ausonius's) son, strikes us as very pleasing : (Ep. I.) Credideram nil posse meis affectibus addi. Quo, venerande pater, diligerere magis. Accessit (grates superis, medioque nepott, Bina dedit nostris qui juga nominibus; Ipse nepos te fecit avum : mihi filius idem, Et tibi ego : hoc nato nos sumus ambo pares.) Accessit titulus, tua quo reverentia crescat; Quo doceam natum, quid sit amare patrem. Quippe tibi sequatus videor, quod parvulus isto Nomine honoratum te quoque nobilitat; Atque stas quia nostra eadem : nam supparis svt Sum tibi ego, et possum fratris habere vicem. Nee tantum nostris spatium interponitur annis. Quanta solent alios tempora dividere. Vidi ego natales fratrum distare tot annis, Quot nostros : sevum nomina non onerant; Pulchra juventa tibi senium sic jungit, ut sevum Quod prius est, maneat; quod modo, ut iocipiat. Et placuisse reor gemiuis xtatibus, ut se Non festinato tempore utraque* daret; Leniter haec flueret, haec non properata veniret, Maturam frugem flore manente ferens. The first epistle to Theon, though indulging too much in horse- play, is a good piece of sarcasm. The concluding lines of our extract almost rise to humor ; a quality exceedingly rare among the later Latin wits. * TJtraque for utrii^ue, and in like manner edtiem, are among the nianv corruptions in quantity (as in other matters) in Ausonius, which mark an age of incipient barbarism. Perhaps this particular instance origir nated in the popular accentuation* 11$ Oniht Writings of Amanita. Quid gens, extremis ppsitos teliuris in orify " Cultor arenarum vates ? cui littus araodiuny OceaDi finem juxta, Sblemque cadentem ; Vilis arundineis cohibet quem pergula tectis, £t tingit piceo lacrymosa colonica fumo. Quid rerum Musaeque gerunt, et cantor Apollo? Muss non Helicone satsp, nee foote caballi, Sed c\|uae fcecundo de pectore Q^mentini Inspirant vacuos aliena niente poetas. Jure quidem; nam quis malit sua carmina did, Qui te securo possit proscindere risu ? Haec quoque ne nostrum possint urgere pudoreni, Tu recita ; et vere poterunt tua dicta videri. Quam tamen exerces Medulorum in littore vitam ? Mercatusne agitas, leviorc numismate captans^ Insaois quod nioi( pr^tiis gravis auo(io vendat ; Albentis sevi globulos, e( pinguid <;erae Pondera, Naryciamque picem, scissamque papyruniy Fumantesque olidum paganica lumina tsdas r An majora gerens, tot a regione vagantes Prosequeris fures ? qui te, postrema timentes. In partem prsdamque vocant : tu mitis, et osor Sanguinis humani, condonas crimina nummis, Erroremque vocas, pretiumque imponis abactis Bubus, et in partem sceleris de judice transis. Of the Epistles to Paullinus we have already spoken. The Panegyric on Gratian will not detain us long. Its characteristics are fluency, spirit (or rather perhaps vivacity), and somewhat of artificial smartness. We are reminded here of the professional rfaetoriciai^y as in some o^her places of the schoolmaster. One unpleasing feature^ although too common in Roman writers to excite particular disgust here, is the extravagant strain of eulogy in which he indulges. Yet something may be said in extenuation of such offences. The feeling which prompts them is not neces- sarily unmixed servility : there is a spell in things present, a fasci- nation which operates iq some degree unavoidably on all except the strongest eyes ; there is a charm also in rank, in authority, in hereditary institution ; and where both these adventitious influ- ences concur, the merits of the individual invested with them are sure to be over-rated by the bulk of mankind. But we must not riiD out into crude speculation. In Ausonius's case it should ' be observed, that a long friendship, and great benefits conferred on h^m by Gratian, might excuse some warmth of panegyric on his part. We can afford only one short quotation ; it is not the best that might have been selected, but we prefer it as containing 9 lively description of a somewhat extraordinary ceremony. Vel illud unum cujusmodi est, de condonatis residuis tributoruni? Quod tu quam comulata bonitate fecisti ! Quis uoquam imperatorum Notice q^ Bttfckhardf s Travttsm Arabia. IIS hoc provinciis suis aut uberiore indulgentis dedit, aut certiore securitate prospeuty aut pnidentia consultiore munivit ? Fecerat et Trajanus olim ; sed, partibus retentis, noo babebat tantam oblectationem concessi debiti portio, quanta suberat amaritudo servati. £t Antoninus indulserat; sed iniperii, non beneficii successor invidit, qui ex docuroentis tabulisque populi condonata repettvit. Tuargumenta omnia flagitandi publicitus ar- dere jussisti. Viderc in suis quaeque foris onines civitates conflagratio- nem salubris incendii. Ardebant stirpes fraudum veterum, ardebant semi- naria futurarum. Jam se cum pulvere favilla miscuerat, jam nubibus fumus involverat ; et adhuc obnoxii in pasinis concrematis ductus api- cum, et sententiarum notas cum titubantia et trepidatione cernebant ; quod meminerant lectum, legi posse etiam tunc yerentes. We have omitted mention of one or two unimportant fasciculi of verse ; neither have we noticed his prefaces, which are fre* quently better than the poems they usher in. On the whole, Auso- nius appears to be fully entitled to the rank which he holds among the minor poets of Rome ; and if we were to describe in one sen- tence the impression which the perusal of his collective works left on our minds, we should say that they contain so much good poetry, and so much beauty of sentiment, as to make us regret that the proportion of good to bad, in both instances, was not greater. NOTICE OF ''TRAVELS IN ARABIA; comprehending an Account of those Territories in Hedjdz which tht Mohammedans regard as sacred.'' By the late John Lewis Burckhardt. 4to. London, 1829. Pn 21. 2s. Colbum. Xhe high reputation of Burckhardt as an intrepid and accom- plished traveller has for some years been established throughout £urope by the accounts of his expeditions to Nubia and to Syria, published in two quarto volumes. The celebrity so justly acquired by those publications (a celebrity which we regret to designate posthumous, for the author died at Cairo in 1817») ^iU not, if our judgment be correct, suffer any diminu- tion from the appearance of his Arabian Travels. Respecting this work^ the editor. Sir William Ouseley, having observed in his preface, that to the former portions of Burckbardt's writings success was insured not only by intrinsic merit, but by the fame of their editor (Colonel Leake), as a scholar and antiquaryv a traveller and a geographer, adds— r* VOL. XXXIX. CI. Jl. NO. LXXVII. H 1 14 Notice of BuTckhardt'& ' It most Boty however, be inferred from any delay in publishing the present ¥0111010, that iti contents are less worthy of notice than those parts which have already proved so interesting and instructive to a ■mltitiMle of readers. It was always intended that this joarnal and other writings of the same lamented author should Issue successively from the press.* — ^'^ There still remains/* says Colonel Leake in his Preface to the Syrian Journal, (p. ii.) manuscripts sufficient to fill two volumes: one of these will consist of his Travels in Arabia, which were eonfined to the Hecyto or Holy Land of the Muselm&ns, the part least accessible to Christians : the fourth volume will contain very copious remarks on the Arabs of the Desert, and particularly the Wahabys." As some important literary occupations prevented Col. Leake from superintending the progress of this volume through the press, Sir Wm. Ouseley undertook the task, adopting almost invariably the Colonel's plan in his edition of the former works : particularly," says Sir William, '^ in expressing with scrupulous fide- lity the author's sentiments on all occasions, and in retaining, without any regard to mere elegance of style or selection of terms, his original lang^uage wherever an alteration was not absolutely necessary, to re- ooncile with our system of phraseology and grammatical construction oertain foreign idioms which had crept into his English writings/* (Pref. p. vi.) It must here be recollected that Burckhardt was a Swiss, bora at Lausanne, and descended from an eminent family -of Basle. ' In p. ix. the editor quotes a passage from Sir Wm. Jones^ who says^ ^ the manners of the Hej&zi Arabs have continued from the time of Solomon to the present age ;'' and another from Gibbon, who observes^ that ^mnr notions of Mecca must be drawn from the Arabians. As no un- believer is permitted to enter the city, our travellers are silent ; and the short hints of Thevenot are taken from the suspicious mouth of an African renegado.'' But in Burckhardt's narrative we find an authentic and interest- ing account of the most solemn ceremonies which he witnessed •t Mekka and Medina, and of the extraordinary people among whom he lived in the character of a Muselmdn. Supposing the reader to know (as related at the close of his Nubian Travels) that he had crossed the Red Sea from Africa to Arabia, our author abruptly begins this volume with the following words : '* My arrival in the Hedj^ was attended with some unfavorable cir- cumstances. On entering the town ofDjIddain the morning of the I8lh July, 1814, 1 went to the house of a person on whom I had a let- ter of credit, delivered to me at my departure from Cairo in January • Travels in Arabia. 1 15 18l3y when i had not yet fully resolved to extend my travels into Arabia. From this person I met with a very cold reception: the letter was thought to be of too old a date to deserve notice : indeed^my ragged appearance might have rendered any one cautious," &c. Here the immediate want of a sum sufficient to defray his daily expenses obliged him, though very reluctantly, to sell a faithful and affectionate slave, for whom he entertained a regard. This slave had cost him sixteen dollars at Shendy, and was sold ia the market at Djidda for forty-eight dollars. " Thus," says he, ** the profits of sale on one slave defrayed almost the whole expense of the four months' journey through Nubia which I had performed in the spring." (p. 8.) From a physician named Yahya Effendi, who had beard a favorable report of our traveller at Cairo, he received three thousand piastres (about 100/.) for a bill on his friends in that city ; and he was soon after invited by the Fasba to visit him at Tayf. As the invitation of a Turkish ruler is a polite com- mand, he found it expedient to comply ; and having minutely described Djidda, its commerce, the various commodities sold in its shops, the manners of its inhabitants and other matters, he set out for Tayf (five days distant from Djidda) ; and on his arrival there alighted at the house of Bosari, the Pasha's physi- cian, whom he had known at Cairo* Under the name of Sheikh Ibrahim, Burckhardt declared himself to have been for some years a proselyte to the Mohammedan faith : yet he had reason to apprehend that Bosari watched him as a spy ; and the Pasha had jocosely observed, ''it is not the beard alone which proves a man to be a true Moslem.' The Kadhy of Mekka (who happened then to be at Tayf,) remarked, that as none but a Moslem could be permitted to see the holy cities (Mekka and Medina), a circumstan(^e of which our author could not be ignorant, he was inclined to suppose him a true believeri as he professed himself. Some difficulties on this subject being removed, Burckhardt had several interviews with the Pasha, and some extraordinary conversation of which he relates the particulars, (p. 77 et seq.). After some questions and answers the Pasha said, ''How did you pass your time among the blacks? I related some laughable stories, with which he seemed greatly amused. And now, Sheikh Ibrahim, where do you mean to go? I wish to perform the Hadj (or pilgrimage to Mekka), return to Cairo, and then prbceed to visit Persia. (I did not think it advisable to mention my design of returning into the interior of Africa.) May God render smooth the way before you I but I think it folly and madness to travel so much. What, let me ask, is the result of your last journey? Men's lives are predestined: we all obey our fate. For myself, I enjoy great pleasure in exploring new lis ^offcc of Burckhardt's •Hd uttknown codntries, and becomingtacqaaintted with diff^srent races of people. I am indaced to undertake journeys by the private satis- &ctJon that travelling affords, and I care little about personal fatigne.---^ Have yoa heard the news from Europe? — Only some vague reports at I)jidda. The Pasha then gave me an account of the events which ended in Bonaparte's banishment to Elba after the entrance of the allies into Paris. Bonaparte, he said, behaved like a coward; he •aght to have sought for death rather than expose himself in a cage to the laughter of the universe. The Europeans, he said, are as treache- rous as the Osmanlys (or Turks) ; all Bonaparte's confidants aban doned him^ all his generals who owed to him their fortunes/' The Pasba inquired eagerly about the political relations between England and Russia. He seemed to fear that the English army which had been employed in the South of France would now be at liberty to invade Egypt. '* The great fish swallow the small^'^ he said, ^ and Egypt is necessary to Eng- famd in supplying corn to Malta and Gibraltar/^ In the course of these conversations the geographical knowlege of his Turkish highness did not appear to great advantage ; he confounded Geneva with Genoa, and Sweden with Switzerland, (p. 81.) On his way from Tayf to Mekka, our author in passing by Wady Mohram assumed the ihram, a particular dress of the hadjys or pilgrims who visit the sacred territory ; and we learn Id a note that, according to Arabian historians^ the Khalifab ^Haronn Er'rashid arid his wife Zobeyda once performed the pil- grimage on foot from Baghdad to Mekka, clothed only with the ihram : that at every station of the caravan there was a castle with apartments splendidly furnished ; and that the whole jroad was covered daily with carpets on which tl^ey walked." (p. 89.) Burckhardt's companions on this journey were some soldiers, who, it appears, did not think it necessary to take the ihram, although positively ordained by the law as the duty of all who travel towards the holy city. When they arrived at Mekka, his companions the soldiers went off to visit their acquaintances, leaving bim in a place where he knew not one human being. " Whoever enters Mekka," says he, ' whether pilgrim or not, is en- joined by the law to visit the temple imoMdiately, and not to attend to ■ay worldly concern whatever before he has done so. We crossed the Hoe of shops and houses up to the gates of the mosque,, where my ass- driver took bis fare, and set me down ; here 1 was aoeosted by half a dooen fMtowrff or guides, to the holy places, who knew from my being 4f essed in the ihram that 1 intended to visit the kaaba. I chose one of them as my guide; and after having deposited my baggage in a Travel* in Arabia. 1 17 neighboring shop, eatered the moeqoe at the gate called Betet ' Stilw m^ by which the new-comer is recommended to enter.'* He then describes the various ceremonies performed on visitj ing the temple in a brief manner ; for a complete detail would^ he saySy prove extremely tedious : many voluminous works in Arabic treat of nothing else. (p. 94.) We shall but slightly notice the prayers recited on first sigh^ of the kaaba: the two rikats, the four prostrations, in thanks for having reached that holy spot, the prayers before the bUck, stone of the kaaba, two more rikats, the touching or kissing of tlie stone, the towqf or walk round the kaaba repeated seven times, the drinking of the holy water of the well Zemzem^ and other ceremonies indispensable on this occasion. Our author, having duly performed all^ had part of his head shaved^ and remained in the barber's shop^ not knowing any place of renose; he inquired after lodgings, but found that the town was nill of pilgrims, and that many were expected who had engaged apart- ments. At last he was enabled to hire a ready- furnished room ; and having no servant, he agreed to board with the owner» whose family, a wife and two children, retired into a small opeii court-yard on the side of our traveller's room. ** Mekka may be styled a handsome town ; its streets are in general broader than those of Eastern cities ; the bouses lofty, and built of stone; and the numerous windows that face the streets give them a more lively and European aspect than those of Egypt or Syria, where the booses present but few windows towards the exterior. Mekka (like Djidda) contains many houses three stories high : few at Mekka are white-washed ; but the dark grey color of the stone is. ma^ preferable to the glaring white that offends the eye in Djidda. lo moft towns of the Levant the narrowness of a street contributes to its cool- ness;, and in conn tries where wheel-carriages are not used, a space that 1 1 8 Notice 6f Burckhardt's allows two loaded camels to pass eacli other is deemed sufficient. . At Mekka, however, it was necessarjr to leave the passages wide for the innumerable visitors who here crowd together ; and it is in the houses adapted for the reception of pilgrims and other sojourners that the windows are so contrived as to command a view of the streets/' (p. 104.) Our author minutely describes the diJSferent quarters of Mekka and the chief articles to be found in the shops. Some Indians retail strings of coral and false pearls, rosaries made of aloe, sandal or kalembac wood, brilliant necklaces of cut cor- nelians, and China ware : but much prejudice exists in Arabia against those Indians who are regarded as idolaters, although they outwardly comply with all that the Mohammedan law re- quires : they are supposed to be of the Ismayeley sect ; those mysterious devotees of whom Burckhardt gives an account in his Syrian travels. (See his Journey to Lebanon.) About a dozen of those Indians reside at Mekka, scrupulously perform- ing all the Moslem rites and ceremonies, but living wholly among themselves in one large house, never allowing strangers to occupy any part of it ; even should several of the apartments be untenanted. ^ Contrary to the practice of all other Mohammedans, these Indians never bring their women to the pilgrimage, although they could well afford the expense ; and those residing for however long, a period at Mekka have never been known to marry there, which is the more re- markable, as other natives of India, who live here for any length of time, usually take wives, although they may have been already married at home.'' Of these people the same stories were prevalent which were related concerning the Ismayeley s : our author inquired in vain for information on their secret doctrines, but he heard that a sect of light-extinguishers existed in India as well as in Meso- potamia : to these perhaps belong the Ismayeleys of Syria and of Mekka. (p. 1^.) In the street called Soueyga, Abyssinian slaves of both sexes are exposed for sale : beauty being an universal attraction, this place is frequented by hadjys (or pilgrims) old and young, who often pretend to bargain with the dealers that they may have an opportunity of viewing the slave-girls, during a few moments, in some adjoining apartment. '' The price of the hand- somest was from one hundred and ten to one hundred and twenty dollars.'' (p. 120.) This would sufficiently prove that the hadjys or pilgrims did not pass their time at Mekka wholly in religious meditations, or in acts of devotion; and to admire female beauty, or even to purchase slave-girls, (however incon- ' Travels in Arabia. 119 'sistetit'with ihe sacred character of Mekka) seems a mere fea- ther in the scale of guilt, when we consider such excessive depra- vity as that to which an allusion is made at the end of the fol- lowing passage, where the editor found it necessary to condense within the compass of a few lines several details on the same suhject absolutely inadmissible in an English publication, as a gentleman assures us who has seen Burckhardt's original manu- script : ^ It is only during the hours of prayer that the great mosques of these countries partake of the sanctity of prayer, or in any degree seem to be regarded as consecrated places. In £1 Azhar, the first mosque at Cairo, 1 have seen boys crying pancakes for sale, barbers shaving their customers, and many of the lower orders eating their dinners, where, during prayers, not the slightest motion, nor even whisper, diverts the attention of the congregation. Not a sound but the voice of the ImkBs is heard during prayers in the great mosque at Mekka; which, at other times, is the place of meeting for men of business to converse on their affairs ; and is sometimes so full of poor hadjys, or of diseased persons lying about under the colonnade, in the midst of their miser- able baggage, as to have the appearance of an hospital rather than a temple. Boys play in the great square, and servants carry luggage across it, to pass by the nearest route from one part of the town to the other. In these respects the temple of Mekka resembles the other great mosques of the East. But the holy kaaba is rendered the scene of such indecencies and criminal acts, as cannot with propriety be more particularly noticed. They are not only practised here with im- punity, but, it may be said, almost pnblicly ; ivnd my indignation has often been excited on witnessing abominations which called forth from other passing spectators nothing more than a laugh or a slight repri- mand.'^ (p. 150.) On some occasions the whole square and the colonnades of the temple are illuminated by thousands of lamps, besides which most of the hadjys bring each his own lantern. This brilliancy and the cool breeze that pervades the square, induce multi- tudes to linger here till midnight. Our ingenious author was once present when an enthusiastic pilgrim from Darfour arrived at this imposing scene on the last night of the Ramadhfin fast, after a long journey over many barren and wearisome deserts : on his entrance into the illuminated temple he was so overawed and affected that he fell prostrate, and remained a considerable time in that posture of adoration. He then rose, and instead of reciting the usual prayers of a visitor, only exclaimed, with a flood of tears, '' O God ! now take my soul, for this is Para disc.'* (p. Among his companions were some Malays, whose opinions respecting the English he contrived to learn : they showed a det^mined rancor and hostility towards their present masters, and greatly censured their manners ; ** of which, however, the worst they knew was that they indulged too freely in wine, and that the sexes mixed together in social intercourse : none, however, impeached the justice of the government, which they contrasted vdth the oppression of their native princes ; and although they bestowed on the British the same opprobrious epithets with which thQ fanatic Moslems every where re vile£uropeans,they.never failed to add ^' inU their government is good* I have overheard many similar conver- sMfioAs among the Indians at Djidda and Mekka, and also among the Arabian sailors who trade to Bombay and Surat: the spirit of all which was, that the Moslems of India hate the English, though they Ipye their government.'' (p. 297.) . We must rapidly pass over the thirteen days' march from Mokka to Medina (including a halt of two days). In this city our. author procured a lodging not far from the great mosque ; but was immediately called by the Mezowar or guide to visit the holy tomb of Mohammed : it being the duty of all strangers to perfqrm that religious task before they undertake the most trifling or important business, (p. S17.) But the ceremonies of Medina he found much easier and ahortejr thaii those of Mekka : a quarter of an hour sufficed for tbe. performance of all. Here he again met Yahya Effendi, the Pasha's physician ; and was unluckily induced by his report Travels in AtabrUk l^t of tbe illness that affected mtny persons, to give him htit m pound of bark which he had brought in his medicine-8adi« Two days after he was himself attacked by a violent fever. As it was intermittent, he wished to take some bark; but on appli* cation to the physician, hb declared that the last chram had beea distributed : his fever increased ; and our author was at last re. duced to such a state of weakness, that he was unable ta riaB> from his carpet without the assistance of his slave ; ''. a poor fellow," says he, ^' who, by habit and nature, was more fitted to take care of a camel than to nurse his drooping master.'^ Here he suff^ered much until the middle of April ; but the bad' water and unwholesome climate made him extremely desirous of leaving Medina. At length, finding himself just strong enough to mount a camel, he contracted with a Bedouin to conduct him as far as Yembo on the sea-coast, whence he. might embark for Egypt ; and having made a plan of the town, and collected the best information respecting it (which he gives in a particular chapter), he describes the various places adjoin-. ing, which partake of the sanctity of the mosque; and his re^ marks on the inhabitants of Medina are curious and interesUng; As to the prophet's tomb, our readers will probably not feel disappointed. ' The stories once prevalent in £urope respect-, ing its being suspended in the air are unknown in theHedj^^'' (p. 333.) At Medina it is thought indecorous that women should enter the mosque ; even in their houses few females pray, except m few devout old ladies. Being regarded in the East " as inferior creatures, to whom some learned commentators on the Koran deny even the entrance into paradise ; their husbands care little about their strict observance of religious rites ; and many of them even dislike it, because it raises them to a nearer level with them- selves : and it is remarked that the woman makes a bad wife who can once claim the respect to which she is entitled by the regular reading of prayers." (p. 348.) The mother of Tousoun Pasha appeared at Medina with alt the pomp of an Eastern queen, and was regarded as an angel on account of lier donations to the temple and to the poor. On her son she bestowed presents to the value of 25,000/. ; twelve complete suits, including every article of dress from the finest Cashmere shawls to the slippers ; a diamond ring worth 5000/., and two beautiful Georgian slaves. But we must refer to the volume itself for many interesting anecdotes and remarks on the inhabitants of Medina-^its government^ climate, and diseases; and accompany our author from that city (which he left on the Slat of April, 1815,) to Yembo, where he arrived on the 27th in a very feeble state of health. 123 Notice of Burckhardt's Travels in Arabia* Here the plague bad just commenced its ravages ; a rare occur- rence-in the province of Hedj&z. Ships may anchor with safety in the deep bay of Yembo, which is a very cheap place with respect to provisions ; but so infested with clouds of innumerable flies^ that in eating it is impossible to avoid swallowing some with every mouthful. On the 15tb of May our invalid traveller embarked in an open jambouk, or large boat^ bound to Cosseir, and arrived at Sherm on the 5th of June, whence he proceeded by land to Cairo in company with some soldiers and two men of Damascus; but he halted several days at a village called £1 Wady^ where he was kindly treated, and recovered a little strength. Arriving at Cairo on the 24th^ he found that the plague had nearly subsided — that the Christians had already re-opened their houses ; but that a great gloom still overspread the town from the mortality which had occurred. To the account of Burckhardt's Travels in Arabia are an- nexedy from his papers, ten articles forming the Appendix : of these articles. No. I. shows the route of the pilgrim caravan through the country between Mekka and Sanaa in Yemen. jNo. 11. describes the country through which the Kebsy pil- grims travel, and the extraordinary customs of some Arabian tribes. No. III. the route from Tayf to Sanaa. No. IV. Notices of the country south of Mekka. No. V. Stations of the Hadj or pilgrim caravan from Cairo to Mekka. No. VI. Geographical notices of the country northward and eastward of Medina. No. VII. Postscript to the description of the Bei- tullah or Mosque at Mekka. No. Vlil. Philological obser- vations. No. IX. Topographical notices of the valley of Mekka and its mountains, extracted from the history of Az^ raky. No. X. Additional notes. From all these our limits will admit but of one extract, which we make from No. II. Speaking of certain Arab tribes, the author mentions that, until they learned from the Wahabys some true principles of Mohammedanism, they knew nothing more of their religion than its creed, '' La Illaka ill' Allah/' Sec.—'* There is no God but God, and Mohammed is the prophet of God." '^Tho £i Merekede, a branch of the great Asyr tribe, indulged in an aaeient custom of their forefathers, by assigning to the stranger who alighted at their tents or houses some female of the family to be his companion daring the night, most commonly the host's own wife; but to this barbaroas system of hospitality young virgins were never sa- ciiiioed. If the stranger rendered himself agreeable to his fair partner, he was treated next morning with the utmost attention by his host^ and furnished on parting with provisions sufficient for the remainder of his journey ; but if, unfortunately, he did not please the lady, his cloak was found next day to want a piece, cut off by her as a signal of con- Aug. Boeckhu Corpus Inscriptionum ^-c. 123 tempt. This circamstance bein; known, the nnlncky traveller was driven away with disgrace by ail the women and children of the vil- lage or encampment. It was not without jmuch difficulty that the Wahabys forced them to renounce this custom: and as there was a scarcity of rain for two years after, the Merekedes regarded this mis- fortune as a punishment for having abandoned the laudable rites of hospitality practised during so many centuries by their ancestors. That this extraordinary custom prevjailed in the Merekede tribe 1 bad often beard during my travels among the Syrian Bedouins, but could not readily believe a report so Inconsistent with our established notions of the respect in which female honor is held by the Arabs; but I can no longer entertain a doubt on the subject, having received, both at Mekka and Tayf, from various persons who had actually witnessed the fact, most unequivocal evidence in confirmation of the statement.'^ (p. 448.) For a variety of curious and entertaining information we must again refer to the work itself, which forms a very hand- some volume, printed by Valpy^ and embellished with four plans and a general map, illustrating not only Burckhardt'a route in the Uedjiz, but several of the Itineraries given from original authorities in the Appendix ; constituting altogether a most important and valuable addition to our stock of authentic and interesting travels. CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM GRMCARUM; auctoritate et impensis ClassisHistoricee et Philologica Academics Literarum Borussicce edidit Augustus BoECKHius, AcademisB Socius. Berolini^ eo? offi-^ cina Academica. Vendit G. Reimer^ Librarian Vol. i. Fasciculus primus, 1825: pag. 1 — 292. Fasciculus secundus, 1826: pag. 293— 572. Fol. Part 11. --{Continued from No. LXXIII.^ We have already given in a preceding number a preliminary article on this important work, published under the sanction and at the expense of the Royal Academy of Berlin. We took a general view of the plan of the work^and promised our readers to communicate to them in a condensed manner the substance of illustrative matter, by which the learned editor has rendered bis work so useful and interesting to the scholar and archaeologist ; and we proposed^ without entering into the minute details of palsographical controversy, to lay before them such inscriptions as have either been iiiedited before^ or on which the erudition and the divinatory faculties of the editor have thrown a new 1S4 Aug. Boeckhii Corpui light and interest. Boeckh himself intends giving a palaeogra- pbical commentary at the end of the work ; but the principles which guided him with reference to palaeography, may already be collected from Para Prima, which bears the title, — Tituli mntiquissima scripturt^ forma insigniorts. The inscription at the head of it shows already that '^ doctors disagree." It is the inscription fonnd by Gropius the Austrian Consul at Athens in the neighborhood of Crissa, and which Rose has rejected as spurious, because he could make neither head nor tail of it. From personal acquaintance with Gropius, we happen to know, that he does not understand the ancient Greek, and this settles the question about the genuineness of the inscription. Boeckh reads thus : Apt}TTwv (T I9i}xff xat Tff Botu xou K[akknc" Xsta] xa) * Ay Off Aid Svyurpes cog ^l\oi. On the stone only the letters ero^ were legible, and even the r is doubtful ; but as the Delphic Apollo was worshipped at Crissa, the conjecture of B. is extremely probable. In support of onttTos p. i4>$iTos, he refers to rlriti, Suv^oo, Bix^os. Hermann objected to the Homeric xai Te, but Pausan. viii. 21, 2. writes xai eg ElKeiiuiotv ts. The inscription runs on the stone from the right to the left in the manner used by the Orientals, the Greeks of the highest antiquity, and the Etruscans. Insc. 3. is commonly called Insc. Naniana, from a column brought by Nani from the island of Melos. In a palaeogra- phi<}al point of ^iew, it is one of the most remarkable inscrip- tions, not only for the singular form of several letters, but espe- cially because there occur in ■ it KS instead of 8; IIH instead •f 0, and KH instead of X. Still there is no reason to doubt its genuineness, as Thiersch has done. B. reads it thus : IIolI a 10$ ExfoLVTcp ii^ui ro^ dejxev^e; iyaXjAu <ro» yap eTrsu^ofievog tout eTeAeffcre ypifmv. Where we put ^, ;^, f, the inscription has the tenuis with the sign of the spiritus asper as marked above. That the Greeks used to write thus in early times, is proved by a passage from Bekker, Anecd. T. ii. Schol Dionys. Thrac. p. 780. ovr) Se t?^ •xfeoy^O'sa); tou ^ iypafov to t, ifpotrriiivTBi rd ump cdtroig <nifMiov rij$ We/of, &c. Gf. Pnscianus p. 542. lib. i. cap. de numero literarum, et Plinius H. N. vii. 58. B. supposes this inscrip- tion to belong to the age of Solon or Pisistratus. The inhabit- ants of Melos were Dorians; and Heimann says, Proxima veterrimae Gnecorum linguse erat Dorica. On- the Spartan colony at Delos, Boeckh refers to Conon. Narrat c. 36, Plu- tarch, de Virt* Mulier. p. 273. T. viii. ed. Tub. Herod, viii. ImcripHoHum QracunSm. 125 48. Thucyd. v. 84, et 112. Xenoph. H, Gr, 17, S, 3. ITie folio wiog translation in given by Boeckh : Jove gnate, ab Bc- pbanto accipe hocce sine reprehensione elaboratum donarium^ tibi enini supplicans hoc perfecit scalpendo. Apollo, the &pxf^ yirr^g of the Dorians, is the Jove gnatus. Ecphantus is a name which occnrs in Suid. v. Mouo-aio^ : Demosth. de Cor. AiywM riyii accipere ab aliquo, is found in Homer : cf. Porson. ad Eurip^. Hecub. p. 45. ed. Lips. Pindar. Pyth. iv. 21. ajxsv^s^ I. ^ftsfftl ^ig is. found in a few other texts. "AyaXiua, was a general temi for any work dedicated to the gods. Tim. Lex. Plat. iyaXptM : ^eiv ocyairifMi : therefore the column was probably without amr statue upon it ; kinv^ifiivos is given by supplicans, because tt would require ev^afjt^evog aveBiiXB if the column had been offered da voto : Ypifoov p. ygifeov Dorice, as [AuXixii [Aako^, and yg^^ow p. ykifaw^ excavans, scalpens. Welcker reads Tpo^oov as a noun proper, and supposes Ecphanto to be an epithet of Diana, foo»i ii ix^uhei (11. A 103.), which opinion he has retained in hift Sylloge Epig. just published, Bonn. 1828. inscription 4. (Petilia.) Behg, TiyoL Souorts 8/8 eon SiKainu Totv foi a' AayLMpyis* Uapayog as' npi^i¥Ot' Mintcov* Apfjj>^Siafios' 'Ayaiap yog ^Ovaroig' Eirixoop or The inscription is on a brazen tablet, and contains no long vowels nor any double consonant, except f in the shape of f. Boeckh translates thus : Deus, Fortuna adsint. Saotis dtt Sicaenias domum suam et reliqua omnia. Demiurgus Parago- ras, 8cc. Oso;, rt^^, as in Latin Patres (et) Conscripti, the xa) being left out.. SotSang the name of a female ; there occurs Saaroiy whence S&ng and SaArig. The whole is a will, by which Saotis makes over her house and property to Sicaenia, and -s Demiurgus and five Proxeni are taken as witnesses. Jijjxioup- yig was the name of a magistrate in Dorian towns,— Hesycb. ▼. jdiifjuQv^is : and Boeckh supposes that the inscription design- nates the magistratns eponymus of the town; and as Herod, vi. 37. mentions, that the kings at Sparta appointed public officers called Proxeni, the five Ugi^tuftH at PetUia might also have been magistrates. How they came to affix -their name to a will, is explained by Boeckh in a singular manner. Assqb- 126 Aug Boeckhii Corpm • ing that at Petilia; as. in other Dorian towns, no stranger could be left a legacy, or be appointed universal heir, the names of the Proxeni, who generally exercised public hospitality towards strangers, are to testify that no such stranger had been ap- C rioted as heir. It would rather appear that an exception d been made in this instance in favor of Sicaenia, whose name already denotes a stranger, as Syrus, &c. and that in order to ensure the validity of the will, the Proxeni, together with the chief magistrate, were appointed as witnesses or executors. Inscription 8. is the Sigean, which is known well enough. This inscription has given rise to innumerable discussions ; and Boeckh's opinion about it has since been again refuted at great length by Hermann. Boeckh supposes the lower and opper inscription to belong to the same age, and even to be the work of the same stonecutter ': ' Probabile mihi hoc unum videtur, post incisam inferiorem inscriptionem additam superio- rem esse, ne nimium inconcinna lapidis videretur adornatio." Boeckh classes even this inscription among those ^'quae fal- aam antiquitatis speciem prae se ferunt," like the columns of Herodes Atticus ; and he assigns as a reason of the difference of dialects in the upper and lower inscription, a childish anxiety ''nenovus hie titulus suis careret dotibus.'' Lastly, he sup- poses Phanodicus, the author of the inscription, to be the writer of the Deliaca mentioned Schol. Apollon. Rhod. i. 211. 4ig. Diog. L. i. 31. 82. 83. .who lived about the time of Aristotle. This Phanodicus of Proconnesus, being an Ionian, might have written the upper inscription in the Ionian dialect, in order to fender it intelligible to his countrymen ; and the lower, in the Attic dialect, was designed for the inhabitants of Sigeum. Thus Boeckh makes another shift, as if he were not pleased himself with his first hypothesis about the 'different dialects in the upper and lower part of the stone. We confess his argU' ments have failed to convince us, and we believe the lower inscription to be of a more ancient date than the upper^ whence in the latter the Ionian letters are used. Inscription 11 wa» brought by Sir W. Gell from Olympia, and was first published by R. Payne Knight. Boeckh shows by a passage from Strabo viii. that the Eleans and Arcadians spoke the ^olic dialect (AloXKrr) Si8X6;^S)](rav) ; and this inscrip- tion being written in that dialect, there is no reason to infer from the Doric treaties, given by Tbucyd. v. 77. and 79. that the inscription must be on that account merely of a much higher date than Olymp. gb. Boeckh^ however, on historical Inscriptionum Gracarum. 127 grounds, supposes the treaty between the Eleaiis and the Henfr- ans, which this inscription contains, to have taken place about Olymp. 50. Inscription 12. is an excellent specimen of the conjectural ingenuity of the editor. It is taken from the papers of Four- niout, and less liable to suspicion, as Boeckh observes, be- cause it bears such evidences of mistakes, or of neglect in making the transcript, as .would have been avoided by an artful compiler of inscriptions. As corrected by Boeckh the in- scription reads thus: — 'Ev (jLi(r(rtp ye Bgii^g re xa\ iaTeos, ivip, of 'E^jxij;. It appears from a passage of a dialogue De lucri cupidine (cf. ^lian. V. H. viii. 2.), that Hipparchus had Hermes placed half- way between Athens and the several J^jxof, one on each side ; on the right was written a pentameter, and on the left a hex* ameter: so that the two verses of both Hermes formed a distichon; the hexameter generally indicating to the traveller that he had arrived Iv fbs(ra) rou a^reog xa) roD Sijjxou, and the pentameter containing some moral sentence ; as, MvYjiiu ToS* 'IwTToigxov, (TTsTp^e iljtaia ^pov&v. According to O. Miiller, the altar of the twelve gods at Athens served (as at Rome the Miliariu^ Aureum) to calculate dis* tances from. We, however, remember an inscription in posses- sion of Fauvel, which stated the distance of Athens from the Piraeus at forty stadia ; and, according to measurement, this is exactly the distance between the Acropolis and the Piraeus. According to Fauvel, we believe the stone had been found walled in near the entrance of the Acropolis. However this may be, Boeckh's restoration of the above inscription appears to us most able and satisfactory. Inscription £4. From the fragment of a column found in the Morea, and brought in 1783 to Ancona, where a stone* mason bought it, and left it exposed to the weather, where it was greatly injured by mud and the sea air, Boeckh reads thus : "AfreyLi, <rol to 8* ayaXy! ««gj<r' eoSio-iv [a/xofjSigv] ^Atr^uXlM fui/jTrip ^ip(ng ["Epjoo ivyirrig Too Ilaglco TTolriiAa /iC[fioAa)r6co w y}x8 fsvycov. This was an ex voto to Diana Ilythia. The name of the mother 4^ip<ri$ i. q. Big<ns, as $^j fl^g, ^Kaiv, tfAav, and iroliifML i. q. ipyov. The artist was an exile from Faros, by name Colo- tes, as 13oeckh conjectures ; for Pans. v. 20. and Plin. xxxiv. 19. 27. mention an artist of this name, who, according to Pausaniat, was a pupil of Praxiteles, a contemporary of Phidias^ and in 128 Aug. Boeckhii Corpus facienido Jove Olympio adjutor, (Plin, xxv, 34.) although not bis pupil, as Pliny erroneously states. Heyne, however, (Opusc. T. V. p. 590.) supposes, that there have been two artists of the name of Colotes.	12,736
adigestlawsengl15cruigoog_21	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,827	A digest of the laws of England respecting real property	Cruise, William, -1824	English	Spoken	7,218	9,615	34. Where the same use is limited to the owner of the es- J tate, which would have resulted to him, in case no declaration ^ of that use had been made ; the declaration is void, and be takes it as a resulting use^ Read and 35. Anthony Mitford being seised in fee of the estate in £iTiDgtoZ* question, conveyed the same to the use of his eldest son and his Cro. Eiiz. wife, and the heirs male of the body of his son, remainder to Moo. 284. 2 ^^^ use of his own right heirs. It was resolved, that the use Rep. -91 b. limited to the right heirs of Mitford was the ancient use, which vras never out of him ; and was in fact a reversion in him, to grant or chaise ; and would descend from him to his heir if it had not been mentioned : that the limitation to his right heits was therefore void, being no more than what the law had al- ready vested in him. ^ - SicaUan."* ^^' '^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ takes place in all conveyances to uses, which operate without transmutation of possession : as in cove- ^ nants to stand seised, and bargains and sales, where the uses JiOe XI. U9e. Ch. iv. $ S6— 4S. 9Vr mrise out of the estate of the covenantor or bargainor : fi>r in these cases so much of the use as the covenantor or bargainor does not dispose of, still remains in him as bis old estate ; and is usuaDj called a use by implication. 37. A. being tenant in fee, covenanted to stand seised to Pjbvf ▼. Mit- the use of his heirs male, begotten, or to be begotten on the body ^^ ^ V***' of his second wife. It was determined that A. took an estate for life by implication : for the limitation being to the heirs of ^ his body, &o. and it being impossible for him to have any » ^aa such heirs during his life, as nemo est hiBres vweniis^ the use was undisposed of during his life, consequently remained in him. Sd. It follows from the same principle, that where no use arises upon a covenant to stand seised, or bargain and sale, eitb- 1^i»^« ^ 1^- er for want of a sufficient consideration, or for any other cause, such use will remain in' the covenantor or bai^nor. 39. From the nature of resulting uses, an4 uses by implica^ NoUm r»- tion, it follows, that they can never arise to any person but the the^wMr original owner of the estate. orth«£ita(e. 40. Husband and wife levied a fine of the wife's estate, to s^Jed^* the use of the heirs of the body of the husband on the wife begot- Sbow. Ca. ia ten ; remainder to the husband in fee. It was resolved, that "^ no estate resulted to the husband, because the lands originally belonged to the wife. This judgment was affirmed by the House of Lords. 41. Where there is any circumstance to show the intent of Noragaintt the parties to have been that the use should not residt, it will re- ^l f^Smf main m the persons to whom the legal estate is limited. 43. A recovery was suffered by one Hummerston, to the iik- HumaiM- tent that the recoveror should make an estate to him and his wife j^* vtlTa^ £br their lives, remainder to their eldest son in taU, &c. It was n. 9. agreed by the Court, that after the recovery suffered, the reco- verors should be seised to their own use ; foir if they were seised to the use of Hummerston, then they could not make the estate. But Southcot and Wray said they ought to do this in convenient time, otherwise the use would result to Hummerston. 43. A fine was levied, and an indenture made to declare the Uta. uses of it ; the words of which were, ** the fine was levied to the intent that they should make and estate to him to whom J. 444. £. the &ther (who was the cQgnizor) should name." And then was a proviso at the end of the indenture, that the cogmaue diould not be seised to any other use, except unto that use spa- eified. It was holden by all the justices^ that ^ lands shoul4 be to the use of the cogmzees themselves, inuDediately ai above that after the nominati0n, they AoiM H i^iitd to the usa^ Vol. I. 38 a»8 TtOe XL Use. Ch. iv. § 43— SO. WinningCon^f Caft, Jtnk, Ctnt. 6. Cm. 44. Tide Altham ▼• AogUasay. Throstoat r* Ftalft, Tit. whomever he named ; and if J. E. died without nominatioiiy then the law would settle the use in his heir. 44. A feoffinent was maile hj A. upon condition to reconvey to A. for life, remainder to the eldest son of A. b fee. It was resolved, that no use resulted to A. ; for if so, then the estate would vest by the statute of uses, and the feoffee could not make an estate to A. and to lus son. 36 c 3. \ ^^' "^^ resulting uses depend on the intention of the parties. Parol Eti- ^ parol evidence is admissible, to shew what the intent was : and ^dto'siww''* the clause in the statute of frauds, requiring that declarations <he Inttnt, of tmsts and confidences, which is held to include uses, should £^* \)ou^^ ^® made by some writing, signed by the party ; extends, in S4. ' ( cases of conveyances to uses, to third persons only ; not to the Q^ 'jMo' persons conveying, or those to whom lands are conveyed to uses. 4S5.' 46. Where a use is expressly limited to the owner of the es- Tidt Tit 3. ^iQ^ ]jg ^iij jj^^ t,g allowed to take any resulting or^implied 11 Mod. £14. use, inconsistent with the use limited to him. Wot which u 47, ^t a moot in Lincoln's Inn Hall, Mr. Noy put this dif- with the ference : — If a man makes a feof&nent in fee to the use of him- £^at6 limit- gelf for life, the fee simple remains in the feoffees, for otherwise 4d. Dyer, 111 , .„ ' • ^ » ,./» ,. \,. ft. n.46. lie Will not have an estate for life, according to his mtention: « 445 But if the use be limited to himself in tail, it is otherwise ; tot both estates may be in him. 48. It was held in the Court of Wards, by Popham and An- derson, in the argument of the Earl of Bedford's case, that if A. makes a feofiment to the use of himself for forty years, and does not limit any other estate, the fee will not result, but wiO remain in the feoffees ; for otherwise the term would be merged. 49. One Savage being seised in fee, conveyed his estate by lease and release, to trustees and their heirs, to the use of him- self for 99 years, remainder to trustees for 25 years, remain- der to the heirs mate of his own body. It was determined that no use for life resulted to Savage, be- cause that would be inconsistent with the term of 99 years ex- pressly limited to him. 50. A. by a settlement made on his marriage, conveyed cep- Ah. Eq« 753. ^^ iBLnis to the use of hunself for 99 years, if he so long livedo Via. Ah. and after to the use of trustees for 300 years, remainder to the use of die heirs male of his own body, remainder to his own right heirs. Upon a case referred to the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas, from the Court of Chancery, they held that DO estate of freehold could result to A. for his life, because another estate, viz. for 99 years, if he so long lived, was ex- fsteaAj limited to him ; which would be inconsistent with a re- sulting estate of freehold. Trt 2. c. T. I3S. Idem. AdamtT. Savage, S Salk. 679. Rawla J V. 18«.pl.ll. \ i TUU XI. Use. Ch. br. $ 61—64. S99 51. The doctrine of resulting uses only extends to those cases ^^ ^ ^ ^ where an estate ih fee simple passes. For if a person conveys Eitatt Taii^ an estate to another in tail> without any consideration, or de ^' ^^^ ^^ claration of nses, no use will result to the donor, and consequent- ly the donee in tail will hold to his own use. For by a gjiH of * 446 this kind there is a tenure created between- the donor, and the ^''•- ^^» Tit. donee in tail, which amounts to a consideration, and prevents the p lo. ^ use from resulting ; in the same manner as if a feofiment in fee ^^^ ^^ ^ had been made before the statute of quia emptores terrarwn, the ^^ * ^ * feoffee would have held the land to his own use ; because a tenure was thereby created ; in consequence of which he would have held of the feoffor, by fealty at least. 52. In the same manner, if a person leases lands to another ^^"^' for fife, or years, no use will result to the lessor. So if a lessee for life or years grants over his estate without any declaration of use, the grantee will have it to his own use. In Gilbert's pa. 65. Uses, the reason given for this doctrine is, that these lesser estates were not used to be delivered to be kept for the future support and provision of the family : therefore the mere act of delivering possession passed a right, without consideration ; since there was a presumption, from the use of the country, that these estates were transferred under secret trusts ; especially as rents were usually reserved ; and they were subject to waste, and other forfeitures. 5S. In the case of a conveyance of an estate for life or years» without consideration, althoi^h a use should be declared of part ^ of the estate to the grantee, yet there will be no resulting use to the grantor. 64. A. being tenant for life, granted his estate to B. by fine, Caifl^v. and by indenture declared the use to B. for the life of A. and j^^({q[^ B. ; and if £. died, living A., that it should remain to C. Af- terwards B. died, living A. ; C. entered, and let to D. for years, and died, living A. The question was, whether the lessee should retain the land as an occupant^ during the life of « 44^ A., or that A. should have it again as a resulting use. ^ It was adjudged, after ipfgument, that D. should have it as an occupant, and that A. had not any residue of the use in him : for although where tenant infee msJces a deed of feoffinent, and limits the use for life or in tail, and doth not speak of the residue, it shall be to the feoffor or conusor, because he had the ancient use in him in fee ; yet when tenant for fife, or he who hath the particular estate, grants his estate by fine, and Umits the use for years, or for a particular estate, it shall not return to him, but be to the conusee, although the fine were without any consideration ; because he who hath the particular estate soo r%ik XI. V$e. Ck. ir. $ 54—60. Nor on m Da- ▼ite, Tit 38. 1 Leon. 254« What use reialti to a Tenant In TaU. Argol ▼. Cheney^ Latch. 82. ♦ 448 Waker ▼• Snow, Palm 359. by fine, 18 Subject to tibe ailcient rent and forfeitiaie ; whicb is a.sttfficient eonsideration to convey the estate to him.'' 55. As a derise imports a bounty, it foDows that it must be to the use of the devisee, if not otherwise expressed : and that no use can in any case result t6 the heirs of the devisor, unless it appears by the will itself, that the devise was not made to ibt use of the devisee : if the use declared on the devise be void, the devise itself will be void. 56. Where a tenant in tail suffers a recovery of his estate^ by which it is converted into an estate in fee simple, without declaring any uses thereof, it has been doubted whether the use which results to him be in tail or in fee. The lai^age of the cid books is, that where there is a f^^fiment, fine, or recovery without consideration, or declaration of uses, these assurances shall enure to the old uses. 57. Thus where a father tenant for life, uid the son tenant in tul, joined in suffering a common recovery but the father alone executed the deed declaring the uses ; the court directed the jury to find the uses according to the estates which the par- ties had at the time of suffering the recovery. 58. 8o where a &ther tenant for life, and the son tenant in tail, suffered a common recovery, without any declaration of the uses to which it should enure ; it was held that it enured to the former uses. 59. The doctrine laid down in the above cases is liable to great objections ; for as resulting uses are guided by the intent of the parties, it f(rfk>ws that where a tenant in tail suffers a recovery without any declaration of uses,* the presumption is, that this act was done for the special purpose of acquiring the absolute dominion over his estate ; as it cannot be supposed that he would go to the expence of suffering a recovery, if he was only to acquire the same estate which he had before : and it has been admitted in the following case, that where a tenant in tail suffera a common recovery without any declaration of uses, the resulting use is to him in fee simple. 60. Eari Ferrers being tenant for life, with remainder to V WmT"* ^ ^ ^'^^ '^ other sons in tail male, and having an eldest son 207. Robert, who was about seventeen years old, and several odier sons, a very advantageous matdi had been agreed on between sucb ddest son and a jonng lady ; and articles were entered teto by Earl Ferrers and his son, whereby Earl Ferrers cove- nanted that he and his son should witiiin a year after his son came of age, by fine or recovery, settle the buUc of his estate to the Qse of his son for life, remainder to his fifst and other sons in tail, ftc. The marriage took effect, and the eldest son Robert, when he came of age, joined with his father in levying a fiae 8 Rep. 11 «. GUb. Ui 64. Viglitingale THOe XI. Use. Ch. iv. $ 60—62. SOI and ^sufiering a common recovery, but there was no d^cla- « ^g tion of uses. The son died, leaving an only daughter jand no son. ^ • It appears from the case Chat the estates of which the re- covery was suffered descended to the only daughter of Robert the son, who had joined his father in the recovery, and had not declared any uses. Now if the recovery had enured, as to Ro- bert the son's estate, to the old uses, he would have been ten- ant in tail male, with remainder to his brothers in tail male, successively ; and upon his death without issue male, the es- tate would have vested in his next brother, not in his daughter. But it was so fully admitted by the counsel of Earl Ferrers, who was party to that suit, and who was a younger brother of Robert the son, who suffered the recovery^ that in case of no declaration of uses, the use and estate resulted to Robert the son in fee ; that the only point for which they contended was, that the articles executed by Robert the son, while anmfant, and under which they claimed, amounted to a good declaration of the uses of the recovery. '61. This doctrine has been confirmed by the highest modem authorities. Thus Lord Hardwicke has said, ^^ I take if for l Atk. 9. law that a tenant in tail suffering a recovery is in of the old use, and that the estate is discharged of the statute De DonU:** and ip another case, " A common recovery will bar the entidl, ^* though there is no deed to lead the uses ; because it is in res- pect of the satisfaction of estate in value, which creates- the bar." And Lord C. J. Lee has said, ^* It is the use of the fee 5 j,,^ ^^ simple that passes to the recoveror from tenant in tail, and i07.nof«J which results to him and his heirs, if no use is declared.** 63. It follows from the above principles, that where a ten- ant in tail levies a^fine, without any declaration of uses, he ac- 4S0 quires a base fee descendible to his heirs, as long as he has heirs of his body ; ana in the case of Roe v. Popham it nnist^^i^ ^^^ be presumed that the Court reasoned in this manner ; for upon the death of the tenant m tail without issue, the person who had the reversion in fee was held to be entitled to the estate. \' TITLE XII. TKVdTS. CHAP. I. Of tht Origin and JVoftire of Trust Ettatet. CHAP. H. Of the Rules by whkh Tnut EsUUee of Freehold are gwemtd. CHAP- in. Of the Rulee by which Druet Terms are governed. CHAP. IV. Of the Estate and Duty of TVusteee. CHAP. L Of the (higin aud Jfature of Truet Estates. 452 1. Origin of Trusts. 3. Description of. 4. A Use limited upon a Use. 12. Limitation to Trustees to pay over the Rents* 15. Trust for the separate Use of a Woman. 90* Trust to sell or to raise Money. 29. Or for any other Purpose to which a Seisin is necessary. 33. A Trnst £state limited after Pay- ment of Debts vests immedi-> ately. 34. Terms for Tears limited itk Trust. 35. How Trust« maj be declared. 39. Resulting or implied Trusts. 40. Contract for a Purchase. 41. Purchase in the Name of a Stran- ger- 47. Purchase with Trait Money. 61* Conveyance without Consid«fa» tion. 54. A Trust declared in Part. 56. Or which cannot take Effect 58. Exception. 60. Where no Appointment b made. 61. Renewal of a Lease by a Tnn- tee. 63. Or by a Person having a paitica- lar Estate. 65. Where there is Fraud. 66. Trusts of Copyholds. 72. A Purchase in the Name of m Child is an Advancement 80. Exception, Children emancipated. 82. And also a wife. 85. No Trust between Lessor and Lessee. 87. All Trusts are executory. 89. Who may be Trustees. ( Tl^ie XIL Trwt. Ch. L $ 1— ft SOS Section 1. ^ THE object and intention of the statute 27 Hen. VI\|I Origin oT certainly was to destroy that double property in land, which had been introduced into the English law, by the invention of uses ; for which purpose the statute enacted, that the legal seisin and possession should be transferred to the use. If therefore the in- tention of the Legislature had been carried into full effect, no use could ever after have existed for more than an instant. y^Qgii, 50. But the strict construction which the Judges put on that statute ^ Atk. S9i. defeated, in a great measure, its intent ; as they determined that there were some uses to which the statute did not transfer the possession. Bo that uses were not entirely abolished, but still continued separate and distinct from the legal estate ; and were taken notice of, and supported by the Court of Chancery, under the name of trusts. , I 2. A trust is therefore a use not executed by the statute 27 Hen YIII. for originally the words use and trust were perfectly synonimous, and are both mentioned in the statute. But as Hb^ ^ Black, provisions of the statute were not deemed coextensive with the ^ various modes of creating uses, such uses as were not provided ^ « .^ for by the statute, were left to their former jurisdiction. Detcrip. u 3. A trust estate may be described to be a right in equity to tion of. take the rents and profits of lands, whereof the legal estate is ^ep?^'9 — vested in some other person ; and to compel the person thus sei- 12 Man. sed of the legal estate,^ who is called the trustee, to execute such \^' \|g ^^^^ conveyances of the land as the person entitled to the profits, who Rep. 210 — ) is called the cestui que trusty shall direct : m the mean time the ^ponl^l^?' ceshd que trust, when in possession, is considered, in a court of law, to be tenant at will to the trustee. Tjrrairi 4. There ieupe three direct modes of creating a trust. The ?5^^,^' first arises from a rule established in 4 & 5 Philip and Mary ; Bac Rtadi* \ihat a use could not be linnted on a use. The reason given by ^^ Lord Bacon for this determination is, because the words of the statute are, '^ Where any person is seised of any lands or tene- ments.'* Which excludes uses, as they do not fall within either of those descriptions. 2 Cottm. 33a< 6. Thus, on a feofiment to A. and his heirs, to the use of B. and his heirs, in trust for C. and his heirs, it was held that the statute executed oidy the first use : and that the second was a mere nullity. But as it was evident that B. was not intended to be benefited by that conveyance, the Court of Chancery took cognizance of the case ; and decreed that B. should pay the S04 TUk XII. Trust. Ch. i. § 5—11. ^(Vhetttone ▼. Bury, 2 P. Wnt. 146. Wagstaff ▼. Wagitaff, Tit 38. c. 5. ♦ 454 Att. Gen. ▼. Scott, Forfeit R* 13o« Vftnablei T. Morris, 7 Term R. 342,438. Tit. 32. c. 10 «14. Hopkioi ▼. HopkiDf, lAtk. 581. Marwood T. Darrell, Ca. Temp. I{ard. 91. a P. * 455 Boteler ▼. Alliii\|;toD, 1 Bro. Rep* 72. ante, $8. Doe T. Hickt TTerm R. Cortit T. Price, 12 Vet. 89. rents and profits of the land to C. and execute such conveyances as he should direct 6. In a settlement, lands were conveyed to trustees and their heirs, to the use of them and their heirs, to the use of A. B. for life, &c. It was held that the legal estate was vested in the trustees, and that the limitations to A. B. &c. were hut trusta 7. Ann Ratford conveyed lands to T. B. and his heirs, to the use of him and his heirs, in trust to permit the said Ann and her husband to receive the profits during their lives. Lord Talbot held, that as the estate was limited to tnistees and tbek heirs, to the use of them and their heirs, so that it was actually executed in them, whatever came afterwards could be looked upon only as an equitable interest ; for there could not be a use upon a use. 8. An estate was limited by deed and fine to the use of the husband for life, remainder to trustees and their heirs, during his life, to preserve contingent remainders; remainder to the wife for life, remainder to trustees and their heirs generally, and not during the life of the wife, to preserve the contingent uses and estates thermafter limited, remainder to such persons as the wife should appoint, &c. Upon a aise sent from the Court of Chancery, the Court c^ K. B. certified, that the trustees took a legal estate in fee, after the determination of the wife's estate ; and that all the subse- quent limitations were trusts. 9. Where lands are conveyed byoovenantto stand seised, bargain and sale, or appointment under a power, to A. and his heirs^ to the use of B. and his heirs, the legal estate will be ves- ted in A., and B. will only take a trust. 10. In the case of a devise, the rule is the same. Thus where a person derised lus real estate to trustees and their heirs, to the use of them and their heirs, upon several trusts ; it was declared by Lord Hard wicke that the legal estate was vested in the trustees, and the subsequent devisees only took trusts. 11. In a case of a devise to trustees to several uses, which was exactly siimlar to that of Yenables v. Morris, Lord Thur« low held that the trustees took the legal estate. But in a subse* quent case the Court of King's Bench held, that where it was not necessary for the trustees to take the legal e.state, and the intention of the testator appeared to be, that the estate Knuted to the trustees should be confined to the lives of the tenants for hfe, the devise ought to be construed accordingly. And it has been held by Shr W. Grant, that this doctrine is apphcable to the case of a deed. TUle XII. TVust.. Ch, j. $ 12—17. SQ5 12. The second mode of creating a trust arose from an opin- ^itation to ion wluch was delivered by the Judges in 36 Hen. VIIL, that pay otcut the where a man made a feoffment in fee, to his own use, during his ^^^^"^f^ life, and after his decease that J. N. should take the profits, this Faoffm. Kr, was a use in J. N. ; contrary, if he said that after his death Use 53. his feoffees should take the profits and deliver them to J. N. This would be no use in J. N.> because he could have them only by the hand of the feoffees. Thus the feoffees would have the legal estate, and consequently J. N. could only have a trust, which would be enforced in equity. 13. This rule has been applied to devises; but a distinction has been made between a devise to a person, in trust to pay over the rents a::td profits to another, and a devise in trust to permit some other person to receive the rents and profits. In the first ease it was held that the legal estate should continue in the first devisee, in order that he might be able to perform the trust ; for where he is directed to pay over the rents, he must necessarily receive them. But in the second case it has been adjudged that the legal estate is vested, by the statute, in the person who is to « a^q receive the rents. 14. Lands were devised to trustees and their heirs, to the in- Broujrhfoa v. tent to pcmit A. to receive the rents for his life, &c. It was ^"^^^Z* determined that this would have been a plain trust at common 873. * law ; and what at common law was a trust of a freehold, v^as executed by the statute ; which mentioned the word trust, as * Vent. 31S. well as use. And that the case of Burchett v. Durdant, which had been determined otherwise, was not law. 15. Where an estate is conveyed or devised to trustees for ^parate Uw the separate use of a woman ; the Courts will, if possible, con* of a Woman^ strue the devise so as to vest the legal estate in the trustees ; because such a construction will best effectuate the intention of the donor. 16. Lands were devised to trustees and their heirs, in Saunden,' trust for a married woman and her heirs ; and that the trus>- l Ve?ii. 415« tees should from time to time pay and dispose of the rents to the said married woman, for her separate use. The Court held it to be a trust only, and not a use executed by the statute. 17. A testator gave all the rents of certain lands to a mar- gonOi v. ried woman, during her life ; to be paid by his executors into f^^H^^^ her own hands, without the mtermeddling of her husband. loi. Lord Chief Justice Holt was of opinion that the executors ^ WJl 9». took the legal estate, as trustees for the wife ; but the other Judges were of a contrary opinion. Lord Holt's opinioo was hqwever fully established in the following case. Vol. L 39 306 TUh XIL Trust. C9u i. § 18—21. UykUle 18. Lands were devised to trastees and their heirs, in trurt lAb. £q. ^^ P^y several legacies and annuities, and then to pay the sur* 388. plus rents into the proper hands of a married woman ; and ^"^ after her decease, that the trustees should stand seised to &e use of fhe heirs of her body. It was decreed, that this ii^as a use executed in the trustees during the life of the married ^ ^ ^ . woman : but that after her decease, the legal estate v&ted in Ga. 113. ' ^^e ^e^^s of her body. This decree was affirmed by the House of Lords, after consulting the Judges. 19. In the precediiig case, the direction to the trustees to pay annuities, and the trust to pay the surplus, would have ]us« ^ tified the decree. But in a modem case sent out of Chancery, HartoD, 7 <^ estate was devised to trustees and their heirs, upon trust to Term R.6SS. permit the testator's niece, who was mailed, to receive the rents during her life, for her separate use. Lord Kenyon said, fli%£ whether this were a use executed in the trustees or not, must* depend upon the intention of the devisor. This provision was made to secure to a feme covert a separate allowance, to effectuate which it was essentially necessary that the trustees should take the estate, with the use executed, for otherwise the husband would be entitled to receive the profits, and so defeat the object of the deidsor. The court certified that the legal estate, by way of use executed in fee simple, vested in the trus- tees ; that construction being necessary to ^ve legal effect to the Trttit to sell testator's intention ; to secure the beneficial interest to the or to raise separate use of the feme covert. SO. Where lands are devised to trustees, in trust to sell or mortgage, in order to raise money for payment of debts, and subject thereto in trust for a third person ; the trustees will take the legal estate. For otherwise it would not be in their « 458 power to execute the trust BagshawF. 21. A person devised all his lands to five trustees, their v^'^^lo ^ heirs and assigns, in trust that they and their heirs should in Collect. Jar. the first place, by the rents and profits, or by sale or mor^^e V, i. 378. 0f \|{\|0 premises, raise so much money as should be necessary for the payment 6f his debts ; after payment thereof he gave the same to his trustees for 600 years, without impeachment of waste, upon several trusts. And then proceeded in these words : ^ And from and after the determination of the said estate for years^ then I give and devise all my sidd lands, &c. unto my said trustees, their heirs and assigns ; my mind being, that my said trustees shall be and stand sebed of the said premises in trust for the several uses, &c. after declared ; viz. as for one moiety at the same premises I give and de^nse the same to the use and behoof of my nephew T. Bagshaw, for the term of bis TUU XII. Trust. Ch. I $ £1—26. 807 liatural life, &c." One of the questions in this case was, whe- ther the estate devised to the nephew was a legal or a trust estate. Lord Hardwicke held that the devise to^the nephew was merely a trust in equity ; the first devise being to the trustees and their heirs, it carried the whole fee in point of law. Part of their trust was to sell the whole or a sufficient part for pay- ment of debts. This would have carried a fee by oonstruction wright r. without the word heirs. The consequence of this was, that here I'eanoD, being the whole fee, in law, devised to the trustees^ no remain- £jlS!Vw.°**' der of a legal estate could be limited upon it ; and T. Bagshaw 459 took only a trust. 22. This mode of construction is adopted in cases of deeds, as well as in cases of devises. S3. Lord Byron t>eing tenant for life, with remainder to his K^ea v. son in tail, they ^suffered recoveries, and conveyed estates in East «4a Lancashire and Nottinghamshire to flie use of trustees and thejr heirs, in trust to ^ell the Nottinghamshire estate for pdfmpni of debts. As to the Lancashire estate, in trust to sell k^ and to apply the money in the purchase of other lands, to be settled on Lord Byron for life, remainder to his son. in fee. With a pro viso that the rents should, till sale, be received by the persons who would have been entitk)4 to them, if no recovery had been • suffered. It was held, that the use of the Lancashire estate was execut- ed in the trustees ; that as to the proviso that the rents, till sale, should be received as before, that was nothing more than the .common provision in such cases, and did not carry the legal es- tate. 24.. In the case of a devise to trustees for particular purposes, the courts will consider the legal estate as vested in the trustees, > as long as the execution of the trust requires it, and no longer : and will therefore as soon as the trusts are satisfied, consider the legal estate as vested in the persons who are benefici;dly entitled to it. 25. Thus in the case of Say and Sele v. Jones, the legal e^ tnto, f 18. tate was held to be vested in the trustees dutmg the hfe of the married woman. But upon her decease, it was conudered as vested in the heirs of her body. " 26. So, where a person devised to* trustees all his real estates, skft^o, arrears of rent, and a bond and judgment-; in trust, out of 5Eait, let. the rents and profits and arrears due, to pay an annuity of 601. to his sister H. for her life, and another annuity of 502. to Us sister D. for life ; after payment thereof, then m trust out of the residue of the rents, to pay to his broiher and nephew S(»' * 460 / I S«nrick T. Beattclerc, 3 Bos. & Pull. 175. (18 Man. Rep. 147.) Or for any other Fur- pose to which a Seiiia it necauaoy. Feame's Op« ♦ 461 Chadman v* Blisset, Formt R» 145. Title XII. TrusL Ch. I $ 36—30. 800/. in tmst {of the benefit of the children of another brother. After payment of the annuities, ^and the sum of 800Z. he devised his estates to his brother W. for life, &c. The testator further gave the trustees a power to grant building and other leases. It was resolved, that the trustees took the legal estate for the lives of the annuitants ; with such a term for years in remain- der as was necessary to raise the 800Z. ; and that subject there- to, the limitation for life to W. took effect as a legal limitation. . 27. Where lands are devised to trustees, charged with the payment of debts, upon trust for a third person, the trustees will not take the legal estate. 28. A person devised his real estates, and also his personal estate, to trustees and their heirs ; to the intent that they should, in the first place, apply his personal estate in payment of his debts ; and as to Jus real estates, subject to his debts, he devised the same to R. P. for and during his life, &c. The Court of Common Pleas held that this was a mere de- vise charged with the payment of debts ; for it did not appear that, the testator intended the trustees should be active in paying the debts. It would be more convenient that the legal estate should be vested in the trustees ; but this was only an argument ab inconvenientiy from which they could not construe the testa- tor to have said, what in fact he had not said. 29. It is now settled, that where an estate is devised to one, for the benefit of another, the courts will execute Ae use in the first or second devisee, as appears best to suit with the intention of the testator : from which it follows, that when^er an es* tate is devised to trustees, and they are required to do any act, to which the seisin and possession of the legal estate is nec- essary, although they be directed to permit the rents and profits to be received by another ^person, still that person will oidy be entitled to a trust estate ; for otherwise the trustees would not have the means of executing the trust. 30. J. B. devised all his real and personal estate to three tnistees, their heirs and assigns, in trust to pay his son Isaac 37/. quarterly ; and if he married with consent, then double the sum : if he should have any children, he gave the re»due of the rents of his said trust estate, to be applied during the life of his son, for the education of such child or children ; he then gave one moiety of the trust estate to such child or children of his son as he should leave, and the other moiety to the child or children of his grandson J. D. Lord Talbot said, the whole depended on the testator's intent, as to the continuance of the estate devised to the trus- tees ; whether he intended the whole legal estate to continue fUhXlL 7H$t. CA.L $30—34 309 fa them, or whether only for a particular time or purpose.. If an estate were limited to A. and Us heirs, in trust for B. and his heirs, there it is executed in B. and his heirs. But where particular things are to be done by the trustees ; as in this case, the several payments that were to be miide to the several persons ; it was necessary that the estate should remain in them ; so long at least as those particular purposes required it. 31. Lands were devised to trustees, upon trust that they ®**P^»d should, every year, after deducting rates, taxes, repairs, and iBro. R.'75. expences, pay such clear sum .as should remain to A. B. Lord Jeme'« Op Thurlow held that the trustees, being to pay the taxes and re- pairs, must have an interest in the premises ; therefore that the vi^e ^Cox^* legal estate was vested in them. ^•v- '4&* 32. A person devised lands to trustees and their heirs, upon trust to take and receive the rents and profits thereof, and to vvntoD^^ ^' apply the same for the ^subsistence and maintenance of his s Term R. son during his life. It was determined that the son had only ^ .^a a trust. 33. Where an estate is conveyed or devised to trustees and ^ rp^^,! their heirs, upon trust to pay debts generally, or debts particu- Estate larly specified ; and after payment of such debts, in trust for payment df' A. B., or in trust to convey such parts of the premises to A. B. Debts vests as shall remain unsold ; A. B. has an immediate trust estate »»»«<«^«^y' in the surplus, upon the execution of the deed, or the death of the testator. For in cases of this kind, the payment of the debts is not a condition precedent, which must be performed be- fore the subsequent limitation or devise can take effect ; but an interest commencing at the same time, and concurrent with the estate given to the trustees. For the words, ** after pay- ment of debts.'' or, '^ when the debts are paid,'* only denote the order or course in which the several interests shall take place, hi point of actual possession, and perception of profits ; with- collect. Jar. out preventing the subsequent estates, whether legal or equita- Vol. i. 2i4. ble, firom being vested Jp interest, at the same time with those "^. ' ^' which are prior to them in point of limitation. 34. The tlurd mode of creating a trust estate arises from Yea"'limited the answer of all the Judges in 22 Eliz. upon a question put to in Trust them by the Lord Chancellor, that where a term for years was ^•'» ^^ •' granted to A. to the use of, or in trust for B., the legal es- tate in the term remained in A., and was not executed in B. by the statute of uses. For the words of the statute are, "Where Bac. Read! any person is seised to the use of another." Whereas in this ^^ case, A. is not seised, not having a fireehold, but is only pos- sessed <^ the term, the word seised being only applicable to a « 23. frtehold estate. So that in cases of this kind die person to 310 TiUe XII. Trust. Ch. I $ 34—39, whose use the term was declared, was driveli into the Court * 463 of * Chancery for his remedy; where the trustee was compel- led to account with him for the rents and profits of the term ; and to assign it to him, when required, f How Trwts 35. By the statute 29 Cha. IL c. 3. § 7. it is enacted, dared. ^ ^^^^ ^^ declarations or creations of trusts or confidences, of ^& CZa /r J. ^r^^y lands, tenements, or hereditaments, shall be manifested and ^proved by some writing, signed by the party who is by law en- Tit 38. c 10. abled to declare such trust ; or by his last will in writing ; or else they shall be utterly void and of none effect" 36. A declaration of trust requires no particular form, pro- vided it be proved or manifested in writing : therefore a letter from a trustee, disclosing the trust, will be sufficient.	45,424
cu31924001662406_14	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,914	The principles of relief	Devine, Edward T. (Edward Thomas), 1867-1948	English	Spoken	7,376	8,962	After leaving the home a situation was again obtained for Clara with her child, in which she remained until the fol- lowing spring, when she returned to the convalescent home at eight dollars a month. Here she stayed for the season, the child improving much in health. For three years situations in various places were obtained for her, all of which she filled in a most satisfactory way. She finally obtained a position in the country, in which she remained for five years. The family thought much of her and were fond of the child, and she did her work well. At the end of the five years she was married to a widower who lived in the same town, a mechanic of good character, who has made a happy home for Clara and her child. Murphy, Kate, also an unmarried mother with a three months' old child, was rather more difficult to deal with, as she persistently gave different names and told conflicting stories each time she visited the office of the private agency which was trying to place her in a situation. It was learned that Kate had already had one or two other children, of whom she managed to get rid, and it was only as a last resource, when every effort to discard her baby had failed, that she made her application. She was un- truthful, difficult to manage, and stubbornly reticent, giv- ing no information whatever in any direction which might 256 PRINCIPLES OF KELIEF pakt ii help to facilitate action. A situation was secured for her in the country with her child, and although she at first rebelled against having to leave the city, under the kindness and good influence of the family with whom she was placed, she became gradually reconciled to her posi- tion and worked faithfxiILy and well, taking every care of her child. A year later, owing to a death in the family which had engaged her, the home was broken up. Kate had no difficulty in obtaining another position, three or four families being anxious to have her, and she finally went into a doctor's family in a neighboring town, where she remained working satisfactorily, and her baby doing well. The agency which had secured her the first situa- tion has kept in constant touch with her both by corre- spondence and personal visits, and Kate is duly appreciative of the opportunity given her. Information concerning homeless men asking for meals and lodgings is usually meagre. The following instances are typical of those in which some information is obtained. Davis, James, after unsuccessfully seeking work, and being homeless, applied for assistance to enable him to earn enough to release his clothing from pawn. He was able to do only light work, as he was not strong, and had for a short time been a patient in the tuberculosis ward of a public hospital. Mr. Davis was provided with meals and lodgings, and light temporary work as night watch- man was secured for him. This, however, he found to be trying, owing to bad air and his inability to sleep during the day. A few days after his application a college friend provided him with a ticket for Colorado and a letter insuring work for him upon his arrival there. Ourran, Patrick, a homeless man, asked assistance in securing suitable clothing and shoes. He had obtained a position as porter in a hotel at f 25 a month. For four years he had been ill with rheumatism, and this had interfered with his work. He had lately, however, received treatment and was much improved. Previous to his illness he had held good positions, and all references spoke well PART II TYPICAIi BELIEF PROBLEMS 257 of him. The clothing was supplied and meals and lodgings were also given. After working for two days Mr. Curran was discharged, as the man formerly employed in the position had returned. Work was secured for him at another hotel with a wage of $30 a month and meals, but this he was forced to give up as he had to work in a badly ventilated basement. A few days later, having been supplied with meals and lodgings while looking for work, Mr. Curran secured another position where he was paid twenty dollars a month and meals. Peterson, Horatio, made application upon his return from Florida, where he had been sent by the minister of a church, and where he had found it impossible to get work, none but colored help being employed. He had formerly worked in a restaurant in New York, the keeper of which, a colored woman, said that he was quarrelsome and could not get along with the other servants. She also accused him of having stolen flOO with which he had gone to Philadelphia, he continually annoying her after his return. He had also been employed at one or two private resi- dences, where a favorable opinion was held of him, except that he was considered at times to be mentally unbalanced, and at such times interfered with the other servants. It was learned that his mother was an inmate of an insane asylum, and that he also had spent some months there. At one time also he had served a short term in prison. The following are fairly typical of the great variety of cases arising in an effective enforcement of the laws for the suppression of vagrancy and mendicancy. Johnson, Lave, is a full-blooded negro, twenty-one years of age, of hardly more than rudimentary intelligence. He has been known in New York, for two years and a half, as a professional beggar of the "sidewalk" variety. When a boy, he had lost one leg at the knee as a result of the practice of stealing short rides on trains. This disability was his most valuable asset in the pursuit of his chosen occupation. 258 PRINCIPLES OF BELIEF paet ii Since September, 1901, he has been seven times arrested for vagrancy in New York City, and three times sentenced to six months in the workhouse. It has been found that he has served terms in other cities for shop-lifting and pocket-picking, and once for petit larceny. In different places he has been elevator boy, bootblack, newsboy, driver, and errand boy, and could work well under proper direc- tion, but would not keep at anything steadily. A letter written from the workhouse implies that he found begging profitable, for he says : "When arrested I had but four pennies in my possession, and the officers claimed they had been watching me three hours ; you see easily that this is a falsehood, for if I was begging, I would have had much more money than that." Attempts to start Johnson in a legitimate business at the end of his terms in the workhouse have failed, and he has become increasingly violent in his threats against the mendicancy officers — and in his deeds. During one of the periods when he was in durance for vagrancy, he stabbed a fellow-prisoner in the knee. Recently, when a mendi- cancy officer was about to arrest him, he struck the officer with his crutch, stunning him for a moment, and in the scuffle that followed bit his forehead. As a result of this, Johnson has been convicted of assault in the second degree and sent to State's Prison for five years. In pronouncing sentence in this case, the court made use of the following language : — " You have been convicted upon the testimony of officers assigned to the Charity Organization Society, one of the most useful and deserving organizations of this city. It is their work to investigate those who are in need, and when they find that applicants are in need, to see that re- lief is supplied. They are also keeping the streets of the city clear of professional beggars, and in this they deserve the utmost sympathy and support of the community. It is not often that their cases come into this high court, but I wish the officers of the society to understand that when this does happen, they will have here every consideration and assistance which it is within our power to give. While their officers, in the proper discharge of their duty, were attempting to arrest you for vagrancy on this occa- sion, you committed a vicious assault, and it is upon this charge that you have heen convicted. If you are to be supported by charity, the place in which you should be supported is the State's Prison, and I have decided to give you the longest sentence which the law permits for your offence. You are sentenced to five years in State's Prison. " Sagerman, James. When James Hagerman was eight years old his mother died, and his father soon married again — a woman whom the boy did not like. He does not say that she mistreated him, but that he stole from her and struck her, and at the mature age of nine left home and began to support himself by begging. A fall which he had when still a small boy resulted in the loss of one leg above the knee. He drifted to New York, where he sold papers and begged, living at a newsboys' lodging-house, until he fell into the hands of the law and was sent to a reformatory for five years. A position in a tailor shop was found for him on his discharge, but he did not keep it long. His employer one day taunted him with his recent experience on the Island and he left. Very soon he was arrested for stealing a truck load of goods, and received a maximum sentence of five years. At Elmira his record was poor, and he was kept there four years and six months, and then transferred to a peni- tentiary to finish his sentence. After his release from prison he worked for a while at shoemaking, the trade he had learned at Elmira, but soon went back to begging. Before he liad been out a year he was sentenced to three months for vagrancy, and within six months after finish- ing that term to another six months. Meanwhile he had married a girl of his own class, called Nell, but they soon drifted apart. On the occasion of the latest arrest for vagrancy he made a strong plea for a chance to begin over, and it was given him. After sever- ing connections with Nell, who afterwards went to live 260 PEINCIPLES OF BELIEF pakt ii with another man, he had " taken up " with a girl named Maggie, whose husband was then in jail awaiting trial. In their circle of acquaintances there is nothing unusual in these casual relations, but James and Maggie seem genuinely attached to each other. It was felt that both had been unfortunate in their surroundings and that, with a new chance, both might yet lead decent lives. In spite of James's history he still, at twenty -nine, " makes a fav- orable impression." He is far from the wretched, cower- ing creature that is so often the product of a prison career. He is not only spirited, but good natured and optimistic, and has a most attractive vein of manliness. Children are fond of him. He carries with him at all times a Ger- man army button which his father used to wear, and he likes to tell of his father's part in the Franco-Prussian war. He is rather seriously disabled. Besides lacking one leg entirely, he has a bullet in one arm, and his re- maining leg has been repeatedly broken and operated on. He is, however, skilful with his hands. He was estab- lished by friends in a suitable locality ; he was supplied with the tools and materials of his trade, and has hung out his cobbler's sign. He gets some work, and two cousins who have been discovered help him a little, though they are themselves poor. VArago, Katharine. For twenty years Madame d'Arago has been supporting herself by devices of unusual ingenu- ity and coming, from time to time and by various chances, to the notice of the Charity Organization Society. In 1886, when she first asked help from the society, it was found that she had received some assistance from another source in 1882; she had begun writing begging letters, and she had pawned the blankets in the house where she had been staying and "had to leave." At that time she stated that she had been in America only six months. The next year it was learned that she had recently finished a two years' term in the State's Prison to which she had been sentenced in 1884 for immoral traffic, carried on under the name of the Countess della Grada, clairvoyant. Her history, previous to 1884, is difficult to unravel. With a fair degree of consistency she claimed to be an PART II TYPICAL RELIEF PROBLEMS 261 Austrian of noble family, and slie always said that her husband was an Englishman, and that she expected help from his relatives and her other English friends. In re- gard to the number of years that she had been in America, however, the date of her husband's death, and the num- ber, ages, and residences of her children, she made hope- lessly conflicting statements. It is known that at the time of her consignment to the penitentiary she had a daughter nine years old who was taken in charge by the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. Ten years later she claimed to have two children, fifteen and thirteen years of age, in an institution in the country. In one of the letters written in 1896 she said that she had married in Rome and had one child living there. She frequently referred vaguely to her " only son," who had died. Generally she said that she had come to America as companion to an English woman, of various names, three or four years before the time of the statement. She was always prodigal of references, which could seldom be traced. "When she introduced herself to the Charity Organization Society, she had many foreign letters of recommendation and said that she knew six modern lan- guages and music. Letters are on file written in Italian and German as well as in English. The English is that of a foreigner, and both English and Italian are used in such a way as to indicate that they have been acquired by the "natural method" rather than in the class room. In whatever language she writes she displays a facility of expression, especially in her vituperation against the Char- ity Organization Society, that might be envied. The year following her first application, that is, in 1887, she again asked for help, on the ground that she was car- ing for a dying sister and her children. It was found on investigation that the sister's husband was able to provide for her and that a relief society was aiding. When the sister died, a month later, Madame d'Arago asked for money for the funeral expenses. The request was refused, as the sisters in charge of the hospital where the woman had died were willing to arrange for the burial. This exhausted Madame d'Arago's patience with organized charity, and thenceforward she studied to evade it, and was increas- 262 PRINCIPLES OP RELIEF part ii ingly chagrined when she found that many of her appeals, even if far afield, led back to the same office. On one oc- casion she got the money by means of a letter addressed to a prominent citizen, whereupon she wrote a most abu- sive letter to the society and called on the secretary. In this letter, and several similar ones written later, she ex- hausts her vocabulary of reviling and insulting epithets. Although she evidently hoped that she had at that time severed connections with the society, the records give a fairly connected account of her activities since. She seems to have been unable to win confidence, and of late years her first request has frequently been received with suspi- cion. From institutions, from societies of every religious affiliation, from newspapers, and from individuals of prom- inence in the city, and, recently because, as she says, " there's no mercy, no charity, for a helpless woman in this big and wealthy city," from citizens of national reputation have come inquiries in regard to this woman. Her attitude toward any attempt to help her, aside from giving her what she asks for, is best seen in the letters she writes to the visitors. The letters she leaves at her " ad- dress," where she can never be seen, to be given to the " Lady Visitor" who " will call again." For these visitors she expresses elsewhere the utmost scorn : " They are such very fancy ladies." "Gentlemen as a rule," she says in one letter, " have more soul and feeling as women " ; and in another, " As for those women, I hate them all." " Pray don't go house for house to make me a public charity." " Pray use discretion." " I am so sorry that ye have taken so much trouble to go al around to publish me as a Pauper. I would rather have starve than have such imprudent Young Ladies state my circumstances to the public. Safe your neighbor ! especially from public slander. "What did you do ? Went around to fetch ignorant children to find me ? Is this the principle of your employment ? Pray safe me further investigation. I prize my peace above your prom- ises." In the same letter an interesting note is supplied by her report of the distress of the family with which she was living at the moment. In 1889 she asked for help at a convent on the ground that she secured converts to the Roman Catholic faith. PART II TYPICAL BELIEF PROBLEMS 268 She took with her a man — apparently a German — for whom she tried to get assistance. This is the first re- corded instance of the practice she later developed into a profession, of acting as an agent for her unfortunate ac- quaintances. A few years later she seems to have turned to proselyting in another direction, for she was writing to a Protestant clergyman : " I would wish God would help me to raise an Italian chapel and school in East New York in the Episcopal Faith. I could canvass two hundred to three hundred Italians together with their children who now go to no religious worship." In a later communica- tion she assures him : " I am able to unite forty families and more than two hundred Italians, to join a more intelligent religion." J^or most of the time since 1893 she has lived among the Italians, getting a lodging and meals wherever she could, in return for services rendered to them. It has rarely been possible to find her "home," as the address she gives is generally a bank, a bakery, or a saloon, where she receives her mail and meets her clients. She says that at one time she was at service in Brooklyn. For a while she lived at a Salvation Army lodging-house under the name of Bertha Klein, but generally she has kept to the Italian colony in which she was found in 1893. In 1894 she was living with an aged Italian to whom she re- ferred in terms of respect as the Reverend Doctor, and apparently conducting a saloon for the Italians of the neighborhood, advertising a bureau of information where she gave general advice and carried, on the business of notary, commissioner of deeds, and railwaj' agent. The list of occupations in which she has been engaged is long. According to her own account she has been — as occasion demanded — travelling companion, teacher of languages and music, translator, interpreter for the police- men on the block, book canvasser, seamstress, maid, nurse, typewriter, factory hand, cook, general servant in a board- ing-house (where she was obliged to " peal al potatoes for twenty boarders ") and " Missionary with the family of Rev. Dr. W. in Rome and the Orient." Her most con- stant source of revenue, however, has been derived from the profession she developed for herself. She made herself 264 PBINCIPLES OF RELIEF pakt n acquainted with the workings of many charitable agencies in the city, especially institutions for children, and advised her friends where to apply for aid whenever they wanted it. If her clients succeeded in getting what they asked for, she would accept a fee from them ; if not, she would write to the society to which they had applied, saying that they were " bad " and needed nothing. Her specialty was placing out children. She got children into institutions for a consid- eration of $10 or $15 apiece. She also secured the release of the child from the institution, when that was desired, for ilO. Unfortunately for her prosperity, her second appli- cation to an institution was apt to arouse suspicion and start an investigation. She also found homes for children in families. This was accomplished through advertisements in the Italian papers, one of which reads : "A poor woman of the province of C , left a widow with three children, six months, four and six years old, seeks a family which will care for them. They are healthy and very pretty. Address by letter, Mrs. d'Arago, at number 315 Margaret Street." The address given was a saloon kept by a Ger- man, who said he allowed her to receive her mail there and meet her applicants, and often gave her something to eat, because she was " so kind to little children who have nobody." As late as 1903 she was still procuring "work- ing papers " for children. When one mother for whom she had performed this service refused to give her as much money as she demanded, she told the little girl's employer that she had tuberculosis and thus brought about her dis- missal. Another way in which she used her good offices is revealed in one of her letters asking for money. In enumerating her troubles and misfortunes she says, " And I got an Italian woman out of prison and for reward — she did not pay me." Several letters addressed by her to the Bureau of De- pendent Children seem to indicate that she used her wits against her enemies as vigorously as in behalf of her friends. These letters contain notes on families who have children in institutions, but who, she asserts, are perfectly able to provide for them at home. " Italians," she writes, " import children DaUy and get them in Homes ; parents who have children in Homes keep Groceries and Beer PART II TYPICAL RELIEF PROBLEMS 265 saloons ; husband works at shovel, — and I will send you a list next week — Hundreds I know." The promised list tells how mothers " dress in fine style," and the family has "fine whiskey, beer, and wines," and lives "luxuri- antly" while "the City has to pay" for the maintenance of their children. In regard to one family she is particu- larly vehement. She writes four pages about them, giving details of their circumstances and advising as to the best method of approach in order to confirm her statements ; for, she says, " All I can help to get you good cases I will, but you yourself must find out Points to confirm yourself." The methods of investigation she recommends suggest that she studied to some purpose the ways of "those fancy Ladies " who annoyed her so often. From time to time, in the course of these twenty years, Madame d'Arago has apparently become discouraged and thought of Europe with longing. Twice, it is known, she has obtained money avowedly for a return to Italy or to England, but she has used it for other purposes. She has been at times found in wretched surroundings and sick, as her appeals had stated, but she will never give any information or allow any investigation of her circum- stances. In the last ten years she seems to have become intemperate, and she has at least once been arrested in a street fight. On the other hand, there has been no evi- dence, since the first years, of the kind of immorality with which she was then charged. In spite of her cleverness of a certain kind, her ingenuity, and her fund of informa- tion in certain directions, she has never been prosperous. It is clear that life has been hard for her and that she has suffered much. Not the least pathetic note in her history is that she seems to have had no friends — to have lived a 266 PRINCIPLES OF RELIEF stranger among the people she knew so well. There is every evidence that her statement, " I never tell nobody anything of my trouble or suffering," is literally true as applied to her daily associates, though she made notable exceptions to the rule in asking for help from men and women far removed. There is a ring of sincerity in her lament to one of these latter, " These are not my nation." PAKT III HISTOEICAL SURVEY CHAPTER I THE REFORM OP THE ENGLISH POOR LAW Inasmuch as the reform of the English Poor Law in 1834 has exercised a unique influence upon all subsequent discussions of the policy of public relief, it is interesting to inquire whether the circumstances under which this reform was brought about were such as to warrant the conclusions ordinarily drawn from it. The famous report of the Commission of 1832, upon which the reform was based, is a masterpiece of painstak- ing investigation. It happens also that the history of the English Poor Law has been written by one of the three commissioners charged with the administration of the new law, so that our current interpretation of earlier and later English history is colored by the very views that controlled the reformers of that period. ^ In a word, the dominating idea of the reform of 1834, which has remained in almost unquestioned supremacy in England and America, is that the lax administration of relief was responsible for the deplorable prevalence of pauperism at that time ; and that this is the chief source of danger from which even now the poor must at all haz- ards be protected. It is curious that not only writers on the poor law,^ but even economists^ and historians, in 1 Nicholls : " History of the English Poor Law." 2 In thirty years the dependent population, called into existence by the facilities of relief, brought the country to the verge of ruin. — Maokay: "The English Poor." This volume, however, has the merit of discussing the problem of pauperism as an integral part of the social and economic history of the people. 8 Compare, for example, the description of " the operations of the English Poor Law" in Hadley's "Economics," pp. 53-55. The para- graph on this subject is a part of an admirable discussion of economic responsibility. 270 PRINCIPLES OF RELIEF part in referring to this subject, have usually treated it as an entirely detached episode, and yet nothing could be more futile than to attempt to estimate it without reference to the stirring events of the generation in which it occurred. The report of the various commissions and parliamentary committees appointed to inquire into the conditions of particular classes of laborers is perhaps a more authentic and instructive source of information than the report of the Poor Law Commission itself, for the very reason that the attention of the investigators in these other inquiries was not fixed to such an extent upon particular evils and upon the search for their remedy.^ At the time when the new commissioners undertook to reform the administration of the Poor Law, England had been at peace for about twenty years. The nation had been partially relieved from the crushing burden of war taxes. ^ The collapse of prices and the violent readjust- ment made necessary by the close of the Napoleonic wars caused, it is true, severe industrial distress. ^ Within ten years, however, the freedom of commerce from the war embargoes, and the return of capital to the investments and occupations of peace, showed their natural effect. The relations between England and her colonies were greatly altered by the removal of restrictions upon colo- nial commerce ; and treaties were made with Prussia, Denmark, and other European countries, which were most beneficial.* The exclusive commercial powers of the East 1 For example : Reports of the Central Board of his Majesty's Com- missioners who inquired into the employment of children in factories, 1833. • Report on Enclosures, 1808. Report of the Select Committee on the State of the Coal Trade, 1830. Report of the Select Committee on Manufactures, Commerce, and Shipping, 1833. 2 Early in the present oentuiy the Imperial taxes — for the greater part war taxes — amounted to one-fifth of the whole income of the coun- try, whereas now they are not more than one-twentieth, and even of this a great part is spent on education and other benefits which government did not then afford. — Marshall : "Principles of Economics," p. 233. ' Never was the United Kingdom in a more parlous state than when the crowning triumph of Wellington placed it at the head of the nation. :— Rose:- "The Rise of Democracy," p. 15. * punningham : " Growth of English Industry and Commerce in Modern Times," p. 593. CHAP. 1 COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL CHANGES 271 India Company were abolished, introducing a regime of free competition in the commerce of the East. Steam power was applied to navigation. ^ The conclusions em- bodied in the report of the Bullion Committee had been accepted, specie payments had been resumed, and the cur- rency had thus been placed upon a stable basis.'^ The industrial revolution was complete, the new factory system having replaced the old system of domestic manu- factures. The temporary distress caused by the loss of by-occupations for agricultural laborers had passed away, and the national industries had adjusted themselves to the new conditions. Agriculture itself had also undergone a revolution by which the modern system had replaced that which had prevailed with slight changes for' centuries. By drainage, fertilization, and the better means of com- munication, the productiveness of the land had been vastly increased at the very time when the division of labor had been brought about so that those who remained on the farm devoted their energies entirely, to farm labor.^ In this process individuals undoubtedly suffered, but the nation at large greatly gained.* The wasteful system of common holdings had disappeared. The enclosures which 1 The expansion which has taken place in our foreign commerce was not so much due to the breaking down of [the] old monopolies as to the improvements in the physical means of communication. — Cunningham : " Growth of English Industry and Commerce in Modem Times," p. 596. 2 How great an effect a change of this kind in the monetary standard of value may have is sufficiently obvious to American students of the period since 1897. 8 Cunningham : " Growth of English Industry and Commerce in Modern Times," p. 657. * If things were very bad in 1821, they had begun to recover during the next decade, as the Parliamentary Committee of 1833 reported that the general condition of the agricultural laborer in full employment was better than at any former period, and that his money wages gave him a greater command over the comforts of life. — Cunningham : " Growth of English Industry and Commerce in Modem Times," p. 652. Compare with this Marshall's account of the conditions at the begis- ning of the century : The eighteenth century wore on to its close and the next century began ; year by year the condition of the working classes in England became more gloomy. An astonishing series of bad harvests, a most exhausting war, a change in the methods of industry that dislo- cated old ties, combined with an injudicious poor law to bring the working classes into the greatest misery they have ever suffered, at all events since the beginning of trustworthy records of English social history. — "Principles of Economics," p. 233. 272 PRINCIPLES OF RELIEF fakt iii took place at the end of the eighteenth century and at the beginning of the nineteenth, while depriving the poor of rights which they had enjoyed, permitted the introduction of a more rational use of land, offering great contrasts to the enclosures which had been so fiercely denounced in the sixteenth century, and as a result of which grazing as a rule replaced tillage.^ Other changes were made in the first third of the nine- teenth century, which, although of a different character, still exercised a marked influence upon the character of large elements of the population. In spite of the severe law against combinations of workingmen the trade-union movement then made its successful struggle for existence. Ten years before the Poor Law Commission entered upon its duties Parliament had passed a bill to repeal all the combination laws and to legalize trade societies. While the immediate effect of this repeal was the organization of a large number of unions, frequent strikes and serious disturbances, this effect again was temporary ; and by the time which especially concerns us the trade-union move- ment had become a means of strengthening the position of the laborer and increasing his wages, and especially had become a recognized means of preventing the possibility of shifting to wages the temporary burdens of hard times.^ It had been anticipated by those who had been most active in carrying this reform that the repeal of the laws against combinations, and the consequent stopping of the perse- cutions which such laws had made possible, would result in the virtual disappearance of trade-unions. It was felt that these had existed only because of oppression and that they would fall to pieces with the introduction of equality before the law. Such forecasts were not fulfilled. The trade-union movement did, perhaps, occupy less exclusively 1 Cunningham : "Growth of English Industry and Commerce in Modern Times," p. 487. " The labor question may be said to have come into public view simultaneously with the repeal, between sixty and seventy years ago, of the Combination Laws which had made it an offence for laboring men to unite for the purpose of procuring by joint action, through peaceful means, an augmentation of their wages. From this point progress began. — Glad- stone, quoted in Wallas's "Life of Francis Place." Chapter viii of this Life gives an excellent account of Place's relation to this repeal. The subject is more generally treated in Webb's " History of Trade Unionism." CHAP. I INTELLECTUAL AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 273 than in the period immediately preceding the attention of the leaders of the working people, but if so, this was only because it became merged in larger social and political agitations of the period, in which the trade combinations played an important part.^ If it were our purpose to trace the intellectual and moral forces which resulted in the great national awakening which may be said to have culminated in the reform bills of the thirties, rather than the actual changes in the laws and the industrial system, it would be necessary to study the socialistic movement of which Robert Owen was the apostle. Inasmuch as his specific proposals failed it is only necessary to call attention to the enthusiasm and the enlightenment resulting from his crusade, which permeated more or less completely the whole movement for larger freedom and constructive reform. His demonstration that the great distress from which particular classes suffered was " a new economic phenomenon, the inevitable result of unfettered competition and irresponsible ownership of a means of production," ^ contributed to the partial allevi- ation of those evils by Parliament, and made easier the adoption of less radical and more practicable remedies. It would also be essential, in a full account of the forces which gave shape to the ideas and policies of the period, to include the contribution of Malthus and other political economists, and to trace the rise of the Manchester or laissez-faire school and its influence upon legislation. Such inquiries would be aside from our present purpose, closely related as they are. Even within the field of actual reform it is necessary to pass over such important although minor events as the fight for a free press and cheap news- papers, a movement popular among the poor, and the organization of the metropolitan police force of London, which, although as unpopular' as the other was popular, was likewise in the long run beneficial. It was in this period that the criminal law was thoroughly refortned under the leadership of Sir Robert Peel, the death penalty being abolished for many offences, over three hundred acts relating to the criminal law 1 Webb : "The History of Trade Unionism," chapters ii and ill. ' Ihid., p. 143. T 274 PRINCIPLES OF RELIEF part hi having been wholly or partially repealed, and the remaindei codified into a consistent and intelligible system.^ Catholic emancipation, while of greater importance in Ireland than in England, was, nevertheless, a significant change for a large element of the population in both countries. The removal of the disabilities under which Roman Catholics labored, by which it became possible for them to enter the universities and to hold high office in the state, was only an indication of a radical change for the better in the political and social status of those who professed that faith. Other dissenters from the established church shared in the liberal movement in a manner which added to their standing in the community and gave them increased reason for looking upon themselves as citizens and equal sharers in the social and industrial life. A humanitarian movement totally unprecedented in volume and intensity swept over the face of England in the thirty years under review. It brought about the beginning of the factory acts, the restriction of child labor,2 the protection of pauper apprentices, and the agitation against slavery in the colonies and in foreign countries, as well as the organization of private societies for the amelioration of the condition of the poor. In the text-books of history attention is largely focussed, so far as this period is concerned, on the enormous political revolution, although it was brought about without the violence accompanying similar political changes in France and other countries.^ In the brief twenty years between the close of the Peninsular War and the reform of the English Poor Law the political control of England passed completely from the aristocracy to the middle classes. The suffrage was placed upon a new basis, parliamentary representation was wholly reformed, and even the great 1 J. R. Thursfleld : "Life of Peel," in English Statesmen Series. 2 It is now admitted that the legislation for the factories has worked almost entirely beneficent results. None of the evils anticipated from it have come to pass. Almost all the good it proposed to do has been realized. — McCarthy : "The Epoch of Reform," p. 96. ' Some of the grievances, under which the English people suffered before this Epoch of Reform were severe enough to have warranted an attempt at revolution if no other means of relief seemed attainable, and if that desperate remedy had some chance of success. — McCarthy : "Epoch of Reform," Introduction, p. vi. CHAP. I THE PSYCHOLOGICAL MOMENT FOE REFORM 275 leaders of the earlier period retained their positions and their influence only in so far as they frankly accepted the new situation and acted upon the idea that the change which had been made was not even to be questioned. Such then were some of the more important changes in this period so marvellously productive of change and prog- ress. The balance of power shifted from the ccJuritry to the town, from the landed interests to the industrial and commercial interests, from the aristocracy to the middle classes. The development of the factory system, the introduction of .labor-saving devices, the introduction of steamships, the repeal of taxation, the division of labor, the introduction of elementary education, the better pro- tection of children and of operatives engaged in dangerous occupations, and the increased dignity which are insepa- rably associated with political and religious freedom, all combined to elevate the position of the average citizen, to increase the national dividend, and to give to the producer, as compared with the unproductive classes, an increased share in the national product. If in the whole history of England a golden moment were to be chosen in which to discontinue relief extended from the public funds to large numbers of people, it would have been in the exact period in which the Poor Law Commission had the oppor- tunity to test their ideas of the advantages of strict ad- ministration. It is not improbable that if the relief given so lavishly before the industrial and social changes had been made, or even after they had begun, but before the country had adjusted itself to the new conditions, had been withdrawn earlier, the results would have been different and that the unpopularity gained by the Commis- sioners even as it was would have been greatly increased.^ 1 The transition was made with little warning, and without any pre- liminary training in thrift, but at a time when wheat was plentiful and cheap. When soon afterwards there were crop failures and high prices, there were bitter complaints, especially from Lancashire and other north- ern counties in which the abuses of the old system had been much less serious than in southern counties. From these counties it was the tax- payers rather than the poor that testified to the excellence of the law. In a later period the resentment of the working population was strongly exhibited. Rose, in his volume on the " Rise of Democracy," says that '"physical force' chartism gained its strength from the popular hatred against the Poor Law." 276 PRINCIPLES OF RELIEF pakt m Is it not probable that the great improvements which are supposed to have resulted from the stricter administration of the Poor Law may have been due instead in large part, in so far as they were changes in personal character, to the other causes that have been outlined — causes which it will be noticed are not economic alone, but to a large extent educational, social, and moral ? If we can imagine the history of the English poor between 1820 and 1850 without the intervention of the Poor Law, either in its more liberal or in its stricter administration, is it not probable that the changes occurring in the occupations and habits of the people would have been virtually what they were in fact ? ^ In other words, has not the part which was played by the Poor Law in its more lax form and the effect of the introduction of the more severe standards been greatly exaggerated? When we compare this single influence with those which even in their bearing on the welfare of the poor alone are of such greater sweep and magnitude, it becomes obvious, not indeed that a lax administration of the Poor Law can be defended, but that it is an error to give disproportionate emphasis to its effect upon the welfare and character of the laboring population. The change from an agricultural to an in- dustrial community might rather be regarded as making possible an improvement in Poor-Law administration, al- though the new problems caused by the increased popu- lation of the towns are many and serious.	20,579
actspassedatses12kentgoog_7	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,792	Acts passed at the session of the General Assembly for the Commonwealth of Kentucky	Kentucky	English	Spoken	7,089	9,368	§ 2. The Auditor shall appoint some suitable person, skilled as an Insurance Actuary, to take charge of the Bureau of Insurance, who shall be designated "Insur- ance Commissioner of the State of Kentucky," who shall hold his office until the expiration of the term for which the Auditor making the appointment shall have been elected, and until a successor has been appointed, unless sooner removed by the Auditor, with consent of the Gov- ernor. He shall not be, during his continuance in office, interested in any Insurance Company, except as a policy- holder. ^ 3. The Insurance Commissioner shall receive an an- nual salary of $4,000. There shall also be paid the sums necessary to secure the clerical and actuarial assistance necessary to the discharge of all the duties devolving by law on the Bureau or the Commissioner. § 4. The State shall not be responsible for the expense of the establishment and future management of the Insurance Bureau, but the same shall be provided for and paid by the fees and allo\(ances named in this act. Bureau ettab- lishcd. Anditor to appoint Insur- ar.c»' Commi!»- sionor; term of office* Ao. Salary of Commiseio n er, State Dot hereafter to be responaible for expenses of linreau. 78 LAWS OF KENTUCKY. 1870. OommisiiioDer may appoiat a «lork, salaries, and how paid. Commissioner ehall appoint one 0 1 bis clerks deputy. Commis>'ioner andd'^purymay administer oaths. Commissioner and deputy to take oath. Commissioner to Kive bond. Commissioner shall visit and examine insur- ance compa- nies, &o. PnrthorDOW- ers of the Com* missioncr. § 5. The Commissidner may appoint a clerk to assist him in the duties of the Bureau, who shall receive a salary of $2,000 per annum. The salaries of the CommisBioner and his clerk shall be paid monthly out of the Treasury of the Commonwealth, out of the in- surance fund, in the same manner as other salaries are paid. The Auditor shall assign other clerks to aid the Commissioner when it may become necessary. § 6. The Commisi«ioner shall appoint one of his clerks to be his deputy, who shall possess the powers and per- form all the duties attached by law to the office of prin- cipal, during a vacancy in such office, and during the absence or inability of his principal. The principal Commissioner, and his deputy, and any person author- ized by them to perform a special duty, shall be em- powered to administer oaths in the discharge of their several duties. § 7. The Commissioner and his deputy, before entering on the discharge of their duties, shall take and sub- scribe the oath of office prescribed by the Constitution and laws of this State, which shall be filed and preserved in the office of the Secretary of the State; and the Com- missioner shall also execute a bond, with sufficient sure- ties, to be approved by the Governor, in the penal sum of $20,000, for the faithful discharge of all the duties of his office. § 8. The Commissioner shall visit and examine any Insurance Company incorporated in this State, on re- quisition by five or more persons, each of whom is a stockholder or creditor, or pecuniarily interested in such company; which requisition shall contain a statement made under oath^ by the five or more persons making it, that they believe the company to be in an unsound condition, and shall state the grounds of such belief; and also whenever he deems an examination necessary, or suspects the correctness of any annual statement, or that the affairs of any company making such statement are in an unsound condition. At such times he shall have access to its books and papers, and shall thor- oughly inspect and examine all its affairs, and make inquiries as are necessary to ascertain its condition and ability to fulfill its engagements, and whether it has com- plied with all the provisions of law applicable to its tr an. tactions. § 9. He may, whenever he deems it necessary, or when requested, as in the preceding section, examine into the aliairs and condition of any Insurance Company doing business in this State, not organized under the laws of this State, or cause fuch examination to be made by some person not connected with any Insurance Com- LAWS OF KENTUCKY. 79 pany, appointed by him ; and whenever it shall appear to the satisfaction of the Commisdioner that the att'aira of any such company are in an unsound condition, or not conformable to any standard adopted by this Com- monwealth, or if any such company shall refuse to permit the examination herein designated, the Auditor, at his request, shall revoke all certiticates granted in behalf of such company, and shall cause a notification thereof to be publiirhed in some newspaper of general circulation published in this State ; and all agents of such company are, after such notice, required to discontinue the issuing or delivering of any new policy, or the renewal of any previously issued, or the effecting in any form of any new insurance for or on account of such company, under a penalty of five hundred dollars for each offense. § 10. lie may summon and examine, under oath, the directors, officers, and agents of any Insurance Com- pany, and such other person as he may think proper, in relation to the affairs, transactions, and condition of said company. Whoever, without justifiable cause, re- fuses to appear and testify when so required, or obstructs the Commissioner in the discharge of his duty, shall, for each ofTent^e, be punished by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding one year ; and if the directors, officers, or agents of any Insurance Company not incorporated by the Common- wealth of Kentucky, but transacting business therein, shall refuse to appear and testify when so required, the Auditor shall, on requi-^ition of the Insurance Commis- sioner, revoke the certificate of authority and license of such company and its agents. § 11. When, in his opinion, an Insurance Company, its officers or agents, have violated any law of this State relative to such company, the Commissioner shall forth- with report the facts, with the testimony reduced to writing, and signed by the witness, upon vhVh his opin- ion is founded, to the Auditor, who shall give notice of the same to the Attorney General, whose duty it shall be at once to prosecute such company, officer, or agent, therefor : Provided^ That, upon the examination of the testimony, he shall deem such prosecution proper. § 12. Ue shall annually, in September, furnish to the Insurance Companies of this State, and to the agents of Insurance Companies not incorporated in this State, and doing business therein, so far as their agents are known to him, two or more printed copies of the forms of annual returns to be made to him' by all such com- panies. § 1^. Upon some day in each year designated by him, the Commissioner shall calculate the existing values of 1870. ^?n 7 examine, under oath, directors, offi- cers, Jto. Duty in case oflicirj, fto.« have violated btAte laws. To furnish annuiilly form of rcturna to oompanies. Gnlonlflto Talue of out- staudins polr cies of lifo in- Buraooe, 4o. 80 LAWS OF KENTUCKY. 1870. To make an- nual report to Auditor of ooD- dition of oom- panies. Ao. Report to bs minted. To keep reeord of prooeedioKS. Record open to pablio inspec- tion. When >ai table office is fur- nished by Aud- itor, all books, papers, Ac, to DO transferred to CommiNioQ- all outstanding policies of life insurance in companies authorized to make insurance on lives in this State, ac- cording to the standard designated and established by the laws of this State : Provided^ however^ That if any com- pany incorporated by any State where a regularly or- ganized Insurance Bureau or Department exists, shall furnish a certificate under seal, in due form, of the insur-. ance Commissioner or superintendent, setting forth the existing values of all its outstanding policies, such cei- tificate shall be received as evidence by the Insurance Commissioner of this Commonwealth, and no valuatir n of the policies of such company shall be made by him. The cost of making every valuation under this section shall be assessed on the company whose policies are so valued. § 14. The Commissioner shall annually, at the earliest practicable date, after the returns are received from the several Insurance Companies doing business in this State, make a report to the Auditor of their condition, with such suggestions as he deems expedient, and shall in- clude therein an aggregate of the calculated values of all outstanding policies of life insurance ascertained by him, in the manner prescribed in the preceding section; and in connection therewith, shall prepare an abstract of all returns and statements made to him by such In- surance Companies and agents. One thousand copies of such reports shall be published by the State, subject to the order of the Auditor, and at the expense of the Insurance Bureau. The Auditor shall place the same before the Legislature, with an account of the receipts and expenses of the Bureau. § 15. The Commissioner shall keep and preserve, in a permanent form, a full record of his proceedings, in- cluding a concise statement of the condition of each company visited or examined by him. § 16. The records of the said Insurance Bureau shall, at all times, be open to the inspection of the public, sub- ject to such rules as may be made by the Commissioner for their safe-keeping, free from any charge whatever; and he shall, on demand, furnish certified copies of any paper, report, or document on file in his office to any person requesting the same, upon payment of the fees allowed by law^ § 17. The said Commissioner shall, immediately upon obtaining a suitable office, which the Auditor shall pro- vide and cause to be furnished and supplied with a suit- able fire-proof vault and burglar- proof safe, apply to the Secretary of State, Auditor, and Treasurer, and any and all other persons or officers, for all books, papers, docu- ments, and records pertaining to the subject of insurance LAWS OP KENTUCKY. 81 • now on file or kept in their offices, and shall deposit and 1870. safely keep the same in his office. In case any of the records are contained in books devoted to other pur- poses, the officer having charge thereof shall deliver to him a certified copy thereof; and every Commissioner shall, upon retiring from office, deliver to his qualified successor the possession of his office, and all furniture, papers, and property belonging to the same. § 18. The Auditor, with the approval of the Governor, Auditor u shall devise a seal, with suitable inscription, ^for the <•▼■•••«•• Bureau of Insurance ; a description of which, with a certificate of approval by the Governor, together with an impression thereof, shall be filed in the office of the Secretary of State; which seal shall thereupon be and become the seal of the Insurance Bureau, and the same may be renewed whenever aecessary. Every certificate, Certifloat. assignment, or conveyance, executed by the Auditor, or Ao..whenprop^ the Commissioner, relating to the business of insurance cated.tpi>«eyi- or an Insurance Company, in pursuance of authority ^uru." ' conferred by law, and sealed with said seal of office, shall be received as evidence, and may be recorded in the proper recording office, in the same manner and with tne same efiect as a deed regularly acknowledged of p'roved before an officer authorized by law to take the proof or acknowledgment of deeds; and all copies or papers in the office of said Bureau, certified by the Aud- itor or Insurance Commissioner, and authenticated by the said seal, shall, in all cases, be evidence equally and in like manner with the original. $ 19. There shall be collected and paid to the Auditor Fees of Auditor and Commissioner the following fees and allowances, Jioner.^^"""" viz : To the Auditor for ex-officio services to be rendered by him: For filing copy of charter or other articles of as- sociation or deed of settlement, not before filed, and keeping same, $10 00 For license to each agent of fire companies, and certificate of seal of office for each, - - - 5 00 And for license to each agent of life companies, and certificate of seal of office for each, - - 10 00 To the Commissioner, for the use of the Treas- ury, to defray expenses of the Bureau : For filing in his office original charter, deed of settlement, or other articles of association, each, 40 00 For filing declaration OF KENTUCKY. 1870. ^^^ filing annual statement of condition, &;c., required to be made in forms for the same year, - - - . - - For seal of office with certificate. - - - - For copies of any paper on file or deposit with the Treasurer or in his oflice, 20 cents per folio. For original deposit of securities required by law. For any change of securities in the aggregate, - For cost of making valuations under section thir- teen, not to exceed three cents on every one thousand dollars of insurance efliected. And the said Commissioner is authorized to assess an equal amount upon each Insurance Company doing bus- iness in this Commonwealth to provide for any deficiency for defraying the expenses of the Bureau. Approved March 10, 1870. 25 00 1 00 10 00 1 00 CHAPTER 661. * AK ACT to proTide for the establishment of Wharres on Kentuckj Rireiv and regulate the price of Wharfafre. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky : § 1. That the county courts of tho several counties adjoin^ Conn^^eonrt i^g iq and bordering on the Kentucky river, or through wharres. Ao. which said stream flows, shall have jurisdiction to establish wharves on said river in their respective counties, and grant wharfage privileges, and for regulating, revoking, and con- trolling the same. § 2. A wharf shall bo established only at the instance of lished only by the Owner of the land where it is located, or of some one who •eonsentpfown- has obtained from the owner the privilege of using the same for that purpose, except as hereinafter provided. § 3. If the owner of the land where any turnpike. State or How wharf county road, or railroad crosses said river, or extends to or withoVt 'oVn- ffo"^ ^he samo, or within one hundred yards thereof, will not «en( of owner, make application to the court for the establishment of a wharf, or having made such application, fails to have a wharf established, or having procured the establishment thereof, abandons or fails to keep it up according to law, the court may, after one month s notice to the owner or owners of tho land, enter up an order against such owner or owners, to appear before the court at the succeeding term thereof, and show cause, if any they have or can show, why such wharf shall not be established; and upon hearing, the court may, by order, grant the right to another or others to establish a wharf at such designated place; and when neces- sary to the proper exercise of the right by such other or oth- ers, cause to be condemned the fee simple right, or the use LAWS OP KENTUCKY. 8P for not more than thirty years, if the owner 00 elect, of not 1870 more than two acres of land adjoining to said river, and where such road or roads crosses the same, or where such road or roads touches said river, or passes within one bund- red yards of the same, together with the use, for wharfage purposes, of any adjacent un inclosed bank of the stream. But before the grant of the right, the damage to the owner of the land shall first be obtained under a writ of ad quod damnum^ and the amount thereof paid into court for the use of the owner. § 4. An appeal from any order concerning a wharf, in favor When m^tia of any one interested, shall lie to the circuit court of the {JSJiJ^* " county, and thence to the Court of Appeals, both of which shall have jurisdiction of law and fact, but the Court of Ap- peals of only such facts as may be certified from the circuit court. The appeal shall be granted as matter of right by the county court making the order to the circuit court, on motion made during the term at which such order was made, or by the clerk of the circuit court, on the application of either party, within sixty days after the rendition of such order; and an appeal from the circuit court to the Court of Appeals may be prosecuted in the maaner prescribed by the Civil Code of Practice regulating appeals; but no appeal shall be prosecuted from the circuit court to the Court of Appeals after the expiration of twelve months from the rendition of the judgment. § 5. After a wharf shall be established according to the DutieA of provisions of this act, it shall be the duty of the owner or ^^•J ^tab^ grantor of such privilege to fix and keep up proper fasten- lished. ings, either by double-ring posts or other substantial fixture, for the purpose of mooring and securing all water craft that may be landed at such wharf; which said posts, fixtures, or fastenings shall be secured in the most approved manner; and for failure to do so, the owner or proprietor of such Proi»rietor wharf shall be liable for any damage that may accrue to any H^bie to dam- boat, barge, or other water craft, or its lading, either by loss **** of the same, or any injury resulting from the want of such moorings or fastenings, or their improper or deficient con- struction and arrangement. § 6. That it shall be the duty of the owner or proprietor Proprietor or of such wharf, or grantor of such wharfage privilege, to keep ^"^^^i^J^^ open and in good repair, to and from such wharf, and from the water's edge to high -water mark, or to any public estab- lished road or highway, within one hundred yards of the same, a wagon and carriage way, by which wagons with a team of six horses, or other vehicles, may pass to and from such wharf; and for a failure to do so for the space of three Penalty for days, snob owner shall be liable to a fine of not less than ten failure to make nor more than fifty dollars, and to any damages that may aecme to any party resulting from such failure. § 7. It shall be the duty of the owner or proprietor of such Manner of wharf to permit any steamboat, keelboat, flatboat, coalboat, £q?^ ^^ barge, or other water craft, to land and moor his boat or . \ other water craft, and secure the same, and to unload the S4 LAWS OF KENTUCKY. 1870. 6<^ino At or upon Buch wharf: Provided^ Such boat or other water crait Bhall discharge its load upon said wharf wilhia the period of twenty days, and remove the same from such wharf or landing within the space of forty-eight hoQr» after it has been bo discharged: And provided further, Such landing, mooring, and unlading does not interfere with the safety of other water craft alread}^ moored or fastened at said wharf, or prevent the same from discharging its cargo, or any part thereof ; and any owner or proprietor refusing to permit, or otherwise preventing any such boat or water cralt from so* landing, mooring, and discharging its load, shall be liable to a fine of not less than twenty-five nor more than five hund- red dollars; and moreover, to the proprietor, owner, or supercargo of such boat or water craft, for any damage thai may accrue or result from such refusal, or preventing sucb craft from landing, mooring, and discharging its load or either. § 8. Any owner or supercargo of any steamboat, flat boat. Penalty for coalboat, barge, or other water erail, who shall fail to remove fuiiire; oarvo. i^^e lading or cargo discharged on such wharf, as required by section 6 of this act, shall be liable to the owner or proprietor of such wharf for the sum of five dollars for every forty- eight hours such cargo or lading shall remain upon sucb wharf after it should have been removed, to be recovered be- fore a justice of the peace of the county in which sHch wharf is situated. § 9. Before any wharf is established, or any wharfage priv- Bondtobe ilege is granted under the provisions of this act, the applicant appi^nu aoS shall execute to the Commonwealth of Kentucky a covenant oondjtione of ^j^h surety, to be approved by the court, that he will keep said wharf according to law, and pay all damages that any one may sustain by his failure to do so, or by reason of any neglect or misconduct of those managing the wharf, or by reason of the insuffieiency of any of the fixtures, moorings, or other appurtenances of said wharf, or of the road or wagon- way to and from the same being out of repair, upon which Prooe«dinctn Baid covenant, suit may be brought by any one injured for bond. breach thereof; and one recovery thereon shall not be pleaded as a bar to any suit thereon for other and different breaches of the same, at any other time; and the remedy by suit on the covenant herein provided, shall not preclude a party fron^ seeking and obtaining redress by other proper proceedings: LimiutioB. Provided, No action shall be maintained on such covenant for any breach thereof, after the lapse of one year from the time of the injury complained of by reason of such breach ; and such covenant shall be renewed every five years, and oftener if required by the court; and upon failure to do so, the court, after summons, may revoke the privileges of the grantor or proprietor of the, same. § 10. !N o sale or lease shall be made of such wharf or wharf- Not to mU or Ago privileges, except with the consent of the court; and the lease, yi^l^o^ purchaser or lessee must execute a covenant with sufficient 9«rmiM on f^xiretj in lieu of the former one. LAWS OF KENTUCKY. 85 g 11. The court shall, at the time of making the order ee- tablisbing the wharf, fix the rates of wharfage to be charged and collected at the same, and shall regulate the same in pro- portion to the tonnage, size, or capacity of the boat, barge, or other craft or vessel, allowing so much for landing and secur- ing the same, so much for the privilege of unlading, and so much for every day or part of a day such craft may remain secared at the wharf; and they shall also fix and regulate the prices of landing and securing rafts of wood, timber, logs, and lumber, which rates may be changed from time to time, once in every year, but no reduction shall be made until after notice to the owner ; and if any owner, keeper, lessee, or superintendent of any wharf shall demand, exact or receive, under any pretenso whatever, any greater fees than are al- lowed by the court, the owner of the wharf, or the granter of the wharfage privilege, the lessee or superintendent, iMiy or all of them, jointly and severally, shall forfeit to the person or persons Irom whom the same has been so received the sum of twenty-five dollars, to be recovered before any justice of the peace of the county in which the wharf is situated, or ad- joining county bordering on said river: Provided, The justice of the adjoining county lives or keeps his office nearer to the wharf than the nearest justice of the county in which the same is established. § 12. It shall not be lawful for any person to chain any boat, barge, or other water craft, or to exact from the owners, eupercargooR, or other managers thereof, any sum of money or other thing as a fee or compensation for the privilege of land- ing or mooring their craft to the shores or on the banks of said river; and any une who shall presume to do so, shall be liable to a fine of twenty dollars for every such offense ; and it shall be lawful for all owners, supercargoes, or other persons navigating said river, to l&nd their vessels and secure the same to the banks of the river: Provided, Such vessels shall not remain so landed or moored to the bank for a longer space than twenty-four hours, except in actual distress: And pro- vided further, That all such owners, supercargoes, and man- agers of boats, barges, floats, rafts, or other water craft, shall bo ro!>ponsibIe to the riparian proprietors of the lands for any actual damage they may sustain in consequence of such land- ing, or from the acts of the owners, crew, or other persons engaged in navigating such boats or other water craft. § 13. It shall be the duty of the owner, proprietor, or grunter of a wharf and wharfage privileges, to have, and keep in good repair, a float, wharf-boat, platform or lighter, 80 fixed and arranged that boats, barges, or other vessels, or water craft, laden, may float alongside thereof in not less than feet of water; and to have a secure apron or gang- way upon which carts, wagons, or other vehicles may Be backed up with safety, and into which the lading of the boats, barges, and other vessels may be placed for the purpose of being carried away; and for failure to keep and provide the same, the owner or proprietor, or superintendent of such whari^ shall forfeit his right to charge and receive wharf- 1870. Th« eovrt to fix the ratei of w h ar f a f o. oapaoity of boats, and othor minntia. Unlawftl to ebarge foot in oortaineaMt. Peaaltj. To kooB wharf-boat, {tlatfomu or ifhtor. PoDalty f«r ftaiinc tok< platform, Ao. 86 LAWS OF KENTUCKY. 1870. ^^® ^®^* ^^^ ^^ liable, moreover, to damageB to aitj party injured by such failure, or by reason of tbo improper or defi- cient construction of sucb aprons, ways, wbarf-boats, floats, ligbters, or platforms. Approted March 12, 1870. CHAPTER 669. AN ACT regvlating the Inspection and Selling of Tobacco in the eitj of LoaisTille. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky: Warebonsef § ^' That inspection and sale of leaf tobacco in hogsheads eetablished in may be bad in the city of Louisville, and that warehonsea for kSpeotlon ^of ^^^^ purpose shall be established by the consent of the city tobaooo. council; but the owners or proprietors thereof shall have the right to close his or their wurehouses at pleasure. Warebouseto § ^' '^^® proprietor of each warehouse shall keep a well- kaap books. on- bound book of proper size, in which shall be entered the ^ing marks, marks, numbers, gross, tare, and net weight of each hogshead inspected and sold, together with the name of the owner, and the name of the purchaser, and the price sold for per cwt., and the amount each hogshead sold for, and when collected, pay over to the planter or seller of tobacco the sum that may be due him, after deducting charges, fees, and advances, if any. They shall provide a sufficient number of coopers to do the coopering, and handle the tobacco inspected and sold in their warehouses. foM regulated. § ^ ^^^ ^®®® upon each hogshead of tobacco, to be collected by the proprietors of the different warehouses in the city of Louisville, shall be as follows: for receiving, uncoopering, and coopering up again, marking, twine, sample-card, making out note and delivering the same to purchaser; selling, mak- ing out account sales, collecting, and after deducting iQe%^ charges, and advances, paying over or disbursing proceeds, three dollars; of this amount, the purchaser shall, on presen- tation of his note, pay one dollar and fifty cents ($1 50), and the planter or seller one dollar and fifty cents (SI 50), and p • tn to (^) ^"® P^" ^^^^- ^^ gross amount of sales: Provided^ howevery •Atviatebend Said proprietors shall enter into bonds, with good security, to be approved by the mayor and general council of the city of Louisville, payable to the Commonwealth of Kentucky, in the sum of ($10,000) ten thousand dollars, conditioned well and truly to pay over to the planter or seller the proceeds of, or balance due on, all sales made by them for said planter or seller; and the injured party, if any, may sue thereon and receive by civil suit, for his own benefit, as in other cases, for any injury. Should said proprietors fail to execute said bond for ($10,000) ten thousand dollars, then they shall not be enti- tled to collect any fees, under a penalty of ($100) one hundred dollars for each offense, to be recovered in the name of tho Commonwealth, in any courtof competent jurisdiction, at the LAWS OF KENTUCKY. 87 instance of any one; and one half of said fine shall be paid over to the informer. § 4. The proprietors of said warehoases shaU not charge storao^e on tobacco sold for the space of six monthH, but at the expiration of that tinie they shall charge forty ce>)t8 per month upon each hogshead of tobacco inspected and sold. They shall not, however, store, nor shall they be required to store, tobacco in their warehouses to such an extent as to impede the selling or delivery of tobacco. g 5. The Governor of this Commonwealth shall, in the month of March of each year, appoint four competent per- sons as inspectors of tobacco in the city of Louisville (from a list of twenty names furnished to him by the warehousemen of the city of Louisville), on or before the 15th day of March of each year; such persons to be selected exclusively from the tobacco-growing counties of the State, and who shall hold their offices for one year from the first of April, and until their successors are appointed and qualified. It shall be the duly of said inspectors to draw from each and every hogshead of tobacco, offered at public sale in said city, fair samples of the same; and after said samples are drawn, they shall tie each sample securely and neatly; after thus tying the sample with suitable twine, and placing thereon a card with printed name of the warehouse, and the number of the hogshead Tthe cards and twine to be furnished by the warehousemen), tliey shall seal and stamp said sample with sealing wax (a suitable seal and the wax to be furnished by the inspectors) ; said inspectors shall alternate daily in the duties of samplings tying, and sealing, and for their services shall receive each six cenis per hogshead, to be collected by the proprietors of the different warehouses of the seller, and divided equally be- tween the four inspectors. The said inspectors shall be in attendance at the warehouses to discharge their duties from half- past seven in the morning until six o'clock in the even- ing, or until all of the tobacco intended for sale that day is sampled at the different warehoases. Should any inspector be absent, or fail to discharge the duties imposed upon him by this act, then a majority of the proprietor's of the warehouses may select some competent person to act temporarily in bis place, and pay him the regular fees so long as he may dis- charge said duties. Said inspectors shall, before entering upon their duties, take an oath, before some justice of the peace for Jefferson county, that they will truly and faithfully discharge all of the duties required of them by this act. § 6. The Governor shall, in the month of Marjh of each year, appoint six competent persons as weighers of tobacco for the city of Louisville (from a list of thirty names fur- 1870. BtoragB. QoT«ni«r to a p p o i n I III' •pMton. Duty «r is- •p«oton. Gh>T«iMrliM pewer to ro- moro laipcot- on. GoTornor to appoint woicb- ori of tobftooo. 88 LAWS OP KENTUCKY. 1870. Dntj of w«iichera. Weiffben to tftko oath. Oonpen Mtion. Responsibility. To proonre wtifhtf. Tobi^eo to bo woigh^i, Ao. Dished to him by the warehousemen of the citj of Louisville), on or before the 15th of March of each year ; at least one half of the persons so selected to be taken from the tobacco-grow- ing counties of the State, and who shall hold their offices for one year from the first of April, and until their successors are appointed and qualified — one for each warehouse in the city of Louisville. The Governor, in commissioning said weighers, shall give each one a commission, marked Nos. 1, 2,3, 4y 5,6, and should an additional warehouse be established, a seventh weigher shall be appointed in like manner; and should any of the present warehouses be discontinued, the weigher whose commission bears the' highest number shall vacate his office, the object being to have one weigher at each warehouse, and no more. It shall be the duty oi said weigh- ers to attend daily at such times as the proprietors of the warehouses may designate, and weigh all tobacco offered for sale, deducting ten pounds for sample and wasteland after such deduction, mark the gross weight distinctly on one head of the hogshead ; and after the tobacco is placed on the break and stripped, they shall take the tare weight of each cask. § 7. Said weighers, before entering upon their duties, shall take an oath, before some justice of the peace for Jefi^erson county, to perform faithfully all the duties required of them by this act. Said weighers shall alternate weekly between each of said warehouses, and perform their various duties as aforesaid, and for their services shall receive six cents each per hogshead, to be collected from the seller by the proprie- tors of the warehouses, and divided equally between them. The Governor shall have power to remove any of said weigh- ers from office at his pleasure; and it shall be his duty to do so upon the written application of a majority of the ware- housemen, for allec^ed incompetency, for lack of integrity, in- dubtry, or other good cause, and appoint others in their stead, upon the recommendation of the warehousemen, as provided for in this section. g 8. Said weighers shall be responsible for any errors in their weights, and shall give bond to the Commonwealth of Kentucky, in the penalty of five thousand dollars, and suffi- cient security, to be approved by the clerk of the Jefferson county court, conditioned faithfully to perform the duties im- posed upon them by this law, which bond shall be filed in the office of said clerk. §9. Said weighers shall procure a set of standard weights, at the joint expense of the warehouses in Louisville, sufficient to test their scales, of not less than three thousand pounds; and said weighers (and not the inspector of ^'scales, weights, and measures,'' of Jefferson county, as heretofore) shall test the scales at each warehouse at least once in every month. § 10. All tobacco ofiered for sale at auction in the said warehouses shall be weighed and marked as befc^re mentioned in this act. After each hogshead of tobacco has been sold and properly recoopered, it shall again be weighed by the same weigher, and the proprietors of said warehouses shall settle with the seller according to the first weight, and with LAWS OF KENTUCKY. 89 the parchaser according to the second weight, dodacting the 1870. £ roper tare in each instance. In consideration of the extra ibor in handling the tobacco for the purpose of reweighing, the warehouses shall be allowed the sum of fifty cents per hogshead, to be paid by the purchaser. §11. Should any of the said weighers neglect to attend in W^otoaotiii- persoD to the duties imposed upon him by this act, then the In. * "' ' proprietor of the warehouse at which he is for the time as- signed shall appoint, temporarily, some competent person to act in his stead, who shall receive for such services the full fees due thereon. The person so appointed shall be respon- sible to the proprietor who appointed him for any errors he may make in weights, and the proprietor, in like manner, shall be responsible to the seller and buyer. g 12. The present inspectors and weighers of tobacco to re- Term of offlM. main in office until the first day of April next, or until their BQCcessors are appointed, receiving six cents each per hogs- head for their services. § 13. Any person who shall purposely mutilate any sample, or alter the weights marked by the weighers, or record other weights on the warehouse book, shall be guilty of a misde- meanor, and for thq violation of either of the provisions of this section, upon conviction t!iereof, shall be fined not less than fifty dollars nor more than five hundred dollars for each offense. § 14. A planter or owner of tobacco may take it to any warehouse in Louisville to have it inspected and sold at auc- tion; but when sold at auction, may, by paying the fees, refuse to take the price at which it was cried off. A lien is hereby given to the proprietors of the warehouses on all tobacco and proceeds for fees, charges, and advances on same. § 15. No inspectors, weighers, or proprietors shall, directly or indirectly, be engaged in the purchase of leaf tobacco in the citv of Louisville. §16. The note or receipt made out by the proprietors of Note, Ae., the warehouses to the purchaser shall be assignable by in- wsignabie, dorsemont or delivery, and such assignment or delivery shall pjws the title to the tobacco described in said note or receipt ; and the proprietors shall, upon presentation of said note or receipt, and the payment of all charges upon it, deliver, in a reasonable time, the tobacco described therein. § 17. Should said proprietors make advances, in cash or acceptances, to the planter or seller, then the said proprietor shall be permitted to charge the same interest and exchange, bat no more, than the banks of this State charge. § 18. All tobacco sold at the different warehouses shall be exempt from auction duties. 19. All acts and parts of acts regulating the inspection and iale of tobacco in the city of Louisville are hereby repealed. § 20. This act to take efiect from its passage, and remain in fail force for fonr years. Appro?ed March 12, 1S70. 90 LAWS OF KENTUCKY 1870, CHAPTER 670. AN ACT for the benefit of the Incorporated Banks of Issoe of the State of Kentucky. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the CommontDealth of Kentucky: § 1. That any of the incorporated banks of isBuo in this Bttp.?p!685"' Commonwealth may loan money or discount bills on the pledge of their own stock, in the same manner and upon the same conditions they are now authorized to loan money and discount hills by an act, entitled 'An act to authorize the sale and transfer of certain bonds, stocks, and other sureties, pledged to the incorporated and national banks of this State/' approved January 24ih ,1866. § 2. This act shall take effect from and after its passage. ApproYed March 12, 1870. CHAPTER 674. AN ACT to amend an act, entitled *An act to establish an Insurance Bu- reau," passed by the present General Assemblj. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of ike Commonwealth of Kentucky: § 1. That in addition to the fees allowed to the Auditor and Commissioner, by the ninth section of an act to establish an Insurance Bureau, the Treasurer shall be allowed, annually, the sum of six hundred dollars, for the services required of him by an act for the incorporation and regulation of Life Insurance Companies, to be paid in the same manner, and out of the same fund, which the Insurance Commissioner is paid. § 2. This act shall take effect from its passage. Approved JJarch 14, 187(k CHAPTER 712. AK ACT to aothorize Creditors, in certain cases, to Garnishee before Judg- ment or return of no property. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the Commonwea th of Kentucky : g 1. That where any creditor in any action for ihe recovery wW^^'aUach^ ^^ money due by contract, shall make affidavit that his claim meat may be \H just, and that his demand will he endangered Irom the delay obtained. arising belore judgment or return of no property, and that the defendant has no property in this State subject to execu- tion, or enough thereof to pay plaintiff's demand, such plaintiff shall have the right, at or after the commencement of his ac- tion, to subject to the payment of his demand, by attachment, any money, chose in action, or other equitable interest belong- ing to the defendant, or in which he is interested, and shall have all of the remedies to which judgment creditors are now entitled under the provisions of chapter 5tb, title lOtb, of the LAWS OF KENTUCKY. . 91 Civil Code of Practice: Provided^ That where the plaintiff 1870. has not obtained judgment and return of nulla bona, lie shall, before any attachment ahalt be issued under the provisions of this act, execute bond, with good securitj, as now req^ulred by law in proceedings under general attachments. § 2. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. ApproTed March 15, 1S70. CHAPTER 713. AK ACT to lefralize the formatioo of certftin GorporAtions formed under ad act. entitled **An act to authorize tbe formation of eorpuratioos fur Mau- nfacturio;, Mining;, Transportation, Mechanical, and Chemical purposes," approved March the 1 0th, 1854.	2,885
householdwordsa12dickgoog_40	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,850	Household words	Charles Dickens	English	Spoken	7,261	12,298	Ma. Oldkkow had been romping with his children on CThristmaa Eve. At lattt they had goue to Ijed, with flujshed faces and dis- ordered curia, and the drawing-room waa deserted. Mrs. Oldknow, a carend matron, looked thoughtful u she saw that the pride ot the Rponge-cnke wim utterly fallen, and that unqueAtionably another must be procured for the next day^a festival. Mr. Otdluiow, " on hoepitable thoughta intent,' half aoliioquking, aaiu — ' My dear, we muat have a aeoond pudding to-morrow." "* Indeed I How in it to be made t^' replied the lady, " How made ? Why, of couree, with pluma and flour, and plenty of brandy." " Oh, you aie a precious cook ! ' said Mrs. Oldknow. ** You think a Christmas pudding can be made as corWj as a pancake — do you 1 Why, our pudding i# made already. Como mto the kitchen. The cook ia gone to bed, and I -aill show it you." The kitchen mantel was radiant with the brightness of braas candieatioks that were never iwed, but were duly cleaned ; \|iewter water-plates, also for ornament, pl» ' ep the dreaaer; an ancient clock, sea o big for the comer in which he stcMHi,:HLrrii m^d up fr«jm the floor to the ceiling, with the crown of liia re«pect^ble old head pressed a^aindt lis whitewialiad surface, and his vigoroufl pendulum noaalng and re-pasaing beliind its own peculiar little window, like a sentry always on guard. A walnut-tree bureau was still smart, in another and hirger reoea, under the poliahing of half a century. Mr. Oldknow sighed as he recollected that, in his father^s time, he had often Uiken his fi-ugal mealrt in that kitchen ; and now, when the family home had acknowledged him aa master fmr t wenty years, the refinement of our days had Imnished him trom a room where hia father usctl to sit in ]mtriarchal dignity. Tliere waa the identical arm-chair, the fine old high-backed chair, which, to his boyish imagination, was a King^s throne ! Mrs. Oldknow took out her Family Beceipt li^iokfrom the polished bureau, and then read aloud, fur her huHbiind'a editication : "a pocjtd cqristkas rijnDrKG," "One pomul raisins; one poimd currants ; one pound suet ; one pound hrraid-crumba ; quarter poimd orange-peel ; two ouuom citron-peel ; two ounccB lemon-poel ; one nutmeg ,' one teaspooaful powdered ginger ; one teaspoonful powdered chi> nainon ; one wino^glosfllul brandy ; seven eggs ; one teaifpoonful salt ; quarter pound raw sugar ; milk enough to liquefy the nuua, if the eggs and bnndy be not sufficient for this purpose" ^'And why, my love, can't we have two Pound Chriatmas Puddings, or four Half- Found Podding» ? " said Sir. Oldknow. " I want the Porters t^ have a puddiiig, and old nunw Franklin, and the Corderya. Fruit is cheap. And why not ? ' •' My dear Olcfknow, they always do have a padding, every one of them. Look here 1 " Mrs. Oldknow then lifted a cloth off a vast earthen pan, and behold ! a rich, semi- liquefied mass, 8\|>cckled throughout with ptainfl and currants, presented iUelf to her boaband^s view. He was content. Ho learnt l^tiat at the peep of dawn the oopper-fii'e would be lighted, and the fruity treasure woidd be divided into several portions ; the tuichtiest of which would be for the home table, and the others for the Porters, and the rnmklins, and the Corderys. "My love," said the contented Mr. Old- Imow, "aa 1 am in the old kitchen for the firat time these dozen years, I think I 'H light a cigar — for there is a lire, I see, in this new'fdahioned cooking range — and rest for a quarter of an hour, a^er all the polking and bliuiUiuan's buff we have had." And HO Mrs. Oldknow went to bed. Now, Mr. Oldknow was a great reader of travels, ancient and modem — a kind of social antiquarian, also. He read the travellers, partly for comtnerctal informatioD and genei^ views of life, and partly with an iimamnative taste for unfamiliar scenes. The Mo vine; fknoramas — the NUea, and Mississippis, and Overland Koutes — ^had given a new intensity to these studies. The vast pudding dish wan before him ; and he mused and mused over the mercantile history of the vaiious Buh- stances of which that pudding waa composed. The light wreath of the cigar crept round the old kitchen, forming fantastic shapes before it melted in the dim distance. More and more obeoure became tlie well-remembered room ; M Oldknow sent foii;h feebler and feebler puffs from the weed. Its dying fragrance nuBg^ed with thoughts of nutmeg and and became • Sabiean odours fi^m the spi(7 shore Of Araby the blest" The walls of the kitchen then pradually ei- l^nded. The bright pewter plates became mirrors in which landscapes of every clime were reflected. At length all the other mirrore were absorbed by one central min-or of vast proportions, upon whose vivid pictures the contemplative Mr. Oldknow long ga^ed with a blissful serenity. And lirst, the shores of Malaga floated before his vision. Groves of orange-trees clustered around secluded convents ; the f agar-cane and the cotton-plant covered the plains; vineyartbi, cieeping up the bright mountain slopes, ba8ke<l m the autumnal sun, and their ponderous fruitage grew browner and browner as the white or red sldu of the deliciouA muscat shrivelled in the noontide heat. Kuine of Moorish towers and mosquea were studded amidnt while-washed houi and the brilliant columns uf the Alhambra glittered as in mockery amidst it» fallen roofe. By the sitle of the tributaries of the Guadalquivir, the Carnitnes — {the \Tneyard gardens of the Arabs) — formed enclumting walks ; and, as our book-traveller heard the night-breeze^ laden with a thousand perfumes, whispering amidst the orange groves, an arti" ctilate sound gradually dropped upon his ear, and he saw the Gkkius of thb Kaisiw, with the Iresh vine-wreath of a Greek Bacchante on the head, and the Cashmere shawl of an Arabian Sultana round the waist. "Son of a vineleas land," said the form, " behold how I labour for thee ! I gather the sun-beams in my hand, and range over the salt wave of the Mediterranean, to scatter riijeness wherever the vineyards bow l)eneath the pulpy clusters which are too rich for the wine-prefts. Your ships throng my Anda- lu.sian ports of MaJ.iga and Videucia, I'anmug onwara to the Eastern Cheam4 ; and wiey bear to your cold and cloudy land the rich^t gifts of our sunny South. Why come ye, every yeai* more and more, with youi* linens and your woollens, your glass and yourpotter}', to exchange with our native fruit ? miy strip ye the gardens which the Faithful planted^ of the grapes which ought to be reserved for the unlermented wine which the Prophet delighted to drink t " "Immortal child of the Arab," replied the son of the vinelesa land, "your nation gave us the be«t element of commerce when you gaive US your numerals. Your learning and your poetry, your science and your industry, no longer fructify in heaven-favoured Andalusia. The sun which ripens your grapes and your oranges makes the people lazy and the priests rapacious. We come to your porta with the products of our looms and our furnaces, and we induce a taste for comforts that will be- come a habit. %VTien oui' glass and our porce- lain shall find its way into your peaaant s hut, then will your olives be better teuded and your grapes more carefully dried. Man only worthily kilwurs when he labours for ex- change with other labour. Behold that pud- ding 1 — It is our England's imimal luxury'. It is the emblem of our commercial eminence. The artisan of Birmingham and Manchester — the seaman of Loodon and Liverpool — whose festive board will be made joyous, to- morrow, with that national dish, has con- tributed, by his labour, to make the raisins of Malaga and the currants of Zante — the oranges of Algarve, the cinnamon of Ceylon, and the nutmeg of the Moluccas — of com- mercial value ; and he has thus called them into existence ns effectually as the labour of the native ciJtivator, Child of the Arab civiliser, be grateful." Mr. Oldknow looked for an approving an- swer ; but the Genius of the Raisin had fled. The hill sides of Andalusia rapidly ohaogo aofi HOTJSKHOLD WOEDa ^Staiimlb n- »: ^r' ^* - - ' -'-'■■■ ■'' '^ • » No longer is i r.er, but a land .the FIai'n '>i" t ur boine traveller, : I _ ^ r anate, aiitl peaclie^. oranges^ aiui lut'lona ; and its fieidfi of vinei* mid curnints. The GiomjB of the CrRiuLNT ^XQ^Q — a ^Iminntive fignre, winge<l like tb<* p,^,ipim of fV»nnth, nntl brtvi'nir the Ko«e of r , . . . ,. . faniongBt I - listener. "- V\ ri.i 'iMO j;-, j.nur t urjsu ii:i>-, >:\h\ he, * to Zantc JUiil Ci^jjhrJoTiin, Wo have twelve ttiousaxid Mores uf r"" i' ''" !/)Ape^ ut^I" onUure for your f< lul your hA\'c tliirf vefir niM n lilly mi! poitiidR of curraTits for your puddingB and your cakes. Welcome are yewilh your Bugar iind your coffee, your rice and your chee«e. Welcome are ye with yotir gold. Our cora crt>]w pre goire ; and without ye the Morea vould not yield iiH the wheat and the maize Yvl ' shall need till the next harve«it. 1 to p'ow coiTants in the mil which til. > ,i L.I -lit m, and buy our wheat, thou I up our little vines for a bread-pro* ' nil. Wr irvr siire of our hfcad for * " iiid demands plum- i lire of her puddmffs wLiUt »br ico and forges steel. So A happy i. I lo you, and good night.' "The tattle to you, laid bi-aro, my little free- trader/' cried Mr. Oldknow, to the Genius of the Currant, An English scene ! It ia lian-est time all over the wide chalk fields of Kent, '^MIereve^ the eye am gtrctch inland, the golden corn is Vir.,.lii., nn,l,.! li,.- ^i-a-breexe, ur the sheaves :v. for the coming waggon. <\| le plenty smiles upon the traveller. Tlie Oemus of Bread arisefi. He ifl a Btalwart fig\irc in a white amock- frock. From his straw hat to liis ln,ced boots all ii tight and trim about biin. He is slow of speech ; but he ever and anon muttei's the word "Protect ion." " Proteotion ! '' exclnimed Mr. Oldknow, "who taught you that Rongi Do yaw want protection ag.oinst cheap bread, my friend ; Against warm and eleaii clothing ; agnmst a AOUnd loof with glazed windovs's ; ag:uu«t a oonl fire ; against your tea, your augar, your butter, your cheese, your bacon, and your Christmiw midditig ? Eii ? what ai-e you thinkifr^ of? Anything 1 Call up the gliost o^ rulfather. Show him your wheaten 1 ,tyk him to compare it with his bl;L«K hill of rye. Vou have small wage«, it id true ; but yu\»r wages do not dependupon the cheupncBS of your produce. Your real WkgCA tue aM great as you ever got in the pri.t . lioa-daya ; and tfiey go twice tm far. V up now ftJB a man, inste^ul of break- j] iipon the road at the biddimg of the pamh. liCttve the tk^er-aliop ; cultivate your gmileu ] have a pig in the sty ; send 3 our childj'cu to school ; and belle\i2 me you will b© better off than imv other laboturer of Europe." Af r. lUdknow wa excited ; but he was V anp^ry when the Qranua or Sutr pro* d hTmstlf in the guim of a Siuitliii.ld drover, with an over-drtrttj ox iV u hta knees in n crowded itreet, a* i I \r for reet. Mr. Oldknow groaned, and wjui i^-icked enough to wish that the tlrovcr's dog wn» ©ctttlcring the Cimrt of Aldermen. Tile Eanda iHhinda now tilled the scene. Grouped in the Indian Art' ' th^ ivar'd their volcAme peaks all I a the ' " 0»eir mountain -aides with '■es; and the eagri Idiug • to the people of 1 ^ i. In the covert of the forest-trees «sbe the britUant B^l^lB of PanidiAc, occaAiOBiJ visit&iitB. But the great feature of the landscape wss oontri but<?d \yy the nutmeg troen. It h the gailier- ing time. The BandaaeetJ, mingled with their Dutch maetera, are plucking the peach-like fruit from their shelter of ereen and grey leaves. The ripe fruit haa Bpbt in half as it hangs on llie tree, find there in the kernel surrouiidt\i by the maoe. But the precious nutmeg has a second protection— itH shell. The mace h removed — the kernel is dried in the »im-the shell splits — and there i» the nutmeg of commerce ! Tlie GK»lt7s OF THE NuTMKJ appeared. He WHS a fantastic figure — ^lialf man, half bird — a Dutchman' head on a wood pigeon '3 body. " Engli-^ ' id he, ** you have wreatlfd with me t 1 e Islands ; but they aw mine. You u.i vi- udcen from me the cimtam«m groves of Ceyloo — they are youm. In the eea traditions of your country you have the Flying Dutchman. I am he. We of the Zuyder Zee built up our commerce upon r- atrictionH and monopolies. When we di-ove the Portxigiiese from the Archipelago, we rooted up all the clovetrees but tliose of Aniboyna, and all the nutmeg treea' but those of Bandn. We limited the world to a fixed quantity of cloven and nutmeg?, aa we limited also the comraeiTc of cinnamon, Rather than till the market and lower the jirice, we have thro vi-Tii our nutmegs into the »f ''i .. .iif a bonfire of our cinnamon in f Amsterdam. AVIien in the 1; • . n the dim twilight, or under the hazy moon, a 6gni'c has l^en seen flying along the still waters in which the keel left no furrow — I was that navigator. I was pursuing the wood-pigv?o!i, who defied all the rigours of mj unRc^dai lawH, and carried the nutmeg seed to laiidn which owed Holland no tribute, I have given up the contest again«t nature. My spiee monoiK^ly waa i-uinous to myself and iiijnnouB to my colonists. In Cylon I saw {^'our T'nrrli,]! diUnsiing comfort iUid equal awi^ is, encoiaramng indui^, desti' iionr, and aelling cinnamon to ail the world. I have made an allianoe with the wood-pigeon j I have planted the nutmeg in Java, and there will I oont«ei mth Oieknit] A CHKrST?\lJlS PrDBTNG. 30a I Tou the comineree of ciimiuaoii. I hftro I earn t tUt ft small ilf^mnml at h^h fne^fi, for any lueful conn unr 90 profitable a^. -.s. I have lea! umerce is not support public va^h linn;! to dit^Tise aJl the proi iis globe. You ht me a leSBOlL Hiaold tiTuie of ti; i Provinces ban ^[^ under monopolies imd i"e«trictions. We xmiy once more t>e yoor honest rival* under a wier ccMfle. Yon want two hundred tbouisand pounds vrci^lit of nutmegs yearly ; we will deal like mcrcfa&ut priseos Jiad good men mid tnie," " Agreed ! " said Mr. Oldknow. A Weat Indian Sngiir Plantation is now r''^'^'"'^ — with ita canes ripening under a 1 n , and ite mlUa with their machinery ., _ ji-9 and lioilere. The Genitts of b^GAR is a freed Negro. It WM said that in fr«edoi(i he would not work ; he has vindiciited bis privileges la his industry and his obcdi- etioe. The erand experiment has micoMded iu all mond effects. But the nation that demanded cheap com would not be content V ' nr. We most buy our &ngKe fane ripens. We use seven iiiiwua of pounds of sugar annually, 1 ft duty of four tnilBuns sterling. ^_ . J ; M \v tTiou eht thiSj but was silent, when he jsaw tin i ng under his own tig-tree ; for the jin; stions which his freedom involvi-a were somewhat complicated. He would trust ifii the ultimnto power of a noble ejtample, and in the me«T f t the gi-eat body of th« Eriti buy their sugar at half the prior- in.'.i mt'iv lathera paid. Mr. Oldknow, being somewl "♦ * ♦'-v^t upon the sn^ir (jueatton, grew c^ new fornt.'ii nitttni l.»r-r,ii-e him, TLl -:..■..-...'.■ £oa- . WAS there, in her blue on hor back. Her step was I ai iu the famine years, and her ligh'i w as once more laughing' under her loii^ black cye>laahes. Bhe had walked from cottasje to cottage some twenty miles; ' ■ ' ' vflB to form part of the many 4tea that England required for "Maythr- '-^ uised Ml". Lhey ixi\ u ! Mflv joue. Gnotne, half linking of his No j" 90 with " IIel^e/' continued the figure^ " I am fi-^e. I fly through the land^ scatteriiig blessings as wi<)eiy as the dewa of haaven. I bring my treasures out of the bowels of the earth and from the de])ths of the sea. I make the fJ«Lilda fruitful ; I forbid your food to perish. Witli- .... i^ ■ 'stance of man and beast is rda of uufathomablo forests ...; -^ -_. iLdns in seorcfa of me; the child that loves me not, loses the bloom of ita cheek wid the otlour of its breatli. I am the univei^ friend. And yet Idngs have impi^ ously dared to deny ma to their fubjectSy even though they should perish — theii* crimen have been panisthed. Even now, the Hindoo, whom you nave benefited in ' s, is deprived of me by your Learn to be wiser. You u:i\l- jii--ii jua from the burdens of your home taxation, and your industrial wealth is quadrupled I am, — " " S.u;r ! ' gueaed Mr. Ohiham. To Salt succeeded a singular figure m the MiLKT G»rius. It seemed one-half dairy-woman, with her pail and stool^ de- cently clad in woollen petticoat and black stockings ; but above was a Naiatl of the Thames, with dripping locks held loosely together with a wreath of rushes. Mr. Old know was about to harangue, when a brisk porcer-ieom vomver sitepped forth^with pudding- cloth in hand. ' The water boils»" said he ; " " the ingredients are mix^ Be it mine to bind them together ! " ' ilight," cried Mr. Oldknow. " A^n our country's emblem. The bundle ot sticks and the pudding -cloth have each the tame moraL Our aucestoi- Ln their * civil dudgeon ' made * plum-porridge.* We, in our imited interests, well bound together, pruduoe CltrisW mas pudding.' There was a rilence and a pauac Mr. Old- know peered out. The mirror liad lost ita brilliane}'. But suddenly the great puddini^ bowl expanded into a mighty fiat dish. The pudding swelled into an enormous gloh^ bkck with plums, and odorous with stream ing sauce. A hollytree, with ita prickly leaves at l>oitom, its smooth leaves on high, and its bright red benics, giew up under a cr}'Btal dome. On the edge of the dish weans jrroui^d the Andalusian with the Cnshmere , the Irish market- . e 1, the London Nai;. ue the cloth ; and th«y ali Ujok Lhrice danced n>imd tie edge of the diih. And, lo ! out of the hol^- tree dnypped a mouBtached deuiseti of the Palais Euyal. He had a flask of brandy in one hand, and a huge silver bowl in the other. 0h, nation of anti-chemical cooks," ho cried, you put the cognac into the tMiddiog, and nine hotuis' boiUij^ iMvea off all the spirit HOUSEHOLD WORDS. fCanaucloAtiy N ^ into unprofitAble ga.q. Look at me. It la the genius of our natiou to flare up I " With thiit he emptied the flask into the Ik)w1, nxxil 8t't it on fire, and poured it over tho pudlJinJ,^ Ajml the niakers of the pudding a\|;jun d,ijiced round it in the bhio llame ; Ana the pudding wjts nothing hurt by the fliue- up, but remained as sound and uuscathe! as the Und itself after a month b polemical lire. And then Mr. Oldknow volunteered a aong, of which four lines remained in his memory ; for he had learnt it as a child, when England was threatened with invaaion : — " BritAin, bo peaceful arts inclined, Whei'O commeroG opens all her stores. In Bociol bonds Bholl leaguo mankind. And join the gca-divided Bhores." 3Mr. Oldknow opened his e^es. The kitchen was in darkness, and his cigar amoked out, " Bleiii my heart ! " said he, " the Waits are playing * The Wooden Walla,' and the clock Btrikeatwo!" CHRISTMAS AMONG THE LONDON POOR a:nd sick. Oct of the family parties, two millionB and % quarter strong, aesembled in London, some eiglity or a hxmdred thousand have their Chinsimas dinner provided for them by their respective poriahea. Their p,atiper-h(XKl does not sink tliera below the reach of the genial season. ChristuuiB tinila t!iera out, even in their warda and their day-roomH. A cheei-ful bustle lietokens tht* welcome day. An extra polish is* seen on workhouse sk<>es ; hei^ and there, a stray morsel of tinery, or a apeeial evidence of ueatneiis, i» \daible in work- house garments. The workhouse clmpel has a Bpniy or two of the ^eeu embkMua of the season, and the sermon has an cxtia spiee of seniality. The dininp-room has quite aji ex- hilarating polish. The white bare walls are warmed up with their spngA of holly, imd the tables — well scnibbed ns usual — are graced by the prHjmised feaat. No tJttllt/ to-day — but beef ! No hard <luHiplingft, but plum^puddinn; ) The plums aro not Atoned, and there 's no bran(iy sauce ; but the appetites are not epi- curean. But, the huge prandial army of eighty to a hundred thoimand mupera in London ^o not all feast in the workhouses. In round num- bers, only about twenty thousand^ younjif and old, are so accommodated. Tlie majority are out-door poor, who enjoy nnything they may receive at their own lodging. The number of both classes had greatly tlimi- Hished last yeai' as compared with the pre- Tious twelve months. It is anticipate! that Cliristmait, 1850, will show a stdl greater reduction in the number of personB dependent on chiirity for their holiday meal. Of the twenty thousand who usually par- take of workhouse beef and plum -pudding in tbt meiropolia, the larj^est party awemble in Marylebone. In the workhouse of that pariah, last year, nearly two thousauil paupers wore feasted. The City of Loudon, iix its ostabbah- meut at Bow, and at tlie NorwtKxl Schools, fed the next largest number : their ranks nms- tering altogethej'some sixteyn hundred. Tliird in the list, stood St. Pancras, who fed on Christmas Day^^ of young tuid old, sick aj»d well, more than thirteen hundred. To the East of thl«) Modem Babylon for the two next great Christmas gatherings, and wo find them in Stepney and Whitecmapel — each gathering, together, unwards of a thousand candidates for beef and pudding. Across the river, we have the next strong;: parties, in Lftmbeth^ and the two Southwurk parishes ; after these, foUow a list of placw where mug seta of seven hundred, six hun- dred, five hundred, asaemhled. Unfashion- able St. George in the East musters only two hundi'ed more than aristocraiic St. Janusi^ whilst such subwban places as Edmonton and Kensington display the few^est candidate! forparish Sire. The largest nartvof children baa always BAsembled at tne Norwood Schools, where about a thousand of the progeny of London pauperism open their young hcai-ts on tho great fe8ti\Til of the English year. From this chronicle of the pauper's Chriat- raas, let us now trace a faint outline of the Christmas of the London sick, A dozen large Christmas dimiera are eaten in the greftC general Hospitals of London, besides smallar feasts in minor institutions for special diseasca. The income of these twelve Hospitals amount^ every year, to upwards of one hundred and forty-two thousand pountU, of whioh large sum considerably over a hundred thousand pounds is derived from property, the balance only being made up from volun- tary donations. Fi-om this large fund three thousand three hundred beds are kept, all the year through, occupied by \|)oor sick pei-sons, too ill to attend as out^imtienta. This little army of invalids includes unhappy people sutfering from all the severest ilia to which humanity is subject. Frightful acci- dents ; hideous deformities ; fearful and dan- gerous opei^ations, have been the lot of suoces- sivu unfoiiunates who tenant these Hospital ImhIs. To such^ though Cliristmas may come, it can bring little festivity. Yet^ there are many by wliom tho time of rejoimig may be welcomed ; and these, in all cnaes where in- dulgences are at all permissible, finI CTirist- mfis beef and plum-pudding at their l>edaide8. Some, who arc well enough, hobble from theii* beds to the table of the ward ; and there the diruier of the day has even more of the sembhuice of the season. Though givcii with caution, and with the kindliest of motives, and tliough it sprcid a new air of cheerfulness in pla^s fidl of pidn and painful thought, these luxuries do rnther harm than good within the walls of the Hospitals ; whilst, amougat the out-^atienti. IHckou.) CHRISTMAS IN INDIA. 300 Christmas is m\'ariably recogtiued oa a lime irheii almost all difleases become aggravated. WUhiu the walla the sick are under control^ but those who seek it only for medicme, and live in liieir own way, are at liberty to follow or neglect the advice which is to cure them, Chrii3tm:.«i, to most of them, is a time of over- eating and over-diiiikin^, and hence it ia a QiOloriouK morsel of Christmas Hospi^ ex- peneuce, that the out-patienta will all be wtjrse after " Boxing Day" than tUey were belbre. In ftome large claBsefl of diseases this mj^ be aaid to be invariably the case. Li a large Hospital like Bartholomew's, for i&Btauce^ it is always a question who is to be hoiise surgeon on duty on Boxing Night ; for BO Bare as the night shall come, it shiQl be no night of rest for liim. Double the niunber of casualties are brought in as comjiared with the aveiBge of any other night m the year. Broken heads, " got in a aerimma^e, your banner, with Paddy Phelan ;" broken lega,and sometimes thighs, from slipping down stairs after the feastiugs and drinking^ ; stabs given by folks who met and ouarreTled "just in a friendly way ; " insensible bundles of clothes and humanity, who had tJiken poison with their drink for jealousy sake ; and cabs with men in a &tate which defies policemen and ffoodnattire! (>edestrians to decide whether Siey be dead with drink or djing of an apo- plectic fit. A dreaiy side of the Christmas picture is this, but a true one nevertheless ; the shadow of the subject ; the gloom that must exist, to contrast with brightness in all things human. The poor house surgeon, possibly, ought to think bo, but as snmils, and bandage^ and phusters, and sleepy- looking nurses, and lancets^ and drugs, and stomach-pumps, throng round about him in the disturbed quiet of his Hospital night, no one can blame him much if he lectures the hero of t lie "acrinimage" and the broken head, or mildly supplies advice, as well as bandngeSj to the tipsy proprietor of the broken leg, upon Uie old and good adage " That Enough b as Oood as & Fraat"— even at Christmas Tide. CHKISTMAS m INDIA. CaaisTiCAs in India! — There is anomalv in the very sound. Christraos in the heart oi the land, where millions fall in idolatrous wor^tiip before the rude images of Bralima, Shiva and Vishnu— and where hundreds of thousands of the foLJowera of Mahomed scoff at the pro- mises of the Redeemer! Christmas — iden- tical in English minds with frost and snow, And crisp holly— in a clime where the scorch- ing rays of the sim eternally pierce the very marrow of man, and penetrate the verv l>oweU of the earth ! And were India solely tenanted by the Hindoo and the Mussulman, — hatl the zealous misaioQaries and propagandists, who followed the fortunea of Albuquerque and Tasoo de Gama, bome the cross to the Bhon» of Hindoatan,— had the French Abb6a who en- joyed the protection of Lally and Dupleix failed to tdl the field of proselytism— Imd England never played her part in the revela- tion of Christian truths— to this moment no voice would be heard to tell witJi impunity, on the blessed anniversary, how hendd angels sang " glory to the new-bom Sing ! " Butj the tide of European conquest, and, better still, the tide of ffuropean civilisation, has carried to the benighted land kiMwledge, and a large spirit of toleration ; and now, from Cape Comorin to the farthest northern con- fines of the Punjaub, the cross is recognised by thousands who gladly a<?cept its guarantee of salvation. In Western India, and in many parts of the Peninsula, the peasantry have adopted the Roman Catholic £wth : imperfectly taught, however, and rudely administered by the degenerate descendants of the early Por- tuguese settlers. At all the Presidencies', there are handsome Romish churches, and still more chaste and beautiful edifices dedicated to Pro- testant worship. In many parts of the harge towns, the eye can take in, at a single ww, a Pagoda, a Moaque, a Protestant church, and a Catholic chapel. Sixty thousand English- men, Irishmen, and Scotchmen, scatterecfover India ; and five hundred thousand of the half- castes or oountry-bom, in whose veins some British blood flows and throbs, together with a few hundred natives, are of the Protestant persuasiott. And every day sees their number and the beneficent eifeeta of their example, and the teaching of their ministers, augment. Is there, then, anything so very anomalous iu the connection of the idea of Christianity with idol-worshipping India ? Or can it be a matter of surprise that Christmas Day should be observed throughout the localities tenanted by Europeans, and (so called) Portuguese, with peculiar interest and solemnity ? At once the season of worship and rejoicing, Christmas in India, and more especially at the Presidencies, abounds with interestix^ features, It Is early moniingj the sun is up and Christians ot all classes are afoot. The bells of all the places of Christian worship are sum- moning to prayer. Hurrying along the roads and across the maidauntf or esplanades, the Por- tuguese clerks and (MjfoAt (nurses and waiting- women) attired in their best cottons, wend their way to ma-ss, to celebrate the glorious Nativity^ and behold the image of Nossa Senora. The gorgeous paintings which decorate the massive religious structures in Italy, Austria, Spain and Portugal, are wanting; but, there are other types which equally addr^ themselves to the vulgar sense. After mass, at many cbupels and churches, a little bed is exhibited and, within, reposes an effigy of the Virgin mother bearing the infant J^«>i>». Crowds rush forward to render homage t'> Oh iirwce. It is kissed by tbous-onds, and bwlewed with the tears of joy and gratitude. Holy wjiter is at a premiiun. The vast oongregationa HOUSEHOLD W0BD6. return V otiiexings to tiie pwor niwi wortiiy I'tvlrv, m the BllApe of whcnt i^licnrr?',, ft^l^ts, '^he<'?rq^ wilt ppriuit. \ ' i" JiLsii pcaisaiitry to I -adv. v> iiih '■ ; "nil in tlio m, are freely dropped I s plate, to pruTido L iiuli^eut of all cji^tce Boman ( tlu! stir- ru-o busv •1%" By ru'C rcitoti at Luure with festoons oi ii; Indiou Jaismiiie). '>> liutrul — tlif tt'o]>icii uiiUititiiLc ii>i iitiU^y — adm'a thi' coluiuiJd of his veraudAb, atid th« eatnuices to his rootu^. Now, " mAster/^ or the mh^^ hots breakCastedy and tho htacl-i< V " rioimoea that the rett af the domosth i noisaion to pay their rrspecta. WLii \|., ^ r-ion ia this? la a iij:krria;;e-ltei(?t louanl f Celiold the fitcar^ II',' i•\^■i\.. \\\\ff Iv. ri'% (li.- . ;'/i<riV^ nccouots 1 . ho mokea hia ly froated i almonds t d^ aud a Dose- \ accepted, and i'>u. Now vant. He 703, a -the ill, 44 UiU or cAti' tiah, 44 with HIP-' ood I asmaii \| coiuea thi hue I't" amAll iuji ^ and the fiirnHv the iJuiH" by visitfU's, i of the higlitMjt ^n»<lfei. more legs of ahiionda and r cosesv Tlio uiitc:!isiIo& Ls, how to dUpoee of all thij prialviblo u»att<jr ; for JChamir ' o hutltTj iokea care tliat all the > ^■It.-i!) II. ,f Hiii^rfero wit^' I'I'J '> r He ]u\s. 1 the dftv* , n cdy the periaiuibk prceeniB ore giv^en A^ evening closes ui, the houeo of each family of respectability oi>eu8 its Iiotfpilable doore to the recoptiou oi fiicn»1a ; and tho roast beef and the plnm-puddltifr, and th» mince pies, the port wiib^ ' '^ ' " attest the attiolimcnt < t homo-boDOur«^1 '^^ •■ - : ^ood wijshea ;i L i» directed to li- tance, and the day clusua much aa it cloaea in England. In Calcutta, fires are bnmt Iq English gratea, in tho montlia of December and January ; and although a liandaome bouqiiet of roses de^.•f^rat(3 th«3 drawing-room table and thu chiffuniors, tliero ia a wijitry fed al>out the atmoaphere ; ainl as the elmiis ai-e drawn round tho f he-place, and the whisk«y-puach ia ItrcwtHj, the cherished idea of hom<* on Chriistmaa Day is suitably and completely realLiud, aUu ) could lUvine the t ; , prctt}' dessert fmit tu \tLi\ \^ itli— a^il Uii t it suggestive of th« gUnd?vnl joke of the old ^ui hye f 1^' " on purpose roll* a mango ' it-pliite, and eiclmma with a cii iLi.j r, -t.' Iiow niiturally nutn gei3 to Kidmai^s ! '' The cliiMreu lan;t,'li ; anil a fiwnt wiulc plavs about tha lipa of the adults, who have ueAnl the veteran jest a score of tlmre* The KhdmacUjluvr ia dianiiaded with a pre«at, ^ h the Sirdiw bearer^ tlLd tuilor, the ^ iu— even the poor mehiur (aww]»» i-i, . ^> ,i witli the Chiijatmaa present — and c.uli I ociuuB a suitable douceur or but- M(u/i — ol'teu pi"onoiuieed l/ujcii^ and so sug- geetiog the notion, that we have boiTowed the term antl i^onveitrd it iutt* "boxes." Bleastil and blt'^ing, the master now dis- miaacd his iluruostica, and the carriage ia ovdared to the duor to carry the f/unily to dhurch. S»i!rvice m peiformed with (lie extra ftOlamnity suitable to the oceaBion. The church \^ -nrhndcfl with hiui-el and other ' d ia ma^le to the cliarit- •i >ngregation ; and aa the I Oi^oji yiiida thu linxd romutuey, the liank-' CHfilSTMAS IN THE FROZEN REGIONS. TaiNK of Chriatmaa in Uie tremendous wastes of ice and snow, that lie ui the rumoteat re^ons of the oarth ! ChiHstniaa, in the inter- immible white deacrt of the Pohtr isea ! Yet it has Ix'en I . ' ' ' '. cheeituU}^, by moimtaiii3 of i...-, u'v^i-m uj^ <.•■„> <.n-i, n,.>c- ma^le a ehaoa round their iihiiKs which in a moment ml ^lu h iv,^ ■ muud them to dust; where h:i >n the face; where bln&kets '• upon the bodies of men lying ai^leep, clobtiy houaed byhngefirea^ and plaiatera have tunifl lo ieo wjmm ihe woumlii of others accidn i * the shipa k'kve been ufi t the environing ice, and have i selves far leag than the eurr^ have resembled monBtrons piits ^i ^lklukc- ture which could not poaaitly be there, or anywhere; wherethe winter an i'^^^-' ^"1 iiinls are white, aa if thoiy too w^ desokte «now and irost ; th- < hAve read the prayers of Chmtma* iiay, and have dmnk to trienda at liome, and sung homo songs. In 1819, Captain P&ny and hla br»vd i CiMdMlKdWO] CHUISTMAS IN THE FROZEN EEGI0N3. MXr sompanionB did so ; and the officers having diru'l otV ;i piece of /rc«A beef, nine montha « iDteDAe climate, joined I ! \ .^, with tin? thiTmrtiiietf^r 1 ! 118, and Crce women and 1 ! who am now at home to %\ i kept (_:iiii^tma5 D;iy with the South Iplar expedillou, coiiaL^iuiji of the * Erf-bns " nnd "Terror;' and then oonmxenioration of • (Ake phice iu the Fi -lleaveiji cnuxt it! It ia ucJ —and be Eekl by the kter cr* >.!.uie fthi\|M ; for thev :ire the ven i have ao loiyg been niistiiug, luid tlia : .. . ^ . . ..;: Lilly coimfictea in the puldio wind with FE.isKUJt's mane. The C'liristuiivB Day of 1841 was uahered in by one of those dense fogs bo peculiar to very hr^^h latitudes. The two shipa, beaet in t ' Ti^k, or xnst belt of ice, drifUug ou t. s of the Antarctic Pole, alone bi^jkc llie atiU, deep soUtude of the wide scene of desolation. On the Ufting of the fog, the "Terror" •ppcjured closely beijet behind a hu-go ice- ^"" ' her topmaats just pe«ring above the i^ ejLtremity of ita lower end. It very rtiuarkable-looking hm, little livn two hundred feet in height^ snr- ued by two white cnpoLvahaped hum- luucka ; whLUt the cracks and tisaiures oa its stuj>enduuii sides, reflecting the blue rays, re- lio'ed the uniform whitene&i of iia surface by tints of the must beautiful aaid tlelieate azuie. We chribteiicd thiji Uie * ChriBtmAB Berg," and, as it wnjs destined to be tlie frequent eompojaion of onr zig-zag eonrse through the nkonotonous pack, it wa,^ soon looked upon 80 on old iamiliar friend. The ' Ei-ebu^ " was testing about in a "hole of water," ns the temporary oi>enin£B in the pack were called, •tirrQuud^.i on all sddea by loe, in heavy floe- res of irregular ehapca ; heaped together the eiionnoua preggnre which the whole ntaaa waa exptised to, when the vast body of water cM^mpoawg tho Southern Ot&m waa di&- tnrbed by hoavy ^«a. Majiy interesting object^ however, oc- •retl to begiult; the tedium of our protract- detcntiou within this p "i^- ^^I'M-h could hav^been leas than sev hundred iu breadth. It wa,s >_>yeT with muncrous bergs ; gome of them tlu'ee or four Miles iu Itrngth ; their tabular-shaped summits towering to the height of from a hundred to two hundred ffet al»ovc ih^ fwek its»^lf vr ■ ■■ ".. ■ • ■ - " - ^' followed by a floek oi 111 ._. J... . direction, the dcene -ft^-jn* ^r..- vanefi by a lorng line of peuj^ins leaping out of the water, one alter tlie othvr, id quick succession, like ao many "kip-jacks,"' moving aloijg with the gi'eatest regularity in &'ui^le 61c. and which at a distance m^ht be easily nu»- takcu for a shoal of thoae fish, did not their Iiarah, loud cjiwing lietray them. Ovvrhead, .4 passint; flock of the agile an/! • ■' Tern now :vijJ^ thtni enlivened tht^ I heir Isrin •111, I :i! i:i!lf .-•! >i;' I -4 .JUKI,: • • , ,,,.., uleCCS ! t>aakerl or , I undisturbed in t!i ;Je, luid daring the thundering collie witli ice in the foaming bui% as in Ulo mu^t quiet calm. Such waa the general cham^ter of Un» sc^ae atiiidat which we of the ' E " " ' "" : " had to keep our Chriatr. ; and, not wi til standing om j we managed to re«4er\'e for ^ dinner the usual old English : with roast goose^ followed ^ never-to-be-forgotten plum-puj I _ .; and gooae, it muHt be oonfesaed, were not of English growth. Tht^y had mover se«& the old country ; but drew their finit biwiUi ou the f^-ni-clad plateau of the Wairoat, noai the Bay of Islands in Ne^ ' " "'•* had brought them thenee^ ii lio offered up a aaci!"' ' ' ^u^ ua ti^t* ice-girt sea of the A The position of lL^ - - i--r- leas enough ; tacking ;i \ space of open water j iiiv _ 1 with her decks cncumt>ered by biocka of ice, piled up abaft ; twelve tons of the cold subatance having Juflt Iwen taken on iMjaid, firom a hummock, to complete our water. Thia work hael given additional chilliiieaa and checrles8nei;£i t^ the aliip. After Divine Ser- vice had been performed, we hoped for few otlier »igna of the day ; but all the amuae- ments contemplated for the Christmi^a evening were reserved, not resigned. Ou New Vear^a Day wo crc"ssed the Aufjit-.-t;,- rir< 1. . iust twro huudivd iuid tifiv 7 Uie pack, which w:» south wartl. Both shii^s were t ict^anchors and haw»era, to a I t formed a fender between them, a- free communicitioii. On tins ].i both alii]'-' - on the l.'i tioDS for " ^eenii^ me i.n'i yvui- uuv> auij iLn# new one in." A qiuulrangular apace waa liewn out in the ice for a dance ; Irnving, tn the centre, an elevated chair, carved oat of the same aubbtance. Adjacent to tliis c« vi^ttd ball-room, another excavated aquu ' the refreshment-room; having a t,t midat, also cut out of a block of ice, on which <:;1asaea with bottlca of wine and ^rog w»rt ■ >\ as refreshment for the dan « ""is I/: of ice^ all open ha it wat Lijii entered by dei^condlng fi fli^! 'Ut iu the ice, receiv..! the apj ' Aniufctic HoVd^' jmd bore on a ^i^.. . ...i, fixed to a pale, the worda Fi^^ritaa of i^ aoe HOUSEHOLD WOEDS. CCoadHcMdlf I. Ocean,'' and on the reverse, PUneen of These devices wen? contrived by the worthy Botttawmn of the " Erebiis," who undertook to perform tlie part of landlord. Not re- joicing ui a sufficiently portly person, na he thought, for sustaining with becoming dignity the new character he nasumed, he made up whAt Nature had denied him in rotundity of figure by stutfing a pQlow under hia waistcoat. Tlina rigg«d, he stnittetl about much after the fashion of a crcpper pigeon ; his hands stuck in his Rhooting-jackct wicket ; an apron fastened round hifl waist, in front of which dangled a huge bunch of keys. lu- expi'casiblea buckled at the knees ; and a round cap, worn jauntily on one side, com- pleted hia costume : he played his part with much humour. Two young 8eanieii, rxting as hia waiters, were busily employed in handing lH>nnd qenuifu "Antarctic ices" on ft tray. In front of the Hotel, the English ensign wavo«l to the sontheni breeze, ^mrd«l by a cannon and pile of shot, not of iron, but ice^ which ffj>arej our powder. Near the gang- way of the '^ Terror," a female fig\ire, in a Bitting altitude-, her head oniamented with a profusion of ringlets, was modelled in snow, and surmounted by the word "Haidee ; " but wlicther she bore anv resemblance to the beau- tiful Greek girl of liyron's imagination, ia an alTuJr of the sculptor's. In front of the gong- wav of the " Ei-ebus * appeared the bust of a miilo figure, wearing a foraging cap^ and formed of the same pliiatic material.	8,120
ladysmanualoffan1859pull_1	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,859	The lady's manual of fancy work : a complete instructor in every variety of ornamental needle-work : including applique...	Pullan, Mrs. (Matilda Marian)	English	Spoken	7,756	11,325	(DecoraWt :cAit STIRLING AND FRANCINE CLA1UC ART INSTITUTE LIBRAlOf Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from Federally funded with LSTA funds through the Massachusetts Board of Library Commissioners http://archive.org/details/ladysmanualoffan1859pull THE LADY'S MANUAL OF FANCY-WORK: A COMPLETE INSTRUCTOR IN EVERY VARIETY OP ORNAMENTAL NEEDLE-WOM; INCLUDING APPLIQUE, EMBROIDERY, FRENCH EMBRO'RY, TAP'SE D'AUXERRE BEAD-WORK, GOLDEN TAPESTRY, NETTING, TAPE-WORK, BERLIN- WORK, KNITTING, ORNE-WORK, TATTING, BRAIDING, KNOTTING, PATCH-WORK, TRANSFERRING, BOBBIN-WORK, LACE-WORK, POINT LACE, VELVET BALLS, CROCHET, MUSLIN-WORK, POTICHOMANIE, WIRE-WORK, SHADING AND COLORING, PRINTERS' MARKS, ETC., ETC. With a List of Materials, and Hints for their Selection ; Advice on Making up and Trimming ; a Catalogue of Articles suitable for Wedding, Birthday, and Xew Year Gifts; and a Glossary of French and German terms used in Xeedle-work, not to be found in any Dictionary. . THE WHOLE BEING A COMPLETE LEXICON OF FAXCY NEEDLE-WORK. BY MRS. T>TJTuJL>J±N, (AIGUILLETTE,) AUTHOR OF "THE MANUAL OF THE WARDROBE," "THE COURT PARTIAL," '" MATERNAL COUN- SELS," ETC. ; EDITOR OF "THE LONDON" REVIEW" AND "THE LONDON AND PARIS GAZETTE OF FASHION'," AND DIRECTOR OF THE WORKTABLE OF FRANK LESLIE'S MAGAZINE, ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE OF ART, LADY'S COMPANION', LADY'S NEWSPAPER, BELLE ASSEMBLEE, , HOME CIRCLE, DOMESTIC MAGAZINE, ILLUSTRATED LONDON MAGAZINE, AND FAMILY FRIEND. Illustrated with over 300 Engravings, by the best Artists. XEW YORK: 3DICII &z I^XTZGIiin^LlD, PUBLISHERS. 1S59. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the yenr 1858, by DICK & FITZGERALD, la the Cleric's Office of Uie District Court of the United States, for th« Southern District of New York. W, H. 'ii>« Eowabd 0. JsMKixa, Printer, CONTENTS. PAGE IXTRODCCTION, 9 APPLIQUE, IT Patent, 18 BEAD-WORK 19 Pound Bead, 20 0. P. Bead, 21 Weaving Pound Beads, 22 0. P. Bead Vases, 22 Bead Collars, 23 BERLIN-WORK, To Frame Canvas and Cloth, Tent-stitch, Cross-stitch, Tapestry or Gobelin-stitch, German-stitch, Irish-stitch, Raised Berlin-work, Figure and Landscape Patterns,.. Armorial Bearings, Patterns on Canvas, Gem and Set Patterns, Silk Canvas-work, Tapestry Designs, Golden Tapestry Patterns, Crochet and Knitted Berlin-work, To Join Canvas, To Press Finished work, 2i BOBBIN-WORK, Chain-stitch,. Herringbone, PAGE Double Herringbone, 83 Close Herringbone, 84 Long Brussels, _ 34 BRAIDING, 84 Raised Braiding, 35 Cord Braiding, 35 Cotton Braiding, 36 Bead Braiding, 86 BRODERIE ANGL AISE, 36 Broderie a la Minute, 37 " en lacet, 37 CROCHET, 37 Holding Materials, 38 Chain or Foundation-stitch, 38 Sl;p-stitch, 39 Single Crochet, 39 Short Double Crochet, 39 Double Crochet, 39 Short Treble Crochet, 40 Treble Crochet, 40 Half Long Treble, 40 Long Treble, 40 Braid Chain-stitch, 40 Square Crochet, 41 Long Square Crochet, 41 Octagons and Hexagons, 41 To increase a Square at each edge, 41 To decrease at each edge, 42 Ribbed Crochet, 42 Crochet Cross-stitch, 42 Princess Frederic William Stitch,. . 43 IV CONTENTS. PAGE Bead Crochet, 44 To use several Colors, 44 To work from the Centre, 45 Missing Stitches, 45 To mark the commencement, 45 To join on, 46 Diamond Open-hem, 46 Crochet Bead Jewelry, 46 EMBROIDERY, 47 French Knots, 49 Raised Embroidery, 49 Damask Embroider}', 49 Knitted Embroidery, 50 Another Knitted Embroidery, 51 Fluted Embroidery, 51 GUIPURE-WORK, 52 Irish Guipure, 53 IIOXITOX LACE IX CROCHET, .... 54 KNITTING, 55 Position of the hands, 55 Casting on, 56 To Knit, 57 To Purl, 57 Slip-stitch 57 Twist-stitch, 57 Twist Purl-stitch, 57 To make Stitches, 58 To raise a Stitch, 58 Modes of Decreasing, 58 To join, 59 To ca.-t off, 59 To close the Toe of a Sock, etc., ... 59 Brioche-stitch, 60 :•■ Knitting, CO Double Herringbone, CO Single Herringbone, CO Open-hem, CO mal Open hem, co ititch, CI Damask Patterns, ci 02 ■ unond, 02 Diamond, 02 Bpider-net, 68 Large Diamond, g.t Loaange, C4 PAGE Half Diamond-stitch, 64 Plait-stitch, 64 Myrtle Leaf, 65 Cable, 05 Coronet, 66 Feather, 66 Scallop Shell, 67 Ridge, 68 Frill Knitting, 68 Chinchilla Fur Trimming, 69 Honeycomb, 69 Diamond Honeycomb, 70 Imitation Moss, 70 KNOTTING, 71 LACE-WORK, 72 Canvas Lace-work, 72 MUSLIN-WORK, 73 Broderie Anglaise, 73 Rose Scalloping, 74 Scallops, 75 Eyelet-holes, 75 Chinese Eyelet-holes, 75 Spots, 75 French Embroidery, 77 Wheels, 7S Shell-stitch, 83 Cross-stitch, 83 Fancy Stitches, 83 NETTING, 84 The Plain Stitch, 84 Square Netting, 85 Oblong, 85 Honeycomb, S5 Round, 86 Grecian, 86 Long Twist-stitch, 86 French Ground, S7 Spotted, 87 Diamond, 88 Large Diamond, 88 Spotted Diamond, 89 Leaf 89 Double-ttltch, 90 Long stitch, 90 With Beads, ,., 90 CONTEXTS. PAGE Darned Netting, 90 Flanders Lace, 90 Embroidery on Netting, 91 Vandyke Square Netting, 91 Another Pointed Edge, 92 Shell Edging, 92 Another Shell, 92 Another Lace, 93 Another Edging, 93 ORNE CROCHET AND KNITTING,.. 94 Orne Balls, 94 PATCHWORK, 95 TOINT LACE, 98 Spanish Rose Point, 99 Italian Point, 99 Modern Point, 100 Materials, 101 The Outlines, 101 Brussels Edge, 102 Sorrento Edge, 102 Venetian, 103 Little Venetian, 103 To fasten the Thread, 103 LACES, 103 Brussels, 103 Long Brussels, 103 Lined, or Filled Brussels 104 Venetian Lace, 104 Sorrento Lace, 104 English Lace 104 Open English, 105 English Rosettes, 105 Henriquez Lace, 106 Cordovan Lace, 106 Valenciennes, 106 Foundation, 106 Antwerp, 107 Open Antwerp, 107 Spotted Lace, 103 Venetian Spotted, 108 E^calier-stitch, 108 Cadiz Lace, 108 Fan Lace, 109 Barcelona, 109 Florentine, 109 PAGE Roman, 109 Mechlin Wheels, 110 Bees' Wing Lace, 110 BARS, Ill Venetian, Ill Edged Venetian 112 Dotted Venetian, 112 Sorrento Bars, 112 Sorrento-edged Bars, 112 Point-d'Alencnn, 112 English Bars, 112 Raleigh Bars, 112 Point Edge 113 Grounding Bars, 114 Veining, 114 POTICHOMANIE, 115 SWISS LACE, 118 TAMBOUR-WORK, 119 TAMBOURED NETTING, 120 TAPISSERIE D'AUXERRE, 121 TAPE-WORK, 121 TATTING, 122 The Stitch, 122 The Picot, 123 To Join, 124 Bars, 124 To Join on a new Thread, 125 The Materials, 125 TRANSFERRING, 125 VELVET BALLS, 126 WIRE-WORK, 127 Baskets and Vases, 127 Wire Canvas-work, 129 PRINTERS' MARKS, 129 SHADING AND COLORING, 131 LEAVES, 131 Bright Green Rose Leaf, 131 Dark Rose Leaf, 132 VI CONTEXTS. PAGE Faded Leaf, 132 White Roses and other Flowers,. . . 132 Damask Roses, 132 Pink Flowers, 132 Yellow Flowers, . 132 Light Blue, 132 Dark Blue 132 Purple, 132 Combinations of Colors, 132 KNITTED EDGINGS, 135 Shawl Border, 135 Diamond Spotted Edging, 135 Three-hole Point, 136 Six-hole Point, 136 Five-hole 136 Deep Vandyke, 136 Scalloped, 136 Deep Lace, 137 PATTERNS 137 Knitted Driving Glove, 137 Lady's Winter Over-glove, 139 Knitted Rigolette, 139 Knitted Basque for a Child, . . . . 141 Netted Mittens in Maltese Lace, .. 143 Imitation Noniton Lace, 144 Guipure Embroidery, 146 Coral Pattern Guipure Sleeve, 146 Patent Applique Slippers, 147 Doyley for Fruit Dish, 147 Striped Crochet Tidy, 147 Gloucester Point Collar, 148 Embroidered Cuff, 149 Medallion Sleeve, 149 Applique Smoking Cap, 149 Lamp Mat (Berlin-Work), 150 Braided Dinner Hat, 150 Guipure Collar, 160 Maltese Lace Sleeve, 151 ii,iy for i Prte-dleu, 151 Modern Point foliar, 162 fool Ottoman 152 i Bead Border, 168 1 • 1 1 1 1 boe, 168 Carriage Bag, 164 Invalid'! Whatnot, 164 i'> \|gn f"r Darned I andj ke N< t- tlng, im m . .::. W ii • ■ Ion. ..... 166 PAGE Braided Slipper, 155 Applique Toilet Cushion, 155 Handsome Mat in 0. P. Bead-work, 156 Infant's Embroidered Shoe, 156 Suspension Flower Vase, 157 Vase Mat, 157 Patchwork Design, 157 Design for Suspenders, 153 Book Mark, 159 Collar and Cuff a la Poste, 159 Piccolomini Collar and Cuff, 159 Spanish Point Sleeve, 160 Border for a Table Cover, 160 Trimming in Tatting, 161 MATERIALS, 163 APPLIQUE CLOTH, 163 BEADS, 163 Bohemian or O. P., 163 Pound, 164 Seed, 165 Fancy, 165 Bugles, 165 Metal Beads, 166 Berlin Patterns, 166 O. P. Berlin Patterns, 167 BRAIDS, 167 Silk Braids, 167 Plain Russian, 167 Alliance, 167 Star, 168 Eugenie, 168 Sardinian, 168 ^ Albert, 168 * Broad Silk Braid, 163 Soutache, 16S Gold and Silver Braid, 16S Cotton Braids— French White Cot- ton, ... 16S Russian Cotton, 169 Waved Braid, 109 Eugenie Tap", 169 Linen Braids, 169 Cotton Alliance, 1 09 Worsted, 169 Mohair, 169 BOURDON 109 CONTENTS. Vll PAGE BULLION, 169 CANNETILLE, 169 CANVAS, 170 French Cotton, 170 English, 170 German, 170 Silk, 171 Imitation Silk, 171 Brace, 171 Railway, 171 Mosaic, 171 Java, 171 To Select Canvas, 171 CHENILLE, 172 CLOTH-WORK, 172 CORDS, 173 Crochet, 173 Fancy Silk, 173 Crystal Twine, 173 Crochet Twine, 173 COTTONS, 173 EVANS' Boar's Head Crochet, Sewing, and Machine, 175 Royal Glace, 175 Royal Embroidery, 175 French Embroidery, 175 Tatting Cotton, 176 Knitting 176 Moravian, 176 Mechlenburg Thread, 176 Beading Cotton, 176 Colored Embroidery, 176 Table of Sizes of Cotton, 176 Agent for the Cottons, 177 FRINGES, 177 0. P. Bead, 177 Pound Bead Fringe, 177 Silk Fringe, 173 Orne Fringe, 179 CIMP, 179 QAUGE, 179 KNITTING IMPLEMENTS, 180 PAGE LITEACX, 180 MUSLINS, 1S0 NEEDLES, 180 Crochet Hooks, 181 Knitting Needles, 181 Elliptics, 181 Rug Needles, 182 Tapestry, 182 Sewing, 182 Netting, 182 Beading, 182 NET, 182 Bobbinet, 182 Filet, 133 Guipure, 183 ORNF. BALLS, 1S3 ORN£ FRINGE BALLS, 183 PASSEMENTERIE, 183 PENWIPER ORNAMENTS, 1S4 PERFORATED CARDBOARD, 184 PIQU£, 184 TOINT PAPER, 184 POUNCED PATTERNS, 185 I RINGS, 185 SILKS, 186 Crochet, 186 Netting, 186 Sole d'Avignon, 186 Dacca, 186 Floss, 186 Filoselle, 186 China, 187 Sewing, 1S7 Skeleton Frames 187 Tabouret, 137 Toile Circe, 137 Tracing Paper, IS? CONTEXTS. PAGE TRIMMINGS, 1S3 Sofa Cushions, 1S3 Smoking Caps, 1SS Banner Screens, 1SS Hand Screens, 1SS Bars, 1SS Eugenie Bags, 1SS Marquise Bags, 1SS Purses, 1SS Tobacco Bags, 1S9 "Whatnots, 1S9 Knitted Scarfs, etc., 1S9 WOOLS, 1S9 Berlin or Zephyr, 1S9 Shaded, 1S9 Ombre, 190 Pearl 190 Crystal, 190 Fleecy, 190 Angola, ... 190 Lamb's 190 Worsted, 190 Patent Orne Balls, 190 Orne Fringe Balls, 191 PAGE Shetland Wool, 191 Pyrenees, 191 Crewels, 191 MAKING UP FANCY-WORK, 192 Note-cases, etc., 192 Shaving Books, 193 Sofa Cushions, 193 Carriage Bags, 193 Tobacco Bags, 194 Hand or Eugenie Bags, 194 Fancy Bags, 195 Banner Screens, 196 Smoking Caps, 195 Mats, 195 Hand Screens, 196 "Whatnots, 196 To Quill Ribbon, 197 LIST OF PRESENTS, 193 OBSOLETE ARTICLES, 200 GLOSSARY, , 201 POSTSCRIPT, 206 INTRODUCTION. Foe years I had cherished, almost hopelessly, two earnest wishes : one was to be enabled to visit, and become acquainted with America ! —the Paradise of women, respected, — as the theatre of the noblest and purest struggle for freedom ever exhibited in the history of the world ! loved, — as having been the home of my fathers, ere, in remem- bering they were royalists, they forgot that they were Americans! — endeared still more as the spot where dwelt the dearest and best of all my dear and good friends. I had listened to her glowing descrip- tions of the beauties of the Hudson, and the glories of Niagara — of the blue and lofty skies, and bright waters of the Bay of Xew York — until I turned, with unspeakable weariness, from the contempla- tion of the wilderness of brick and mortar which formed the world immediately surrounding me — the world of London ! So entirely did I feel myself a fixed inhabitant of that overgrown ant-hill, that even my ardent wishes to see America hardly jus- tified the promise to my friend that some day I would certainly join her in her "Western home. Nothing seemed more improbable; but there is a popular French proverb, in the truth of which I have unbounded confidence: it asserts that uCe que femme xeut, Bieu zeut," or, liberally translated, ""What woman wishes, God wills:'1 and I, for one, believe we rarely form any earnest and rational desire without having, at some time or other, the opportunity of gratifying it ; especially if we happen to be largely endowed with that quality which our friends call Determination, and our enemies stigmatize as Obstinacy. X INTRODUCTION. At all events, I now date from Xew York, hoping (what were life without hope?) to become acquainted, throughout its length and breadth, with a land that charms me more every day that I live in it. This wish, it seems, is in course of realization! Strange, that at the same time, I should be enabled to fulfill another very earnest, though different desire : to write and publish the work of which this is the introduction. Year after year, during my engagements on the Work-table of the leading periodicals of the London press, I became more and more painfully aware of the necessity that existed for a thorough guide to every branch of Fancy-work. Books there were, innumerable, on the subject; I myself had contributed to their number in no slight degree — books on crochet, on netting, on knitting, on one or several sorts of fashionable work — but they were not sufficiently comprehen- sive : they treated only of the fashions of the day, ignoring all that happened to be out of vogue. They were, therefore, one and all, more ephemeral productions than the book I contemplated ought to be. True ! there is nothing new under the sun ; that which appears as a novelty in the present day, is always a revival of some fashion of former times ; hence the need that a complete guide to Fancy- work should not confine itself merely to that in vogue at the time. It should comprehend explanations of all the kinds that ever have been fashionable, since it is quite probable that they may again be so in the course of a very few years. Nor is instruction in the mere producing of certain stitches all th.it such a hook should contain. It is quite as requisite to know how to Beleot materials — to choose the good and reject the inferior; dot i- it one person in a hundred who is even acquainted byname with the different sorts of materials. A catalogue raisonni, an explanatory list of tin- articles used in Fancy-work, always held in i!. J mind a prominent place as a part of the contemplated — no, only I hook. INTRODUCTION. Xj The large trade done in making up finished work for ladies who, probably, if they knew what was to be done, would do it infinitely better and more tastefully themselves than it ever is at stores, proved that this sort of instruction also was indispensable; and to many who live at a distance from large cities, a mere list of the sorts of work in existence has a value of itself. Finally, a glossary of the technical terms used for the work-table by the French and Germans appeared desirable, because they were not to be found in any dictionary ; and this deficiency proved, in many cases, a great hindrance to those who were excellent French and German scholars, but who, from want of intercourse with the natives, had never had an opportunity of learning these technical phrases. Such have been the principal waxts in the Fancy-work way, developed to me during the years I have devoted to the subject ; and from the correspondence I maintained with many hundreds of ladies, not only in every part of the United Kingdom, but in Ame- rica, Australia, India, the Mauritius, and even France and Spain. There was another evil brought about by this absence of an acknowledged guide — the vast space taken up in the magazines every month, by reiterations of instructions (always necessary for new subscribers), and references to former volumes, which perhaps the reader did not possess. The Lexicon should serve to explain all difficulties, not in present designs only, but also in past and future ones. I have said I looked almost hopelessly on this evident necessity, seeing hardly a possibility of carrying out my wish to remedy it. My daily avocations pressed too heavily on me, and, besides, it needed a certain elasticity of spirits,- a certain freshness of intellect, to accomplish what I saw ought to be done ; and my heart and brain were alike too wearied and worn by the eternal turmoil of London life. The constant interruptions of ladies for consultations, Xll i INTRODUCTION. and printers7 boys for copy — to say nothing of other hindrances of a more entirely personal nature — forbade my attempting such an undertaking with any chance of success. Once, indeed, a strong conviction of its necessity induced me to attempt it ; nor should I have abandoned the labor, but for a disgraceful trick on the part of the publisher, which so disgusted me that I declined further interest in the matter ; and the work now stands offering various pieces of information, more curious than valuable to the purchaser — such as t£at Brussels net is a metal, with other choice matter, "worth a sponge." So I wished, without hoping, to give to my many friends such a Lexicon of Xeedle-work as should be worthy both of them and of myself; until, in the realization of my first desire, I found also the means of fulfilling my second. Sailing up the glorious Iludson, I began to feel conscious of re- newed energy and ambition — wandering, day by day, on the High- lands, inhaling the aroma of the fresh springing pines, gathering bouquets of the beautiful wild flowers of the country, and pausing every few steps to drink in the glory of its blue hills, or climbing some ascent to gain a more extended view of its charms — with nothing to distract my mind but the gambols of my canine com- panions (always, to my mind, the pleasantest in such rambles), my thoughts turned to the accomplishment of my long-cherished wish; and I felt at once the power and the will to carry it out. May I hope that it may be as useful as I intend it to be. I may not have done all that could be done; but at least I have not, knowingly, left one thing undone, great or small, which could contribute to make it universally acceptable. All that my long study and practice of the ftrt itself and my intimate acquaintance with the requirements! of Hrho arc no1 so familiar with it, COUld suggest, have been brought to L'-ar iii its design and execution. I am peculiarly fortunate, top, in the period of its production. INTRODUCTION. Xlll The era of the Atlantic Telegraph, is also that of the Sewing- Machine ! the time when women, disenthralled in a great measure from the drudgery and weariness of plain needle-work by its exten- sive introduction, will have more time to acquire, among other charm- ing accomplishments, that of Fancy Needle-work, which is not only a pleasant and ever-varying resource against ennui, but a direct agent in the cultivation of home pleasures and home affections. Does not a gift become trebly valuable when the time and thoughts, as well as the mere money of the giver, are represented in it ? Is any rank too hnmble or too exalted for the cultivation of this" pleasure ? The daughters of Queen Victoria, one and all, make birthday and Christ- mas family gifts of the work of their own hands ; and at the death of the late Czar of Russia, a pair of slippers, worked in a single pattern by his empress, and given to him on their marriage, thirty years before, were found in his private chamber. True, the wealthy only, until recently, have had time to bestow, to any great extent, on Fancy-work ; but the day does not seem to me very distant when a Wheeler & Wilson sewing-machine will bo found in every household, as a matter of course, just as much as stoves or chairs. From the manner in which the manufacture of this particular com- pany was first brought before me, I was convinced that it held a pre- eminent place among those brought before the public. Inspecting some machine-stitched goods, I questioned whether they might not, like some shirt-bosoms I had recently seen, cut along each line of sewing on the first or second washing. " Oh, no, madam ! These are stitched by a "Wheeler & Wilson machine," answered the store-keeper, as if that name was an un- ilonable guarantee of excellence. ''But will they iron well? Some of the machine stitches catch' the iron, and make a ridge." '- Ah, that's not the Wheeler & Wilson's lock-stitch. See, madam, it is precisely the same on both sides !" XIV INTRODUCTION. Curious to know whether this gentleman's opinion was shared by his fraternity in general, I continued my researches ; and finding popular opinion confirmed by the verdict of the scientific, ended by a very strong conviction of the superior character of the Wheeler & Wilson sewing-machine. And now, I earnestly advise all my friends to possess one ; if only to secure abundance of time for all the ornamental work that I hope to aid them in acquiring. I have alluded to my singular good fortune, in visiting America at a time when I may reasonably hope to find a more than usually free field for my exertions. Truly, the epoch in which we live is full of marvels ! the mighty iron band which now unites America and her Fatherland will prove not less a moral than a tangible link between the peoples ; well may the successful laying of the Atlantic Telegraph be hailed with joy by all who see in it a pledge of dearer and closer union between two such nations as England and America. But even this greatest achievement of the age does not, to my mind, carry with it so much assurance of social improvement as the universality of the SEWING MACHINE, which (affecting the comfort of women in every class of society, altering beyond recognition the situation of the actual toiler, ameliorating that of the less pitied, but not less pitiable household drudge, the wife, whose limited income compels her to perform all her needlework herself, and who hitherto lias been occupied incessantly in the dreary mechanical toil, to the total neglect of all those accomplishments and charms by which, it may be, she won the heart of her husband — by the exercise of which the might concentrate the affections of her children) bears with it a promise of social amenities, of domestic joys, the full results of which pen of woman, or even tongue of angel could hardly describe. or the reverse of the picture— of the home where the wife is merely a sort of upper servant, with the privilege of sitting in the IXTKODUCTION. XV drawing-room, when she can find time to do so, we all know the effects. Well may we hail with joy that greater Liberator of our sex, the Family Sewing-Machine. I have dwelt particularly in the Lexicon on the qualities of the materials to be employed, from a well-founded conviction that, in that respect, justice is not done to the women of America. To work with bad materials is surely as great a trial of patience as can be devised : and how such miserable cottons, needles, hooks, etc., as are sold here, ever find purchasers, puzzles me. Were ladies to throw down their work in utter despair, I should not feel at all astonished. Often I have heard them blame their own stupidity, when, instead of stupidity, they were exhibiting real skill, and most praiseworthy perseverance. Much of the bad selection of materials has arisen, no doubt, from ignorance on the part of the store-keepers. To them, crochet cotton was crochet cotton — all equally good, whether made of the choicest raw material, or of the commonest trash — whether the machinery employed was perfect and thoroughly adapted, or of the most inferior kind : that the cotton turned perfectly yellow on the first washing was no business of theirs. They never trouble themselves to consider whether any were procurable that did not, and could see no differ- ence between the beautiful Boar's Head Cotton of Messrs. Walter Evans & Co., and the miserable yarn sold here commonly for Tidies. So with crochet hooks: provided there was a hook at the end, it answered the purpose ; and no matter whether it tore the fingers and cut the cotton, or not. There is no excuse now for such ignorance. However, if ladies determine to have good articles, no doubt they will succeed ; and all parties will shortly find the benefit of more extended knowledge. I shall be at least able to give any counsel which may be required or desired on the subject of Fancy-work ; and trust that rny name, and the years I have devoted to these sub- jects, will afford some guarantee for the correctness of my judg- XYi IXTEODUCTIOX. ment, and the honesty of ray opinions: of the clearness of my instructions every reader must judge for herself. In conclusion, I will only add, that this Lexicon is, as its name implies, a book of reference, neither intended nor calculated to supersede new patterns and designs, but only to elucidate them, and make them more easy to copy. While I hope it will have its place on every work-table, I do not wish it to exclude the magazines in which Fancy-work forms a feature. On the contrary, I trust that feature will become daily more attractive and more deserving of attention. Hitherto, my designs have been copied, without acknowledgment, by many magazines, with either no alteration, or such as deteriorates from their value ; such as omitting the name of the cotton-maker from a recipe, which may result in the complete spoiling of the work. Mr. Leslie, only, at once availed himself of my presence in Xew York, to engage me to superintend the work-table of his magazine ; and the result will be that from the use of this book as a text-book, the work-table of Frank Leslie's Magazine will be copious, clear, and concise, benefiting the reader by its simplicity, and also by its abridg- ing the space for each description, giving scope for a greater variety of interesting matter. It is but justice to myself, in this, my first work written on Ame- rican soil, to say that there is not one magazine, in which Fancy- work is a feature, that does not, with or without acknowledgment, avail itself of my labors, nor an editor to whom my name is not familiar as a "household word,'' although hitherto it has been, not very justly, withheld from American ladies, for whom the Lady's Manual of Faxcy-wokk ■was especially written, and to whom it is respectfully and affection- ! by The Author. :.ys, October, 18691 THE LADY'S MANUAL FANCY NEEDLEWORK Applique or Applicatiox-woek. — This term is applied to all work in which the design is cut or stamped out in one material, and fastened in any way on another, which forma the ground; the two being united at the edges by braid, cord, or any other material. Of course, when mus- lin or cambric is worked over net, the term is suitable ; but, as that is usually known as Swiss Lace, the name is especially appropriate to works in cloth, velvet, satin, lea- ther, and such materials. Smoking caps, cigar cases, and many other articles of Parisian manufacture, have the design stamped out in velvet, and fastened on a cloth ground. As stamping tools and machinery are used for this purpose, and the workers bring skill, taste, and inces- sant practice to their aid, they do it infinitely better than any private person could — and cheaper also. It is greatly pre- ferable, therefore, to purchase such articles prepared ready for working from a respectable house, than to attempt to do it for yourself. Articles in cloth and velvet are generally 17 18 PATENT APPLIQUE BEAD-WORK. braided in gold braid or cord ; or, at least, that material is intermixed with others. Sometimes lines of beads are sewed down as a braid. (See Bead braiding.) Almost always such work is not only prepared, but commenced, and the necessary materials for completion put up with it. This is a great convenience to the worker, provided they are good in quality, and appear sufficient in quantity. But good articles being so liable to tarnish at sea, it is always necessary to ascertain that all is right before you make the purchase. Of course, applique work is always expen- sive, Patent Applique is an invention of modern times, used for sofa cushions, slippers, bags, mats, and many other arti- cles. Instead of one material being cut out and fastened on another, the design is stamped in one color on a cloth of another. The outlines are then braided. The effect of this work is very good; many of the designs exceed- ingly beautiful, and the braid throwing up the inner color quite as if it were laid on. Scarlet, crimson, a very brilliant cherry (or cerise), blue, and green, on a white or black ground, are the most usual colors. For the braiding, nothing looks so well as some shades of maize and yellow Russia silk braid ; except, perhaps, the Alliance, which, as it may be selected to harmonize with both the colors of the cloth, looks very handsome. For instance, suppose the cushion to be scarlet and black, choose a blue and maize alliance braid. In laying it on, let the blue edge come against the scarlet, and the maize on the black. (See Braid- in'/ instructions.) For articles which, being very small, have delicate, yet complicated patterns, gold cord, laid on, has a rich effect. Applique penwipers look richer and more brilliant in this styl<; than in any oilier. The cord must beat least No. 3. EEAD-WOEK. 19 Bead-woek. — Although this is, in fact, hut a brr.nch of Berlin-work, yet the importance it has of late attained requires that I should treat it separately. It is done on canvas, with pound beads, worked in tent stitch. The can- vas used is either silk or imitation silk, if the design is not to be grounded. Ordinary penelope canvas will do when intended for grounding. Be careful that the beads are suited to the canvas. Each one should just cover its proper space and no more ; and it is better that they be a little too small, than too large for the canvas ; so that if it happens that some one shade in a set is larger than the rest, the can- vas should be tried with them. A vast variety of articles are now ornamented entirely in bead-work. The tops of small occasional tables for drawing- rooms and boudoirs, sofa cushions, mats, baskets, slippers, screens, etc. No. 1 beads — the largest size — are used for tables ; Xo. 2 for cushions, baskets, and mats ; No. 3 for hand screens. mm The stitch used is always tent, from one hole to the next, or the next but one, diagonally upwards. I use Evans' Mecklenburg threads to sew them on, on account of the strength required to keep them in place. Sometimes silks of the colors of the beads are used ; but I prefer thread. The chief difficulty of bead-work consists in the arrangement of colors, the supply being somewhat uncertain. What I shouM call a good sot, would consist of: — 20 POUND BEADS. 4 whites — clear, opal, alabaster, and chalk ; 3 green greys ; 3 blue greys ; 3 lavenders ; 4 turquoise blues ; 3 imperial ditto (or purple) ; 3 violets ; 4 yellows ; 4 ambers ; 4 bronze ; 3 rubies ; 1 garnet ; 2 corals ; 3 pinks ; 3 fawns or drabs — black — and at least 10 greens, in shades of olive, yel- low, and emerald. The mode of arranging them is to vary, and to harmonize them as much as possible. White flowers, scrolls, and even leaves, are very common. Now no two near each other ought to have the same tints. If one has the darker hues of green grey, let another be shaded in fawns — a third in laven- ders. Black may be taken as the deepest shade of dark green leaves, crimson and blue flowers, and even of bronze leaves. "White, 2 pinks, and coral, will shade a pink rose. Black, garnet, 2 rubies, and coral, a dark one. A light im- perial blue may often be taken as the darkest shade of a blue flower. When the ground is turquoise blue, no green leaves ought to be introduced. They should be entirely in bronze of various shades. The more bronzes and greens you have the better. Suppose you have six bronzes, with the aid of black and gold you will get eight shades. The manner of treating these would be: for a light leaf, take gold, 1st bronze, 3d and 5th ditto ; for a dark, black, darkest, and two lighter shades, wholly excluding the very lightest. A medium may be obtained by rejecting both lightest and darkest. These hints may serve as a guide for other colors. Observe, that shades should always be quite distinct, when used in the same leaf or flower, much more so than in wools, or they will look huddled. Also, you must not do each shade separately, but work one line of your pattern throughout; then the next, and BO OIL Pound Beads are often employed with wools and silks. One v.-rv pretty use is to make them into the form of a O. P. BEADS. 21 frame of scrolls and arabesques, for a landscape, or other sub- ject. They are also greatly employed in set patterns ; or for the fruit or flowers in a design where either is mingled with leaves. The most convenient way of keeping them for present use, is to have a few of each that you are using in a flat box lid, which can rest on your frame, and be handy for the insertion of the needle. But the general stock ought to be kept tied up in bags, each shade by itself, and all the shades of one color in one larger bag of calico of something of the color of the bead. This way insures their safety : and hi bead-work especially, the value is not to be estimated by the actual cost so much as by the great inconvenience that may result from the want of them. Pieces worked entirely in beads, when intended for any article likely to meet with hard icear, should, when finished, be fastened, face downwards, on a flat surface, and lightly brushed across the back with a thin solution of gum. This secures the threads firmly. O. P. beads are, also, sometimes worked on canvas, but they are not by any means adapted to this use. When woven, however, they may be made into many handsome articles. The manner of weaving is this : Select your pat- tern, which we will suppose to be a mat, with the requisite colors, Evans' Beading Cotton, No. 000, and two coarse needles. Take a long needleful of thread, and thread each end. Find out the centre of the mat, and begin by thread- ing the two middle top beads, one on each needle. On the next line there will be one square under the two. Choose a bead of that color, and thread both needles through it, in the same direction. In the next row, there will be a bead on each needle, then both through one. Continue so, down the centre of the mat. When you get to the bottom, cross the threads, and you may even tie them if you please. Then 22 POUND BEADS O. P. BEAD VASES. work one half the mat, slipping the needle through one bead where there were two, and adding one parallel with the single one. AVhen you have to diminish, you slip the needle up one or more. To join on the thread, make a weaver's knot in such a place that it will be concealed in some bead. Fringes or other borders are always added to bead mats. Of course, scollops, Vandykes, and many other designs can be made, if you have a pattern before you, or a small piece done, the mode of weaving being always the same. Pound Beads are somethnes woven in this way, to form bracelets, napkin-rings, and small mats. The only care required is that the beads employed be all of the same size. Any that greatly vary from the average should be rejected. This applies also to O. P. beads. O. P. Bead Vases, for suspending in the windows to hold flowers or plants, are very easily made. A wire frame is procured at a wire-worker's. They vary in shape, usually consisting of, at least, three rings, the smallest of which always is at the bottom. Clear white beads, with <me bright color, such as a pretty green, form the prettiest. The wires are covered by having narrow white sarcenet ribbon wound closely round them. Then the beads are threaded in any fancy patterns, first to fill in, tolerably closely, the small round, and then to connect it with the others, at equal dis- tances. The wires are about the width of one bead, and they are covered with them, the thread passing round and round the wire, leaving a bead on the outer side, at every turn. Often a fringe, or Vandyke trimming goes round the upper w ire ; but the vase can be made very pretty without, and these solid trimmings add undesirably to the iceight. At the b<>( I oin, and at every point, or the centre of every scollop, is fastened a handsome tassel of the same beads, with the addition of any silvered or steel you may have. Make them of any pretty pattern, only take care they are BEAD COLLARS. 23 strongly finished. The suspenders, of which there are gene- rally six, or at least four, all uniting at the top, may he made of any pattern you fancy. They always consist of doable strings of heads. One pretty way is to thread two white on each end of a thread, and then run the needles, in opposite directions, through a colored bead. Or you may put three white on one needle, and four colored on the other. Then run both in the same direction, through one of, perhaps, a different color. Repeat so, having the four first on one side, and then on the opposite. By a little thought, a great variety of patterns may be made. Sets of dinner mats, woven in O. P. beads, and trimmed with the same, look very handsome ; but they require cloth ones to be laid under them, beneath the tablecloth, to pre- serve the wood from scratches. Bead Collars. — These are made in beads only, or in beads and bugles. If the latter be employed, they must be about one-third of an inch long, and large enough to pass a needle with strong thread at least twice through. Bead collars are made eicher in black or white. Alabaster beads are the shade of white which most nearly resembles the color of bugles. You may either form stars, diamonds and other devices, in a mixture of beads and bugles, and tack them at intervals on a paper collar of the proper form and size, filling up the spaces and forming it into a collar by guipuring, if I may use the term, with other beads and bugles, and adding an edge of the same ; or you may work on a piece of ribbon long enough to go round the neck, and forming a foundation. In this case you make it like a fringe, but rather full, so as to set well round the shoulders. It is not needful to give patterns of this kind of work; but I will observe that the edges of bugles being sharp and very liable to cut the thread, it is always well to shield it by putting on a bead before any part where two or three 24 BEELIX-WOKK. threads come together. The thread, also, ought always to be waxed. For black work, black crochet silk is better than thread, as less liable to cut. BERLIN-WORK. Beelix-woek, or canvas-work, as it is sometimes called, derives its name from the fact that the best patterns used for it come from Berlin, and are commonly known as Berlin patterns. Wools, silks, chenille and beads are used for this work, the foundation being canvas ; or sometimes perforated card- board. Of late years, beads have been employed so much, both in union with the other materials and alone, that bead-work has become an art by itself; and, as such, I shall treat it. Select your canvas, pattern and all materials before begin- ning, especially the grounding wool, of which it is always better to have too much than too little, it being often impos- sible precisely to match a shade. The frame should be of the kind known as a standing frame, with uprights, and a bar on which to rest the feet. The wood loell-seasoned. Sometimes there are little trays attached to the uprights to hold the wools; but this is unnecessary, a small portable table being more convenient. A strong webbing is always attached to the upper and lower bars. The side-bars ought to screw into the others. The canvas being evenly hemmed al each end, is sewed to the webbed bars, and then strained by cording to those at the side. The selvedges are always at the sides. When the canvas is longer than the frame will hold when stretched out, the upper part must be wound round the bar, so that you begin at the bottom, and work TEXT-STITCH CEOSS-STITCH. 25 all the lower end first ; except when the pattern forms a cen- tre when yon begin on the centre stitch. To feame Castas with Cloth, or other materials, when worked together to save grounding; cut your cloth half an inch smaller every way ; turn hi the edges and tack to the canvas all round; and as this double thickness at the edges would leave the middle loose and slack when rolled, put a little fine wadding round the bars, at those parts where the edges do not come to make the thickness equal through- out. Cloth should always be sponged, to take off the gloss, before being put into a frame. It stretches so much more than canvas, that it will be quite as large by the time both are framed, although so much smaller at first. The needles used for canvas-work are termed rug- needles. There are five stitches used in Berlin-work. Text-stitch (Fig. l), in which the needle is brought up in one hole, and carried down one line higher and more towards the right. Sfe !■■■«■■■ ■B9BHBH Fia. 1. Fig. 2. Cross-stitch (Fig. 2), where the thread crosses one hole, being carried down on the second line above, and to the right ; the stitch is finished by crossing from right to left, in same manner; whence its name. In working cross- stitch, when practicable, do half of all the stitches in a line, in succession ; then cross them, working backwards. 2 26 TAPESTRY— -GERMAN-STITCH IRISH-STITCH. Tapestry, or Gobelin-stitch, is two threads high, and one thread wide, being taken like the first half of cross- stitch, only one thread nearer. Two stitches side by side are thus equal to one cross-stitch; but they do not form a true square, since it protrudes a thread on one side. It is appropriate only for fine work ; for which it is better than the two former stitches. German-stitch, is used principally for grounding. It is very quickly done. Take one tent-stitch, then half a cross- stitch, then a tent-stitch, then a half- cross-stitch ; and so on, working upwards and diagonally. (See engraving.) In the following rows, a tent-stitch comes on the same diagonal line with the half-cross; and so on. Irish-stitch is somewhat similar, but in perpendicular lines. Pieces worked in cross or tent-stitch, are frequently grounded in one of these, on account of the rapidity of execution. There may be made various modifications of these stitches, which will suggest themselves to any worker. I have also seen set patterns done in a real cross-stitch ; that is, over two horizontal threads, without crossing those in the opposite direction ; and then across two perpen- dicular. It is rarely, however, used. Kever for Berlin patterns. In all these stitches, it is essential that the wool should be drawn out regularly and evenly ; never so tightly that the canvas becomes visible. Defects in wool should also be cut RAISED BERLIN-WORK. 27 out ; and the needleful not always the same length, which gives a striped appearance. No. 20 French cotton canvas is the best size for four thread Berlin. Nos. 22 and 24 will require the hand to be drawn somewhat tighter. 14 and 16 do with eight thread Berlin ; and No. 18 may also be used, by a careful worker. The coarser sizes need that the stitch should be taken twice in at least one direction. No. 8 canvas will want it in both. Observe that four thread Berlin, used double, fills up con- siderably better than eight thread. Raised Berlix-work. — In this, one or more prominent objects, in a design, Rare raised ; the remainder being done in cross-stitch. Birds, animals, and flowers, look handsome when so worked. Do all the plain parts first. Then thread nee- dles with the various shades you want, and obtain fine flat netting meshes. Be- gin from the left-hand corner, lowest part, with the proper shade, the wool being doubled. Bring the needle up between the two upright threads of the first cross-stitch. Take a tapestry-stitch to the left, bringing tho needle out in the same hole. Put the wool round the mesh, and take one to the right, the needle coming out again the same x . Thread round the mesh, and take a tapestry-stitch from the hole of the last down to the right, the wool to the right of it. Thread round. One to the right x . A figure V is thus constantly formed on the wrong side. TVhen done, wash at the back with gum; cut the loops, and shear them into shape from the pattern, giving proper thickness and form to each part. Sometimes this is done across one thread only. 28 AEMOEIAL BEAEINGS.	50,529
practicaltreatis01flin_3	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,857	A practical treatise on grasses and forage plants: comprising their natural history, comparative nutritive value, methods of cultivating, cutting and curing, and management of grass lands	None	English	Spoken	7,244	10,645	Its root is perennial, creeping, stem erect, stout, smooth, joints seven, smooth, spike- lets numerous, florets not webbed. Flow- ersin August. Seen in Fig. 34, and its spikelet in Fig. 35. Fig. 84. Water Spear Grass. This grass is referred 44 GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS. by Gray and others, to glyceria. It is very common in wet meadows and will be easily recognized. More nutritive when in flower than when the seed is ripe. It contains a compara- tively large per cent. of sugar. Makes a valuable fodder and cattle are very fond of it. Several other species belonging to this genus, are frequently met with, as the BrancHInc SPrar Grass, on dry sandy soils, a very elegant species, with a large panicle of sea-green spikelets ; the Harr Spear Grass, also an elegant grass growing on similar soils, with a hairy branching panicle over a foot long, leaves linear, nerved. But perhaps the most important of all is the Fowt Mnanvow, or Fatse Reprop, (poa serotina.) [See Frontis- piece. \| The specific characteristics of this species are two to four, ‘sometimes five, flowered spikelets, oval, spear shaped, ligules elongated, flowers acutish, green, often tinged with purple, roots slightly creeping ; wet meadows and banks of streams, very com- mon. Flowers in July and August. In long continued moist weather the lower joints send up flowering stems. The panicle is erect and spreading when in flower, but more contracted and drooping when ripe. It is perennial. Native of Germany. , It early commended itself to the attention of farmers, for Jared Kliot, writing in 1749, says of it: “‘ There are two sorts of grass which are natives of the country, which I would recom- mend,—these are Herds-grass, (known in Pennsylvania by the name of Timothy-grass,) the other is Fowl] Meadow, sometimes called Duck-grass, and sometimes Swamp-wire Grass. It is said that Herds-grass was first found in a swamp in Piscataqua, by one Herd, who propagated the same; that Fowl Meadow- grass was brought into a poor piece of meadow in Dedham, by ducks and other wild water-fowl, and therefore called by such an odd name. It is supposed to be brought into the meadows at Hartford by the annual floods, and called there Swamp-wire grass. Of these two sorts of natural grass, the fowl-grass is much the best; it grows tall and thick, makes a more soft and pliable hay than Herds-grass, and consequently will be more fit for pressing, in order to ship off with our horses; besides it isa good grass, not in abundance inferior to English grass. It yields a good burden, three loads to the acre. It must be sowed in low, moist land. This grass has another good quality, which NATURAL HISTORY. 45 renders it very valuable in a country where help is so much wanting ; it will not spoil or suffer, although it stand beyond the common times for mowing. The CrrspiIng Mrapow Grass, (eragrostis reptans,) is fre- quently found on the sandy banks of rivers, and is a beautiful and delicate grass. Flowering in July and August. Its leaves are short, nearly awl-shaped, spikelets smooth, long and lance shaped, flowers acute, sheaths loose, striate and a little hairy on 46 GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS. the margin, panicles from one to two inches long. Not a culti- vated grass. The Srronc-ScENTED Mrapow Grass, (eragrostis poeoides,) -is sometimes found in sandy fields, roadsides, cultivated grounds and waste places. Its leaves are flat and smooth, lower sheaths hairy, spikelets containing from ten to twenty florets of a lead color. It flowers in August and September. Of no ingportance in agriculture. A variety of this grass (the megastachya) is found more fre- quently on similar situations; flowering about the same time ; emitting, when fresh, a sharp and disagreeable odor, by which it may be known. The SLENDER MEADOW Grass, (eragrostis pilosa,) the Hatr- PANICLED Mrapow Grass, (eragrostis capillaris,) the Hairy MEApow Grass, (eragrostis pectinacea,) are found in this State; but they are of no special importance for cultivation. They all occur on sandy, dry, waste places, the last only near the coast, and all flower in August and September. Quakine Grass, (briza media,) is sometimes met with in the eastern part of the State, as in the pastures of Dorchester. Pan- icle erect, with very slender spreading branches, and large, pur plish, tremulous spikelets from five to nine flowered, inner glume finely fringed, entire at the end. (Fig. 86.) In Fig. 87 is shown a magnified spikelet. It is avery beautiful, light, slender grass, about a foot high, perennial. Flowering in June and July. There is an annual, the Larce Quaxine Grass, (briza maxima, ) with large many-flowered spikes, cultivated in gardens — for ornament. Smatu Fescur Grass, (festuca tenella.) The generic char- acters of this genus are oblong spikelets, somewhat compressed, from three to many flowered, two very unequal glumes, pointed, pales roundish on the back, from three to five nerved, awn pointed or bristle shaped, stamens three, flowers harsh, often purplish, panicle nearly erect, leaves narrow, rigid, of a grayish green. The small fescue has a spike-like panicle, somewhat one-sided, from seven to nine flowered, awn of the awl-shaped palea, slen- der, leaves bristle-formed, stem slender, six to twelve inches high. It flourishes on dry and sterile soils, and is common. Flowers in July. NATURAL HISTORY. 47 Fig. 36. Quaking Grass. SHEEP’S Fescur, (festuca ovina,) is known by its nar- row panicle, short, tufted, bris- tle-shaped leaves, of a grayish color, somewhat tinged with red, its two to six flowered spikelets, awn, often nearly wanting. “It grows from six to ten inches high in dense perennial rooted tufts. It forms an excellent pasturage forsheep. It flowersin June jand July, in dry pastures. * In Fig. 38 is seen the form of this grass, and in Fig. 39 is Shown a magnified spikelet of it. Fig. 37 Meapow Fescur, (festuca pratensis,) is one of the most common of the fescue grasses. It is said to be the Randall grass of Virginia. Its pani- cle is nearly erect, branched, close, somewhat inclined to one side; spikelets linear, with from five to ten cylindrical flowers; leaves linear, of a glossy green, pointed, striated, rough on the edges ; stems round, smooth, from two to three feet high, roots, creeping, perennial. Its radical or root leaves are broader than those of the stem, while in most other species of fescue the radical leaf is generally narrower than those of the stem. Flowers in June and July, in moist pastures and near farm houses. 48 GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS. Fig. 38. Sheep’s Fescue. Fig. 40. Meadow Fescue. This is an excellent pasture grass, forming a very consider- able portion of the turf of old pastures and fields, and is more extensively propagated and diffused by the fact that it ripens its seed before most other grasses are cut, and sheds them to spring up and cover the ground. Its long and tender leaves are much relished by cattle. It is never or rarely sown in this country, notwithstanding its great and acknowledged value as a NATURAL HISTORY. 49 pasture grass. If sown at all, itshould be in mixture with other grasses, as orchard grass, rye grass, or common spear grass. It is of much greater value at the time of flowering than when Fig. 42. Tall Fescue Grass. Fig. 44. Red Fescue. the seed is ripe. It is said to lose a little over fifty per cent. of its weight in drying for hay. It is shown in Fig.. 40, and its magnified spikelet in Fig. 41. — The Tauu Fescur Grass, (festuca elatior,) is also found pretty 50 GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS. commonly in moist meadows and around farm houses. Its panicle is contracted, erect, or somewhat drooping, with short branches, spreading in all directions; spikelets crowded, with five to ten flowers, rather remote, oblong, lanceolate; leaves flatish, linear, acute ; stems two to four feet high, root perennial, fibrous, somewhat creeping and forming large tufts. Vig. 42 shows this plant at the time of flowering, and Fig. 43 a magni- fied spikelet of the same. Flowers in June and July. ‘Itis a nutritive and productive grass, growing naturally in shady woods and moist, stiff soils. Cattle are very fond of it. Said by some to be identical with the meadow fescue. The Harp Frscur Grass, (festuca duriuscula,) is also found to some extent, though not so commonly as the meadow fescue. It is by some regarded as a variety of the sheep’s fescue, taller and with a panicle more open, leaves flat, and spikelets four to eight flowered. It grows from one to two feet high. Flow- ers in June, in pastures and waste grounds. The Rep Fuscur, (festuca rubra,) by some regarded as only a variety of the preceding, is one of the largest of the varieties of fescue. Its leaves are broadish, flat, root extensively creep- ing, and throwing out lateral shoots. Found in dry pastures near the sea shore, in sandy soils. It is a grass of better quality than some of the other varieties, but never cultivated here as an agricultural product. The color of its leaves is some- what more grayish than the preceding and often tinged with red. It is shown in Fig. 44, while its spikelet is seen magnified in Fig. 45. The Stenprr Sprxep Fescun, (festuca loliacea,) is a species r,early allied to the tall fescue and possesses much the same qualities. It grows naturally in moist, rich meadows, forming a good permanent pasture grass, but as it is met with only very rarely, if ever, among American grasses, and is of no value for cultivation, it scarcely deserves a more extended notice. Fig. 46, a specimen of this plant in blossom. Fig. 47, a magnified flower of it. The Noppinc Fuscur, (festuca nutans,) is also rarely met with in rocky woods, and needs only to be mentioned. Crestep Doa’s Tart, (cynosurus cristatus.) (Fig. 48.) This grass is rarely found here, and scarcely needs description. Its spikes are simple, linear, spikelets awnless, stems one foot NATURAL HISTORY. 51 Fig. 46. Slender Fescue. Fig. 48. Crested Dog’s Tail. high, stiff, smooth, root perennial, fibrous and tufted. Flowers in July. It is said by some to be a valuable agricultural grass, but cattle seldom eat it, on account of its wiry stems; but on dry, hard soils and hills pastured with sheep, it is of value as a hardy, permanent grass. It is used in the manufacture of straw plait. Fig. 49 represents a magnified spikelet of the ‘erested dog’s tail. WIiLLArp’s Bromus, Cuuss, Cunat, (bromus secalinus.) The 52 GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS. characteristics of this genus (bromus) are, spikelets from five to many flowered, panicled, glumes not quite equal, shorter than the flowers, mostly keeled,—the lower, one to five, the upper, three to nine nerved,—palexw herbaceous, lower one convex on the back, or compressed, keeled, five to nine nerved, awned or bristle pointed from below the tip, upper palea at length adhering to the groove of the oblong grain, fringed on’ the keel, stamens three, styles attached below the apex of the ovary. The grasses of this genus are coarse, with large spike- lets, somewhat drooping generally when ripe. The specific characteristics are, a spreading panicle slightly drooping, spikelets ovate, smooth, of a yellowish green tinge, showing the rachis when in seed, and holding from six to ten rather distinct flowers. In the spikelet exhibited in the cut, (Fig. 50,) seven can be distinctly counted, the eighth or ninth imper- fectly developed can often be found; stems erect, smooth, round, from two to three feet high, bearing four or five leaves with striated sheaths ; the upper sheath crowned with an obtuse, ragged ligule, the lower sheaths soft and hairy, the hairs point- ing downwards’; joints five, slightly hairy, leaves flat, soft, linear, more downy on the upper than on the under side, points and margin rough to. the touch. Summit of the large glume mid- way between its base and the summit of the second floret, a constant mark of distinction from bromus racemosus and bromus mollis. (Fig. 50,) (b.) Fig. 51 shows the form of the spike- let a few days before coming to maturity. Flowers in June and July. It has no relation to Italian rye grass. Fig. 49. ' Fig. 50. Fig. 51. Distinguished from bromus arvensis in the spikelets having fewer florets, and the outer palea being rounded at the summit. Nothing more clearly illustrates the want of accurate knowl- edge of subjects intimately connected with agriculture, and immediately affecting the farmers’ interests, than the history of NATURAL HISTORY. \| o3 the introduction and propagation of this worthless pest to our grain fields. It has been heralded in the papers, in connection with the names of distinguished friends of agriculture, with the earnest hope that it might receive extended trials.’ Monstrous prices have been charged and paid by the unsuspecting farmer for its seed, in many cases four and five dollars a bushel, a pledge being exacted that it should not be allowed to go to seed, for a reason, probably, which will shortly appear. Committees of agricultural societies haye been invited to examine and report upon it; and in a letter now lying before me, the disinterested propagator very kindly offers to put up ten barrels of bromus seed for $100, saying, that ‘‘ of course the earliest applicants will be sure of obtaining till all is gone, which would scarcely give a barrel toa State. * * Years must elapse before the country can be supplied as it now is with Herds-grass and clover seed. My offer invites co-operation and participation in the profits and pleasures now available”—for taking advantage of the honest eredulity of the public? A quantity of bromus seed was sent to the State Farm for the purpose of experiment, with a letter with directions to sow with clover in the spring of 1855. The crop was cut while yet green, and before the grass had developed sufficiently to distinguish it with certainty. This present year (1856) directions were given to let it stand later in the season. While engaged in the collec- tion and study of specimens in the course of the summer, I gathered samples of this grass when it was still immature, the spikelets having very much the appearance indicated in Fig. 51. Without giving it a very close examination at the time, I pronounced it the bromus arvensis, which at that stage of its growth it very much resembles. A few days after, I was aston- ished to see it develop into Chess (bromus secalinus.) This was the first ripe specimen of Willard’s bromus I had seen. I examined it with care with a strong magnifying glass, and to avoid the possibility of mistake, I submitted specimens of it to Prof. Gray, of Cambridge, and to Prof. Dewey, of Rochester, New York, both of whom, after examination, pronounced it genuine chess. But Mr. Willard having quoted from the report of a commit- tee of an agricultural society in which it was said that if a “jury of eows should confirm the opinion of Mr. Willard as to the 54 GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS. superiority of the grass, then will the agricultural community owe him a debt of gratitude for having introduced to notice here a species of grass which is highly beneficial on light sandy soils, ‘much superior to any other species, and producing most abun- dantly on land of better quality,’ I very recently directed this grass to be submitted to such a jury, empanelled and kept under the charge of Mr. L. P. Chamberlain at the State Farm, which unhesitatingly pronounced a verdict in accor dange ‘ith the facts, which were as follows :— The grass which was first submitted for comparison with the bromus was the Reed Canary grass, (phalaris arundinacea,) a grass of very slight nutritive and palatable qualities, as will appear by reference on a subsequent page to the careful analysis made of it at my request by Prof. E. N. Horsford, of the Law- rence Scientific School, Cambridge. The English hay used was such as commonly goes by that name among farmers, made up of Timothy and Redtop mainly, of fair quality. The meadow or swale hay was taken from a wet meadow, made up of coarse swale grasses, such as are common in eastern Massachusetts, and pass under the term of ‘“‘ meadow hay.” The bromus was carefully picked out from all other grasses. The two kinds given in each trial were put into the same crib, but separated by a partition. First trial—Bromus and reed canary grass. There was no choice. Both were eaten alike till they were gone. Second—Bromus and English hay; preferred English hay. Third—Bromus and swale hay ; “. «swale. Fourth—Bromus and oat straw ; ‘¢ ~~ bromus. Fifth—Canary grass and English hay; ‘ English hay. Sixth—Canary grass and swale ; ‘¢ swale at once. Seventh—Canary grass and oat straw; ‘ oat straw. Wighth—Canary grass and cornstalks; “ — cornstalks. Ninth—Bromus and cornstalks. Ate nearly alike of each till both were gone. ' Tenth—Bromus and millet. Chose the millet and did not touch the bromus. This is a true transcript of the verdict of that intelligent jury, and it is precisely what I should have anticipated from what I knew of the grasses. The trial by jury should be final. It,is unnecessary to say that ‘‘ Cheat” is a troublesome weed NATURAL HISTORY. 55 to the farmer, especially when it appears in his grain fields. It is an early grass, but the quantity of herbage, and especially its quality, make it unfit for cultivation. Indeed, the only species of any value, or at all fit for cultivation, belonging to this large genus of grasses, is the bromus arvensis, and even that has been discarded from modern agriculture. I have been thus minute in speaking of this grass, because I have felt it my duty to disabuse the minds of farmers with regard to it, a duty in which I have recently, and since the above was written, been anticipated by my friend, Sanford Howard, Esq., author of a valuable paper on the Ciaswold in the rPdiveablions of the New York State Agricultural Sokiates for 1855. Thave but little acquaintance with, and no prejudice against, Mr. Willard, but regret exceedingly that he or any one else should make a mistake so serious to the community, and take so much pains to propagate “ cheat.” Fortunately the plant is annual. The fact of its having been cut before it was ripe, in 1855, accounts for its growing on the same piece in 1856. SmoorH Brome Grass, or Upricut Curss, (bromus race- mosus,) has a panicle erect, simple, rather narrow, contracted when in fruit. Flowers closer than in the preceding, lower palea exceeding the upper, bearing an awn of its own length. Stem erect, round, more slender than in chess, sheaths slightly hairy. In other respects it is very much like Willard’s bromus, but may always be distinguished from it as well as from bromus arvensis, in the summit of the large glume being half-way be- tween its base and the summit of the third floret, on the same side ; whereas in Willard’s bromus the summit of the large glume is halfway between its base and summit of the second floret. This character is constant, and offers the surest mark of distinction. It is common in grain fields. Flowers in June. It is worthless for cultivation. Sorr Cuess, or Sorr Brome Grass, (bromus mollis,) is some- times found. . I procured beautiful specimens of it at Nantucket, where it was growing in the turf with other grasses on a sandy soil near the shore. Its panicle is erect, closely contracted in fruit, spikelets conical, ovate, stems erect, more or less hairy, with the hairs pointing downwards from twelve to eighteen inches high, joints four or five, slightly hairy, leaves flat, stri- ated, hairy on both sides, rough at the edges and points; sum- 56 GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS. mit of the large glume midway between its base and the apex of the third floret, by which it is always distinguished from Willard’s bromus. Flowers in June. Birds are fond of the seed, which are large and ripen early. Of no value for culti- vation. The Witp Cuess, (bromus kalmii,) is another species, found often in dry, open wood-lands. It has a small, simple panicle, with the spikelets drooping on hairy peduncles, seven to twelve flowered and silky ; awn only one-third the length of the lanee- shaped flower, stem slender, eighteen inches to three feet high, leaves and sheaths hairy. Flowers in June and July. Of no \| value for cultivation. : Frincep Brome Grass, (bromus ciliatus,) is often found in woods and on rocky hills and river banks. It has a compound panicle, very loose, nodding, spikelets seven to twelve flowered, flowers tipped with an awn half to three-fourths their length, stem three to four feet high, with large leaves. Flowers in July and August. Of no value for cultivation. The Meapow Brome Grass, (bromus pratensis,) is a peren- nial weed in the corn fields of England, and is only recom- mended in any part of Europe for dry, arid soils, where nothing better will grow. Fig. 52 represents this grass, and Fig. 53 a magnified spikelet. Not one of the brome grasses is worthy of a moment’s attentidn as a cultivated agricultural grass, and the cleaner the farmer keeps his fields of them the better. The Common Reep Grass, (phragmites communis,) is a very tall, broad-leaved grass, with the flower in a large terminal pani- cle. It looks at a little distance very much like broomcorn ; stem five to twelve feet high. It grows on the borders of ponds and swamps. It is said to be the largest grass in the United States. It occurs in several localities in Franklin County, and it is not uncommon in the eastern part of the State. Flowers in September. PERENNIAL RYE Grass, common DARNEL, (lolium perenne.) Generic characters—spikelets many flowered, solitary on each joint of the continuous rachis, placed edgewise. Specific charac- ters—stem erect, smooth, fifteen inches to two feet high, root pe- rennial, fibrous, joints four or five, smooth, often purplish, leaves dark green, lanceolate, acute, flat, smooth on the outer surface NATURAL HISTORY. oe So — oa = Fig. 52. Meadow Brome Grass. : Tig. 54. Rye Grass. and roughish on the inner, glume much shorter than the spike- let, flowers six to nine, awnless. Flowers in June. Shown in Fig. 54. Fig. 55 represents a magnified spikelet of this plant. This grass has had the reputation in Great Britain, for many years, of being one of the most important and valuable of the cultivated grasses. It is probably much better adapted to a wet “and uncertain climate, than to one subject almost annually to droughts, which often continue many weeks, parching up every 8 a 58 GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS. green thing. There is, perhaps, no grass, the characteristics of which vary so much from the influences of soil, climate and cul- ture as perennial rye grass. Certain it is that this grass has been cultivated in England since 1674, and in the south of France from time immemorial. It is admitted to be inferior in nutri- tive value to orchard erass, (dactylis glomerata,) when green. Whenever it is cut for hay, it is necessary to take it in the blossom, or very soon after, since otherwise it becomes hard and wiry, and is not relished by stock of any kind ; and it changes very rapidly after blossoming, from a state in which it contains the greatest amount of.water, sugar, &c., and the least amount of woody fibre—into the state in which it possesses the least amount of water, sugar, &c., and the greatest amount of woody fibre and other insoluble solid matter. A specimen analyzed about the 20th of June, and found to contain 814 per cent. of water and 183 per cent. of solid matter, was found only three weeks later to contain only 69 per cent. water, and 81 per cent. solid matter. It is undoubtedly a valuable grass, and worthy of attention ; but it is not.to be compared, for the purposes of New England agriculture, to Timothy or to orchard grass. .It pro- duces abundance of seed, soon arrives at maturity, is relished by stock, likes a variety of soils, all of which it exhausts ; lasts six or seven years, and then dies out. Irautan Rye Grass, (lolium ttalicum,) has been recently introduced into this State, and is now undergoing experiment which will assist in determining its value for us. It differs from perennial rye grass in the florets having long, ‘slender awns, and from bearded darnel, (lolium temulentum,) in the glumes being shorter than the spikelets. This difference will be manifest on reference to Fig. 56, and Fig. 57, which repre- sents a magnified spikelet. It turfs less than the perennial rye grass, its stems are higher, its leaves are larger and of a lighter green, it gives an early, quick and successive growth till late in the fall. To say that it is, or would be, the best grass in our climate and on our soils, would be altogether premature; but it has the credit abroad of being equally suited to all the climates of Qurope, giving more abundant crops, of a better quality, and better relished by animals than the perennial rye grass. It is one of the greatest gluttons of all the grasses either eultivated > NATURAL HISTORY. 59 hlg@e — . we a oe {3 * fi IZ ‘ \N 4 Z\| IBS EN \| Fig. 56. Italian Rye Grass. Fig. 59. Fig. 58. Many-flowered Darnel. or wild, and will endure any amount of forcing by irrigation or otherwise, while it is said to stand a drought remarkably well. The soils best adapted to it seem to be moist, fertile and tena- cious, or of a medium consistency; and on such soils it is said to be one of the best grasses known to cut green for soiling, affording repeated luxuriant and nutritive crops. I have not seen enough of it to speak from personal observation or experi- ence of the comparative profit of this grass and Timothy for cultivation here, but its comparative nutritive value is well 60 GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS. known from the thorough and reliable analyses of Prof. Way. By these it appears that 100 parts of Timothy grass, as taken from the field, contain 57.21 per cent. of water, 4.86 per cent. of albuminous or flesh forming principles, 1.50 per cent. of fatty matters, 22.85 per cent. of heat producing principles, such as starch, gum, sugar, &c., 11.32 per cent. of woody fibre, and 2.26 of mineral matter or ash, while 100 parts of Italian rye grass taken from the same kind of soil and in the same condi- tion, green, contained 75.61 per cent. of water, 2.45 of albu- minous or flesh forming principles, .80 of fatty matters, 14.11 of heat producing principles, starch, gum and sugar, 4.82 of woody fibre, and 2.21 of mineral matter or ash. Of these, the flesh forming principles, fatty matters, and heat producing principles, are, of course, by far the most important; and in all these our favorite Timothy very far excels the Italian rye grass, showing a nutritive value nearly double. Nor has the Italian rye grass any advantage over Timothy or Herds-grass in the dried state, though the difference is by no means so marked, the former dried at 212° Fahrenheit containing 10.10 per cent. of flesh forming principles, the latter 11.86; the former containing 3.27 per cent. of fatty matter, the latter 3.55; the former containing 57.82 per cent. of heat forming principles, the latter 53.35. There are 432,000 seeds in a pound of Italian rye grass and from thirteen to eighteen pounds in a bushel. The BrearpEpD DarneL, (lolium temulentum,) is sometimes found in our grain fields, with its glume equalling the five to seven flowered spikelets, and awn longer than the flower. Its grain is poisonous—almost the only instance known among the grasses. The Many-FLowEreD DarneL, (lolium multiflorum,) is, per- haps, the most showy species of rye grass, cultivated. It is but very rarely, if ever, met with here, though it was intro- duced from France to England about thirty years ago, and is cultivated to some extent. Fig. 58 shows the appearance of this grass, and Fig. 59 a magnified spikelet. It is very nearly allied, if not identical with Italian rye grass. Couch Grass, QuircH Grass, Twitch Grass, Doc Grass, CHANDLER Grass, &c., (triticum repens.) The chief generic marks of this grass are, three or several flowered spikelets, NATURAL HISTORY. 61 compressed, with the flat side towards the rachis; glumes nearly equal and opposite, nerved, lower palea like the glumes convex on the back, awned from the tip, upper flattened, stamens three ; mostly annuals, but others are perennials, to.which the couch grass belongs. The specific characters of couch grass are, roots creeping extensively, stem erect, round, smooth, from one to two or two and a half feet high, striated, having five or six flat leaves with smooth, striated sheaths; the joints are smooth, the two uppermost very remote, leaves dark green, acute, upper one broader than the lower ones, roughish, sometimes hairy on the ~ inner surface, smooth on the lower half. Inflorescence in ‘ spikes. Flowers in June and July. In- ' troduced from Hurope. (Figs. 60 and 61.) This plant is gen- erally regarded by farmers as a trouble- some weed, and ef- forts are made to get ridofit. Its long, creeping roots, branching in every direction, take complete pos- session of the soil and impoverish it. When green, however, it is very much relished by cattle, and if cut in the blossom it makes a nutritious hay. Dogs eat the leaves of this grass and those. of “ one other species for their medici- nal qualities in exciting vomiting. I have seen acres of it on the Con- Fig. 60. Couch, or Twitch Grass. necticut River meadows, where it ; had taken possession and grew luxuriantly, and is called wheat grass, from its resemblance to wheat. It goes in different parts of the State by a great Vig. 61. 62 GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS. variety of names, as Quake grass, Quack grass, Squitch grass. It is important to destroy it if possible, and the means of doing it will be alluded to on a subsequent page. SQUIRREL-TAIL GRASS, (hordeum jubatum,) is widely diffused over our salt marshes. Its specific characters are a slender stem, smooth, about two feet high, with rather short leaves, and low, lateral, abortive, neutral flowers on a short pedicel, short awned, the perfect flower bearing an extremely long awn about the length of the similar hairy glumes, all spreading. It is com- mon on moist sands and marshes on the sea shore. Flowers in June. The common two-rowed barley, (hordeum distichum,) belongs also to the same genus as well as the common four or six-rowed barley, (hordeum vulgare.) LymE Grass, Witp Rye, (elymus virginicus,) is frequent along the banks of rivers. Its generic characteristics are two to four spikelets at each joint of the rachis, all fertile, each one to seven flowered, glumes both on one side of the spikelet, palez two, lower one usually awned, mostly perennial, some species annual. \| Specific description: Spike upright, dense and thick on a short peduncle usually included in the sheath ; two or three spikelets together, two or three flowered, smooth, shortly awned, stamens three, stems stout, from two to three feet high, leaves broad and rough. Flowers in July and August. Of no special value as an agricultural grass. CanapIAN Lyme Grass, (elymus canadensis.) Spike rather loose and curving at the extremity, spikelets mostly in pairs of three to five, long awned, rough, hairy flowers, the lance awl- shaped glumes, tipped with shorter awns, stem three to four feet high, root creeping, leaves broad, flat, linear, sheaths smooth and \| ligule short. Flowers in August. It is common on the banks of rivers. StenpER Harry Lyme Grass, (elymus striatus,) is sometimes found in rocky woods and on the banks of streams, as the most slender and smallest flowered species of this genus. It flowers in July, and is so rare and of so little value as an agricultural grass, as not to need further description. Upricut SEA Lyme Grass, (elymus arenarius.) This grass, which much resembles beach grass, grows from two to five NATURAL HISTORY. 63 feet high, with a perennial long creeping root, stem erect, round, _ smooth, leaves long, narrow, hard, greyish, pointed, grooved, rolled in, smooth behind and rough on the inner surface. It flowers in July. Differs from the common beach grass in having a short obtuse ligule, and spikelets without footstalks, of three or four florets, while beach grass has a leng and pointed ligule, and spikelets with footstalks, and of only one floret. Sinclair calls this grass the sugar cane of Great Britain. It contains a large quantity of saccharine matter, and it is proba- ble that mixed with beach grass, as it is in Holland, it would be valuable to cut up and mix with common hay for winter feed. It is used precisely as beach grass is here, to prevent the encroachments of the sea, and to arrest the drifting of sand. It is not found growing wild in this country as beach grass is. I have cultivated it, by way of a partial experiment, on Nahant Beach, and it has been sown in other parts of the country. BOTTLE-BRUSH GRASS, (gymnostichum hystriz,) is found rather commonly in moist rocky woodlands, and along shaded banks of streams, and may be known by its loose upright spike and spreading spikelets, smooth sheaths and leaves, smoothish flow- ers tipped with an awn three times their length. Flowers in July.. ‘Woop Harr Grass, or Common Harr Grass, (atra flexuosa,) is a common grass on our dry and rocky hills, and road sides, and high upon Wachuset Mountain. The generic name is the Greek aira, darnel, or tares, and its characteristics are, two flowered spikelets, in an open diffuse panicle; flowers both per- fect, shorter than the glumes, hairy at the base, lower palea thrée to five nerved, awned on the back, grain oblong, smooth. Specific chargcters: Stems slender, one to two feet high, nearly naked, leaves dark green, often curved, bristle-formed, branches of the panicle hairy, spreading, mostly in pairs, lower palea slightly toothed, awn starting near the base, bent in the middle, longer than the glumes, which are purplish—perennial. Flowers in June. This plant is sometimes found 38,500 feet above the level of the sea. Sheep eat it readily. Of no value for cultivation.. Fig. 62 represents this grass in blossom, and Fig. 63 a magnified flower of it. It contains when dry but .63 per cent. of nitrogen. Hassock Grass, (aira c@spitosa,) also belongs to this genus 64 GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS. aira. Stems erect, round, rough- ish, in close tufts, leaves flat, linear, acute, with roughish stri- ated sheaths, upper sheath longer than its leaf, panicle pyramidal or oblong, large, at first€lrooping, afterwards erect, with branches spreading in every direction ; awn barely equalling the palea, outer palea of lower floret shorter than the glumes, membranous, jagged or four-toothed on the summit, hairy at the base, with slender awn rising from a little above the base, and extending searcely above the palea. Dis- tinguished from aira flexuosa in the awn of the lower floret not protruding beyond the glumes of the calyx. In aira flexuosa the awn. of the lower floret protrudes more than one-third its length beyond the glumes. It has an unsightly look in fields and pastures, on \, account of its growing in YX tufts or clusters or has- \| , socks. Cattle seldom \ touchit. Prefers stiffor \% marshy bottoms, where the water stands. June. Water Hair Grass, (aira aquatica.) Fig. 64. This grass Mr. Curtis calls the sweetest of the British grasses, and equal to any foreign one. Its stems and leaves, when green, have a sweet and agreeable taste like that of liquorice. Water fowls are said to be very fond of the seeds and the fresh green shoots. Cattle also eat it very readily. Itis strictly an aquatic, but can be cultivated on imperfectly drained bogs and muddy bottoms. Not common. It flowers in July. b) hi Vi g S- Fig. 63. Vig. 62. Wood Hair Grass. NATURAL HISTORY. 65 Fig. 64. Water Hair Grass Fig. 65. Downy Oat Grass. Witp Oat Grass, WuitTEe Top, (danthonia spicata,) is com- mon in dry, sunny pastures, with a stem one foot high, slender, with short leaves, narrow sheaths, bearded ; panicle simple, spikelets seven flowered, lower palea broadly ovate, loosely hairy on the back, longer than its awl-shaped teeth—perennial. Flowers in June. It is called white top in some localities, but is not the grass most commonly known by that name—the agrostis alba. 9 66 GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS. Downy Persoon, (trisetwm mollis,) is a grass with dense panicles, much contracted, oblong or linear, awn bent or diverg- ing, lower palea compressed, keeled, leaves flat and short ; found on rocky river banks and mountains, about one foot high. It flowers in July. Of no agricultural value. The Downy Oat Grass, (trisetum pubescens,) is a very hardy perennial grass, naturalized on chalky soils, and on such soils its leaves are covered with a coating of downy hairs which it loses when cultivated on better lands. It is regarded as a good permanent pasture grass on account of its hardiness and its being but a slight impoverisher of the soil, and yielding a larger per cent. of bitter extractive than other grasses grown on poor, light soils. It is therefore recommended abroad as a prominent ingredient of mixtures for pastures. It flowers early in July. Fig. 65 represents this plant as it appears in blossom. Formerly classed as avena pubescens. Meapow Oat Grass, (avena pratensis, Fig. 66,) is a peren- nial grass, native of the pastures of Great Britain, growing to the height of about eighteen inches. It furnishes a hay of medium quality. Flourishes best on dry soils. Flowers in July. Figs. 67 and 68 represent the flowers of this grass magnified. The YELLow Oat Grass, (avena flavescens, now generally classified as trisetum flavescens,) can scarcely, perhaps, be regarded as naturalized here. Itis a perennial plant of slow erowth and medium quality, furnishing a hay containing about 1.79 per cent. of azote or nitrogen ; suitable for dry meadows and pastures. It is sometimes regarded as a weed, growing about eighteen inches high. It fails if cultivated alone, but succeeds with other grasses, and is said to be the most useful for fodder, of the oat grasses. It grows best with the crested dog’s tail and sweet scented vernal. It contains a larger pro- portion of bitter extractive than most other grasses, and for that reason is recommended by some [English writers as a valuable pasture grass. It flowers in July. Fig. 69 represents this grass, and Fig. 70 a flower of it magnified. TaLL Meapow Oat Grass, or TaLt Oat Grass, (arrhena- therum avenaceum,) is the avena elatior of Linneus. Specific characters: Spikelets open panicled, two flowered, lower flower staminate, bearing along bent awn below the middle of the back; leaves flat, acute, roughish on both sides, most on the* NATURAL HISTORY. 67 Fig. 67. Fig. 66. Meadow Oat Grass. Fig. 70. Fig. 69. Yellow Oat Grass. inner; panicle leaning slightly on one side, glumes very unequal; stems from two to three feet high, root perennial, fibrous, sometimes bulbous. It is readily distinguished from other grasses by its having two florets, the lower one having a long awn rising from a little above the base of the outer palea. Introduced. Flowers in June and July. Shown in Fig. 71. A magnified spikelet is seen in Fig. 72. This is the Ray grass of France. It produces an abundant 68 GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS. Fig. 71. Tall Meadow Oat Grass. Fig. 75. Fig. 78. Meadow Soft Grass. supply of foliage, and is valuable either for hay or for pasture, and has been especially recommended for soiling purposes, on account of its early and luxuriant growth. It is often found on the borders of fields and hedges, woods and pastures, and some- times very plenty in mowing lands. After being mown it shoots up a very thick aftermath, and on this account, partly, is regarded as nearly equal for excellence to the common foxtail, (alopecurus pratensis.) NATURAL HISTORY. 69 It grows spontaneously on deep, sandy soils, when once naturalized. It has been cultivated to some extent in New England, and is esteemed by those who know it, mainly for its early, rapid and late growth, making it very well calculated as ’ a permanent pasture grass. It will succeed on tenacious clover soils. Merapow Somr Grass, VELVET Grass, (holcus lanatus,) has its spikelets crowded in a somewhat open panicle, and an awn with the lower part perfectly smooth. 'The generic characters are, two flowered spikelets jointed with the pedicels, glumes boat-shaped, membranaceous, inclosing and exceeding the flowers ; lower flower perfect, its lower palea awnless and point- less, upper flower staminate only, bearing a stout bent awn below the apex. Stamens three; grain free, slightly grooved. This species grows from one to two feet high, stem erect, round, root perennial, fibrous, leaves four or five, with soft, downy sheaths, upper sheath much longer than its leaf, inflated, ligule obtuse, joints usually four, generally covered with soft, downy hairs the points of which are turned downwards; leaves pale green, flat, broad, acute, soft on both sides, covered with deli- cate slender hairs. Inflorescence compound panicled, of a greenish, reddish or pinkish tinge; hairy glumes, oblong, tipped with a minute bristle. Florets of two pales. Flowers in June. Introduced. In Fig. 73,is seen a drawing of this grass, and in Figs. 74 and 75, its flowers magnified. This beautiful grass grows in moist fields and peaty soils, but [have found it on dry, sandy soils on Nantucket, and specimens have been sent me from Boxford and other places where it grew on upland fields, and was cultivated with other grasses. It is productive and easy of cultivation. It is of but little value either for pasture or hay, cattle not being fond of it. When once introduced it will readily spread from its light seeds which are easily dispersed by the wind. It does not merit cultivation except on poor, peaty lands, where better grasses will not suc- ceed. This grass loses about .68 of its weight in drying, and the hay contains about 1.92 per cent. of nitrogen. The Creepinc Sorr Grass, (holcus mollis, Fig. 76,) not yet naturalized here. It is of no value, and is regarded as a troublesome weed. Distinguished from the preceding by its 70 GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS. NES: pe, \ . SS f Va WAY GZ Z Ee SSS =y Fig. 76. Creeping Soft Grass. Fig. 81. Fig. 79. Sweet-scented Vernal.	12,703
deucalioncollect01ruskrich_8	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,886	Deucalion. Collected studies of the lapse of waves, and life of stones	Ruskin, John, 1819-1900	English	Spoken	7,440	9,936	27. I have given in my diagram, (Plate VL, Fig. 1,) the section, attributed, in that last issued by the Geologi- cal Survey, to the contorted slates of Maiden Moor, be- 198 DEUCALIOK. tween Causey Pike and the erupted masses of the cen- tral mountains. Now, for aught I know, those contor- sions may be truly represented ; — but if so, they are not contortions by lateral pressure. For, first, they are im- possible forms in any substance whatever, capable of be- ing contorted ; and, secondly, they are doubly impossible in any substance capable of being squeezed. Impossible, I say, first in any substance capable of being contorted. Fold paper, cloth, leather, sheets of iron, — what you will, and still you can't have the folded bed at the top double the length of that at the bottom. But here, I have measured the length of the upper bed, as compared with that of the lower, and it is twenty miles, to eight miles and a half. Secondly, 1 say, these are impossible folds in any sub- stance capable of being squeezed, for every such sub- stance will change its form as well as its direction under pressu're. And to show you how such a substance does actually behave, and contort itself under lateral pressure, I have prepared the sections Figures 2, 3, and 4. 28. I have just said, you have no business to seek knowledge far afield, when you can get it at your doors. But more than that, you have no business to go outside your doors for it, when you can get it in your parlour. And it so happens that the two substances which, while the foolish little king was counting out his money, the wise little queen was eating in the parlour, are precisely the two substances beside which wise little queens, and „ XII. YEWDALE AKD ITS STREAMLETS. 199 kings, and everybody else, may also think, in the par- lour,— Bread and honey. For whatever bread, or at least dough, will do under pressure, ductile rocks, in their proportion, must also do under pressure ; and in the manner that honey will move, poured upon a slice of them, — in that manner, though in its own measure, ice will move, poured upon a bed of them. Rocks, no more than pie-crust, can be rolled out without squeezing them thinner ; and flowing ice can no more excavate a valley, than flowing treacle a teaspoon. 29. I said just now, Will you dash Scawfell against Causey Pike ? I take, therefore, from the Geological Survey the section of the Skiddaw slates, which continue the mass of Causey Pike under the Yale of Newlands, to the point where the volcanic mass of the Scawfell range thrusts itself up against them, and laps over them. They are represented, in the section, as you see, (Plate VI., Fig. 1 ;) and it has always been calmly assumed by geologists that these contortions were owing to lateral pressure. But I must beg you to observe that since the upper- most of these beds, if it were straightened out, would be more than twice the length of the lower ones, you could only obtain that elongation by squeezing the upper bed more than the lower, arid making it narrower where it is elongated. Now, if this were indeed at the surface of the ground, the geologists might say the upper bed had 200 DEUCALION. been thrown up because there was less weight on it. But, by their own accounts, there were five miles thick of rocks on the top of all this when it \vas bent. So you could not have made one bed tilt up, and another stay down ; and the structure is evidently an impossible one. 30. Nay, answer the surveyors, impossible or not, it is there. I partly, in pausing, myself doubt its being there. This looks to me an ideal, as well as an impossi- ble, undulation. But if it is indeed truly surveyed, then assuredly, whatever it may be owing to, it is not owing to lateral pressure. That is to say, it may be a crystalline arrangement assumed under pressure, but it is assuredly not a form assumed by ductile substance under mechanical force. Order the cook to roll out half a dozen strips of dough, and to stain three of them with cochineal. Put red and white alternately one above the other. Then press them in any manner you like ; after pressure, a wetted carv- ing knife will give you quite unquestionable sections, and you see the results of three such experiments in the lower figures of the plate. 31. Figure 2 represents the simplest possible case. Three white and three red dough-strips were taken, a red one uppermost, (for the pleasure of painting it after- wards) ! They were left free at the top, enclosed at the sides, and then reduced from a foot to six inches in length, by pressure from the right. The result, you see, XII. YEWDALE AND ITS STREAMLETS. 201 is that the lower bed rises into sharpest gables ; the upper ones are rounded softly. But in the geological section it is the upper bed that rises, the lower keeps down ! The second case is much more interesting. The pastes were arranged in the same order, but bent up a little, to begin with, in two places, before applying the pressure. The result was, to my own great surprise, that at these points of previous elevation, the lower bed first became quite straight by tension as it rose, and then broke into transverse faults. 32. The third case is the most interesting of all. In this case, a roof of slate was put over the upper bed, allowing it to rise to some extent only, and the pressure was applied to the two lower beds only.* The upper bed of course exuded backwards, giving these flame-like forms, of which afterwards I got quite lovely complica- tions by repeated pressures. These I must reserve for future illustration, concluding to-night, if you will per- mit me, with a few words of general advice to the younger members of this society, formed as it has been to trace for itself a straight path through the fields of literature, and over the rocks of science. 33. First. — Whenever you write or read English, write it pure, and make it pure if ill written, by avoiding all unnecessary foreign, especially Greek, forms of words * Here I had to give the left-hand section, as it came more neatly. The wrinkled mass on the left coloured brown represents the push- ing piece of wood, at the height to which it was applied. 202 DEUCALION". yourself, and translating them when used by others. Above all, make this a practice in science. Great part of the supposed scientific knowledge of the day is sim- ply bad English, and vanishes the moment you trans- late it. There is a farther very practical reason for avoiding all vulgar Greek-English. Greece is now a kingdom, and will I hope remain one, and its language is now living. The ship-chandler, within six doors of me on the quay at Yenice, had indeed a small English sign — calling himself Ship-Chandler ; but he had a large and practically more serviceable, Greek one, calling himself a " Tfpo^Oe rrr}s TGOV nXoioov." IsTowwhen the Greeks want a little of your science, as in very few years they must, if this absurd practice of using foreign languages for the clarification of scientific principle still holds, what you, in compliment to Greece, call a 4 Dinothe- rium,' Greece, in compliment to you, must call a ' Nasty- beastium,' — and you know that interchange of compli- ments can't last long. 34. II. Observe generally that all knowledge, little or much, is dangerous, in which your progress is likely to be broken short by any strict limit set to the powers of mortals: while it is precisely that kind of knowledge which provokes vulgar curiosity, because it seems so far away ; and idle ambition, because it allows any quantity of speculation, without proof. And the fact is that the greater quantity of the knowledge which modern science • XII. YEWDALE AND ITS STREAMLETS. 203 is so saucy about, is only an asses' bridge, which the asses all stop at the top of, and which, moreover, they can't help stopping at the top of; for they have from the beginning taken the wrong road, and so come to a broken bridge — a Ponte Rotto over the river of Death, by which the Pontifex Maximus allows them to pass no step farther. 35. For instance, — having invented telescopes and photography, you are all stuck up on your hobby-horses, because you know how big the moon is, and can get pictures of the volcanoes in it ! But you never can get any more than pictures of these, while^in your own planet there are a thousand volcanoes which you may jump into, if you have a mind to; and may one day perhaps be blown sky high by, whether you have a mind or not. The last time the great volca- no in Java was in eruption, it threw out a stream of hot water as big as Lancaster Bay, and boiled twelve thou- sand people. That's what I call a volcano to be in- terested about, if you want sensational science. 36. But if not, and you can be content in the wonder and the power of Nature, without her terror, — here is a little bit of a volcano, close at your very doors — Yew- dale Crag, which I think will be quiet for our time, — and on wrhich the anagallis tenella, and the golden poten- tilla, and the sundew, grow together among the dewy moss in peace. And on the cellular surface of one of the blocks of it, you may find more beauty, and learn 204 DEUCALION. more precious things, than with telescope or photograph from all the moons in the milky way, though every drop of it were another solar system. I have a few more very serious words to say to the fathers, and mothers, and masters, who have honoured me with their presence this evening, with respect to the influence of these far-reaching sciences on the temper of children. 37. Those parents who love their children most ten- derly, cannot but sometimes dwell on the old Christian fancy, that they have guardian angels. I call it an old fancy, in deference to your modern enlightenment in religion ; but I assure you nevertheless, in spite of all that illumination, there remains yet some dark possi- bility that the old fancy may be true : and that, although the modern apothecary cannot exhibit to you either an angel, or an imp, in a bottle, the spiritual powers of heaven and hell are no less now, than heretofore, con- tending for the souls of your children ; and contending with you — for the privilege of their tutorship. 38. Forgive me if I use, for the few minutes I have yet to speak to you, the ancient language, — metaphorical, if you will, of Luther and Fenelon, of Dante and Milton, of Goethe and Shakspeare, of St. John and St. Paul, rather than your modern metaphysical or scientific slang : and if I tell you, what in the issue of it you will iind is either life-giving, or deadly, fact, — that the fiends and the angels contend with you daily for the spirits of your XII. YEWDALE AND ITS STREAMLETS. 205" children : the devil using to you his old, his hitherto immortal, bribes, of lust and pride ; and the angels pleading with you, still, that they may be allowed to lead your babes in the divine life of the pure and the lowly. To enrage their lusts, and chiefly the vilest lust of money, the devils would drag them to the classes that teach them how to get on in the world ; and for the better pluming of their pride, provoke their zeal in the sciences which will assure them of there being no God in nature but the gas of their own graves. And of these powers you may discern the one from the other by a vivid, instant, practical test. The devils always will exhibit to you what is loathsome, ugly, and, above all, dead ; and the angels, what is pure, beautiful, and, above all, living. 39. Take an actual, literal instance. Of all known quadrupeds, the unhappiest and vilest, yet alive, is the sloth, having this farther strange devilry in him, that what activity he is capable of, is in storm, and in the night. Well, the devil takes up this creature, and makes a monster of it, — gives it legs as big as hogsheads, claws stretched like the roots of a tree, shoulders like a hump of crag, and a skull as thick as a paving-stone. From this nightmare monster he takes what poor faculty of motion the creature, though wretched, has in its minuter size ; and shows you, instead of the clinging climber that scratched and scrambled from branch to branch among the rattling trees as they bowed in storm, only a vast 206 DEUCALION. heap of stony bones and staggering clay, that drags its meat down to its mouth out of the forest ruin. This creature the fiends delight to exhibit to you, but are per- mitted by the nobler powers only to exhibit to you in its death.* * The Mylodon. An old sketch, (I think, one of Leech's) in Punch, of Paterfamilias improving Master Tom's mind among the models on the mud-bank of the lowest pond at Sydenham, went to the root of the matter. For the effect, on Master Tom's mind of the living squirrel, compare the following account of the most approved modes of squirrel-hunting, by a clerical patron of the sport, extracted for me by a correspondent, from ' Rabbits : how to rear and manage them ; with Chapters on Hares, Squirrels, etc.' S. O. Beeton, 248, Strand, W. C. " It may be easily imagined that a creature whose playground is the top twigs of tall trees, where no human climber dare venture, is by no means easy to capture— especially as its hearing is keen, and its vision remarkably acute. Still, among boys living in the vicinity of large woods and copses, squirrel -hunting is a favourite diversion, and none the less so because it is seldom attended by success. ' The only plan,' says the Rev. Mr. Wood, ' is to watch the animal until it has ascended an isolated tree, or, by a well-directed shower of mis- siles, to drive it into such a place of refuge, and then to form a ring round the tree so as to intercept the squirrel, should it try to escape by leaping to the ground and running to another tree. The best climber is then sent in chase of the squirrel, and endeavours, by vio- lently shaking the branches, to force the little animal to loose its hold and fall to the earth. But it is by no means an easy matter to shake a squirrel from a branch, especially as the little creature takes refuge on the topmost and most slender boughs, which even bend under the weight of its own small body, and can in no way be trusted with the weight of a human being. By dint, however, of perseverance, the XII. YEWDALE AND ITS STREAMLETS. 207 40. On the other hand, as of all quadrupeds there is none so ugly or so miserable as the sloth, so, take him for all in all, there is none so beautiful, so happy, so wonder- ful as the squirrel. And this is what you do, to thwart alike your child's angel, and his God, — you take him out of the woods into the town, — you send him from modest labour to com- petitive schooling, — you force him out of the fresh air squirrel is at last dislodged, and comes to the ground as lightly as a snow-flake. Hats, caps, sticks, and all available missiles are imme- diately flung at the luckless animal as soon as it touches the ground, and it is very probably struck and overwhelmed by a cap. The suc- cessful hurler flings himself upon the cap, and tries to seize the squirrel as it lies under his property. All his companions gather round him, and great is the disappointment to find the cap empty, and to see the squirrel triumphantly scampering up some tree where it would be useless to follow it.' " ' 208 DEUCALION. into the dusty bone-bouse, — you sbow him the skeleton of the dead monster, and make him pore over its rotten cells and wire-stitchea joints, and vile extinct capacities of destruction, — and when he is choked and sickened with useless horror and putrid air, you let him — regret- ting the waste of time — go out for once to play again by the woodside ; and the first squirrel he sees, he throws a stone at! Carry, then, I beseech you, this assured truth away with you to-night. All true science begins in the love, not the dissection, of your fellow-creatures; and it ends in the love, not the analysis, of God. Your alphabet of science is in the nearest knowledge, as your alphabet of science is in the nearest duty. " Behold, it is nigh thee, even at the doors." The Spirit of God is around you in the air that you breathe, — His glory in the light that you see ; arid in the fruitf ulness of the earth, and the joy of its creatures, He has written for you, day by day, His revelation, as He has granted you, day by day, your daily bread. XIII. OF STELLAR SILICA. 209 ' CHAPTER XIII. OF STELLAR SILICA. 1. THE issue of tins number of Deucalion has been so long delayed, first by other work, and recently by my illness, that I think it best at once to begin Mr. Ward's notes on Plate Y. : reserving their close, with full ex- planation of their importance and bearing, to the next following number. GRETA BANK COTTAGE, KESWICK, June 13, 1876. My dear Sir, — I send you a few notes on the micro- scopic structure of the three specimens I have had cut. In them I have stated merely what I have seen. There has been much which I did not expect, and still more is there that I don't understand. I am particularly sorry I have not the time to send a whole series of coloured drawings illustrating the various points ; but this summer weather claims my time on the mountain-side, and I must give up microscopic work until winter comes round again. The minute spherulitic structure — especially along the fine brown lines — was quite a surprise, and I shall hope 14 210 DEUCALION. on some future occasion to see more of this subject. Be- lieve me, yours very truly, J. CLIFTON WARD. P.S. — There seems to be a great difference between the microscopic structure of the specimens now examined and that of the n'lled-up vesicles in many of my old lavas here, so far as my limited examination has gone. SPECIMEN A. No. 1 commences at the end of the section farthest from A in specimen. 1. Transparent zone with irregular curious cavities (not liquid), and a few mossy-looking round spots (brownish). Polarization. Indicating an indefinite semi-crystal- line structure. (See note at page 211.) 2. Zone with minute seed-like bodies of various sizes (narrow brownish bands in the specimen of darker and lighter tints). a. Many cavities, and of an indefinite oval form in general. 5. The large spherulites (2) are very beautiful, the outer zone (radiate) of a delicate greenish-yellow, the nucleus of a brownish-yellow, and the intermediate zone generally clear. c. A layer of densely packed bodies, oblong, or oval in form. d. Spherulites generally similar to Z>, but smaller, XIII. OF STELLAR SILICA. 211 " much more stained of a brownish-yellow, and with more defined nuclei. Polarization. The splierulites show a clearly radiate polarization, with rotation of a dark cross on turning either of the prisms ; the intermediate ground shows the irregular semi-crystalline structure. 3. Clear zone, with little yellowish, dark, squarish specks. Polarization. Irregular, semi-crystalline. 4. Row of closely touching spherulites with large nu- cleus and defined margin, rather furry in character (3). Margins and nuclei brown ; intermediate space brownish- yellow. Polarization. Radiate, as in the spherulites 2 b. (This is a short brown band which does not extend down through the whole thickness of the specimen.) "5. Generally clear ground, with a brownish cloudy ap- pearance in parts. Polarization. Indefinite semi-crystalline. 6 a. On a hazy ground may be seen the cloudy mar- gins of separately crystalline spaces. Polarization. Definite semi-crystalline.* * By ' indefinite semi-crystalline ' is meant the breaking up of the ground under crossed prisms with sheaves (5) of various colours not clearly margined. By 'definite semi-crystalline' is meant the breaking up of the ground under crossed prisms with a mosaic (4) of various colours clearly margined. By * semi-crystalline ' is meant the interference of crystalline spaces 212 DEUCALION". 6 5. A clear band with very indefinite polarization. 7. A clearisb zone with somewhat of a brown mottled appearance (light clouds of brown colouring matter). Polarization. Indefinite semi-crystalline. 8. Zone of brownish bodies (this is a fine brown line, about the middle of the section in the specimen). a. Yellowish-brown nucleated disks. 5. Smaller, scattered, and generally non-nucleated disks. c. Generally non-nucleated. Polarization. The disks are too minute to show sep- arate polarization effects, but the ground exhibits the in- definite semi-crystalline. 9. Ground showing indefinite semi-crystalline polari- zation. 10. Irregular line of furry-looking yellowish disks. 11. Zone traversed by a series of generally parallel and faint lines of a brownish-yellow. These are appar- ently lines produced by colouring matter alone, — at any rate, not by visible disks of any kind. Polarization. Tolerably definite, and limited by the cross lines (6). 12. Dark-brown flocculent-looking matter, as if grow- ing out from a well-defined line, looking like a moss- growth. with one another, so as to prevent a perfect crystalline form being assumed. XIII. OF STELLAR SILICA. 213 13. Defined crystalline interlocked spaces. Polarisation. Definite semi-crystalline. 14. Generally, not clearly defined spaces ; central part rather a granular look (spaces very small). Polarization. Under crossed prisms breaking up into tolerably definite semi-crystalline spaces. SPECIMEN B. B 1. In the slice taken from this side there seems to be frequently a great tendency to spherulitic arrange- ment, as shown by the polarization phenomena. In parts of the white quartz where the polarization appear- ance is like that of a mosaic pavement, there is even a semi-spherulitic structure. In other parts there are many spherulites on white and yellowish ground. Between the many parallel lines of a yellowish colour the polarization (7) effect is that of fibrous coloured sheaves. Here (8) there is a central clear band (b) ; between it and (a) a fine granular line with some larger granules (or very minute spherulites). The part (a) is carious, apparently with glass cavities. On the other side of the clear band, at c, are half-formed and adherent spheru- lites; the central (shaded) parts are yellow, and the outer coat, the intermediate portion clearish. B 2. The slice from this end of the specimen shows the same general structure. 'The general tendency to spherulitic arrangement is 214 DEUCALION. well seen in polarized light, dark crosses frequently traversing the curved structures. Here (in Fig. 9) the portion represented on the left was situated close to the other portion, where the point of the arrow terminates, both crosses appearing together, and revolving in rotation of one of the prisms. SPECIMEN c. The slice from this specimen presents far less variety than in the other cases. There are two sets of structural lines — those radiate (10), and those curved and circum- ferential (11). The latter structure is exceedingly fine and delicate, and not readily seen, even with a high power, owing to the fine radii not being marked out by any colour, the whole section being very clear and white. A more decidedly^nueleated structure is seen in part 12. In (13) is a very curious example of a somewhat more glassy portion protruding in finger-like masses into a radiate, clear, and largely spherical portion. 2. These notes of Mr. Clifton Ward's contain the first accurate statements yet laid before mineralogists respect- ing the stellar crystallization of silica, although that mode of its formation lies at the very root of the struc- ture of the greater mass of amygdaloidal rocks, and of all the most beautiful phenomena of agates. And in- deed I have no words to express the wonder with which . OF STELLAR SILICA. 215 I see work like that done by Cloizeanx in the measure- ment of quartz angles, conclude only in the construction of the marvellous diagram, as subtle in execution as amazing in its accumulated facts,* without the least reference to the conditions of varying energy which produce the spherical masses of chalcedony ! He does not even use the classic name of the mineral, but coins the useless one, Geyserite, for the absolutely local con- dition of the Iceland sinter. 3. And although, in that formation, he went so near the edge of Mr. Clifton Ward's discovery as to announce that "leur masse se compose ellememe de spheres en- chassees dans une sorte de pate gelatineuse," he not only fails, on this suggestion, to examine chalcedonic struc- ture generally, but arrested himself finally in the pur- suit of his inquiry by quietly asserting, u ce genre de structure n'a jamais ete rencontre jusqu'ici sur aucune autre variete de silice naturelle ou artificielle," — the fact being that there is no chalcedonic mass whatever, which does not consist of spherical concretions more or less perfect, enclosed in a "pate gelatineuse." 4. In Professor Miller's manual, which was the basis of Cloizeaux's, chalcedony is stated to appear to be a mixture of amorphous with crystalline silica ! and its form taken no account of. Malachite might just as well have been described as a mixture of amorphous with crystalline carbonate of copper ! * Facing page 8 of the ' Manuel de Mineralogie.' 216 DEUCALIOK. 5. I will not, however, attempt to proceed farther in this difficult subject .until Mr. Clifton "Ward has time to continue his own observations. Perhaps I may per- suade him to let me have a connected series of figured examples, from pure stellar quartz down to entirely fluent chalcedony, to begin the next volume of Deuca- lion with ; — but I must endeavour, in closing the present one, to give some available summary of its contents, and clearer idea of its purpose ; and will only trespass so far on my friend's province as to lay before him, together with my readers, some points noted lately on another kind of semi-crystallization, which bear not merely on the domes of delicate chalcedony, and pyramids of micro- scopic quartz, but on the far-seen chalcedony of the Dome du Goute, and the prismatic towers of the Cervin and dark peak of Aar. XIV. SCHISMA MONTIUM. 217 CHAPTER XIY. SCHISMA MONTIUM. 1. THE index closing this column of Deucalion, drawn up by myself, is made as short as possible, and classifies the contents of the volume so as to enable the reader to collect all notices of importance relating to any one sub- ject, and to collate them with those in my former writ- ings. That they need such assemblage from their desul- tory occurrence in the previous pnges, is matter of pin- cere regret to me, but inevitable, since the writing of a systematic treatise was incompatible with the more serious work I had in hand, on greater subjects. The 6 Laws of Fesole ' alone might well occupy all the hours I can now permit myself in severe thought. But any student of intelligence may perceive that one inherent cause of the divided character of this book, is its func- tion of advance in parallel columns over a wide field ; seeing that, on no fewer than four subjects, respecting which geological theories and assertions have long been alike fantastic and daring, it has shown at least the necessity for revisal of evidence, and, in two cases, for reversal of judgment. 2. I say " it has shown," fearlessly ; for at my time of life, every man of ordinary sense, and probity, knows 218 what he has done securely, and what perishably. And 'during the last twenty years, none of my words have been set down untriecT ; nor has any opponent succeeded in overthrowing a single sentence of them. 3. But respecting the four subjects above alluded to, (denudation, cleavage, crystallization, and elevation, as causes of mountain form,) proofs of the uncertainty, or even falseness, of current conceptions have been scat- tered at intervals through my writings, early and late, from < Modern Painters' to the 'Ethics of the Dust:' and, with gradually increasing wonder at the fury of so- called £ scientific ' speculation, I have insisted, year by year, on the undealt with, and usually undreamt of, difficulties which lay at the threshold of secure knowl- edge in such matters ; — trusting always that some in- genuous young reader would take up the work I had no proper time for, and follow out the investigations of which the necessity had been indicated. But I waited in vain ; and the rough experiments made at last by my- self, a year ago, of which the results are represented in Plate YI. of this volume, are actually the first of which there is record in the annals of geology, made to ascer- tain the primary physical conditions regulating the forms of contorted strata. The leisure granted me, unhappily, by the illness which has closed my relations with the University of Oxford, has permitted the pursuit of these experiments a little farther ; but I must defer account of their results to the following volume, contenting my- XIV. SCHISMA MOKTIUM. 219- self with indicating, for conclusion of the present one, to what points of doubt in existing theories they have been chiefly directed. 4. From the examination of all mountain ground hitherto well gone over, one general conclusion has been derived, that wherever there are high mountains, there are hard rocks. Earth, at its strongest, has difficulty in sustaining itself above the clouds; and could not hold itself in any noble height, if knitted infirmly. 5. And it has farther followed, in evidence, that on the flanks of these harder rocks, there are yielding beds, which appear to have been, in some places, compressed by them into wrinkles and undulations ; — in others, shat- tered, and thrown up or down to different levels. My own interest was excited, very early in life,* by the forms and fractures in the mountain groups of Savoy ; and it happens that the undulatory action of the lime- stone beds on each shore of the Lake of Annecy, and the final rupture of their outmost wave into the preei- * I well yet remember my father's rushing up to the drawing-room at Herne Hill, with wet and flashing eyes, with the proof in his hand of the first sentences of his son's writing ever set in type, — ' Enquiries on the Causes of the Colour of the Water of the Rhone/ (Magazine of Natural History, September, 1834; (followed next month by ' Facts and Considerations on the Strata of Mont Blanc, and on some Instances of Twisted Strata observable in Switzerland.' I was then fifteen.) My mother and I eagerly questioning the cause of his excitement, — " It's — it's — only print" said he ! Alas ! how much the ' only ' meant ! 220 DEUCALIOK. pice of the Sal eve, present examples so clear, and so im- posing, of each condition of form, that I have been led, without therefore layiflg claim to any special sagacity, at least into clearer power of putting essential questions respecting such phenomena than geologists of far wider experience, who have confused or amused themselves by collecting facts indiscriminately over vast spaces of ground. I am well convinced that the reader will find more profit in following my restricted steps ; and satis- fying, or dissatisfying himself, with precision, respect- ing forms of mountains which he can repeatedly and exhaustively examine. 6. In the uppermost figure in Plate VII. , I have en- larged and coloured the general section given rudely above in Figure 1, page 11, of the Jura and Alps, with the intervening plain. The central figure is the south- ern, and the lowermost figure, which should be con- ceived as joining it on the right hand, the northern, series of the rocks composing our own Lake district, drawn for me with extreme care by the late Professor Phillips, of Oxford. I compare, and oppose, these two sections, for the sake of fixing in the reader's mind one essential point of difference among many resemblances ; but that they may not, in this comparison, induce any false impres- sions, the system of colour which I adopt in this plate, and henceforward shall observe, must be accurately un- derstood. XIV. SCHISMA MONTIUM. 221 7. At page 130 above, I gave my reasons for making no endeavour, at the Sheffield Museum, to certify the ages of rocks. For the same reason, in practical sections I concern myself only with their nature and position ; and colour granite pink, slate purple, and sandstone red, without inquiring whether the granite is ancient or modern, — the sand trias or pliocene, and the slate Wen- lock or Caradoc ; but with this much only of necessary concession to recognized method, as to colour with the same tint all rocks which unquestionably belong to the same great geological formation, and vary their minera- logical characters within narrow limits. Thus, since, in characteristic English sections, chalk may most con- veniently be expressed by leaving it white, and some of the upper beds of the Alps unquestionably are of the same period, I leave them white also, though their gen- eral colour may be brown or grey, so long as they retain cretaceous or marly consistence ; but if they become metamorphic, and change into clay slate or gneiss, I colour them purple, whatever their historical relations may be. 8. And in all geological maps and sections given in * Deucalion,' I shall limit myself to the definition of the twelve following formations by the twelve following colours. It is enough for any young student at first to learn the relations of these great orders of rock and earth: — once master of these, in any locality,* he may split his beds into any complexity of finely laminated 222 DEUCALION. chronology he likes; — and if I have occasion to split them for him myself, I can easily express their minor differences by methods* of engraving. But, primarily, let him be content in the recognition of these twelve territories of Demeter, by this following colour her- aldry : — 9. 1. Granite will bear in the field, Rose-red. 2. Gneiss and mica-slate Rose-purple. 3. Clay-slate Violet-purple. 4. Mountain limestone Blue. 5. Coal measures and millstone grit Grey. 6. Jura limestone Yellow. 7. Chalk White. 8. Tertiaries forming hard rock Scarlet. 9. Tertiary sands and clays Tawny 10. Eruptive rocks not definitely volcanic Green. 11. Eruptive rocks, definitely vol- canic, but at rest Green, spotted red. 12. Volcanic rocks, active Black, spotted red. 10. It will at once be seen by readers of some geo- logical experience, that approximately, and to the degree possible, these colours are really characteristic of the several formations ; and they may be rendered more so by a little care in modifying the tints. Thus the £ scarlet' used for the tertiaries may be subdued as much as we please, to what will be as near a sober brown as we can venture without confusing it with the darker XIV. SCHISMA MOKTIUM. shades of yellow ; and it may be used more pure to represent definitely red sandstones or conglomerates : while, again, the old red sands of the coal measures may be extricated from the general grey by a tint of ver- milion which will associate them, as mineral substances, with more recent sand. Thus in the midmost section of Plate VII. this colour is used for the old red con- glomerates of Kirby Lonsdale. And again, keeping pure light blue for the dated mountain limestones, which are indeed, in their emergence from the crisp turf of their pastures, grey, or even blue in shade, to the eye, a deeper blue may be kept for the dateless limestones which are associated with the metamorphic beds of the Alps ; as for my own Coniston Silurian limestone, which may be nearly as old as Skiddaw. 11. The colour called ' tawny,' I mean to be as nearly that of ripe wheat as may be, indicating arable land, or hot prairie; while, in maps of northern countries, touched with points of green, it may pass for moorland and pasture : or, kept in the hue of pale vermilion, it may equally well represent desert alluvial sand. Finally, the avoidance of the large masses of fierce and frightful scarlet which render modern geological maps intolerable to a painter's sight, (besides involving such geographical incongruities as the showing Iceland in the colour of a red-hot coal ;) and the substitution over all volcanic dis- tricts, of the colour of real greenstone, or serpentine, for one which resembles neither these, nor the general tones 224 DEUCALION. of dark colour either in lava or cinders, will certainly render all geological study less injurious to the eye- sight, and less harmful 4o the taste. 12. Of the two sections in Plate VIL, the upper one is arranged from Studer, so as to exhibit in one view the principal phenomena of Alpine structure according to that geologist. The cleavages in the central granite mass are given, however, on my own responsibility, not his. The lower section was, as aforesaid, drawn for me by my kind old friend Professor Phillips, and is, I doubt not, entirely authoritative. In all great respects, the sec- tions given by Studer are no less so ; but they are much ruder in drawing, and can be received only as imperfect summaries — perhaps, in their abstraction, occasionally in- volving some misrepresentation of the complex facts. For my present purposes, however, they give me all the data required. 13. It will instantly be seen, on comparing the two groups of rocks, that although nearly similar in succes- sion, and both suggesting the eruptive and elevatory force of the granitic central masses, there is a wide dif- ference in the manner of the action of these on the strata lifted by them. In the Swiss section, the softer rocks seem to have been crushed aside, like the ripples of water round any submersed object rising to the surface. In the English section, they seem to have undergone no such torsion, but to be lifted straight, as they lay, like the timbers of a gabled roof. It is true that, on the larger XIY. SCHISMA MONTITJM. scale of the Geological Survey, contortions are shown at most of the faults in the Skiddaw slate ; but, for the rea- sons already stated, I believe these contortions to be more or less conventionally represented ; and until I have myself examined them, will not' modify Professor Phillips' drawing by their introduction. Some acknowledgment of such a structure is indeed given by him observably in the dark slates on the left in the lowermost section ; but he has written under these undulatory lines " quartz veins," and certainly means them, so far as they are structural, to stand only for or- dinary gneissitic contortion in the laminated mass, and not for undulating strata. 14. Farther. No authority is given me by Studer for dividing the undulatory masses of the outer Alps by any kind of cleavage-lines. Nor do I myself know examples of fissile structure in any of these mountain masses, un- less where they are affected by distinctly metamorphic action, in the neighbourhood of the central gneiss or mica-schist. On the contrary, the entire courses of the Cumberland rock, from Kirby Lonsdale to Carlisle, are represented by Professor Phillips as traversed by a per- fectly definite and consistent cleavage throughout, dip- ping steeply south, in accurately straight parallel lines, and modified only, in the eruptive masses, by a vertical cleavage, characterizing the pure granite centres. 15. I wish the reader to note this with especial care, because the cleavage of secondary rock has been lately 15 226 DEUCALION. attributed, with more appearance of reason than modern scientific theories usually possess, to lateral pressure, act- ing in a direction perpendicular to the lamination. It seems, however, little calculated to strengthen our confi- dence in such an explanation, to find the Swiss rocks, which appear to have been subjected to a force capable of doubling up leagues of them backwards and forwards like a folded map, wholly without any resultant schistose structure ; and the English rocks, which seem onlv to have been lifted as a raft is raised on a wave, split across, for fifty miles in succession, by foliate structures of the most perfect smoothness and precision. 16. It might indeed be alleged, in deprecation of this objection, that the dough or batter of which the Alps were composed, mostly calcareous, did not lend itself kindly to lamination, while the mud and volcanic ashes of Cumberland were of a slippery and unctuous character, easily susceptible of rearrangement under pressure. And this view receives strong support from the dextrous ex- periment performed by Professor Tyndall in 1856, and recorded, as conclusive, in 1872,* wherein, first warming some wax, then pressing it between two pieces of glass, and finally freezing it, he finds the congealed mass deli- cately laminated ; and attributes its lamination to the " lateral sliding of the particles over each other." * But with his usual, and quite unrivalled, incapacity of follow- * ' Forms of Water/ King and Co., 1872, p. 190. XIV. SCHISMA MOKTIUM. ing out any subject on the two sides of it, lie never tells us, and never seems to have asked himself, how far the wax was flattened, and how far, therefore, its particles had been forced to slide ; — nor, during the sixteen years between his first and final record of the experiment, does he seem ever to have used any means of ascertaining whether, under the observed conditions, real compression of the substance of the wax had taken place at all ! For if not, and the form of the mass was only altered from a lump to a plate, without any increase of its density, a less period for reflection than sixteen years might surely have suggested to Professor Tyndall the necessity, in applying his result to geological matters, of providing mountains which were to be squeezed in one direction, with room for expansion in another. 17. For once, however, Professor Tyndall is not with- out fellowship in his hesitation to follow the full circum- ference of this question. Among the thousands of pas- sages I have read in the works even of the most careful and logical geologists, — even such as Humboldt and De Saussure, — I remember not one distinct statement * of * As these sheets are passing through the press, I received the fol- lowing most important note from Mr. Clifton Ward: " With regard to the question whether cleavage is necessarily followed by a reduc- tion in bulk of the body cleaved, the following cases may help us to form an opinion. Crystalline volcanic rocks (commonly called trap), as a rule, are not cleaved, though the beds, uncrystalline in character, above and below them, may be. When, however, a trap is highly 228 DEUCALION".	11,603
adictionaryengl00sullgoog_36	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,862	A dictionary of the English language	Sullivan, Robert Joseph	English	Spoken	8,755	16,578	Boar, r5r, s. the cry of a wild beast ; an outciy of distress ; a loud noise : v. to make a full, loud, continuous soimd or cry, as a lion, or the wind in a storm ; to howl ; to bellow. Boar'er, «. a noisy fellow ; a term applied to a broken-winded horse. Boar'ing, s. the act of roaring ; an outcry. Boast, rost, v. to dress meat by cxx>osing it to the fire ; to parch, to scorch, to heat to ex- cess ; to banter severely : s. anything roasted : a. roasted. Boasfer, s. one who roasts ; a gridiron. Bob, V. to steal openly ; to plunder. Bobl>er, t. one that robs, a plunderer. Bob'bery, «. theft by force ; theft. Bobe, «, a gown of state ; a dress of dignity : v. to put on a robe. Bob'ert, s. the herb stork-bill. Bob'in, 8. a small bird with a red breast. BoVin-good'fellow, s. a sprite, a goblin. Bob'orant, a. strengthening. Bobusf , a. strong, sinowy, vigorous. Bobus'tious, -yus, a. vigorous, boisterous. Bobustness, s. strength ; vigour. Boo, 8. a fabulous bird of the East, of monstrous size and strength. Boo'ambole, s. a kind ©f wild garlic. Boohe-alum, «. rock or pure alum. Bochelle-salt, ro-shol'-, «. a tartrate of potash and soda, a salt used in medicine. Bochet, roch'-et, «. a kind of surplice. Bock, 8. a largo mass of stone ; figuratively, do- fence, immovable strength. Bock, 8. a distaff used in spinning. Bock, V. to move backwards and forwards, to shake ; to lull to sleep. Bock'-buf ter, «. a subsulphate of alumina, which oozes from certain rocks. Bock'-crys'tal, s. the finest kind of auartz. Bock'er, «. he who or that whicji rocks. Bock'et, 8. an artificial firework. Bock'et, 8. a plant, eruca. Bock'iness, s. state of being rocky. Bookless, a. being without rocks. Bock'oil, 8. petroleum. Bock'-pigeon, 8. a pigeon which builds in and frequents rocks. Bock'rose, 8. a species of rose. 'Bock'-ru'by, a. a sort of garnet. Bock'salt, 8. common salt, or muriate of soda, found in masses in beds or salt mines. Bock'wood, 8. ligniform asbestos. Bock'work, a. a building imitating rocks. Bock'y, a. full of rocks ; hard, stony. Bod, 8. a twig : an instrument of correction ; a long, slender stick ; the length of 5J yards. Bode, p. t. of Ride. Bo'dent, a. gnawing : «. a gnawing animal. BSdomonta'de, «. empty or noisy bluster. Bodomonta'de, v. to boast, to bluster. ^domonta'dist, 8. one who boasts or blusters. Boe, or Boebnok, ro'-, «. a small species of deer ; also the female of the hart. Boe, 8. the eggs or spawn of fishes. Boga'tion, «. litany, supplication. BogaiionrVfeek, the second week before Whitsunday. Bogue, r5g, 8. a vagabond, a knave ; a wag. Boguery, -er-1, 8. dishonest practices ; knavery ; waggery. Bdg'oish, -ish, a. fraudulent, knavish; wag- gish. Bog'aishly, ad. knavishly : waggishly. B^'uishness, 8. the qualities of a rogue ; knav- ery; archness. Bois'terer, s. a turbulent, blustering fellow. Bole, Fr. «. a part or character in a play or other public performance. Boll, V. to move or turn circularly, to revolve, to run on wheels ; to smooth with a roller : to move as waves ; to wrap or infold. Bfill, 8. the act of rolling ; a mass made round ; a register, a catalogue ; the sound of a drum. B511'er, «. that which rolls or is rolled ; a heavy cylinder for rolling walks; a bandage, a fillet. Bollio, V. to act in a frolicaonu, swaggering manner : p. t. and p. Rollicked, Rollicking. Boiling-pin, 8. a round, smooth piece of wood for moulding i)asto. Boiling-press, 8. a machine consisting of one cylinder rolling on another. Bolling-stook, 8. the carriages, engines, &c., in use on a railway. BoU'y-poly, B61y-p61y, «. a kind of game with a ball ; a sort of sweetmeat pudding. Bomalc, a. applied to the language spoken in modem Greece. Bo'man, a. belonging to Rome, FapaL Bo'man, 8. a native of Rome. Bo'man Cath'olic, 8. a member of the Church of Rome. Boman'ce, 8 a tale of wild adventures, usually in war or love ; a work of fiction in which the incidents are more wonderful and less in accordance wiHi real life than those of a novel; a fiction; a falsehood. This term was first applied to the wild, fanciful, and improbable talcs which were written in tho Romance language. Romance was a mix- ture of (Roman) bad Latin, the dialect of Languedoc, and of some other districts of the south of France, about the ninth cen- tury. Boman'oe, v. to write or tell fictitious or ex- travagant stories. Boman'oer, a. one who writes romances. Bomanesque, -esk'. 8. the debased style of architecture adopted in the later Roman empire ; the dialects of some of the southern districts of France. Bo'manism, 8. the tenets of the Church of Rome. Bo'manist, 8. a Roman Catholic. Bo'manise, v. to Latinise ; to convert to Roman Catholic opinions. Boman'tic, a. wild, fanciful, improbable. Boman'tically, ad. wildly, extravagantly. Boman'ticness, 8. wildness ; extravagance. See Bomance. Bo'mish, a. belonging to Rome ; Papal. Bomp, 8. a rude, boisterous girl ; rude play : v. to play rudely and noisily. fate, fat, far ; me, m6t, hw; fine, flQ ; note, n5t ; mute, Txut,\)u\\\ ^.tc,%1^^aJa^:^\^Js^^»^A^'^^^ BOM ( 354 ) Bon MtaufnBh, a. inclixied to or fond of romping. Bomp'ulmeH, «. dispocition or inclination to romi)ing. Bon'dalui, -do, Son'do, s. a llttlo poem or song which ends with the first part or strain re- peated ; a roundelay. Eni'ion, -yun, s. a fat, bulky woman, Sood, t. the fourth i>art of an acre. Bood, i. the holy cross : a crucifix. Boof, «. the cover of a house ; the inside of the arch that covers a building; the palate or upper part of the mouth: v. to cover with a roof. Boof ing« «• act of covering with a roof ; mate- rials for a roof. Boof less, a. wanting a roof, uncovered. Boof 7, a. having roofs. Book, 8. one of the pieces at chess. Book, «. a species of crow ; a rapadovLB fellow ; a cheat : v. to rob, to cheat. Book'ery, t, a nursery of rooks. Book'y, a. inhabited by rooks. Boom, t. ' space, extent ; place, stead ; an apartment in a house. Boom'ful, t. as much or as many as a room will hold. Boom'ineis, «. the state or quality of being roomy. Boom'y, a. having ample room ; spacious. Boost, s. the branch or perch on which a bird rests at night : v. to rest on a roost. Boost'er, s. a cock. Boot, s. that part of the plant which is in the earth and nourishes tne parts above; the lower part, the bottom, the origin, the first cause: v. to take root; to impress deeply; to root out, to destroy. Boof ed, a. fixed, deep, radical Boof edly, ad. deeply, strongly. Bootlet, «. a little root, a radicle. Boof y, a. fuU of or consisting of roots. Bope, s. a thick,' hempen cord ; a halter ; a line of things connected, as a rope of onions : V. to fasten with a rope ; to draw out into threads, as a viscous HubHtance. Bo'pe-danoer, s. one who dances.or walks on a stretched rope. Bo^ladder, s. a ladder made of ropes. Bope-maker, t. one who makes rox>cs. Bo'pe-making, $. the business or trade of mak- ing ropes. Bo'pe-walk, Bo'pery, s. a place where ropes are made. Bo'pe-yam, «. yam for making ropes. Bo'piness, s. state of Ixring ropy ; viscosity. Bo'py, a. viscous, glutinous, tenacious. Boquelanre, r6k'-d-10r, n. a kind of cloak which took its name from the Duke of lioquelaure. B5saceous. -za'-, a. composed of several ix^tals disposer! after the manner of a rose. Bosax7,-rO'-zA-rT, «. a bed of roses, a chaplet of roses ; a string of beads on which liomon Catholics count their prayers. Bose, roz, s. a well-known, beautiful, and fragrant flower. Bese, p. t. of Rise. Besttl, roz'-, a. like a rose in smell or colour. Bos^Site, rOz'-, a. rosy, blrKuning, fragrant. Bo'se-lrad, $. a bud of the rose. Bo's^fall, s. an excrescence on the dog-rose. Bo'se-mallow, «. a large kind of inaUow. BoMmXxj, t^; 9. ioie-maris0, a gwflrt iiinell« ing, evergreen plant. Bo'se-qnaxtz, s. a reddish kind of qturtc Bosette, r^zet. s. a ribbon or ouier aiaterial made up in the form of a rose. Bo'se-water, «. water distillod from roaem. Bo'se-wood, «. a beautiful kind of wood used in ornamental furniture. Bdsioru'oian, -shi-an, s. one of a sect of al- chemists or visionary philoeopherB who wers in Germany in the X4th century: a. relating to the Rosicrucians. Bosin, roz'-in, «. inspissated turpentine : v. to rub with roshi. ote Besin. Bo'siness, s. state or quaUiy of being roey. Bos'iny, a. consisting of, or like rodn. Bos'tert t. a plan or table by which the duty of military officers is regulated. Bos'tral, a. resembling the beak of s ship or rostrum. Bos'trate, Bos'trated, a. adorned with beaks. Bos'tmxn, «. the beak of a bird ; the beak of a shii) ; a stage or pulpit. Bo'sy, a. like a rose in bloom, fragrance, te. ; red OS a rose; blushing. Bet, V. to putrefy ; to make putrid : «. putze. faction; a distemper in sheep. Bo'tary, a. turning like a wheet Bo'tate, a. wheel-shaped ; circular : v. to torn round on an axis, as a wheel ; to revolve. Bota'tion, «. the act of turning round like a wheel ; vicissitude of succession, or taking in turn, as rotation in office. Bota'tor, s. that which gives a circular or roUing motion ; the name of a muscle. Bo't&tory, a. turning on an axis, as s wheel; going in a circle. Bote, «. an old instrument played with a wheel, a sort of hurdy-gurdy; a repetition of words by memory without attending to the meaning ; rotation : v. to fix in the memory by mere repetition. Botten, rof n, a. imtrid, corrupt, unsound. Bof tenness, t. the state of being rotten. Bof ten-stone, s. a soft stone used in polishing; called also Tripoli. Botond'j a. round, sphericaL Boton'dity, s. roundness, spherlcitj^. Botun'do, Botnn'da, «. a round building. Bouble. See Buble Bou^, roo'-a, Fr. s. a confirmed rake. Bouge, roozli, Fr. a. red: s. red paint: v. to tiuuo the face with red. Bougn, ruff, «. one of the lowest and most tur- bulent of the mob or rabble. Bongh, ruflf, a. having inequalities on the sur- face ; not smooth ; rugged ; harsh ; severe ; unpolished; coarse; rude: uncivU; hard- featured ; covered with hair ; stormy, bois-. terous, as a rou/jk sea, rough weather. Js rouffh it is to go through in c^to of obstacles or y>nfl weather. Bough-cast, rufT'-, «. a rude model : a kind of jiL'irttcr mixed with pebbles: v. to mould rudely ; to c^jver with rough-cast. Bough'-draught, -draft, «. a rude or first sketdL Bough-draw, v. to draw or trace rudely. Boughen, v. to make or grow rough. Bough'-hew, v. to sh.'ipo rudely or roughly. Bough'-hewn, a. unxxilished, rude. Boughly, ad. rudely, lx>istcrously, harshly. fSte, OU, fat', mc, mdt, her; fine, fln;^Gto, nut; mute, nut, bull; type, syllable; thin, (hen. ROU ( 355 ) RUF Boogh'iieM. t. unereimess ; harshness. Bough-shod, a. having the shoes roughened, apjj^ed to horses. Bou^-work, V. to work coarsely over, without regard to smoothness and finish. Bough-wrought, a. done coarsely. Bouleau, roo-lO', Fr. s. a little roll ; a roll of coins in paper. Boulette, roo-let', Fr. s. a game of chance, in which a ball rolls round a circle of coloiured spaces. Bounce, s. the handle of a printing-press. Bound, a. circular, spherical; plump, full; whole, not broken, as a round number, a rouTid sum. Bound, 8. a circle, an orb ; a rotation, a revolu- tion ; a return to the same i>oint ; the ap- pointed Walk of a guard or officer ; a stop of a ladder. Bound, ad. on all sides : prep, circularly about : V. to make circular or smooth, to go round in form. Bound'about, a. circuitous ; indirect ; tedious : «. a circular machine in which children ride. Boun'delay, Boun'del, 8. a rondeau. Bound'head, -hed, 8. a Puritan in the time of Cromwell, so caJled from the practice of crop- ping their hair close. Bound-headed, a. having a round top. BoundliouBe, 8. a constable's prison, so called from its former usual shax)e. Bound'iah, a. somewhat round. Boundlet, 8. a little circle. Boundly, ocf. in a round form ; fully ; plainly ; without reserve. Bound'ness, 8. rotundity, sphericity. Bound-roVin, «. a petition or remonstrance signed by several persons round a ring or circle, so as to make it impossible to know who signed it first. Bouse, rowz, v. to wake from slumber ; to ex- cite to action or thought. Bous'er, a. he who or that which rouses. Bous'ing, p. a. awakening ; exciting. Bout, V. to break up and put to flight : 8. the confusion of an army defeated and broken up; a tumultuous multitude; a large, crowded, evening party. Boute, root, «. the course or way travelled ; a road ; a march. Boutine, roo-tSn', «. the ordinary or beaten way ; a round or course of business or duties; regular practice ; custom; formality. Bove, V. to ramble, to range, to wander. Bo'ver, 8. a rambler ; a pirate ; a fickle man. Bo'ving, 8. the act of rambling or wandering : p. a. fond of rambling. Bow, 8. a riotous noise ; a drunken brawl. Bow, ro, 8. a niunber of persons or things ranged in a line ; a rank, a file. Bow, ro, V. to impel with oars : «. an excursion in a boat with oars. Bowan-tree. See Boan-treOi BoVdy, 8. a turbulent, noisy fellow. Bow'el, 8. the little wheel of a spur formed with sharp jwints ; a roll of hair or silk put into a wound to keep it open for the sake of the discharge : v. to keep open with a rowel. Bower, ro'-er, 8. one who manages an oar. Bow-k>ck, ro'-, colloquially, rul'lok, 8. that part of a boat's gunwale on which the oars rest. Boy'a], a. kingly, becoming a king, regal. Boy'al, 8. the highest sail of a ship: the name of a laige-sized paper ; a soldier of the Royals or ist regiment of Foot, which is said to be the oldest regular corps in Euroi>e. Boy'alise, v. to make royal. Boy'aliflm, 8. attachment to royalty. Boy'alist, 8. an adherent to a king. B<^ally, 0(2. in a kingly manner, regally. Boy'alty, 8. the state or dignity of a king. Bub, V. to wipe, to scour, to i)olish, to deanse ; to chafe, to fret, to gall : 8. the act of rub- bing; friction; difficulty; sarcasm. Bublier, «. one who or ^lat which rubs; at whist, two games out of three. Bub'biah, 8. that which is rubbed off ; offscour- ings ; worthless fragments of building mate rials ; anything vile or worthless. Bub'ble, I. fragmentary portions of stones, bricks, he. ; small stones. Bttb'ble-stone, «. stone rubbed or worn by the action of water. Bubefaoient, roo-bS-f&'-shent, a. making red. Bubes'cent, a. growing or becoming red. Bubicelle, roo'-bl-sel, «. a variety ot ruby. Bu'bicon, 8. a small river which separated Italy from Gaul. To pa88 the JRubicon is to take a desperate and irretrievable step in an enter- prise, in allusion to Ceeear's passage of that river to invade Italy and subvert the Com- monwealth. Bu'biound, a. ruddy, red. Bubicun'dity, 8. disposition to redness. Bu'bied, a. of a red or ruby colour. Bu'ble, 8. a silver coin of Russia, value about 3«. ij<f. Bu'brio, a. marked with red: 8. directions printed in prayer-books and books of law. Bu'brical, a. placed in rubrics. Bu'bricate, v. to mark with red. BuHby, «. a precious stone of a red colour: a. of the colour of a ruby. BuHby, 8. a smaU kind of printing type. Buck, V. to draw into wrinkles ; to cover ; to sit close ; to squat : 8. a wrinkle ; a fold ; a heap of stones ; the common herd. Bud'der, 8. the part that steers a ship. Bud'diness, 8. state of being ruddy. Bud'dle, 8. red earth ; red ochre. Bud'dock, 8. the red-breast. Bud'dy, a. of a red colour. Bude, rood, a. untaught, barbarous, uncivil; rough, rugged ; har^ Bu'ddfy, ad. in a rude manner. Bu'deness, 8. state or quality of being rude. Bu'diment, 8. an elegant or first principle : pi. (Rudiments) the first elements of a science ; the first part of education. Budimen'taa, a. rudimentary. Budimen'tary, a. relating to or containing rudiments ; elementary. Bue, roo, «. a very bitter plant. Bue, roo, v. to gneve for, to regret, to lament. Bue'fwl, a. mournful, woful, sorrowful. Bue'fuliy, ad. mournfully, sorrowfully. Bue'fulness, «. sorrow ; moumfulness ; sorrow- fulness. Buff, 8. a puckered, linen ornament formerly worn about the neck. Buff, V. to trump at cards. Buffian, ruf'-I-an, «. a brutal, boisterous fellow ; fate, fat, far; me, met, her; fine, fin; note, not ; mute, nuV.,\>u\\.\ \.Tfi«i>«T^^iJ«^^N''2B\\i.^^"«i^. RUP ( 3S6 ) RUT an iiUK>lent scoundrel ; a cat-throat, a robber : a. aa of a ruf&on ; brutal ; saTagely boister- ous. Buffianism, s. the act or conduct of a ruf&an. Buffianly, a. like a ruffian ; brutal. Baffle, rufi, v. to wrinkle, to draw into plaits ; to put out of order,'^to discompose: a. fine linen or cambric plaited for an ornament of dress ; discomposure ; agitation ; disturbance ; a roll or flourish on a drum in presenting arms. Baffler, ». a bully ; a boisterous fellow. Bu'foos, a. of a yellowish red colour. Bug, s. a coarse, nappy, woollen cloth or cover- let ; a hoarth-rug. BaafgM, a. rough, of uneven surface; harsh; stem. Bug'gedly, ac2. in a rugged manner. Baegedness. t. roughness ; harshness. Ba^ote, Bu goas, a. rough ; full of wrinkles. Bfigo8'it3^ '• state of being wrinkled. Buln, 8. fall, overthrow, destruction, calamity : pi. remains of demolished buildings: v. to demolish, to destroy utterlv. Ba'iner, s. one that ruins or destroys. Bu'inous. a. fallen to ruin ; destructive. Ba'inously, ad. with ruin, destructively. Bu'inousness, s. state of being rtiinous. Bale, rool, t. government, sway, that by which anything is regulated; an instrument for drawing lines ; a principle, a maxim : v. to lay down, to control ; to mark with lines ; to govern, and settle as a rule. Buler, s. one who rules, a governor; an in- strument by which lines are drawn. Baling, p. a. governing ; predominant. Bum, 8. a 8i)irit distilled from molasses. Bam, a. odd, queer (a cant word), Bumlile, V. to make a low, heavy, continued sound, like distant thunder. Bamb'ling, s. a low, heavy, continued noise. Bu'minant, a. chewing the cud ; s. an animal that chows the cud. Bu'minate, v. to chow the cud ; to think on again and again, to muse or meditate on. Bflmina'tion, s. the act of chewing the cud; meditation, reflection. Bu'minator, s. one that ruminates. Bum'mage, v. to search among many things by tumbling them over : s. a close search. Bum'mer, s. a large glass, a drinking-cup. Ba^mour, s. flying or popular report. Bu'mour, v. to noise or spread abroad. Bu'mourer, s. the spreader of news. Bump, s. the buttock, the end of the backbone ; the fag end of something, as "the Hump Parliament." Bum'ple, «. a rough plait ; a wrinkle. Bum'ple, V. to disorder hy rumples. Bun, V. to move swiftly, to flee, to go, to pass ; to flow, to molt ; to pierce ; to force forward : #. the act of running ; course, motion, flow ; continued success, as a run of luck. Bon'agate, s. (a renegade\ a vagabond. Bun'away, «. one that flics from danj^er. Bun'dle, $. a round ; the step of a ladder. Bun'dlet, Bunlet, «. a small barrel. Bime, ». a Runic letter or charactor. Bung, «. a spar, a timber in a ship's floor; a step of a ladder. Bung, p. p. of Ring. Bu'oio, a. denoting tho letters and language of the ancient northern nations. Bon'nel, ». a small brook or rivalet. Bun'ner, t. one who runs ; a shoot. Bun'net. Bee Bennet. Bun'ning, p. a. moving swiftly ; flowing ; kq>t for tho race : s. the act of moving swiftly ; a discharge from a wound or sore. Bon'ning-flght, -fit, s. a battle kept np or con- tinued between the pursuer and pursued. Bnn'ning-ti'tle, s. the title of a book continued on the top from pe^e to page. Bnnt, s. a stunted animal ; an old cow. Bupee', 8. an Indian coin, value 28. Bup'ture, 8. the act of breaking ; the state oi being broken ; breach of peace ; hernia : v. to break, to burst ; to suffer rupture of. Bu'ral, a. belonging to the country, rustic. Bu'ral-dean, «. a clergyman who has the inspec- tion of a rural deanery. Bu'ral-deanery, 8. a subdivision of an arch- deaconry. Bu'ralist, 8. one who leads a country life. Bu'rally, ad. as in the country. Bu'ralness, «. the quality of being rural. Base, rooz, Fr. 8. artifice, stratagem, trick. Base de goerre, Fr. dS, gilr, «. a stratagem of war. Bush. 8. a common plant; anything prover- bially worthless. Bush, V. to move forward with violence or ra- pidity ; to entor eagerly. Bush, Kush'ing, «. a violent motion or course. Bush'-candle, Bushlight. -lit, «. a tallow candle with tho wick made of rush. Bush'er, «. one who rushes forward. Bush'iness, 8. stato of being full of rushes. Bashlike, a. resembling a rush, weak. Bush'y, Bushed, a. abounding with rushes Bosk, 8. a kind of biscuit or hard bread. Buss. See Bussian. Bus'set, a. reddish-brown ; homespun ; coarse • rustic : «. an apple of a russet colour an<f coarse skin. Bus'seting, the same as Russet. Bussian, rush'-yan, «. an inhabitant of Russia; the Russian language: a. pertaining to Russia. Bust, 8. the oxide of metal which gathers on the surface from disuse ; loss of power by in- activity: V. to gather rust; to Impair by time or inactivity. Bus'tic, Bus'tical, a. i>ertaining to the country, rural ; rude, plain, simple, artless. Bus'tic, 8. a clown, a country swain. Bus'tically, ad. in a rustic manner. Bus'ticalness, a. tho quality of being rustic. Bus'ticate, v. to dwell in the country; to banish into the country for a short time, as a student from a college. Bustica'tion, 8. residence in the country. Busticity, -tis'-I-tl, «. rustic manners; sim- plicity; artlessness. Bus'tily, ad. in a rusty stato. Bus'tiness, «. tho state of being rueby. Bustle, msl, v. to make a noiro, as of the rub- bing of silk or dnr leaves. Bustling, 8. the noise of that which rustics. Busf y, a. covered with rust ; impaired. But, 8. the deep track of a wheel. But, 8. the copulation of deer. fute, at, far; mc, met, her, fine, fin ; n5te, ix^t-, m^te, nfifc, bull; type, sellable ; thin, tAen. RUT ( 357 ) Bntii, rooth, «.' sorrow, regret, pity, mercy. Bnth^ful. a. rueful, woful, compassionate. Buth'fully, ad. sadly, wofully. Buthless. a. cruel, pitiless. Buthlessiy, ad. without pity, cruelly. Buthlessness, «. want of pity, cruelty. Bu'tiQe, «. an oxide of titanium. But'tisn, a. wanton, libidinous. Bnf tiahneas, «. wantonness. But'ty, a. full of ruts. Bye, rl, «. a coarse kind of bread com. Bye'grass, «. a coarse kind of grass. By'o^ s. in India, a cultivator of the soil; a farmer or renter of land. s Saba'ofh, Hebrew, «. hosts or armies. Babbato'rian, «. one who keeps the Sabbath on Saturday, or the seventh day of the week, and not on the first ; one who observes the Sabbath with great strictness : a. pertaining to the Sabbath or Sabbatarians. Sabbata'rianism, «. the tenets of Sabbatarians. Babl>ath, s. the day of rest to be kept holy; Saturday among the Jews, Sunday with the Christians. BablMith-breaker, -bra'-kcr, «. ono who breaks or profanes the Sabbath. Sab'baih-break'ing, «. profanation of the Sab- bath. Sabbatical, Sabbat'ic, a. pertaining to the Sab- bath; resembling the Sabbath. Sabbatical year, every seventh year among the Israelites, because during that year the Isjid was allowed to be fallow. Sa'blan, ». a professor of sabianism. Sa'bianism, s. the worship of the heavenly bodies. Sa'ble, 8. a kind of marten, with glossy black fur, found in North Asia; the fur of the sable : a. black. Sabot, -bo', Fr. s. a sort of wooden shoe. Sal>re, -ber, «. a convex short sword : v. to cut or wound with a sabre. Sabretasche, sa'-ber-tash, s. a leathern pocket suspended from a cavalry ofiScer's sword belt. Sabuloslty, s. sandiness, grittiness. Sab'ulous, a. sandy, gravelly, gritty. Saccharif erous, sak-ar-, a. producing sugar. Sacchar'ify, v. to convert into sugar. Sac'charXne, a. having the qualities of sugar. Sacchaxom'eter, 8. an instrument for measuring the amount of saccharine matter held in solu- tion by a liquid. Sacerdo'tal, sas-, a. belonging to the priesthood. Sach'el, Satchel, s. a small sack or bag for books, &c. Sa'chem, -chem, «. the chief of an Indian tribe. Sack, «. a large bag : v. to put into a sack. Sack, V. to take by storm, to pillage, to plun- der : 8. pillage, plunder. Sack, 8. Canary wine or sherry. Sack'age, s. the act of sacking a town. Sack'but, 8. a kind of trumpet. Sack'oloth, 8. a kind of coarse cloth. Sack'ftd, 8. as much as a sack can hold. Saok'ing, «. cloth of which sacks are made. Saok'-pos'set, s. a posset made of milk, sack, and some other ingredients. Sac'rament, s. an oath; the oath taken by a SAG Roman soldier ; a religious ceremony impos- ing an obligation* an outward and visible sign of an mward and spiritual grace. In the Roman Catholic Church, there are seven sacraments — namely. Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance, Extreme Unction, Holy Orders, and Matrimony. In the Protestant Church, there are but two sacraments — namely. Baptism and the Eucharist or the Lord's Supper ; and the teim sacrament is usually applied by Protestants to the latter. S&oramen'tal, a. constituting or pertaining to a sacrament. S&cramen'tally, ad. as a sacrament. S&oramenta'rian, s. one who diffei-s from Roman Catholics regarding the sacraments, applied reproachfully to Protestants. S&oxamen'tary, «. a book of prayers and direc- tions resi)ecting the sacraments. Sa'cred, a. holy, consecrated, inviolable. Sa'credly, ad. religiously, inviolably. Sa'credness, 8. hoUness, sanctity. S&orif ic, Saorif ical, a. used in sacrifice. S&crif icatory, a. offering sacrifice. Sac'rifioe, -fiz, v. to offer to God ; to immolate as an atonement or propitiation ; to devote with loss ; to destroy or give up for some- thing else (with to). Sao'riflce, 8. act of sacrificing ; that which is sacrificed ; an oblation made to God for a religious purpose or by a religious act ; any- thing given up for something else, deemed of less v£due ; anything destroyed. Sao'zificer, -1^-, 8. one who offers sacrifice. Sacrificial, -fish'-al, a. pertaining to sacrifice. I^'rilege, -ISj, 8. the robbery of a church. S&crile'gioua, -jus, a. violating things sacred. Saorile'gioualy, ad. with sacrilege. Sacrile'giouaneaa, 8. the crime of sacrilege. Sao'ril^gist, 8. one who commits sacrilege. Sao'riatan, 8.. the person who has charge of the sacred things used in a church, a vestry- keeper ; a sexton. Sac'riaty, s. the vestry of a church. Sad, a. sorrowful, melancholy, gloomy ; grave, heavy ; bad, worthless. Sad'den, sad'n, v. to make sad or gloomy.. Sad'dle, s. a seat to put on a horse's back : v. to put on a saddle. Sad'dle-baoked, -bakt, a. having a hollow back. Sad'dle-bow, -bd, s. part of a saddle. Sad'dler, s. one who makes saddles. Sad'dlery, s. the manufactures of a saddler ; the business or trade of a saddler. Sadduoe'an, a. pertaining to the Sadducees. Sad'duoee, s. one of a Jewish sect who denied the resurrection or future state. Sadly, ad. sorrowfully, miserably. Sad'neaa, s. moumfulness, melancholy. Safe, a. free from danger : s. a place for keep- ing anytiiing safely. Safe-oon'duct, s. a convoy, passport, guard. Sa'fegiutrd, s. a defence, convoy, passport. Sa'fe^, ad. without danger, without hurt. Sa'fety, s. freedom from danger ; custody. Sa'fety-valve, s. the valve of a steam-engine, which lets the superfluous steam escape, and prevents bursting. SadTfron, s. a yellow plant : a. yellow. Sag, V. to bend or jrield from weight. Sa'ga, 8. a Scandinavian legend. fate, fat, far; me, met, hgr; fine, fin; note, not; mute,Ti\il,\«i\L\ \.Tfi'i,«V^>aWi^\'^>»^^^'«^' SAG ( 358 ) SAL Sa'gaf, pi. a. a collection of ancient Noreo literature and mythology. 8&ga'oiou8, -shus, a. quick of scent or thought. Sftga'cioaaly, ad. with penetration. Sftga'oioiuuiess, s. quickness of discernment. BtigtMity. sa-gas'-, s. quickness of scent ; acute- ness of discernment ; penetration. Sfl^^amore, s. an American Indian chief. Sage, 9. the name of a garden plant. Sage, a. wise, grave, prudent, discerning. Sage, s. a man of wisdom and gi-avity. Sa'gely, ad. wisely, prudently. Sa'geness, s. wisdom, gravity, prudence. Sagittal, sajS a. like or pertaining to an arrow. Sagittarius, s&j-, s. an archer; one of the signs of the zodiac. Sagittary, saj'- a. i>ertaining to an arrow : s. an archer ; a centaur. Sa'go, «. a mealy or granulated substance, the produce of a species of palm. Sale, s. a kind of Turkish vesseL Said, sed, p. t and p. p. of Say. Sail, 8. a sheet of canvas by which the wind impels a ship ; a ship or vessel ; an excursion in a sailing vessel : v. to move by means of sails ; to be carried along smoothly ; to man- age a vessel. Sail'-bome, a. conveyed by sails. Sail'er, «. he who or that which sails. Sail'-loft, t. a place for making sails. Sail'-maker, s, one who makes sails. Sail'-making, s. the art of making sails. Sail'or, s. a seaman, one used to the sea. Sail'yard, «. a pole to extend a sail with. SainToin, s. a sort of herb, trefoil. Saint, t. a person eminent for sanctity ; one of the blessed in heaven; one canonised or enrolled among the saints by the Roman Catholic Church. Sainf ed, a. holy, pious, sacred. Saintlike, Saintly, a. like a saint, holy, devout. Sainf ship, «. the character or state of a saint. Sake, 9. final cause, end, purpose, account. Salter, s. a hawk ; a sort of cannon. Sal, L. a. salt; the scientific term for salt in chemistry and pharmacy, as Sal-ammoniao and Sal-vokUlli. 8&laam, 8&-lam'. See Salam. Salacious, -a'-shus, a. lustful; lecherous. Sala'oiontly, ad. lustfully, lecherously. Sala'oioosness, s. lust, lechery. Salacity, -lasM-tl. s. salaciousness. Sal'ad, 8. food of raw herbs, generally dressed with salt, oil, and vinegar. Sal'ading, «. vegetables used for salad. B&lam', 8. an Eastern salutation of ceremony or respect— literally, peace. Saiaman'der, t. an animal Hko a lizard, fabled to be able to live in fire. Salam an'drlne, a. like a salamander ; enduring fire. Sal'aried, a. having a salary. Sal'ary, . an annual or periodical payment for services ; stipend ; wages. Sale, 8. the act of selling ; state of being to be sold* market; auction. Saleable, sftl'-a-bl, a. fit for sale ; vendible. Sa'leableneM, #. the state or quality of being saleable. Salesman, s. one employed in selling. Balework, . work for sale ; careless work. SSIlo, Sal'ique. a, applied to a lYench law which excludes females from the throne. Sa'liSnt, a. leaping, springing. SalXSnt, 8. in fortification, projecting. S&lif erous, a. producing salt. Bal'ify, v. to form into a neutral salt. S&li'ne, or sal'-ln, a. partaking of the qualities of Bait ; impregnated with salt. Sali'va. «. the Latin for spittle. Sali'val, Salivary, a. relating to spittle. Salivate, v. to produce an unusual flow of . saliva. Saliva'tion, 8. the act of salivating. Sali'vous, a. having the nature of spittle. Sallow, 8. a kind of willow : a. of the colour of the sallow ; yellow, as from illness. SallownesB, 8. sickly x)aleness. Sally, V. to issue out suddenly: 8. a saddea, eruption, as from a place besieged; an ex-', cursion ; a flight of fancv or humour. Sally-port, «. a port to make sallies from. Salmagun'di, «. a mixture of chopped mea^ pickled herrings, oil, onions, vinegar, Ac.; a medley, Salmon, sam'-un, 8, a well-known fish. Salmon-trout, 8. a trout of the salmon kind. Saloon', 8. a grand hall or state room. Salt, sawlt, 8. a substance used for seasoning, and for preserving from corruption; wit, taste: a. having the taste of salt; iinpr^- nated or abounding with salt: v. to season or impregnate with salt. 8&lt'ant, a. leaping, jumping, dancing. S&lta'tion, 8. the act of leaping. Salf -cellar, 8. a sort of cup to hold salt. Salter, sawlt'-, . one who salts or sells salt. Saltern, sawlf -, «. a place where salt is made. Saltier, Saltire, sfil'-ter, . a cross in the form • of X. Saltish, sawlf-, a. somewhat salt, brinish. Salt'-junk, «. old, hard salt beef. Saltless, a. not tasting of salt, insipid. Salf -mine, a. a mine where salt is found. Salfness, «. the state of being salt; taste of salt. Salf-pan, Salf -pit, Salf-work, Salfem, «. a place where salt is made. Saltpetre, sawlt-pe'-t6r, «. literally, talt rock or 8tone: nitre ; nitrate of potash. Salts, 8. pi. the proper name for a salt, taken as a medicine. Salulnioiu, a. healthful, wholesome; promot- ing health. Salnlnionsly, ad. boob to promote health. Salulnioasness, «. quality of being salubrious. Salnltrity, 8. salubriousness. S&l'utariness, 8. the state or qualiiy of being salutary. Sal'iitary, a. promoting health or safety; healthful; wholesome; beneficial. I^uta'tion, 8. the act of saluting or wishing health ; a salute ; a greeting. Salu'tatory, a. containing stdutaticnis ; greet- ing. Salu'te, V. to Tiail or wish health to ; to greet ; to kiss ; to honour 1^ some apprc^niato act, as by a discharge of cannon : «. a ralutation, a greeting ; a Idss ; an exhibition of respect and honour, as a discharge of cannon. Salvabil'ity, 8. state of being salvable. Sal'vable, a. that may be saved. ^^ tit, far; mS, met, hor; fine, fin ; nSte, nU; muV«,ii^\.,>)u\l; ifi^, sfUable; thin, tten. SAL ( 359 ) SAR ' Sal'vage, s. the compensation paid to those who save shix)s and goods at sea ; the goods so saved. Salva'tion, s. the act of saving; the state of heing saved; preservation from eternal death and admission into heaven. Salve, sav, «. an ointment for wounds or sores: v. to apply salve; to cure; to help or remedy. Sal'ver, s. a tray or plate. BalVo, 8. an exception, a reservation; a mili- tary or naval salute. S&mar'itans, s. a sect among the Jews. SamlM), s. a child of a negro and a mulatto ; a negro : pi. Samboes. Same, a. identical, of the like kind. Sa'xnenets, «. identity, not different. Sa'mian, a. pertaining to the island of Samos. Sa'miel, or Simoom', «. a hot, suffocating wind, common to the sandy deserts of Arabia, Africa, and Syria. Samphire, sam'-flr or -{er, s. a plant used in pickling. Ssun'ple, 8. a specimen ; part of a whole. Sam'pler, s. a specimen or piece of needlework, particularly a school-girl's. * San'able, a. iiiat may be cured. San'ative, a. tending to cure ; sanatory. San'ativeness, t. the quality of being sanative. San'atory, a. healing. Sanctifloa'tion, sangkt-, «. act of sanctifying; state of being sanctified ; consecration. Sanc'tifler, 8. the Holy Spirit. Sano'tify, v. to make holy. Sanotimo'nious, sangkt-, a. having the appear- ance of sanctity. Sanctimo'niouflly, ad. in a sanctimonious man- ner. Sanctimo'niousness, s. the state or quality of being sanctimonious. Sanc'tmiony, s. sanctity, or the appearance of it. Sanction, sangk'-shun, 8. the act of ratifying or giving validity to the act of another ; ratifi- cation ; authority : v. to give a sanction to ; authorise. Sanc'titude, Sano'tity, «. holiness. Sanc'tuary, «. a holy place ; an asylum. Sanctum, sangk'-tum, L. s. a sacred place; a place of retreat, as an editor's sanctum. Sancto'rum, s. "the Holy of Holies." Sand, 8. fine or powdered graveL Sand, V. to sprinkle with sand. San'dal, s. a sort of slipper or loose shoe. San'dal-wood, s. a kind of aromatic wood grown in the East Indies ; a tree or wood used for dyeing red. This is also called /San(fer«-wood or red Sandal-wood. San'darac, 8. a gum resin ; a mineral Sand'-baff, s. a bag filled with sand. Sand'-bau, 8. a bath made by warm sand. ^ Sand'-blmd, a. having a defect in the sight, in which small particles appear to float be- fore the eyes. Sand'-boz, s. a box containing sand or pounce ; also, a kind of tree whose pericarp bursts and scatters its seeds. Sand'-eel, 8. a kind of eel commonly found under the sea-sand. Sand'erling, 8. a bird frequenting the sands. San'ders. See Sandal-wood. Sand'-heat, s. the heat of warm sand. Sand'iness, 8. state of l^eing sandy. SaOi'diver, San'dever, s. the superfluous salt or scum cast up in making glass. Sand'-paper, s. pai>er covered on one side with a gritty substance for polishing. Sana-piper, «. a bird aUied to the snipe. Sand'stone, «. a species of freestone. Sand'wioh, s. two slices of bread and butter with a shoe of cold meat between. Sand'wort, s. the name of a plant. Sand y, a. consisting of sand ; like sand. Sane, a. sound in mind ; healthy. Sangfroid, sang-frwa', 8. coolness. Sanguiferous, sang-gwif-, a. conveying blood. Sanguiflca'tion, 8. the production ox blood; conversion of the chyle into blood. San'guifler, «. that which produces blood. San'guify, v. to produce blood. Sanguinariness, sang^-gwin-, «. the quality of bein^ sanguinary. Sang'iunaxy, a. bloody, bloodthirsty, cruel. Sanguine, sang'-gwin, a. having the colour of blood; abounding with bla<>d; cheerful; ardent ; confident ; inclined to expect much. San'guinely, ad. ardently; with confidence of success. San'gmneness, 8. state of being sanguine. Sanguin'eous, a. like blood ; full of blood. Sanguin'ity, 8. sanguineness. Sanligdrim, 8. the chief councUamong the Jews, consisting of seventy elders. Sa'niSs, 8. a thin serous matter, ichor. Sa'nious, a. discharging thin matter. Sanitary, a. pertaining to health ; promoting health. Sanity, s. soundness of mind ; health. San'skrit, Sanscrit, 8. the learned language of the Brahmins ; tiie ancient language of India or Hindostan. > Sans-culotte, sang-koo-lot', s. a French extra republican. Sans Souci, sang-soo-see', Fr. without care ; free and easy. San'ton, s. a Turkish saint or dervis. Sap, 8. the vital juice of plants. Elap, V. to undermine, to subvert. Sap; 8. a trench for undermining. Sap'id, a. tasteful, palatable, savoury. Sapidity, Sapldness, «. state of being sapid ; power of stimulathig the palate.. Sa'pISnoe, 8. wisdom, sageness. Sa'pISnt, a. wise, sage, prudent. Sapless, a. wanting sap, dry, old. Sapling, 8. a young tree full of sap. S&pona ceous, -shus, a. soapy, like so^p. Saponify, v. to convert into soap. Sa^r, 8. taste, savour, relish. S&porif ic, a. giving flavour or taste. Sap'per, 8. one who saps ; a kind of miner. Sapphio, saf-ik, a. applied to a kind of verse, supposed to be invented by Sappho. Sappmre, saf '-f «r or -fir, «. a precious blue stone. Sapph'iiiie, a. made of or like sapphire. Sap'pinesB, 8. juiciness, succulence. Sap'py, a. juicy, succulent. Sar'aband, «. a Spanish dance and air. S&racenlo, Sfixacenlcal, -sen-, a. pertaining or belonging to the Saracens. Sor'casm, 8. a cutting expression; a bitter taimt. fate, fat, far; me, me\|, her; fine, fin; note, n5t; miite,Ti^t,\iu'Ok, \.T6^^ ^i^i«Jo\'^\^Js!&!s^^^s^- SAB ( 360 ) SAW Sftrofti'tio, S&roas'tioal, a. cutting, bitterly satirical; severe. B&reas'tioally, ad. in a sarcastic manner. Sarcenet, sars'-net, s. fine, thin, woven silk. 8&roorog7, s. that part of anatomy which treats of the fleshy parts of the body. 8&roophagous, -kof'-a-gus, a. flesh-eating. S&rcophagui, -kof -a-gus, a. a stone coflin. Boroot'io, a. promoting the growth of flesh. Sard, Sar'dlne, Sor'diua, Sar'doin, s. a mineral ; a cornelian. Stcrdine, sar'-din or sar'-dun, s. a small fish of the herring kind, caught in the neighbour- hood of the island of Sardinia. Sardonic, a. forced or feigned, as applied to laughter, smiles, or grins. Sardonic laugh, a bitter laugh or grin, which but Ul conceals the real feelings. Sar'donyx, «. a precious stone. Sarma'tian, -shi-an, a. pertaining to Sarmatia. Sarmen'touB, a. full of twigs. Sorsaparilla, t. the name of a phsnt of great efficacy as a sudorific. Sash, 8. a silk belt : v. to dress with a sash. Sash, 8. the frame of a window ; a window that lets up an(i down by pulleys. Sas'saiiras, ». a species of the comeil cherry, the wood of which is medicinal. Sat, p. t and p. p. of Sit. Sa'tan, s. a name of the devil. 8&tan'ic, S&tanlcal, a. devilish, infernal, S&tan'ically, ad. with diabolical malice. Sat'ohel. See Sachel. Sate, V. to satiate ; to pall. Sate, sat, v. a form of Sat, p. t. of Sit. Sat'ellite, «. a small or secondary planet revolv- ing round a larger, as the moon round the earth ; a follower. Sa'tiate, -shi-at, a. filled to satiety ; glutted. Sa'tiate, -shl-&t, v. to satisfy ; to sate, to glut. S&tiety, -t!', 8. the state of being satiated, ful- ness beyond desire ; wearisomoness of plenty. Satin, s. a glossy, close silk. Satinet, t. a thin kind of satin ; a twilled stuff made of wool and cotton. Satin-flower, g. the name of a plant. Satin-gpor, t. a mineral, fibrous limestone. Satire, -Ir or er, $. a pioem censuring vice or f olljr ; severity of remark. S&tir'io, S&tir'ical, a. belonging to satire ; censo- rious ; severe in language. Satir'ically, ad. with invective or censure. Satirist, t. one who writes satires. Satirise, v, to censure as in a satire. Satisfao'tion, s. the act of satisfying ; the state of being satisfied; gratification; amends; imyment. Satiafao'torily, ad. boob to satisfy. Satisfao'toriness, s. power of satisfying. Satiifao'tory, a. giving satisfaction. Satiifler, «. one who makes satisfaction. Satisfy, v. to content, to please fuUy ; to con- vince ; to i>ay to content. S&'trap, or sat-, . a viceroy in ancient Persia. S&'trapal, or sat'-, 9. pertaining to a satrap. S&'trapy, or sat-, g. the jurisdiction of a sat- rap. Saturable, a. that may bo saturated. Satorant, a. impregnating to the full. Qatnrate, v. to impregnate till no more can be received or imbibed. Satora'tion, s. act of saturating ; state of be! saturated ; repletion ; fulness. Saturday, -da, t. the last day of the week. Batum, s. a heathen deity ; a planet. S&tuma'lian, a. fret from restraint, loose, licentious, as at th6 feasts of Saturn. I^tur'nian, a. happy, as Id^ Saturn's reign. Saturnine, a. gloomy, grave, iiMvy, doll, leaden. • . •■■ -- : •'^ Satyr, sat-er or silt'-, «. a fabuloia,.«llt«Di deH^ half man and half goat. n ^iL Sauce, s. that which stimulates or j;>rotoke^ M something eaten with food to inonrovfl^the f relish ; pertness, petulance, insolence. Sau'ceboz, 8. an impertinent fellow. Sau'cepan, «. a pan to make sauce in. '^.._ Sau'cer, 8. a small plate for a teacu]^(\|i4f9IHle platter on which sauce is served. ^ • ( Sau'cily, ad. impudently, petulantly. Sau'ciness, 8. impudence, x)elRilance. Saucisse, s5-sis', Sauoisson, -sOng', Fr. «. a lon^ bag filled with powder used iia firing mines. dau'oy, a. pert, petulant, insol#nt. Sauer-kraut, sowr'-krowt, «. cabbage pickled and fermented, a German dish. Saunter, san'- or "sawn'-, v. to wander about idly, to loiter. Saun'terer, a. one who saunters about. Saurian, 8. a lizard : a. of the lizard family or order. Sau'roid, a. resembling a lizard. Sau'sage, «. a roll of seasoned, minced meat, stuffed into a skin or intestine. Sa'vable, a. capable of being saved. Sa'vableness, 8. capability of being saved. Sav'age, a. wild, uncivilised, cruel. Sav'age. «. a barbarian ; a cruel person. Sav'ageiy, ad. barbarously, cruelly. Sav'ageness, 8. barbarity, cruelty. Savan'nah, Savan'na, 8. one of the ox>en plainfl or meadows in North America. Savant, sav-ang', Fr. 8, a learned man. Save, V. to preserve from danger, loss, or de- struction ; to preserve from eternal death ; to keep frugally : prep, except. Sa've-all, 8. a pan to save candle-ends in. BS.v'Sloy, 8. a kind of dried sausage. Sa'ver, «. one who saves or preserves. Sav'in, 8. a plant ; a species of juniper. Ba'vin\|^, a. frugsd, parsimonious: 8. anything saved : prep, excepting. Sa'vingly, ad. frugally, with jmrsimony. Sa'vingneM, 8. frugaUty, parsimony. Sa'vings-bank, s. a bank of deposit for the earnings or savings of the poor. Sa'viour, 8. he who saves ; the Redeemer. Sa'vory, 8. an aromatic or spicy plant. Ba'vour, -ur, a. a taste, an odour : v. to have a particular taste or smell ; to like. Sa vourily, ad. v^ith a pleasing relish. Ba'vouriness, a. quality of being savoiuy. 6a vourless, a. wanting savour. Sa'voury, a. pleasing to the smell or taste. S&voy', a. a sort of cabbage. Saw, 8. a saying, a proverb. Saw, a. an instniment with teeth for cutting boards or timber : v. to cut or separate witE a saw. Saw'dust, a. dust arising from sawing. Saw'-flsh, a. a fish with a serrated horn. SaV-fly, a. a fly with a serrated sting. ^ffi, Mt, far; me, mU, her ; flue, fin ; note, a5t ; mute, nut, bull ; type, syllable ; thin, tAen. !■ SAW ( 361 ) SCA .4 i SaVliit, i. a pit where wood ia sawed. Saw'-wrett, -rest, or SaV-set, s. the tool with which the teeth of a saw are set. Saw^yer, s. one who saws timber. Bftf-nom, s. a kind of bifiss wind instrument. Sax'ifrage, -trS.}y s. that which breaks or dis- folves stooQ^ a medicinal herb. Saxif ragMU, -gus, a. dissolvent of stone. ^aahUt • ^ijwM the ancient inhabitants of the liorthdir^ {>irt of Germany : a. belonging to . the Sa^LOd nation or language. .Baz'fpiMm, «. an idiom of tiie Saxon language. Says 9. aHQ)eech, what one has to say. Say. V. td speak, to allege, to tell. Say'ing, a. an expression, a proverb. BoMr «. an incrustation over a sore ; the mange, llMi itdi ; a dirty, low fellow. 8oii!bniMurd,<. the sheath of a sword. Scabbed, skabd, a. covered with scabs ; vile. ' floabbednets, s^V-ed-, s. state of being scabbed. Boab'bineM, s. st&te of being scabby. Boab'by, a. diatAsed v^ith scabs. Soa'bious, a. itoliy, leprous : «. a kind of plant. Soa'brous, a. rough, rugged, harsh. Scad, s. a fish like a mackereL Scaffold, s. a temporary stage or platform erected for the execution of criminals, or for builders to stand on while at work. Scaffold, V. to furnish vrith a scaffold. Scaffolding, s. materials for scaffolds ; a scaf- fold for workmen. Soa^liola, skal-y5'-Ia, It. 9, a plaster or stucco, with variegated colours, in imitation of marble. Scalable, a. that may be scaled. Scalade. See Escalade. ScSid, s. an ancient Scandinavian poet. Scald, skawld, v. to bum v^th hot liquor : 8. a bum by hot liquor. Scald, skawld, s. sCurf on the head. Soaldliead, «. a scabby or scurfy head. ScSld'io, a. relating to the Scolds. Soald'ing-hot, a. so hot as to scald. Scale, 8. a ladder ; a series of steps ; a graduated ruler ; gradation ; the sounds of the gamut ; one of ^e thin covering plates of a fish ; the order or ratio of a system of notation; one of the dishes of a balance. Scale, V. to mount as if by a ladder ; to peel off in scales. Scaled, a. having scales like a fish. Scaleless, a. having no scales. ScSIe'ne, a. apphed to a triangle whose sides are unequal to each other. Scaliness, 8. the state of being scaly. Scaling-ladder, 8. a ladder for scaling waUs. Scall, skawl, «. scald, scab, leprosy. Scallion, -yun, 8. a kind of onion. Scallop, skol'-up, 8. a shell-fish with a pectinated shell; an indenting or cut like those of a scallop-shell: v. to frame with scallops, as roimd the edge of anything. Scalloped, skol'-upt, a. having tho edge mai'ked with scallops. ScSlp, 8. the skin on the top of the head ; some- times the skull itself : v. to deprive of tho scalp. Scal'pel, 8. a surgical instrument. Scalp'ing-knife, 8. a knife used by Indians in taking off the scalps of their prisoners. Scaly, a. covered with scales. Seam'moiiy, s. a kind of gum-resin. Soamp, 8. a scapegrace, a rake, a roud. Soam per, v. to run with speed. Scan, V. to examine verse by coimting the feet ; to examine minutely. Scan'dal, 8. offence given by a fault ; reproach- ful aspersion; defamation; infamy: v. to give scandal ; to defame. Soan'dalise, v. to offend by committing some criminal act ; to defame. Scan'daloua, a. giving scandal ; shameful. Soan'dalouuy, ad. shamefully. Scan'dalousness, 8. the being scandalous. Scan'dent, a. climbing, creeping. Soan'ning, 8. the act of scannmg; act of ex- amining minutely. Soan'sion, «. the scanning of verses. Scant, V. to limit, to straiten : a. not plenti- ful ; not sufficient ; scanty. Soan'tily, ad. not plentifully ; sparingly. Soan'tiness, «. the state of being scanty. Scan'ile, v. to divide into thin pieces. Scantling, a. not plentiful, scant, small : 8. a small quantity ; a certain projwrtion ; a pat- tern; the breadth and thickness of tim- ber. Scantly, ad. scantily, sparingly. , Scanf nesB, 8. scantiness. Scan'ty, a. narrow ; small ; not sufficient ; not f uU or ample ; niggardly. Scape, contr. of Escape. Soa'pe-goat, «. the goat set at liberty by the Jews on the day of solemn expiation. Soa'pegrace, 8. an idle, worthless fdlow. Soa'pement. See Escapement. Soap'ula, L. «. the shoulder-blade. Scap'ular, Seap'ulary, a. pertaining to the shoulder : 8. a pturt of the habit of certain Roman Catholic religious orders, consisting of two woollen bands worn over the shoul- ders and breast. Scar, 8. the mark of a wound ; a cicatrix ; a rocky steep on a hill. Soar, V. to mark as vdth a sore or wound. Soir'ab^ Sf^'abee, Soarabsus, -be'-us, «. a beetle. Scar'amonch, «. a buffoon in motley dress. Scarce, a. not plentiful ; being in small quan- tity in proportion to the demand ; not com- mon ; rare : ad. scarcely. Soa'roely, ad. barely ; with difficulty. Sca'roeness, Soa'roity, 8. state of being scarce ; rareness; uncommonness. Scare, v. to frighten, to terrify suddenly. Sca'reorow, 8. an image set to frighten crows or birds from corn-fields; anything terrify- ing without danger. SoaxT, 8. a loose covering for the shoulders. Scarf, V. to throw loosely on; to join two pieces of timber at the ends so as to make one beam. Scarf'skin, «. the outer skin of the body. Scarifioa'tion, 8. the act of scarifying. Scar'ifler, 8. one who scarifies. Scar'ifi^, v. to lance or cut the skin. Sca'rious, a. in botany, tough, thin. Scarlatina, ^te'-na, 8. scarlet-fever. Scarlet, «. a deep-red colom ; red cloth. Scarlet, a. of the colour of scarlet. Scarlet-bean, Scarlet-run'ner, s. a plant. Scorlet-fe'ver, s. a disease characterised by a fate, fat, far; me, met, her; fine, fin ; note, not ; mate, ixut,\>>jCil\ \,^^,«Ni^J«Ss^fe\^C8i».,\>>.^\x. SOA ( 362 ) SOI fever, accomi>anied with a crimson-red fhish or eruption. 8oourlet-oak, s. a kind of oak, the ilex. Soorp, a. in fortification, a slope. Boats. See Skats, a fish. Boatiif «. harm, damage, injury. Boath, sk&th. Scathe, nkSUh, v. to damage, to waste, to destroy. Boath'f id, a. hurtful, destructive. Scaih' less, a. free from harm or damage. Soat'ter, v. to throw loosely about, to disperse ; to spread thinly. Scafter- brained, -braind, a. giddy, light- headed. Soaf tering. i. the act of dispersing. Scat'teringiy, ad. loosoly, disporsodlv. Boat'terling, s. a vagalx)nd, a spondt^irift. Soaur, a. a stoep rock. Hoe Scar. Soav'enger, -jor, a. a cleaner of the streets. Scene, sOn, a. part of a play; the curtain or hanging adapted to a play; any series of actions or objects exhibited ; a view or pro- spect. Scenery, «.' imagery, representation. Soene'-painter, a. one who paints scenes for theatres. Boen'io or bB'-, a. dramatic, theatrical. Scenograph'icaL sSn-, a. drawn in perspective. Boenograph'ioally, tid. in perspective. SoSnog'raphy, a. the art of perspective.	5,540
reportscasesarg473courgoog_1	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,846	Reports of cases argued and determined in the Supreme Court of Alabama	Alabama. Supreme Court	English	Spoken	9,118	14,863	+ Maintain attribution The Google "watermark" you see on each file is essential for informing people about this project and helping them find additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it. + Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can't offer guidance on whether any specific use of any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book's appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe. About Google Book Search Google's mission is to organize the world's information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers discover the world's books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web at http : //books . google Supreme Court of Alabama, DURING THE NOVEMBER TERM, 1901, —BY— PHAEES COLEMAN, STATE REPORTER. VOL. CXXXIII. MONTGOMERY, ALA.: THK BBOWN P&INTTNO CO , 8TATJB PBINTBR8 AND BINDBB8,. 1902. k Digitized by Google Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1902, by William D. Jelkb, GrovBRNOROF Alabama, For use of said State, In the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C. 6^. I^^t^, /i, /f^ 3. Digitized by Google OFFICERS OF THE COURT DUSIN'O XHB XIMB OP XMBSS DBCISIOI^S. THOMAS N. MoCLELLAN, Chief Justiob, Athens. JONATHAN HARALSON, Absooiatb Justice, Selma. JOHN B. TYSON, Associate Justice, Montgomery. HENRY A. SHARPE, Associate Justice, Birmingham. JAMES R. DOWDELL, Associate Justice, LaFayette. CHARLES Q. BROWN, Attorney-General, Birmingham. ROBEBT F. LIGON, Clerk, Montgomery. JUNIUS M. BIGGS, Marshal, Montgomery. WILLIAM W. HARRIS, Secretary, Decatur. Digitized by Google JUDGES OF CIRCUIT COURTS DURING THE TIME THE CASES REPORTED IN THIS VOLUME WERE TRIED. Ist Circuit Hon. John C. Anderson Demopolis. 2d Circuit. Hon. J. 0. Richardson Greenville. 3d Circuit Hon. A. A. Evans Clayton. 4th Circuit Hon. John Moorb Marion. 5th Circuit Hon. N. D. Dknson LaFayette. 6th Cii-cuit. Hon. Samubt. H. Sprott Livingston. 7th Circuit Hon. John Pblham Annit-ton. 8th Circuit Hon. O. Kyle Decatur. 9th Circuit Hon. J. A. Bilbro Gadsden. 10th Circuit Hon. A. A. Colbman Birmingham. 11th Circuit Hon. E. B. Almon Tuscumbia. 12th Circuit Hon. John P. Hubbard Troy. 13th Circuit. Hon. William S. Anderson. . .Mobile. CHANCELLORS DURING THE TIME THE CASES REPORTED IN THIS VOLUME WERE HEARD. Northern Chancery Division Hon. William H. Simpson, Decatur. Northeastern Chancery Division. . Hon. R. B. Kbllt, Anniston. Northwestern Chancery Division.. .Hon. J. C. Carmichabl, Birmingham Southeastern Chancery Division. . .Hon. W. L. Parks, Troy. Southwestern Chancery Division.. Hon. Thomas H. Smith, Mobile. SUPERNUMERARY JUDGE. Hon. A. H. Alston Clayton. Digitized by Google JUDGES OF INFERIOR COURTS OF LAW AND EQUITY DURING THE TIME THE CASES REPORTED IN THIS VOLUME WERE TRIED. A««!afr^T, r«;f,T n/^„«* i Hon. Jambs W. Lapslby* Anniston- Anniston City Court. \| ^^^ thomas W. Coleman, Jr. . Anniston. Bessemer City Court. Hon. B. C. Jones Bessemer. Binningham City court. jH-; ^3.lA''^;;r»""^;.;:liShtS: Gadsden " " Hon. John H. Disqub Gadsden. Mobile '* •* Hon. 0. J. Semmes Mobile. V/xnf^^^^^^xr " J Hon. A. D. Sayrb Montgomery. Montgomery \| ^^^ vVilliam H. Thomas.. . Montgomery. Selma " Hon. J. W. Mabry Selma. Talladega ** ' Hon. G. K. Miller. ....... .Talladega. Tuscaloosa County Court. . Hon. J. J. Maypield Tuscaloosa. Criminal Court of Jefferson 0^ ._ { Hon. Samuel E. Greene Birmingham. ^ J Hon. Daniel A. Greene — Birmingham. Criminal Court of Pike County Hon. E. B. Wilkerson Troy. Hon. James W. Lapsley died Nov. 22, 1901 ; ajid Hon. Thiomas W. Coleman, Jr., was appointed as his successor on Nov. 28, 1901. Digitized by Google Digitized by Google CASES REPORTED IN THIS VOLUME. Abraham ais. Hardee Acree v. Dabney Adair ft Co. v. Feder Adams V. State Ala. G. So. R. R. Co. v. Hall Ala. Min. R. R. Co. v. Jones Ala. Mutual Fire Ins. Co. v. Minchiener Anderson ats. Carroll Anderson v. State Andrews v. Meadow Arnold ft Co. ats. Massillon Engine ft Thresher Co Baker v. Carraway Bailey v. State Bates ats. N., C. ft St. L. R. Beatty v. Hobeon Bir. So. R. R. Co. v. Cuzzart Blackwell ats. L«ister Boram v. Posey Bostick V. Jacobs Bowen v. Chestnut. Brantley ft Co. ats. Merrill. Brewer ats. Burke Brigman ats. Fitzpatrick . .. Brown v. Fowler Brown v. State Bullock ats. Letohatchie Bap- tist Church Burke v. Brewer Bussey ats. Ingram Butler V. Butler Butler ats. Butler CaJera Land Co. ats. Meyer. Campbell ats. Long '. .. Campbell v. State Campbell y . State Carlisle ats. Collier Carraway ats. Baker Carroll v. Anderson Carter v. State Cash y. So. Express Co Cawley y. State Charleston y. State Cherry y. State Chestnut ats. Bowen Christian y. State Christopher y. Stewart City Council of Montgomery y. Foster Clark y. Johnson Clem y. Wise Collier y. Carlisle Collins ats. Moeeley. 341 437rOooaa Mfg. Co. y. Williams. 620 166 3t>2 664 632 671 660 442 868 502 155 447 270 262 337 666 344 668 537 889 242 310 152 548 389 539 377 377 554 353 81 158 478 502 671 160 272 128 118 664 326 606 Couch ats. So. Express Co.. 285 Craig y. Etheredge 284 Crawford y. Slaton 393 Cross y. Esslinger 409 CuUi y. House 204 Cumbe ats. Gillam 665 Cuzzart ats. Bir. So. R. R. Co. 262 Dabney ats. Acree 437 Daugherty ats. Richards 569 Dauphin ats. Griffin 543 Dayis ats. Russell 647 Dayis y. Sanders 275 Dayis y. Taylor 672 Does ats. Nolen 259 Douthit y. Nabors 453 Durrett y. State 119 E. E. Jackson Lumber Oa ats. Melton 580 Elston y. Roop ft Sewell 331 Engram y. State 663 Equitable Mortgage Co. y. Findley 575 Esslinger ats. Cross 409 Ethredge ats. Craig 284 Eyans y. So. Railway Co. . . 482 Ex parte Giles 211 Ex parte Jones 212 620 Feder ats. Adair ft Co.. Findley y. Hill 229 Finley ats. Equitable Mort- gage Co First Nat Bank y. Tyson.. Fitzpatrick y. Brigman Fitzpatrick ats. Mayor and Aldermen of Talladega. .. Folmar Sons ft Co. ats. Shiows 599 Foster ats. City Council of Montgomery 587 Fowler ats. Brown 310 Frederick y. L. ft N. R. R. Co. 486 Frith ft Co. y. Hollan 583 575 459 613 Gadsden ft Attalla Union 6681 R. Co. y. Julian, Admr. . . 371 109 Gadsden Land ft Improye- 348 ment Co. ats. Noble 250 ;Giles, Ex parte 211 587 GUlam y. Cumbee 665 432 Glass ft Co. y. Haygood 489 403 Gloyer y. Samuei 667 478Grider y. State 188 Digitized by Google VIII CASES REPORTED IN THIS VOLUME. Griffin v. Dauphin Hall ats. Ala. G. S. R. R. Co. Hall & Bro. v. Western As- surance Co Hamilton v. Maxwell Hampton v. State Hardee v. Abraham Haygood ats. Glass ft Co — Hays ats. Helena Coal Co.. Helena Coal Co. v. Hays Henderson v . Horton Hereford v. State Hicks Bros. v. Swift Creek Mill Co Higrman v. Humes Hill ats. Findley Hobaon ats. Beatty Hollan ats. Frith & Co. ..... Hood V. So. R. Co Horton ats. Henderson House ats. Culli Humes ats. Higman Hundley ats. Woodroof Hunt V. Matthews Hurst V. State Ingram v. Bussey Jackson, E. E., Lumber Co. ats. Melton Jackson ats. So. R. Co Jaoobi V. The State Jacobs ats. Bostlck James v. State Jlmmerson v. State Johnson ats . Clark Johnson v. State Jones ats. Ala. Min. R. R. Co. Jones, Ex parte Jones V. Nolen Jones ats. Postal Telegraph Cable Co Jones ft Co.. Winston v. Peeb- bles Julian, Admr. ats. Gadsden ft Attalla Union Railway Co. Kelly V. State Kenan ats. Lindsey Kicker v. State Laster v . Black well Letohatchie Baptist Church V. Bullock Levy V. State Lide V. State Lindsey v. Kenan Long V. Campbell L. & N. R. R. Co. ats. Fred- erick McAnulty v. State 543 McCalley v. Ragland 663 iMcClendon ats. McKissack.. 558 362McCormack v. State 202 McGauley ats. National B. ft 637 L. Association 66/ 233McKissack v. McClendon 558 180 Marlow v. State 659 341 Marlow v. State 662 489 Marks ft Gayle v. Wood 533 661 Mason ats. Montgomery Street 66ll R. Co 508 669 Massillon Engine ft Thresher 6a9i Co. V. Arnold ft Co 368 JMatthews ate. Hunt 662 411\|Maxwell ate. Hamilton 233 617 Mayor and Aldermen of 229 Talladega v. Fitzpatrick . . 613 270 Meadow ate. Andrews 442 583 Melton v. E. E. Jackson Lum- 374 ber Co 580 669\|Merrill v. Brantley ft Co 537 304 Meyer v. Calera Land Co... 554 617 •395 662 539 Minchener ate. Alabama Mutual Fire Ins. Co 632 Mitchell V. State 65 96 Montgomery, City Council of V. Foster 587 Montgomery Street R. Co. v. Mason 508 Moseley v. Collins 326 Motes V. Robertson 630 580 384 1 344 208 18 432 38 664 Nabors ate. Douthit 453 Nashville, Chattanooga ft St. Louis R. V. Bates 447 National Guaranty Loan ft Trust Co. ate. Walker 240 National B. ft L. Association V. McGauley 667 212,Nevill v. State 99 567 Noble v. Gadsden Land ft Im- ; provement Co 250 217\|Nolen v. Does 259 Nolen ate. Jones 567 290,Norwood v. Wood ft Hattemer 670 371 Jones Peebles ate. Winston ft Co 290 195 People's Ice Co. v. People's 532 National Bank 248 193 People's National Bank ate. I People's Ice Co 248 337 Pioneer Mining ft Manufac- turing Co. V. Thomas 279 Posey ats. Borom 666 Postel Telegraph Cable Co. 43 V. Jones 217 5^2 Ragland ats. McCalley 663 Richards V. Daugherty 569 Richardson v. State 78 Robertson ate. Motes 630 671 Roop ft Sewell ate. Elston . . 331 549 190 353 486 Digitized by Google CASES REPORTED IN THIS VOLUME. ix Russell V. Davis 647 Samuel ats. Glover 667 Sanders ats. Davis 275 Scott ats. Sheats 642 Scott V. State 112' Scott, State, ex rel v. Waller 199 Sheats v. Scott 642 Shows V. Folmar Sons & Co. 599 Slaton ats. Crawforu 393 Smith V. State 73 Smith V. State 145i Smith ats. Wells 660! Souther Car & Foundry Co. V. State 624; Southern Express Co. ats. Cash 272 Southern Express Co. v. Couch 285 Southern Railway Co. ats. Evans 482 Southern Railway Co. ats. I Hood 374I Southern Railway Co. v. \| Jackson 384 Sowell V. State 661 Spigner v. State 664 State ats. Adams 166 State ats. Anderson 660 State ats. Bailey 155 State ats. Brown 152 State ats. Campbell 81 State ats. Campbell 158 State ats. Carter 160 State ats. Cawley 128 Stajte ats. Charleston 118 Stole ats. .Cherry 664 Stote ats. Christian 109 Stote ats. Durrett 119 Stote ats. Engram 663 Stote ats. Urider 188 Stote ats. Hampton 180 State ats. Hereford 669 Stote ats. Hurst 96 Stote ats. Jacobi 1 State ats. James 208 State ats. Jimmeroon 18 State ato. Johnson 38 Stote ats. Kelly 195 Stote ats. Kicker 193 Stote ats. Levy 190 Stote ats. Llde 43 Stote ats. McAnulty 671 Stote ate. McOormack 202 Stote ats. Marlowe 659 Stote ate. Marlowe 662 Stote ate. Mitchell 65 Stote ate. Nevill 99 State ate. Richardson 78 Stote ate. Scott 112 Stote ate. Smith 73 Stote ate. ^mith 145 Stote ate. Southern Car & I Foundry Co 624 Stote ats. Sowell 661 Stote ate. Spigner 664 State ate. Stevens et al 28 State ate. Stewart 105 Stote ate. Thomas 139 Stote ate. Walkley 183 Stote ats. Watkins 88 Stote ate. White 122 Stote ate. Winter 176 Stote ate. Woods 162 State ex rel. Scott v. Waller 199 Stevens et al. v. Stote 28 Stewart ats. Christopher 348 Stewart v. Stote 105 Swift Creek Mill Co. ate. Hicks Bros 411 Talladega, Mayor and Alder- men of, V. Fitzpatrick 613 Taylor ats. Davis 672 Thomas ate. Pioneer Mining & Manufacturing Co 279 Thomas v. State 139 Thomas ate. VN^aliing 426 Torbert ate. Treadwell 504 Treadwell v. Torbert 504 Tyson ate. First Nat Bank. 459 Vaughan v. Walker 659 Walling V. Thomas 426 Waller ate". Stote ex rel. Scott 199 Walkley v. Stole 183 Walker v. National Guaranty Loan & . rust Co 240 Walker ats. Vaughn 659 Watkins v. State 83 Wells V. Smitn 660 Western Assurance Co. ate. Hall & Brotner 637 Whiite V. Stote 122 Wilkinson v. Wilkinson 381 Wilkinson ate. Wilkinson... 381 Williams ate. Cooea Mfg. Co. 606 Winston Jones ft Co. v. Peebles 290 Winter v. State 176 Wise ate. Clem 403 Wood ate. Marks ft Gkiyle. . 533 Wood ft Ha/ttemer ate. Nor- wood 670 Woodroof V. Hundley 395 Woods V. Stote 162 Digitized by Google ERRATA. In the 3d to the last line in the 3d headnote, in the case of Broton V. Fowler, on page 310, for "§ 897," read l89Ji. In the 1st line of the 3d headnote, in the case of HooA v. South- em Railtoay Co,, on page 374. for "bill" read appeal In the last line of the 1st headnote in the case o. Collier v, Car- lisle, page 47S, for *planV' read plainant, so as to make the word read cowrplainant instead of ^complanV* In the 5th line of the 4th headnote, in the case of Southern Car d Foundry Co. v. State, page 634, for "8 2142." read W122. Digitized by Google ALABAMA CASES CITED IN THIS VOLUME. Abbott V. Mobile, 119 Ala. 599 207 Abels V. P. ft M. Ins. Co., 92 Ala. 382 214 Aiken v. Brtdgeford, 84 Ala. 295 392 A. O. S. R. R. Co. V. Burgess, 119 Ala. 564 207 A. G. S. R. R. Co. V. Grabfelder, 83 Ala. 200 488 A. G. S. R. R. Co. V. Moorer, 116 Ala. 642 473 A. G. S. R. R. Co. ats. S. ft N. R. R. Co., 102 Ala. 236.. 376 Ala. M. R. Co. V. Brown, 129 Ala. 282 271 Ala. M. R. Co. v. Jones, 107 Ala. 400; 114 Ala. 519; 121 Ala. 113 665 Ala. Min. R. R. Co. v. Marcus, 128 Ala. 355 154 Alabama Iron Co. ats. Chambers, 67 Ala. 368 299, 801, 424 Alabama ft Georgia L. Co. ats. Tisdale, 131 Ala. 456 154, 165 Alexander ats. Smith, 87 Ala. 387 457 Alford V. Alford, 56 Ala. 350 233 Alford ats. Alford, 56 Ala, 350 ; 233 Alford ats. McGriff, 111 Ala. 634 552 Allaire ats. Mayor, 14 Ala. 400 616 Allen V. Daniel, 75 Ala. 408 425 Amer. Mort. Co. v. Inzer, 98 Ala. 608 622 Amos v. State, 123 Ala. 54 96, 105 Anderson v. State, 65 Ala. 5d3 96 Andrews ats. Powers. 84 Ala. 291 392 Athens ats. Baisler, 66 Ala. 194 500 Atkins V. State, 60 Ala. 45 207 Attorney-General ats. Hoole, 22 Ala. 194 473 Avants ats. Yarborough, 66 .Ala. 526 552 Baines v. Barnes, 64 Ala. 375 552 Baisler v. Athens, 66 Ala. 194 500 Baker v. State, 22 Ala. 1 42 Baker v. Washington, 5 S. ft P. 142 336 Ballard ats. Patapsco Guano Co., 107 Ala. 710 303 Barker ats. L. ft N. R. R. Co., 96 Ala. 435 408, 542 Barnes ats. Baines, 64 Ala. 375 552 Bamewall v. Murrell, 108 Ala, 379 402 Bartol V. Calvert, 21 Ala. 42 35j. Bass V. Bass, 88 Ala. 408 231 Bass ats. Bass, 88 Ala. 408 231 Bass ats. Newbum, 82 Ala. 622 392 Bates ats. Motes, 74 Ala. 378 423, 424 Beall V. Polmar, 122 Ala. 420 162 Beasley v. State, 59 Ala. 20 166 Beebe v. Buxton, 99 Ala. 188 392 Bell V. Hogan, 1 Stew. 539 232, 2b3 Bell ats. Weaver, 87 Ala. 385 424 Bell V. State, 115 Ala. 25 115 Ben V. State, 37 Ala. 103 27 Bemhelm v. Horton, 103 Ala. 380 646 Bernstein ats. Humes, 72 Ala. 546 547 Bessemer L. ft I. Co. v. Campbell, 121 Ala. 50 226 BlUingslea v. Sate, 68 Ala. 486 60 Bingham ats. Heflin, 56 Ala. 575 424 Birdsong ats. City Council, 126 Ala. 632 695, 596 Birge v. State, 78 Ala. 435 160 Birmingham, etc., v. Birmingham, etc., R. Co., 89 Ala 596 Birmingham, etc. R. Co. ats. Birmingham, etc. Co., 89 Ala. 465 596 Digitized by Google XII ALABAMA CASES CITED. Blackwood ats. Turrentine, 125 Ala. 436 504 Blake ats. Glaze, 56 Ala. 379 408 Bogan V. Daughdrlll, 51 Ala. 314 299 Bondurant v. State, 125 Ala. 31 88, 183 Bones v. State, 117 Ala. 138 152 Borders & Co. ats. Scarbrough, 115 Ala. 436 339 Bowden ats. Williams, 69 Ala. 433 394 Boswell V. Carlisle, 70 Ala. 244 425 Boswell V. State, 63 Ala. 397 64, 13./ Bowles ats Ragsdale, 16 Ala. 62 27S Boykin ats. L. & N. R. R. Co.. 76 Ala. 564 424 Brazealton v. State, 66 Ala. 97 115, 144 Brewer v. Logan, 19 Ala. 489 3ul Bridgeford ats. Aiken, 84 Ala. 295 39:5 Bridgeport Co. v. Tritsch, 98 Ala. 274 380 Bridges ats. C. & W. R. Co., 86 Ala. 448 525 Brigman ats. Fitzpatrick, 130 Ala. 450 247 Brown ats. Ala. M. R. Co., 129 Ala. 282 271 Brown ats. L. & N. R. R. Co., 121 Ala. 221 473 Brown ats. Riddle, 20 Ala. 412 422, 423, 424 Brown v. State. 79 Ala. 51 145* Brown v. State, 27 Ala. 47 .195 Brown v. State, 118 Ala. Ill 43 Browning v. State, 87 Ala. 80 104 Buford V. Raney, 122 Ala. 565 J42 Burgess ats. A. G. S. R. R. Co., 119 Ala. 564 207 Burke v. Taylor, 94 Ala. 530 430 Burks ats. Snider, o4 Ala. 53 262 Burleson ats. Speakman, 123 Ala. 678 458 Burney ats. Torrey, 113 Ala. 504 207 Burns v. Henry, 67 Ala. 209 408 Bums ats. Peeples, 77 Ala. 290 507 Burton v. State, 107 Ala. 68 li Bush ats. Jackson, 82 Ala. 396 326 Butler V. State, 91 Ala. 87 104 Buxton ats. Beebe, 99 Ala. 188 392 Byers v. State, 105 Ala. 31 64 Cabbell v. Williams, 127 Ala. 320 473 Calvert ats. Bartol, 21 Ala. 42 351 Campbell ats. Bessemer L. & I. Co., 121 Ala. 50 226 Campbell v. Davis, 85 Ala. 56 507 Campbell v. Noble, 110 Ala. 382 2rf2 Caloway ats. Faulk, 123 Ala. 325 631 Carhart v. Clark, 31 Ala. 396 351 Carleton ats. Randolph, 8 Ala. 606 547 Carlisle ats. Boswell, "iO Ala. 244 436 Carlton v. State, 100 Ala. 130 104 Carr v. State, 104 Ala. 1; Ih. 43 144 Carroll V. State, 23 Ala. 28 127 Carson ats. Holly, 39 Ala. 345 278 Casey v. Holmes, 10 Ala. 785 299 Catchings ats. Syndicate Ins. Co., 104 Ala. 176 636 Caulfleld v. Finnegan, 114 Ala. 39 323 Chadick ats. Hundley, 109 Ala. 575 240 Chambers v. Ala. Iron Co., 67 Ala. 358 299, 301, 424 Chamblee v. State, 78 Ala. 466 174 Chambliss ats. Seale, 35 Ala. 20 162 Chandler v. McPherson, 11 Ala. 916 289 Charleston ats. Ellington, 51 Ala. 166 336 Chewning ats. Ensley R. Co., 93 Ala. 26 :. .226, 473 Childress v. Monette, 54 Ala. 317 * 4i>9 Childs V. State, 55 Ala. 25 ] 60 Digitized by Google ALABAMA CASES CITED. xiii Churchwell v. State, 117 Ala. 124 104 City Council v. Blrdsong, 126 Ala. 632 595, 596 City Council ats. Douglass, 118 Ala. 599 473, 4t8 City Nat. Bank v. Jeffries, 73 Ala. 191 486 Clanton v. Scruggs, 95 Ala. 282 424 Clark ats. Carhart, 31 Ala. 396 351 Clark V. Knox, 70 Ala. 622 302, 303 Clayton ats. Littleton, 77 Ala. 571 343 Cobb V. Malone, 92 Ala. 630 539 Cocke ats. Pollard, 19 Ala. 188 646 Cocke ats. Speed, 57 Ala. 215 328 Coghill V. Kennedy, 119 Ala. 667 • 207 Collins V. Johnson, 57 Ala. 304 418 Col. & West. R. Co. V. Bridges, 86 Ala. 448 525 Comer ats. Smith, 65 Ala. 371 619 Commercial R. E. Asso. v. Parker, 84 Ala. 298 392 Common Qouncil ats. Johnson, 127 Ala. 244 622 Compton V. State. 110 Ala. 24 88, 174 Connell ats. Kelley, 110 Ala. 543 481 Continental Life Ins. Co. v. Webb, 54 Ala. 688 557 Coons ats. Kumpe, 63 Ala. 448 262, 4S9 Cooper V. Homsby, 71 Ala. 62 ' 459 Costello V. State, 108 Ala. 45 472, 473 Couch ats. Wailes, 75 Ala. 134 436 Cramer v. Watson, 73 Ala. 127 393 Crawford ats. Webb, 77 Ala. 440 ' 2S1 Crockett V. State, 38 Ala. 387 119 Croft V. State, 95 Ala. 3 108 Crook ats. Ramagnano, 88 Ala. 471 383 Cross V. State, 68 Ala. 476 62 Daniel ats. Allen, 75 Ala. 408 425 Dantzler v. Swift Creek Mill Co., 128 Ala. 410 154, 370. 533 Daughdrill ats. Bogan, 51 Ala. 314 2^9 Davis ats. Dunn, 12 Ala. 140 232 Davis ats. Montgomery St. R. Co., 92 Ala. 307 226 Davis V. State. 52 Ala. 357 95 Davis ats. Sterrett. 129 Ala. 268 154 Davis V. Young, 20 Ala. 151 4J5 Decatur L. Co. v. Palm, 113 Ala. Ensley R. Co. v. Chewning, 93 Ala. 26 226, 473 Erwln ats. Russell, 38 Ala. 44 508 Etowah Min. Co. v. Wills Valley Co., 121 Ala. 672 557 Eufaula v. Speight, 121 Ala. 613 631 Eufaula ats. Strouse, 110 Ala. 132 486 Eufaula Nat. Bank ats. Morris, 122 Ala. 680 447, 485 Evans v. Keeland, 9 Ala. 46 562 Evans v. S. ft W. R. Co., 90 Ala. 64 376 Evans v. State, 109 Ala, 11 71. 72 Evans v. State, 120 Ala. 269 62 Ewing V. Wofford, 122 Ala. 439 238, 285 Ex parte Edwards, 123 Ala. 102 328 Ex parte Hayes, 92 Ala. 120 214 Ex parte Knight, 61 Ala. 482 121 Ex parte Pearson, 76 Ala. 521 35a Ex parte Russell, 29 Ala. 817 363 Ex parte Tower Manfg. Co., 103 Ala. 416 214 Ex parte Woodruff, 123 Ala. 99 214 Ezzell V. Watson, 83 Ala. 120 458 Fallon V. State, 83 Ala. 5 Tl Faulk V. Caloway, 123 Ala. 325 631 Fielder v. Vamer. 45 Ala. 429 347 Fields V. Williams. 91 Ala. 502 425 Finnegan ats. Caulfleld, 114 Ala. 39 323 First Nat. Bank v. Nelson, 105 Ala. 180 447 Fitts ats. Lockwood, 90 Ala. 150 430 Fitzpatrick v. Brigmam, 130 Ala. 450 247 Fleming v. Moore, 122 Ala. 39B 481, 507, 508 Flinn ats. You, 34 Ala. 409 231 Folmar ats. Beall. 122 Ala. 420 162 Forbes ats. Jesse French Co., 129 Ala. 471 418 Fore V. McKenzie, 58 Ala. 115 309 Fouche V. Swain, 80 Ala. 151 619 Fountain v. State, 98 Ala. 40 88 Frank v. Myers, 97 Ala. 437 361 Freeman v. Speegle, 83 Ala. 191 542 Fuller V. State, 117 Ala. 36 62 Fumiss ats. Sheppard, 19 Ala. 760 278 Furniss ate. Shipman, 69 Ala. 562 430 Gadsden L. ft I. Oo. ats. McKleroy, 126 Ala. 193 255 Oafford v. Lofton, 94 Ala. 333 408 Garrett ats. Russell, 75 Ala. 348 652 Garrett v. State. 76 Ala. 18 166 Gassenheimer v. Marietta Paper Co., 127 Ala. 183 388 Gaston v. Sate, 117 Ala. 162 62 Gee V. Nicholson, 2 Stew. 512 3r4 George ats. M. ft O. R. R. Co., 94 Ala. 214 226 Germolgez v. State, 99 Ala. 218 60 Gibson v. State, 89 Ala. 121 95 Gibson V. Trowbridge Fur Co. , 96 Ala. 357 457 Gidley ats. L. ft N. R. R. Co., 119 Ala. 527 207 Gilmore v. State, 126 Ala. 20 88, 96, 109, 138, 175 Gindrat v. West. R. of Ala., 96 Ala. 162 231 Glaze V. Blake, 56 Ala. 379 408 Glens Falls Ins. Co. ats. Pope, 130 Ala. 356 636 Grabfelder ats. A. G. S. R. R. Co., 83 Ala. 200 488 Grady v. Wolsner, 46 Ala. 381 574 Grant v. State, 55 Ala. 207 :. 182 Green v. State, 97 Ala. 59 42 Griel v. Lomax, 89 Ala. 420 642 Griffin V. State, 90 Ala. 596 144 Digitized by Google ALABAMA CASES CITED. xv Grimball v. Patton, 70 Ala. 626 441 Guilmartin v. Wood, 76 Ala. 209 636 Gulf Ins. Co. V. Stephens, 51 Ala. 123 126 Hall ats. Hays, 4 Port. 385 3ul Hall ats. Henry, 106 Ala. 84 262 Hall ats. L. ft N. R. R. Co.. 131 Ala. 161 388, 4b2 Hall ats. Thorlngton, 111 Ala. 323 4Zd Hall ats. Western Assur Co., 112 Ala. 318; Il>, 120 Ala. 547.. 639 Hamilton v. Maxwell 119 Ala. 26 239 Hammond v. Winchester, 82 Ala. 470 424 Hampton v. State, 45 Ala. 82 60 Hanners ats. Northern, 121 Ala. 587 394 Hardy ats. Jones, 127 Ala. 221 213 Harkins ats. Pope, 16 Ala. 321 547 Harrall v. State, 26 Ala. 52 121 Harris v. Miller, 71 Ala. 26 459 Harris v. State, 96 Ala. 24 88 Harris ats. Stephenson, 131 Ala. 470 556 Harrison ats. Hundley, 123 Ala. 292 574 Efarrison ats. Jenkins, 66 Ala. 345 301 Harrison v. Yerby, 87 Ala. 185 475 Hawes V. State, 88 Ala. 37 64 Hayes, Ex parte, 92 Ala. 120 214 Hayes v. Hall, 4 Port. 385 301 Heard ats. Murray, 103 Ala. 400 622 Heflln V. Bingham, 56 Ala. 575 4£4 Heflln V. Slay, 78 Ala. 180 336 Heineke ats. Moore, 119 Ala. 639 207 Henry ats. Bums, 67 Ala. 209 408 Henry V. Hall, 106 Ala. 84 2b2 Herbert ats. Thames, 61 Ala. 340 352 Hewlett ats. State, 124 Ala. 471 3b3 H. A. ft B. R. R. Co. V. Miller. 120 Ala. 538 388 High. A. ft B. R. R. Co. v. Robbins, 124 Ala. 113 473 High. A. ft B. R. R. Co. ats. Thornton, 94 Ala. 353 242 Hill V. Tarver, 130 Ala. 592 328 Hobbs V. State, 74 Ala. 41 62, 63 Hogan ats. Bell, 1 Stew. 539 232, 233 Holley V. Inzer ats. Am. Mortg. Co., 98 Ala. 608 622 Jackson v. Bush, 82 Ala. 396 32tf Jackson ats. Pierce, 56 Ala. 599 336 Jackson v. State, 78 Ala. 47 72 Jackson v. State, 104 Ala. 1 64 James R. Ins. Co. v. Merritt, 47 Ala. 387 635 Jeffries ats. City Nat. Bank, 73 Ala. 191 486 Jenkins v. Harrison, 66 Ala. 345 301 Jesse French Co. v. Forbes, 129 Ala. 471 418 Jewett ats. Ortez, 23 Ala. 662 162 Johnson ats. Collins, 57 Ala. 304 418 Johnson v. Common Council, 127 Ala. 244 622 Johnson v. State, 12 Ala. 840 188 Johnson v. State,- 19 Ala. 527 195 Johnson v. State, 47 Ala. 33 60 Johnson v. State, 87 Ala. 39 145 Johjison V. State, 102 Ala. 3 116, 117 Johnston v. Nat, B. & L. Asso., 125 Ala. 465 668 Jolly V. State, 94 Ala. 19 272 Jones V. Englehardt, 78 Ala. 505 326 Jones V. Hardy, 127 Ala. 221 213 Jones ats. Ala. Min, R. R. Co., 107 Ala. 400; 114 Ala. 519; 121 Ala. 113 665 Jones ats. L. & N. R. R. Co., 83 Ala. 376 226 Jones V. Peebles, 130 Ala. 269 304 Jones V. Pelham, 84 Ala. 208 380 Jones V. State, 100 Ala. 88 157,* 207 Jones ats. Thomas, 84 Ala. 302 459 Karr v. State, 106 Ala. 1 .127 Karter v. Peck, 121 Ala. 636 271 Keeland ats. Evans, 9 Ala. 46 562 Kelley v. Connell, 110 Ala. 543 481 Kelly ats. Woodall, 85 Ala. 368 435 Kennedy ats. Coghill, 119 Ala. 667 207 Kennedy v, M. & U. R. R. Co., 74 Ala. 430.. 488 Key ats. English, 39 Ala. 113 547 Kilgore v. Stanley, 90 Ala. 523 88 Kimbrough v. State, 62 Ala. 248 172 King ats. Rhodes, 52 Ala. 272 278 King V. State, 100 Ala. 85 62 Kitt V. State, 117 Ala. 213 60 Knight, Ex parte, 61 Ala. 482 :. 121 Knox ats. Clark, 70 Ala. 622 302, 303 Koch V. State, 115 Ala. 99 183 Kumpe V. Coons, 63 Ala. 448 262, 439 Kyle V. Swem, 99 Ala. 573 '. 504 Lake ats. Sec. L. Asso., 69 Ala. 456 '. 435 Lang V. Wilkinson, 57 Ala. 259 646 Lanier ats. Waddell, 62 Ala. 349 430 Larcher v. Scott, 2 Ala. 40 343 Lawrence ats. Sprowl, 33 Ala. 674 560, 561, 563 Lazarus ats. Western R., 88 Ala. 453 366, 408 Lieath v. State, 132 Ala. 26 165 Lehman v. Moore, 93 Ala. 186 392 Lehman v. Shackle^ord, 50 Ala. 437 493 Lehman ats. Young, 63 Ala. 519 539 Levy ats. White, 91 Ala. 179 486 Linehan v. Sate, 113 Ala. 70 60, 117 Lindsay v. Williams, 17 Ala. 229 321 Linn ats. Munter. 61 Ala. 492 436 Digitized by Google ALABAMA CASES CITED. xvii Ltnnehan v. State, 120 Ala. 293 98 Linton v. State, 88 Ala. 216 197 Littleton v. Clayton, i7 Ala. 571 343 Loan Association ats. White, 63 Ala. 424 563 Lockwood V. Pitts, 90 Ala. 150 430 Lofton ats. Gafford, 94 Ala. 333 408 Logan ats. Brewer, 19 Ala. 489 301 Lomax ats. Griel, 89 Ala. 420 642 Long V. State, 27 Ala. 32 629 Long V. State, 86 Ala. 36 115 L- & N. R. R. Co. V. Barker, 96 Ala. 435 408, 542 L. ft N. R. R. Co. V. Boykin, 76 Ala. 564../ 424 L. ft N. R. R. Co. V. Brown, 121 Ala. 221. 473 L. ft N. R. R. Co. T. Gldley, 119 Ala. 527.' 207 L. ft N. R. R. Co. V. Hall, 131 Ala. 161....' 388, 452 L. ft N. R. R. Co. V. Jones, 83 Ala. 376 226 L. ft N. R. R. Co. V. McGuire, 79 Ala. 396 488 L. ft N. R. R. Co. V. Marbury L. Co., 126 Ala. 237 226, 366 L. ft N. R. R. Co. V. Markee, 103 Ala. 160 389 L. ft N. R. R. CO. V. M., J. ft K. C. R. R. Co., 124 Ala. 162.. 478 L. ft N. R. R. Co, V. Orr, 121 Ala. 489 226 L. ft N. R. R. Co. V. Sandlin, 125 Ala. 591 126 L. ft N. A. R. Co. ats. Stanton, 91 Ala. 384; 226 Lowe V. State, 86 Ala. 47 8 McAlpin V. Pool, Minor 316 343 McAnnally v. State, 74 Ala. 9 78, 145 McCall V. Mash, 89 Ala. 487 459 McConico ats. Williams, 36 Ala. 22 232 McCurdy v. Houston, 74 Ala. 162 547 McBlroy v. State, 120 Ala. 274 109 McGriff V. Alford, 111 Ala. 634 552 McGuire ats. L. ft N. R. R. Co., 79 Ala. 396 488 Mclnemy ats. Rich, 103 Ala. 345 278 Mclvor ats. Rutherford, 21 Ala. 750 539 McKenisie ats. Fore, 58 Ala. Mayor v. Rodgers, 10 Ala. 36 473 Mayor ats. State, 5 Port. 279 473 Meadors ats. S. & W. R. R. Co.. 95 Ala. 137 473 M. ft C. R. R. Co. V. Martin, 117 Ala. 367 226 Merritt ats. Insurance Co., 47 Ala. 387 635 Meyer v. Mitchell, 75 Ala. 475 301 Miller ats. Harris, 71 Ala. 26 459 Miaier ats. H. A. ft B. R. R. Co., 120 Ala. 538 388 Miller V. State, 45 Ala. 24 60 Miller V. State, 107 Ala. 40 109. 116, 117 Miller V. State. 40 Ala. 54 127 Mttchell ats. Meyer, 75 Ala. 475 301 Mitchell V. State, 114 Ala. 1 11, 63 Mitchell V. State, 129 Ala. 23 71, 72 Mobile ats. Abbott, 119 Ala. 599 207 M. ft G. R. R. Co. ats. Kennedy, 74 Ala. 430 488 M., J. ft St. L. R. Co. ats. L. ft N. R. R. Co.. 124 Ala. 162. 472 M. ft O. R. R. Co. V. George, 94 Ala. 214 226 Monette ats. Childress, 54 Ala. 317 459 Montgomery St R. Co. y. Davis, 92 Ala. 307 « 226 Moog ats. Phoenix Ins. Co., 78 Ala. 284 389 Moore ats. Fleming, 122 Ala. 399 481. 507. 508 Mooi^ V. Heineke, 119 Ala. 639 .- 207 Moore ats. Lehman, 93 Ala. 186 392 Moore v. State, 71 Ala. 307 188 Moore ats. Thornton, 61 Ala. 347 352 Moorer ats. A. G. S. R. R. Co., 116 Ala. 642 473 Morgan ats. Elyton L. Co., 88 Ala. 434 622 Morton v. N. O. ft S. R. Co., 79 Ala. 610 258 Morris v. Eufaula Nat. Bank, 122 Aia. 580 447, 485 Moses V. Mayor, 52 Ala. 207 616 Moses Bros. v. Home B. ft L. Asso., 100 Ala. 465 435 Motes V. Bates, 74 Ala. 378 423. 424 Mullens v. State, 45 Ala. 43 112 Munn ats. Painter, 117 Ala. 362 232 Murphy v. State, 59 Ala. 640 200 Munter v. Linn, 61 Ala. 492 i'6^ Murray v. Heard, 103 Ala. 400 622 Murrell ats. Barnewall, 108 Ala. 379 402 Myers ats. Frank, 97 Ala. 437 361 Nadel ats. O'Connor, 117 Ala. 595 542 Naugher v. State, 116 Ala. 563 138 Nelson ats. First Nat. Bank, 105 Ala. 180 447 Nevill ats. Twelves, 39 Ala. 175 232 Newbum v. Bass, 82 Ala. 622 392 New Orleans ft S. R. Co. ats. Morton, 79 Ala. 610 258 Nicholson ats. Gee, 2 Stew. 512 324 Nicholson v. State, 117 Ala. 32 179 Noble ats. Campbell, 110 Ala. 382 232 Noles v. State, 24 Ala. 672; Ih. 26 Ala. 31 121 North Birmingham Land Co. ats. Howie, 94 Ala. 389 430 Northern v. Hanners, 121 Ala. 587 394 Nutt V. State, 63 Ala. 184 157 O'Brien v. State, 91 Ala. 16 59, 188 O'Byrnes v. State, 51 Ala. 26 59 O'Conner v. Nadel, 117 Ala. 595 542 O'Connor v. State, 30 A1«l. 9 166 Ogboume ata. Roberts, 37 Ala. 174 231, 232, 233 Ogletree v. McQuaggs, 67 Ala. 580 ! 474, 573, 574 O'Neil V. Perryman, 102 Ala. 522 557 Orendorf v. Tallman, 90 Ala. 441 431 Digitized by Google ALABAMA CASES CITED. xix Oir ats. L. & N. R. R. Co., 121 Ala. 489 226 Orr V. State, 107 Ala. 35 160 Ortez V. Jewertt, 23 Ala. 662 162 Otis V. McMillan, 70 Ala. 46 392. 547 Oxford Lake L. Oo. v. Stedham, 101 Ala. 376 366 Fainter v. Mauldin, 119 Ala. 88 562 Painter v. Munn, 117 Ala. 322 240 Palm ats. Decatur Co., 113 Ala. 531 330 Parker ats. Commercial R. E. Asso., 84 Ala. 28 392 Parker v. Hubbard, 64 Ala. 203 330 Parker ats. State, 72 Ala. 183 563 Parkham v. Stringfellow, 5 Ala. 346 324 Parmer v. Parmer, 74 Ala. 285 392 Parmer ats. Parmer, '.4 Ala. 285 392 Parson V. State, 81 Ala. 577 64. 139 Parsons ats. Steiner, 103 Ala. 215 330 Patapsco Guano Oo. v. Ballard, 107 Ala. 710 303 Patton ats. Grimball, 70 Ala. 626 441 Paulk V. State, 52 Ala. 427 196, 197 Pearce ats. Dogue, 13 Ala 128 529, 530 Pearson, Ex parte, 76 Ala 521 353 Peck ats. Karter, 121 Ala.. 636 271 Pelham ats. Jonee, 84 Ala 208 380 Peebles ats. Jones, 130 Ala. 269 304 Peeples v. Bums, 77 Ala, 290 507 Peoples Asso. ats. Tlson, 57 Ala 323 408 Perry County v. Railroad Co., 58 Ala. 560 598 Perry v. Tuscaloosa, etc. Co., 85 Ala 158 445 Perryman ats. O'Neil, 102 Ala. 552 557 Petty V. Dill, 53 Ala 641 121 Phillips V. Ash, 63 Ala. 414 188 Phillips ats. Spoor, 27 Ala. 197 392 Phoenix Carpet Co. v. State, 118 Ala. 43 620 Phoenix Ins. Co. v. Moog, 78 Ala. 284 389 Pickens v. State, 115 Ala. Ray V. State, 126 Ala. 9 272 Redd V. State, 68 Ala. 429 127 Reeves v. Statie, 95 Ala. 41 189 Rhodes v. King, 52 Ala. 272 278 Ribet V. Ribet. 39 Ala. 348 383 Ribet ats. Ribet, 39 Ala. 348 383 Rich V. Mclnerny, 103 Ala. 345 278 Richardson r. Dunn, 79 Ala. 170 393 Riddle v. Brown. 20 Ala. 412 422, 423, 424 Riddle ats. Southern Home B. & L. Asso., 129 Ala. 562 436 Riley ats. Wood. 121 Ala. 160 : 48i Ritchie ats. May, 65 Ala. 602 232 Robbins ats. H. A. & B. R. R. Co.. 124 Ala. 113 473 Roberts v. Ogbourne, 37 Ala. 174 231, 232, 233 Robinson v. State, 54 Ala. 86 36, 121 Roden v. State, 97 Ala. 54 88. 116 Rodgers ats. Mayor, 10 Ala. 36 473 Rogers v. State, 117 Ala. 9 26. 62, 96, 105, 109 Roman v. Woolfolk, 98 Ala. 219 330 Roper ats. Wilkerson, 74 Ala. 140 214 Russell V. Erwin, 38 Ala. 44 , 508 Russell, Ex parte, 29 Ala. 817 353 Russell V. Garrett, 75 Ala. 348. 652 Rutherford v. Mclvor, 21 Ala. 750 : 539 Ryan v. State, 100 Ala. 108 77 Salter v. State, 99 Ala. 207 617 Sampson V. State, 107 Ala. 76 60, 95 Sanchie v. Webb, 97 Ala. Ill 258 Sanders v. State, 129 Ala. 69 182 Sandlin ats. L. & N. R. R. Co.. 125 Ala. 591.... 126 Sav. & West. R. Co. ats. Evans, 90 Ala. 54 376 Sav. & West. R. R. Co. v. Meadors, 95 Ala. 137 473 Scarbrough v. Borders & Co. , 115 Ala. 436 339 Soott ats. Larcher, 2 Ala. 40 .-. 343 Scott V. State, 95 AJa. 20. 12/ Scruggs ats. Clanton, 95 Ala. 282 424 Seale v. Chambliss. 35 Ala. 20 162 Searcy ats. Wilkinson, 76 Ala. 181 426 Sec. L. Asso. v. Lake, 69 Ala. 456 43b Selma, etc. R. R. Co. ats. Perry County, 58 Ala. 560 598 Shackelford ats. Lehman, 50 Ala. 437 493 Sheppard v. Furniss, 19 Ala. 760 278 Sherrod v. Sherrod, 38 Ala. 537 441 Sherrod ats. Sherrod, 38 Ala. 537 441 Shipman v. -Furniss, 69 Ala. 562 430 Slay ats. Heflin, 78 Ala. 180 336 Smaw V. Young, 109 Ala. 528 439 Smith V. Alexander, 87 Ala. 387 457 Smith V. Comer, 65 Ala. 371 619 Smith V. State, 55 Ala. 1 .115, 144, 207 Smith V. State, 68 Ala. 430 175 Snider v. Burks, 84 Ala. 53 262 Southern Home B. & L. Asso. v. Riddle. -129 Ala. 562 43(S S. & N. Ala. R. R. Co. v. A. G. S. R. R. Co., 102 Ala. 236.. 376 S. & N. R. R. Co. V. Pilgreen, 62 Ala. 305 343 Speakman v. Burleson, 123 Ala. 678 458 Speed V. Cocke, 57 Ala. 215 328 Speegle ats. Freeman, 83 Ala. 191 642 Speight ats. Eufaula, 121 Ala. 613 53i. Spoor V. Phillips, 27 Ala. 197 392 gprowl V. Lawrence, 33 Ala. 674 560, 561, 663 Stanley ats. Kilgore, 90 Ala. 523 hS Digitized by Google ALABAMA CASES CITED. , Xxi Stanton v. L. ft N. R. R. Co., 91 Ala. 384 226 State ats. Amos, 123 Ala. 54 97, 106 State ats. Anderson, 65 Ala. 553. .• 95 State ats. Atkins, 60 Ala. 45 '. 207 State ats. Baker, 22 Ala. 1 42 State ats. Beaeley, 59 Ala. 20 165 State ats. Bell, 115 Ala. 25 115 State ats. Ben, 37 Ala. 103 27 State ats. Billlngslea, 68 Ala. 486 60 State atB. Blrge, 78 Ala. 435 I6u State ats. Bondurant, 125 Ala. 31 '. 88, 183 State ats. Bones, 117 Ala. 138 i 152 State ats. Boswell, 63 Ala. 397 64, 139 State ats. Brazealtbn, 66 Ala. 97 , 115, 144 State ats. Brown, 27 Ala. 47 195 State ats. Brown, 79 Ala. 51 /. 14y State ats. Brown, 118 Ala. Ill 43 State ats. Browning, 87 Ala. 80 104 Stote ats. Burton, 107 Ala. 68 Iv State atA. Buitler, 91 Ala. 87 104 State ats. Byers, 105 Ala. 31 : 64 State ats. Carlton, 100 Ala. 130 104 State ats. Carr, 104 Ala. 1; /d. 43 .' 144 State ate. Carroll, 23 Ala. 28 127 State ate. Chamblee, 78 Ala. 466 174 Slate ate. Childs, 55 Ala. 25 60 State ate. Chjurchwell, 117 Ala. 124 104 State ate. Compton, 110 Ala. 24 88, 174 State ate. Costello, 108 Ala. 45 .* 472, 473 State ate. Crockett, 38 Ala. 387 \ 119 State ats. Croft, 95 Ala. 3 108 State ate. Cross, 68 Ala. 476 62 State ats. DaughdriU, 113 Ala. 7 65 State ate. Davis, 52 Ala. 357 ;. 9b State ate. Dennis, 118 Ala. 72 96, 2UY State ate. Diggs, 77 Ala. 68. : 120 State ate. state ats. Hurst, 86 Ala. 604 18« State eAA. Huaeey, 87 Ala. 135 27, 60, 71 State ata. Jackson, 104 Ala. 1' 64 S(tate ats. Jackson, 78 Ala. 47 72 State ats. Johneon, 12 Ala. 840 188 State ats. Johnson, 19 Ala. 527 196 State ats. Johnson, 47 Ala. 33 60 State ats. Johnson, 87 Ala. 39 145 State ats. Johnson, 102 Ala. 3 116, 117 State ats. Jolly. 94 Ala. 19 272 State ats. Jones, 100 Ala. 88 157, 207 State ats Karr, 106 Ala. 1 I2f State ats. Kimbrough, 62 Ala. 248 172 State ats. King, 100 Ala. 85 62 atate ats. Kltt. ±17 Ala. 213 60 State ats. Koch, 115 Ala. 99 183 State ats. Leath, 132 Ala. 26 165 State ats. Linehan. 113 Ala. 70 60, 117 State ats. Linnehan, 120 Ala. 293 98 State ats. Linton, 88 Ala. 216 19/ State ats. Long, 27 Ala. 32 629 State ats. Long, 86 Ala. 36 115 State ats. Lowe, 86 Ala. 47 8 State ats. McAnally. 74 Ala. 9 78. 189 State ats. McElroy. 120 Ala. 274 109 State ats. McLean. 16 Ala. 672 13J State ats. McMunn, 113 Ala. 86 96 State ats. McQueen, 103 Ala. 13 116 State ats. McQueen. 94 Ala. 50 127 State ate. Marshall, 8 Ala. 302 115. 144 State ats. Martin, 77 Ala. 1 88 State ats. Martin, 119 Ala. 1 64 State ats. Maxwell, 89 Ala. 150 64, 139 State V. Mayor, 5 Port. 279 473 State ats. Miller, 45 Ala. 82 60 State ats. Miller, 107 Ala. 40 109, 116, 117 State ate. Miller, 40 Ala. 54 127 State ats. Mitchell, 114 Ala. 5 11, 6d State ats. Mitchell 129 Ala. 23 71, 72 State ate. Moore, 71 Ala. 307 188 State ats. Muillens, 45 Ala. 43 112 State ate. Murphy, 59 Ala. 640 200 State ats. Naugher, 116 Ala. 462 138 State ate. Nicholson, 117 Ala. 32 179 Slate ate. Noles, 24 Ala. 672; /d. 26 Ala. 31 121 State ate. Nutt, 63 Ala. 184 157 State ate. O'Brien, 91 Ala. 16 59, 188 State ats. O'Byrnee, 51 Ala. 26 43 State ate. O'Connor, 30 Ala. 9 166 State ate. Orr, 107 Ala. 35 160 State T. Parker, 72 Ala. 183 663 State ate. Parsons, 81 Ala. 577 64. 139 Sitete ats. Paulk, 52 Ala. 427 196, 197 Sftate ats. Phoenix Carpet Co., 118 Ala. 43 629 ^tate ets. Pickens, 115 Ala. 43 127 State ats. Prior, 77 Ala. 56 ..,., 4^ State ate. Pullam, 78 Ala. 31 189 State ate. Ragland, 125 Ala. 14 26, 60, 62, 64 State ate. Ray, 126 Ala. 9 272 State ate. Redd, 68 Ala. 429 127 State ate. Reeves, 95 Ala. 41 ', 189 Stale ate. Robinson, 54 Ala. 86 36, 121 State ate. Roden, 97 Ala. 54 88, Utf Digitized by Google ALABAMA CASES CITED. xxni state ata. Rogers, 117 Ala. 9 26,' 62, 96. 105, 109 State ats. Ryan, 100 Ala. 108 77 State ata. Salter, 99 Ala. 207 617 State ats. Sampson, 107 Ala. 76 60, 95 State ats. Sanders, 129 AkL 69 182 State ats. Scoitt, 95 Ala. 20 127 State ats. Smith, 55 Ala. 1 115, 144, 207 State ats. Smith, ©8 Ala. 430 175 State ats. Stlllwell, 107 Ala. 16 117 State ats. Stone, 105 Ala. 60 88 State ats. Stoneking, 118 Ala. 70 174 State ats. Storey, 71 Ala. 329 95 State aAs. Tanner, 92 Ala. 5 60 State atfl. Tatum, 63 Ala. 147 207 State ats. Taylor, 112 Ala. 69 182 State ats. Terry, 118 Ala. 79 6^Z State ats. Terry, 120 Ala. 286 66 State ats. Tesney, 77 Ala. 33 88 State ats. Thomas, 94 Ala. 74 77. 121 State ats. Thomas, 109 Ala. 25 150 State ats. Thomas, 124 Ala. 48 174 State ats. Thomason, 30 Ala. 444 99 State ats. Thompson, 48 Ala. 165 16b State ats. Thompson, 106 Ala. 67 11, 95 State ats. Thompson, 122 Ala. 12 65 Stae ats. Thornton, 113 Ala. 44 IIY State ats. Turner, 124 Ala. 59 109 State V. Underwood, 2 Ala. 744 36 State ata. Walker, 58 Ala. 393 126 State ats. Walker, 91 Ala. 76 64, 96, 139 State ats. Ward, 50 Ala. 120 182 State ate. White, 72 Ala. 195 149 State ate. White, 74 Ala. 31 197 State ate. Wickard, 109 Ala. 45 144 State ate. Wiley, 99 Ala. 146 138 State ate. Wilkins, 112 Ala. 55 28, 137 State ate. Wilkins, 98 Ala. 1 •. ./. 72 State ate. Williams, 44 Ala. 28 60 State V. Williams, 69 Ala. 311 353 State ate. Winslow, 76 Ala. 47 150 Stete ate Winter, 123 Ala. 1 71 State ate. Withers, 36 Ala. 262 200 State ate. Woods, 76 Ala. 35 160 State ate. Wright, 79 Ala. Swem ats. Kyle, 99 Ala. 573 504 Swift Creek Mill Co. ats. Dantzler. 128 Ala. 410 .'.154, 370, 533 Syndicate Ins. Co. v. Catchlngs, 104 Ala. 176 ....:. 636 Tallman ats. Orendorf » 90 Ala. 441 ; 431 Tanner V. State, 92 Ala. 5 60 Tarver ats". Hill, 130 Ala. 592 32i Tatum V. State, 63 Ala. 147 207 Taylor ats. Burke, 94 Ala. 530 430 Taylor v. State, 112 Ala. 69 ..» 182 Terry v. S'tate, 118 Ala. 79 62 Tesney v. State, 77 Ala. 33 88 Thames V. Herbert, 61 Ala. 340 ' 352 Thomas V. Jones, 84 Ala. 302 459 Thomas v. State, 94 Ala. 76 77, 121 Thomas v. State, 109 Ala. 25 150 Thomas V. State, 124 Aia. 48 ..: 174 TlfiomoBon v. State, 30 Ala; 444 99 Thompson v. Statej 48 Ala. 165 165 Thompson v. StaAe, 106 Ala. 67 11, 96 Thorington v. Hall, 111 Ala. 323 439 Thornton v. Highland Ave. & B. R. R. Co., 94 Ala. 353 242 Thornton v. Moore. 61 Ala. 347 352 Thornton v. State, 113 Ala. 44 117 Tlllis V. Treadwell, 117 Ala. 448 423 Tisdale v. Ala. & Ga. L. Co., 131 Ala. 456 154, 155 Tison V. Peoples Asso., 57 Ala. 323 408 Torrey v. Burney, 113 Ala. 504 207 Tower Manfg. Co. Ex parte, 103 Ala. 415 214 Treadwell ats. Tlllis, 117 Ala. 448 423 Trltsch ats. Bridgeport Co. , 98 Ala. 274 330 Trowbridge Furniture Co. ats. Gibson, 96 Ala. 357 457 Turner v. State, 124 Ala. 59 109 Turrentine v. Blackwood, 125 Ala. 436 .'. 504 Tuscaloosa, etc. Co. ats. Perry, 85 Ala. 158 445 Tulwiler ats. Steele, 68 Ala. 107 561 Twelves v. Nevill, 39 Ala. 175 232 Tyson v. Decatur L. Co., 121 Ala. 414 622 Underwood ats. State, 2 Ala. 744. 36 VanArdsdale & Co. v. Howard, 5 Ala. 596 642 Vamer ats. Fielder, 45 Ala. 429 347 Waddell v. L^anier, 62 Ala. 349 430 Wadsworth ats. Southern Granite Co., 115 Ala. 570 504 Waganer ats. Planters L.lne, 71 Ala. 581 255 Wailes V. Couch, 75 Ala. 134 436 Walker v. State, 58 Ala. 393 126 Walker v. State, 91 Ala. 76 64, 95, 139 Walker ats. Steele, 115 Ala. 485 504 Ward V. State, 50 Ala. 120 182 Warren v. Hunt, 114 Ala. 506 623 Washington ats. Baker, 5 S. & P. 142 336 Watson ats. Cramer, 73 Ala. 127 393 Watson ats. Ezzell, 83 Ala. 120 458 Watson ats. Strange, 11 Ala. 324 301 Watson V. Williamson, 129 Ala. 362 232 Weaver v. Bell, 87 Ala. 385 424 Webb ats. Continental Life Ins. Co., 54 Ala. 688 557 Webb V. Crawford, 77 Ala. 440 r Webb V. Demopolis, 87 Ala. 666 473, 478 Webb ats. Sanche» 97 Ala, 111 ..... , 238 Digitized by Google ALABAMA CASES CITED. xxv Western Afisur. Co. v. Hall, 112 Ala. 318; lb. 120 Ala. 547... 639 Western R. of Ala. ats. Gindrat, 96 Al-a. 162 231 Western R. Co. v. Lazarus, 88 Ala. 463 366, 408 Whaley v. Wilson, 112 Ala. 630 474 White V. Levy, 91 Ala. 179 486 White V. Loan Assocation, 63 Ala. 424 563 White V. State. 74 Ala. 31 197 White V. State, 72 Ala. 195 149 Wlckard v. State, 109 Ala. 45 144 Wiley V. StaAe. 99 a:*. 146 138 Wllkereon v. Roper, 74 Ala. 140 214 Wilkins v. State, 98 Ala. 1 72 Wilkins v. State, 112 Ala. 55 26, 137 Wilkinson ats. Lang, 57 Ala. 259 646 Wilkinson v. Searcy, 76 Ala. 181 425 Wilkinson v. State, i06 Ala. 28" 36 Williams v. Bowden, 69 Ala. 433 394 Willams ats. .Cabbell, 127 Ala. 320 473 Williams ats. Fields. 91 Ala. 502 425 Williams ats. Lindsay, 17 Ala. 229 321 Williams v. McConlco, 36 Ala. 22 232 Will^'ams v. State. 44 Ala. 28 CO Williams ats. State. 69 Ala. 311 353 Williamson a's. Watson. 129 Ala. 362 232 Wilte Valley Co. ats. JEJtowah Min. Co.. 121 Ala. 672. i 557 Wilson V. Duncan. 114 Ala. 659 214 Wi:son ats. Whaley. 112 Ala. 630 474 Winchester ats. Hammond. 82 Ala. 470 42 i Winalow v. Iritate. 76 Ala. 47 150 Winston ats. Woodruff, 68 Ala. 412 352 Winter v. State, 123 Ala. 1 71 Withers v. State, 36 Ala. 252 200 Wofford ats. Ewing, 122 Ala. 439 238, 235 Wolsner ats. Grady, 46 Ala. 381 574 Wood ats. Guilmar.in, 76 Ala. 209 636 Wood ats. Ragland, 71 Ala. 145 542 Wood V. Riley, 121 Ala. 160 481 Woodall v. Kelly, 85 Ala. 368 435 Woodroof V. Hundley. 127 Ala. 640 401 Woodruff, Ex parte, 123 Ala. 99 214 Woodruff V. Winston, 68 Ala. 412 3:^2 Woods V. State, 76 Ala. 35 160 Woolfolk ats. Roman, 98 Ala. 219 330 Wright V. Jacobi !;• The State. Indictment for Assault with Intent to Rape. Evidence; when secondary evidence of testimony of absent wit- ness admissible. — When a witness has removed from the State permanently or for an indefinite time, his testimony on any former trial of the defendant for the same otfense may be given in evidence against the defei^dant on any subsequent trial. Same; sam^; case at har.-^n a trial under ^ indictment for an I assault with intent to rape, it was shown that uppn a former trial of the defendant for the sax^io ofifenee there was a mistrial; that the woman alleged to have been as- saulted was present and testified on the former trial; but ' that she was not present at the second trial. The ret^urn of the officer on the subpoena issued for the woman assaulted showed that she could not be found in the county of her former residence, which was the only residence there was any evidence tending to show she ever had in the State. It was shown that she was not married, and had al« ways resided with her mother. A brother of said witness testified that l^is mother's home, where his sister lived, had been broken up after the first trial of the defendant, and his mother had moved to Georgia, and that his sister had also gone to Georgia, and that a short time before the pres- ent trial, he had received a letter from his sister which was written by her in Georgia, where she had been after the removal from this State. Her brother further testified that after the former trial she stated that she would "rather die than go back to another trial and go through the same or- deal." Held: That such evidence showed with requisite clearness that said witness was permanently or ijndefinitely absent from the State at the time of the trial, and that Digitized by Google 2 SUPREME COURT fNov. Term. [Jacobi V. The State.] Becondary eyidence of her testimony on the former trial was admissible. 3. Same; admissibility of evidence. — In such a case, a statement by the woman assaulted, after the former trial, that she "had rather die than go back to another trial and go through the same ordeal," is admissible in evidence in connection with the inquiry as to whether or not her absence from the second trial was of a permanent or indefinite nature. 4. Assault with intent to rape; charge io the jury. — On a trial under an indictment for an assault with intent to rape, a charge is not improperly given at the request of the State, which requires the Jury to l)elieve certain facts which the State's evidence tended to show beyond a reasonable doubt, and then directs the jury that they are authorized to look at these facts, "if they be facts," in connection with all the other evidence In the case, in determining whether or not the defendant assaulted the person named in the indictment, and if he did so assault heri whether or not at that time he had the intent to have sexual Intercourse with her against , her will and by force, if necessary to accomplish his purpose, and then directs the jury that if they are satiflfled beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant had assaulted said person, and had at the time such intent, he would be guilty of an assault with intent to ravish. 5. Same; same.'-On a trial under an indictment tor an assault with intent to forcibly ravish, a charge which instructs the 3ury tfhat "any touching by one person of tne person of an- other in rudeness or aoiger Is an assault and battery, and every assault and battery includes an assault," Is free from error and properly given at the request of the State. 6. Same; general a;ffirmaiive change, — On a trial under an indict- ment tor an assault forcibly to ravish, where there was evi- dence introduced tending to support every material allega- tion of the indictment, the general affirmative charge re- quested by the defendant is properly refused. 7. Same; charge to the jury. — On a trial under an indictment for an assault with intent to forcibly ravish, a charge is erroneous and properly refused which instructs the jury that "in a charge to commit rape, the evidence, to be sumcient to Jus- tify conviction, must show such acts and conduct on the part of the defendant, that there is no reasonable doubt of his intention to gratify his lustful desire, nothwithstanding any resistance on the part of the female," such instruction assuming that the charge contained in the indictment against the defendant was rape. Vol. 133.	26,892
diaryofjameskpol01polk_14	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,910	The diary of James K. Polk during his presidency, 1845 to 1849 : now first printed from the original manuscript in the collections of the Chicago Historical Society	Polk, James K. (James Knox), 1795-1849 \| Quaife, Milo Milton, 1880-1959	English	Spoken	7,319	9,313	His opinion was that the basis of 49 ° was the proper line of settlement. I repeated what I once before said to him, that if Great Britain offered that line, or if she offered it retaining to herself the Southern cap[e] of Vancouver's Island & the temporary navi- gation of the Columbia River for a term of years, that in either case I would submit the proposition to the Senate in Executive Session and take their ad- vice before I acted on it. Col. B. said that in either case he would advise its acceptance. I expressed to him as I have uniformly done to others that the 1 Charles Wilkes, 1798-1877; from 1838 to 1842 he was en- gaged in exploring the islands of the Southern Pacific and the western coast of North America. Captain Wilkes became promi- nent later in connection with the Trent affair, at the beginning of the Civil War. i846] JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY 325 Notice should be given speedily & regretted the de- lay. I told Col. B. that I had no expectation that Great Brittain would make any proposition until Congress passed the Notice; that as long as she cal- culated on our divisions she would make no move- ment & there would be no prospect of a settlement. Col. Benton then said he had another proposition to submit to me for my consideration. It was this: that when the notice was passed, I should consult the Senate in Executive Session, whether at the time I gave it I should not renew the offer of 490, which I had made and withdrawn last summer. He said he would advise me to do so. I told him I had not contemplated doing so. He said he thought it im- portant I should do so, and asked me to consider of it. I told him I would do so. He said, after hav- ing repeated his views of title & his conviction that the question ought to be settled on the basis of 490, he would if I thought it best make a speech to that effect in the Senate; or he would reserve himself and make his speech in Executive Session if I should con- sult the Senate. I told him I could not advise him to speak in open Senate; that I thought the great error of the whole debate in both Houses had been that whatever had been said was spoken not only to our own people but to the Brittish Government; that we thereby exposed our hand, whilst our adversary kept hers concealed. He concurred in this view. I told him if he chose to speak he had better do so after the notice was given, in Executive Session. I informed Col. B. that Mr. Slidell, the U. S. Minister to Mexico, had been rejected by the Mexi- 326 JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY [10 April can Government, which had refused to receive him, & that he had demanded his passports, and that un- less the Mexican Government reconsidered their re- fusal to receive him he would return immediately to the U. States. We had a full conversation in reference to our relations with Mexico, & the steps proper to be taken, and especially if the principal Powers of Europe should attempt to force a Foreign Prince on a throne in Mexico. In the course of the conversation Col. B. remarked that his opinion was that our ablest men should be Ministers to the South American States; that we should cultivate their friendship and stand with them as the Crowned Heads of Europe stood together. He considered the missions to Europe less important than those to South America, and incidentally he stated a fact of which I had never heard before. It was that Gen'l Jackson had offered him the first mission to Europe which he had declined. He did not mention to which of the Courts he had been offered the mission. Col. B. spoke throughout in the most friendly terms and the interview was a pleasant one. I told him as he was about to leave that I would send for him when I next heard from Mexico. Friday, loth April, 1846. — Saw company until 11 O'Clock this morning. I had important business on my table and therefore closed my doors an hour earlier than usual. Nothing I suppose was lost to the public by this, as all the visitors I had this morn- ing appeared to be office seekers. The passion for office seems to increase. I tell all who call that I 1846] JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY 327 have no vacancies to fill, but still I am annoyed by constant application. Senator Houston of Texas called at 1 O'Clock. I had sent for him to consult him in reference to our relations with Mexico. Senator Allen, ch. of com. of Foreign affairs of the Senate, for whom I had also sent, called at 2 O'Clock P. M. I consulted him also in relation to Mexico. After consulting these gentlemen I determined to make no communi- cation to Congress on the subject until the facts should be certainly ascertained that Mr. Slidell had received his passports and left Mexico. This was the opinion I had formed before seeing them, and I was confirmed in it after consulting with them. Saw company in the parlour this evening, this being one of the evenings set apart for receiving company informally. The company was not large, probably not exceeding fifty persons, consisting of ladies and gentlemen. Saturday, nth April, 1846. — The Cabinet held a regular meeting to-day; all the members present except the Secretary of State, who was still absent on a visit to his residence in Pennsylvania. Despatches received from Mr. Slidell, our Min- ister to Mexico, announcing that the Mexican Gov- ernment had a second time refused to accredit him, and that he had demanded his passports, were read, and it was unanimously agreed that before it was proper to make any communication to Congress on the subject we should wait until he had actually re- turned to the U. States. Some other business was 328 JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY [n April transacted, but of no great importance. At about i V2 O'Clock P. M., the Cabinet having finished the busi- ness before it, the Secretary of War and the P. M. General retired. The other members of the Cabi- net remained in my office in conversation, when about 2 O'Clock P. M. Mr. Buchanan, the Secretary of State, came in, having returned to-day from his visit to Pennsylvania. He remained with the other gentlemen of the Cabinet, who had not retired when he came in, for near an hour, during which time what had occurred in his absence was the subject of conversation. I told him among other things that I was glad he had returned, and took his opinion in reference to our Mexican affairs. He concurred in opinion that we should wait until Mr. Slidell actu- ally returned to the U. States before it would be proper for me to make any communication to Congress on the subject. I called Mr. Buchanan's attention to a call made by the House of Representa- tives for information in relation to the expenditure of the Secret Service fund during the period Mr. Webster was Secretary of State, and requested him to prepare the information and Report it to me to be communicated to Congress. Had a dining party to-day at 5 O'Clock P. M. consisting of Senator Turney and Representatives Cullom, Jones,1 Chase, B. Martin & wife, Stanton & wife, and Col. T. H. Laug[h]lin and Miss John- son, daughter of Hon. Andrew Johnson 2 of the Ho. 1 George W. Jones, Representative from Tennessee 1 843-1 853, and 1855-1859. 2 Representative from Tennessee 1 843-1 853, President of the United States 1 865-1 869. 1846] JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY 329 Repts., all from Tennessee, and being the old Demo- cratic members of Congress from Tennessee and their families who were in Washington. Mr. A. Johnson was prevented from attending by indisposi- tion. I invited Col. Laughlin to dine with them. It was a very pleasant party. The Secretary of the Senate brought me a Resolu- tion of the Senate passed to-day announcing the con- firmation of several nominations, and among others of James H. Tate of Mississippi as consul to Buenos- ayres [Buenos Ayres]. Strenuous opposition had been made by Hon. Jacob Thompson against the con- firmation of this nomination shortly after it was made in the early part of this Session of Congress, a full account of which is recorded in this diary & to which I refer. Mr. Thompson called this even- ing to introduce some friends, appeared to be friendly but did not allude to Dr. Tate's nomination. The truth is he acted badly on the subject, and prob- ably now regrets it. The Treaty 1 negotiated by my brother, Wm. H. Polk, with the King of the Two C[S]icilies was ratified by the Senate to-day. SUNDAY, 1 2th April, 1846. — Attended the First Presbyterian Church to-day, in company with Mrs. Polk, my niece, Miss Rucker, & my nephew, Mar- shall T. Polk. MONDAY, 13th April, 1846. — Was much en- gaged this morning in preparing & having copied two messages to Congress, the one relating to the 1 U. S. Stat, at Large, IX, 833-842. 33o JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY [14 April Cherokee Indians and the other in answer to a call of the Senate in relation to the Oregon question. Sent both messages about I2j4 O'Clock. I was re- peatedly interrupted during the morning, by calls of Senators, Representatives, and others. Devoted the balance of the day to the business on my table. Had Gen'l Jacobs of Knoxville, Tennessee, and Mr. James H. Piper of Virginia to take a family dinner with me to-day. After night saw Mr. Senator Pen- nybacker, for whom I had sent to inform him that I would on to-morrow nominate James H. Piper of Virginia as ch. Clerk of the Gen'l Land Office. Mr. Pennybacker had some conversation with me on the Oregon [question], the result of which was that he would vote for the Ho. Resolutions to give notice to Great Brittain. Tuesday, 14th April, 1846. — The Cabinet held a regular meeting to-day; all the members present. It having been decided on consultation with the Sec- retary of State on yesterday that it was necessary to send a special bearer of despatches to Naples to ex- change the ratifications of the Commercial Treaty concluded and signed at Naples between the U. S. & the Kingdom of the Two C[S]icilies, Washington Greenhow, Esqr., of Richmond, Va., was employed to go out as bearer of despatches. The Secretary of State and myself saw Mr. Greenhow in my Private Secretary's office, and he agreed to leave this even- ing so as to take the packet of the 16th Instant at New York. The Treaty was signed by Wm. H. Polk, charge d' affaires of the U. S., and the Pleni- 1846J JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY 331 potentiary of the Government of the two C[S]icilies on the 1st of December, 1845, and stipulated that the ratifications should be exchanged at Naples in six months after its date. It was deemed unsafe there- fore to wait until the Steamer of the 1st proximo or to entrust it to the ordinary conveyance, lest it might not reach Naples within the time s[ti]pulated, and therefore a bearer of despatches was employed. The Treaty was not ratified by the Senate until the nth Instant. Several public subjects, but not of general interest, were considered and disposed of by the Cabi- net. The Cabinet adjourned about 2 O'Clock P. M. Saw an unusually large number of visitors in the parlour this evening, there being between one and two hundred persons, ladies & gentlemen, who called in the course of the evening. I find these informal evenings of reception twice a week pleasant. They afford all strangers who desire to do so an opportu- nity [to] call in an informal way. By setting apart two evenings in the week, too, to receive company, I am enabled to devote the other evenings of the week to my public duties. Wednesday, 15th April, 1846. — Saw the usual round of company until 12 O'Clock today. After 12 O'Clock Mr. Buchanan and Mr. Trist, Ch. Clk. of the State Department, called with copies prepared in answer to the call of the Ho. Repts. of the 9th Instant for information in relation to the ex- penditures of the fund " for contingent expenses of foreign intercourse " settled on President's certifi- cates between the 4th of March, 1841, and the retire- 332 JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY [15 April merit of Daniel Webster from the Department of State. The propriety of answering such a call, and exposing the secrecy of the expenditure of this fund settled on President's certificates was discussed. So much doubt was created upon my mind on the sub- ject, that I told Mr. Buchanan that I would call a meeting of the Cabinet this evening at 7 O'Clock. I directed my Private Secretary to wait on the mem- bers of the Cabinet and invite them to attend at that hour. At 7 O'Clock P. M. the Cabinet assembled, except the Atto. General who was detained by in- disposition. I brought the subject of the call of the Ho. of Repts. before the cabinet, & after a full dis- cussion it was the unanimous advice of the Cabinet that I shall not give the information called for, but that I should send a message to the House assigning the reasons for declining to do so. The Post Master General at first hesitated as to the correctness of this course, but finally acquiesced in the advice given by the other members of the Cabinet. I then told the Cabinet that my mind was convinced that it would be a most dangerous precedent to answer the call of the House by giving the information requested, that I doubted whether I would not violate the spirit, if not the letter of the existing law if I did so; and that I would prepare a message to the House to that effect. I requested Mr. Buchanan who had taken a leading part in the discussion in favour of this course, to prepare the draft of such a message as he would approve. I told him that I would pre- pare one also, and that when prepared we would 1846] JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY 333 compare them. The Cabinet adjourned about 10 O'Clock P. M. Thursday, 16th April, 1846. — I closed my doors this morning and saw no company. I pre- pared the draft of a message to the House of Repre- sentatives assigning the reasons why I declined to respond to their Resolution of the 9th Instant, accord- ing to the advice of the Cabinet in special meeting last evening. I had finished my draft about half an hour when Mr. Buchanan called about 1 O'Clock P. M. with a draft which he had prepared as I had requested him. They were both read and there was a remarkable coincidence of views. Mr. Buchanan said he would take his draft with him and after re- vising it he would send it to me. In the course of the evening he sent it to me. The Secretary of the Treasury in the course of the day furnished me a paragraph embodying his views upon a single point. About 8 O'Clock P. M. Mr. C. J. Ingersoll of the Ho. Repts., who was the author of the House Reso- lution, called, but not on business connected with the Resolution. After conversing on other subjects, the subject of the Resolution was mentioned. I told him the difficulties I had in responding to the call; that if he had called for the public accounts or those set- tled on vouchers there would have been no difficulty in giving the information. He seemed to be sur- prised to learn that his Resolution did not embrace a call for the greater part of the information which he wished to obtain, and that I had doubts as to the 334 JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY [17 April propriety of answering the call which had been made to expose the expenditure of the Secret Service fund. I saw Gen'l Cass in the course of this forenoon, and on laying the subject before him he concurred in opinion with the Cabinet, that I ought not to give the information called for [in] the Resolution of the House. Friday, 17th April, 1846. — Saw company this morning until 12 O'Clock. After 12 O'Clock I was subjected to many interruptions, but devoted what time I had to preparing a revised draft of a message in reply to the Resolution of the House of the 9th Instant. I had before me my own draft, that of Mr. Buchanan, and the paragraph prepared by the Sec- retary of the Treasury mentioned in this diary on yesterday. The Secretary of State and Secretary of War called on business. They were both of opinion that the vote x of the Senate on yesterday on the subject of notice on the Oregon question, though not so ac- ceptable as the Resolution of the House which they had amended, ought to be accepted by the House for the purpose of settling the question & putting an end to it. I acquiesced in their views. I as well as they preferred a naked notice; I was content with the Resolution which had passed the House. I was not altogether satisfied with the terms of the amended Resolution as it passed the Senate, but still it author- ized the notice to be given & that was the main ob- ject. With these views I was of opinion that it was 1 Globe, 29 Cong. 1 Sess. 683. 1846] JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY 335 safest for the House to concur with the Senate in their amendment to the House Resolution. I feared if the House non-concurred in the amendment of the Senate or sent it back to that body with an amendment, it might be postponed by the Senate in- definitely, or laid on the table to await the arrival of more Brittish Steamers. Mr. Buchanan and Mr. Marcy, entertaining the same views, said they would see some of the members of the House from N. York & Pennsylvania & express these opinions to them. I saw Mr. Martin of Tennessee (my immediate Rep- resentative) and expressed these opinions to him. Received company in the parlours this evening. About an hundred persons, ladies & gentlemen, at- tended; among them several members of the Ho. of Repts., to whom I expressed the same opinions in reference to the Senate's amendment to the Resolu- tion of notice that I had done to Mr. Buchanan and Mr. Marcy this morning. I remember to have spoken to the following gentlemen on the subject, viz. , Mr. Stanton of Tennessee, Mr. Nivin * & Mr. Demott2 of N. Y., Mr. Foster of Penn., and Mr. Owen 3 of Indiana. To each of them I expressed the decided opinion that I preferred the House Resolu- tions of Notice to the amendment of the Senate, but, under the belief that nothing better could be had and for the reasons stated in my conversation with Mr. Buchanan & Mr. Marcy on yesterday, I advised 1 Archibald C. Niven, Representative from New York 1845- 1847. 2 John De Mott, Representative from New York 1 845-1 847. 3 Robert Dale Owen, 1 801-187 7, Representative from Indiana 1 843-1 847. 336 JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY [18 April them to take the Senate amendment. I feared if the House non-concurred or amended the proposition of the Senate, that the measure of notice in any form might be postponed, and possibly fail between the two Houses upon a difference as to the form of no- tice. The notice was the thing desired and if it could not be had in the form most acceptable it was better to take it [in] any form than not to get it at all. SATURDAY, 1 8th April, 1846. — The Cabinet held a regular meeting to-day; all the members present except the Atto. General, who was absent in conse- quence of indisposition. I read my message to the Ho. Repts. in reply to their Resolution of the 9th Instant, on the subject of expenditures of the appropriation for contingent ex- penses of foreign intercourse, under the authority of President's certificates. It was approved by the Cabinet & I gave it to my Private Secretary to be copied, so as to have it ready to have it communi- cated to the House on monday next. The subject of the Senate's amendment to the House Resolutions of notice on the Oregon question was discussed, and all the members of the Cabinet agreed in opinion that it was best under the circumstances, and to avoid the danger of defeat of any notice at all, to advise the Democratic members of the House to concur in it. There being no business of impor- tance to be brought before the Cabinet to-day, the Post Master Gen'l & Secretary of State left with the intention of visiting the House and conferring with some of the members on the subject. 1846] JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY 337 My Private Secretary returned from the House about 2 O'Clock P. M. and informed me that the House had amended the Senate's proposition of no- tice and asked their concurrence in their amendment, the effect of which is to return the subject to the Senate. The P. M. Gen'l called at 7 O'Clock and informed me that the vote had been taken before he reached the House. The P. M. Gen'l left and Mr. Calhoun called. After speaking to me about some appointments & among others of his son, who is in the army and whom he desired to have promoted in the new Regiment about to be authorized by Con- gress, he inquired about the state of our relations with Mexico. I told him that Mr. Slidell had, on being rejected as Minister of the U. States, returned, and that our relations with Mexico had reached a point where we could not stand still but must as- sert our rights firmly; that we must treat all nations whether weak or strong alike, and that I saw no al- ternative but strong measures towards Mexico. Mr. Calhoun deprecated war & expressed a hope that the Oregon question would be first settled, and then we would have no difficulty in adjusting our difficulties with Mexico. He thought the Brittish Government desired to prevent a war between the U. S. & Mexico, and would exert its influence to prevent it. I told him I had reason to believe that the Brittish Minister in Mexico had exerted his in- fluence to prevent Mr. Slidell from being received by the Mexican Government. He said the Brittish Government desired to prevent a war, but did not de- sire a settlement between the U. S. and Mexico until 338 JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY [18 April the Oregon question was settled. He then expressed an earnest desire to have the Oregon question settled. I told him that as long as Congress hesitated and re- fused to give the notice he need not expect a settle- ment of the Oregon question ; that until Congress au- thorized the notice Great Brittain would calculate largely on our divisions & would make no proposi- tion. I expressed the opinion also that if Congress had given the notice in the early part of the Session & shown that we were united & firm, I thought it probable the question would have been settled before this time. I told him that until the notice was given Great Brittain would make no proposition. He said that some of the Foreign ministers of other countries now at Washington by acting as a common friend of the parties could bring them together, and have a Treaty agreed upon, without either party making a proposition. I told him I could not invite any such agency. He said they might act volun- tarily. I repeated that what was wanting was for the Senate to agree to the notice promptly, and ex- pressed the hope that they would not delay action on the amendment of the House passed today on their Resolution. He said the Senate would act on it on monday. He expressed a strong desire that I would send in no message on Mexican affairs until the Ore- gon question was settled. I told him that I would delay a reasonable time, but that whatever the set- tlement of the Oregon question might be, I would feel it to be my duty to lay the Mexican question be- fore Congress, with my opinion on the subject, in time for their action at the present Session. 1846] JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY 339 At about 9 O'Clock P. M. I was informed that Col. Benton & his two daughters were in the parlour below stairs. Mrs. Polk & the young ladies found it inconvenient to go down. I went down. Col. Ben- ton told me whenever I wished to see him to let him know, and he would be ready to act with me on the Oregon question. I understood him to have allu- sion to the news expected to be received by the next Steamer now looked for daily. I told him I would do so. I expressed to him the hope that the Senate would act on the amendment of the House to their resolution of notice promptly. He said he thought they would concur with the House in their amend- ment on Monday next. Senator Allen called to-day and expressed himself highly gratified at the House amendment of the Sen- ate proposition of notice. Sunday, igth April, 1846. — Attended the First Presbyterian church to-day in company with Mrs. Polk and my niece, Miss Rucker. A despatch was received today from Mr. Mc- Lane, U. S. Minister at London, dated 18th of March last. The Secretary of State and Secretary of war called after night to converse on the subject of the Foreign news. Monday, 20th April, 1846. — Saw company to- day until 12 O'Clock. An unusually large number attended. I sent my message ! to the Ho. Repts. in 1 Dated April 20, 1846. Printed in H. Ex. Doc. 187, 29 Cong. 1 Sess. 34o JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY [20 April answer to their Resolution of the 9th Instant, in re- lation to the secret service fund. Andrew J. Donelson, Esqr., of Tennessee, U. S. Minister to Prussia, called shortly after 12 O'Clock. He informed me he reached Washington with his family on last evening on his way to Prussia to enter on the duties of his Mission. At 7 O'Clock P. M. my brother-in-law, James Walker of Tennessee, and his wife & son Marshall arrived and took lodgings upon my invitation in the President's mansion. I learned from Mr. Cullom of Tennessee, whom I met on my evening walk, that the Senate had dis- agreed to the amendment of the House to the Sen- ate's proposition of notice on the Oregon question. Mr. C. also informed me that the House by a vote had refused to recede & resolved to insist, and that a motion was pending at the adjournment of the House to ask a free conference with the Senate. Mr. Cullom asked my advice in the matter. I told him I feared that if the subject was returned to the Senate it would be lost between the two Houses, and that the great measure of notice would be lost upon a difference of opinion between the Houses as to the form of giving it. I stated to him that if the House sent the subject back to the Senate, they thereby lost all control over it, because the Resolution would be in the possession of the Senate. I told him the Senate might hold the subject in their hands and refuse a committee of conference; that if the Senate granted a conference, the conferees might not agree, or if they agreed the two Houses might not ratify their agreement, & that in either event there was 1846] JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY 341 great danger of the notice being lost. I told him I had a strong suspicion on my mind that a majority of the Senate would be glad to see [the] notice in any form defeated, and that they would probably avail themselves of the disagreement of the two Houses on a matter of form to effect their object. For these reasons I told him I thought the hazard of sending it back to the Senate would be very great. I repeated to Mr. Cullum what I had said to others within a few days passed [past], that I would have preferred a naked notice; that next to that I preferred the House Resolutions; but it being now ascertained by repeated votes in the Senate that neither could be had, I decidedly preferred the Senate form of notice to no notice at all. Under all the circumstances I advised as the safest course that the House should recede and suffer the Senate prop- osition to pass. I told him I feared if this was not done no notice would be authorized, and the great leading measure of my administration would thus be defeated. I told him I came to this conclusion re- luctantly as the best that could be done. On returning from my walk I saw Mr. Buchanan who agreed with [me] in these opinions, left say- ing he would see some of the members to-night. Mr. Bancroft called at my office shortly afterwards. He also agreed with me in my views. I sent for Mr. Marcy & Mr. Cave Johnson. They also agreed with me, and both left between 9 & 10 O'Clock, & said they would see [some] of the members of the House in the morning. Mr. Speaker Davis, for whom I had sent, called. He agreed also in these 342 JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY [21 April opinions, as did also Mr. Wilmot & Mr. Foster of Pennsylvania, who called in the course of the even- ing. I repeated to these gentlemen severally in sub- stance the views which I had expressed to Mr. Cul- lom this evening. Tuesday, 21st April, 1846. — Mr. Black of the Ho. Repts. from S. C. called. He held a conver- sation with me on the subject of the notice, and the course proper to be taken by the House. I repeated to him in substance the opinions I expressed to Mr. Cullom and others last evening, and Mr. Black fully and entirely concurred in their correctness. Mr. Black stated that he had seen Mr. Calhoun this morning, and that he was satisfied from the conver- sation he had held with him that if the resolutions of notice were sent back again to the Senate, they would be lost. He did not repeat the conversation which he had held with Mr. Calhoun. The Cabinet held a regular meeting to-day; all the members present. Mr. Buchanan brought before the Cabinet the state of our relations with Peru, and particularly a letter addressed to him by the Secre- tary of Foreign affairs of that Government, com- plaining of the conduct of Mr. J. [A] G. Jewett, U. S. charge d'affaires to that Government, in rela- tion to the indemnity stipulated to be paid by Peru in pursuance of the Convention of 1841 between the two Governments. The correspondence held by Mr. Jewett with the Peruvian Government was read, as also his communication to the Department of State. After considering the subject, the Cabinet i846] JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY 343 was unanimously of opinion that Mr. Jewett had acted unwisely and had committed a great error. I directed Mr. Buchanan to address a despatch to him informing him that his conduct was not approved, and to address also a proper letter to the Secretary of Foreign affairs of the Peruvian Government. Some other business of minor importance was con- sidered, when I stated to the Cabinet that the state of our relations with Mexico could not be permitted to remain in statu quo, that I thought they should be brought before Congress at an early day accom- panied with a message strongly and decidedly rec- ommending that strong measures be adopted to take the redress of our complaints against that Govern- ment into our own hands. I gave my views at some length on the subject, in which there seemed to be a concurrence of opinion in the Cabinet. At least no dissenting opinion was expressed. I stated that I thought it prudent to wait the arrival of the next Steamer from England, now daily expected, before a communication in relation to Mexico should be made to Congress. In this also there was a con- currence of opinion. The Cabinet adjourned about 2 O'Clock P. M. Shortly afterwards my Private Secretary returned from the Capitol & informed me that the Ho. Repts. had appointed a committee of conference on the Oregon question; that the Senate had also appointed a committee consisting of two Whigs & one Demo- crat, & that considerable excitement prevailed among the Democratic party on the subject. The danger is that the Resolution of notice may fail be- 344 JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY [22 April tween the two Houses in consequence of the dis- agreeing votes as to its form. Received company in the parlour this evening. Had an unusually large party, consisting of ladies & gentlemen, members of Congress, citizens and strangers. My relation, Edwin Polk of Tennessee, returned from a visit to the North to-day and took up his lodgings at the Presidential Mansion. I learned to-night that the Senate by the votes of Mr. Calhoun and his wing of the Democratic party united with the whole Whig party had rejected the nomination of Dr. Amos Nourse as collector at Bath in Maine. This is, in addition to other evidence, a pretty clear indication that Mr. Calhoun intends to oppose my administration. He has embarrassed the administration on the Oregon question. He is play- ing a game to make himself President and his mo- tives of action are wholly selfish. I will observe his future course & treat him accordingly. Wednesday, 22nd April, 1846. — Saw company until 11 O'Clock to-day; at which hour the English mail which left Liverpool on the 4th Instant was brought in. I closed my doors and shortly after- wards the Secretary of State called. A despatch re- ceived from Mr. McLane was read. He communi- cated his opinion that no step would be taken by the Brinish Government on the Oregon question until the decision of the Senate on the question of notice was known. The long delay in the Senate and our divided councils in Congress have added greatly to 1846] JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY 345 the embarrassments of the question. Had the notice been authorized in December the question would either have been settled or it would have been ascer- tained that it cannot be settled before this time. The speech of Mr. Webster, Mr. Calhoun, and others in the Senate advocating peace and the Brittish title to a large portion of the country, have made the Brittish Government & people more arrogant in their tone and more grasping in their demands. If war should be the result, these peace gentlemen & advocates of Brittish pretensions over those of their own country will have done more to produce it than any others. The truth is that in all this Oregon discussion in the Senate, too many Democratic Senators have been more concerned about the Presidential election in '48, than they have been about settling Oregon either at 490 or 540 4c/. " Forty-eight " has been with them the Great question, and hence the divisions in the Democratic party. I cannot but observe the fact, and for the sake of the country I deeply de- plore it. I will however do my duty whatever may happen. I will rise above the interested factions in Congress, and appeal confidently to the people for support. I learn that the committee of conference between the two Houses met last night, and without coming to any conclusion adjourned to meet again to-night. The Secretary of the Treasury called at 1 O'Clock P. M. to-day, as I had requested him to do. My purpose was to show him a list of very obnoxious Whig clerks which had been furnished to me, who 346 JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY [22 April are now employed in his department. I informed him that members of Congress were daily complain- ing to me that so many bitter Whigs were retained in the offices here, whilst worthy and competent Democrats who desired the places were excluded. I gave him the list and charges attached to it & re- quested him to investigate the matter & make such removals as were proper. I availed myself of the occasion to say to Mr. Walker that his brother-in-law, Mr. Irwin 1 of Western Pennsylvania, appointed charge d'affaires to London by the last administration, was exceed- ingly obnoxious to the Democracy of Western Penn- sylvania. The Democracy of that part of the State represented him as a violent and bitter Whig, and did not recognize him as representing the Democ- racy of that part of the State. They desire to have him recalled and have a Democrat appointed in his place. I told Mr. Walker that it was unpleasant for me to make this communication to him, but that I thought that the fact that Mr. Irwin happened to be his brother-in-law ought not to prevent me from saying to him frankly that in my opinion Mr. Irwin ought to ask to be recalled. Mr. Walker gave a history of Mr. Irwin, and I soon saw that he de- sired him to be retained. After a conversation of some length I told him I would see him again on the subject. Maj'r Donelson, his wife and two daughters, and 1 William W. Irwin of Pennsylvania was appointed charge d'affaires to Denmark by Tyler March 2, 1843; the reference to London is an error. i846] JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY 347 Cave Johnson took a family dinner with me to- day. At 9 O'Clock P. M. Hon. Robert Dale Owen, a member of the committee of conference of the Ho. Repts. on the Oregon question, called and informed me that the joint committee of the two Houses had held a meeting to-night and unanimously agreed upon a compromise on the disagreeing votes between the two Houses, and would report their agreement to their respective Houses to-day. He entertained no doubt that the agreement would be sanctioned by both Houses. Thursday, 23rd April, 1846. — My relation, Edwin Polk, Esqr., left at 6 O'Clock this morning for his residence in Tennessee. I saw company as usual until 12 O'Clock to-day. Many persons called but nothing worthy of note oc- curred. Mr. Buchanan called about 2 O'Clock on busi- ness; & shortly afterwards Mr. Walker, the Secre- tary of the Treasury, came in. Montgomery Blair * & Martin Van Buren jr. sent up their card and [I] directed them to be shown in. The Secretary of the Treasury had been to the capitol and stated the fact that the committee of conference between the two Houses on the disagreeing votes on the question of notice on the Oregon question had reported an agree- ment which had been concurred in by both Houses by large majorities, there being but 10 dissenting 1 Montgomery Blair, 1813-1883, member of the famous Blair family, Postmaster General under Lincoln 1 861-1864. 348 JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY [24 April votes in the Senate and 46 in the House.1 I would have preferred a naked notice without a preamble, and think it unfortunate that such a notice had not been authorized early in the Session of Congress. After all, however, Congress by authorizing the no- tice, have sustained the first great measure of my administration, though not in a form that is alto- gether satisfactory or one that was preferred. After night several members of Congress called, bringing with them a large number of their con- stituents, who called to pay their respects. Among other members who called were Senator Cameron, Mr. Wilmot & Mr. Foster of Pennsylvania, Mr. Sykes of N. Jersey [and] Gov. Yell of Arkansas. Allen Luklett of Murfreesborough, Tennessee, was among those who called. Friday, 24th April, 1846. — Saw company to-day until 12 O'Clock. Shortly after that hour Senator McDuffie of S. C. called. I met him in the parlour below stairs, the decrepit state of his health being such as to make it inconvenient for him to ascend the stairs and see me in my office. His object was, as he said, to express to me his own opinion freely upon the Oregon question, without asking me to de- clare what course I intended to take. He proceeded to say that in his opinion it would be wise for me when I gave the Notice to accompany it with a re- newal of the American offer of 49 ° made last sum- mer. He thought this would manifest our desire to settle the controversy & to preserve the peace, and 1 Globe, 29 Cong. 1 Sess. 717 and 721. 1846] JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY 349 that there was no point of honor as the question now stood to prevent me from doing so. After expressing his opinion fully upon these points I told him I would give the notice as I was authorized to do by the joint Resolution of Congress, but that I would not accompany it with any offer on our part. I called his attention to the various steps which had been taken by the last and the present administra- tions in the late negotiation, and that the U. S. hav- ing made the last offer, an offer which had been rejected by the Brittish Plenipotentiary, the next offer, if one was made, must come from the Brittish Government. I told him I had no expectation that G. B. would make any offer until the final action of Congress on the notice was known in England. I told him I had been satisfied of this for the last two months. I then stated to him confidentially that if G. B. made an offer of 49 ° or what was equivalent to it, or with slight modifications, I would feel it to be my duty to submit such proposition to the Senate for their previous advice before I took any action on it. With this course he appeared to be satisfied. We had a long conversation about our Mexican relations, the tariff, the Independent Treas- ury, &c. After Mr. McDuffie retired, I was prevented from attending to my regular business on my table by several persons whose importunities to see me out of my regular hours induced me to yield to their wishes. Their business was chiefly about office & the day was unprofitably spent. At 5 O'Clock the Attorney General called with his carriage and I took 3SO JAMES K. POLK'S DIARY [24 April a ride with him and Majr. A. J. Donelson, U. S. Minister to Prussia, across the Potomac to see the fishermen drawing the seine. On our return I spent half an hour at Judge Mason's residence.	16,007
in.ernet.dli.2015.184690_2	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	null	None	None	English	Spoken	8,150	11,479	Two children in two neighbour villages Playing mad pranks along tiie heathy leas ; Two strangers meeting at a festival ^ Two lovers whispering by an orchard wall ^ Two lives bound fast in one with golden ease ; Two graves grass-green beside a gray church-towei Wash’d with still rams and daisy-blossomed ; Two children in one hamlet born and bred , So runs the round of life from hour to hour 8o THE MERMAN. I. Who would be A merman bold, Sitting alone, Singing alone Under the sea, With a crown of gold, On a throne ? II. I would be a merman bold, I would sit and sing the whole of the day ; I wmuld fill the sea-halls with a voice of power ; But at night I would roam abroad and play With the mermaids in and out of the rocks. Dressing their hair with the white sea-flower ; And holding them back by their flowing locks I would kiss them often under the sea, And kiss them again till they kiss’d me Laughingly, laughingly; THE MERMAN. 3j And then we would wander away, away To the pale-green sea-groves straight and high, Chasing each other merrily. III. There would be neither moon nor star ; But the wave would make music above us afar — Low thunder and light in the magic night — Neither moon nor star. We would call aloud in the dreamy dells, Call to each other and whoop and cry All night, merrily, merrily ; They would pelt me with stany^ spangles and shells, Laughing and clapping their hands between, All night, merrily, merrily : But I would throw to them back in mine Turkis and agate and aJmondine ■ Then leaping out upon them unseen I would kiss them often under the sea, And kiss them again till they kiss'd me Laughingly, laughingly. Oh ! what a happy life were mine Under the hollow-hung ocean green ! Soft are the moss-beds under the sea ; We would live merrily, merrily. F 82 THE MERMAID. I. Who would be A mermaid fair, Singing alone, Combing her hair Under the sea, In a golden curl With a comb of pearl. On a throne ? II I would be a mermaid fair ; I would sing to myself the whole of the day ; With a comb of pearl I would comb my hair ; And still as I comb’d I would sing and say, “ Who is it loves me ? who loves not me ? ” I would comb my hair till my ringlets would fall Low adown, low adovm, THE MERMAID. From under my starry sea-bud crown Low adown and around, And I should look like a fountain of gold Springing alone With a shnll inner sound, Over the throne In the midst of the hall ; Till that great sea-snake under the sea From his coiled sleeps in the central deeps Would slowly trail himself sevenfold Round the hall where I sate, and look in at the gate With his large calm eyes for the love of me. And all the mermen under the sea Woul^ feel their immortality Die in their hearts for the love of me. Ill But at night I would wander away, away, I would fling on each side my low-flowung locks, And lightly vault from the throne and play With the mermen in and out of the rocks ; We would run to and fro, and hide and seek, On the broad sea-wolds in the crimson shells, ■VlHiose silvery spikes are nighest the sea But if any came near I would call, and shriek, And adown the steep like a wwe I would leap From the diamond-ledges that jut from the dells , 84 THE MERMAID. For I would not be kiss’d by all who would list, Of the bold merry mermen under the sea ^ They would sue me, and woo me, and flatter me, In the purple twilights under the sea ; But the king of them all would carry me, Woo me, and win me, and marry me, In the branching jaspers under the sea ; Then all the dry pied things that be In the hueless mosses under the sea Would curl round my silver feet silently, All looking up for the love of me. And if I should carol aloud, from aloft All things that are forked, and horned, and soft Would lean out from the hollow sphere of the sea. All looking down for the love of me. S5 ADELINE 1. Mystery of mysteries, Faintly smiling Adeline, Scarce of earth nor all divine, Nor unhappy, nor at rest, But beyond expression fair With thy floating flaxen hair ; Thy rose-lips and full blue eyes Take the heart from out my breast. Wherefore those dim looks of thine, Shadowy, dreaming Adeline ? II. Whence that aery bloom of thine, Like a lily which the sun Looks thro’ in his sad decline, And a rose-bush leans upon, ADELINE. Thou that faintly smilest still, As a Naiad in a well, Looking at the set of day, Or a phantom two hours old Of a maiden past away, Ere the placid lips be cold ? Wherefore those faint smiles of thine, Spiritual Adeline? III. What hope or fear or joy is thine ? Who talketh with thee, Adeline ? For sure thou art not all alone. Do beating hearts of salient springs Keep measure with thine own ? Hast thou heard the butterflies What they say betwixt their wings ? Or in stillest evenings With what voice the violet woos To his heart the silver dews ? Or when little airs arise, How the merry bluebell rings To the mosses underneath ? Hast thou look’d upon the breath Of the lilies at sunrise ? Wherefore that faint smile of thine. Shadowy, dreaming Adeline ? ADELINE. IV. Some honey-converse feeds thy mind ; Some spirit of a crimson rose In love with thee forgets to close His curtains, wasting odorous sighs All night long on darkness blind. What aileth thee ? whom waitest tliou With thy soften’d, shadow’d brow. And those dew-lit eyes of thine, Thou faint smiler, Adeline ? V. Lovest thou the doleful wind When thou gazest at the skies ? Doth the low-tongued Orient Wander from the side of the morn. Drippmg with Sabaean spice On thy pillow, lowly bent With melodious airs lovelorn, Breathing Light against thy face, While his locks a-drooping twined Round thy neck in subtle ring IVIake a carcanet of rays, And ye talk together still, In the language wherewith Spring Letters cowslips on the hill ? Hence that look and smile of thine, Spiritual Adeline. 88 MARGARET. I. O SWEET pale Margaret, O rare pale Margaret, What lit your eyes with tearful power, Like moonlight on a falling shower ? Who lent you, love, your mortal dower Of pensive thought and aspect pale, Your melancholy sweet and frail As perfume of the cuckoo-flower ? From the westward-winding flood, From the evening-lighted wood, From all things outward you have won A tearful grace, as tho^ you stood Between the rainbow and the sun. The very smile before you speak, That dimples your transparent cheek, MARGARET Encircles all the heart, and feedeth The senses with a still delight Of dainty sorrow without sound, Like the tender amber round, Which the moon about her spreadeth, Moving thro' a fleecy night. You love, remaining peacefully. To hear the murmur of the strife, But enter not the toil of life. Your spirit is the calmed sea, Laid by the tumult of the fight. You are the evening star, alway Remaining betwixt dark and bright : Lull’d echoes of laborious day Come to you, gleams of mellow light Float by you on the verge of night. Ill What can it matter, Margaret, What songs below the waning stars The lion-heart, Plantagenet, Sang looking thro’ his prison bars ? Exquisite Margaret, who can tell The last wild thought of Chatelet, Just ere the falling axe did part The burning brain from the true heart, Even in her sight he loved so well ? MARGARET. IV. A fairy shield your Genius made And gave you on your natal day. Your sorrow, only sorrow’s shade, Keeps real sorrow far away. You move not in such solitudes, You axe not less divine, But more human in your moods, Than your twimsister, Adelme. Your hair is darker, and your eyes Touch’d with a somewhat darker hue, And less aerially blue, But ever trembling thro’ the dew Of dainty-woeful sympathies. v. 0 sweet pale Margaret, O rare pale Margaret, Come down, come down, and hear me speak Tie up the ringlets on your cheek: The sun is just about to set, The arching limes are tall and shady, And faint, rainy lights are seen, Moving in the leavy beech. MARGARET. Rise from the feast of sorrow, lady, Where all day long you sit between Joy and woe, and whisper each. Or only look across the lawn, Look out below your bower-eaves, Look down, and let your blue eyes dawn Upon me thro’ the jasmine leaves 92 ELEANORE. I. Thy dark eyes open’d not, Nor first reveal’d themselves to English air, For there is nothing here, Which, from the outward to the inward brought- Moulded thy baby thought. Far off from human neighbourhood, Thou wert born, on a summer morn, A mile beneath the cedar-wood. Thy bounteous forehead was not fann’d With breezes from our oaken glades, But thou wert nursed in some delicious land Of lavish lights, and floating shades : And flattering thy childish thought The oriental faiiy brought. At the moment of thy birth. ELEANORE. From old well-heads of haunted rills, And the hearts of purple hills, And shadow’d coves on a sunny shore, The choicest wealth of all the earth, Jewel or shell, or starry ore, To deck thy cradle, Eleanore. II. Or the yellow-banded bees, Thro’ half-open lattices Coming in the scented breeze. Fed thee, a child, lying alone, With whitest honey in fairy gardens cull’d A glorious child, dreaming alone, In silk-soft folds, upon yielding down, With the hum of swarming bees Into dreamful slumber lull’d. III. Who may minister to thee ^ Summer herself should minister To thee, with fmitage golden-rinded On golden salvers, or it may be, Youngest Autumn, in a bower Grape-thicken’d from the light, and blinded With many a deep-hued bell-like flower 94 ELEANORS. Of fragrant trailers, when the air Sleepeth over all the heaven, And the crag that fronts the Even, All along the shadowy shore, Crimsons over an inland mere, Eleanore ! IV. How may full-sail’d verse express, How may measured words adore The full-flowing harmony Of thy swan-like stateliness, Eleanore ? The luxuriant symmetry Of thy floating gracefulness, Eleanore ? Every turn and glance of thine, Every lineament divine, Eleanore, And the steady sunset glow, That stays upon thee ? For in thee Is nothing sudden, nothing single ; Like two streams of incense free From one censer, in one shrine, Thought and motion mingle, Mingle ever. Motions flow To one another, even as tho’ ELEANORE. They were modulated so To an unheard melody, Which lives about thee, and a sweep Of nchest pauses, evermore Drawn from each other mellow-deep ; Who may express thee, Eleanore ? V. I stand before thee, Eleanoie; I see thy beauty gradually unfold, Daily and hourly, more and more. I muse, as in a trance, the while Slowly, as from a cloud of gold. Comes out thy deep ambrosial smile. I muse, as in a trance, whene’er The languors of thy love-deep eyes Float on to me. I would I were So tranced, so rapt in ecstasies, To stand apart, and to adore, Gazing on thee for evermore, Serene, imperial Eleanore ! VI. Sometimes, \wth most intensit}* Gazing, I seem to see Thought folded over thought, smiling asleep. Slowly awaken’d, grow so full and deep In thy large eyes, that, overpower’d quite, 96 ELEANORE. I cannot veil, or droop my sight, But am as nothing m its light : As tho’ a star, in inmost heaven set, Ev’n while we gaze on it, Should slowly round his orb, and slowly grow To a full face, there like a sun remain Fix’d — then as slowly fade again, And draw itself to what it was before ; So full, so deep, so slow, Thought seems to come and go In thy large eyes, imperial Eleanore. VII. As thunder-clouds that, hung on high, Roof d the world with doubt and fear, Floating thro’ an evening atmosphere, Grow golden all about the sky ; In thee all passion becomes passionless, Touch’d by thy spirit’s mellowness, Losing his fire and active might In a silent meditation, Falling into a still delight. And luxury of contemplation : As waves that up a quiet cove Rolling slide, and lying still Shadow forth the banks at will : Or sometimes they swell and move, Pressing up against the land, ELEANORE. 97 With motions of the outer sea : And the self-same influence Controlleth all the soul and sense Of Passion gazing upon thee. His bow-strmg slacken’d, languid Love, Leaning his cheek upon his hand, Droops both his wings, regarding thee, And so would languish evermore, Serene, imperial Eleanore. VII But when I see thee roam, with tresses unconfined, While the amorous, odorous wind Breathes low between the sunset and the moon ; Or, in a shadowy saloon. On silken cushions half reclmed ; I watch thy grace ; and in its place My heart a charmed slumber keeps, While I muse upon thy face ; And a languid fire creeps Thro’ my veins to all my frame, Dissolvingly and slowly : soon From thy rose-red lips my name Floweth ; and then, as in a swoon, With dinning sound my ears are rife, My tremulous tongue faltereth, 98 ELEANORE. I lose my colour, I lose my breath, I drink the cup of a costly death, Brimm’d with delirious draughts of warmest life. I die with my delight, before I hear what I would hear from thee ; Yet tell my name again to me, I would be dying evermore, So dying ever, Eleanore. 99 My life is full of weary days, But good things have not kept aloof, Nor wander’d into other ways : I have not lack’d thy mild reproof, Nor golden largess of thy praise. And now shake hands across the brink Of that deep grave to which I go. Shake hands once more : I cannot sink So far — ^far down, but I shall know Thy voice, and answer from below. Ji. When in the darkness over me The four-handed mole shall scrape, Plant thou no dusky cypress-tree, Nor wreathe thy cap with doleful crape, But pledge me in the flowing grape. G 2 100 And when the sappy field and wood Grow green beneath the showery gray, And rugged barks begin to bud, And thro’ damp holts new-flush’d with may, Ring sudden scritches of the jay, Then let wise Nature work her will, And on my clay her darnel grow , Come only, when the days are still, And at my headstone whisper low. And tell me if the woodbines blow. SONNETS. EARLY SONNETS. L TO As when with downcast eyes we muse and brood, And ebb into a former life, or seem To lapse far back in some confused dream To states of mysticd similitude; If one but speaJss or hems or stirs his chair, Ever the wonder waxeth more and more, So that we say, “All this hath been before, All this hath been, I know not when or where.” So, fnend, when first I look’d upon your face, Our thought gave answer each to each, so true — Opposed mirrors each reflecting each — That tho’ I knew not in what time or place, Methought that I had often met with you, And either lived in cither’s heart and speech. 104 EARLY SONNETS. II. TO J. M. K. My hope and heart is with thee — thou wilt be A latter Luther, and a soldier-priest To scare church-harpies from the master’s feast ; Our dusted velvets have much need of thee : Thou art no sabbath-drawler of old saws, Distiird from some worm-canker’d homily ; But spurr’d at heart with fieriest energy To embattail and to wall about thy cause With iron-worded proof, hatmg to hark The humming of the drowsy pulpit-drone Half God’s good sabbath, while the worn-out clerk Brow-beats his desk below. Thou from a throne Mounted in heaven wilt shoot into the dark Arrows of lightnings. I will stand and mark. EARLY SONNETS. ^05 III. Mine be the strength of spirit, full and free, Like some broad river rushing down alone, With the selfsame impulse wherewith he was thrown From his loud fount upon the echoing lea : — Which with increasing might doth forward flee By toVn, and tower, and hill, and cape, and isle, And in the middle of the green salt sea Keeps his blue waters fresh for many a mile. Mine be the power which ever to its sway Will win the wise at once, and by degrees May into uncongenial spirits flow ; Ev^n as the warm gulf-stream of Florida Floats fax away into the Northern seas The lavish growths of southern Mexico. EARLY SONNETS. io6 IV. ALEXANDER. Warrior of God, whose strong right arm debased The throne of Persia, when her Satrap bled At Issus by the Syrian gates, or fled Beyond the Memmian naphtha-pits, disgraced For ever — thee (thy pathway sand-erased) Gliding with equal crowns two serpents led'' Joyful to that palm-planted fountain-fed Ammonian Oasis in the waste. There in a silent shade of laurel brown Apart the Chamian Oracle divine Shelter’d his unapproached mysteries : High things were spoken there, unhanded down ; Only they saw thee from the secret shrine Returning with hot cheek and kindled eyes. EARLY SONNETS* 107 V. BUONAPARTE. He thought to quell the stubborn hearts of oak, Madman — ^to chain with chains, and bind with bands That island queen who sways the floods and lands From Ind to Ind, but in fair daylight woke, When from her wooden walls, — lit by sure hands, — With^thunders, and Tvith lightnings, and \vith smoke, — Peal after peal, the British battle broke, Lulling the brine against the Coptic sands. We taught him lowlier moods, when Elsinore Heard the war moan along the distant sea. Rocking with shatter’d spars, with sudden fires Flamed over : at Trafalgar yet once more We taught him : late he learned humility Perforce, like those whom Gideon school’d with briers. EARLY SONNETS. io8 VI POLAND. How long, O God, shall men be ridden down, And trampled under by the last and least Of men ? The heart of Poland hath not ceased To quiver, tho’ her sacred blood doth drown The fields, and out of every smouldering town Cries to Thee, lest brute Power be increased, Till that overgrown Barbarian in the East Transgress his ample bound to some new crown : — Cries to Thee, “ Lord, how long shall these things be ? How long this icy-hearted Muscovite Oppress -the region ?” Us, O Just and Good, Forgive, who smiled when she was tom in three ; Us, who stand now, when we should aid the right — A matter to be wept with tears of blood ! EARLY SONNETS. 109 VIL Caress’d or chidden by the slender hand, And singing airy trifles this or that, Light Hope at Beauty’s call would perch and stand, And run thro’ every change of sharp and fiat ; And Fancy came and at her pillow sat, When Sleep had bound her in his rosy band, And chased away the still-recurring gnat, And woke her with a lay from fairy land. But now they live with Beauty less and less. For Hope is other Hope and wanders fax, Nor cares to lisp in love’s delicious creeds ; And Fancy watches in the wilderness, Poor Fancy sadder than a single star. That sets at twilight in a land of reeds. no EARLY SONNETS. VIII. The form, the form alone is eloquent ! A nobler yearning never broke her rest Than but to dance and sing, be gaily drest, And win all eyes with all accomplishment : Yet in the whirling dances as we went, My fancy made me for a moment blest To find my heart so near the beauteous breast " That once had power to rob it of content. A moment came the tenderness of tears, The phantom of a wish that once could move, A ghost of passion that no smiles restore — For ah ! the slight coquette, she cannot love, And if you kiss’d her feet a thousand years, She still would take the praise, and care no more. EARLY SONNETS. Ill IX. Wan Sculptor, weepest thou to take the cast Of those dead lineaments that near thee lie ? 0 sorrowest thou, pale Pamter, for the past, In painting some dead friend from memory ? Weep on : beyond his object Love can last ; His object lives : more cause to weep have I : My tears, no tears of love, are flowing fast, No tears of love, but tears that Love can die. 1 pledge her not in any cheerful cup, Nor care to sit beside her where she sits — Ah pity — ^hint it not in human tones, But breathe it into earth and close it up With secret death for ever, in the pits Which some green Christmas crams with weary bones. II2 EARLY SONNETS. X. If I were loved, as I desire to be, What is there in the great sphere of the earth, And range of evil between death and birth, That I should fear, — if I were loved by thee? All the inner, all the outer world of pain Clear Love would pierce and cleave, if thou wert mine, As I have heard that, somewhere in the main. Fresh-water springs come up^ through bitter brine. Twere joy, not fear, claspt hand-in-hand with thee, To wait for death — ^mute — careless of all ills. Apart upon a mountain, tho' the surge Of some new deluge from a thousand hills Flung leagues of roaring foam into the gorge Below us, as far on as eye could see. EARLY SONNETS. II3 XI. THE BRIDESMAID. 0 BRIDESMAID, ere the happy knot was tied, Thine eyes so wept that they could hardly see ; Thy sister smiled and said, “ No tears for me ! A happy bridesmaid makes a happy bnde.” Andihen, the couple standmg side by side, Love lighted do'wm between them full of glee. And over his left shoulder laugh’d at thee, “O happy bridesmaid, make a happy bride.” And all at once a pleasant truth I leam’d. For while the tender service made thee weep, 1 loved thee for the tear thou couldst not hide, And prest thy hand, and knew the press return’d, And thought, “ My life is sick of single sleep : O happy bridesmaid, make a happy bride ! ” L H THE LADY OF SHALOTT. PART L On either side the river lie Long fields of barley and of rye, That clothe the wold and meet the sky ; And thro' the field the road runs by To many-tower'd Camelot ; And up and down the people go, Gazing where the lilies blow Round an island there below, The island of Shalott. Willows whiten, aspens quiver, Little breezes dusk and shiver Thro' the wave that runs for ever THE LADY OF SHALOTT. By the island in the river Flowing down to Canielot. Four gray walls, and four gray towers, Overlook a space of flowers, And the silent isle imbowers The Lady of Shalott. By the margin, \Mllow~veird, Slide the heavy barges trail’d By slow horses ; and unhail’d The shallop flitteth silken-sail’d Skimming do^\Ti to Camelot : But who hath seen her wave her hand ? Or at the casement seen her stand ? Or IS she known in all the land, The Lady of Shalott? Only reapers, reaping early In among the bearded barley, Hear a song that echoes cheerly From the river wmding clearly, Down to tower’d Camelot : And by the moon the reaper weary, Pilmg sheaves in uplands airy, Listening, whispers ^^’Tis the fairy Lady of Shalott.” 115 H 2 THE LADY OF SHALOTT. PART II. There she weaves by night and day A magic web with colours gay. She has heard a whisper say, A curse is on her if she stay To look down to Camelot. She knows not what the curse may be, And so she weaveth steadily, And little other care hath she, The Lady of Shalott. And moving thro’ a mirror clear That hangs before her all the year, Shadows of the world appear. There she sees the highway near Winding down to Camelot : There the river eddy whirls, And there the surly village-churls, And the red cloaks of market girls. Pass onward from Shalott. Sometimes a troop of damsels glad. An abbot on an ambling pad, Sometimes a curly shepherd-lad, THE LADY OF SHALOTT. Or long-haifd page in crimson clad, Goes by to tower’d Camelot ; And sometimes thro^ the mirror blue The knights come nding two and two : She hath no loyal knight and true, The Lady of Shalott. But in her web she still delights To weave the mirror’s magic sights, Bor often thro’ the silent nights A funeral, with plumes and lights And music, went to Camelot : Or when the moon was overhead, Came two young lovers lately wed ; I am half sick of shadows,” said The Lady of Shalott. PART HI. A Bow-shot from her bower-eaves, He rode between the barley-sheaves, The sun came dazzlmg thro’ the leaves, And flamed upon the brazen greaves Of bold Sir Lancelot. THE LADY OF SHALOTT. A red-cross knight for ever kneeFd To a lady in his shield, That sparkled on the yellow field, Beside remote Shalott. The gemmy bridle glittered free. Like to some branch of stars we see Hung in the golden Galaxy. The bridle bells rang merrily As he rode down to Camelot : And from his blazon’d baldric slung A mighty silver bugle hung. And as he rode his armour rung, Beside remote Shalott. All in the blue unclouded weather Thick-jeweird shone the saddle-leather, The helmet and the helmet-feather Bum’d like one burning flame together. As he rode down to Camelot. As often thro’ tlie purple night, Below the starry clusters bright, Some bearded meteor, trailing light, Moves over still Shalott. His broad clear brow in sunlight glow’d ; On burnish’d hooves his war-horse trode ; THE LADY OF SHALOTT. II9 From underneath his helmet flo^v’d His coal-black curls as on he rode, As he rode down to Camelot. From the bank and from the river He flash’d into the crystal mirror, “ Tirra hrra,” by the river Sang Sir Lancelot. She left the web, she left the loom, She made three paces thro’ the room. She saw the water-lily bloom, She saw the helmet and the plume, She look’d down to Camelot. Out flew the web and floated wude ; The mirror crack’d from side to side ; The curse is come upon me,” cried The Lady of Shalott. PART IV. In the stormy east-wand straining, The pale yellow woods w^ere waning. The broad stream in his banks complaining, Heavily the low sky raining Over tower’d Camelot ; 120 THE LABY OF SHALOTT. Down she came and found a boat Beneath a willow left afloat, And round about the prow she wrote The Lady of Shalott And down the river’s dim expanse — Like some bold seer in a trance, Seeing all his own mischance — With a glassy countenance Did she look to Camelot. And at the closing of the day She loosed the chain, and down she lay ; The broad stream bore her far away, The Lady of Shalott. Lying, robed in snowy white That loosely flew to left and right — The leaves upon her falling light — Thro’ the noises of the night She floated down to Camelot : And as the boat-head wound along The willowy hills and fields among, They heard her singing her last song, The Lady of Shalott. Heard a carol, mournful, holy, Chanted loudly, chanted lowly, THE LADY OF bHALOTT. 121 Till her blood was frozen slowly, And her eyes were darken’d wholly, Turn’d to tower’d Camelot. ^or ere she reached upon the tide The first house by the water-side, Singing in her song she died, The Lady of Shalott. Under tower and balcony. By garden-wall and gallery, A gleaming shape she floated by, Dead-pale between the houses high, Silent into Camelot. Out upon the wharfs they came, Knight and burgher, lord and dame. And round the prow they read her name, The Lady of Shalott, Who is this ? and what is here ? And in the lighted palace near Died the sound of royal cheer ; And they cross’d themselves for fear, All the knights at Camelot : But Lancelot mused a little space ; He said, She has a lovely face ; God in his mercy lend her grace, The Lady of Shalott.” 122 THE TWO VOICES. A STILL small voice spake unto me, “ Thou art so full of misery, Were it not better not to be ? ” Then to the still small voice I said; ‘‘ Let me not cast in endless shade What is so wonderfully made.” To which the voice did urge reply; “To-day I saw the dragon-fly Come from the wells where he did lie. “ An inner impulse rent the veil Of his old husk : from head to tail Came out clear plates of sapphire mail. “ He dried his wings : like gauze they grew Thro’ crofts and pastures wet with dew A living flash of light he flew.” THE TWO VOICES. 123 I said, When first the world began, Young Nature thro’ five cycles ran, And in the sixth she moulded man. “ She gave him mind, the lordliest Proportion, and, above the rest, Dominion in the head and breast.” Thereto the silent voice replied ; “ Self-blinded are you by your pride : Look up thro’ night : the world is wide. This truth within thy mind rehearse, That in a boundless universe Is boundless better, boundless worse. '' Think you this mould of hopes and fears Could find no statelier than his peers In yonder hundred million spheres?” It spake, moreover in my mind : ‘‘ Tho’ thou w’-ert scatter’d to the wind, Yet is there plenty of the kind.” Then did my response clearer fall : No compound of this earthly ball Is like another, all in all.” 124 THE TWO VOICES. To which he answer’d scoffingly ; “Good soul ! suppose I grant it thee, Who’ll weep for thy deficiency ? “ Or will one beam be less intense, When thy peculiar difference Is cancell’d in the world of sense ? ” I would have said, “ Thou canst not know,” But my full heart, that work’d below, Rain’d thro’ my sight its overflow. Again the voice spake unto me : “ Thou art so steep’d in misery, Surely ’twere better not to be. “ Thine anguish will not let thee sleep, Nor any train of reason keep : Thou canst not think, but thou wilt weep.” I said, “ The years with change advance : If I make dark my countenance, I shut my life from happier chance. “ Some turn this sickness yet might take, Ev’n yet” But he : “ What drug can make A wither’d palsy cease to shake?” THE TWO VOICES. I wept, “ Tho’ I should die, I know That all about the thorn will blow In tufts of rosy-tinted snow , And men, thro’ novel spheres of thought Still moving after truth long sought, Will learn new things when I am not.” Yet,” said the secret voice, “ some time, Sooner or later, will gray prime Make thy grass hoar with early nme. Not less swift souls that yearn for light, ^ Rapt after heaven’s starry flight, Would sweep the tracts of day and night. “ Not less the bee would range her cells, The furzy prickle fire the dells, The foxglove cluster dappled bells.” I said that “all the years invent ; Each month is various to present The world with some development. “ Were this not well, to bide mine hour, Tho’ watching from a min’d tower How grows the day of human power?” 126 THE TWO VOICES. “ The highest-mounted mind,” he said, “ Still sees the sacred morning spread The silent summit overhead. Will thirty seasons render plain Those lonely lights that still remam, Just breakmg over land and main? “ Or make that morn, from his cold crown And crystal silence creeping down. Flood with full daylight glebe and town? Forerun thy peers, thy time, and let Thy feet, millenniums hence, be set In midst of knowledge, dreamed not yet. “ Thou hast not gain’d a real height, Nor art thou nearer to the light, Because the scale is infinite. Twere better not to breathe or speak, Than cry for strength, remaining weak, And seem to find, but still to seek. “ Moreover, but to seem to find Asks what thou lackest, thought resign’d, A healthy frame, a quiet mind.” THE TWO VOICES. I said, “ When I am gone away, ‘ He dared not tany’',’ men will say, Doing dishonour to my clay.” This is more vile,” he made reply, “To breathe and loathe, to live and sigh, Than once from dread of pain to die. “ Sick art thou — a divided mil Still heaping on the fear of ill The fear of men, a coward still. “ Do men love thee? Art thou so bound To men, that how thy name may sound Will vex thee lying underground ? “ The memory of the wither’d leaf In endless time is scarce more brief Than of the garner’d Autumn-sheaf. “ Go, vexed Spirit, sleep in trust ; The right ear, that is fill’d with dust, Hears little of the false or just.” “ Hard task, to pluck resolve,” I cried, “ From emptiness and the waste wide Of that abyss, or scornful pride ! 128 THE TWO VOICES. Nay — ^rather yet that I could raise One hope that warm’d me in the days While still I yearn’d for human praise. “ When, wide in soul and bold of tongue, Among the tents I paused and sung, The distant battle flash’d and rung. I sung the joyful Paean clear, And, sitting, burnish’d without fear The brand, the buckler, and the spear — Waiting to strive a happy strife, To war with falsehood to the knife, And not to lose the good of life — Some hidden principle to move. To put together, part and prove. And mete the bounds of hate and love — As far as might be, to carve out Free space for every human doubt, That the whole mind might orb about — “To search thro’ all I felt or saw, The springs of life, the depths of awe, And reach the law within the law : THE TWO VOICES. 129 At least, not rotting like a weed, But, having sown some generous seed, Fruitful of further thought and deed, To pass, when Life her light withdraws. Not void of righteous self-applause, Nor in a merely selfish cause — “ In some good cause, not in mine o^\ti, To perish, wept for, honour’d, known, And like a warrior overthrown , “ Whose eyes are dim with glorious tears, When, soil’d with noble dust, he hears His countr}^’s war-song timll his ears ; Then dying of a mortal stroke, What time the foeman’s line is broke, And all the war is roll’d in smoke.'’ “ Yea ! ” said the voice, “ thy dream w^as good, While thou abodest in the bud. It w^as the stirring of the blood. “ If Nature put not forth her powder About the opening of the flow^er, Wlio is it that could live an hour? I I THE TWO VOICFS. “ Then comes the check, the change, the fall, Pain rises up, old pleasures pall. There is one remedy for all. ‘‘ Yet hadst thou, thro’ enduring pain, Link’d month to month with such a chain Of knitted purport, all were vain. Thou hadst not between death and birth Dissolved the riddle of the earth. So were thy labour little-worth. “ That men witli knowledge merely play’d, I told thee — hardly nigher made, Tho’ scaling slow from grade to grade ; Much less this dreamer, deaf and blind, Named man, may hope some truth to find, That bears relation to the mind, “ For every worm beneath the moon Draws different threads, and late and soon Spins, toiling out his own cocoon. Cry, faint not : either Truth is bom Beyond the polar gleam forlorn. Or in the gateways of the morn. THE TWO VOICES, Cry, faint not, climb : the summits slope Beyond the furthest flights of hope, Wrapt in dense cloud from base to cope. “ Sometimes a little comer shines, As over rainy mist inclines A gleaming crag with belts of pines. I will go forward, sayest thou, I shall not fail to find her now. Look up, the fold is on her brow. If straight thy track, or if oblique, 'fhou knoVst not Shadows thou dost strike, Embracing cloud, Ixion-like ; And owning but a little more Than beasts, abidest lame and poor, Calling thyself a little lower “ Than angels. Cease to wail and brawl 1 Why inch by inch to darkness crawl ? There is one remedy for all.^^ 0 dull, one-sided voice, said I, “ Wilt thou make eveiything a he, To flatter me that I may die ? [32 THE TWO VOICES. “ I know that age to age succeeds, Blowing a noise of tongues and deeds, A dust of systems and of creeds. “ I cannot hide that some have striven, Achieving calm, to whom was given The joy that mixes man with Heaven : “ Who, rowing hard against the stream, Saw distant gates of Eden gleam. And did pot dream it was a dream ; But heard, by secret transport led, EVn in the charnels of the dead. The murmur of the fountain-head — ‘‘Which did accomplish their desire, Bore and forbore, and did not tire. Like Stephen, an unquenched fire. “ He heeded not reviling tones. Nor sold his heart to idle moans, Tho’ cursed and scorn’d, and bruised witlr stones “ But looking upward, full of grace. He pray’d, and from a happy place God’s glory smote him on the face.” THE TWO VOICES. The sullen answer slid betwixt : ^^Not that the grounds of hope were fix^d, The elements were kindlier mix’d.’’ I said, “ I toil beneath the curse, But, knowing not the universe, I fear to slide from bad to worse. “And that, in seeking to undo One riddle, and to find the true, I knit a hundred others new : “ Or that this anguish fleeting hence, Unmanacled from bonds of sense, Be fix’d and froz’n to pennanence : “ For I go, weak from suffering here : Naked I go, and void of cheer : What is it that I may not fear ? ” “ Consider well,” the voice replied, “ His face, that two hours since hath died, Wilt thou find passion, pain or pride ? “ Will he obey when one commands? Or answer should one press his hands ? He answers not, nor understands. 134 THE TWO VOICES. “ His palms are folded on his breast ; There is no other thing express’d But long disquiet merged in rest. “ His lips are very mild and meek : Tho’ one should smite him on the cheek, And on the mouth, he will not speak. His little daughter, whose sweet face He kiss’d, taking his last embrace. Becomes dishonour to her race — His sons grow up that bear his name, Some grow to honour, some to shame, — But he is chill to praise or blame. “ He will not hear the north-wind rave, Nor, moaning, household shelter crave From winter rains that beat his grave. “ High up the vapours fold and swim : About him broods the twilight dim : The place he knew forgetteth him.” If all be dark, vague voice,” I said, “ These things are wrapt in doubt and dread, Nor canst thou show the dead are dead. THE TWO VOICES. ‘‘The sap dries up : the plant declines. A deeper tale my heart divmes. Know I not Death ? the outward signs ? “ I found him when my years were few; A shadow on the graves I knew, And darkness in the village yew. “ From grave to grave the shadow crept : In her still place the morning wept : Touch’d by his feet the daisy slept. “ The simple senses crown’d his head : ‘ Omega I thou art Lord,’ they said, ‘ We find no motion in the dead.’ “ Wliy, if man rot m dreamless ease, Should that plain fact, as taught by these, Not make him sure that he shall cease ? “ Wlio forged that other influence, That heat of inward evidence, By which he doubts against the sense r “ He owns the fatal gift of eyes. That read his spirit blindly wise. Not simnle as a thin? that dies. 136 THE TWO VOICES. “ Here sits he shaping wings to fly : His heart forebodes a myster)^ : He names the name Eternity, ‘‘ That type of Perfect m his mind In Nature can he nowhere find. He sows himself on every wind. “ He seems to hear a Heavenly Friend, And thro’ thick veils to apprehend A labour working to an end. The end and the beginning vex His reason : many things perplex, With motions, checks, and counterchecks “He knows a baseness in his blood At such strange war with something good. He may not do the thing he would. “ Heaven opens inward, chasms yawn, Vast images in glimmermg dawn, Half shown, are broken and withdrawn. “ Ah ! sure within him and without. Could his dark wisdom find it out. There must be answer to his doubt, THE TWO VOICES. But thou canst answer not again. With thine own weapon art thou slain, Or thou wilt answer but in vain. “ The doubt would rest, I dare not solve. In the same circle we revolve. Assurance only breeds resolve. As when a billow, blown against, Falls back, the voice with which I fenced A little ceased, but recommenced. ‘‘ Where wert thou when thy father play'd In his free field, and pastime made, A merry boy in sim and shade ? ‘‘ A merry boy they called him tlien, He sat upon the knees of men In days that never come again. Before the little ducts began To feed thy bones vith lime, and ran Their course, till thou wert also man : Who took a wife, who rear’d his race, 1^11036 wrinkles gather’d on his face, Wdiose troubles number with his days : THE TWO VOICES. “ A life of nothings, nothing worth, From that first nothing ere his birth To that last nothing under earth ! ” “ These words,” I said, “ are like the rest No certain clearness, but at best A vague suspicion of the breast : But if I grant, thou mightst defend The thesis which thy words intend — That to begin implies to end ; “ Yet how should I for certain hold, Because my memory is so cold, That I first was in human mould ? “ I cannot make this matter plain, But I would shoot, howe’er in vain, A random arrow from the brain. “ It may be that no life is found. Which only to one engine bound Falls off, but cycles always round. “As old mythologies relate. Some draught of Lethe might await The slipping thro’ from state to state. THE TWO VOICES. 1 39 As here we find in trances, men Forget the dream that happens then, Until they fall in trance again. “ So might we, if our state were such As one before, remember much, For those two likes might meet and touch. But, if I lapsed from nobler place, Some legend of a fallen race Alone might hmt of my disgrace ; “ Some vague emotion of delight In’gazing up an Alpine height. Some yeammg toward the lamps of night. Or if tliro’ lower lives I came — Tho’ all expenence past became Consolidate in mmd and frame — I might forget my weaker lot ; For is not our first year forgot ? The haunts of memory echo not. “ And men, whose reason long was blind. From cells of madness unconfined. Oft lose whole years of darker mind. 140 THE TWO VOICES ^ “ Much more, if first I floated free, As naked essence, must I be Incompetent of memory : “ For memory dealing but with time. And he with matter, should she climb Beyond her own material prime ? “ Moreover, something is or seems. That touches me with mystic gleams, Like glimpses of forgotten dreams — Of something felt, like somethmg here Of something done, I know not wherS , Such as no language may declare.” The still voice laugh’d. “ I talk,” said he, “ Not with thy dreams. Suffice it thee Thy pain is a reality.” But thou,” said I, ‘‘ hast miss’d thy mark. Who sought’st to wreck my mortal ark. By making all the horizon dark. “ Why not set forth, if I should do This rashness, that which might ensue With this old soul in organs new ? THE TWO VOICES. Whatever crazy sorrow saith, No life that breathes with human breath Has ever truly long’d for death. Tis life, whereof our nerves are scant, Oh life, not death, for which we pant ; More life, and fuller, that I want.” I ceased, and sat as one forlorn. Then said the voice, in quiet scorn, “ Behold, it is the Sabbath mom.” And I arose, and I released The casement, and the light increased With freshness in the dawning east. Lilce soften’d airs that blowing steal, When meres begin to uncongeal, The sweet church bells began to peal. On to God’s house the people prest : Passing the place where each must rest, Each enter’d like a welcome guest. One walk’d between his wife and child, With measured footfall firm and mild. And now and then he gravely smiled. THE TWO VOICES. The prudent partner of his blood Lean’d on him, faithful, gentle, good. Wearing the rose of womanhood. And in their double love secure, The little maiden walk'd demure, Pacing with downward eyelids pure. These three made unity so sweet, My frozen heart began to beat, Remembering its ancient heat. I blest them, and they wander’d on : I spoke, but answer came there none ; The dull and bitter voice was gone. A second voice was at mine ear, A little whisper silver-clear, A murmur, Be of better cheer.” As from some blissful neighbourhood, A notice faintly understood, “ I see the end, and know the good.” A little hint to solace woe, A hint, a whisper breathing low, I may not speak of what I know.” THE TWO VOICES. 143 Like an ^olian harp that wakes No certain air, but overtakes Far thought with music that it makes : Such seem’d the whisper at my side • What IS it thou knowest, sweet voice ? ” I cried. “ A hidden hope,” the voice replied : So heavenly-toned, that in that hour From out my sullen heart a power Broke, like the rainbow from the shower, To feel, altho’ no tongue can prove, That every cloud, that spreads above And veileth love, itself is love. And forth into the fields I went, And Nature’s living motion lent The pulse of hope to discontent. I wonder’d at the bounteous hours, The slow result of winter showers : You scarce could see the grass for flo^vers. I wonder’d, while I paced along : The woods w^ere fill’d so full with song, There seem’d no room for sense of wTong. 144 THE TWO VOICES.	43,244
bub_gb_Q8vhUiBdUXYC_7	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,836	Narrative of the Arctic land expedition to the mouth of the Great Fish River, and along the shores of the Arctic Ocean, in the years 1833, 1834 and 1835	Back, George, Sir, 1796-1878	English	Spoken	6,735	9,778	Our faces streamed with blood, as if leeches had been applied; lind there was a burning and irritatinii; pain, followed by im- mediatMaflammation, and producing giddiness, which almoat drove ua mad.* Wheoever we halted, which tte nature of the country compelled ua to do often, the men, even Indians, threw themadvoi <m their liu»a, and moaiMd with pain and agony. My arms being leas encumbered, I defended myielf in some degree by waving a branch in each hand; but even with thif, and the «id of a veil and itout leather {^ovei, I did not eicapo without aevere panidiment For the time, I thought the tiny plagues worse even than mosquitos. While qieaktng on this subject, I am reminded of a remark of M aufielly, which, as indicative of the keen obawvation of the tribe, and illustrating the humanity of the excellent indi- vidual to whom it alludes, I may be pardoned for introducing here:-4It was the custom of Sir John Franklin never ta kill a fly, and though teased by them beyond expression, especi- ally when engaged in taking observations, he would quietly desist from his work, and patiently blow the half-gorged in- truders from his hands — '<the world was wide enough for both." This was jocosely remarked upon at the time hf Akaitcho and the four or five4pdians who accompanied him; but the impression,^ it* seems, had sunk deep, for on Mhu- felly's 'seeing me fill my tent with smoke, and then throw open the front and beat the sides all round with leafy branches, to drive out the stupified pests before I went to rest, he could not refrain from expressing his surprise that I should be so unlike the old chief, who would not destroy so much as a single mosquito* ! 142 imnatwY to rwm nioBBi As we got to the confluence of tlie Ah-hel-dessy with Great Slave Lake, I was glad to perceive that the trees, though knotty, were of greater girth, and that some small birch were also thinly scattered ahout. As yet, however, I had not seen any that would have answered for planking, and began to fear that we should have to send about one hundred and fifty miles for that indispensable material. We had now- reached the eastern extremity of the lake, where,'iu my letter of thp IPth of August, J had directed Mr/MLeod to build au establishment. Proceeding onward over the mossy and even surface of the sand-banks, we wore accordingly gladdened by the sound of the woodman's stroke; and, guided by the brancliless trunks, which lay stretched along the earth, we soon came to a bay, where, in agreeable relief against the dark green foliage, stood the newly-erected framework of a house.' Mr. M'Leod was walking under the shade of the trees with La Prise, and did not hear us until we were wilhin rt few yards of in in. We were ranged in sinn;!' Iilc, the inon liavmg, ol ihcir own accoi-cl, t;illrii into that ordur; and, \s Ith our swollen faces, dressed and laden as we were, some can yiiiti; i;uns, others tent poles, &c., we must have prcseiiled a i>lrangtly wild appearance, uoL uxiiikc a group of robbers on the stage. This, however, did not prevent my friend from it sti tying his satisfaction at our return. He had expected th;!t our route would have been by a small river, about a mile to the east- ward, invariably used by the Chipewyansor Yellow-knives, whenever they prort cd in that direction; and, as it may be supposed, quite unknown to me until that moment. On sub- sequent inspection, however, it was found to be too shallow for canoes, being merely the outlet to some smalt lakes^ and Digitized by Gopgle or THE ARCTIC 8KA. 149 llie waters ol a picturesque fall, from lour to eigiil miles dis- tant. -There were many "^maU Indian canoes ??towed undejf the branches ol the wiiiows; and as it was the lowest and most favourable route to the Barren Lands, it was preferred^ it , seems, to those by which I'had passed* I • 144 lOUllTBT TO THB iSOBES CHAPTER VII. 'Le grand jmne BimmeJ'—l\^uUwWiAehidiamr-^SSimia9,^ JBng Qirri»«»twUhtwQBtaemuf,'^PtrfofmtA a Surgical Opera- Uan.—Diicimfii'TU iff an Mian Canoe.— 'Condnet the Partg-^ BrecHien ef mem DwetUng.—Arrieal Mane.— Their FeHcg. ^Aged Indian Woman.— Starving Visiters. — Case qf Revenge for Inkospitalitjl* — The Thkir-ee-choh described. — ObservcUory.-^ Strange Appearance of the Aurora.— Pouring in qf the Indians. — Supfir.ttitioits Fancies— Shortne^it of Food.— Domini cd in the new Building, named Fort JiiHance. — Supplier of^ain fail.—.ikait- eho. — Disdiarwe of Dc Charlbit and ttoo Iroquois; dlso, of I^i Cha- rity. — Gloom of the iwtiann.—Story of a yovni^ Hunitr.— Breach of Indian Laic.—Dtnih of the old Hhman. — CkriHtma«-<iay.— Short Allowance. — Experiments. — Excessive CoUL — Arrital of Mr. M'Leod.'-'Barbarone AtrocUy.—RevoUing Storp qf an huUan. I LEARNT from Mr. MLeod, that he had awaited the ar- rival of the Indian chief, "Le grand jeune homme,"' at Fort Resolution; that at firMt the chief had aflectcd to be mightily disnppointpd on being tohl that I did nnf require his services; but had gradually moderated his ill iuiinoiir on honrinc; of our limited stock of goods, and ihc stuct regulations that were to be enforced; and hnally, haying been requited for Digitized by Gopgle I OP TU£ ARCTIC SEA. 145 hU lott of time with^lfae yalue of forty beaver dduM, he be came perleeUy oatisfiedy and was so left. Alsialed by the Indianiy and haying picked np La,Priae with my eanoe^ &e.» at Hoar-frost Riyer, Mr. M^Leod had arriyed on the SSnd of August) and^ with only four mtn, had eontriyed to erect the long framework already mention- ed. The wo^k had been aerioualy interrupted by the sand- flies; nor could the men stand to it at all without the protec- tion of clouds of smoke, from small fires of green wood which were kept burning around them. The hopes of a new establishment on the borders of a lake rest chiefly on the produce of a fishery; and the daily supply of white fish, as well as trout, yielded by the nets, seemed to verify the accounts we had receiyed, and held out an en- couraging prospect for the fiiture. Some meat* also^ had been seasonably brm^t in by the Indians, in paying for' «whieh, Mr. M^I^eod, fineseeing a great expenditure of am- munition, had, with a proper regard to economy, Muced the usual trading prices. The innovation was by no means popu- lar, bu^ as there were upwards of one hundred and fifty miles between us and the next house, it was their interest to acquiesce; for, the market being near their hunting grounds^ if they got smaller profits, they had quicker returns. The following day being Sunday, divine service was read, and onr imperfect thanks were humbly offered to Almighty God for the mercies which had been already vouchsafed to us; and, though in this imperious climate, with every thing to do, time was certainly precioui^ yet, feeling that the first opening of the sacred volume in this distant wilderness ought not to be profaned by any mixture of common labour, I made it a day of real quiet and repose. 19 Digitized by Gopgle 146 JOUKHBT TO THE 8B0IS8 After the men had recovered from their bites, rather than their fatigiic, they were acnt for the meat which we had con- cealed in our track; and, returning by a different route, tiiey had the good fortune to find a clump of trees sufficiently free from knots to admit of their being converted into the proper length of plankinc for boats. This discovery was most im- portanty as it wui. afterwards louiui to be the only clump at all suited to the purpose; and, had it nut been thus luckily stumbled on, the trouble, expense, and fatigue of sending at lea^t a hundred miles over the ice for wood, might have cramped, if not altogether paralysed, our efforts in the ensu- ing summer. On the Ifith of September, •! had the gratification to wel- come to the fort my companion M51 King. He arrivpd(j\'ith the two laden bateaux; and, notwithstanding his inexperienre in the country, he brought his heavy cargo in a very t;oo<i state of preservation. He had suffered, as was to be exjK-ct- ed, the usual impositions which the old voyaffeurfi consider themselves entitled to practise on the uninitiated, and had, consequently, been exposed to frequent personal inconve- niences. Between Cumberland House and Isle k la Crosst?, he met some Crec Indians, 'who passed," said Mr. Kin^, "in their canoes, in seeming high spirits; buLia a short time the old man of the family returned, with a request that I would extract a tooth, claiming me, at the same time, as a brother medicine man.* The difference in his first and se- cond appearance was truly ludicrous, — then active and cheer- ful, now, diseased and dejected: he aeted bis part admirably, and, at his earnest entreaty, I gave him a few harmless mix> lures, which might assist him in maintainbg his profesnonal respectability. The negligence of the men had caused his passing the pitch springs in the Elk River without taking in a supply; and, on reaching Chipewyan, he had to send back Digitized by Google OF TBI ARCTIC ISA. 147 for some. Fortunately^ during the delay ao oe«atuHMd« lifr. Charleiy the chief factor of th^ diatrict, arrivedt and relioFed him from anothn embanaaaing aituation with regard to pro- Tiaiona. He had my direetiooa to supply his party with enough for thirty days* consumption, but was informed hy the clerk in charge that he could not have half the quantity^ as some must be reaerved for the Slave I^e and Peace Rirer brigades. Hia tnatruotiona were poattive, to Jceep our aixty baga entire, oxcept in case of actual atarvation; and he had begun therefore to provide nets, to avoid the necea- aity of trenching on them, when the opportune appearance of the chief factor removed hia diaquietude, by clearing the atore for him. Mr. King at the same time bore grateful tea- timony to the general courtesy and kindness manifested by this gentleman. Certainly, to one who is wandering for the firat time in a strange iand^ the meeting with ^ generous and warm-hearted countryman h inexpreaaibly delightful. It cheers and refreshes the traveller, carrying back his thoughts to that dear land which claims them both for its children. Thai Mr. King, under the circumstances in which he found hi in self, should feel even more than ordinary gratitude waa but naturaL While at Cbipewyan, Mr. King had performed a success- ful operation on a woman'a upper Hp, which was in a shock- ing Btate from cancer> brought on, aa he tboughti from the inveterate habit of amoking, ao common among the half- breeds. He had met with two or three cases of it before; one, at Fort William, was incurable, and very loathsome. His preaenee was hailed with delight at ev&ry poat beyond Jack Rivnr, either by the natives, or thoae who resided at diem; and it surprised me to learn how much diaeaae haa apread through thia part of the country. 148 lOVBMXT TO TBS IBOIU Having procured the ttr^ Mr. King embarked in a half- sized canoe with four men, aud followed the bateaux, which had been sent ahead, without other guide than James Spence, one of my men in the last ezpeditiony who had exchanged with a Canadian^ to join me, — an excellent lad, but with not a yery accurate memory, so that the canoe was nearly drawn into the Mf^tful rapids and falls of the ^^Casseite,'' to ran which is never even attempted. He had passed the proper turn* ing to make the portage, and the Iroquois in the bow declar- ed he could neither advance nor retreat. Luckily they were near the land, which they reached; and, by converting their ceintures, or sashes, into a towing line, they hauled up against the strong current, and ultimately got into the right track. On descending the Slave River, Mr. King met some Indians, and engaged one to take him in his small canoe to Fort Resolution, under the impression of gaininii; time; and this species of trav( lling he described as not being over com- • fortable. I was forty hours in the Indian canoe," said he, and it was decidedly the most irksome time I ever spent. I was not able to move hand or foot; and this occasloncfl such a state of drowsiness, as made sleep almost irresistible, liiough * the consequence might have been the upsettinc; of the canoe.' Some strong tea, however, dispelled it; and, on reaching the Fort, he found that the boats had been four days belure him. The people, according to Mr. King's account, had con- • ducted themselves as well as those of their station generally do, under similar circumstances, with ihe exception of two; and they were the less excusable, Irum the consideration shown them, and the generous treatment they had expeh- * I had been kindly provided wiih various seeds, by Mr. Liadley, the learned Secretary or the Horticultoral Societjr, wrae of which wwe left at each poet. Digitized by Gopgle OF THE ABCTIC SEA. 149 enced from tlie Arctic Committee in England. I therefore took this occasion to assemble the whole of my party, and to inflict a public and severe reprimand upon the offenders. The binding nature of their agreements was recapitulated, and a brief explanation given of the system that would be ob- served throughout the service. I eodeavoured to convince them that it was their troe interest to conduct themselves like good and honest men; and I reminded them that they were embarked in an enterprise whieh^ whether saccessful or notf would alwi^ receive the meed of public approbation. After this admonition I introduced Mr. M'Leod as an officer of the expeditioDy and the person to whose superintendence and management our future establishment would be com- mitted; and I informed ih&n that from him they would re- ceive their orders. The site of our intended dwelling was a levei bank c»f gravel and sand, covered with reindeer moss, shrubsy and trees» and looking more like a park than part of an American finest It Ibrmed the northern extremity of a bay, from twelve to fifteen miles long, and of a breadth varying from three to five miles, named after my friend Mr. M'Leod. The Ah-hel-dessy fell into it from the westward, and the small river previously mentioned fivm the eastward. 6ra* nitic hills, or mountains, as the Indians term them, of gray and flesh-€<doured felspar, quartz, and in some ]daees Urgp plates of mica, .surrounded the bay, and attained an altitude of from five to fifteen hundred feet; which, however, instead « of sheltering us, rather acted as a conductor for the wind between E. S« E. and W. S. W. which occasionally blew with great violence. The long sand banfs, which ran <Mit between the two rivers^ and the snug nooks along the shores, seemed to ofier a safe retreat for the white fish during their 150 iovtmr to ths ihoiss spawning; season, which was now at hand; and more nets were set, to take advantage of so auspicious a promise. The men were divided into parties, and appointed to regu- lar tasks: some to the fellincr of trees, and squaring Uicm into beams or rafters; others, to the sawing of slabs and planks: here nas a p;roup awkwardly chipping the shapeless granite inLo something like form: and there a party in a boat in search of mud and gia>s fur mortar. It was an animated scene; and, set ofT as it was by the white tents and smuky leather lodges, contrasting with the mountains and green woods, it was picturesque as well as interesting. In a few days, the framework of tlie house and observa- tory were up; but, in consequence of the smalhiess of the trees, and the distance from whicli tliey were carried, our progress in filling up the walls was necessarily slow. In the meantime, there was an evident lallinu; oil in the ninnln i s of the white fish, which had given plate id tioiit. On exanji- nation, it was found liiaL llicsc iuLtcr had calea the spawn of the others. » ♦ • We w ere scarcely settled in our new station, when a small party of Indians came with a little meat; and,' having obtain- ed in exchange what they wanted, went away again, leaving, however, behind them an infirm old man. Two more cldcrlj'' Chipewyans shortly [ \s aids joined hini, one ot \s hoiu carried on his back lus son, who was weak iitJia want uf food. In short, the sick and miserable soon began to flock in from all quarters, in tlie hope of procuring that succour from us which we could not aflbrd but through the means of their own countrymen. Indifferent to the sufferings of those around them, the hale hunters move with the activity almoit of the animal they pursue; trusting to the humanity of the Digitized by Gopgle or TBS A«CTIC SBA* 151 white man to sustain the intinn or sinking members of their family. In a long settled post, the resources of which are constant, this mav he tolerated, so long as it does not amount to imposition; but in our situation, cramped as we were already boginning to be in our means, it was easy to foresee that the injuiiirious encouragement of such a practice would involve us in inextricable clifiiculties. With this conviction, I resolved not to yield to it; and, tliough the applicants never left us altogether unsolaced or empty-handed, they were not permitted to remain on the ground. •Wherever a station is established, not only the diseased, who come from necessity, but swarms of other visiters, immediately repair to it,^ — women aiid cliildren, old and idle, seeking wiuiL ihey can get, or actuated by curiositv, or, as they say, "coming to see their lehitions," by liiaL term meaning the half-breed women who are tlie partners of the roi/ai^eurs. 158 iduBimr TO ram sHoais Claf] in deer skins, her eyes all but closed, her hair mat- ted aiid lilthy, her skin shrivelled, and feebly 8uj)porting, with the aid of a stick held hy both hands, a trunk which was liLerally horizontal, she presented, if such an expression may be pardoned, the shockinij and unnatural appearance of a human brute. It was a humiliating spectacle, and one which I would not williau,ly see again. "Poor wretch! Her uJl; was soon told: old and decrepit, she iiad come to be considered as a burden even by her own sex. Past services and toils were forgotten, and, in their figurative style, they coldly told her, that ^^though she appeared to live, she was already dead,'' and must be abandoned to her fate. >There is a new fort," said they; -go there j the whites are great medicine men, and may have power to save you.'' This ' was a month before; since which time she had crawled and hobbled along- the rocks, the scanty supply of berries which she found upon them just enabling her to live. • Another day or two must have ended her sulferings. The 'nights now began to get frosty, and diminished the ^ chance of taking fiah in any number, so that In a length of four hundred fathoms of net, only twenty^even, and those of an indiiflferent sort, were caught As these did not suffice for .the rations of the day, we were reluctantly driyen lo our sea stock of pemmiean. •October. — Starving Indians continued to arrive iVom every point of the compass, declarins: that the animals had left the Barren Lands where tht \ li id hitlierto been accustomed to feed at this season; and dial the calamity was not confined to the Yellow Knives, but that the Chipewyans also were as for- lorn and destitute as themselves.' There is no reasoning with a hungry belly, that I am acquainted with. The only way 15 lo i>alx9iy iis demands as soon as possible; and, indeed, > ■ 1 Digitized by Gopgle or TBE AftCTlC SSA. 153 when this is obstinately refused, the Indian considers, and perhaps rightly^ that he is only obeying the natural impulse of self-preservation, in laying forcible hands on whatever £U]» within his reach* At one of the Company's posts in the northern department^ where the animal^ as in our case, were so scarce that the natives could not procure subsistence, they threw themselves on the generosity of the gentleman in charge, and requested a small proportion of the meat out of his well-stocked store^ to enaUe them to recruit their strength for fredh efforts in the chase. They were denied; and returned dejected to their wintry abode. Now and then a moose deer was killed, hut long was the fasting between ; and in those intervals of grip- ing pain^ the inhospitality of the white man was dwelt upon with savage indignation, which at last vented itself in pro- jects of revenge. An opportunity presented itself in the ar- rival at their lodges of the interpreter^ who had been despatch- ed from the factory to see what Uiey were doing. This man had not been popular with them before, and the part he had taken in the late transaction had aggravated the feeling against him. Of this he was himself aware; and being a half-breed, was not without the cautious suspicion which is characteristic of the aboriginal. Still the wonted familiarity, and the friendly pipe that greeted his entrance into the principnl lodge, dimi- nished his fears; and a little dried meat, given with apparent cheerfulness for the use of the fort, finally removed all appre- hension. Two Canadians, who had aceompanicd him, Ipft early on their return; and, in an hour after, he followed th« ir steps. Tho Indinn^ wntrhrd him until he \v;is hid In' tlic Woodf^; then p;raspcd their guns, and l)v a ^^hort cut i;;iinrd a spot favourable lor their purpose, before any oi the ttirce had arrived. Cowering in ambush within ten paces of the track, they waited for their approach and at a given signal hred, 20 « 154 JOtrnfSY to thb sbobbs tod brought down (wo of the unsuspecting travellers. The third fled, and uus pursued wltli savage yells by the iiifui iat- ed Indians. Fear added wings to the Canadian^ atid iiaving outstripped the luremost, lie hid himself breathless and ex- hausted among some rocks. The Indians ruslied past with- out perceiving him, and having reached the house, broke furiously into the apartment of the gentleman, who had not yet risen, and after reproaching him with the horrors he had caused, instantly deprived him of life. Their vengeance being thus hou iljly satiated, they return- ed to the woods without committing the slightest act of spo- liation. The Canadian and another man, whom, strange to say, they did not molest, haslened to the neighbouring posts, with an account of this shocking catastrophe- Fri sli parties were estaljli^lu d at the same station, and the p( i ])t lr:itors of the inurder were hii.dly hunted down \iy tlie people of their own tribe, — a melancholy but salutary lesson not only to the red man but tu tiie white. It was now the middle of October, and'up to this time a few snow birds and four white partridges were all that had been seen.' The deer too, as well as the fish, ?^eemed to have taken their departure. The Indians, satisfied with the pittance doled out to them, and iiavjng been supplied with hooks and bits of nets, quilled us one after another, leav- ing only some of the elder ones, from two of whom I learnt, tliat they had been further down the Thlew-ee-choh than any others of their tribe.* They described it favourably, and asserted that it was entirely free from falls, though suffi- ciently interrujiltd by rapids. The value of this assertion will hereafter be seen. Their idea of its course was, that it ran due north, or, if any thing, rather to the eastward, though, from some blue mouataiiu often mentioned in tKe Digitized by Google OV TRB AtCTiC tIA. 155 discourse as thn limit of their knowIeUgc, it was represented an taking a course to the left. .Their statements, moreover, corri)l)orated the prrvious opinions given of the The-lew, wliirfi w;i?5 5ntf1 to flow thrnut^h a low mnrshv tract, c<;iiricct- ed witii an estuary, opening to tlie sea by a narrow channel, the shores of which were lined by Esquimax. On these peo- ple, they said they had formerly made war, »» well as OD tlM Esquimaux at the mouth of the Thlew>ee-cboh.' The work of building went on briskly, though our substi- tute for mortar, clay, and Hud, froze as fast as it was laid OIL The observatory was soon completed; it was a square building twelve feet inside, having a porch at the west with double doors, the outer one of which opened south. The roof %vas angular, and rovrred with rough slabs of wood hav- ing the Aat side down, and the hollows on the outside were filled up with ;i imxttirc of clay, sapd, and dry gras?. It had four windows oi nioose-skin j);ii'(diinpnt, with a sniall punv. of glass in each, facing respectively north, south, east, an<l west. The space within was carefully cleared of all st.ones, and a thoroughly dried trunk of a tree seven feet long, ami t wo feet and a half in diamrler, was let down into a hole three feet deep in the centre, and then rammed tight by successive layers of clay and sand. This part was cased in a square framework of three fof t, grooved and mortised; and the in- terior spaces were gradually filled up with tlie same compo- sition as was used to plaster the walls. When the plaster was quite dry, a square thick board was mortised on the post, and the whole fabric was as firm as a rock. The floor was planked, and when the doors were closed, the difierence of tcrnporalure between the out and inside was 14°. There was nor a nail or the smallest particle of iron in the building; and to \|i;uurd against the accidental approach of any person with a gun, an axe, or the like, I had it enclosed with a ring fence * 166 . JOUBHBT TO THB IBOIIS of seventy feet diameter. It was situated on a gentle rise, two hundred yards from the lake, and about one hundred from the east end of tliu [louse. A strong staff, fifteen feet high, was fixed on the aorLhern extremity of the ridge pole, on the spindle of which was a vane; and besides white poles, placed HI the direction of the Iruc aad magnetic meridian, I had a horizontal cross at the north side of the observatory, within the fence, to enable us to take the bearings of phe- nomena with greater accuracy than can be attained by the mere guess of the eye. The angular heights of the surround- ing mountains were also ascertained. Observations were immediately mnde for the magnetic force and dip, with Hansteen's and Dollond's needles, and. a lozenge-shaped one after the suggestion of Captain Beechey; but this, for the sake of clearness, will, together with our observations of other phenomena, be throwji into a tabular form in the appendix. Three thermometers (spirit) were placed inside the observatory — four outside, on the north, and one exposed to the sun on the ^oulh ^ide. They had been previously compared, and for some time their relative means were taken; but afterwards lliat plan was relinquished, and the nearest mean thermometers were adojiied as iilandards for the whole. The daily-vas ialion instrument, made by Jones, on a plan ol l^ruiciSNur Christie's, to be explained here- after, was also adjusted in the magnetic meridian, and ita readings registered ten times a day, between eight in the morning and midnight The temperatures were noted fifleeB times in the twenty-four hours. A short time after the needle was placed, there was a strange appearance connected with the aurora, and which, though it will probably be again mentioned when I come to treat of that subject expressly, I m^y perhaps be excused, on Digitized by Gopgle 167 account of its singularity, for noticing in this place idso. At 5' 30" p. M., while occupied in lakiiijsr the transit of a star, I perceived the coruscations streaming Irom behind a detached and oblong ^l irk rloiid m a vertical position at E. b, S.* Tiiey issued uloiig an undulating aroli ,;s liigli, arid spread themselves laterally in beams north and south. Another arch, brighter and narrower than Uic former, suddenly emerged from W. b. N., and passed between a nearly hori- zontal black cloud and the stars, which were then not visible through the Aurora. I immediately looked at the needle, and found it dightly agitated, but not vibrating: on retarning, I wu surprised to see the dark horizontal cloud to ib» west- .ward not in the iame ihape a» befbra. It had now taken a. balloon fomi» and waa efidenfljr fi»t apreading towards the senith. On looking to the eastward, I peroeiTed that a dark cloud there also was rapidly altering its appearance. So un- usual a sight indueed me to call my eompanions, Measn. King and M'lieody and we aaw the dark broad mass from ^ the westward gradually expand itself^ so aa to meet the other> which was likewise rising* at or near the zenith. The effect of the junction was a dark gray arch* extending from EL b. S. to W. b. N. across the zenith, and completely obacuring the stars* though at each side of the arch they were particu- larly dear and twinkling. In the meantime, the Aurora as- sumed every Tariely of form; such as undulating and fringed archea, 30^ to 50^ high and more or less broad, with flaahes and beams at right angles to them. The cloudy arch, too, was illuminated at and around its N. W. edges near the hori- zon, while rays and curved beams played round its eastern * extramity. In a few seconds, the part of this nearest the horizon assumed a zig-zag form^ like forked ligjhtning; and immediately the western extremity sympathised, undergoing * Bflagnetic bearioft. 158 JOURirST TO TUJB 8H0a£S * momenlaiy transitions wliich defy clescriplion. Such con- vulsious at the extremes soon affected the centre of the ai cl», which becoming gradually fainter and fainter, at last vanish- ed entirely, leaving the stars to shine forth in all their bril- liance. The detached masses yet remained, though under various forms, and the Aurora nimbly played round and through them, especially the eastern one, until not the sUght- eat TOBtige of thorn remained. * On this occasion the Aurora was high, and consequently did not act powerfully on the needle, which wia an extreme- ly delicate one; but I had opportunities alterwardi of seebg llus drawn eight degrees on one side, by the same agency; a tomark which I only make for the informatimi of thoMy who may not be dispoaed to inspect the tables. The little river to the cast, and the borders of the lake, were frozen over by the latter end of thr. Tuonth; but the weather was very mild^ and a Ircih gale geuerally broke up the ice ai^ain in a few hours. To this unusual mildness of the season may be ascribed the unparalleled sufferings of the Indians, who, emaciated and worn out by fatigue, con- tinued to pour in upon us from the barren lands, where, contrary to their habits, the deer still remained; keeping at too great a distance to be followed. One poor fellow had not tasted meat for ten days, and, but for the hope of seeing us, must have sunk by the way. Pinched as we were oor^ ^ selves, little cpuld be bestowed upon the wretched sufferers. Amongst other &ncies, the Indisns began to im^ne that Uie instruments in the observatory, coneealed from every one but Mr. King snd myself, were the mysterious cause of ail their misfortunes: nor were they singular in this opinion; for on one oecasionwhen taking the dip, &c. two of the vosfogeun listened, and hearing only a word at intervals, soeh as Now! 1 I Digitized by Google OP TdK ABCTIC SKA. 159 Stop! always succeeded by a perfect silence, they looked »t each other, and with significant shrugp^ tiinimg hastily away from the railing, reported to their companions that they verily believed I was ^'raising the devil." Endeavouring to laugh away the whimsical notion of the Yellow-knives, I told them that they had mistaken the thingi for that the mysterious instruments attracted, not dispersed, the animals; as tl\ey would And when they went to hunt The assertion, uttered in jest, seemed to be verified in earn- est, for an old bear was shot the same day, and, though lean and tough, was greedily devoured. Although, among so many, it was but a taste for each, it excited r\ j^light ani na- tion; soon, however, tliey relapsed uito tfit ir former melan- choly; and a painful sight it was to heboid ilum, singly or in groups, standing by the men at their me<iis, and eagerly watching each envied mouthful, hut disdaining to utter a word of complaint. The wretched old woman, whom I have spoken of before, was too much worn out by her infirmities to be sensible of our kindness and protection; and, though assured that she would be taken care of, she never failed to attend our scanty repast, and, with mouutanous and feeble watlings, assailed my servant for the scrapings of the kettles. Different places had been tried for fish, but after the first haul the nets were invarial)ly toond eiiij)ty. To remedy, if possible, so deplorable a cirruinsijince, llie men were divided into parties, and, with the exception of one reiained to fmish the house, were sent to a specified part of the lake for the sole purpose of procuring; subsistence. Some succeeded, but others returned .ifter a short nliM iici , with the loss of two nets, and a most discouraging account of iheir labours. I had therefore, no resource but to redure the flail v 'rations, and Stop the usual allowance to the dogs, many ot which became 160 JOUAMSr TO THJS SUOBES in consequence so reduced as to be barely able to crawl, and to this day I have not ceased to wonder how they were kept alive. In the midst of these disasters, our hopes were somewhat brightened by the accidental but well-timed arrival of two young hunters, who, having separated from At utcho to look fordeer^ had fallen on a large herd, some of which they had killed, but, in returning to inform the chief of their good fortune, had got bewildered in fogs, and finding themselves, when the weather cleared, within a day's march of our sta- tion, couM not resist the tcnipUition to jeet a little tobacco in exchange, to us most welcome, for some licslv meat. In a few liours, all wiio were capable of exertion set off for the land of promise; and, for a time) the immediate prospect of want was removed. On the fifth of November, we had the pleasure of changing our cold tents for the comparative comfort of the house, which, like moft of those in this country, vras constnicted of • framework) filled up with logs let into grooves, and closely plastered with ■ cement composed of common clay and aand. The roof was formed of a numher of single dabs, extending slantingly from the ridge pole to the eaves; and the whole was rendered tolerably tight by a mixture of dry grass, clay, and sand, which was beat down between the slabs, and sub- sequently coated over with a thin layer of mud. The house was fifty feet long and thirty lirosdj having four separate rooms, with a qpscious hall in the centre fur the reception and aceommodation of the Indians.' Each of the rooms had a fireplace and a rude chimney, which, save that it snfiered a fair proportion of the smoke to descend into the room, an- swered toldrably well. A diminutive apology for a room, neither wind nor water tight, was attecbed to the bally and \ Digitized by Google OW TMS ABCTIC UIA. 161 dignified with the mne of a kiteheo. The men's houses, forning the western aide of wh«t wee intended to be a square, but wliiehy like many other squares, was never finished, com- pleted our boflding. As every post in the country is distin guished by a name, I gave to our»that of Fort Reliance, in token of our trust in that merciful Providence, whose protec- tion we humbly hoped would be extended to us in the many difficulties and dangers to which these services are exposed* The exact site is in kUtude 69^ 46' 29" N., longitude 109* 0* 38-9" W.; the variation, 85<» 19' east, and dip, 84<»44'. About a mile firom the house was a tree wluch had been struck by lightning, and splintered twenty feet down the trunk, the pieces being thrown thirty or forty paces away. I do not recollect to have seen a similar instance. A eontinnatiott of mild weather, and the manner in which thedeer was harassed, caused them to return to a distance on the barren lands, where they could not be followed at this season; and towards the end of the month our supplies again tailed; distress was prevalent, and the din and screeching of women and children too plainly indicated the acuteness of their suftring. The opportune appearance of my old acquain- tance, Akalteho, with a little meat, enabled us to relieve and quiet the confusion, and some of them went away with the chiei^ who promised that we should not want as long as he had any thing to send to the fort He did not directly in- quire aliout Sir John Franklin, or Doctor Richardsoir; but his satia&ctioa was very visible, when I g^ve him some little presents in their names, and pointed to the silver medal pre- sented to him at Fort Enterprise, which he was then wear^ tng as a proof that he had not forgotten them. An additional trifle or two made him quite happy, and he left us to all ap- pearance the determined firiend of the expedition. 91 162 JOURNJvk' TU TUil ^U0R£5 Among those who aeeomptnied him was an old bmb, who gaye us informttioa of a lake about thirtj miles' to the $• £«*y where on pressing occasions he resorted to fish; and^ willing to catch at the smallest chance of saving the pemmi- can> I prevailed on him to act as guide to a small party selected to make the trial; the result of which, if favourable^ was to be communicated without delay. Accordingly on the third day La Charity, one of the party, reached the house late at night, after a painful walk without snow shoes through deep snow in the woods, brin\|png four fish, and the welcome tidings, that by spreading over a greater surface there was a likelihood of taking more. Every man that could be spared was diereupon sent away with htm; we vrbo remained being thrown upon our pemmican, a third of which was dreody expended. December 7. — Being anxious to diminish as Ar ss possible the number of our party, I now discharged De Charloh and two Iroquois, conformably to their agreements, and La Cha- rit6, at his own solicitation; but not until he had provided m substitute, who turned out to be in every respect superior to him as a tfoyagtur. They were supplied with the neeesmry means to cany them to the next establishment; and I charged De CharitiSt with my despatches Ibr Mr. Hay, Under-Secre- tary of State for the Colonies, and for the Admiralty— tag^ ther with extra requisitions for the use of the expedition during the following year, to be sent from York Factory.	16,532
reportsecretary11agrigoog_23	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,866	Annual report of the secretary of the Connecticut Board of Agriculture	None	English	Spoken	7,380	10,619	S. Mayo, the present College veterinarian. In these tests the temperatures before injection were taken every three hours throughout the day, but only the maxima and averages for the day are given in the table. In the test made December 17-18, 1897, cow No. 1344 showed a marked rise of tempera- ture, while the other three showed no response. In the test made April 11-12, 1898, cow No. 1343 responded, while the other three cows did not. Cow No. 1344 showed a slight rise of temperature at 4, 6, and 8 p. m., the day after injection, but she was observed to be in heat at this time, a condition which would doubtless account for slight abnormal temperatures. Digitized by Google TUBERCULOUS COWS AND USE OF THEIR MILK. I03 Table 2. Tuberculin tests of tuberailous cows^ and of calves which ice re fed their milk. ' After intection. Datbof Before — ;— TKST AND - ! NUMBER OF INJECTION, i X ! a z s z s z z ANIMAL. < < < •1 iL i iT jj 0 00 0 -« vC 00 Jan. 26-27, i8g7' 5 P.M. 9 P.M. 1337, lOI.O 101.2 101.5 102. 1 104.0 105.2 106.1 — 104.8 — I34i» 102.2 101.5 102. 1 102.5 103.6 102.6 103.2 1C4.9 106.1 — 1343. 100.9 100.3 IOI.4 102.0 102.9 105.1 106.2 — 105.0 — 1344, 100.6 100. 1 IIOI.2 IOI.6 103.0 105.0 106.9 — 106.6 — A(calO. - 102.0 102.0 I1OI.5 lOI.I roi.4 101.6 101.6 — 102.2 — March j-4. 4P.M. 9 P.M. B(calf). - 102.7 103.4 102. 1 t 102.6 102.2 101.5 101.7 — — — Mar. 2g-jo 5 P.M. 9 P.M. j A (calf). - 102.4 102.6 102.4 102.0 101.7 101.9 102.4 — — — Apr. 26-27. 5 P.M. 9 P.M. ! i 1 1 1337. 103.7 102.0 IO2.4I102.2 102.0 102.2 102.0 — — — 1341, 102.8 101.5 IO2.6I103.7 1C5.2 106.0 105.8 — — — 1343, 102.0 101.6 l02.o\|l02.C 102.2 102.0 101.8 — — — 1344. IOI.6 ioi.o\|io2.5 103.4 103.8 103.8102.8 — — — Julyjo-ji. 5 P.M. IIP.M.i 1 1337, IOI.8 101.3; 102. 2102.0 102.2 102.1 102.2 101.3 102.4 102. 1 1341, 101.6 lOI.O 102.5,102.8 IOI.9 101.8 101.5 101.2 101.3 101. 0 1343. 101.8 lOI.O 102.8^102.71102.1 102.2 ro2.o 101.6 101.9 — — C(calf),. 103.0 io2.ol:ioi.8 101.5 IOI.7 ior.8 102.4 — — ■ , — Sept. 27-28. 8p.m. lOP.M.lI 1337. — IOI.8 102.0 102. 1 IOI.9 101.6 101.6 — — 1341, — IOI.5 IOI.3IIOI.2 101.5 102.0 101.8 — — — 1343. — IOI.7 \|ioi.5,ioi.6 IOI.5 101.3 101.5 — — — 1344. — lOl.O 101.1101.4 IOI.2 101.2 lOl.I — — — A(calO, - 102.6 I0I.6, 101.61101.4 IOI.7 101.8 102.0 — — — B(calf), - 102.3 101.7 IOI.7;IOI.3 101. 0 101.2 IOI.5 — — — C(calf).. 102.4 IOI.6; 101.8 101.4 IOI.7 101.8 IOI.8 — — — Dec. 17-18. Max- ♦Aver-1 imum age. !' 1337. 102.8 101.6 101.3 101.7 102.9 102.9 102.6 102.5 103.0 103.5 1341. 102.2 101.3 101.2^102.0 102.3 103.0 102.2 102.6 102. 1 101.5 1343, 102.2 101.5 I0I.l\|l02.0 101.9 102.4 102.0 10T.8 lOT.O IOI.8 1344. 102.3 lOI.O IOI.5JI02.2 104.4 106 4 107.0 105.7 104.4 102.8 A(calO. - IOI.8 lOI.l 100.8101.8 IOI.6 101.6 100.9 102.2 101.8 lOI.O B(calf). - C (calO. - 101.8 IOI.3 IOI.o\|lOI.2 lOI.O 101.2 101.9 101.7 102.2 100. S 102.2 IOI.4 lOI.O 101.5 101.2 101.4 101.7 101.7 102.2 101.4 D(calf). - 102.6 102.1 102.0,101.7 IOI.2 102.0 101.8 102.0 102.0 102.0 Digitized by Google I04 STORES AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Table 2. — {Continued.) Date of Before TEST AND NUMBER OF ANIUAL. INJECTION. Apr, 11-12^ Max- ♦Aver- iSgS. imum age. 1337. 101.8 101.3 1341. 101.8 101.3 1343. 102. 1 101.5 1344. 10T.2 100.8 A(calO, - 102.2 101.4 B (calf), - 101.9 100. Q D (calf), - I02.3;IOI.8 Dec. 22-2J, iSi^S. 1337, 103.0 101.9 1341, 103.0 101.7 1343. 103.0 102. 1 1344, - 102.4 loi. 4 A (calf), - 102.5 101.5 B (calf). - 102.2 101.7 C (calO. - 102.2 100.6 D (calf), - 102.2 101.9 E (calf). - 102.8 102.0 F (calf), - 103.3 102. 1 G (calf), - 103.0 102.6 H(calf),. 102.4 102.0 After injection. I0I.8 102.0 .102.3 IOI.7 101.6 ;ioo.5 102.3 roi 102, 104, roi lOI, 104. 1 102 liioi, lioi, 102, lOI. 102, 102.6 102.6 104.0 102.5 101.8 lOI.O IOI.8 102. 102. 104. 102. lOI. 100. lOI. I I 102. 103, 103, 102, lOI, 106. 102. 102. lOI, 102. lOl. lOI. 100. lOI. lOI. 102. 104. lOI. I02. 102. 102. 102. lOI. IOI.8 101.9 104.0 102.7 101.8 I00.8 102.0 lOI 100 102 100 103 9106 b\l02 O lOI I'lOI 5 loi 2 103 2 lOI 101.8 102.0 102.5 103. of 101.3 100.5 102.7 IOI.9 IOI.8 101.9 103. 2f 102.0 IOI.4 102.6 IOI.3 lOI .3 102. 1 lOI •9 102.3 lOI •7 lOI.I lOI .3 102.5 102 •a 106.3 105 101.6 — - 101.9 lOI .9 101.8 lOI .6 roi. 6 102 .7 102.9 102 .2 101.4 lOI 8 102.0 101.6 102.0 103. of 102.0 IOI.4 102.6 Three of the cows, No. 1337, 1341, and 1343, were due to calve in August or September, 1898, and for this reason it was thought best to discontinue the tuberculin tests for several months. These three cows were dried off during the latter part of June, and were placed in a small pasture separate from all other stock, where they were allowed to remain until they were about ready to calve. The next tuberculin tests of the cows were made December 22 and 23, 1898, and at that time none of the cows gave any response, either in physical symp- toms or rise of temperature. PHYSICAL CONDITION OF THE COWS FROM OCTOBER, 1896, TO FEBRUARY, 1 899. Cow No. 1337. This animal was a heifer which had pro- duced one calf prior to coming to the Station in November, 1896. She was due to calve in April, 1897. She remained in * Average of temperatures taken every three hoursM.-i2 p. , 6 a. m. t Nr>ticed to be in heal at 8 p. M. Digitized by Google TUBERCULOUS COWS AND USE OF THEIR MILK. IO5 fair flesh during the winter of 1896-7, and was dry about three months. She dropped a strong heifer calf on April 5th. From birth till September 20th the calf sucked its dam. During this time the cow seemed a little thin in flesh, although not notice- ably so considering her condition of milk. This cow gained in size and flesh during the winter of 1897-8. She was kept at pasture while dry, from the latter part of June until Sep- tember 15, 1898, at which time she dropped a strong, vig- orous heifer calf. The calf has sucked its dam from birth to the present writing (February, 1899). For the first two months after calving the cow seemed a little thin in flesh, but at the present time she is in good order. This cow has had no cough since she was brought to the Station, and has looked strong and vigorous, eating well and appearing in good health at all times. Cow No, 1341. This cow was pregnant at the time she was brought to the Station in November, 1896. The exact time that she was due to calve could not be ascertained, but it was supposed that she would calve in March or April, 1897. She was dry for about two months, and dropped a dead calf March 2, 1897. The foetus was well covered with hair, and appeared to be premature by about one month. A careful physical ex- amination of the calf, made by the College veterinarian, failed to show the presence of tuberculosis, and cultures made from several sections of the body failed to reveal the germs of tuber- culosis. The cow was quite thin in flesh for about three months after calving, but gained slightly during the following sum- mer. She was quite a heavy milker, and this fact may account in part for her thinness in flesh. During the winter of 1897-8 she gained in flesh, and in April, 1898, appeared in fair physical condition. At times during the winter she had a chronic looseness of the bowels, but no cough was observed. This cow was dry from about the middle of June until the time of calving, August 11, 1898, and during this period she was kept at pasture. For about a month after calving she seemed to be running down in flesh, but soon began to gain, and by the time the cows were placed in their winter quarters she was in fair flesh. She has produced quite a heavy flow of milk ever since dropping her last calf. At the present time (February, 1899) she seems to be a little thin in flesh, although no cough has been noticed. She continues to eat well, and appears in a fair state of health. Digitized by Google I06 STORRS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. Cow No. 1343. This cow produced a calf in September or October, 1898. She is a lighter milker than the other cows, has a somewhat beefy form, and shows a tendency to lay on fat. During the winter of 1897-8 she became quite fat and sleek. In March, 1898, she was noticed to have a slight cough, but otherwise appeared in good physical condition. She was dried off about the middle of June, and was placed at pasture. August 28, 1898, she dropped a small heifer calf. For two or three months after calving she became somewhat thinner in flesh than usual, but soon after being placed in winter quarters she began to gain. From November, 1898, to the present time (February, 1899), she has had quite a persistent cough. Other- wise she appears in a fair state of health, although not quite as fat as during the winter of 1897-8. Cow No. 1344. This cow calved in September or October, 1896. She gave a fair flow of milk during the winter of 1896-7, and became quite fat and beefy. During the summer of 1897 this cow became rather thin in flesh, although she had no cough, and appeared in good physical condition. Although several attempts were made to have this cow become pregnant, she remained " farrow " throughout the winter of 1897-8, and since that time. At the present writing (February, 1899) she has continued to produce milk without interruption for nearly two years and a half. During the present winter she has be- come fatter than usual, and from general appearances seems to be in a good state of health. On May 8, 1898, and again February 7, 1899, the College veterinarian made careful physical examinations of the animals. The reports which he has made as to the physical condition of the cows is appended to this article. Physical Examinations. On May 8, 1898, Prof. N. S. Mayo, the College veteri- narian, made a physical examination of the animals. The re- port of this examination was given in the article on the subject in the last report of the Station for 1898. It is reproduced here for comparison with the report of the examination made by the same veterinarian on February 7, 1899. These reports are as follows: Report of Veterinarian^ May 8^ i8g8, — It is a fact well recognized that bovine tuberculosis, unless well advanced, is one of the most diffi- cult diseases to diagnose upon a physical examination. Digitized by Google TUBERCULOUS COWS AND USE OF THEIR MILK. IO7 Of the seven animals examined four are the Devon cows that have been tested and found to respond at one time or another, three (A, B, and D) are young bulls that have been fed with the milk of the cows. The calves have not reacted to the tuberculin test, and a careful physical examination fails to reveal any indications that they have tuberculosis. Of the four cows that have responded to the test, No. 1337 presents no symptoms of tuberculosis. She is in good flesh and looks well. Her temperature was 102. 20 F., respiration full and at the rate of twelve per minute. Cow No. 1341 is thinner in flesh than any of the others, and seems to be affected with a slight but chronic looseness of the bowels. Her tem- perature was 102O F. , and respirations twelve per minute. Cow No. 1343 is rather fat. She is troubled with a chronic cough, and auscultation indicates that the anterior (cephalic) lobes of the lungs, especially the right, are tuberculous. Her temperature was 102.6 F., and respirations are twenty-two per minute. Cows Nos. 1337, 1341, and 1343 are pregnant. Cow No. 1344 is in good flesh. Temperature 101. 80 F., and respira- tions fifteen per minute. Nothing abnormal could be detected upon a physical examination. No enlarged glands could be detected in any of the animals examined. Of the four cows that have at some time re- sponded to the test, Nos. 1337 and 1344 show no symptoms of the dis- ease having developed. In No. 1341 the chronic looseness of the bowels may be considered as a suspicious symptom of a tubercular affection of the digestive tract. In No. 1343 the physical symptoms indicate tuber- ctilosis of the lungs. It must be remembered that all of these animals have had good care and attention, and have not been exposed to conditions or circumstances that would cause the disease to develop. Report of the Veterinarian^ Feb, 7, i8gg. — Of the four Devon cows examined. No. 1337 does not seem to be in as thrifty condition as she ought to be, considering her care and feed. No. 1341 is not in as thrifty condition as No. 1337, and would probably be condemned as tuberculous on a physical examination. Nos. 1343 and 1344 are in excellent condi- tion, physically, both being rather fat, and are looking well. The only evidence of disease is found in No. 1343, her respirations not being as full and deep as they should be normally. No cough was noted in any of the animals. N. S. Mayo, D.V.S., College Veterinarian. FEEDING CALVES WITH THE MILK OF TUBERCULOUS COWS. • Soon after the cows were brought to the Station, plans were made for feeding their milk to calves from healthy cows, and in some cases to their own offspring. These experiments have been continued for a little over two years. In some cases the calves have been allowed to suck their dams, while in others Digitized by Google I08 STORRS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. they have been fed the milk from a pail. In the experiments for the first year and a half the calves were kept in the same stable with the cows, and, of course, there was some liability that the animals might contract the disease through the breath, or food other than the milk. During this period, however, no sign of the disease was developed in any of the calves. In some later experiments, two of the calves are being kept in a room entirely separate from the cows. Feeding calf A with the milk of cows 1344 and 1341. — This calf was dropped December 25, 1896, by a vigorous grade cow. The dam of the calf was tested with tuberculin on March 3-4, 1897, but gave no response. This calf was fed the milk of cow No. 1344 from January 7 to March 28, 1897. The calf was tested with tuberculin January 26-27, and again March 29-30, 1897, but gave no response to either of the tests. At that time, the supply of milk from cow No. 1344 being less than the calf seemed to need, it was fed the milk of cow No. 1341. This cow being quite a heavy milker, the calf was limited to about 15 or 16 pounds of milk per day for the first' month. After this, calf A was given all the milk produced by cow No. 1341, which amounted to 20-24 pounds daily, for the next two months. Calf A was fed the milk of this cow from about April i, 1897, to July 9, 1898. The calf was castrated in May, when about a year and a half old, and was sent to pasture July 9, where it remained until about the ist of November, 1898. Beside the two tuberculin tests made while calf A was being fed the milk of cow No. 1344, several tests were made during the year and three months that it was fed the milk supply of cow 1 34 1. The first of these tests was made July 30-31, the second September 27-28, the third December 17-18, 1897, and the last before the animal went to pasture was made on April 11-12, 1898. At no time since we began feeding this calf early in January, 1897, has it shown any effects from the tuberculin tests, or any physical symptoms that would indicate the presence of the disease. When sent to pasture in July it was a large, vigorous animal, weighing about 500 pounds. Early in November this steer was returned to the same stable with the tuberculous cows. It was again tested with tuberculin December 22-23, 1898, but gave no response. During the present winter it is being fattened for beef, and at the present time (February, 1899) the steer is in vigorous con- dition, and is laying on flesh quite rapidly. Digitized by Google TUBERCULOUS COWS AND USE OF THEIR MILK. IO9 Feeding calf B with milk of cow No, 1343. — This calf was dropped by a vigorous Jersey cow on February 20, 1897, and was ten days old when the feeding period began. The dam of the calf was tested with tubercuHn about a year previous to the birth of this calf, and was pronounced healthy. Calf B, when about two weeks old (March 3-4) was tested with tuberculin and gave no response. From March i, 1897, to early in July, 1898, calf B was fed the entire milk supply of cow No. 1343. This calf has not been a vigorous eater, and at times has refused single feeds of milk. The calf has seemed healthy and has eaten hay readily. When a year old, the ani- mal was thought to be rather small for its age, but this may have been due to the fact that he had always refused grain feeds. Besides the test with tuberculin at the beginning of the feeding period, calf B was also tested July 30-31, Sep- tember 27-28, and December 17-18, 1897, and April 11-12, 1898. This animal was also castrated in May, 1898, and was sent to pasture with calf A July 9, where it remained until November, 1898. It was returned to the same stable with the cows early in November, and was started upon a heavy grain ration, with a view to fattening for beef. When tested Decem- ber 22-23, this steer gave a marked response to the tuberculin test. (See temperatures, Table 2, page 104.) In addition to a marked rise of temperature, the steer showed physical symp- toms of roughness of the coat, shivering, and twitching of the muscles. Steer B was killed and carefully examined by the College veterinarian December 30, 1898. The only trace of the disease found was a few tubercles in one of the pharyngeal glands of the throat. The disease was without doubt of recent origin. Had the disease been produced by the milk upon which the animal was fed for sixteen months before going to pasture, the disease would, doubtless, have appeared first in the digestive tract. Feeding calf C with milk of cow No. 1337. — This was a heifer calf dropped by cow No. 1337 April 5, 1897. The calf was allowed to suck its dam until about six months old. About October ist the calf was weaned, but was fed the milk of the dam till January, 1898. It was then gradually changed Digitized by Google no STORES AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. on to a skim-milk diet, and was placed in the College herd, with the intention of raising the calf for dairy purposes. Calf C was tested with tuberculin July 30-31, September 27-28, and December 17-18, 1897. During the summer of 1898 the calf was kept at pasture with other young stock, and made a vigorous growth. It was tested with tuberculin December 22-23, 1898, but gave no response. It is now nearly two years old, and is a large, vigorous animal. Feeding calf D with milk of cow No, 1344. — This calf was dropped by a vigorous grade cow November 29, 1897. The dam was tested with tuberculin March 3-4, 1897, but gave no response to the test. The calf was first subjected to the tuber- culin test December 17-18, but gave no response. Calf D was again tested April 11-12, 1898, but did not respond. This calf had all the milk produced by cow No. 1344 (about 10-12 pounds daily) from early in December, 1897, up to the present time (February, 1899). The last tuberculin test was made December 22-23, 1898, with no response. The animal has made a rapid growth and is a large, vigorous yearling at the present time. From the records just given of the feeding of these four animals, it will be seen that each consumed the milk of a sep- arate cow for periods varying from three months to a year and four months, and that in no case was there any sign of the disease having been contracted during these feeding perioils. One animal (B) did respond to the tuberculin test nearly six months after the feeding period with milk was ended, but from the mild form in which the disease existed, and its location, it seems very doubtful if the disease was contracted through the milk. These tests point to the conclusion that the milk is not as dangerous a source of infection as has. been commonly supposed. As has already been stated, three of the cows, Nos. 1337, 1341, and 1343, produced calves in August and September, 1898. All of the calves have been fed the milk of their dams since being dropped, down to the present time (February, 1899). Feeding calves E and F. — Calf E was a large heifer calf, dropped by cow No. 1341, August 11, 1898, and calf F was a bull calf, dropped by a grade cow in the College herd. This coAv was supposed to be healthy, but within three months after Digitized by Google TUBERCULOUS COWS AND USE OF THEIR MILK. Ill the birth of the calf developed a severe case of tuberculosis.* The calf dropped by this cow has appeared healthy and vigorous from the first. The plan of the test with these two calves was to pasteurize one-half the milk of cow No. 1341 and feed it to its own offspring, calf £, and to feed the balance of the milk, in its normal condition, to a calf from a healthy cow. Calf F was chosen for this purpose, because it was sup- posed that its dam was free from tuberculosis, not having re^ spK>nded to the test made December 30-31, 1897. The feeding test has been continued the same as though this calf was from a perfectly healthy cow. Both of these calves have been kept in a room entirely separate from the tuberculous cows, and the two calves have been separated from each other by a double slat partition in such a way as to pre- vent their licking one another. The portion of the milk of cow No. 1341 which was fed to calf E has been heated to a temperature of from 170-175° F., and diluted with cold water before feeding. The balance of the milk of the same cow, in its normal condition, has been fed to calf F as soon as possible after milking. Both calves have had a small quantity of bran added to the milk since they were about two months old. These calves were tested with tuberculin December 22-23, 1898, after having been fed the milk of cow No. 1341 for about four months, but gave no response to the test. Both have grown rapidly, and are in a strong, vigorous condition at the present writing (February, 1899). Feeding calf G, — This was a small heifer calf dropped by cow No. 1343, August 28, 1898. The calf was small at birth, and has appeared rather puny ever since. It has been fed the milk of its dam since birth, although it has not eaten well, and has only consumed small quantities of milk. The calf has seemed to lack vigor, and has remained thin in flesh and has grown slowly. It did not respond to the tuberculin •This cow was tested with tuberculin December .y>-3i» 1897, but gave no response to the tent She calved August 97, iSqS. and appeared in a healthy, vigorous condi- tion until the herd was placed in winter onarters early in November. Soon after, she began to refuse silage, and dropped off rapidly in milk flow, but manifested no serious symptoms until about ten aavg after she began to refuse silage. At that time the cow began to scour badlv, and was placed in a box stall away from the rest of the herd For the next ten davg Rhe ran down in flesh rapidly so that it was thought wise to destroy her. Kpost mortem examination showed a severe case of tuberculosis, the tubercles t>eing present in the liver, the spleen, and the lungs. Sooae of the lesions were encvsted in such a way as to indicate that the disease was one of long standing, and it is probable t^at the tuberclin test which was made eleren months previous to the time of killing the cow failed to cause a response, owing to the advanced condition of the disease, or the failure may have been due to a poor lot of tuberculin. The cow showed no outward appearance of the disease, and remained in good condition of flesh until she began to refuse her feed early to Norember, i8q8. Digitized by Google 112 STORES AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. test which was made December 22-23, after it had been feeding upon the milk of its dam for nearly four months. Feeding calf H, — This was a strong, vigorous heifer calf, dropped by cow No. 1337, September 14, 1898. The calf has suckled its dam for the past four months, and has grown rapidly. It was tested with tuberculin December 22-23, 1898, but gave no response. At the present time (February, 1899), this calf is a large, vigorous animal, and is growing rapidly. DEDUCTIONS. We know comparatively little regarding the conditions which favor the spread and development of tuberculosis among animals or man. Most of all are we lacking in a definite knowl- edge of the dangers of this disease to mankind from the bovine race. Many have claimed that the danger to mankind from the spread of the disease through the milk supply is very great. It has generally been thought that one great cause for the spread of the disease among our herds is the feeding of the milk of tuberculous cows to calves. The experiments made during the past two years at this Station do not substahtiate this view. It must be borne in mind, however, that the num- ber of experiments is comparatively few, and that the cows whose milk was used were probably in the earlier stages of the disease. These facts have been carefully considered, and it is of course unwise to attempt to draw any definite conclusions from the work, but the following deductions seem warranted: (/) Bovine tuberculosis is usually a disease of slouf de%)elop' ment^ its progress depending quite largely upon the general vigor of the animal and its pouier to resist the action of the germs. In nearly two years and a half that the tuberculous cows have been at the Station^ only one secondary case has appeared, and this was dis- covered about six months after the feeding period with milk had ended. {2) In the experiments here reported, ^ight calves have been fed upon the milk of tuberculous coivs for periods varying from three months to sixteen months without developing the disease. ( J ) The results of these experiments coincide with the gene- ral results of European observations, and indicate that the danger from the spread of tuberculosis through the milk of cows to man or to other animals is not as great as has generally been supposed. In the earlier stages of the disease and at all times when the udder is not affected, the danger from the use of the milk is quite limited. Great stress, ho7vever, should be laid on the danger of using milk from cows which show any symptoms of udder affection. Digitized by Google EFFECT OF NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS. II3 EFFECT OF NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS UPON THE YIELD AND THE COMPOSITION OF CER- TAIN GRASSES, GRAINS, AND LEGUMES. BY VV. O. ATWATER AND C. S. PHELPS. Soon after its organization, in 1888, the Station took up tlie study erf the effects of nitrogenous fertilizers upon the yields and composition of com, oats, and mixed grasses. Field experiments on the different crops were undertaken, in continu- ation of a series which, for a number of years previous, had been conducted on farms in different places at the suggestion of one of us (W. O. A.). These experiments were carried on during a considerable period of years for the twofold purpose : first, of studying, by the effect upon the yields of different crops, the relative economy of different kinds and quantities of nitrogenous fertilizers when used with uniform quantities of mineral fertilizers (phosphoric acid and potash) ; and sec- ond, of studying the effect of the nitrogen of the fertilizer upon the percentage of nitrogen compounds (protein) in the plants. After a few years the Station began a series of experiments with several species of grasses. These were similar to the experiments with com, oats, and mixed grasses, except that they were conducted upon very small plots. In these experi- ments, because the plots were so small, no attempt was made to study the effects of the fertilizers upon the yields. The crops were carefully sampled, however, and the effect of the nitrogen in the fertilizers upon the percentages of nitrogen compounds (protein) in the plants was determined. In some cases these experiments have been continued with the same species of. grasses and the same fertilizers on the same plots for several years in succession. Within the past few years the Station has undertaken also a series of experiments upon a few of the legumes, for the purpose of comparing the effects of nitrogenous fertilizers upon the plants of this family with the effects of the same kinds and amounts of fertilizers upon plants of the grass family. Of all the constituents of fertilizers nitrogen is the most costly. In the standard commercial fertilizers at the present time (1899) nitrogen costs from 11 to 15 cents per pound, while 8 Digitized by Google 114 STORES AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. phosphoric acid and potash cost from 3 to 7 cents per pound.* Furthermore, nitrogen is the most unstable of all the fertiliz- ing ingredients ; for if it is available in larger quantities than are immediately used by the crop it is readily wasted in various ways. It is very important, therrfore, that the farmer should know the kinds of fertilizing materials and the amounts per acre in which he can use nitrogen for the different crops to the best advantage. In the experiments reported herewith, nitro- gen has been supplied in nitrate of soda, in sulphate of am- monia, and in dried blood. Of these materials, nitrate of soda is the one in which the nitrogen is considered most available to the plants ; sulphate of ammonia yields its nitrogen a little more slowly, while the nitrogen of organic materials, like dried blood, is commonly the least available. The amounts of each of these materials used in the experiments varied according to the amount of nitrogen required by the experiment, as ex- plained later on pages 1 17 to 1 19, under the descriptions of "soil test " and " special nitrogen " experiments. While nitrogen is the most expensive ingredient in fer- tilizers, it is at the same time the basis of the costly but very valuable and important ingredient of feeding stuffs, protein. Protein compounds generally contain about 16 per cent, of nitrogen. On most farms in New England the amount of protein produced is much less than is needed for feeding pur- poses. To supply this deficiency the farmer often has to buy large quantities of such feeds as bran, middlings, cotton-seed and gluten meals, etc. The problem for him, therefore, is to find out how he can increase the amount of protein produced on his farm, and do it more cheaply than he can bjiy it in feed- ing stuffs. There are two ways in which the farmer may increase the amount of protein produced upon his farm. One way is to grow more of the leguminous crops, such as clover, soy beans,' and the like, which not only contain large proportions of pro- tein, but gather much of their nitrogen from the air and do not require it in fertilizers. The other way is to increase the relative proportions of protein in the grasses and cereals by the proper use of nitrogenous fertilizers. Both methods are prac- tical, as shown by the experiments summarized in this article. The fact that the yield of the common grasses and the cereals is largely increased by the use of nitrogenous fertilizers, while See page 121. Digitized by Google EFFECT OF NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS. II 5 the yield of the legumes is but little aflfected by their use, has long been known. The power of the legumes to utilize the free nitrogen of the air, though a comparatively recent discovery, is already well known by farmers as well as scientific investiga- tors. The increase in the protein content of cereals and grasses generally, caused by nitrogenous fertilizers, is not widely understood. Indeed, we are not familiar with any pre- vious investigations in which it has been shown upon any con- siderable scale ; and certainly it is not current in writings upon the use and effect of nitrogen in fertiHzer^. NUMBER, GENERAL PLAN, AND GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE EXPERIMENTS. The following table gives a general classification of the ex- periments showing the kinds of crops thus far experimented with by the Station, the kind of experiment, whether " soil test " or " special nitrogen," the years in which the experi- ments were conducted, the number of experiments made with each crop, the size and the number of the plots, and the number of analyses made of samples of the products. Details of these experiments may be found in the Reports of the Station for either the year in which the experiment was made or the year following. Digitized by Google ii6 STORRS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIAfENT STATION. T A B LE 3 . — • Classification Crops. Kind of experiment. Years in which experiments were made. Grasses, ! Mixed grasses, . . . Special nitrogen 1890, 91, 92 Timothy, * * 1891, 92,93. 94.9^. 97. 98 Orchard grass. 1891. 92.93.94.96. 97.98 Tall meadow fescue, 1 * 1 ;\| i8q3, 94. 96; 97. 98 1891 Tall red top. .. 1 1896, 97 1891, 92 Brome grass,. 1 •<. 1896, 98 Tall m^ow oat grass, •* * 1893. 94 i« It t. 1 1892 Fowl meadow grass, •% • 1891 Kentucky blue grass. ft I 1892 English rye grass,. It t 1891 Cereals, Corn (Maize), seed, Soil test 1888, 89, 90 •* stover, (t 1888, 89, 90 seed, Special nitrogen 1888, 89, 95, 96 ' stover. t( n 1888, 89, 95, 96 Oats, seed,. Soil test 1892 * straw,. " seed. Special nitrogen 1890. 92 * straw,. It It 1890, 92 Legumes, Cow pea fodder. (I It 1895. 96. 97, 98 Soy bean seed, . . , 1895, 96. 97. 98 Total. The number of experiments in each category in the table represents the number of separate field experiments in which samples were taken for analysis. Each field experiment in- cluded several plot experiments. The same experiments were repeated, in several instances, through quite a number of years. It will be noticed that the number of plot tests and the number of analyses do not agree in all cases. This is due to the fact that in some of the experiments duplicate samples were taken and were analyzed separately ; while in a few other experiments samples from plots having nitrogen in the same quantities, but in different materials, were combined and analyzed as one sample. In most of the experiments with cereals the seeds and the straw or stover were analyzed separately. In a few of them, however, only the seeds were analyzed. In the experi- ments with one of the leguminous crops (the soy beans) it was found impracticable to get the samples of the leaves and the Digitized by Google EFFECT OF NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS. of the experiments. H7 Size o£ plots. 20 sq. rods 2 sq. rods 2 sq. rods 2 sq. rods 64 sq. feet 2 sq. rods 64 sq. feet 2 sq. rods 2 sq. rods 64 sq. feet 64 sq. feet 64 sq. feet 64 sq. feet 8, I3\|> 16, or 20 sq. rods 8. isii 16. or 20 sq. rods 3 2, 8, or 16 sq. rods 3.2, 8, or 16 sq» rods 13^ sq. rods 8 or 16 sq. rods 8 or 16 sq. rods 6.4 sq. rods 6.4 sq. rods No. of I ezperimentii. No. of plots. 3 7 7 25 28 28 5 20 I ' 40 33 72 619 612 straw, because the plants dropped their leaves to large .extent before the seeds were fully matured. . Soil Test Experiments. — The experiments which have been called " soil tests " were undertaken primarily to learn the deficiencies of the soils in regard to the essential ingredients of plant food, especially the phosphoric acid, potash, or nitrogen needed to produce the given crop. The plan of the experi- ments for soil tests consists in applying, upon parallel plots of land, fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and pot- ash. The quantities were generally such as to supply about 25 pounds of nitrogen, 53 pounds of phosphoric acid (P^O^), and 82 pounds of potash (K J O) per acre. These ingredients were applied to different plots singly, in all combinations of • two, and finally all three together. The arrangement of the Digitized by Google ii8 STORRS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. plots of the experiment, the kinds and quantities of the ma- terials used, and of the principle fertilizing ingredients con- tained in them are shown in the following outline plan. Plan of soil test experiment,* Plot Matbrials. Fbrtilizing ingrbdibnts PBIt ACRB. No. Kinds. AmouDU per acre. Phot\|>horic Potash. Nitrogen. o Nothing, .... Nitrate of soda. Dissolved boneblack. Muriate of potash,. ( Dissolved boneblack. (Nitrate of soda, j Muriate of potash,. Nitrate of soda, j Dissolved boneblack j mixed \ ) Muriate of potash, \ minerals ) \ Dissolved boneblack, •< Muriate of potash,. ( Nitrate of soda. lbs. 25 82 E 25 53 h 82 53 G 82 2C * Unmanured strips separate the plots. " Special Nitrogen " Experiments. — The object of these ex- periments, which were made with corn, oats, and mixed grasses, has been to study the effects of nitrogen in different amounts and combinations upon the different crops. The nitrogen was supplied as nitric acid in nitrate of soda, as am- monia in sulphate of ammonia, and as organic nitrogen in dried blood. Phosphoric acid was supplied as superphosphate in dissolved boneblack, and potassium was supplied in muriate of potash. The amounts of nitrogen used were 25, 50, and 75 pounds per acre. The quantity of phosphoric acid used was 53 pounds, and of potash 82 pounds per acre. These quantities of phos- phoric acid and potash are, on the average, such as analyses in- dicate may be contained in a corn crop of 60 bushels of shelled corn per acre, with the corresponding stover. It is assumed that the same crop would contain 75 pounds of nitrogen, which amount per acre is accordingly designated as a full ration ; and 50 pounds is therefore called a two-third, and 25 pounds a one- third ration. The general plan of " Special Nitrogen " ex- periments is shown in outline as follows : Digitized by Google EFFECT OF NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS. 119 P/an of special nitrogen experiments} t Plot Materials pom fbktilizbrs. Fbrtiuzpk ingrbdibnts PBR /CSB. No. Kinds. AmounU per acre Phoq>horic Bcid. Potash. Nitrogen. o Preliminary group Nothing, . . . r - Ibt. lbs. lbs. lbs. I Nitrate of soda. Dissolved boneblack, Muriate of potash,. j Dissolved boneblack, \ Nitrate of soda, j Muriate of potash,. / Nitrate of soda, 160 320 160 320 160 160 160 320 160 25 2 53 3 82 53 4 25 82 5 25 ] Dissolved boneblack, ( mixed [ ( MuriiV^e of potash, ( minerals ) Nothing Nitn^te of soda group Dissolved boneblack, \ mixed ) Muriate of potash, ( minerals J ( Dissolved boneblack. 53 6 82 00 320 160 320 160 160 ^?? 160 320 320 160 480 53 6a 82 53 7 • Muriate of potash,. Nitrate of soda. Dissolved boneblack, • Muriate of potash,. Nitrate of soda. Dissolved boneblack, Muriate of potash,. Nitrate of soda. Nothing, 82 25" 53 8 82 50 53 9 82 75 00 Sulphate of ammonia group Dissolved boneblack, j mixed ( Muriate of potash, ( minerals J ( Dissolved boneblack. 320 160 320 160 120 320 160 240 320 160 360 53 6d 82 53 lO • Muriate of potash,. Sulphate of ammonia. Dissolved boneblack, • Muriate of potash,. Sulphate of ammonia. Dissolved boneblack, • Muriate of potash,. Sulphate of ammonia, NothincT 82 25 53 II 82 ^o 12 53 "si** 75 00 Dried blood group Dissolved boneblack, j mixed ) Muriate of potash, ( minerals ( Dissolved boneblack. 320 160 320 160 200 320 ' 160 400 320 160 600 53 6^ 82 53 53 13 • Muriate of potash,. Dried blood,. Dissolved boneblack, • Muriate of potash,. Dried blood,. Dissolved boneblack, • Muriate of potash,. Dried blood,. Nothing-. 82 ...^^... 14 82 50 53 15 82 75 - 0 * Unmanured strips between the plots. Digitized by Google I20 STORRS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. It will be noticed that the plots are arranged in groups. Upon those of the preliminary group the fertilizing ingredients are applied singly in plots i — 3, and two by two in plots 4 — 6. The combination on plots 6, 6a, 6b, 6c, is designated as " mixed minerals/' and is used as a basis to which the nitrog- enous materials are added for the mixtures used upon all the plots of the succeeding groups. As the dried blood has but little, and nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia have no phosphoric acid or potassium, the quantities of these mineral fertilizers used are kept constant. By comparing the yields from the plots having " mixed minerals " alone, with the yields from the plots having nitrogenous fertilizers in addition to the mixed minerals, the effects of the nitrogen upon the yield may be learned. It will be observed, furthermore, that the preliminary group Nos. I — 5, with " mixed minerals " No. 6, and No. 7 of the nitrate of soda group are practically the same as Nos. A — G of the " soil tests " described above. In some of the experiments as actually made, the three numbers of the dried blood group (13, 14, 15) were replaced by mixtures in which nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, and dried blood were used instead of dried blood alone. In several instances the preliminary group or one of the nitrogenous groups was omitted. So-called " nothing " plots, t. e., plots without any fertilizer, were provided before, between, and after the several groups.	11,027
literaturesocie01thomgoog_6	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,862	The literature of society	Thomson, A. T., Mrs., 1797-1862	English	Spoken	7,289	9,865	Having thus fixed on a name so signally marked out for fame, Steele formed the plan of his papers : ' Gallantry, plea- sure, and entertainment,' formed the first subjects; next, poetry ; 3, learning ; 4, foreign and domestic news ; 5, mis- cellaneous subjects. These topics might be discussed either at White's Chocolate-house ; or Will's Coffee-house ; or at the Grecian Coffee-house ; or at St. James's Coffee-house ; or in Mr. Bickerstaff's ' private apartment. The object of the Tatler,' Steele, in his dedication of the first volume of the ' Tatler,' states, was ' merely to expose the false arts of life, to pull off the disguises of cunning, vanity, and affectation, and to recommend a general simplicity in our dress, our discourse, and our behaviour.' The name of the editor of the ' Tatler ' was a profound secret ; the periodical was commenced on the 12th of April, 1709, and was published three times a week ; ♦ No. 96. 118 THB SPECTATOR APPEARS. the secret of its authorship was revealed to Addison by Steele's insertion in one of the papers of a critique on a passage in * Virgil ' formerly communicated to Addison. Henceforth the assistance of that early friend was obtained, and highly valued by Steele. He acknowledged it in his preface with that grace and warmth peculiar to himself, for Steele had the tenderest of heetrts, and the greatest delicacy of sentiment possible. ^ I have only one geutleman,* he writes, * who wiQ be nameless, to thank for any frequent assistance to me, which indeed it would have been barbarous in him to have denied to one with whom he has lived in an intimacy from childhood, considering the great ease with which he is able to dispatch the most enter- taining pieces of this nature. This good ofiBce he performed with such force of genius, humour, wit, and learning, that I fared like a distressed prince, who calls in a powerful neighbour to his aid. I was undone by my auxiliary ; when I had once called him in, I could not subsist without dependence on him.'* The 'Tatler' was continued until January 2nd, 1710-11, when it was dropped, because, as Steele aflSrmed, * the purpose was wholly lost by his being so long understood as the author and conductor.' Those who write can easily enter into Steele's ideas on this point. The notoriety of an avowed authorship is fatally oppressive to those whose province it is to attack prevalent follies, or even to extol prevalent tastes. On the 1st of March, 1711, the world was however more than consoled by the appearance of the * Spectator.' The interim between that date and the discontinuance of the Tatler' had been employed by Steele and Addison in forming the best model for a periodical work that has ever been known. The Spectator' was published daily. In the second number Steele, coming forward as the conductor and originator, describes the club, and introduces those characters which * Drake, i. p. 78. SIB EOGER DB COVERLET AND WILL HONEYCOMB. 119 render the ' Spectator' so life-like, so dramatic, and fascinat- ing. On Addison, however, devolved the task of keeping up that part of the * Spectator,* the ' history of whose mind and feelings pervades the greater part of the design, and gives it an unity, an individuality, and organization which no mere series of essays can pretend to.'* The portraits of Sir Eoger de Coverley and of Will Honeycomb — ^rich in humour and nature — were chiefly drawn by Addison ; whilst * the Templar,' Captain Sentry, Sir Andrew Freeport, and the Clergyman, were allotted to Steele. The success of the * Spectator ' was almost instantaneous. Fourteen thousand copies a day were sold ;* such is the statement of Dr. Fleetwood in a letter to the Bishop of Salisbury. Dr. Johnson estimates it much lower. It was continued without interruption until Dec. 6th, 1712, when the seventh volume was completed. It was resumed on June 19th, 1714, and was then issued three times a week. On the 20th of December in the same year it was closed, the eighth volume being then completed. Steele, the generous, imprudent Steele, retired to Hamp- stead to write his exquisite essays in the ' Spectator.' It is pleasant to think that on the acclivity of the hill between Hampstead and London a picturesque cottage is still standing which bears the name of Steele's cottage. In his lifetime it was an isolated abode, commanding a lovely view over the rich valley long since covered with houses. Pope called it a ' solitude.' * I am at a solitude,' he writes, in one of his letters, * an house between Hampstead and London, wherein Sir Charles Sedky died. This circumstance set me a thinking and ruminating upon the employments in which men of wit exercise themselves.' It was said of Sedley, who breathed his last in this room : — * Sedley has that preyailing gentle art Which can with a resistless chann impart, The loosest wishes to the chastest heart/ &o. ♦ Drake. 120 STEELE PEOJECTS THE 'GUARDIAN.' * This was a happy talent/ continues Swift, * to a man of the town ; but I dare say, without presuming to make uncharitable conjectures as to the author's present condition, he would rather have it said of him that he prayed • O Thou, my voice inspire, Who touch'd Isaiah's hallow'd lips with fire.'* This is a solemn speculatiou. And it is not easy to know whether Pope treats it in the only sense in which it ought to be considered. Here Steele wrote and received his Spends. Pecuniary difficulties induced him, it is said, to retreat to the former refuge of the dissolute Sedley ; yet he ap- pears to have made no secret of his abode. Pope and other members of the Kit-Kat Club used to call on him here, and take him in their carriages to the Flask tavern on Hampstead Heath, where the literati held their summer meetings. It was, however, probably chiefly for quiet that Steele travelled each day from London to Hampstead. He generally returned at night to the metropolis to rejoin his wife and children in Bury Street. During the interval between the seventh and eighth volumes of the * Spectator,' Steele had projected the ^ Guar- dian.' The supposititious editor was Mr. Ironside, guardian to the Fitzard' family, a venerable Nestor, more dull than Steele had intended ; yet his project was a good one. ' My design,' he said,t ^ upon the whole, is no less than to make the pulpit, the bar, and the stage all act in concert in the care of piety, justice, and virtue ; for I am past all the regards of this life, and have nothiug to manage with any person or party; but to deliver myself, as becomes an old man with one foot in the grave, and one who thiqks lie is passing to eternity.' It would have been fortunate for Steele had he adhered to this excellent programme; but the 'Guardian' was sub- ♦ Drake, i. p. 84. t Ibid., p. 86. STEELE, AS EDITOR OF THE LONDON GAZETTE.' 121 sequently made the vehicle of party polities. After ex- tending to one hundred and seventy-five numbers, it was suddenly dropped, owing to a quarrel between Steele and Tonson, the publisher : and it was certainly done in an un- worthy manner. Steele was bound by a heavy penalty to Tonson to continue the ^ Guardian ;* but, by dropping it for a few days, and commencing under the title of ^ The English- man,' and printing the papers for Berkeley, the work was resumed. Steele^ then began those attacks on the * Examiner ' which eventually subjected him to a prosecution from the House of Commons. Steele had imbibed, by studying carefully the laws of our country, a great admiration for the liberal views of oiu* con- stitution, and of the royal prerogative, which have contri- buted so powerfully to the stability of our institutions. The death of William the Third was a terrible check to his hopes of some appointment which should reward his zeal. But he had a friend in' Addison, whose mediation procured him, through the patronage of Halifax and Sunderland, the post of Gazetteer. In performing his duties in that ofiBce, Steele declared, that looking upon the ' London Gazette ' as * the lowest Minister [of State, he never erred against the rule observed by most ministers, of keeping the Gazette very innocent and insipid,' — ^in which he certainly succeeded. Henceforth Sir Kichard's periodical essays were too closely Connected with politics to occupy more of the pages of this work, than to observe that they had their reward. During his editorship of the * Tatler' he had taken so much pains, on every possible opportunity, to extol the Whig ministry, that in 1710 he was appointed a Commissioner of the Stamp Office; a post which he resigned, in a letter couched in very spirited and independent terms, on the accession of Harley, Earl of Oxford, to power. The reign of George the First again changed Steele's position as a public man. 122 HE IS KNIGHTED. Amongst other marks of favour, after being knighted, and becoming member for Boronghbridge, in Yorkshire, he was presented by Sir Eobert Walpole with 500?. for special services. Amongst these, was his famous expedition into Scotland, as one of the Commissioners for the Forfeited Estates. Steele had a notion that he could reconcile the two churches, — that of the Presbytery, in Scotland, to the Church of England. A sincere firiend to his own church, he was desirous of restoring the ancient Episcopacy of Scotland. But he soon found that he had indeed to deal with a stiff- necked people. He mixed freely with the Presbyterian clergy, but in vain. All he said only added to the emphasis with which the preachers whom he hoped to win over, sent him and all their flocks to the devil every Sunday. Amongst these was a Mr. Hart, commonly called the ' Hangman of the Gospel,' from his taste for descanting on what he termed * The terrors of the Law.' Steele was enchanted with per- sonages so new to him. In order to gain an insight into other classes, he made a grand feast, during his stay at Edinburgh ; and whilst the servants were expecting notable and noble guests, commanded them to go into the streets and to bring in fifty of the most wretched beggars, of which, in those days, there were in Scotland multitudes. These humble, astounded guests, intermingled with decayed tradesmen, were seated at the table; Sir Eichard at the head. A memorable scene followed. Well plied with whiskey-punch and wine, the beggars gave free scope to their native humour, and their fund of anecdote, and narrative of wild adventure. Sir Eichard afterwards declared that, besides the pleasure of feeding the hungry, he collected, on that occasion, a store suflBcient to form a good comedy. One of his adventures in Scotland formed the subject of much merriment on his return. It is related in Scott's * Border Minstrelsy.' The scene of its occurrence was a hill near to Hoddom Castle, an ancient structure erected by THE * TOWER OF REPENTANCE.' 123 Lord Hemes of Hemes, between the years 1437 and 1484. * On the top of a hill, near Hoddom Castle,' relates Scott^ 'there is a square tower, built of hewn stone, over the door of which are carved the figures of a dove and a serpent, and betwixt them the word Repentance, Hence the building, though its proper name is Trailbrow, is more frequently called the Tower of Kepentance. It was anciently used as a beacon ; and the Border laws direct a watch to be maintained, with a fire-pan and bell, to give the alarm when the English crossed^ or approached the river of Annan. * A certain Lord Herries, — about the date of the transac- tion tradition is silent, — was famous among those who used to rob and steal {convey , the wise it call). This lord, return- ing from England with many prisoners, whom he had un- lawfully enthralled, was overtaken by a storm, in crossing the Solway Firth ; and, in order to relieve his boat, he cut all their throats and- threw them into the sea. Feeling great qualms of conscience, he built this square tower, carving over the door, which is about half-way above the building, and had formerly no stairs to it, the figures above mentioned, of a dove and a serpent, emblems of remorse and grace, and the motto, ^ Eepentance.' * It is said that Sir Kichard Steele, riding near this place, saw a shepherd-boy reading his Bible, and asked him what he learned from it? "The way to heaven," answered the boy. "And can you show it me?" said Sir Kichard, in banter. " You must go by that tower," replied the shepherd, and he pointed to the " Tower of Kepentance." '* * Old inhabitants of Edinburgh can remember an aged, worn, vivacions man, courteous in manners — the Horace Walpole of the North — Charles Eirk- patrick Sharpe. A beautiful fragment of his, called * The Lord Herries, his Complaint,' shows that the antiquary had taste, as well as research. It began : — ' Bright shone the moon on Hoddom's waU, Bright on Eepentance Tower, Mirk was the Laird of Hoddom's saul, That chief sae sad and sour.' 124 Steele's life and character. Steele's life was one of incessant vicissitudes. Sometimes, flushed with success, favoured by the ministry, his spirits knew no bounds : he spent freely that which he ought to have paid away in debt. His failings proceeded from that fatally sanguine character which counts on money before the coin actually jingles in the purse. Such men are injurious to so- diety, from example, for nothing is so infectious as the spend- thrift's pleasant vices. Yet Steele had the softest and gentlest nature. The unfortunate were always his peculiar care. In his prosperity no tand was so open, no heart so tender, as that of him who could hardly be thought competent to the care of a five-pound note on his own account Then he was convivial, — ^not habitually intemperate, — ^but convivial to the very verge of that wretched tendency. His delight was to stimulate Addison, — slow, cold, and dijQBdent, — till the witty, eloquent, fascinating Joseph showed himself, and set the table, not in a roar, as Steele did, but smiling with a more refined gratification. One evening, Hoadley, then Bishop of Bangor, among other wits, attended, upon a pressing invitation, one of the Whig meetings at the ^ Trumpet ' in Sheer Lane. It was the 4th of November ; and Steele, who was present, drank enthusiastically to the immortal memory of King William the Third. In the midst of the carousals — wherein Steele tried to * drink Addison up ' to the point at which he was to be agreeable — ^the butler, named John Sly, came into the room with a brimming tankard of ale in his hand, to drink to the * immortal memory,' &c. Sly, to do the thing in loyal style, came in on his knees, not quite sober. Bishop Hoadley was sitting next to Steele. ' Do laugh,' Steele whispered to his lordship, * 'tis humanity to laugh.' The Bishop's * humanity ' was soon again called for : Steele being * mellow,' to use the term of those days, was put into a chair and sent home. Nothing would satisfy him but being carried to the Bishop of Bangor's. It was very THE CHAIRMEN CARRY HIM HOME INTOXICATED. 125 late: the chairmen were well accustomed to gentlemen in that situation ; so they carried him home and got him up- stairs. Then, Steele was so polite he would wait on them down again : at last he was prevailed on to go to bed. Morn- ing came ; and with it came* repentance. Steele was not sufficiently lost not to be ashamed. He sent the Bishop this distich : * Virtue with so much ease in Bangor sits, AU feults he pardons, though he none commits.' Alas ! such faults as Steele's were pardoned and committed over and over again. Lady Mary Wortley Montague per- fectly appreciated his character when she compared it to that of Henry Fielding. ^They both agreed in wanting money, in spite of all their friends ; and would have wanted it, if their hereditary lands had been as extensive as their imagination. Yet each of them was so formed for happiness it is pity he was not immortal' .Cibber^s description of Steele's mode of proceeding with the managers of Drury Lane, is as true a picture of an improvi- dent man as has ever been penned. ^ Though no man alive can write better of economy than he, yet perhaps no man is more above the drudgery of prac- tising it. He was often in want of money ; and while we were in friendship with him we assisted his occasions. But this compliance had so unfortunate an effect, that it only heightened his importunity of borrowing more, and the more we lent, the less he minded us, or showed any concern for our welfare. Upon this, we stopped oiu* hands at once, and peremptorily refused to advance another shilling, till by the balance of our accounts it became due to him. This treatment, though we hope not in the least unjustifiable, we have reason to believe so ruffled his temper, that he at once was as short with us as we had been with him, for from that day he never came near us ; nay, he not only continued to 126 ' HAS A PARALYTIC SEIZURE. neglect what he should have done, but did what he ought not to have done.' He retired, previous to a paralytic seizure, to Hereford, and there was lodged and boarded in the house of a mercer. Swift wrote that Steele had retired. * From perils of an hundred jails. Withdrew to starve and die in Wales.' His affairs, when he retired, were as much deranged as those of a ruined man could be. An estate of 400?. a year, left him by his wife, the beloved Mary Scurlock, was mortgaged : Steele's honest host acted as his agent. The sweetness and benevolence of Steele's temper lasted as long as his shattered frame endured. He loved the poor and humble, and they loved him. Often would he be carried out in the summer evenings to see the country people at their sports, and, with his pencil, give an order on the mercer for a new gown to the best dancer. * In the year 1727,' writes Mr. Victor, * when I was a hvSe hunter, and making an interest with the first minister, that good old man, hearing of it, inclosed me an open letter to Sir Eobert Walpole, that, I remember, began thus : " If the recommendation of the most obliged man can be of any service to the bearer — ." Sir Eobert received it with his usual politeness.'* Sir Eichard was, it is said, a prey to the deepest regret and repentance : not ' unavailing,' as one of his biographers calls it, for it prepared him for a world where such repentance is accepted, and where the heart — ^the erring heart — is seen through and through; not as we see it, covered and de- faced with all the artificial surface of prudence over its throb- bings. He left Hereford for Llangunnor in Carmarthenshire, to reside on his estate, the mortgagee kindly permitting him to do so. He was not wholly forgotten even in this seclusion — friends still loved his memory, and still sent him letters, * Drake, 157. HE IS THE MABTYB OF UNATAILINa BEOBET. 127 somewhat, they might think, like those from the living to the dead. At length, * the martyr of unavailing regret/ as Dr. Drake calls him, was released. He died on the 21st of September, 1729. * And fixed on Cambria's solitary shore, Gkive to St David one true Briton more.' One source of his poignant remorse was his neglect of a wife whom he passionately loved. In this respect Steele's every- day conduct reminds one of Sheridan's: each idolized the illnsftarred being united to him ; Mrs. Sheridan was one of those angelic beings, no sooner seen than beloved : a deeply injured, patient sidSerer. Lady Steele was a woman of sense and of spirit, respected as weU as adored by Steele ; she drew the rein tight, but the effort made with heroism — and how much of heroism has not every woman's life cause to display, — ^was too much for her ; it broke her heart. Steele, perhaps intentionally, misconstrued her character when he accused her of being fond of money. She had given him her all : a competent fortune, and without a settlement ; and her wish was to be prudent, honest, independent. No woman who so acts need fear the reproach of penuriousness. Steele, in 1720, wrote, referring to her, these words : — * The best woman that ever man had, cannot now lament and pine at his neglect of himself.' An expressive, a most expressive allusion. No one has written more sensibly than Steele on the hideous misery of debt * I am astonished,' he says, in the Spectator, that men can be so insensible to the danger of running into debt. One would think it impossible, a man who is given to contract debts should not know that his creditor has, from that mo- ment in which he transgresses payment, so much as that de- mand comes to, in his debtor's honour, liberty, life, fortune. One would think he did not know that his creditor can say 128 HIS REMARKS ON THE ^DEBTOR.' the worst thing imaginable of him, to wit, "that he is unjust," without defamation, and even seize his person, without being guilty of an assault. Yet such is the loose and abandoned turn of some men' s minds, that they can live under these constant apprehensions, and 8till go on to increase the cause of them.' Poor Steele ! One cannot forbear smiling at the virtuous indignation with which he so closely describes his own state — a state so completely of his own creating, since fortune did him, in spite of himself, many a good turn, ' The debtor,' he gravely continues, ' is the creditor's crimi- nal, and all the officers of power and state whom we behold make so great a figure, are no other than so many persons in authority to make good his change against him. Human so- ciety depends upon his having the vengeftnce law allots him ; and the debtor owes his liberty to his neighbour, as much as the murderer does his life to his prince.'* Alas ! few persons understood the subject better than Steele. No prosperity could keep him in aflBuence : his expenses, owing to his utter want of calculation, were always far greater than his income. Steele owed his wife a great debt of obligation in another way. One afternoon, soon after his marriage, he asked her if she would accompany him in a visit he proposed to pay. She consented, and they drove to a house in the environs of London. Here they alighted ; it was a boarding school, and Steele conducted his young wife into the sitting room. Pre- sently a young lady made her appearance, and Steele received her with great fondness, insomuch that his wife asked him • if the child was his ?' On his acknowledging that she was, * Then,' said the lady, ^ I beg she may be miae too.' The young girl was taken to Steele's home, and treated with the greatest kindness ; but when, in course of time, another daughter, named, like this one, Elizabeth, was growing up, jealousies arose in the strangely composed family, and marriage seemed the only ♦ * Spectator/ No. 82. WISHED TO MARRY HIS DAUGHTER TO SAVAGE. 129 refuge by which Miss Ousley, as the illegitimate daughter was called,, could escape from a home no longer happy. She, however, nearly encountered a worse destiny. Amongst those whom Steele befriended, was Bichard Savage; the inhumanity of his mother,' Steele said, ought to make every good man his friend.' Whilst Steele was rearing hi% illegiti- mate child with tenderness, Lady Macclesfield was pursuing hers unto the death. The generous heart of Steele was deeply touched by the fate of Savage. He allowed him an annual stipend, endeavoured to fix him in some respectable way of living, and resolved to give him his daughter as a wife, with a portion of a thousand pounds. Being, however, unable to raise this money, the union was deferred from day to day, and meantime Savage amused himself and his friends by satirizing his benefactor. Fortunately for poor Elizabeth Steele, her father heard of these remarks, and instantly banished Savage for ever from his house. The project of marrying his daughter to such a man, shows at once the thoughtless good nature and too easy confidence of Steele. Poor Elizabeth, or, as she was styled, Mistress Ousley, married a worthy man — ^a Mr. Ayrnston, who was concerned in a glove manufactory near Hereford. She began her married life, as Mrs. Malaprop re- commends, ' with a little aversion,' which she seems never to have overcome. Her legitimate sister married the Hon. John Trevor, son of Baron Trevor. In after-life she evinced much kindness and affection for her half-sister, and after Mr. Aym- ston's death, took that lady's only daughter to live with her constantly. Various anecdotes are told of Steele's extravagance in running up bills, and total indifference to what is genteelly called * settling an account.' For instance, he owed (we dare not say paid) fifty pounds annually to his barber : for this fine gentleman who looks so like a slattern in his portrait, in his night cap and morning gown, must needs have a full- bottomed black wig in full curl every time he goes an airing VOL. II. K 130 THE CAEPBNTBE IN SWIFT'S PRIVATE THEATRE. • — and that * elegant article,' as no doubt the hairdresser called it, generally cost fifty pounds. Then Sir Richard must also have an elegant theatre built in his house, for the recitation of favourite authors. It was nearly completed, when one day he told the carpenter to mount up into a pulpit at the end of the building, and to deliver a few sentences. The man did as he was told ; butcould not find any thing to say. 'Just say,' cried Sir Eichard, who wanted to see if the speaker could be weU heard from the other end of the theatre, * what- ever comes first into your head.' Then the carpenter began : he stared steadfastly at Steele, and then, in a voice of thun- der, thus spoke : ' Sir Eichard Steele, here has I, and these here men been doing your work for these three months, and never seen the colour of your money. When do you mean to pay us ? I cannot pay my men without money, and money I must have.' Sir Eichard answered that he greatly admired the eloquence of his carpenter, but by no means admired the subject. Steele, Savage, and Phillips, were sallying forth one night from a tavern in Gerard Street, Soho, after having supped together in high spirits. At the top of Hedge Lane, they were met by a tradesman who, after begging their pardon, said that he had observed, at the top of the lane, several suspicious- looking fellows, like bailiffs, lurking about. He warned them, therefore, if they were apprehensive of danger, to take a different route. Not one of the trio dared to wait to thank the man ; each darted off, taking different ways, and con- scious of his own circumstances and dangers. What a life such men lead ! Sometimes we find Steele retiring to an obscure tavern, and writing aU day, assisted by Savage— and unable to pay for dinner until the pamphlet thus scratched off was sold and paid for ; sometimes giving a grand dinner, in grand style, persojis of quality around the table, waited upon by a host of liveried servants — sheriffs' oflScers in disguise; yet still Steele was as gay, as lavish, Steele's dissipated and married life, 131 and as unreflecting as ever, until death had not only carried oflf his wife to whom he could henceforth give only the poor tribute of his tears, but had also given him a very sensible warning of his approach to himself. It appears wonderful that in this life of hurry, peri], and dissipation any man could write as Steele wrote. It is true that he did little to purify and correct our language — a credit due to Swift. Steele, indeed, repu- diated the idea of so doing, in the * Tatler,' which he professed to write in the tpne of common conversation. He kept to this rule, and, indeed, exceeded it so far as sometimes to de- generate into bad grammar and involved construction. Care- ' less, as in general his style was, there is a charm in it; and, where his feelings were aroused, great spirit, and almost eloquence. The following passage, which is intended to con- trast the virtuous and the vicious of the female sex, has often been given as a specimen of Steele's best style. * The ill,' he says, * are employed in communicating scandal, infamy, and disease, like fiiries : the good distribute benevo- lence, friendship, and health, like angels. The ill are damped with pain and anguish at the sight of all that is laudable, lovely, or happy : the virtuous are touched with commisera- tion towards the guilty, the disagreeable, and the wretched. There are those who have abandoned the very memory, not only of innocence, but of shame. There are those who never forgave, nor could ever bear being forgiven. There are those also who visit the beds of the sick, lull the cares of the sorrowful, and double the joys of the joyful. Such is the destroying fiend, such the guardian angel, woman,' Many as are the obligations we owe to Steele, the im- provement of our language cannot, as we have stated, be mentioned as among them. Nevertheless he was, by some of his qualities, eminently calculated to delight his readers. In the first place, he possessed those susceptible feelings, without which * gifts of heaven,' as Dr. Drake calls them, there can be no comprehension of what is grand and 132 HIS IMPERFECT EDUCATION. beautiful, no quick sense of what is aiBfecting, noble, and honourable. Distinguished by these traits, it was a far easier task for Steele to sketch off, with a masterly hand, characters ; and to paint scenes of pathos or of humour, than to enter upon dis- cussions which required study, research, and long previous cultivation. He has, therefore, suffered by an inevitable comparison with Addison. Yet Steele has left passages of narrative, and bursts of feeliug, which Addison never equalled. That he perfectly uiiderstood the unadulterated language of feeling, is shown in the following sentences, so full of truth and beauty. * The strings of the heart,' he says, * which are to be touched to give us compassion, are not so played on but by the finest hand. We see in tragical representations ; it is not the pomp of language, nor the magnificence of dress, in which the passion is wrought, that touches sensible spirits; but something of a plain and simple nature, which breaks in upon our souls, by that sympathy, which is given us for our mutual goodwill and service.* It is, indeed, a mournful truth, that Steele's imperfect education, cut short by his too early entrance into life ; his dissipated habits, and consequent want of time for refiection, or research ; and his rushing into politics, have rendered his Essays, on the whole, inferior to that point of excellence which they might have attained under the blessings of a calm, safe, and self-restrained existence. Almost every shade of female character may be found in the writings of Steele. And let it not be forgotten that the rough sketch of the inimitable Sir Eoger de Coverley must be ascribed not to Addison but to. him ; for the filling up of the outline, the lovers of humour are indebted to Addison. This famous character is supposed to have been drawn from life; and Sir John Pakington of Worcestershire, an old-fashioned Tory, is supposed to have been the original. But the .whole IN HIS WBITINGS A PKIEND OP VIRTUE. 133 was, it appears, the invention chiefly of Addison and Steele, with one unpleasant paper by Tickell. Steele, in his writings, was the stanch friend of virtue and decorum. His own and successive generations owe him much for his endeavours * to ameliorate the condition of society, to ridicule folly and abash vice.' CHAPTER VI. ADDISON J BILTON HIS EESIDEKCE.— DESCBIPTION OP IT. — ADDISON'S DAUGH- TEB, CHAELOTTE; HEE DEFICIENCIES. — ADDISON'S LITE AND ITS EBBOBS. — THE PACILITY WITH WHICH HE PENNED HIS ESSAYS.— HIS STBICTITBES ON WOMEN. — APBA BEHN; HEB IMHOBALITY, HEB PLAYS, AND HEB LET- TEES. — ADDISON'S ANSWEB TO A LADY'S ADVANCES. — HIS MEBITS AS A WBITEB. — HIS EEFINED TASTE AND LOVE OP NATITBE. — DB. JOHNSON'S OPINION OP ADDISON. Addison's HOUSE AT BiLTON. 137 CHAPTEK VI. The lovers of Addison's memory might, until about the be- ginning of the present century, have been gratified by knowing that his name was still heard as the proprietor of the village of Bilton, near Eugby. On quitting that scho- lastic town, you pass over a modem bridge composed of three circular arches, by which the river Avon is spanned. As you proceed, the river is still in view, winding along a rich valley until you reach the village of Newbold; here beautiful prospects, extending over the cultured fields and woods, and substantial farmsteads, for which Warwickshire is noted, arrest the attention. In the distance is the spire of Bilton church ; the house in which Addison lived is about half a mile from the river Avon. In Ireland's time, the house, gabled at one end, and stand- ing in a woody park, was just in the same state as when Addison possessed it. There had been exteriorly no change ; within, there was the furniture which he used, the three paintings of himself at various eras of his life ; that of his friend. Secretary Craggs ; and some pictures by Vandyck and other masters, which he had purchased. The servant could next point out to you Addison's Walk ; it is a beautiful alley formed by Spanish chestnuts and by oaks, running in a straight line. Here the great essajdst — for in nothing else was he great — used to spend his morning, enjoying the unbroken 138 THE SPANISH OAKS. walk so convenient for contemplation, and so greatly re- sembling the walks in Magdalen Garden, Oxford, which still bear his name. Then the Spanish oaks had a tender claim upon the memory of this man of reserved nature. One of the friends he most loved was Craggs (descended, according to the Duchess of Marlborough, from a footman), and Craggs had brought him from Spain the acorns where those oaks grew ; and the oaks were new in the country. Then pass we into a hermitage in this walk, embellished with an inscription of verses k la Addison — if not Addison's ; as his, however, they were read with respect by Ireland, who, when he was at Bilton, was permitted to see the aged daughter of the Countess of Warwick and of Addison, bom only a year before her father's death, too soon to be to him the companion, the solace and stay in life which he wanted. To her, Bilton, for which Addison, in conjimction with his brother, Gulstone Addison, had paid ten thousand pounds, had descended. A tradition long existed that Addison had left a large tnmk fiill of manuscripts to his daughter, not to be opened until after her death. Subsequently, however, to that event, no such papers were ever forthcoming. At Bilton, Addison had at length leisure to reflect on a life more useful than happy. Nature had, it is true, endowed this good man with a sweet, patient, equable temper : but, like most reserved men, when he did suffer it was inwardly, and the effects of some disappointments show themselves in pernicious habits which are the doom of happiness. We can, however, easily imagine what Addison was to the friends wh6m he loved to assemble in the depths of the country, as Bilton was then considered. * He was,' says Sir Eichard Steele (in his dedication of Addison's play of the * Drummer ') * above all men in that talent called humour, and enjoyed it in such perfection, that I have often reflected after a night spent with him apart THE PLAY OP CATO. 139 from all the world, that I had had the pleasure of conversing with an intimate acquaintance of Terence and Catullus, who had aU their wit and nature, heightened with humour more exquisite and delightful than any other man ever Chequered, indeed, had Addison's career proved; yet, on the whole, his reflections, as he paced up and down the Spanish oak and chestnut avenue, must have led to the con- clusion that the son of a clergyman of moderate means, rising to be Secretary of State, had not done ill in his gene- ration. Then what wonderful success as a dramatist had he not to recall ; and it was, perhaps, the most exulting of dl triumphs in those days when the stage was almost as influential in poli- tics as the House of Commons ; and Addison might remember how the Queen had commanded him to dedicate the play to heTy but that he dared not do it because the Duchess of •Marlborough, Queen Sarah, had allowed him to dedicate it to her. Yet ' Cato ' is but a fine dialogue on liberty ; as a tragedy it wants character, action, and passion; even Pope reluc^ tantly wrote to Sir William Tumbull that in poetical afiairs he was himself obliged to turn admirer instead of practitioner —a confession strange for Pope to make. * Cato,' he adds, * was not so much the wonder of Rome in his days, as he is of Britain in ours ; and though all the foolish industry possible has been used to make it thought a party play, yet, what the author once said of another, may the most properly in the world be applied to him on this occasion — * Envy itself is dumb, in wonder lost, And £a,ctions strive who shall applaud him most.* Then came to Addison that review of one's life which every one makes from time to time. The remembrance of tBe wasp Dennis, the chief hero of the Dunciad, must have been revived with the gratifying recollection that, whilst Pope and 140 THOMAS TICKELL'S IMAGE. Swift had answered and attacked the malignant critic, he had wisely left his assaults unnoticed, * If insulted genius had not noticed Dennis, Dennis in vain would have insulted genius.' ♦ Next might crowd into the retirement of Bilton, images of those from whom adverse events had severed Joseph Addison ; of Steele, first and foremost. There came back pleasant days when they had talked over the plan of the * Spec- tator' with Tickell; when Addison had announced his in- tention of marking his papers with the capital letters C. L. I. 0. (Steele having formerly marked his in the * Tatler' with a hand) ; and when they had worked out together that incomparable plan which has left us, after all that has since been done, the most delightful collection of essays and miscellaneous papers in our language. And Thomas Tickell's image would rise before him — ^Tickell * of Queen's,' as Addison was wont to call him, when they were both Oxonians — Tickell, at whose door rests, and not at Steele's, the odious attempt to make Sir Eoger de Coverley immoral, and on account of whose disgusting suggestion, Addison, it is asserted, cut down the character and shortened the good knight's career of fiction, by announcing his death. These, and visions of still earlier days, when Henry SachevereU {not the red-hot divine) was his friend, came doubtless into the memory of one whose very inmost feelings were hidden from every human being. In truth, he was, no doubt, unreserved to one Mend, and, perhaps, to one alone. But romance had long since died away in the heart of Addison. Red tapeism, indeed, secretary and placeman as he was, could scarcely con- tract a spirit so free, a heart so large as his ; nor did those Whig principles wear in him, as they did in others, the sem- blance of adulation. Still Addison was not the Addison of Magdalen College, nor of the club ; sick at heart, perhaps of faction — ^mortified, may be, at the failure of his * Whig Ex- * Disraeli's Miscellanies. Addison's daughter deficient. 141 aininer/ set up in opposition to Swift's * Examiner,' perchance the burden of that Tory song then in vogue, ran in his head sometimes — * And he th^-t will this health deny Down among the dead men let him lie ;' — with Swift's exulting sneer when he heard that the * Whig Examiner' had only run five numbers, 'Then it is now down among the dead men. ' Perhaps the remembrance of his infelicitous marriage, might haunt the man who had in early life known a true affection, and that for the sister of his dear friend Sacheverell ; and the conviction that he had, ia his over-prudence, committed an error, came to him, as it has done to many men who have been too wise m their youth, and who pay for it in an old age of solitude ; and he might turn to his child, Charlotte, the little heiress of his property, for consola- tion. But she was too young, and, happily, was a year old only when he died. Happily, we say, for with one of those extra- ordiQary memories which show that there is some portion of ca- pacity in the brain left untouched, at times her understandiag was clouded ; though she was not, as has been said, a perfect imbecile. She could go on with any part of her father's works, and even repeat many passages of the whole : that she was * incapable of speaking or writing an intelligible sentence,'* has also been stated ; it was untrue ; she was very deaf, but her understanding was by no means so weak as has been asserted. She died in 1797, and her father's library at Bilton was sent to town for sale, as weU as his medals and jewels.	10,045
LifeOfDanielWebster_7	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,870	Life Of Daniel Webster	George Ticknor Curtis	English	Spoken	7,566	9,892	Mr. "Webster’s address before tlie Washington Society im¬ mediately passed through two editions. It led to his appoint¬ ment as a delegate from the town of Portsmouth to attend an assembly of the people of the county of Rockingham, which was convened in the following August, for the purpose of expressing to the Government, in a direct manner, their opposition to the war, and their opinions respecting the means by which it should be brought to a speedy and honorable termination. This wds done in the form of a memorial, addressed to the President of the United States, and signed by a committee representing more than fifteen hundred delegates. The paper adopted for this purpose was written by Mr. Webster, and is the document referred to in his Autobiography, and then and since known as “ The Rockingham Memorial.” Its length and character, and the character of the assembly—which was what would now be called a mass convention—show that he had been selected to prepare it before the day of the meeting. Many persons of dis¬ tinction in that part of the State, much older than himself, were named on the committee, but he was placed at its head, and re¬ ported the memorial. ' It was a carefully-written document, reviewing thoroughly the course of policy which had brought about the war; explaining the grounds of opposition to it which the people in whose name it spoke felt themselves justified in assuming; pointing out and remonstrating against its tendency to produce an alliance with France; urging immediate naval preparations, and a reliance on that means of defence; and recommending the adoption of a system that would speedily re¬ store the blessings of peace and commerce. On the subject of fidelity to the Union, it thus stated the principles of those who, in this manner, as citizens of a free republic, addressed them¬ selves to its chief magistrate : “ Wc are 3 sir, from principle and habit, attached to the Union of the States. But our attachment is to the substance, and not to the form. It is to the good which this Union is capable of producing, and not to the evil which is suffered unnaturally to grow out of it. “We shrink from the separation of the States, as an event fraught with incalculable evils, and it is among our strongest objections to the present course of measures, that they have, in our opinion, a very dangerous and alarming bearing on such an event. If a separation of the States ever should take place, it will be on some occasion when one portion of the country undertakes to control, to regulate, and to sacrifice the interest of another; when a small and heated majority in the Government, taking counsel of their passions, and not of their reason, contemptuously disre¬ garding the interests and perhaps stopping the mouths of a largo and respectable minority, shall, by hasty, rash, and ruinous measures, threaten to destroy essential rights, and lay waste the most important interests. “ It shall be our most fervent supplication to Heaven to avert both the event and the occasion; and the Government may be assured that the tie that binds us to the Union will never be broken by us.” Toward tlie President himself this memorial was courteous and dignified in its tone. It pressed indeed the argummtum ad Twmm&m , by reminding the President of the opinions which he had frequently expressed, when advocating the adoption of the Constitution, of the necessity for an acquisition of maritime strength, in providing and maintaining a national navy. The neglect into which the navy had been suffered to fall, by those with whom Mr. Madison had politically acted since the Admin¬ istration of the elder Adams went out of power, fully justified this personal appeal. But it was couched in terms of the utmost respect; and as Mr. "Webster soon after entered Con¬ gress, and stood at once and always remained in friendly per¬ sonal relations with Mr. Madison, it is certain that the latter would have concurred in Mr. "Webster’s own observation— made nearly twenty years afterward—that there was nothing in this paper which the writer ever needed to regret. It marks the character of the opposition which he continued to maintain X-LLU UtiaUiXU} PVXXX13 Ui. WJ1VXXJ. VYCID CtXlCl YYCiXU J^XXKJ W XL tU JLCfcJJLLC* two persons were there, with whose names Mr. Webster’s has been more associated than with those of any others of his con¬ temporaries, as standing npon the same plane of intellect. Henry Clay was the Speaker of this House, and John C. Cal¬ houn was the leading member upon the floor, both being on the side of the Administration. Among those of lesser mark, but still prominent then and always while they lived, were Wil¬ liam Gaston, of North Carolina; John McLean, of Ohio; John Forsyth, and George M. Troup, of Georgia ; Charles J. Ingcrsoll, of Pennsylvania; and Felix Grundy, of Ten¬ nessee. One of the first acts of Mr. Webster, on entering Congress, was, to introduce certain resolutions, calling upon the Executive for information respecting the time and mode in which the re¬ peal of the French Decrees had been communicated to our Gov¬ ernment. As this whole matter stood before the public at the time of the declaration of war, it appeared either that our Gov¬ ernment had been deceived by the French ministry, or that they were in possession of a repealing decree when the. war was declared, and had withheld it; for no such decree had made its appearance until after the declaration of war had passed through Congress. Mr. Webster considered that the reputation of the country was involved in this affair, because the French foreign secretary had declared to the American minister in Paris, on the 1st of May, 1812, that a copy of the repealing decree had been furnished to his predecessor, and that another had been trans¬ mitted to the French minister at Washington at the time of its date, which was April 28, 1811. Mr. Webster, therefore, for the purpose of eliciting all the facts, and in order to have them 1 A law of the previous Congress had mcncod on that day, and was termi. appointed the next meeting of that body nated on the 2d of August. The sec- to bo held May 24, 1813. The first ses- ond session commenced December 6, sion of the Thirteenth Congress com- 1813. L/C tlloClObtJtU JL1U3 XCDUi.U.UJ.U-U.i3 VV CiC JLUIXUUUUCU UJ XJLXAXX \JAJL UJ.^ 10th. of June, 1813, accompanied by some temperate remarks concerning the doubt in which this matter was then en¬ veloped. 1 A long and somewhat angry debate ensued, in which Mr. Calhoun led the defence of the Administration with great spirit and warmth. He was at first somewhat disposed to stifle the inquiry. But the House was not in a mood to do this. The war was not at that time so popular that the members could refuse an inquiry into the measures that had led to it. Indeed, the declaration of war had originally passed a House of one hundred and twenty-eight members by a majority of thirty votes only, and a Senate of thirty-two.members by a majority of six; while an amendment to include France in the war was negatived in the Senate by the meagre majority of four. The friends of the Administration were now, therefore, in a new Congress, obliged to meet this inquiry, without having at their command such a popular enthusiasm for the war as might have justified their re¬ fusal, if such enthusiasm had existed. The debate on the reso¬ lutions continued at intervals until the 21st of June, but they were all finally passed as they were introduced, by very large 1 What Mr. Webster said on this oc¬ casion strongly attracted the attention of Chief-Justice Marshall. Nearly twenty years afterward, when Mr. Webster’s col¬ lected speeches were first published, it ap¬ pears from the following letters that the Chief Justice was disappointed at finding this one omitted from the volume: [pnOM CHIRP-JUSTICE MARSHALL,] u Jamtary 28. 1831. Dbab Sib : I have just received the copy of your ‘ Speeches and Forensic Arguments,’ and am much flattered by this mark of your attention. I beg you to present my compli¬ ments to Mrs. Webster: and to say that I think myself, in part, indebted to her for it. At all events, she has, I perceive, had some agency in conferring the mvor. “I shall read the volume with pleasure, and preserve it with care. “Will you allow me to say that, on look¬ ing over the contents, I felt at the first mo¬ ment some disappointment at not seeing two speeches delivered hv you in the first Gon- f ress, I believe, of which you were a mem- er. “ With great and respectful esteem, “lam, your obedient, “J. Mabshajll.” [fiiom Jirnoit STOnv.] “ Washington, January 23, lflll. “ My Dear Sir : After the Chief Justice (Marshall) had received the volumo of your speeches this morning, he came into my chamber, and told me ho had been looking over the index, and noticed two omissions of speeches which he romomhorod you had made in Congress at an early period of your public life, and which he had thou road. Ono was on some resolutions, oallingupon Presi¬ dent Madison for the proof of the repoal of the Berlin and Milan Decrees: the outer, on the subject of the Previous Question. Ho observed: ‘I read these speeches with very great pleasure and satisfaction at the time. At the time when the first was delivered, I did not know Mr. Webster: but X was so mnoh struck with it^that I did not hesitate then to state that Mr. Webster was a very able man, and would become one of the vory first states¬ men in America, and perhaps the very first.’ “ Such praise from such a source dught to be very gratifying. ’ Consider that he is now seventy-five years old, and that he speaks of his recollections of you some eiglitoen years ago with a freshness which shows you how deeply your reasoning impressed itself on his mind. . Keep this in memoriam rel. zours very truly, .. „ ,, _“ Joseph Story. The Hon. Daniel Webster." Mr. o ercmiau Mason iiaa Deen recently cliosen a senator from Mew Hampshire, and he arrived and took his seat in the Senate while these resolutions were under discussion in the House. The answer to them was made by the Secretary of State, Mr. Monroe, on the 12tli of July. It disclosed the fact that our Government had received no intelligence of the repeal¬ ing decree of April 28,1811, until the 13th of July, 1812, nearly a month after the declaration of war against England. It fol¬ lowed, therefore, that our reliance on the action of Erance was based wholly upon the declaration of August 5, 1810, which, it was argued by Mr. Monroe, had fully satisfied every claim of the British Government according to their own principles, and ought to have been received by them as sufficient cause for a repeal of their Orders-in Council. On this point there was of course a great difference of opinion between those who favored the war against England and those who believed that Erance ought to have been selected as our enemy, or at least that she should have been dealt with in a very different way from that which had been adopted. It is in the highest degree probable that, if there had been no such existing cause of irritation against England as her oppressive pretension of a right to search our vessels for seamen whose allegiance she claimed, there would not have been the same inclination to push matters to an extremity with her, by adopting so untenable a ground in reference to the French Decrees. The French declaration of August 5, 1810, was deceptive, and was intended to be so; a 1 “ You have learned the fate of my said; “France lias done nothing toward resolutions. Wo lmd a warm time of it adjusting our differences with her. It is for four days, and then tho other side de- understood that the Berlin and Milan ollned farther disoussion. I had prepared Decrees are not in force against the myself for a little speech, but the nccos- United States, and no contravention of sity of speaking was prevented. I went them can ho established against her. On with lthoa, of Tennessoe, to deliver the the contrary, positive eases rebut tho al- resoiutions to tho President. I found legation. Mr. Jefferson, written May 25, 1812, ho Madison , vol. ii., p. 585.) This letter and, as each, of the belligerents rested tlie apology for its i jurions edicts upon the law of retaliation and self-defence, neutral, that could present to one of them no better proof of tl sincerity and good faith of its adversary than that French dc laration, had but a weak practical ground on which to dcpcn however strong might be the argument against the inhere] illegality and wrong of the whole system on which the edic were justified by either of the two powers. 1 discloses two remarkable facts: one, that the President still clung to the idea that the French Decrees were not enforced against us after August 5,1810, notwith¬ standing our vessels were still remaining under sequestration, and no redress could be obtained; the other, that the Presi¬ dent had at length penetrated the design of the French Government, namely, not to have the English Orders in Council re¬ pealed. But we had gone too far in tlie direction in which France wished us to go to retrace our steps, although tlie President’s private opinion of her con¬ duct and designs did not now differ much from that entertained by the Federalists. What his opinion was will appear further by an extract from a private letter which he wrote to Mr. Barlow under date of August 11, 1812: “ The conduct of the French Government, explained in yours of the-, on the subject of the de¬ cree of April, 1811, will be an everlast¬ ing reproach to it. It is the more shame¬ ful as, departing from the declaration to General Armstrong [August, 1810], of which the enforcement of the non-impor¬ tation was the effeot, the revoking decree assumes this as the cause, and itself as the effect; and thus transfers to this Gov¬ ernment the inconsistency of its author-” -—{Ibid., p. 640.) Yet, when this sub¬ ject was brought before Congress at the next session, not only did the Secretary of State argue that the conduct of Franoe had deprived Great Britain of all reason¬ able pretext for continuing her Orders, but the whole force of the Administra¬ tion was exerted on the floor of the House in support of that view, as the splendid abilities of Mr. Pinkney had been exerted previously in London in the same line of argument. As we now know the rivate feelings and convictions had been animated by a purposo to lei us into a war with England. 1 There is a judgment of Sir Willin Scott, pronouncing condemnation in 18: of certain American vessels under tl Orders in Counoil, in which that mo able judge employed las acuto and po’ erful intellect in framing a justifioatu for those orders upon the doctrine of r taliation. The question had boon prosci ed to him in the argument, wlnit wou he his duty as an admiralty judgo, und Orders in Council that were repugnant the law of nations. After admitting th his court was bound to administer tl law of nations to the subjects of otli countries in their relations with Gro Britain, ho parried the question that lit been pressed upon him by saying th the king in council had legislative audio ity over tlie court; that tlie law of n tions constituted the unwritten law, ai the king’s Orders in Council the wrilti law of the court; and that there was this instance no repugnance betwot these two laws, because the king’s o ders and instructions wore to bo pr sumed, under the given circumstance to conform themselves to the prinoipl of the unwritten law. But as it cou not escape a mind of such ponotratic that this led directly to the cons quonce that the legislative will of a si gle belligerent may dictate what the la of nations is, so as to bind tlie judioi action of a tribunal that sits to admini tor that law between its own sovoreic and the subjoots of other countries, 1 proceeded to say, further, that the Qrde in Council which he had then to enfon were not repugnant to the law of nation because they wore retaUcdory. This wi at least an admission that the dootrit of 1 Wesurmoti n S tint emit a enifflcinn JUie joriraan. uruers in council were repealed on tne Xda of Jiuie, 1812, professedly upon the ground that the French De¬ crees had been repealed on the 28th of April, 1811. "When the answer of onr Secretary of State to Mr. Webster’s resolutions was received in the House of Representatives, on the 12tli of July, 1813, it was referred to the Committee on Foreign Rela¬ tions, of which Mr. Calhoun was chairman, with an order to print live thousand copies of it. Mr. Webster, who had re¬ mained for some time longer than he had intended, waiting for the answer of the secretary, had then left Washington on his return home, supposing that the subject would not be again brought before the House during that session. On the day fol- found this principle in the doctrino of retaliation. He frankly admitted tluit the orders would bo unjust if they ceased to bo retaliatory; and that they would cease to bo retaliatory from the moment the enemy should retract in a sincere man¬ ner those measures of his against which they wore intended to retaliate. This doctrine, applied to the real circum¬ stances of the case, amounts to this, that whenever a belligerent chooses to say that the hostile measures of his adver¬ sary require him, in solf-defonco, to re¬ sort to measures of retaliation, his right of retaliation is suporior to all the rights of all tho neutral nations; and that until tho neutral nations can, by forcing his adversary to ohangc his course, relievo him of the necessity of retaliating, they must submit to the entire displacement and overthrow of tho rights which, but for this effect of his right of retaliation, would belong to them. But it is obvious that if tho unwritten law of nations em¬ braces this principlo, there are no suoh things as tho rights of noutrals, or rights which belong to nations which are not at war, when some nations are at war. It is, however, quite certain that the law of nations does affix limits to tho operation of retaliatory measures upon the rights of nations that aro not engaged in the war; and tho real question in rotation to the English Ordors and tho French Do- creos was, whothor, admitting that they wore retaliatory, or claimed to he suck, they woro within or without tho limita¬ tions whioh the law of nations has ostab- thc present day there would he very little hesitation on the part of this country in saying to any two belligerents, that this doctrine of retaliation has limits whioh must be respected. That wo did not at that time so act toward both England and France, without complicating ourselves in efforts to make one of them recede in order to remove tho other’s claim of re¬ taliation, must be imputed to our com¬ parative weakness. (I have not been able to find this judg¬ ment of Sir William Scott in tho regular reports of his court. But a copy of it was transmitted by our chargb at London to our Secretary of State, in Juno, 1811, and it is given in tho annals of Congress, Twelfth Congress, 1811-12, Appendix, p. 1742. It was pronounced on the 80th of May, 1811, preparatory to a deoreo nanon OI congress lo i eui es* Uiu wxuugs u_y turns, hull uul out: repeal of the French Decrees, had broken clown tho Orders in Council. The report closed with recommending the passage of a resolution approving the conduct of the Executive in relation to the various subjects embraced in Mr. 'Webster’s resolutions. Several efforts were subsequently made to have this report con¬ sidered, but the House refused to act upon it at this session. On the 2d of August, Congress adjourned until tlio first Mon¬ day in the ensuing December. 1 Although Mr. Webster had been present in this Congress out for a few weeks, he had already become a marked man. He had taken his stand as one of the leading opponents of the war, and had at the same time shown to the House and to tho country what the character of his opposition was to be. His firmness in carrying this inquiry through, the House had satis¬ fied every one that he was not a person to be turned from his purpose in any matter in which he believed the honor of tho country to be involved; while it was equally apparent that ho intended to hold the Administration to nothing but its just de¬ gree of responsibility to public opinion in respect to the course of its action previous to the war. In future sessions, it was to become his duty to oppose measures connected with the con¬ duct of the war, which he believed to be in conflict with the fundamental rights of the citizen, or in contravention of a sound public policy. 1 The temper of the public mind in the nation almost una vooe, Even with- tills country at the time of the adjourn- out a peace with England, tho further rc- ment may be learned from Mr. Madison’s fusal or prevarications of Franco on the private letter to Mr. Barlow, already re- subject of redress may bo expected to ferred to, which was written in the same produce measures of hostility against her month : “ In the event of a pacification at the ensuing session of Oongress. This with Great Britain, the full tide of indig- result is the more probable, ns the gen- nation with which the public mind here eral exasperation will coincide with tho is boiling will be directed against France, calculations of not a fow, that a double if not obviated by a due reparation of war is the shortest road to peace." —( Wri- her wrongs. War will be called for by tings of Madison^ vol. ii., p. 641.) CHAPTER Y. 1813-1814. ME. WEBSTER’S LIFE AT PORTSMOUTH—BIETH OF DANIEL ELETC1IEE -GREAT FIRE IN THE TOWN—CONGRESS OF 1813-’14—RESOLU¬ TIONS ON FRENCH DECREES—MILITARY TRIALS FOE TREASON— ENCOURAGEMENT OF ENLISTMENTS—MODIFICATION OF THE EM¬ BARGO—REPEAL OF TOE RESTRICTIVE SYSTEM—DOMESTIC MAN¬ UFACTURES—PRACTICE IN SUPREME COURT—RETURNS HOME. M R. WEBSTER readied liis home in Portsmouth, from the special session of 1813, at about midsummer, and im¬ mediately resumed his usual avocations. His children were now two—Grace, who has been mentioned in the last chapter, and Daniel Fletcher, who was born July 23,1813. Of his life at this time, we have already had some reminiscences from the pon of Ur. Ticknor. Tho summor and autumn passed on as usual, but in De¬ cember ho was again on his way to attend the regular session of Oongross, leaving Mrs. Webster and the children at home. Wliilo he was on this journey, a great conflagration swept over a considerable part of the town of Portsmouth, and his house was burnt, with others. The house had beon purchased by Mr. Webster a short time before, for the sum of six thousand dollars. Pa addition to its furniture, his library was also lost; and, as there was no insurance on any part of the property, all that he had of worldly goods was completely gone. Mrs. Web¬ ster and the children found a temporary home in the family of JVlr. Mason. In tlio mean time, tne news of tnc lire, which Juki been attended with some appalling circumstances, had reached Washington, whoro Mr. Wobster, on liis arrival, first met the account. Before lie could open his letters, his firmness was put to a great trial, by the somewhat exaggerated statements of those who hastened to give him information. But a cheerful letter from his wife, advising him not to return, reassured him ; and “finding nothing lost,” lie says, “hut house and property,” and considering how critical woro the public affairs, ho com¬ mended his little family to their friends, and remained at Wash¬ ington through tho winter. There was, indeed, no littlo need for such men, oven if they were not political friends of the Administration. The war, although thcro had heen some brilliant successes ou tho Lakes and ono important victory on tho ocean, had not boon prosper¬ ous on tho land. In Europe, the star of Bonaparte was no longer in the ascendant—disaster had overtaken him; and England, at tho head of tho groat combination that was now closing around him, was not unlikely to ho in a situation to carry on her contest with us more vigorously than before. Our Administration, not a strong one, was in want of both men and money. Perplexed, apd not sure of an undivided support from its own party, it was in danger of following counsels insufficiently weighed. It was conducting tho first impor¬ tant war that had boon undertaken since tho establishment of the Constitution ; and on that war tho sentiments of the peo¬ ple woro by no moans unanimous. Now measures wore to bo brought forward, new powors woro to ho exercised, which might subject the Constitution to a sovero test. These moasuros were to undergo the ordeal of discussion by the representatives of a people who had heen accustomed to the utmost freedom of debate and criticism$ who had not learned to surrender that freedom to the demands of official judgment; and who would he certain to insist that the hitherto untried powers of war, embraced in the Constitution, should not be pressed to its injury and its possible overthrow. If the war was to go on, its policy was to he settled: and perhaps there never has be a war eon- many lessons. Basil men, in and ont of Congress, there doubt¬ less were, in tlie opposition, who said and did rash things. Pure and patriotic men there were, connected with the opposition, who committed tho mistake of leading movements that were not fully explained; who trusted too implicitly to the ex¬ cellence of their own motives and the weight of their own virtues, and left that which could be misapprehended or dis¬ torted to work injury in the minds of the unsatisfied. lie had not lost sight of his resolutions of the last session, which called for information respecting the repeal of the French Decroos. The Secretary of State, Mr. Monroe, had not confined himself to furnishing the facts inquired for, but bad entered into an elaborate defence of the war. Without some action upon his answer, the inference would he that it was regarded as conclusive upon tho judgment of the House and of the nation. Tho House had now, with a near approach to unanimity, ordered an inquiry into tho causes of the failure of our arms. Mr. Web¬ ster deemed it equally important that there should be a discus¬ sion of tho grounds of tho war. “If,” he said, “its advocates can show satisfactorily that this war was undertaken on grounds plainly and manifestly just; if they can show that it was neces¬ sary and unavoidable; that it is strictly an American war; that it rests solely on American grounds; and that it grew out of a policy just and impartial as it related to the belligerents of Eu¬ rope—if they ever mako all this manifest, the war will change its character. It will then grow as energetic as it now is 1]8 TjIfk of dan i nil wrJSMhu. in. y, feeble. It will tlu'ii become the eaim‘ «'f the* p-pb, and imt the cause of a party.” He therefore flight and a reference of the secretary's answer to u «{ the whole. This occurred on lho ild of January, l s i h {5u! l1 "' di. was never allowed to take place. .before many days had elaps'd, M r. Wel.-ifr S«-ll called upon to speak in terms of indignant rcbuU' “l a jr»{»« ! whirh he and such men as (laston, Stockton, 1 lumen, and ( lnor t re¬ garded as a proposilion deliberately to ' i'dule the ( mi«-iitutiou. The country was tilled wilh rumors of I ivu ><<imhle practices hy persons who were said to havi given mt»>rmutt«n t» the enemy, that laid assisted his military movement, 'i he party hpirit, that ruled a majority of tlio House of Uepiv-euiuiive, per¬ mitted a resolution to ho introduced, eontemplat ing the e\ieu* sion of the rules and articles of war, ivlutiug t>» spin-, f>» eiii/.eus of the United States. This was tantamount to the ednblbhiueut of a military jurisdiction for the Iriat »f eiti/.mm charged with the oHence of treason. Robert Wright, of Man, laud, was the member-who introduced the resolution, instructing a rmmuttfen of the whole to inquire. into the expetlhutey of >»> extending the military jurisdietion. Mr. Stockton uimtnutly denounced it as a proposition unlit to he oven referred to a committee. Other gentlemen followed him in the sumo strain, wlam Mr. Webster aroso and delivered a short speech, which U probably very imperfectly preserved, Imt of which enough remain !«» via* dieate his opposition to (ho measure, After deeiuriug Ids readiness to provide additional legal \|Hiui«hmeuf s f»r any de¬ scription of otlbiie.es, lie proceeded to tdtow that the idlenees ■which wore alleged to have given oeeiiHum for this inquiry con¬ stituted the criuio of treason, as it hIuiuIh defined in the {»»uf i« tut ion, and that this resolution was ouo to change the forum for the trial of that offence: any ono m applying constitutional rcmuallm to that evil, tint this re*iu Dcen communicated to me enemy, very material to him, respecting the operation of our own forces, by citizens of the United States. Signals are said to have been made for this purpose on the St. Lawrence and else¬ where. I)o gentlemen suppose that the act of communicating to the enemy important intelligence, whether by signals or otherwise, whereby he is the better able to defend himself or attack his adversary, is not treason ? Certainly, sir, all such offences as gentlemen have mentioned are pro¬ vided for by law, and adequate penalties annexed to their commission. The simple question before us is, whether we will consider the propriety of taking the power of trying for these offences from the courts of law, where the Constitution has placed it, and confer it on the military. Sir, the proposition strikes me as monstrous. I cannot consent to entertain the consideration of it even for a moment. It goes to destroy the plainest constitutional provisions. If it should prevail, I should not hesitate to pronounce it a most enormous stride of usurpation, nothing in any gov¬ ernment called a free one, even in the worst of times, has exceeded it. I am utterly shocked at the arguments offered in favor of it. When the mover was asked why, in the cases he mentioned, the offenders could not bo punished for treasonable practices, I understood him to answer that, on trials for treason in the courts of law, the testimony of two witnesses is re¬ quired ; but, if the trial could be transferred to a military tribunal, the two witnesses could be dispensed with. Are we now gravely to consider a proposition of which this is among the professed objects ? The gentleman from Georgia (Mr. Troup) observed that, when persons had been appre¬ hended for offencos, they had been rescued by habeas corpus issued by the civil magistrate. And are we to deliberate whether it be not proper for its to prevent the delivery of the citizens of this country from illegal ar¬ rests and imprisonment by the interposition of their great constitutional remedy, their writ of habeas corpus ? The Constitution contains no pro¬ vision more valuablo; it makes no injunction more direct and imperative than those respecting trials for treason, and the benefit of the habeas corpus. Treason is not left to bo defined, evon by the highest courts of law. It was foreseen that, in times of commotion, victims might be sacrificed to constructive treason; that doctrine which, in other places and in other times, has shed so much innocent blood, and wliich brought Algernon Sydney to the scaffold. The Constitution, therefore, defines treason, and proscribes the mode of proof. But what is there in the worst cases of con¬ struction of treason that can he compared, in point of enormity, to the proposition now before us ? This is not to give a latitude of construction- to tiie judge; it is to take tlio cause away from the judge, and carry it to tlio camp. Instead of indictment, arraignment, and trial, it proposes the summary prooess of martial law. If tlio proposition should pa& into a law, it takes away tho constitutional definition of the offence; it takes 120 LIFE OF DANIEL WEBSTER. [Ch. Y away the prescribed mode of proof; it takes away tho trial by jury; it takes away the civil tribunal and establishes tho military. On a resolution of this sort, I cannot believe the House will consent to de¬ liberate.” Mr. "Wright’s resolution was referred, "by the small majority of eleven votes, and was made the order of the day for tho ensu¬ ing Friday. But, after what had occurred, no one ventured to bring it up iu Committee of the "Whole, and it was nover acted upon further. 1 A little later, when a bill to encourage enlistments into tho army, by giving very high bounties, was before tho House, Mr. Webster delivered a speech on the whole subject of the war, which was of an exceedingly elevated and commanding tone. The first attempt at the conquest of Canada had failed. Still, the invasion of Canada appeared to be an essential object with the Administration and a majority of its supporters in Congress; for an amendment offered to the bill, to restrict the employment of the troops to be enlisted to the defence of onr own territory and frontiers, was rejected by a decisive vote. Mr. Webster had, therefore, to address himself to what ho deemed an erroneous policy in the conduct of the war, as well as to speak incidentally on its general merits. These two topics were inseparably connected, because the known difforonces of opinion respecting the original expediency of the war, and its avowed objects, pointed to the necessity for a change in tho 1 1 observe with pain the name of Mr. olution in order to terrify tho opponents Calhoun among thoso who voted for a of the war. Tho character of Jutlgo reference of this resolution. In any Ford was vouched for by several of the other than a time of high party excite- most prominent members of tho House, ment, he could not have been persuaded IIo was formorly of New Jersey, and was to give that vote, for he was devotedly now a person of eminenoe in tho region attached to 'the principles of constitu- where he lived, and had written and tional liberty. Mir. Olay was in the chair, spoken a groat deal against the war. As there was a clear majority for the res- Perhaps tho light which ho “ hoisted in olution, he was not called upon to vote, his upper story ” was metaphorical, and did not. Among the stories told at 8 Spceoh on the Encouragement of that time and repeated in this debate, it Enlistments, January 14, 1814. The was said that Judge Ford,'living some- speech is very well reported in tho An- where near the St. Lawrence, had, when nals of Congress. (Thirteenth Congress, General Wilkinson’s army was. descend- vol. i., pp. 940 et seq,) It was not a pro- +T*ci+ Tinia+a/1 o in liia nn yi/saI dmaaA Vsyy4 ...a « policy which liad liitlierto governed its prosecution. Of the large circumspection with, which a question of war should he approached by the Government of this Union, Mx. Webster spoke in terms that can never lose their importance while that Government remains wliat it is: “ Wo arc told that our opposition has divided the Government and divided the country. Remember, sir, the state of the Government and of the country when war was declared. Did not difference of opinion then exist ? Do wo not know that this House was divided ? Do we not know that tlio other House was still more divided ? Does not every man, to whom the public documents were accessible, know, that in that House one single vote, if given otherwise than it was, would have rejected the act declaring war, and adopted a different course of measures ? A parental, guardian government would have regarded that state of things. It would have weighed such considerations; it would have inquired coolly and dispas¬ sionately into the state of public opinion in the States of this confeder¬ acy ; it would have looked especially to those States most concerned in the professed objects of the war, and whose interests were to.be most deeply affected by it. Such a government, knowing that its strength con¬ sisted in the union of opinion among the people, would have taken no step of such importance without that union; nor would it have mistaken more party feeling for national sentiment. “ That occasion, sir, called for a liberal view of things. Hot only the degree of union in the sentiments of the people, hut the nature and struc¬ ture of the Government; the general habits and pursuits of the community; the probable consequences of the war, immediate and remote, on our civil institutions; the effect of a vast military patronage; the variety of impor¬ tant local interests and objects—these were considerations essentially be¬ longing to tko subject. It was not enough that Government could make out its cause of war on paper, and get the hotter of England in the argu¬ ment. This was requisite, hut not all that was requisite. The question of war or peace, in a country like this, is not to bo compressed into the compass that would fit a small litigation. Incapable, in its nature, of being decided upon, technical rules, it is unfit to he discussed in the man¬ ner which usually appertains to the forensic habit. It should he regarded as a great question, not only of right, but also of prudence and expediency. Reasons of a general nature, considerations which go hack to the origin of our institutions, and other considerations which look forward to our hope¬ ful progress in futuro times, all belong, in their just proportions and gra¬ dations, to a question, in the determination of which the happiness of the ■nrnomrfr r\P •Pntni'A nvm evn fi nn a nnv be O U1 id concerned. Th&V0 records from, the date of the Embargo in 1807 until June, 1812. Every¬ thing that men could do they did to stay your course. When at last they could effect no more, they urged you to delay your measures. They en¬ treated you to give yet a little time for deliberation, and to wait for favor¬ able events. As if inspired for the purpose of arresting your progress, they laid before you the consequences of your measures, just as wo have seen them since take place. They predicted to you their effects on public opinion. They told you that, instead of healing, they would inflame po¬ litical dissensions. They pointed out to you also what would and what must happen on the frontier. That which since has happened is but their prediction turned into history. Vain is the hope, then, of escaping just retribution, by imputing to the minority of the Government, or to tlio opposition among the people, the disasters of these times. Vain is tho attempt to impose thus on the common sense of mankind. The world has had too much experience of ministerial shifts and evasions. It has learned to judge of men by their actions, and of measuros by their con¬ sequences.” Recurring to tlie imputations cast upon the opposition—im¬ putations to which an opposition is commonly subjected—lie asserted the duty and the right of free discussion in a manner equally worthy of being remembered at all times and under all circumstances: “If the purpose be, by casting these imputations upon those who are opposed to the policy of the Government, to check the freedom of inquiry, discussion, and debate, such purpose is also incapable of being executed, That opposition is constitutional and legal. It is also conscientious. It rests in settled and sober conviction that such policy is destructive to the interests of the people, and dangerous to the being of the Government. The experience of every day confirms these sentiments. Men who act from such motives are not to ha discouraged by trifling obstacles, nor awod by any dangers. They know the limit of constitutional opposition—up to that limit, at their own discretion, will they walk, and walk fearlessly. If they should find, in the history of their country, a precedent for going over, I trust they will not follow it. They are not of a school in which in¬ surrection is taught as a virtue. They will not seek promotion tlirough the paths of sedition, nor qualify themselves to serve their country in any of the higher departments of its Government by making rebellion the first element in their political science. Important as I deem it to discuss, on all proper occasions, the policy of the measures at present pursued, it is still more important to maintain injury uy uxu-uvugum unu unconsuumonai pretences, tne nrmer snau oe tlie tone in which. I shall assert and tlxe freer the manner in which I shall exercise it. It is the ancient and undoubted prerogative of this people to canvass public measures and the merits of public men. It is a ‘ home-bred right.,’ a fireside privilege. It lias ever been enjoyed in every house, cot¬ tage, and cabin in the nation. It is not to be drawn into controversy. It is as undoubted as the right of breathing the air, or walking on the earth. Belonging to private life as a right, it belongs to public life as a duty; and it is tho last duty which those whose representative I am shall find me to abandon. Aiming at all times to be courteous and temperate in its use, except when the right itself shall be questioned, I shall then carry it to its extent. I shall theu place myself on the extreme boundary of my right, and bid defiance to any arm that would move me from my ground. This high constitutional privilege I shall defend and exercise within this House and without this Ilouse, and in all places, in time of war, in time of peace, and at all times.” Passing then, to the futility of all projects for the conquest of tho neighboring British provinces, he proceeded to the connection between tho avowed object of the war—the defence of onr maritime rights—and the great purpose for which the Govcrnmont had been created, the protection and encour¬ agement of commerce. This purpose, he argued, is defeated by every measure of embargo and restriction, and can be answered in a time of war only by coping with the enemy on the ocean. The speech was closed with an impressive appeal to the House for a change in the mode of carrying on the war, and with an explicit declaration of his own purpose to support measures which ho could approve, and such measures only: “ Tho faith of this nation is pledged to its commerce, formally and solemnly. I call upon you to redeem that pledge, not by sacrificing while you profess to regard it, but by unshackling it, and protecting it, and fostering it, according to your ability, and tho reasonable expectations of thoso who havo committed it to the care of the Government. In the com¬ merce of tho country tho Constitution had its growth; in the extinction of that commerce it will find its grave. I use not tho tone of intimidation or menace, but I forewarn you of consequences. Let it be remembered that, in my place, this day, and in tho discharge of my public,duty, I bou- juro you to alter your course. I urge to you the language of entreaty. I bosooch you by the best hopes of your country’s prosperity, by your regard for tho preservation of her Government and her Union, by your own ambi- abandon it at once, and forever.	598
christian1883vari_121	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,883	The Christian	various	English	Spoken	7,702	9,659	that it is sq taught in the Scripture. People, I think, make a woful mistake when they expect perfection from young converts. If a young disciple makes a slip or does some un- Christian act, they say: ‘I told you so; he professed to be converted three months ago, and now see what he has done.’’ So they discourage the young believer. If we would only do as the Master would have us do—cover up the fault instead of proclaiming it abroad, and try to restore the erring one and encourage him, not in his sins, but in confessing his wrong doing, we should be doing God’s work; many who get discouraged and go back to the world would become a great blessing to the Church of God, If a man goes wilfully into sin, and does not repent of it, but lives in sin, that is a good sign he has not been a partaker of the Divine nature; but if he protests against it, and con- fesses it, that is asign he has truly been born of God. “Ye are of God, little children, and have over- come them ; because greater is He that is with you than he that isin the world”’ (1 John iv. 4). If I have got Christ in me I am going to over- come the world. He was the only Man who could say at the end of life’s journey, ‘‘I have conquered the world,’’ Death and the grave tried to conquer Him; the law tried it; the world, the flesh, and the devil, all tried it; but He stood there as the victor over them all. If I have got Christ in me I am going to over- come. I must either conquer the flesh or it will conquer me. How can I overcomeit? By having Christ formed in me the hope of glory. By faith we live upon the Son of God day by day (1 Gal. ii. 20). If you young converts get an idea that you are strong enough to walk without Christ you will soon go back into the world. It takes the same grace to keep us every day as it did to save us. We do not get grace enough to last all through life; we must draw upon this Bank of Grace as we need it day by day ; so we live by faith. EXAMPLES AND WARNINGS. ‘« Because of unbelief they were broken off, and thou standest by faith’? (Rom. ii. 20). The only way that we can stand in the Christian life is by faith. Ihave noticed that if aman becomes unsound in his doctrine, he will soon be unsound in his practice. Let us hold right on by simple faith in the living, risen, personal Christ, who is our Righteousness. If we stand in Him, is He not able to keep us? He made Joseph to stand in a darker day than that in which we live; He made the three Hebrew princes to stand in Babylon, and He is able to make us stand. But, if any man thinks he can _ stand without the grace of God, he is on slippery ground. I am told that Edinburgh Castle was only once captured in all the history of Scotland. They thought that on one side of the castle it was so steep that it could not be scaled, so they did not put sentinels to watch there, and thus the enemy climbed up and took the castle. When a man thinks he is strong \| in one particular point of his character, he is sure to fall right there. I was wonderfully im- \| pressed with this thought some years ago. I went right through the Scriptures, and found it was true. Abraham was noted for his faith, yet this was the very point at which he fell. His faith failed him when he went down into Egypt and he lied to Pharaoh about his wife. Moses was noted for his meekness, yet he was kept out of the promised land because he lost his temper. Elijah was the boldest man of his day. He stood like a giant on Mount Carmel and defied the prophets of Baal. But when Jezebel said his life should be like the life of these pro- phets, away he went like a coward and struck for the wilderness, lay undera juniper-tree and wished himself dead. It wasa good thing the Lord did not let him die there; but this incident in his life is a warning to us. Peter was the most forward of the twelve Apostles, and yet one day he followed Jesus afar off, and a hat frightened him out of his loyalty to his Lord, I would like to have stood next to that maid on the Day of Pentecost; she must have been greatly amazed at the change that had come over him, ‘““Why, this man declared to me, with an oath, that he did not know Jesus, and now he stands there charging the Jews with having murdered Him.’’ He had got his eye off the Master, and down he went.. I used at one time to think that if I had stvod twenty years there would be no danger of my falling, I have got over that idea long ago. Our only safety is in fixing our eye on the Master, and keeping close to Him. It you think you are strong enough to stand alone you will soon have a tumble, May God help us to realise that in ourselves we can do nothing. A Another thing: ‘‘ We walk by faith, not by sight’? (2 Cor. v. 7.) My experience is that the most unhappy Christians are those who are all the time walking by sight instead of by faith. We find two good illustrations of this in Joseph and Jacob. Jacob was one of those who could only trust God as far as he could see Him. In ~ Egypt he said to Pharaoh, ‘‘ Few and eyil have the days of the years of my life been.’”’ Whata testimony to give to a heathen king! If Jacob had gone through a prison as Joseph had done, what an amount of whining there would have been. What a grandson he had in Joseph! They put him in prison, but it is said “the Lord - was with him.’? They had to shut up the Almighty with him in the prison, Joseph would rather be in the prison with God, than out of the prison without Him, It is a good deal better to know that you are right with God; even if you have to suffer for it a little while down here. So we live and stand and walk by faith. There is another passage I want you to notice, ‘¢ Above all, taking the shield of faith, where- with ye shall be able to quench all the fiery darts of the wicked” (Brph, vi. 16). The devil may fire a good many darts at us, full of poison and burning hot, but God is able to quench them all. No weapon that is formed against us shall prosper. What we need is to be able at all times to look up and say, ‘‘ Lord, I stand in the faith of thy dear Son.” OUR THREE GREAT ENEMIES. Now let us look at our enemies. It is well to know who they are, and how strong they are. Let us not make the mistake of under-estimating the strength of our enemies, We must sit down and count the cost. We read in the Word that our three great enemies are ‘‘the world, the flesh, and the devil.’’ I used to think the devil was my worst enemy, but the more I got acquainted with the flesh the more I saw that it was the worst foe I had. ‘‘ Resist the devil and he will flee from you;” but as some- one has said, if you resist the flesh it cleaves to you. A good many Christians are troubled about other people, but I have more trouble with D. L. Moody than with anyone else. Those who are all the time living on the failings of other Christians will have enough to do at home if they will only take a good look at themselves. We are to ‘‘ put off the old man with his deeds’’—all his deeds, not a part of them. That means a good deal. I know more of God’s heart than I do of myown. “The heart is deceitful above all things and des- perately wicked; who can know it?’’ Then there is ‘‘the world ’’—fashion, pleasure, and many other things that could be mentioned. Nearly everything we see around us has a ten- dency to draw us away from God. We often excuse ourselves in doing certain things by say- ing, ‘Well, you know it is the custom.” A man said the other day, thinking he was quot- ing from Scripture, ‘‘ When you are in Rome you must do as the Romans do.” That was not the way Daniel acted in Babylon, He “‘ purposed in his heart that he would not defile ’ himself with the portion of the meee meat nor with the wine which he drank.’ against the current of the un, you young converts would live a god will often be called upon to go against t of those who are round about yor in some parts of the bales is the custom to drink a good deal of whiskey at funerals, I believe a good many start out in life by getting drunk. T would : to touch the cursed stuff that cause: e went right world. If aay oy customs I find that — - May 10, 1888, THE CHRISTIAN, 1] tostumble. ‘‘Oh but,’’ they say, ‘‘ you must not interfere with people’s liberty.’’ A man told me that some time ago, and I was ashamed to see a preacher of the Gospel sitting at his table who, I think, had a little too much, I was pro- testing against it, when he suid that some men had to take the drink as medicine. I said, “Why don’t you put pills on the table? Why not go to the drug store, and provide your guests with a whole assortment of medicines?’? We have heard quite enough of this plea of ‘‘medi- cine.”’ It will be a grand day for England when the stuff is swept out of the country, Let us dare to be peculiar. Christ died that He might make us a peculiar people. We want more peculiar people who will go against the evil customs of the day. Tet me call your attention to some of the INWARD FOES with which we have to contend. There is appetite; if aman has been addicted to strong drink, he has got to overcome that. Itis written that Christ came to destroy the works of the devil. I believe that this appetite for strong drink is the work of the devil, and we need super- natural power to destroy it. I am so thankful that men are waking up to the fact that Christ can destroy it, root and branch; many are gettinga mplete victory over this foe. Then ‘« the lust of the flesh ’’ is another inward enemy that has to be overcome. Many a young man _ is being ruined by this accursed sin; he has not got complete victory over it. I would say to you: Keep as far as you can out of the way of temptation. Flee youthful lusts, as you would flee from burning coals. The way of the strange woman is the shortest pathway to hell. If any young conyert has been in bondage to this sin, and is unwittingly brought into temptation, let him ery to God for help and deliverance, right there on the street. Temper is another form of the flesh that has to be fought. Many need help here; they are irritable, and lose patience. Paul urges the believer to be sound in patience as well as in faith and in charity. Isee many who are wearing the blue-ribbon badge. Did you ever think of the badge that Christ gave his disciples to wear? It was the badge of love one towards another. By this badge men were to know that they were his disciples. You may make a great outward p-ofession, but if you have not got love for your fellow men that is a sign that you are declining in the Christian life. I have known many people who would have had a noble Christian character, except for this ‘‘ fly in the ointment,”’ that spoilt it all; they were so apt to lose their temper. It wondertully crippled their in- fluence for good. We are to be sound in patience, otherwise the world will not believe we are really the children of God. Then there is covetowsness. Ihave known of _men who became so covetous in their declining years that they could hardly let a penny go out of their hands. The love of money was eating out their very manhood. They look down on the drunkard with scorn, but I believe in the sight of God covetousness is as great an evil as drunkenness. Let us be on our guard against it. Another enemy is deceit. We need to be delivered from all guile, and to grow in all the graces of the spirit. Whata terrible enemy is jealousy, This Spirit of “‘who shall be the greatest?’’ has wrecked nearly every good cause in the world. One of the strongest proofs that the Church of God is divine, is that it has not been wrecked long ago by this cursed spirit of jealousy among those who profess to be the followers of Jesus Christ. May God root it out of all our hearts, so that we are willing to be accounted as nothing. Let us have the spirit of John the Baptist, who said, “He must increase but I must decrease.” When the Jews sent an influential committee to ask him who he was he did not say he was the greatest born of woman, the mighty forerunner of the Messiah. He just said he was Mr. Nobody, only a voice crying in the wilderness. And as the'morning star disappears with the rising of the sun, so John the Baptist faded out of view when the Sun of Righteousness was revealed, SELF CONTROL. Every temptation that we overcome will help us to overcome another; on the other hand, every temptation that overcomes us leaves us weaker than before. Let us look to God for strength, that we may get self-control. One of the greatest victories we can achieve is the con- trol of self. He that cannot control himself cannot control other people. I believe God has placed us here that we may rule, and if we can rule our own spirits He will give us greater work to do, He that is faithful in few things shall be made ruler over many things. God’s reward for work is more work. I do not know what He is going to do with us hereafter. If we are to bé kings and priests unto God we must have kingdoms to reign over, We must be here at school and in training for something higher. It may be that the other planets are inhabited, and perhaps God is going to send his people to rule over them. However that may be, we are here on.probation ; God is training us for future usefulness. BE NOT EASILY OVERCOME, It is one of the saddest things to see how little it takes to overcome some people. A man told me some years ago that he had given up Christian work. I asked what he had given it up for. He said he joined the church and went to work, but he had only been at it a little while when a deacon in the church ‘threw cold water’’ on all he had done. So he stopped work. ‘‘Shame on you, ’’I replied, “cold water never hurt any one yet. Why, they used to throw Christians into the fire in the olden days.” Oh, may God help us to stand ; we can afford to be ridiculed and persecuted for a little while. Shall the servant be above his Master ? They slandered Him, and misjudged Him, and lied about Him, and called Him by every con- ceivable name; shall we not be content to have the same treatment as He received ? ‘‘ If any man will live godly in Christ Jesus, he must suffer persecution.’’ If the world has nothing to say against us, Jesus Christ will have little to say for us. Do not let us seek the world’s popularity. I suppose Lot was a very popular man down in Sodom, but he did not get a single convert there for twenty years. If we are going to overcome the world we must get to work for God. Let us see that we work from a right motive. The fire shall reveal every man’s work, of what sort it is. If any man’s work abide, he shall receive a reward. If any man’s work shall be burned, he shall suffer loss; but he himself shall be saved so as by fire’’ (Ll Cor. iii. 13—15). I firmly believe that many Christians will get into heaven so as by fire, the way that Lot got out of Sodom ; there will be no reward whatever for them. After a recital of the eight ‘‘ Overcomes’’ mentioned in the Book of Revelation, Mr. Moody said, in concluding his stirring address: ‘‘ Let us reconsecrate ourselves to God to-night ; then, let us go out and work for Him. Every- thing done for Christ shall be as lasting as eternity.” EMIGRATION. —'The Secretary of the Man- chester Y.M.C.A., Mr. W. H. Newett, being on a visit to the United States and Canada, purposes to make inquiries in the western towns with respect to openings for young men and young women from this country. If any of our readers who aré specially interested in this subject wish to com- municate with Mr. Newett, he may be addressed, care of the Secretary Y.M.C.A., Milwaukie, Wisconsin, U.S. LADY MISSIONARY PHYSICIANS to the women of India and other heathen lands are now in great demand. Women only can gain access to the women of these lands. There are hundreds of young ladies in our own land that are longing for ‘‘something to do.’? Hereis an open door. But this is no field for sentimental, make-believe work. There must be first a whole-hearted, self-denying consecration of the whole being to the Lord; secondly, a natural aptness for, and love to the work itself; and thirdly, a period of special educa- tion and training, which costs time and money, Are Christian parents prepared to give their daug - ters to this service ?—‘ Howse of Rest’? Month Paper. ly AMONG THE EAST-END MASSES. RITING to The Record, Rey. Thos. Richard- son, of Stepney, says :— ‘‘We have recently commenced a Church Army, which is the outcome of the continuous evangelistic efforts.of past years, merely a step downward towards the masses by those already working for God. Bands were used twenty-five year~ ago to win the masses to parochial gather- ings, and they were successful. It is only of recent date that it has been found out that we can just as easily get the masses to strictly spiritual gatherings if we use the same means. On Easter Monday afternoon, our little Church Army of soul-loving, Christ-loving men and women, including my own wife, and three daughters, walked through a portion of our parish with banner, a few instruments, and drum. A drunken man heard the drum, woke up, came to the meeting. God spoke to his conscience ; he came again at night, and was spoken to by myself, and, if I know anything of the working of the human heart, hat man was at changed man from that day. He continued to attend, and on the Sunday night he brought his wife, who, with her babe in her arms, bowed before God to seek that blessing, as she added, ‘¢which my husband has got.” Both had been soaked in drink; both ascribe their waking up to the drum. “‘ We began by holding Gospel Temperance meetings on Sunday evenings; these were so blessed we easily fell into Salvation meetings. One Sunday night, as the Army were singing at the hall door, a careless young woman was arrested by the tambourines.- She listened, and heard a short address at the door on ‘‘ Behold IT stand at the door and knock.’’ She entered, was arrested, and she herself came out of the midst of the meeting and presented herself an unhappy sinner, anxious to be spoken to about Jesus. My wife spoke to her, This young woman, having been taught the Scriptures as a child, is now a most useful member of our Army, and ready to go out to bring other souls in. Take another case, a young man, who evidently wished to disturb the meeting. Let him tell his own tale :—‘ I have been an infidel, and attended many of the meetings at the Infidels’-hall; I have gone into the Salvation Army meetings to disturb them, and was taken before a magistrate and fined. I came to this meeting for the same purpose. I was spoken to, and I said I did not believe in a God, but I was fond of this kind of music, and then I heard the soldiers testify; and I was walking with a man down Road and he dropped down dead, and I asked myself, if I was ready ; so now I stand up to confess that God has changed my heart, and I want to live for Jesus.’ I merely mention these as samples out of not less than sixty in two months, all of whose names and addresses I have.”’ CIVIL SERVICE PRAYER UNION. — The first meeting of the Dublin branch of this union was held on the last day of April in the parlour of the Christian Union Buildings, simultaneously with the London gathering. There was a good attend- ance, under the presidency of Captain Lefroy, of the High Court of Justice, several departments being well represented; the proceedings were characterised by much earnestness and evident enjoyment. The Dublin branch promises to be very helpful to the service in that city. THE HOUSE OF REST, both at its central house at Kilburn and its seaside branch at Eastbourne, is for the exclusive benefit of Christian workers, missionaries, and all well-accredited labourers in the Gospel of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. The work is supported by the freewill offerings of the Lord’s people; and all subscriptions should be sent to Miss Mason, House of Rest, Kilburn, N.W. Continue to pray for this work. There are many Missions which, in the nature of things, necessarily make a greater stir in the world than this, but there are none that have received more manifest tokens of the loving favour of the Lord. All who desire the spread of the Gospel throughout our Home and Foreign Mission fields, and who cannot themselves enter upon this service, can do something to cheer the hearts and strengthen the hands of those whose lives are deyoted to the work of the Lord.— Monthly Paper. : [327] 12 THE CHRISTIAN. May 10, 1883. aYy dlotes and Comments. HE many friends in this country of Messrs. Moody and Sankey will be glad to learn, from the telegraphic announcements in Monday’s papers, that the Alaska arrived at New York early on the morning of Sunday, oe all well.’’ Dr. Edmond, in his address, last week, as Moderator of the Presbyterian Synod, ex- pressed a truth, often lost sight of, when he said, ‘‘ Next to faithful preaching in the pul- pit (if next in this regard) is the sound teach- ing of our code of praise. Happy the church whose pulpit and pew, in sermon and in song, are in harmonious evangelical accord.’’ Very often the hymnology of the church is far from being clear and pure in its teaching, and great care needs to be exercised in the choice of hymns to be adopted for general use. The principle involved in the well- known utterance, ‘‘ Let me make the ballads of the nation, and I care not who makes its laws,’’ has a force of application here. The death of Dr. Connor, Dean of Windsor, adds another to the long list of bereavements which Her Majesty the Queen has of late been called to mourn in connection with her household and immediate circle of devoted servants and friends. He had only been a few months in the office he held, having suc- ceeded the Hon. and Rey. Gerald Wellesley last autumn; and he was, we believe, spe- cially chosen for the post in accordance with the Queen’s desire. The late Dean was a warm friend and advocate of the temperance cause, and has left behind him that precious heritage, the memory of a good name; he willbe remembered with regret for his loss, and esteem for his character and work, by all who knew him. An important meeting was held at the house of Lord Mount-Temple the other day in connection with the Victoria-street Society for Protection of Animals from Vivisection. Among the speakers was the Bishop of Oxford, who urged the evil effects of the absorbing interest upon the operator, from whose mind, he quoted a vivisectionist to show, compassion must be banished. Lord Coleridge spoke strongly on the matter, and said— He came there because he wished to say that if it was manly to torture unresisting animals it was amanliness he had no desire to share. If it was childish and sentimental to stand up for those who could not protect themselves, and who were given us to have dominion over by God, it was a child- ishness and sentimentalism for which he was con- tent to bear the scorn of men of science. A meeting, in the interests of the same question, has just been held at Exeter Hall in connection with the London Anti-Vivisec- tion Society. Surgeon-General C. A. Gor- don, M.D., C.B., declared that— He found a larger number of medical men in opposition to vivisection than perhaps the public were aware. After reading the literature on the subject pro and con. extending over a number ‘of centuries to the present day, he had come to the conclusion to oppose the practice, because he had observed that whatever in favour of it had been written by medical men had been more than con- troverted by other writers, and also because he found that so-called discoveries made by vivisec- tion could be obtained by other means. Dr. Sinclair Paterson’s assertion that ‘‘ the morale of the human race s‘ands before the knowledge of the race,’”’ is one worthy of universal acceptance, and goes to the root of the whole matter. [328] We would remind our London readers of the great demonstration to be held in Hyde- park on Monday next, in favour of the Sunday closing of public-houses in England. We hope the occasion will serve as a rallying- point for the forces that are being arrayed against this deadly and prevalent evil. A cireular letter addressed to the friends of the Repeal of the Acts bearing on the question of social purity has been issued by Mrs. Josephine Butler. It sounds a note of praise for the evidence of answered prayer, which has been furnished by the recent vote on the subject in the House of Commons. Its principal object, however, is to urge the necessity of following this up by bringing all, possible pressure to bear upon Parliament to carry into legal effect the resolution passed. Efforts in this direction must not be relaxed; success in the present must only stimulate zeal to work on until the desired end is se- cured. Petitions to this effect should at once be sent in. Orders have been issued by the Govern- ment to discontinue the police supervision hitherto exercised under the above Acts in the garrison towns of Plymouth, Chatham, and Portsmouth, so that it appears to be their intention to carry out the spirit of the resolution lately passed. Their action, how- ever, is severely criticised and questioned by some opponents of the resolution, so that Mrs. Butler’s suggestions are by no means uncalled for. Prince Bismarck has been credited with a scheme for inducing the great European powers to reduce their armaments, and retrench their war expenditure and lessen all round their military preparations. Such a step would indeed be a welcome fact in the history of our times could it be brought about. But we fear such a scheme, desir- able as it is on every ground, belongs more to the realm of vision than to that of prac- tical politics. The spirit of aggression in some quarters, and of thirst for revenge in others, mingled with the mutual suspicion and jealousy one of another which widely prevails, makes any such prospect one of remotest contingency, so far as it can be the result of human statescraft and earthly policy. ‘‘The Prince of Peace” alone can effect the radical change in the world which a general disarmament of forces would re- quire in order to its accomplishment. Be- fore his presence “‘ wars shall cease unto the ends of the earth,’ and nations shall ‘‘ beat their swords into ploughshares, and their spears into pruning hooks.” The Millennium is to come, perhaps it is nearer than many think, but Prince Bismarck is not likely to prove its herald, or human legislation its means. At the same time, the subject is one well worth looking at, and a discussion of its possibilities by all means to be encouraged. Much might be done to soften asperities, and to prevent needless bloodshed, if a better understanding could be produced among the nations as to each other’s pur- poses and motives. In connection with this subject, we may draw attention to the forthcoming Prophetical Conference at Wimbledon, May 30 to June 1 inclusive. It is now some years since a large Conference has been held in the metropolis on the Second Coming of our Lord. The gathering at Wimbledon will serve to re- awaken public interest on a topic that should ere be present to the Christian mind and eart, The study of prophecy has been cast into the shade very much by the extravagant and foolish assumptions which some of its exponents have made. The.meeting con- vened at the Cannon-street Hotel last week by a person named Frederic Boyce, calling himself an authorised servant of Christ, furnishes another illustration of the danger there is of letting loose the reins of imagina- tion, and of going beyond the plain state- ments of the Word of God. The meeting was poorly attended, and after listening to the address of the convener, a resolution was carried to the effect that Mr. Boyee was under a delusion, and that the meeting had no reason to regard him as being in any * way specially qualified to speak on the subject. It is needful to remember that it is to the “‘sure word of prophecy”’ itself, and not to any human expositors of it, “‘ we do well to take heed as unto a light shining in a dark place.”’ The annual invitation to the Mildmay- park Conference appears in our columns this week. The subject chosen for contem- plation is of vital and all-absorbing interest , and importance — ‘Union with Christ.’ This is, as the divisions made for the three days’ meetings, indicate, the Ground of Security, the Secret of Power, and the ' Source of Vruitfulness. A change of pro- gramme is announced for this year’s pro- ceedings, inasmuch as the afternoon meet- ings on behalf of various societies are to be discontinued, with the exception of two general assemblies in the large hall on behalf of Jewish Missions, and of those to the Heathen world. Probably the gain in concentration of thought upon the topics for conference, and in more time being allowed for meditation and prayer, will compensate for what many will feel to be a loss, in reference to the awakening and deepening of sympathy and interest in the many branches of Christian service usually advocated, and brought before the notice of the visitors. Anyway, we devoutly trust that large measures of Divine influence and blessing will rest upon the arrangements made, that as heretofore, and in yet larger degree, the week may be one of hallowed joy and power for good. While some of the existing hospitals are standing in urgent need of funds for carry- ing on their work, there is talk of erecting yet another for the large district covered by North London. The desirableness of this can hardly be questioned, and, considering that the cost is only estimated at about £40,000, there ought to be very little diffi- culty in providing for this, and also for the necessities of all similar institutions. The enormous wealth of our Metropolis is fully equal to any such demands, without the slightest sense of burden, if only the vein of benevolent sympathy with suffering and sor- row could be effectually struck. The con- currence with the movement of the Baroness Burdett-Coutts, Lord George Hamilton, and other well-known members of various circles of social and religious influence, will, doubtless, ensure its success; and tens of - thousands of those resident in the district who feel the need will rejoice at the relief thus afforded to the 100,000 sick persons said to be always present within their borders. Her Majesty the Queen has issued a Royal Proclamation instituting an order of special honour to be conferred on those who have been distinguished for kindness and self- denying toil in nursing the sick and wounded of our Army and Navy, ‘ i : er . , May 10, 1888. THE CHRISTIAN. 18 Ss A decoration styled the Royal Red Cross, con- sisting of a cross enamelled crimson, having an effigy of the Queen in the centre, and the words Faith, Hope, Charity, emblazoned upon the arms thereof, and attached to a dark blue riband, edged red, tied in a bow, and worn on the left shoulder, is to be conferred on all ladies, whether subjects or foreign persons, who are recommended for such distinction by the Secretary of State for War. It is ex- pressly provided that if any wearers of this badge should by their conduct become un- worthy of it, their names should be erased from the register of those thus honoured, and that by the order of the sign-manual of the Sovereign. Names at once rise to the memory belong- ing to some who richly deserve such recogni- tion at the hands of their country and Queen, and, doubtless, this well deserved mark of honour will help still more widely to develop the spirit of womanly compassion for suffer- ing, and devoted ministry to sufferers in times of need. We may well turn our thoughts for a moment to consider the gracious and con- descending Lord, who, though King of kings, deigns to regard with acceptance and delight any acts of service and love rendered to his disciples for his name’s sake. Higher distinc- tion far is that conferred by Him upon every faithful minister of kindness and compassion to his tried ones, though not so conspicuous to the eye of sense. Let us be reminded of his loving words, ‘‘ Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto Me,”’ and again, ‘‘ Whosoever shall give to one of these little ones a cup of cold water only, in the name of a disciple, verily I say unto you, he shall in no wise lose his reward.” We have been asked to say that a weekly meeting for prayer is held in Dublin to seek for Divine blessing -on the Medical Mission work there. The promoters earnestly desire all Christians who see this notice of the fact to join them in prayer that God would increas- ingly bless them in their efforts to reclaim inebriates from both the upper and lower _ classes of society, and that He would gra- ciously direct and prosper the remedies em- ployed for restoring the health of dispensary, hospital, and private patients, for whom special prayer may be requested from time to time. It is a good sign when the enemies of truth begin to express alarm at the efforts made by its friends to establish and advance its power. From letters which have recently appeared in The Freeman’s Journal, the Roman Catholic organ in Ireland, the work of the Trish Church Missions there would seem to be telling with good effect. Referring to the results by which those agencies have been followed, a priest of the Romish Church says : “The eyil has assumed such gigantic propor- tions that our entire strength will have to be put forth for its suppression. It is silently sapping the foundations of faith in this city, and in many parts of the country. Its sleep- less activity, and our supine sluggishness, have already reduced nearly every Catholic interest in the city to a state of critical peril.” It is a deep cause for thankfulness that such words should have a foundation in fact, and we trust that the agents of these Missions will take heart from such statements made by their opponents, and labour all the more devotedly to pull down the strongholds of error, and to exalt the Saviour’s name in the It is to be feared that these Missions, in common with other institutions, find the condition of Ireland, conducing as it does to impoverish many who were formerly able to contribute to such objects, adverse to the maintenance of their stations and agencies. It can only need to be known what kind of work they are doing, and how successfully they are doing it, for those who have means at their disposal to come to their aid and help them to extend rather than diminish their operations. Jreland’s oné great hope and chiefest need is, the Gospel cf our Lord Jesus Christ. Popery has much to do with the poverty, crime, and disorder, which pre- vail in our unhappy sister isle. - It is a clear evidence of a genuine work of grace, when a convert, under the influence of his new experience, is led to make restitution where he has wronged any before his con- version to God. A pleasing and commend- able instance of this has just come under our notice. In our list of donations to various objects in last week’s issue appeared, under the heading, ‘‘Conscience Money,” three sums of ten shillings each. The donor some years ago was sent by his master to change a £5 note when the shopkeeper by mistake handed him £1 too much. On his way back he hesitated what to do with this amount, and at last yielded to the temptation to keep it. Since his conversion he has repeatedly tried to find the owner, but without success, and now has given 30s. to the Lord’s work, as an act of restitution and acknowledgment of his fault. It is worthy of note as a lesson to others not to yield to similar temptations. The British Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Jews recently sent an address of fraternal greeting and congratula- tion to the venerable Dr. Franz Delitzsch, of Leipzig. The following extract from his reply, which is published in this month’s Jewish Herald, is singularly touching and expressive, as coming from a scholar of such eminence, and a man of such wide renown in the Christian world :— The address with which you favoured me on February 23 has deeply moved my heart. The address begins with a eulogistic review of my life and work, but not without giving more glory and honour to God than to his unworthy servant and instrument. If I have achieved anything that is good, it was God who did it through me. I am fully conscious that all I have been permitted to do has been marred in his holy sight by the corrup- tion and weakness of my sinful nature, and has required the sprinkling of the blood in order that it might please God. Therefore, all honour and glory be ascribed to Him alone. Truly the man of God is never so great as when he is little in his own eyes, and never more exalted than when he sits lowly at his Master’s feet. Once more, in answer to earnest and united prayer, the Lord has appeared in our midst as a nation, and caused his name to be magnified in connection with endeavours to prevent legislation on the side of error. The defeat of the efforts made to pass the Affirma- tion Bill is a cause in itself for devout thankfulness. As a party triumph it is worthless; indeed, it cannot obviously be regarded as a party triumph at all. The majority was composed of not a few who, on any other question than this, would have been found voting on the other side. Butas a moral victory, it is to be hailed with grati- tude to Him who once more appeals to the nation, and indicates his readiness to be its Guide and Benefactor still. As a rebuke to Atheism and its pretensions, we can but rejoice in the defeat of the measure, which all along we have striven to show was opposed to righteous rule and the Divine glory. Right glad should we be to see an Affirmation Bill brought in which shall be free from any possibility of com- plicity with atheistic sentiment, or aid to atheistic influence. The oath would be better removed than preserved, but an affirmation may as well be based on a principle of avowed acknowledgment of the Divine Being as an oath. And it is this we strenuously main- tain that our legislative assembly should continue to assert: that, in spite of all its defects, it proceeds on the principle of belief in the grand fact that ‘‘ The Lord reigneth.”’ == we MAJOR POOLE AT KINGSTON-ON- THAMES. dhs Mission conducted by Major and Mrs. Evered Poole was brought to a close on Monday, April 30. It has aroused the town and neighbourhood in a way that many people considered impossible. The enthusiasm which attended the meetings from the first became so earnest and intense that the crowds who thronged to the drill-hall could not be accommodated. An ever-increasing numbr had to be turned away nightly. The number of those who signed the pledge and donned the blue is considerably over four thousand, three-fourths of the number being entirely new pledges. Amongst these many are known to be cases which had been given up as almost hopeless before the Blue Ribbon Mission came, For some weeks previous to the Mission prayer-meetings were held every week, and after it began two prayer-meetings were held daily. The marvellous blessing vouchsafed was there- fore the natural result of earnest waiting upon the Lord. The most enjoyable portion of the meetings were the after-meetings, when more prominence was given to the glorious Gospel of the blessed God. That the “old, old story’’ has not lost its power over men’s hearts, when simply and faithfully declared, was proved by the ever-in- creasing number who stayed to these meetings. On the last Sunday of the Mission some 600 or 700 must have stayed behind to hear Mrs. Poole’s short address. Many of the Christians in Kingston who have for years been praying for the outpouring of the Spirit upon the neighbour- hood rejoiced in this answer to their prayers, and thanked God that He had begun to glorify Himself in their midst. Major and Mrs. Evered Poole are now in Frome conducting a similar ten days’ Mission ‘there; they are followed by many an earnest prayer that God will richly bless ‘‘ their work of faith and labour of love.’’ A LETTER TO NURSES.—Miss Skinner, of Bath, has written a ‘‘ Friendly Letter ’’ to nurses of the sick (Jarrold § Sons). CHILDREN'S FRESH AIR MISSION.—Its objects are very simple, and commend themselves to all who desire to better the condition of the poor children in our great city. The president, Rev. E. Canney, Vicar of Saffron Hill, and others similarly interested in the condition of the poor, carefully select sickly children who are pining for the fresh air which they are unable to obtain. By the co-operation of residents in the country we then arrange with cottagers to take these children for a three weeks’ visit, at a charge of 5s. a week per head; last year by this simple organisation 269 children were sent to various country villages. The good thus done to these little ones, both in body and mind, can hardly be exaggerated. We are making great efforts this year to extend our operations, and the supply of sickly children is unfortunately unlimited. Our operations are limited solely by the contributions we obtain. I am sure the response to this appeal will be encouraging to those who. are working this effort in the poor districts of London. A report has been prepared, and I shall be happy to forward it to any who may desire further particulars.—Yours faithfully, WALTER HAZELL, Treasurer. 6, phy abr eit Hatton-garden, E.C., May 4, 1883. [329] 14 THE CHRISTIAN. May 10, 1888. MILDMAY PARK CONFERENCE, 1883. JUNE 27, 28, 29.	32,790
bub_gb_dYQUAAAAYAAJ_1	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,902	A history of Dickinson County, Iowa, together with an account of the Spirit Lake massacre, and the Indian troubles on the northwestern frontier ..	Smith, Roderick A., 1831-1918	English	Spoken	7,642	11,245	A history? of Dickinson County, Iowa Roderick A. Smith ■ = - '• . «A ' ' ' » ■ * \ • • •:- v" -•A ■ . j - . \ " \ -. r. •:■ ■: '• A- 'T % • "V, -■ • "^J"-'— •-. < . <s! I ; • - 1 . - • v . . ". ; ' • . - » * i • » ■■ - ... •L-'-' ' • " r . * S * . - \ ■ - ' " . ,V" ■ - , • S > t - . • s x ■ • ■ ■ • / !• » : • 4 . » ;• .... • -' - " . ^ ; • — - „ . . •;• • •. :• - • • ■ r . v - ' r •1 -• . . r _ » : ' 7 ' -- ' - - ■ • ' ■ • Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Google A HISTORY OF Dickinson County, Iowa TOGETHER WITH AN ACCOUNT OF The Spirit Lake Massacre, and the Indian Troubles on the Northwestern Frontier. ILLUSTRATED By R. A. SMITH $ Des Moines: The Kenyon Printing & Mfg. Co. MDCCCCII r ' Digitized 215255B Entered according to Act of Congress in the Year 1902, by H. A. SMITH, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Digitized by Google INTRODUCTION. There has for some time existed a feeling that a connected account of the Indian trouble on the northwestern border of Iowa should be given to the public, or rather that what facts are preserved should l>e so grouped that a person reading them could form a reasonably intelligent idea of them. Any person fol- lowing this line of investigation will soon come face to face with the fact that the sources of information are extremely limited. The writer lias endeavored to give as correct and con- cise an idea of the points treated as was possible under the cir- cumstances, and it seems appropriate to combine them with the early history of Dickinson County, inasmuch as that was the storm center around which, so far as Iowa is concerned, these events seemed to culminate. ' In doing this work he has quoted freely from such sources as were accessible and known to be reliable, and notably so from the writings of lion. C. E. Elandrau, Hon. Harvey Tng- ham, Hon. A. R. Fulton and Mrs. Abbie Gardner Sharp, giv- ing at all times the proper credit. The writer was a member of ^ the Relief Expedition in 1857, and assisted in burying the victims of the massacre at that, time, and much of what is 7> writteii in that regard came under his own personal obsorva- ~w tion. He was also a member of the first party that effected a ^ settlement subsequent to the massacre and nas given those events as nearly correct as he can remember theni after the lapse of near half a century. Many will remember that in the centennial year Governor Kirkwood recommended that the several counties procure a suni- ^ mary or synopsis of their pioneer history, and to the writer here- with was assigned the task of preparing one for Dickinson County. The article was published in the Spirit Lake Beacon Digitized by Google of that year running through ten numhers. Had that paper not hocn preserved the present work would not have heen at- tempted. In writing up the county history proper lie lias de- parted somewhat from the usual method ; whether wisely or unwisely remains to he seen. It has come to ho the praetiee too mueli in works of this kind to give a glowing write-up for those who are aide and willing to pay well for it and ignore others whose work may have heen more valuahle. in huildiui: up and developing the country hut who do not feel that they have money to invest that way. It has heen tile aim of the writer to evade this ohjeetion and to avoid everything that looked like favoritism or booming anybody's husiuess. In this he realizes that he may have gone to the other extreme. In faet this defect, 'if defect it he, heeame imw apparent as the work neared completion and it was too late to remedy it. Such as it is it must go to the puhlic who will douhtlcss judge it at its true value. Digitized by Google Table of Contents. chapter i T.TT.w.wrrrr> « IM, Klnson Comity— Locution nml Physical I-Yaturi s- Tin- Lakes— rmiians r>r linvii Represent Two IHstlmt Rares^Algougulns mnl Pncoiahs-Aipuniuin lril.es. Wars. Khm-s. Pottaw at t amies. Il- linois and Mllsratllms 1 ':>.. .t.t Ii Tillies, I .W.i I Hnahas, Winnr TTr.^-M-. :i ti. L Molix-Tlle .Neutral Lille— The Neutral l ; i. .1 1 nil TlvaTTcs 'I d.' Trr, ily for Tin- I'nn ,,( Niirll.wi -Mn Uiw.i CHAPTER II Tr«-:lly of 1V.1 Mll\|iir-iil;i Ri -i-i v ;il h.ii I tH " T ami Lower Agrll- ■ ■:»■■< the \\ ahprkutah Sii»)\|\ \\ aimllsappi. " 1 j < I 111.' (oillaw I : ; 1 1 1 ■ 1 T7<avr tli'1 Main ''"'.j1"' \Vi'TN'll>:i\|M'l S 1. !■ ■ 1 n i n :i. h ,t. 1 li l!.- > ' lih-r Has T i- n 1 1 1. ■ Willi I... It N.-.i 1 M..ii\|h ..I i; ],■ RIm-i- "T«,tt Murders thr Chief* Entire Family Some Extracts fiuin ll.irvry 1 nt;li;i m's "Scnips of F.arl\ HNImi > • CHAPTER III , ail rHcklns.ni County-Name- First Exploration-French Traders— 1. 1 wis and < ' l.t rk > • \ i. > 1 1 « • t .111. 1 I'iviihuiI Thr Fatuous AsH-..n..m Teal Olwervatiou Tin First Attempt at Srt t lenient In ISVi CHAPTER IV .. m Thi- Party From Jasper County-Thcy Enrotintcr n part of liikpa- dlltahs Haml at I. mm l.akr Thr F \ \| ,osr, I * 'oil' 1 1 1 lull ..t t 1) ■ ■ I Toll "lin Nn is-iiy fi.i the Prrslucnt ills Appeal I uticiih-ii The Terrible Win- ter of lMCd) and 1S.VT— Inkuudutah's Hand tip South— Tin- Tr. >u l. 1. ■ lit Sliiithlaml I >i IT'iTi'Ul Version* Tli.' In. I j : 1 il s Sliiit 1111 thr Ki\.-i I'l'i'iil'l.' .it IVletsoii ami in Ku.iia \\|sf;i ''"i:ii!\ <;\|]leit s linn.- 'iilhitH Account 11s Hurti in th. Hist. n> of Clay ('■unity Set- tl.Ts Send t.» Foil Ii.i.j^.- l'.ir A.-si-t.iiii ■!■ 1 iiin..'niii.- > A ■ ■. 1 u i : t CH APT Kit V ill Situation at the Lakes Thr I ml i:i 11s In '.imp Imiil.-nts of r In- First l>ay of tin- Ma*acrr Al.l.li' < iai .lm-r Ta ken 1.. Visited Ity Two Agency Indians i 'I'hry Purchase Mrs. Marhle arid" Start Hack Inknadiitali Sells Mrs. .Noi.ie ami miss tianinrr fo~a Yankton Mrs. .\«ihlr Manl. reii hy i;.';imi^ ' loud- i jiev Reach James River- Tile Yankton Camp— Arrival 1.1 I 'ar r la iim 1 -ToTiT The Agency They Purchase Miss Cardner I ■ li t h i. I rip CHAPTER XI U" li.n rininrtit .\pa'li\ \" A-'rm;,t t.. 1' ;: :t i ) > h ' 1 1 ■• ' 1 : ■ ' 1 ■ ; ' ' U"-1'!"- iloinl 1 1 1. -4 N.'.ir the Agency -is Klilnl nv a Party oi >.>ldiers a!7.l VmUmiI.t:.- Li-tlr S.-ti T in S.-:,h of 1 1 >.- outlaws Digitized by Google < CHAPTER XII 147 Effect of the Mus.surn; Elgewh^re— Attraction of Emigrant! The Ji<>\%.' ami Wheelm-k 1 ' ■ tr I V J. S. fn-si'iin iiiui His I'arty r,,^T B. Bpeucer ami i ne Newton Party CHAPTER XIII ... ir>2 Tl)" Three Parties The Trip to the Lukes Taking Clalms-The Claims of the Victims of tin* Miiss'iiTi'-A Wrong 1 iij [iri-sslon Cop reeled Granger and tin- It i < 1 \\ i n>.r Party I'res.ott s Visionary Scheme The Spirit Lake Town Site Located Tin- Old IVrl The First BcllgUnis Meeting Mode uf Pflfig " ~ ~ CHAPTER XIV iftt Naming tin- hakes <>rgani/,ing t he County— Hill's Trip' to Sioux City to Obtain tin- Order for the KI»-<[ I. .'n Tin' h-« ■ ti« m H <•]<! t Mlie.-rs Fleeted -Carrying In 1 1 i ■ ■ Returns The Boom Tin- Panic — Its KITeet on the Settlement Tli.- First Sawniiil 'Die First Familv After tlie Massaere -I'etcrs ami ffij old B3 Mill-Tin- C.-uoral Election flHAPTER XV lift The Spirit Lake Clalui Club— The jgjrjtPojrtgfflce=Tllg First Mall Route -Torson's WonileiTul Feat - Fostothee at Okobojl Tin- First nineral The First White Child linin In thi' Fmigrat ion in l..s Farming— The Ravages of tin- macKDlrST CHAPTKK XVI Htt 1 ilsngreoments ami Jealousies The Troops Ordered l'.a.k to the Lakes John Campbell and Ills Itaml or Indians Two I { « •■ •» >.trii lzo?T as Members of Inkpadutah's Band — A re A r rest ml But Make Tln-ir Kseapc « a in ]'l ml 1 Tried and Hung lor .Murder at Mankalo "Mad rjilP1 and His Band Indian Medical Practice— (Juarrcl liver the Steam Mill— Attempt to Replevin the Logs— A Fight Prevented by An Unlooked-For Circumstance— Um pa shot a and His Hand CHAPTER XVII «W> Emigration In 1KW— The Government Surveys Completed — The Homestead Law The First I'hyslclan The j Ifst Marriage Ceremony The M K Church — Rev, Cornelius Mi- Lean — H Is Successor — I lie Circuit Tlie First Singing S.-hool Special Kleciiou for Disposing of the Swamp Land — A Hrleflteviuwuf til1 jwamg i. and Qawronr— Building the C. iiii-l limine and Two Bridges Mi ttse. { uen I Hridgesnn the Same Sites CHAPTER XV HI g» I ijscofli -aging Circumstances -Apprehensions of Indian Troubles Measures For l>efi-iise Tlie H \| mil cmcn — 1 .ast Hostile ^Indian Killed In Iowa The Tnun-hips <. »unt,v (iovernment— I'M'- !■ trst Board 5j Supervisors—The Breaking Pot of the War— The Can for Troopa— H.'a\y I'ilil'sl ineiil s Koliewe.l Apprelii'iisiuiis of 1 1 1 d 1 a n J 1 " ' 1 Ooveniur Kirk wood Ap\|ioints Judge Baldwin tO l.ook After Fnui- tier Defense CHAPTER XIX 237 The Minnesota Massacre— How It Began— Ambush of Captain Marsh The liattles of Fort Kidgley and New llin The Indian Dread of Artillery— Colonel SIMcy Placed in uommami The Bat- tle of Birch ('oufee— The Prisoners-- gtgtj v I TOtPH U\ gg TbTO \\ itliont Fighting a Failure --Battle "i " .M,':V~ Another lieinaml for the- 1'rlsonera— Indians 1 > i \ 1 < 1 ■ - r l The ^ Larger Part? With the Prisoners Surrender at Camp Keicase— Lltlic i.Tiiw With His Baud Kscapes Up the RlVer— Bttttg .Crow VeiitureH lo the Settlement tlie FoTToWTng Year aiid 1 1 Killed The ItiiIimii I'ris- oners Tried by a Military commission and Three 1 1 umli - d nrrrt Three Setitenc«^d to be llnni; -Pl'eSldellt BjgpptD lutei feres— Orders Thirty-nine of the Leaders Hung nH AFTER XX • •• ••••••• ^ Events In Iowa— The Massacre Along the Pes Moines— The Relief Party Appeal for (Iovernment Protection- Tlie Slouv city cm- airy 'Ho- W.-ek at llu- Old Courthouse liulldlnj Hie Sloekade < hai-trrxxi. ■ ; •• C. ovprnor Kirkw 1 Takes ].,e,, int.-resi In Froin;.-;; M.itierr Sends Colonel Ingham to the Front ler^H s Hc\|M»rl - The Mate; flTr^ Called Itl S\|.e.M.ll S1. sM.ei Tin lir t K-l * ", ' ' , 1 " '' [[•" the Northern B'order llrlgade-.MIIU Itesu lot Ask.u,: ...v.Tn- merit VVot eet Ion- Orira nidation or tbe Northern Border ltrinade- P^7„d Sausers lMaeed in Command - ■ ...Vl'riW grfcWOOd APWte^ TT77uoraMe r-j- I. Ihn-iil.o!1! !■> Cnlleri In ■■■■■m..i mil Hi- !»■■ , -t 4I,.'euFiti..iis us t.. the Ciiu^e of the Out Iin-Iih-Opi n tew by liiinoralde ll'orge L. lJavehiW>ri-OeUe, al Bull,- indue and Othera Digitized by Google CHAPTER XXII 275 Expeditions Against the Indians- Sully 's Expedition— His Force Leaves Moiix t ity ami Follow 1 p the Missouri — Expect to rutin a Junction Willi Sibley's Forces at Apple River— On Arriving There Kind Sibley Ha< I n There and Turned Lack Battle of White Stone Hill— The Return to Sioux City— Sibley's Command— Hove Across Minnesota FTjflfl Three Hat t It's Before RgacSfijig the •Missouri—; >n Beaching tin- Missouri Kind That Sully Has .Not~Yet Arrived— Rest Two I>ays and Then Turn Back -The Expeditions a m CHAPTER XXIII gff Close of Military Operations on the Frontier— A 8ummary— The Fur Business Trapping and (lathering Eur- -Early Literary So- cieties—The Qkobojl Literary League— The "Legend of "SpTiTt Lake " ' CHAPTER XXIV Wl Causes Dglgjljgg Emigration -A Period of Dullness— The Early Work of the .Methodist Episcopal Church -The Early Preachers - The First Camp Meeting— The First Religious Revival— The ImsTF Till Storms Hllz/ards Who Coined the Word— A DegcrlpMon From The "(treat lUvlde" A Few Experiences A Romantic Wedding TTuT CHAPTER XXV , m ■ ■ , »17 Th<» Betttoneni »t LakeyJlle in i.mw— The First After the Close of the War— The Wet Summer— High Prices for Provisions— The First Settlers In the Other Towns The Fmd Question Hurnlng liny - Hurning Corn -The Sod Shanty CHAPTER XXVI ■ ■■■ 3M> The 8lonx City & St. Panl Railroad— The Building of the Mllford TfTlls- Several Controversies The Level of the Water in Tlx- Lakes— The Courthouse Burned CHAPTER XXVII 341 A Period of Prosi^rlty— PoetofBce at Lakcvllle and Lake Park— The « trasshopper Raid I of 1ST.'. Where They Came From Views of 1 >. A. W. I'erk ins Their Deproda 1 hois Extract I'mm .1. A , S n d i h ' ■> Pamphlet The Seed (train Quest Ion -The Legislature Appealed Tn ~Thoy Appropriate s.-.o.imo to Buy Seed < 1 1 a in -Commissioners for rOstrilmt ioq CHAPTER XXVIII M9 The Second Invasion -Thft Destruction f? renter Than Ever— Whole Neighborhoods Abandoned—Extract From Governor Carpenter's Article In ' The Annats"-Crasshoppera Block Knllroad Trains (Teiicral N. B. Baker— His Efforts In Behalf (if grasshopper Suf- ferers Impair His Health -HIa Visit To Spirit Lake CHAPTER XXIX :«<> The Early Schools Lack of Funds -Amusing Incident Related by Hon A W IIubbard -Tlie First School at Spirit Lake The Court; house I "set! for Sehool Purposes Tile Early Teachers The First School at Center (trove The Little Log Schoolhou^e Built by STTTT script Ion— The Early Teachers The School at i >UqIm.\|1 - -The ScTToTTI Building Elected by Sill ise r 1 pt Ion The Sell 01 jj a 1 Til sell I II III -The Dickinson County Teachers' Association The Lariy institutes CHAPTER XXX 369 The Need of a Railroad— i/ocal Schemes— The Spirit I-»ake Sc Sioux Valley Railroad Company Organized Sui\e\ Made ,\ld Voted The 'Scheme a Fallun — The Chicago, Mllwiiukef \- St. Paul In duced lo Make u Survey- The ( 'h lea go S Northwestern -The Burl- ington, CgjSj Rapids \- Northern the First to Build In the County —J. S, Polk and the Narrow (tango CHAPTER XXXI 3T« Disappearance of the f/.ni.n0 Last Buffalo Killed In Iowa— "Hegira of the Klk"— Kxtract From a Paper Written by J. H'he Pioneer Newspaper— The Early Advert isers— Early History of the Paper by J. A. Smith- Its Subsequent History— Other Ventures in the Newspaper Line— The Dickinson County Journal— Tlie Spirit Lake Democrat-,,IIuckloberry,s Paper"— Tlie Spirit Lake Pilot— The Dickinson Comity Herald— Civic Societies CHAPTER XXXVII 4T The Early Churehes-M. E. Pastors Baptists— First Church Build- ing In the Count v — Rev. J. L. Coppoc Subsequent Pastors Con- gregntlonallsts Lutherans The Catholics— The Evergreen Sabbath School Spirit Lake Musical Association The Pioneer Cornet Band The Pioneer Girls' Club The Spirit Lake Chautauqua CHAPTER XXXVIII 470 Mil ford, Its Location -The First Settlement of Mil ford ami Oko- bojl Townships -The Old Town The First Hotels and Stores— Earlv Entertainments— The Milford Library Association Amateur ^Theatricals The Milford Dancing School The Early Churches— The Work of Rev. J. R. Fpton-Tbe Building of the Railroad Forces the Moving of the Town CHAPTER XXXIX 4ft". Lake Park. Superior and Terrlll Silver Lake Township, a Little of Its Early History The Early Schools- The First Post office Early Religious Meet ings— The Coming of the Railroad— The Town of I4ake Park The First Business Houses and Enterprises- The Lake Park News Churches-Civic Societies- Post office ll Ipora- tlou of the Town Mayors— Present Officers Superior The Town Started by the Railroad Company First Postoffice The First Business Ventures Postoffice— Incorporation Officers— The De- structive Fire of 1807— Terrlll— Carpenter's Wild Railroad Scheme CHAPTER XL »M The Earlv Summer Tourists— Limited Accommodations- A Brief Description of the Lakes - Extract From Geological Report The Earlv Stopping Places Orandall's Lodge— Llllywhlte'* Lodge Other Early Mopping Places— The Orleans Hotel CHAPTER XLI . 527 Rt sorts on West Okobojl Arnold's Park- Its Growth- Variety Of Entertainment The Annual Shooting Tournament Millers Bay The Popular Fishing Ground— The Observatory— Tlie Highest Land tn Iowa— What Professor MePride Savs of It -Smith's Point -oko- bojl Bridge- Some of the Early Visitors The Botany Class of the state rnlverslty— The okobojl Postoffice The Later Resorts on West Okobojl CHAPTER XLII Farmers* Organisations— The Dickinson County Agricultural So. defy- -The Orange The Farmers' Alliance - Farmers' Institutes— The Dickinson County Fanners' Mutual Insurance Company A Few statistics of the Growth of the County A Full List of the County Officers lo the Present Time -State and District Officers Elected and Appointed From Tills County CHAPTER XLI 1 1 584 The MoiNiment— legislation Relating tn It— Commissioners Ap- pointed—They Organize- Ex Governor Carpenter Made President Contract Awarded to P. N. Peterson Company of St Paul. Minne- sota Monument Completed— Report of Commissioners Dedication of Monument Addresses l«y U. A. Smith. Hon. C. E. Flandrau. nf si Paul. Hon. c. C. Carpenter, Lieutenant Governor Dungau, Secretary Richards and others CHAPTER X LI V >2 Convluslon 5H Digitized by Google CHAPTER T. » DICKINSON COUNTY LOCATION AND PHYSICAL FEATURES THK LAKKS INDIANS OF IOWA REP- RESENT TWO DISTINCT RACKS ALGONQUIN'S AND DACOTAHS ALGONQUIN TKIHKS, SACS AND FOXES, POTT A W ATT A M I ES , ILLINOIS AND MUSCATINES DACOTA H TRIBES, IOWAS, OMAHAS, WINNEHAOOS AND SIOUX THE NEUTRAL LINE— THE NEUTRAL GROUND-TREATIES THE TREATY FOR THE PUR- CHASE OF NORTHWESTERN IOWA. jlCKIXSOX COUXTV is the third county in the state from the west line and in the north tier of counties bor- dering on the Minnesota line. Tt is twenty-four miles in length east and west, and nearly seventeen miles in width north and south, and therefore embraces an area of about four hundred square miles, about eight per cent of which is covered with lakes. Tt is the most elevated county in the state as it lies on the "height of land'' or great water shod between the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers and is drained by the upper branches of both the upper l)es Moines and Little Sioux Rivers, which empty respectively into each of the before named streams. Its altitude is about seventeen hundred feet above tide water. The marked physical feature which distinguishes Dickinson from the other counties of northwestern Iowa is her numerous lakes. First and last, many descriptions of those lakes have been written up and published, but by far the most interesting and read- able is that contained in Prof. T. II. MacBride's report (Vn the geology of Dickinson and Osceola Counties. Writing on this subject he says: Digitized by Google 10 DICKINSON COUNTY - IOWA 4iThe lakes of our region lie almost all in Dickinson County. Xot that Osceola is destitute of similar topographic features, hut for some reason the peculiar conditions that resulted in lakes of size were developed farther cast. * * * But in Dickin- son County the lakes are the features of the topography, many of them deep enough to promise permanency, and several so large as to have long attracted popular attention hy their heautiful hlue waters and the charming outlines of their shores. Minne Waukon or Spirit Lake, is as we Imve seen, historic, nay, is it not prehistoric ( Even for the red man these heautiful gems of the prairie had name and fame. He hung them around with legends of his own and named them in his own poetic, mystic fashion. Okohoji, place of rest; Minnetonka, great water; Minne Waukon, lake of demons, lac d'cspnls, were every one apparently familiar to all the tribes and nations of the Sioux, and were doubtless known by name at least to all the eighteenth- century trappers and rot/aye urs. Okohoji, evidently distin- guished by the red man, was by white explorers generally reckoned part of Spirit Lake, and is so entered on the earlier maps. The two bodies are in fact part of a remarkable system extending in chain-like fashion for twenty miles or more in Iowa and probably almost as far in Minnesota. Xeverthelcss, the greater lakes have now no natural connection with each other; they are in general quite unlike and have, in some details at least, a different geological history. Tn all cases the water level seems dependent entirely upon rainfall. The few springs discoverable are small and insignificant, while of affluent streams there are practically none; none at least that bring in perennial waters. The overflow of the Minnesota lakes, it is claimed, reaches our Spirit Lake, and certain smaller lakes to the west and north are also on occasion tributary. Hut all the lakes, whether in Towa or Minnesota, are subject to sim- ilar fortune. Tn rainv seasons full, thev send their Maters to the common outlet ; in drier years there is no surplus and the outlet fails. Tn fact the lak<s are each and all simply great pools left on the surface by the retreating glacier, mark- ing points where the ice was somewhat thicker or the amount of detritus carried somewhat less abundant. At any rate there is along the south shore of Spirit Lake a pronounced terrace, which is natural and due to the causes mentioned. There are, however, evidences, chiefly afforded by terrace construction, that the water level in the lake has l>een higher in days gone by than now, \|>erhaps ten feet higher. In such event there would be an overflow southward. Probably the level of the lake has oscillated through the centuries. With a succession of dry seasons the water would l>ecomc so reduced that out-flow would cease entirely. The sand pushed up in winter by the ice would then form a dam higher and higher and which at length only a very considerable rise in the waters of the lake could surmount. Then probably some exceptionally rainy season would wash out the obstacle and again reduce the level of the lake, making possible again the construction of the dvke. Tn the maintenance of the barrier vegetation verv much assisted. Today various aquatic plants hold the shallower parts of all the lakes in possession undisputed and greatly cheek the movements of their waters. Tn fact by reason of abundant vegetation many of the smaller lakes are now in danger of being completely filled. The plants, many of them rooted to the bottom, at once absolutely prevent erosion, and at the same time hold all solid matter coming in from what- ever source from without. For this reason the general outlet of the system, the south end of the south Gar Lake, is not deepening, but seems to be actually rising year by year. But it is time we should describe the lakes more in detail. "Minno Waukon or Spirit Lake, the largest l>odv of water iti Iowa, occupies the greater part of the township of the same name. Its extreme length from north to south is a little more Digitized by Google 12 DICKINSON COUNTY - IOWA VIEW OS SPIRIT LAKE. than four miles, in Iowa. The extreme width is about the same, but owing to irregularity of contour the area is not more than ten square miles, while the circumference in nearly six- teen. The depth of the lake is said t<» be thirty feet; the bot- tom, so far as can be learned, is almost oven, so that from the deepest part to the shores the diminution in depth is remark- ably gradual. The shores are for the most part comparatively low, the water-line sandy, affording unlimited Itcnch. Hard by on the west lie Marble Lake, Hottes Lake, and Little Spirit Lake, separated by only the shortest distance from the main body of water, but draining one into the other and north — at lengthy however, tributary to Spirit Lake. Those interested have in recent years cut a channel to bring Little Spirit Lake and its congeners into more direct communication with the larger water, apparently with small success. In dry years no bike has anything to spare. Strangest of all, in the middle of the series, in the south half of section 17, lies Sunken Lake, distant from Spirit Lake only a few rods, and parted from it by a wall of drift some twenty or thirty feet high ami at its summit scarcely a rod in width. So abrupt are the shores and so peculiar the situation that common rumor asserts the lake a matter of recent formation; some people even declare that so lately as twenty years .ago trees stood where now the water is ten feet deep. The name Sunken Lake records the popular SPIRIT LAKE 13 estimate and explanation of the remarkable phenomenon. It. seems probable, however, that Sunken Lake is as old as any of the others, and while a most remarkable bit of topography, sufficiently wonderful to demand, even peremptorily demand, an explanation, yet is it quite in harmony with its entire sur- roundings, and not without parallel in many only less con- spicuous eases. For instance, on the east side of East Okoboji Lake, in the southwest quarter of Section 15, Center Grove town- ship, there are two small lakes even nearer the principal lake than in the .case we have just considered and similarly walled off from the greater body of water by a pile of drift. DICKINSON COUNTY - IOWA WEST OKOBOJI. represent an iee bowlder; this seems more probable since its walls are steep, Unbroken on every side. •'South of Spirit Lake lies Okoboji, in its two sections stretching somewhat in the form of the letter II, open to the north, partly in Center Grove, partly in Lakeville township. West Okoboji, which represents the western side of the IT, lies almost wholly in Lakeville, This is by many estimated the most beautiful water in the series. Its greater depth, more picturesque winding shores give it some advantage over Minne Waukon, although the latter shows the greater expanse of water. West Okoboji Lake, or simply Okoboji, as it is com- monly called, extends nearly six miles iii greatest length and almost three at the point of greatest breadth. The greater portion of the lake is, however, narrower, so that the total area does not exceed seven square miles, while its irregular con- tour measures nearly eighteen miles, as platted. The depth of the lake varies very much at different places ami is variously reported. The bed of the lake probably resembles the topog- raphy of the adjacent, country; it has its hills and its valleys. LAKE OKOBO.II 15 There seems no reason to doubt that there are many places where the depth is at least one hundred feet, but soundings of two or three times that depth are reported.* "The shores of Okoboji are for the most part high walls of bowlder-elay and drift ; sandy beaches are less frequent. Every- where the erosion of the waves has shaped the shores, under- mining them and sorting their materials; the fine clays have l>een carried 'out to sea,' while the weighty bowlders are left behind every winter to be pushed up closer and closer by the ice, at length piled over one another in ramparts and walls, often riprapping the shore for long distances as if to simulate the work of civilized man. A beautiful illustration of this is seen along the southern shore of Lake East Okoboji, section 20. The less attentive observer would surely conclude that those stones wen* piled up by 'art and man's device/ a sea- wall to prevent further encroachments of the tide. At the southern end of Okoboji, near Gilley's Beach, is another fine •These particulars are from the reports of fishermen and boatmen abuut the lake. NATURAL RirRArriNG ON WEST OKOBOJI. 10 DICKINSON COUNTY - IOWA MINNE WASHTA. display of bowlders, notable not so much perhaps for their position as for their variety and beauty. Here are bowlders of limestone, bowlders of granite of every sort, porphyry, sye- nite, trap, greenstone) quartzitc, what yon will, the debris of all northern ledges. Similar deposits are visible all around the lake, more especially on the eastern sid<\ probably because the prevailing winds being westerly, the waves have exerted their more constant energy along the eastern bluffs." His descriptions of East Okohoji, Minnie Washta, Center Lake and (Jar Lakes arc equally fine, but must be excluded for lack of space. In conclusion he says: ''These lakes taken alto- gether form one of the attractions of Iowa. Their preserva- tion in their pristine beauty is a matter of more than local interest." Originally what now comprises the state of Iowa was occu- pied by several different triln-s of Indians. These several tribes were descended from one or the other of two parent races, viz.: the Algonqnins and the Dacotahs. The Algonqnins were the most numerous and powerful of the native races. They originally occupied the valley of the St. Lawrence River from whence their migrations were gradually westward to the INDIANS OF IOWA 17 Great Lakes, and eventually to the Mississippi and even beyond. They were divided into a large number of tribes hav- ing their saparate interests, but speaking a common language and owning a common ancestry. The Algonquin tribe which figured the most prominently in the history of Iowa were the Sacs and Foxes. These were orig- inallv two different tribes, but Indian historv informs us that they were united about the year 1712 and moved towards the Mississippi Kiver. The names Sacs and Foxes were given them by the whites. The Indian name of the Sacs was the "Outa- gamies" and that of the Foxes was the "Musquawkies." Very little is known of them for the first hundred vears after thev moved to the Mississippi. When Lieutenant Pike, in 1805. made his first voyage of discovery up the river he saw a great deal of them and learned considerable about them. He esti- mated their number at that time to be not far from five thous- and. Judge Fulton says that "According to a communica- tion submitted to Congress by President Monroe, in relation to the Indians, in 1825, the Sacs and Foxes were estimated at six thousand four hundred, more than one-half of whom resided west of the Mississippi." They were the hereditary enemies of the Sioux, who were a native tribe which the Sacs and Foxes strove in vain to dispossess. They had previously conquered and driven out the Iowas and taken possession of their countrv. Thev had also been successful in their wars witli other tribes, but they met more than their match in the fierce and ter- rible Sioux, and were in a fair way to Ik? finally overcome by them when the United States authorities interfered and endeav- ored to put a stoj) to the hostilities, in which they were but par- tially successful. The most prominent chief of this tribe known to the whites was the renowned "Black Hawk." Other chiefs of prominence were Pashepaho, Keokuk, Appanoose, Poweshiek, Wapello, Kishkekosh and many others. Judge Digitized by Google 18 DICKINSON COUNTY - IOWA Fulton gives a list of one hundred and fifty-seven names of members of this tribe copied from the daybook of one of the old traders. In 1845 and 1840 thev were removed to a rcscr- vation in Kansas. A short time later a "lingering remnant" of the tribe, Incoming dissatisfied with their Kansas home, wandered back to their old haunts on the Iowa River, where they were allowed to gain a foothold and follow the free and easy life of their ancestors in the midst of a progressive and highly civilized community. They have readopted their ancient name and arc now known to their white neighbors as "Mus- quawkics." Another of the Algonquin tribes, which at, one time had a home in Iowa, was the Pottawatt amies. When they ceded their lands east of the Mississippi in 1833, they were placed on a reservation near Council Bluffs, where they remained until 1846, when another treaty was concluded with them by which they disposed of their land in Iowa and moved west of the Missouri. The Illini, or Illinois, as they afterward eaine to be called, were a powerful confederacy made up of five distinct tribes of Algonquins, and at the close of the Seventeenth Century inhab- 5 ted central Illinois and southern Iowa. It was members of his tribe that Father Marquette came in contact with on his memorable voyage down the Mississippi in 1673. Historical accounts relate that he made the entire trip from the Fox River in Wisconsin to the point where he discovered "the foot- prints in the sand" near the mouth of the TVs Moines River Digitized by Google THE ALGONQUIN TRIBFS 19 in Iowa without encountering a single native. After landing he followed the trail inland to an Indian village, and found to his great delight that the savages there spoke the same lan- guage as those he had left on the shore of Green Bay. Later on this powerful confederacy became much reduced by a san- guinary war with the Iroquois, and by the time of the Louis- iana Purchase in 1803 were either exterminated or had joined other tribes and so had passed out of existence as a distinct nation. Another strong tribe of the same race inhabiting the state of Iowa at the time of the French explorations, but which became extinct before the time of the Louisiana Purchase, were the Muscarines, or Mascoutins, as they were then called. But little is known of this tribe, although there is abundant proof of their once having occupied both sides of the Missis- sippi near where the city of Muscatine now stands. Judge Fulton closes a chapter regarding them, as follows: "Having left the last traces of their existence on what is now Iowa soil we have perpetuated the memory of this vanished' people by enrolling the appellation Muscatine in our Indian geographical nomenclature." It would seem that a careful study of the history of the different tribes alwmt this period would cause many people to revise their preconceived notions of the rights and wrongs of the American Indians. According to the most reliable esti- mates jhere were originally not far from half a million natives scattered through the territory of what is now the United States. The theory that this vast empire, capable of supporting its hundreds of millions of population, should have been pre- served in its native wildne.ss for the gratification of the savage instincts and propensities of these few thousand war- riors is. at least debatable if not wholly untenable. The main occupation of these tribes was war among themselves. Upon Digitized by Google 20 DICKIxNSON COUNTY - IOWA the least provocation and on the flimsiest pretext they rushed into the most deadly and destructive warfare with each other. They fought for the love of fighting. Entire tribes were exterminated and others greatly diminished. There is every reason to believe that the number of native inhabitants was largely diminished during the last half of the Seventeenth and the first half of the Eighteenth Centuries by reason of this bitter, unrelenting warfare. The number of Indians who have fallen first and last in the various actions with the whites is wholly insignificant when compared with the numbers slain in wars among themselves. Of course there have been many instances of dishonesty and bad faith in dealing with the Indians, but that doesn't change the main proposition that in the nature of things it was never intended that this vast con- tinent should be shut off from civilization in order that a few tribes of blood-thirsty savages should be undisturbed in their favorite diversion of waging relentless warfare against each other. The Dacotah tribes figuring in Iowa history are the Omahas, the Iowas, the Winnebagos and the Sioux. It is doubtful whether the Omahas ever had a permanent residence on Iowa soil, but thev frequent lv visited the state and were closelv eon- nected with the Iowas, who were of the same race and spoke the same language. Judge Fulton, in writing of the Iowas, uses the following language: "The Iowas were once a strong and powerful tribe ami were able under their brave and warlike chiefs to maintain successful warfare against their enemies. Their later seat of empire was in the Des Moines Valley. Their principal village was situated on the Des Moines River near the northwest corner of Van Buren County, where the old trading post of Iowaville was subsequently located. That spot may l>o regarded as historic ground, for there transpired events in the annals of savage warfare which transferred the Digitized by Google THK DACOTAH TKIHKS 21 sovereignty of the Dos Moines Valley from the Iowas to the Sacs and Foxes." The decisive battle in which the Iowas were so signally defeated by the Sacs and Foxes occurred some time between 1820 and 1825. During the latter year the govern- ment purchased their undivided interest in the country, what- ever it might have been, and they were placed under govern- ment protection and settled on a reservation beyond the Mis- souri River. The only prominent chief of this tribe whose name has been perpetuated in Jowa is Mahaska. Another Dacotah tribe at one time residing in Iowa were the Winnebagos. This tribe when first known were located west of Lake Michigan near Green Bay. Their history is a checkered one which cannot be repeated here. After the Black Hawk War they were removed from Wisconsin to the "Neutral Ground" in Towa, where they remained until 1840 when they were again removed to a reservation in Minnesota near Mankato. They remained there until after the Sioux outbreak in 18(>2 when thev were sent to a reservation on the Missouri in South Dakota. Of their chiefs those who have been remembered by the people of Iowa arc Winneshiek, Waukon Dccorah, and One Eyed Decorah. It was the latter who delivered Black Hawk a prisoner to the United States Indian Agent at Prairie du Chien at the close of the Black Hawk War. The main branch of the Dacotah race are called Sioux. Many persons consider the terms Sioux and Dacotah as apply- ing to the same people. This is not strictly true, since several of the Dacotah tribes, as the Iowas and Winnebagos, and some others, have never been called Sioux. Still no great confusion of ideas can arise from using the terms as interchangeable. While the term Dacotah is the. more comprehensive of the two, the term Sioux is the best known and the one with which the people are most familiar. These Indians originally occu- Digitized by Google 22 DICKIK80N COUNTY - IOWA pied the western part of 'Wisconsin, the northern part of Iowa, the greater part of .Minnesota, the whole of North and South Dakota, and much of the country west to the Rocky Moun- tains. The first well authenticated meeting of the whites with the Dacotahs was in 1002, but for nearly fifty years previous to that time fabulous stories had reached the French on thje St. Lawrence River of a wonderful people who dwelt far to the westward and who spoke a different language from any with which they were acquainted. These mysterious reports made such an impression on the mind of Champlain, the Governor of New France, that he determined to investigate. Accordingly in 1034 he induced Jean Nicollet to undertake a journey of exploration in the region beyond what had then been discovered. Nicollet's account of his journey reads like a fairy tale, but he did not succeed in reaching the SioMix on that trip. A very interesting paper by Hon. Irving B. Rich- man, entitled, "First Meeting with Dacotahs/' says: "The first ineeting of the Daicotah Indians by white men took place at a spot not so remote from the lake regions of Iowa. In 1602 the French travelers, Radison and Grosseliers, held a council with a large company of the Dacotahs near the Mille Lacs, in what is now the state of Minnesota. They were even then a famous and dreaded nation. Says Radison in his quaint and Gallic way: They were so much respected that nobody durst not offend them.' " Eighteen years later or in 1080, the Mississippi River hav- ing been discovered in the meantime, Father Hennepin was sent out by La Salle to explore the upper regions of it. Judge Fulton, in his introduction to a chapter on the Sioux, uses this language: "It was in 1080 that Father Hennepin and his two companions, Michael Ako and Anthony Anguella, were sent from Fort (Yeveeour, near Lake Peoria, by the renowned La Salle on their mission of discovery to the up\|>er .Mississippi. Digitized by Google THE SIOUX 23 The tribes they found inhabiting the country now embraced in northern Iowa and the state of Minnesota were those belonging to the great Dacotah group or nation. 'While en- camped on the banks of the .Mississippi they were taken pris- oners by a band of Sioux warriors, and remained with them in their wanderings over the vast prairies and among the lakes of that region from April until September, having dur- ing that time been joined by that other intrepid French adven- turer, Duluth. These were the first Europeans who met the people that occupied and roamed over the prairies of northern Iowa, or kindled their campfires about the headwaters of the Des Moines and on the borders of our beautiful lakes two hundred years ago." The numerical strength of the Dacotahs was then estimated at about forty thousand and does not vary a great deal from that at the present time. The nation was divided into a large number of tribes and these tribes were again subdivided into numberless clans or bands, each under its petty chief or leader, who roamed over the prairies far and wide, living on game and fish and the spontaneous production of the soil. They lived mainly in rude tents called "tepees" and roamed about as in- clination dictated. They had favorite haunts which they vis- ited at stated periods and which were regarded by them as headquarters, where different bands would rendezvous for a while and then scatter again over the prairies and their places be occupied by other bands. Judge Fulton, in his "Re<l Men of Iowa," says: "At the time of the celebrated voyage of ex- ploration made by Lewis and Clarke in 1804 up the Missouri River, the band or triW of the Great Sioux nation, known as Yanktons, lived on the upper Ths Moines and Little Sioux Rivers and the region about Spirit Lake." Hut little reliable information can be obtained calculated to throw light upon the history of the different bands that occupied this country Digitized by Google 24 DICKINSON COUNTY - IOWA previous to its purchase and settlement by the whites. Author- ities seem to agree, however, that a band of Yankton-Sioux, known as the Wahpekutahs, occupied the country of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota during the earlier part of the present century. The Sioux were the deadly enemies of the Sacs and Foxes, the Wahpekutahs being the most active in their hostilities and the most implacable in their hatred of their southern neigh- bors. So sanguinary was the warfare waged by the contending tribes that the United States government, in 1825, decided to interfere and if ]>ossible put a stop to it. Ry a treaty, bearing date August It), 18:.,f», a boundary was established between the Sioux on the north and the Sacs and Foxes on the south, as follows: Commencing at the mouth of the upper Iowa Kiver on the west bank of the Mississippi and ascending the said Iowa River to its west fork, thence up the fork to its source, thence crossing the fork of the Red Cedar River in a direct line to the Calumet or Rig Sioux River, and down to its junction with the Missouri River. This action of the government only made matters worse, each party claiming that the other had trespassed by cross- ing over the line, and hostilities waged hotter than ever until in IS.'JO. when the government interfered a second time and finally succeeded in negotiating a second treaty, wherebv the several tribes ceded to the United States a strip of land twenty miles wide on each side of the former line, thus throwing the combatants forty miles apart. This strip was known as the "Neutral O round." Many persons at the present time use the term without knowing its meaning. This scheme mended matters some but did not wholly prevent hostilities, which were Digitized by Google THE NEUTRAL GROUND 25 kept up to a greater or less extent until 1845, when the Sacs and Foxes were removed from the state.	48,780
s7305id1398200_10	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,851	Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland	Society of Antiquaries of Scotland	English	Spoken	7,242	10,186	In the course of recent investigations among the charters at Panmure House, I, however, discovered the original instrument itself, which is dated on the Thursday before the feast of the apostles St Simon and St Jude, in the year 1318, and is now printed in full in the appendix. By it William, Bishop of Dunkeld, with the consent of his chapter, for the increase of divine service and keeping of hospitality, granted and confirmed to the abbot and convent of Inchaffray and the canons of that monastery, who by disposition of the abbot should be sent to perform service in the chapel of St Fillan in Glendochart, so that a sufficient number of canons should be there ordained and found accord- ing to the situation and revenues of the place, the church of Killin, the patronage whereof had been already conferred on the said abbot and con- occasion (June 1488), there is entered in the Lord Treasurer’s accounts a payment of 18s. ‘ til a man that beyris Sanct Fyllanis bell at the kingis commande.” When the same king was on pilgrimage to the shrine of St Duthae at Tain, in 1504, “the man that beris Sanct Duthois bell” got three shillings. 1 Registrum de Inchaffray, p. 79. There are two grants of the Patronage en- grossed in the Chartulary, one under the Privy Seal, dated 26th February 1318, and the other under the Great Seal, dated 12th April 1319. HISTORICAL NOTICES OF ST FILLAN’S CROZIER. 149 vent by King Robert Bruce, the undoubted patron thereof, with this con- dition, that the whole fruits and profits of the said church should be used at the sight of the abbot for behoof of the priest and canons abiding at the said chapel for divine worship, and that the bishop should have the right of presenting and instituting the prior so often as a vacancy in his office should occur, The grant of the lands of Auchtertyre made by King Robert Bruce would seem to have been made directly to the church of St Fillan, if we may judge by the terms of his successor’s charter of contirmation ; while the patronage of Killin was conferred on the monastery of Inchaf- fray, with a condition in favour of St Fillan’s church. The old establishment of St Fillan would appear in Bruce’s time to have been represented by a chapel,—for the service of which he first secured one canon,—and then procured its establishment as a cell of Inchaffray, with a prior and an additioual number of canons, We have notices in records of the names of several priors, but know little beyond the following :— John Murray, the prior, to whom the charter of King James IV. was granted, appears as a witness to some of the Breadalbane charters. In 1588, Donaldson Makpersone, prior of Strathfillane, appears as a witness in a bond of manrent and calpis, granted to Sir Duncan Campbell by the clan V°illewene, in Breadalbane. In 1569 John MCordakill, who was exhorter at Killin, is said then to be prior of Strafillan.* The kirklands and teinds as esi of the abbacy of Inchaflray were confirmed to General William Drummond in 1669.? It may strengthen the probability that we are to regard the king’s restoration of St Fillan’s church as an expression of personal feeling, if I refer to other instances where events of striking import in his career of struggle were commemorated by pious foundations or benefactions. One of these arose out of his outraged feelings of love and esteem through the violent death of his gallant brother-in-law Sir Christopher of Seton. ‘his chivalrous and faithful adherent, who had delivered the king 1 Register of Ministers (Maitland Club), p. 30. 2 Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, vii. 619. 150 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCI 12, 1877. from a great peril at the battle of Methven, had fallen into the hands of the English, and by the eruel orders of the King of England “ That gert draw hym and hede and hing For owtyn pete or mercy ”+ was hung as a felon near the town of Dumfries. Sometime afterwards Bruce caused a chapel to be erected on the spot where the foul deed was done, and settled an enduwment on it out of the lands of Carlaverock.? Perhaps a more striking instance of the magnanimous and devout feelings of the warrior king may be traced in his dealings towards the Cistercian Abbey of Deer, in Aberdeenshire, as they are recorded in a charter which I recently discovered among Sir Patrick Keith Murray’s Ravelston papers, and which has never been printed. On two occasions during his struggles for the crown, Bruce had defeated the forces of his northern adversary, John Comyn, Earl of Buchan, in the years 1307 and 1308. After the last skirmish between the parties, Bruce carried the warfare into the territories of Comyn in the district of Buchan in Aberdeenshire, wasting the land with fire and sword, and with such cruel severity that, in the language of Barbour, “ Eftre that weile fifty yer Men menyt the herschip of Bouchane.” In this raid Bruce had devastated the rich possessions of the Abbey of Deer (a Cistercian house founded by the rival house of Comyns in the early part of the previous century, on the site of St Drostan’s monastery, and whose abbot had taken the oath of fealty to Edward I.), and being animated with feelings of compunction and desirous of making amends, he within a year of his great victory at Bannockburn, and while full of the cares of re-establishing the kingdom, granted a charter to the monas- tery of Deer, for the weal of his own soul and the souls of all his prede- cessors and successors, Kings of Scotland, ‘‘ Nec non,” as the charter proceeds, ‘in recompensacionem dampnorum que monasterium de Dere 1 Barbour’s ‘‘ Bruce,” p. 66 (Jamieson). ? Charter of the foundation of ane chappel near Dumfries, and £5 striveling dotted thereto by the king out of the lands of Carlaverok, where Christopher Seton his good brother was slain in his Majestie’s service. (Robertson’s ‘ Index of Charters,” p- 13. No. 89.) HISTORICAL NOTICES OF ST FILLAN’S CROZIER. 151 in Buchan, causa guerre nostre sustinuit,” he confirmed to the monastery all the churches, lands, and possessions which had been conferred on it by William, Earl of Buchan, and Margery his wife, as also by Alexander, and John, Earls of Buchan, and other nobles of the realm, to be held in free alms, with as much freedom as any other house of the Cistercians in Scotland, held their property.! Another instance of the susceptibility of Bruce to the evils resulting from the national turmoils, occurs in a letter which he addressed to the Bishop of St Andrews on 16th November 1315, wherein, after lamenting the dilapidated condition of the Monastery of Dunfermline, which had resulted from the continual wars of the time, and expressing his compas- sion therefor, he conveyed to the Monastery, for the increase of its hospi- tality, the Church of Kynros, with the Chapel of Urwell, in honour of the sepulchres of the kings of Scotland, his predecessors, who are there buried, and of his own place of rest, which he has specially chosen to be there, and requests the intervention of the bishop for carrying out his intentions.? If, then, we may think that the facts which I have detailed are suffi- cient to account for King Robert’s regard for St Fillan and his church, we may consider whether the presence of his crozier on the battlefield in behalf of the king would have been in harmony with the beliefs and feel- ings of the times. It will be borne in mind that the carrying of the croziers and relics of saints in battlefields was a familiar idea in early times. One of the reliquaries of St Columba is a silver case, enshrining what was believed to be the copy of the Psalms, copied by the saint from St Fin- nian’s original, an act which resulted in St Columba’s expatriation and mission to Alba. This case, known as the Cathach, Preliator, or Fighter, was the chief relic of Columcille in the territory of Cinel Conaill Gul- bain, and it was believed that if it be sent thrice rightways around the army of the Cinell Conaill, when they are going to battle, they will return safe with victory; and it is on the breast of a cowarb or cleric, who is to the best of his power free from mortal sin.® 1 Report of Hist. MSS. Commission No. 3, p. 411. The Charter is printed in full in the appendix in this paper. 2 Registr. de Dunfermlyn, p. 229. 3 Adamnan’s ‘‘ Life of St Columba,” Reeves, pp. 249, note 250. 152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1877. Another was known as Cath-Bhuaidh, that is battle victory, being the name of a crozier, which in a battle between the men of Pictland and the Norwegians, fought in the year 918, was believed to have procured the victory for the men of Alban, as it often did thereafter when they placed their hope in Columbkille.! The black rood of Scotland, the sacred Cross of St Margaret, was carried with him by David II. when he invaded England in 1346, in the belief that it would insure safety to his person, or victory to his arms, and was taken by the English at the battle of Neville’s Cross. It formed part of the spoils offered up at the shrine of St Cuthbert in the Cathedral of Durham, where it hung till the Reformation, when all trace of it dis- appeared. At the head of the troops of Edward I, on their invasion of Scotland in 1296, another ‘‘cathach” was earried, the consecrated banner of St Cuth- bert, with that of St John of Beverley, both being held in such veneration by the soldiers that they regarded their presence in the van as a pledge of victory. A banner associated with St Columba, called the Brechbennoch, had the barony of Forglen, in Banffshire, annexed to its keepership ; and William the Lion, by a charter to the monks of Arbroath, conveyed to them the keeping of the Brechbennoch, with the lands of Forglen dedicated to God and St Columba and the Brechbennoch, on condition of their per- forming the service in the king’s army due from the said lands and banner.? We find that these services continued to be exacted in the end of the fifteenth century, when, on the then owner of the lands (Irvine of Drum), doing homage for them to the abbot, it was declared by the latter that all the tenants of his regality should be bound to follow the said Alexander Irvine in the king’s army, under the Brechbennoch.? It may be thought, therefore, that the presence of such a relic as the pastoral staff of St Fillan, on the field of Bannockburn, would be a cir- cumstance in keeping with the ideas of the time ; and if we may assume ' Adamnan’s ‘ Life of St Columba,” p, 333. 2 Regist. Vet. de Aberbrothoe, p. 10. * Collections on the ‘‘ Shires of Aberdeen and Banff,” vol. i. p. 515. (Spalding Club.) + Dr Jamieson records a tradition of the country to the effect that under the relique of the Quigrich, King Robert and his army received the sacrament before the battle of Bannockburn. (‘‘ The Bruce,’”’ p, 484.) HtSTORICAL NOTICES OF ST .FILLAN’S CROZIER. 153 the existence of the king’s earlier devotion to St Fillan, that it would be also in harmony with his personal feelings and belief. We may be sure that nothing would be omitted by our great hero in preparing for this final struggle with the English, which could animate the courage of his followers, by leading them to feel that they would not be alone in the fight, but would have associated with them the great saints of their country. It is thus that the presence of the crozier of St Fillan may have been regarded as a pledge of his own presence.! If, therefore, we may recognise in the priest of Boece’s description, the keeper of St Fillan’s crozier in Glendochart, and in the reliquary of his miracle, the crozier itself, the conclusion will not be weakened by the appearance on the field of battle of the Abbot of Inchatfray, whose con- nection with St Fillan’s church, would seem to have been in existence befure the date of its formal erection into a priory, as a cell of the house of Inchaffray. It is the characteristic of Boece, as a historical writer, to add to and dis- guise the facts which he recorded, to surround his statements with marvels, and to give his authority to fables, while in many cases he had an un- doubted foundation to work upon, with access to authorities which have not been preserved. I am therefore prepared to believe that there may have survived to his day some statement regarding the influence of St Fillan and his relic on behalf of the Scottish king at Bannockburn ; and if so, the addition of the miracle would harmonise with the writer’s idea of emphatic description, while the reliquary of his legend would be more in keeping with the ideas of his day than the pastoral staff of an earlier time. The idea‘of enshrining such relics had come to be more operative in 1 Bower, in his additions to Fordun, preserves the notice of a vision which revealed to a certain soldier, John Wemys, the fact that at the battle of Largs, there fought on the part of Scotland, St Margaret, her husband, and children; so in the picturesque translation of Mr Joseph Robertson, ‘‘it was believed by the Scots that on the eve of the dreaded day of Largs, the tombs of Dunfermline gave up their dead, and there passed through the northern porch to war against the might of Norway, ‘a lofty and blooming matron in royal attire, leading in her right hand a noble knight, refulgent in arms, wearing a crown upon his head, and followed by three heroic warriors, like armed and like crowned,’ an illustrious army, in which it was easy to recognise ‘the Protectress of Scotland,’ her consort, and hersous.” (Forduni Scotichronicon, vol. ii. p. 97. Scottish Abbeys and Cathedrals. Quart. Review, June 1849.) 154 PROCKEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1877. the time of Boece than in the time of Bruce,! and the reliance which origi- nally rested on the continued action and presence of the saints themselves seemed now rather to derive its strength from their enshrined bones. The miraculous circumstances with which the learned and first Prin- cipal of the University of Aberdeen has invested the transport of St Fillan’s arm-bone from Glendochart, and which may have been suggested by the story of the miraculous light given by the one hand to the other in the early days of the saint, must have been to some extent recognised by Bishop Elphinstone, the munificent founder of that University, undex whose auspices the ‘‘ Legends of the Saints,” which abound in similar statements, were collected and digested for the Breviary of Aberdeen ; while the reigning monarch, under whose patronage the University was commenced, had various favourite saints, whose aid he invoked, and to whose shrines he made frequent pilgrimages for purposes of devotion. Thus, in 1516, we find in the treasurer’s accounts an entry of dis- bursements “for ane relique quhilk the King offerit at Quhithern maid of the Kinges awn silver weyand xxviiz unce,” and “for xi hary nobles and quik siluer to gilt the samyn.” Another entry records a payment to the Abbot of Cambuskenneth “for 11 peces of siluer weyand xvi unce quhilk was ane relique quhilk the King offerit to Sanct Dutho in the moneth of October 1504 and nocht payit quhil nou, ilk unce 13s. 4d.;” while the offerings which he made at the relics at Whithorn, at St Andrews, at Dunfermline, and at Tain, are of very frequent occurrence. The taste which had come to prevail of enshrining such relics as the arm- bone of a saint, may be illustrated by the case of St Giles of Edinburgh. It was about the middle of the fifteenth century when William Preston of Gorton, brought from France an arm-bone of this saint, which, as it is related, he had procured by the aid of the French king, as well as his own diligent labour and expense. 1 We have, however, early Irish examples of enshrining arms and hands. Such was the shrine which contained the arm of St Lachtin, an Irish Bishop, who died A.D, 622, and of which, through the courtesy of Mr Watson, Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries of London, I am able to show a full-size engraving. It is described as composed of brass and silver, of exquisite workmanship, covered with interlaced tracery and knots. Of a like character is the shrine, known as ‘‘ the Hand of St Patrick,” which is formed of massive silver and antique workmanship, in the shape ofa hand and arm. (Ulster Journal of Archeology, vol, ii. pp. 207-215.) HISTORICAL NOTICES OF ST FILLAN’S CROZIER. 159 So greatly was Preston’s gift of the relic to the church of St Giles valued, that the magistrates, by a formal deed, undertook to build an aisle and erect a monument with a suitable inscription, commemora- tive of the donor’s services and merits, as also to found a chaplainry where a priest should for ever sing for him; and finally, they granted to Preston and his nearest heir the privilege of carrying the relic in all pub- lic processions. I may add that the arm-bone of St Giles, which was enshrined in a cross of silver, was sold with ‘the ringe on the finger of the samyn” in the year 1560. But to return to the history of the crozier and the keepers, after the restored importance of the church of St Fillan by King Robert Bruce. It is likely that at least for a time the keeper was favourably affected by the change, but it seems apparent from the documents which I am now to describe, that ere long his position required the sanction of law and record, in place of the reverence and consuetude on which it had princi- pally rested. These records are preserved among the Breadalbane papers, and have been printed by Mr Innes in the Black Book of ‘laymouth, but will be reprinted in my appendix. But besides these documents we find in one of the Breadalbane Char- tularies, begun in 1587, and which contains copies and descriptions of the family papers, the note of a document (apparently part of the series above referred to), of which the original cannot now be traced.1 It occurs under the section of the Chartulary headed, “ Eyich in Glendochart,” and is entitled, ‘‘ ane letter made be Alexander Lorde of Glen- doquhart to Donald M‘Sobrell dewar Cogerach off the dait one thousand three hundretht threttie-six yeiris.”’ The Lord of Glendochart, at this date, was Alexander Menzies, and his letter may have been a confirmation to the Dewar of the lands of Eyich, which I think it probable were the original lands of the keepership, and are in the neighbourhood of the Clachan of St Fillan. It will be seen from one of the documents now to be quoted, that the 1 Mr Innes, who has printed the others in the Black Book, does not refer to it, and a pretty minute examination of the papers by myself leads nie to think that it has been lost. 156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1877. teuant of Coreyhenan declined to pay rent for his lands to the Lady of Glenurchy, on the ground that he held them not from her, but frora ‘‘Deore de Meser.” This place of Coreyhenan lies to the north of Auchtertyre, and may have formed part of the lands of Eyich. These lands, which I have supposed to have been given by the successor of St Fillan, with the keeping of his crozier, in early times to the Dewars, are described in these early records as in their possession ; and it appears from charters in the Breadalbane collection that they continued to be the property of the family till nearly the end of the sixteenth century. By one of these, Queen Mary, on 4th March 1551, confirmed to Malice Dewar and his heirs male the forty shilling lands, of old extent, of Eyeich, Cretindewar, in Aucharne, and half merk land called Craigwokin, in Glendochart. On 2d December 1575 these lands were conveyed by Donald Dewar to Duncan Campbell cf Glenurchy, and it would seem, that as part of the title, he had delivered up the papers connected with Eyeich and the Cogerach, as we find them all entered in the chartulary of writs, begun in 1587, and ending in 1612. The first of the series of documents bearing on the history of St Fillan’s crozier, to which I have just referred, is an instrument recording the proceedings of an inquest, held at Jandrochit on 22d April 1428, before the bailie of Glendochart, on the authority and privileges of a certain relic of St Fillan, commonly called the Coygerach.! The jury reported that the bearer of the relic of the Coygerach, who went by the name of Jore, ought to have yearly and heritably from every one in the parish of Glendochart, having or labouring a merk of land, either free or in farm, a_half-boll of meal, and of every one having in lke manner a_half-merk of land, a firlot of meal; and of every une having a forty penny land, a half-firlot of meal ; but although such persons should have more than a merk land they should pay nothing more. Further, that the office of carrying the relic had been conferred in heritage on a certain ancestor of Finlay Jore, the present bearer, by the successor of St Fillan, and that the said Finlay was his lawful heir in the said office. They farther said that these privileges were enjoyed and in use in the time of King Robert Lruce, and in the times of the kings who had reigned after him. For ' Printed in the Appendix to the present paper, No. viii. HISTORICAL NOTICES OF ST FILLAN’S CROZIER. 157 which privilege the jury declared, that if it happened that any goods or cattle were stolen or carried off from any one dwelling in Glendochart, and he from whom they were stolen, whether in doubt of the culprit, or from the feud of his enemies, did not dare to follow after his property, then he should send a messenger to the said Jore of the Cogerach, with fourpence, or a pair of shoes, with food for the first night, and then the said Jore, on his own charges, ought to follow the said cattle wherever they were to be found within the kingdom of Scotland. The second document preserves the record of the court of Glendochart, held at Kandrocht on 9th February1468, when the Lady of Glenurchy de- manded from John M‘Molcalum M‘Gregour the rents of his lands of Core- heynan, to which the said John replied that he held his lands not from the Lady of Glenurchy, but “a deore de Meser,” and that he was not liable for any past rents, because he had paid them to the said “ deore,” from whom he held the lands.! The third is a letter in favour of Malise Doire, residing at Strath- fillane, granted on 6th July 1487 by king James IIL, setting forth that Malise and his forefathers have had a relic of St Fillan, called the Quigrich, in keeping of the king and his progenitors since the time of King Robert the Bruce and before, and made no obedience nor answer to any person, spiritual or temporal, in anything concerning the said holy relic, otherways than was contained in the old infeftments made by the king’s said royal progenitors, and therefore his majesty commanded all his subjects “to answere intend and obey to the said Malise Doire in the peciable broiking and joicing of the said reliq,” and in noways to “‘compell nor distrenye him to mak obedience nor ansuere to you, nor till ony other, but allenarly to us and our successouris, according to the said infeftment and foundation of the said relik,” and that none should make impediment to the said Malise ‘‘in the passing with the said relik throu the contre as he and his forbearis wes wount to do.” ? It will be observed that while the men of Glendochart by their inquest found that the office of carrying the Quigrich had been instituted by a successor of St Fillan (by which term we must understand one of the 1 Black Book of Taymouth (Bannatyne Club), Preface, p. xxxvi. 2 Printed in the Appendix to the present paper, No. ix. 158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1877. Comharbas or heirs of the saint in the monastery), and had been conferred on an ancestor of Finlay Jore, they do not carry back the exercise of his rights beyond the time of King Robert Bruce, The letter of privilege by King James III. in favour of Malise Doire, in like manner, narrates that he and his forefathers have had the Quigrich in keeping of the king and his forefathers since the time of Robert the Bruce and before. The prominent reference to this monarch harmonises with what has been advanced on the subject of his devotion to St Fillan, and of the enhanced importance which resulted to his church and all connected with it, through the several benefactions of the king, which did not terminate with those already noticed, for in the Chamberlain Rolls there is entered a payment in 1329 (in which year the great monarch died), of £20 to the fabric of the Church of St Fillan, so that his devotion to the saint may be said to have retained its fervour to the end of his days. It seems natural, in conclusion, to say something about the Quigrich itself : and first as to its name, and the names of its keepers. There seems no reason to doubt that the word which appears on record under the various forms of “ Coygerach” and “the Quigrich,” means “a stranger.” 1 1 See Gaelic Dict. of Highland Society, voce Coigreach, a stranger ; and Adam- nan’s ‘‘ Life of St Columba,” p. 366. Note by Dr Reeves. Many fanciful guesses have been suggested of the meaning of the word ‘‘ Coygerach,” founded on the shape or supposed use of the relic by persons familiar with modern Gaelic, but forgetful of the historical conditions of the question. It was long ago pointed out by the sagacious Thomas Innes that the Irish must have derived the use of letters from those using the Latin language, for as the early missionaries to Ireland found no words among the Irish Gaels denoting such things as a letter, a book, to read, to write, and the like, they expressed them in Latin terms, giving them only an Irish inflexion (‘‘ Ancient Inhabitants of Scotland,” p. 444). In the same manner all sacred things belonging to Christianity, of which the Irish people first got their knowledge from the early missionaries, such as church, cross, bishop, baptism, and the like, were expressed in Latin words with Irish inflexions. We thus discover that the word invariably applied by the Celtic people of Ireland to the pastoral staff of a bishop or abbot was bachall, being the Irish form of the Latin word baculus. In this way the Irish annalists speak of the crozier of St Patrick as the Bachall Isa—that is, Staff of Jesus, or Bachall Phadrwig—that is, Patrick’s crozier (King’s ‘‘ Primacy of Armagh,” quoting the Annals, pp. 33, 77). Dr Petrie states that the word bachal/ is used in the Irish authorities not only to denote the crozier of a bishop, abbot, or abbess, but also the penitential staff of a pilgrim. (Round Towers of Ireland, p. 304.) That the same Latin word for a crozier was used by the early Scottish Church as HISTORICAL NOTICES OF ST FILLAN’S GROZIER. 159 With regard to the term applied to designate its keepers, under the various forms of “Jore,” “ Deore,” and “ Doire,” there may be more cause for hesitation. We learn from Dr Reeves that the word Deoraid in Irish signifies an “exile,” “ outlaw,” “pilgrim,” while he adds that both in Ireland and Scotland, the word assumed a religious limitation, and from an official hecame a family name, now known as “ Dewar.” He then refers to the records which show that the bearer of the relic of the Coygerach was known as “ Jore,” “ Doire,” ‘Deore ;” that lands in St Munna’s parish of Kilmun held by a certain officer with the staff of St Mund, were called in Gaelic “‘ Deowray ;” while Donald Dewar in 1572 had a grant of the lands of Garrindewar (which means “ the garden of the pilgrim”) dedi- cated in former times for the ringing of a bell at funerals within the parish of Kilmaluig, adding “ that these Deorays” or “ Dewars ” were pro- bably descended from sons of Irish families, whose proper names merged by the Irish is plain from Adamnan’s reference to St Columba’s staff as his baculus (‘Vita Sancti Columbe,” ed. Reeves, p. 62), and from the Pictish Chronicle, which in relating that Constantine the king in his old age became Abbot of the Culdees at St Andrews, by taking the staff or crozier, uses the term baculwin cepit. (‘ Chronicles of the Picts and Scots,” p. 9). It seems a fair inference that the Celtic people of Scotland, in speaking of a crozier, would have converted the baculus into bachall as was done in Ireland, and indeed we have evidence that they did so, for the term by which they designated the crozier of St Moluag was the Bachwill more, while they called its hereditary keepers the Barons of Bachuiil (“ Orig. Paroch. Scot.” vol. ii. p. 163). Another Middle Age Latin word for a pastoral staff was cambuta. Fordun refers to the staff of St Columba which the saint gave in exchange for that of St Kentigern as his ‘‘cambo,” and we find the word in the Scotch form of ‘‘cabok,” applied to the crozier of St Duthac. In 1506, James IV., who was then on pilgrimage to the shrine of the saint at Tain, gave ‘‘to ane man that bure Sant Duthois’ cabok, iiiis.” (Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot. vol. ii 7 19). I am therefore of opinion that the word ‘‘ Coygerach,” which has been of late tor- tured into so many different meanings, as necessarily expressing the curved shape or pastoral use of the staff, can have no such reference, but has been applied to charac- terise the crozier as ‘‘ The Stranger,” from whatever circumstances that strangeness may have been derived. I may add, that the last hereditary keeper of the ‘‘ Quigrich,” who was brought up in a district where only Gaelic was used, does not profess to know the meaning of the term ‘‘ Quigrich.” He inclines to think that it is not a Gaelic word, ‘‘and the name cogarach, if it means ‘stranger,’ they had a different way of spelling than we have. It is spelt now ‘coigreach.’” (Letter, Mr Alex. Dewar to Dr Wilson.) 160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1877. in their official title (as with the MacMoyres in Armagh), and who derived their peculiar name of office, either from the circumstance of being themselves originally aliens, or being representatives of three saints, “ Faolan,” ‘ Munna,” and ‘ Molua,” each of whom probably, to use the technical expression, “took the (pilgrim’s) staff and died in his pil- grimage.”! If I am right in supposing that the term Coygerach was originally applied to the crozier of St Fillan, as indicative of its introduction from abroad, it is possible that by the Dewar of the Coygerach may originally have been meant the ‘‘ pilgrim” who brought it ; that is, who brought the metal head which was to add dignity to the staff of St Fillan, and give honour to his memory. But if so, it would seem that, in Scotland in process of time, the word acquired a much wider meaning. It is plain that in Glendochart, the term Dewar, in relation to the Cogerach, became a family name. The letter of 1336 is addressed to Donald M‘Sobrell dewar Cogerach, in which, perhaps, we are rather to recognise the official than the family name. In the inquest of 1428, it is stated that the bearer of the Coge- rach is commonly called ‘‘Jore,” another form of Dewar, while, at the same time, the then bearer of the relic is called Finlay Jore, and his descendant, in 1487, has the name of Malice Doire or Dewar. A writ in the Chartulary of Dunfermline, dated about 1250, by Robert the Abbot, grants the office of “ Dereth,” that is, as the title of the deed explains, “‘ the office of Serjeand” to Symon called Dereth, son of the late Thomas Dereth of Kynglassy.? In 1466 the Abbot of Arbroath granted to Thomas of Lochan the office of Derethy of Tarves, and in 1527 the abbot granted a lease to William Gray and his wife of the office of the deray within the parish of Tarves, and the croft belonging to it, where the duties of the deray are described as the keeping of the oxen and cows of the abbey.? The hereditary dempsters of Edzell were Durays or Dirrows, and their 1 Adamnan’s ‘‘ St Columba.” Notes, pp. 366-7 Regist. de Dunferm., p. 149. In a subsequent deed lands are granted by the Abbot, where the vassal has liberty from the abbot’s mill and smithy, and is to be free from payment of dereth or slother. Jd. p. 227. * Registr. Nigrum de Aberbrothock, pp. 128, 474. HISTORICAL NOTICES OF ST FILLAN’S CROZIER. 161 farm was called the Durayhill, while it would seem to have been part of their office to ring the bell of St Lawrence.! A croft near the Church of Fordoun was called Diray Croft, and it was a pertinent of the chapel of St Palladius, in the churchyard of Fordoun.? The keeping of the bell of St Rowan, in the parish of Strowan, with a croft of land, were vested in a family of Dewars ; and it is stated in an account of the parish that the term Dewar in Gaelic signifies a bellman.* While this limitation cannot be maintained as universal, it would seem that in the parish of Conveth or Laurencekirk, a like meaning has been attached to the lands of the Diracroft there, which are described other- wise as “ Bel-aikers,” with the houses of the Kirkton ; here again the bell is probably to be recognised as that of St Laurence.+ The keeper of St Munna’s staff, we have seen was called Deowray, while the keeper of the bell of St Molway had come to assume the term of Dewar as their family name. In Glendochart, besides a place called Cretindewar, apparently part of the lands of Eyich, we find notices of a croft in Killin, called Dewar- namayne’s Croft ; a croft in Auchlyne, called Dewarnaferg’s Croft ; and Dewar’s Croft in Sluy, in the same barony.® 1 Land of the Lindsays, by Jervise, p. 51. 2 Index of Retours (Kincardine), April 30, 1607 (No. 21). 3 Arch. Scot. vol. ii. p. 75. * Index of Retours (Kincardine) April 30, 1672 (No. 119). 5 Index of Retours, Perth, October 27, 1640, No. 494. On 16th September 1407 John M‘Nab got a charter from the Duke of Albany of the lands of Bowane and others, and of the office of ferbalship of the lands of Arthalzie, in the barony of Glen- dochart. Dr Jamieson, in his notes to his edition of ‘‘ The Bruce,” states that he saw the crozier of St Fillan in the possession of one of the name of Dewar in Glenartney, and was told that it had belonged to his ancestors from time immemorial, ‘‘one of whom found it in the old burying-ground at Auchlyne, in Glendochart, whence the chapel is still called Caipal na Farige or farechd, i.e., the Chapel of the Crozier. From this valuable relique the hereditary possessor has the distinctive designation of Mac in Deora na Farige, ‘‘ the son of Dewar of the Crozier.” (‘‘ The Bruce,” notes, p. 484.) Of another croft of land in Killin, there are several records among the Breadalbane papers, where we discover a notice of an image of St Fillan at Killin. The first. dated 20th November 1488, is a charter of the Prior of the Carthusian Monastey of Perth (who, by grants from the Crown, had come to be owners of part of Glen- dochart) to Donald M‘Claude, of an acre or croft of Jand in the town of Killin, with VOL. XII. PART I. L 162 PROCEEDINGS OF TITE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1877. As the son of the Abbot of Glendochart was the root from which the tribe of Macnabs derived their origin, so from the Dewar of the Cogerach various families of the name of Dewar were descended, and may be traced as witnesses of charters among the Breadalbane papers. In 1575, Duncan Campbell of Glenurchay granted a charter of the lands of Moyerlonycht to Donald Makindeora vie Cogerach, and among the witnesses is the Constable of Glenurchay, and John Deora, in Sluy.! On the whole, I conclude that if the first Dewar of the Cogerach had an ecclesiastical character, there is no reason to think such character long remained, or survived the secularisation of the old foundation, and [ infer that the term ‘‘ Dewar” implied nothing in later times beyond ‘‘an officer,” who might be the bearer of a crozier, the ringer of a bell, the dempster or sergeant of a barony, the guardian of cattle, or the hereditary per- former of some work or duties, to which lands and perquisites were annexed 2—the analogous word used in Ireland for such an officer being “ mair” or “ steward.” With regard to the style of art of the crozier, and consequently of its date, I feel unable to speak with much certainty. The style common to the shrines, bell cases, and other relics of the early saints of Ireland, is that which is also found in the enrichment of their manuscripts, and in the sculptures of the stone crosses both of Ireland and Scotland. It consists mainly of interlacing patterns wrought into geometrical figures, with the frequent use of serpents and lacertine ani- mals, and seems referred to as “‘ Opus Ibernicorum ” in the description of a silver gilt cross in the Treasury of the Cathedral of Aberdeen in the year 1549.3 the house and garden and pasturings of four cows and two horses, with power to bake, brew, and sell flesh, and to buy and sell within the lordship of Glendochart, according to the assize of the country, paying yearly to the parish church of Killin three pounds of wax, in honour of the blessed Virgin and St Fillan and all saints, and for the increase of St Fillan’s lights before his image, one pound whereof, at the feast of St Fillan in summer, and another at the feast of St Fillan in winter. 1 Charters at Taymouth. The smith of a barony had a croft, and his smiddy was sometimes called his “‘ office hous.” (Regist. nig. de. Aberbrothoe, p. 106.) Registr. Aberd,, vol. ii. p. 182. HISTORICAL NOTICES OF ST FILLAN’S CROZIER. 163 Examples of this style occur in the ancient Irish crozier (fig. 1) which formed part of the Bell collection, and is now in the Museum, as well as in the front part of another Celtic crozier of early date in the Museum (fig. 2), of which the history is not known further than that it formed Fig. 1. Bronze Crozier in the Museum (Bell Collection}. 74 inches high. part of the collection of the late Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, and was by him said to have been found in the ruins of Hoddam church. Representations of croziers of the same character of art will be found in Professor Westwood’s great work, ‘ The Miniatures and Ornaments of Anglo-Saxon and Irish Manuscripts,” Plate 53. 164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1877. It appears to me that the ornamentation of the Quigrich is of an entirely different style, nor can I recognise any distinctively Celtic features in it, except in the triquetra and pellet ornament on the boss or socket (fig. 5), which, in general idea, harmonises in style with two bosses of an ancient Jrish crozier belonging to the late Dr Petrie (figs. 3 and 4), as represented in his great work on the “Round Towers of aioe. (MN) \| a Fig. 2. Front part of Bronze Crozier found at Hoddam Church, Dumfriesshire. (Actual size. ) Ireland”—where he supposes that from the form, size, and ornaments of the crozier, it indicates an age not later than the tenth century.! The occurrence of the triquetra on these bosses, as well as on the boss or socket of St Fillan’s crozier (fig. 5), and one of the plaques on its side, may be remarked. ‘The triquetra was an ornament much used by the Celtic artists of Ireland in their illuminated manuscripts and on 1 «Round Towers of Ireland,” pp. 320, 321. HISTORICAL NOTICES OF ST FILLAN’S CROZIER. 165 their tombstones up to the tenth century, after which time Dr Petrie did not observe any specimen. ! \| The late Lord Dunraven has attributed to the crozier of St Fillan (but without assigning any authority) the date of a.p, 962,? and to that of the shrine of St Lachtan’s Arm, in which I can trace some resemblance to the filigree work of the Quigrich, the date of a.p. 1166. POQQQOOOO () SSS Figs. 3 and 4. Bosses of an Irish Crozier of tenth century. On the other hand, Professor Westwood, while recognising the dissimi- larity between the Quigrich and the ordinary Irish style of art, states that there are instances of the filigree work and general treatment of the Quigrich on several relics of metal work evidently of a more recent date than the 12th or 13th century.® If we should think that the Quigrich was not the product of Celtic art, 1 **Round Towers of Ireland,” p. 322. 2 Transactions R. I. Acad. vol. xxiv. p. 451, % Arch. Journal, vol. xvi. p. 50. 166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, MARCH 12, 1877. and consequently was an importation from abroad, it will be well to pause in suggesting a date for the relic until a further comparison of its ornamentation with foreign styles, by those who have studied the subject, may justify a definite conclusion as to its period and school of art.	7,398
granitemonthlyne01dove_33	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,877	The Granite monthly, a New Hampshire magazine, devoted to literature, history, and state progress	None	English	Spoken	6,637	8,780	These errors, apparently so trifling, and yet so momentous in their consequences, will occasionally creep in in spite of the watchfulness of the enrolling clerks ; but the most of them are detected and elim- inated when the printed text and the manuscript is compared. The sharpest "proof-readiug"is required, and when time will permit, the heavy appropriation bills that involve so many millions of money, are very carefully read two or three times each after final enrollment. The clerks are required to follow copy," and no discretion is allowed them in the correction ot what is even known to be a blunder. An " engrossed " bill, that is, a manuscript copy of a bill that has passed the House, can only be corrected by that body by formal vote, and that, too, before it is sent to the Senate. An " enrolled " bill, that is, a manuscript copy on parchment of a bill that has passed the House and Senate, can only be corrected by a joint resolution of both houses. After receiving the Presi- dent's approval, there is no authority to correct an error, if it has occurred. It is, then, a part of the statute law of the land, and must remain so until cor- rected by a subsequent enactment. The few errors that do occur generally hap- pen during the hurry and confusion inci- dent to a final adjournment, and the only wonder is that there are so few. During the closing session of the Forty-fourth Congress when the ordinary business had been delayed beyond all precedent by the prolonged struggle over the elec- toral count, more than three-fifths of all the laws enacted — including all the great appropriation bills — were passed during the last three days of the session. The enrolling clerks never left their of- fice for more than seventy hours ; and to them, at least, the tap of the Speaker's gavel at noon on the fourth of March brought well-deserved and welcome re- lief. The smaller bills, and the bills for pri- vate relief, resolutions and general enact- ments are not. usually, subject to "confer- ences," like the appropriation bills, but are subject to interminable delays and linger- ing death in the various committee-rooms. Not more than one out of ten bills intro- duced finally become laws, and it is for- tunate for the good of the public and the size of the statute book that they do not. Members can ease their own consciences, and temporarily satisfy the importunities of their clamorous constituents, by intro- ducing their several little bills," after which it is an easy matter to have them referred to a committee who will never "report" them for passage. Suppose Mr. A. wants a pension. Let us observe the regular routine before he gets it. First, he sends a petition, praying that Congress will grant his desire. Con- gressman B., of Mr. A.'s district, receives i it and puts it in a box in front of the Speaker's desk. A page takes it, with others, and carries it to the desk of the resolution and petition clerk. This ofllcial endorses on the back of the petition the date of introduction and the committee to whom it is referred— Con- gressman B. having already endorsed it with his own name, the name of the pe- titioner, and a synopsis of the contents. If the petitioner was a soldier in the re- cent war, it is referred to the committee on invalid pensions. The clerk enters the name of the petitioner and the con- gressman in a large book prepared and indexed for the purpose, and kept for reference. The distributing clerk takes the petition and carries it to the room oc- cupied by the committee on invalid pen- sions, as aforesaid, and enters it upon the docket of the committee. An indis- pensable adjunct at this point is the " ac- companying papers." These must be sufiicient to prove the applicant's identi. 36S CONGRESSIONAL PAPERS. NO. I— THE HOUSE. ty, the time of his enlistment, the name of his company and regiment, the dura- tion of his term of service, the date of his discharge, a description of his physi- cal disabilities, and such other informa- tion, plainly and concisely stated, as will enable a committee of strangers to form a correct opinion of the merits of the case. If favorably considered, the com- mittee report a bill granting the pension, and direct their clerk to make a report embodying the facts in the case to ac- company the same, which is reported to the House and referred to the ^' Commit- tee of the Whole on the Private Calendar." After consideration in the Committee of the Whole it is reported to the House. At some future meeting of the Committee of the Whole, the bill is taken up in numerical order, put to vote in the House, and its fate de- cided. A favorable report of the com- mittee is considered equivalent to a pas- sage, and the bills that are thus endorsed are rushed through very rapidly, when no objections are offered. Mr. A.'s bill having passed, the reading clerk en- dorses it, '"Engrossed, read three times and passed," and sends it to the enroll- ing room, where a manuscript copy of the bill is made upon paper specially pre- pared for the purpose. The clerk of the House signs it, takes it to the Senate when in session, announces its passage by the House, asks the concurrence of the Senate, and delivers it to the presid- ing officer of that body. It is then taken from the Vice President's table, referred to the Senate committee on invalid pen- sions, by them considered, and, let us suppose, favorably reported, placed on the Senate " calendar," and finally passed. The House " engrossed " copy is then taken to the Senate enrolling room and endorsed, "Resolved, That this bill pass." The secretary of the Senate signs it, and one of his clerks brings it back to the House again, when in session, and announces the concur- rence of the Senate to the said bill. Then the House enrolling clerks take it once more and make the manuscript du- plicate copy on parchment previously al- luded to. Then it is carefully compared with the original copy, and the " en- grossed" and "enrolled" copies com- pared by the clerk with one or more members of the House committee on en- rolled bills. If found correct, the mem- ber certifies to that fact, carries the bill in to the Speaker's desk, and the Speaker makes public annoucement of its recep- tion, and signs the bill in open House. It is then carried to the Senate, and re- ported, and the Vice President signs it in like manner, after which a member of the House Committee on Enrolled Bills takes it to the President for final approv- al. After being signed by the Paesi- dent it is sent to the department of state and deposited among the permanent archives of the government. Mr. A.'s name is then placed upon the pen- sion-roll, and he can draw his pension " under the provisions and limitations of the pension laws." This is the routine of a simple bill that nowhere encounters any obstacle to its passage, and may be re- garded as the least that must be done be- fore a bill becomes an act. Bills involv- ing matters of a broader scope— those of great public and national importance — are fought or advocated at every turn, and pushed forward or held in check by every device known to the lobby, aided by the tactics of the masters of parlia- mentary strategy. They become laws only after the most thorough discussion, or are defeated after a debate in which every weakness is exposed. Those who imagine that bills are rushed through Congress without anybody knowing any- thing about them would have their fund of information somewhat enlarged by an attempt to " put through " a bill of some importance. It would be found, upon close acquaintance with our popular branch of Congress, that the " watch- dogs " of the Treasury are not all exter- minated yet, but that a sufficient number are always on guard to prevent much dangerous legislation. The present House, as a whole, may be regarded, as composed of men of average congression- al ability, who endure hard work and good pay, and legislate as well for the country as can be expected, when we consider the vast and conflicting interests of our immense nation. HILLSBOROUGH. 369 HILLSBOROUGH. BY COL. FRANK H. PIERCE. The town of Hillsborough, in the Coun- trating in a strong religious feeling. In ty of the same name, in New Hamp- proof of this sentiment, among the ear- shire, has a history of enviable repute, liest labors of the settlers was the erec- Its records are confined to the past one tion of a meeting-house and a parsonage, hundred and thirty-seven years, but its Land was assigned for a grave-yard, in events and its men during that period which several members of the colony have given the town special note at home were buried. There remains to-day no and in the national annals. In 1741 the vestige of this solitary cemetery. The territory now incorporated as a town was wife of McCoUey was the only female in a wild, unbroken forest, a home for the settlement, and remained exiled from bears, wolves, and other beasts of prey, her sisterhood for more than a year. Her and occasionally for the nomadic abo- husband built the first dwelling — a log riginal, who was the greatest foe to every hut — near the Bridge, where the first approach towards civilization. It is not child born in the settlement saw the light, a certified fact that Number Seven'- — Lieut. John McColley subsequently en- as Hillsborough was named on the Pro- tered the Royal service and fought vincial map —was the regular abode of against the French and Indians. After- any portion of the Pennacook tribe of wards he was in the war of the Revolu- red men ; but frequently since the settle- tion, in the militia corps which New ment of the town, evidences have been Hampshire sent against Gen. Burgoyne. found of the visits of that people to the He was a man of exemplary character, quiet waters of the Conioocook, and to and died in 1834, at the age of 92. Some the adjoining forests for fishing and hunt- five months after the birth of Lieut. Mc- ing purposes. These relics consist of CoUey's child a daughter was born to tomahawks, spears, and arrow-heads, Samuel Gibson, who was named Eliza- pestles and mortars — all made of stone, beth. and more generally found buried in the In 1744 the Cape Breton war broke out light soil on the margin of the ponds and between the English and French and Contoocook River. North-western Indians. This war car- In 1741, cotemporary with the running ried death and destruction wherever it of the boundary line, which separated was prosecuted. The Indian raids upon the province of New Hampshire from many of the early settlements, and that of Massachusetts, a company was the slaughter and destruction of the formed in Boston, who traveled thence dwellers therein, are matters of tragic through the forests to Hillsborough, and history, in which Hillborough shared, pitched their tents in its wilderness. This In 1746 the menaces of the Indians territory had been formerly granted to were so threatening that the feeble col- Col. John Hill. The little settlement ony of seven or eight families in Hills- was called Hillborough in honor of Col. borough, on hasty consultation, agreed Hill; the leading men were Samuel Gib- to abandon their homes and seek safety son, James Lyon, Robert McClure and in Massachusetts. They hid away their James McColley — the two latter being agricultural implements, loaded their natives of the north of Ireland. There cattle with what household property and was in the little colony a commingling of provisions they could carry, buried the Puritanism and Presbyterianism, concen- remainder of their portable property, and 370 HILLSBOROUGH. set forth. It appears that the party- made its way to Litchfield and there set- tled down. ROMANTIC STORY. A rather romantic event in the lives of the two children firstborn in Hillsborough is worthy of record. The close of the French war in 1760 caused the withdraw- al of the predatory savages from the bor- der towns and plantations, and in the in- terval between 1746 and that year, Col. Hill of Boston had become sole proprie- tor of Hillborough. In 1762 the second settlement of the town was inaugurated — Daniel McMurphy being the first of the new colony. Pending arrangements for this second occupation of the territory, Col. Hill had frequent occasion to pass through Litchfield toward his posses- sions, where he became acquainted with John McColley and Elizabeth Gibson, and proposed to them, should they marry, he would give them one hundred acres of land. They were married, took pos- session of their gift in Hillborough, and lived in the enjoyment of domestic hap- piness for three-score years. Their pos- teiity have to this day a most reputable existence in the town. It was some two years after Daniel McMurphy built his log hut on Bible Hill, as the spot is now called, before he began to have neighbors. Among those who joined him, up to 1767, were Mc- Colley and two Gibson's from Litchfield, sons of the earlier settlers, several from Derryfield, (now Manchester), in all, six- teen heads of families. A store, grist- mill and tavern were soon built, and a militia company was organized. "No church was built for fifteen years after the second settlement had been made; but religious services were regularly held in barns in the summer, and in dwelling- houses in winter. After Col. Hill had given ten acres of land for a meeting- house, near the centre of the town, and three hundred pounds as a gift to the first settled minister, Eev. Jonathan Barnes settled in Hillsborough, as the planta- tion was now called. The year follow- ing a meeting-house was erected. The town was also incorporated in 1772, there being at that time twenty- two men, who were freeholders. The charter, which bears date Nov. 14. was issued in the name of George the Third of England, by advice of our trusty and well beloved John Wentworth, Gov- ernor and Commander-in-Chief of our province of New Hampshire." REVOLUTIONARY EFFORTS. The population of Hillsborough slow- ly increased until 1775, when the settle- ment contained forty families. At this time the war with England broke out, and elicited a common feeling of resist- ance against the wrongs sought to be in- flicted by the government of the mother country on her North American colo- nists. No locality manifested more pat- riotic ardor, or devotion to the interests of liberty than the people of this town. They armed and equipped themselves for local protection and national resistance. No patriotic sacrifice withm their power was withheld— they off'ered their all that the rights of the people should be assert- ed. The town assessed itself in nine thousand seven hundred pounds to pur- chase provisions for the American Army, and more than thirty stalwart men from the forty families gave their personal ser- vice in the war that ensued, and fought in Stark's regiment at Bunker Hill, where their brave commander, Capt. Isaac Bald- win, fell mortally wounded. The record of bravery places the men of Hillsbor- ough in a high niche in the temple of valor, and their fame enriches the glory of many a well-fought field. EARLY EDUCATIONAL PROVISION. It is a matter of special credit to the people of Hillsborough, that amid the excitement and the numerous calls made on their substance during the war of the Eevolution, they forgot not the vital in- terests of education. There was no or- ganized school system among them until the war had commenced, and the only male teacher in the town had joined the American Army, and was killed at the battle of White Plains in 1776. A lady had, however, given lessons in the ini- tiatory branches of learning to a few of the younger people ; but those of a more intricate character fell to the lot of the town minister. Before the war ended HILLSBOROUGH. 371 the town had voted one hundred pounds for the support of schools, and soon thereafter added seventy-five pounds. No scholar then carried to school what would at that time be considered a whole library, such as our school boys are now obliged to study; and yet, with nothing but the Horn-book,'\the Psalms, Watts' Hymns, and the simple rules of Arith- metic, it was wonderful what expert scholars were then made — what stores of knowledge of real practical use were imparted to the young. What they learn- ed they THOROUGHLY understood. It was simple but substantial, and not made up of myriads of somethings, which be- get the knowledge of almost nothing, as is said to be too often true with our more elaborate modern systems of tuition. Boys were then taught, when very young, such educational accomplishments as fit- ted them for the requirements of the age. They were brought to a high state of practical perfection, quite as early as our young people are now allowed to gradu- ate from school. They were prepared to meet the obligations imposed upon them, and not too proud [to commence at the bottom of any respectable industrial ladder. REVOLUTIONARY NOTABILITIES. The share which the men of Hillsbor- ough had in the Revolutionary War, as has been stated, was one more than cred- itable to the patriotism of her people. The progress of the contest with the mother country brought into glorious light the bravery of many of her volun- teer warriors. The previous French and Indian wars had taught some the art of war, among them Capt. Isaac Baldwin, who was the fifth in the list of the sec- ond settlers. As a ranger, he had fought in twenty battles : and when the news of the fight at Lexington reached his ear, which was at a barn raising in^Deering, he instantly hastened home, collected a band of his fellow settlers, the very flow- er of the settlement, and set out for Bos- ton, where they joined Col. John Stark's Regiment, and were engaged in the bat- tle of Bunker Hill. In the early after- noon of that memorable day, Capt. Bald- win fell, shot through the breast, and died the same evening. Deep veneration for his memory exists to this day. Ammi Andrews served through the war as a Lieutenant, first in Arnold's ex- pedition to Quebec, and in many of the Revolutionary battle-fields. He carried to his grave, at the advanced age of 97, the scars of many honorable wounds, lie was a man of singular valor, and an- ecdotes of his courage and intrepiditj" numerously survive. Among them was the feat of climbing the battlements of Quebec, stealthily approaching the senti- nel on guard, seizing, gagging and bring»- ing him alive to the American camp. Lieut. John McNeil was not more than twenty years of age when he joined Capt. Baldwin's company as a private, was with him at Bunker Hill, and by his side when he fell mortally wounded. He also fought under Stark at Bennington, and did emi- nent service during the war. He lived in Hillsborough after the war, leading a quiet, rural life, and died in 1836. His memory is cherished with gratitude, and his descendants have largely inherited his patriotic and other noble virtues. Samuel Bradford was another of Capt. Baldwin's volunteers. He was almost a boy when he enlisted, was engaged in every battle the Regiment fought— won his commission at Bennington, and died respected by all. Robert B. Wilkins, also a Bunker Hill hero, ever bore the character of a brave soldier. He was quartermaster of Gen. Lafayette's brigade, and saw service till the end of the war. When Lafayette vis- ited New Hampshire, in 1825, the inter- view between him and his old companion in arms was most affecting. Time had so changed Lieut. Wilkins that Lafayette did not, at first, recognize his old com- rade, whom he tenderly loved. An allu- sion to a battle field incident, made by Wilkins, caused Gen. Lafayette to care- fully scrutinize his features — and recog- nizing in the old battered warrior before him his brave and faithful comrade, he leaped from his horse, and, throwing his arms around Wilkins's neck, the two wept like children! Every head in the immense crowd that witnessed the scene was instantly uncovered, and the shouts 372 HILLSBOROUGH. that followed, re-echoed back by the hills, showed how " one touch of nature makes the whole world kin."' Two days after the encounter between the patriots and the British soldiers at Lexington, Benjamin Pierce, then eight- een years old, was holding the plow in his uncle's field in Chelmsford when the news of that event arrived. He inv- mediately left the plow, took his uncle's gun and equipments and started for Bos- ton. There he enlisted; was present at the battle of Bunker Hill, remained in the service during the war, and was on the staft of George Washington until the final disbandment of the American Army at West Point in 1784. He returned to Hillsborough in 1786, and earnestly en- gaged in agricultural pursuits. He took great interest in military aff'airs, holding oflSces in the militia from Colonel to Gen- eral of Brigade. He was also called upon to fill many political offices, such as Representative, Counsellor and Presi- dential Elector. He finally was chosen Governor of Xew Hampshire in 1827-9. His public services in one capacity and another extended over fifty years. At his death, which took place in April, 1839. and when in his 82d year, he was Vice President of the Society of the Cin- cinnati. He was patriotic, brave, noble- minded and charitable ; a benefactor to his country, and a blessing to his State and society — and no one memory associ- ated with the past history of Hillsbor- ough, brings up higher feelings of res- pect and veneration than that of General Benjamin Pierce. Many anecdotes illus- trative of his character and virtues sur- vive him. There never was a spot on his patriotism or bravery. As showing the character of the latter, it is authenticated that, having been taken prisoner at Long Island, he was there put on parole, and one day attended a horse race conducted by English officers. Here he expressed an opinion concerning one of the racers which gave umbrage to an English offi- cer, who slapped Lieut. Pierce with the flat of his sword. " Fettered by ray pa- role, and unarmed," said Pierce, " I can not now resent this indignity, but the chances of war may yet bring us togeth- er!" And such proved to be the case. A chance occurred at the siege of New York, where the two fought, and the English officer fell pierced by the sword of his antagonist. His earnest patriot- ism was shown on the occasion of his in- viting nineteen of his old Revolutionary compatriots (all residents of Hillsbor- ough), to dinner on one of the anniver- saries of a Continental triumph. This happened but a few years previous to his death. One of the veterans remarked the absence of one of their number who lived in the town, and mentioned the fact to the Governor, who said, ''I invite no one to my table who is afraid of the smell of gunpowder." When High Sheriff of Hillsborough County his duties called him at one time to Amherst, where he found, imprisoned in the jail, three Revolutionary soldiers. Interesting himself in their behalf he learned the prisoners had served their country well and faithfully — had honora- ble discharges, but at the close of the Revolution, like hundreds of their com- rades, were penniless. They had, after long and weary days of travel, reached their homes, where a merciless creditor secured their arrest and imprisonment for debt. Ascertaining these facts, he in- stantly discharged their liability, and, taking the keys from the jailor, unlocked the prison doors, and leading the old vet- erans from confinement, pointing to the blue sky above them said ; " Go, breathe the free air! There can be no true re- publican liberty when such men as you are consigned to prison for such a cause." Many were prominent in revolutionary times, whose names and deeds survive in grateful remembrance. Among them were Calvin Stevens, Nathaniel Johnson, Samuel Murdough, Isaac Andrews, Sam- uel Symonds, John McColley, William Booth, William Jones, Joseph Taggart, Asa Wilkins, and Jacob Flint. MORE RECENT WARS. In the war of 1812, the men of Hills- borough bore a distinguished part. Gen. John McNeil and Col. Benjamin K. Pierce held commands, and fought in the battles of Lundy's Lane and Chippewa — Gen. McNeil receiving a bad wound in the first named engagement. Lieut. John W. S. HILLSBOROUGH. 373 McN'eil, a promising young oflScer, was slain during an attack on an Indian en- campment in the Florida war of 1814. The war of the Rebellion conjured up that feeling of patriotism left as a legacy by the fathers to the sons, and the first regiment recruited for the war was large- ly composed of Hillsborough County men. The town of Hillsborough con- tributed, under the presidential calls for troops its quota of 159 men, while its enrolled militia list was but 132. The town's share of the municipal war loan was $8,833.39. Recent and impar- tial history speaks most creditably of the bravery of her sons in many a bloody contest. Among the pioneers of the town there were many men who rose to eminence in local statesmanship and in legal repute. Their immediate successors largely gain- ed reputation for great skill in law, med- icine and theological learning. Some of the most eminent men of all the profes- sions have drawn their earlier inspira- tions in Hillsborough. Among those who have risen to high political distinction was Franklin Pierce, who was President of the United States from March 1853, to 1857, the fourth son of Gov. Benjamin Pierce. This is neither the time nor place, nor is the writer the person to present an elaborate or impartial sketch of Franklin Pierce. History can be consulted con- cerning his career, and his National Ad- ministration, as conducted to benefit all sections of the country, covering four years of unparalleled prosperity to the nation. His earlier and later days are, however, so intimatelj' connected with the history of Hillsborough, that a sketch of the town would be very incomplete without brief personal mention. Here he passed his youth ; here he commenced the practice of law ; here he gained great success, and here laid the foundation of future legal celebrity. The building oc- cupied by him as a law office no longer exists. The old Pierce homestead re- mains intact, as do many memorials of the love and esteem of his fellow towns- men,— among them, even, the immense oven, used at the great barbecue in 1852, wherein was roasted whole, the big ox, for the partial feeding of the thousands there assembled, a relic of a notable and happy occasion. The memories of his early years, and the friendships formed in youth at Hillsborough, were retained and cherished throughout his entire life. His native town was ever dear to him, and he always manifested the deepest in- terest in its welfare and the happiness of its people. No engagements or cares prevented his frequent visits to his old home. His welcome was always most cordial, and based on no empty forms, but was the expression of true and lov- ing hearts. The people of Hillsborough proudly claimed him as their own. His visits to his brother were the occasions of the most respectful demonstration on the part of his old friends and former neighbors. He was, as I have said, be- loved by old and young, and there was no partisan limit to their affection. He reciprocated their sentiments and their love. Happy were they in the conscious- ness that he ever remained the same faithful friend; while his presence sent a quicker thrill through their hearts and a warmer grasp into every hand. In a word, they loved him, and he gratefully cherished their affection. POLITICAL MATTERS. Democracy, as an heritage of the Fa- thers of the town, has been fondly, zeal- ously and intelligently cherished by those of its people ''to the manor born and it is but just to say of them that its prin- ciples are held and acted upon with de- ■ voted attachment to that purity which distinguished their noble and patriotic ancestry. It is equally fair to acknowl- edge that the opposition to Democracy is founded on what its opponents consider as enlightened conscientious reasons, and embraces an able and respectable mi- nority. Men will always differ on mat- ters of National. State and social policy; but the locality is ever safe where con- flicting sentiments are based on intelli- gent ideas — safe, against inharmonious or corrupt consequences. It is due to the credit of both parties to state the undeni- able fact, that their differences never wear a sinister or frowning aspect, either be- fore or after political battles. 374 HILLSBOROUGH. TOWN MATTEES TO-DAY.— CHAEACTER OF THE PEOPLE. Hillsborough is mainly an agricultural town. Its soil is strong and well adapt- ed to the growth of the usual crops, and its farmers have a high reputation for in- dustry and skill. But there are no bet- ter locations, or more favoring facilities for manufacturing than the town presents. The Contoocook Eiver furnishes ample water power, and railroad communication will be opened this summer, which will give ready connection with markets of supply and demand in all directions-. Already the manufacturing products amount to nearly 8400.000; and there are ready facilities, which if employed would double this sum; not to sp?ak of the proceeds of agriculture, amounting to 8180,000. The condition of the people is what maybe termed "comfortable and inde- pendent." There is an aristocracy of good citizenship only, and on that plane all meet, act and feel on an equality. Cliques and ' sets'* are comparatively unknown, and there is a Democracy of social sentiment prevalent which even the churches recognize and cherish. In a word, the people of Hillsborough are a happy people; and with their reputation for industry, honesty and intelligence, one of themselves may be justified in as- serting, that few communities deserve greater credit and praise for their sense of moral and religious duty. The people are a "hearty"' people. Their straight forwardness is more re- markable than their polish. They do not talk of legumes when they mean beans. Their minds, like their phys- ique, are well described by the word — robust. They intierit much of the hon- est bluntness of their Scotch-Irish ances- try—no little of their ponderous wit. and all of their geniality. Let us have a look at one of these rough wits : During the Presidential campaign of 1840 — known as the " hard cider campaign" — Daniel Webster made a political speech at Francestown. A Hillsborough man — Smart by name — and an indurated and incorruptible Democrat, was invited by a Whig friend to go and hear the distin- guished statesman. Smart declined op the ground that he was a Democrat and did not agree with the great Expound- er." In view, however, of a free ride and a gratuitous dinner, the invitation was accepted. Next day Smart and one Col. Lewis were drawing a load of cider pomace from Washington to Hillsbor- ough. It was a beautiful day in the au- tumn, and as they turned an angle in the road, Webster drove up in a carriage, with some friends, on their way to enjoy the hospitalities of the town of Washington. "There's Webster I'' shouted Smart. " Who's Webster?" asked Lewis. "Dan'l Webster," said Smart, ''I was down to Francestown and heard him talk, yesterday." By this time the team and carriage were side by side, and Smart, jumping from his team, ran to the car- riage and familiarly said, "Howd'edo, Mr. Webster? I was down at Frances- town yesterday and heard your talk, and though I am a Democrat, it was what I call a d — d good one!" "Your opinion flatters me." replied Webster. Smart then called up Col. Le^vis and introduced him. Mr. Webster greeted the latter and asked him. what earthly use he made of cider pomace, with which the cart was laden. The Colonel, who was also a stal- wart Democrat, bluntly answered: " Those infernal Whigs have drank up all the hard cider in this section, and I am going to sober 'em off on pomace this fall."' The eminent statesman leaned back in his carriage, and the surround- ing woods rang with his hearty shouts of laughter. Smart began to rebuke the Colonel for his bold reply to the " great man,"" but Webster said, "Xo, no; that"s too good !"' and throwing a half eagle to Smart, and instructing him to divide it with his Democratic friend, he drove away. Years after Mr. Webster related this story in the United States Senate, expressing appreciation of the blunt wit of Colonel Lewis. The support of churches and schools in the town is very liberal, and signal ability characterizes alike preachers and teachers, in the four churches and near- ly two score of schools. There are two Congregational churches and two Meth- odist. At the Bridge is the "Hillsbor- ough Messenger," edited and published TWO PICTURES. 375 by Holton & Feri^. It is, almost exclu- sively, devoted to local affairs. It fills its sphere of usefulness with much credit, and has a liberal popular support. The town has grown wonderfully dur- inor the past third of a century, and the growth has not in any way been of the mushroom order. It has come gradually, by the rule of imperative demand, and not through any excitement. What has been gained has been substantially estab- lished. 3Iay the future prosperity of the town, which promises so well, be as solid at its foundation as has been that of the past, and may patriotism, intelligence, industry and the nobler virtues, corres- pondingly increase and dignify the char- acter of its people I TWO PICTXTRES. BY WILL E. "WALKER. Stately mid the crowd she walks, Quietly and well she talks. Gives her greetings regally, Surely manor-born is she. Eyes of gray, whose passing glance Wakens in you no romance. Lips compressed which seem half stern, Cheeks in which no blushes burn ; "She"— say some among the crowd — "Is for common clay too proud. Better be of warmer mold. Than so passionless and cold." "Passionless and cold," say they? One who listens could say ''Xay I" Sees a picture all unseen By the eyes which judge his queen; Sees that fair and quiet face Mantled by a tender grace; Flushing cheeks, pervading eyes, Which reveal what deeper lies In the heart, whose sweet unrest Pulses in the throbbing breast ; Not too proud to own the sway Which Love makes in common clay. 376 A KOMAXCE IX A RAG-BAG. A ROMANCE IN A BAG-BAG. BY ANABEL < A strange place in which to find ro- mance, you say? Yes; so the story will possess the charm of novelty at least. Do you wish me to begin at the be- ginning,*' as the children say? The be- ginning was in the form of a young gen- tleman (you say, Oh, yes, that's the way they always commence!" I beg you will keep quiet and hear my story) who boarded at Eosedale that summer. He was a young man who possessed more money than was good for him, in that he was living a life of idle ease and doing no good in his day and generation. Sauntering idly by the barn one day, he stopped to watch old Turner sort his rags. Was he the owner of Rosedale farm? No, he wasn't. He was a poor old rag-man, who owned a hut close by, and stored his rags in one of the barns at Eosedale. Xow don't interrupt me again I " What do you find new to-day, Tur- ner?" ''Oh, not much of anything — leastways no money, ye may depend on that! However, many's the cur'us thing I've found in the rags in my day ! Jewelry, laces, spoons, letters— everything, most." " And do you always know where your rags come from? " E'na'most alius — sometimes I can't teU." "It depends on the value of the article you find, I suppose, Turner?" this with a laugh. There was no laugh on Turner's hon- est old face as he turned it toward the young man, saying solemnly : " I'm poor, and old, and humble, but, thank God! I'm honest." " Xo one doubts it, Turner. What have you found now?" " A last year's diary — p'r'aps you'd like to look at it. My day of readin' the things I finds in the rags is past. Here, I. ANDREWS. Mr. Somers, I'll make you a present of it," chuckled the old man, as he handed him a dainty diary, covered with red vel- vet, and gold-clasped. Somers took it with a laughing " thank you," and stretched his lazy length on a pile of hay at the further end of the barn, where a big stream of golden sunshine poured in at the door. He opened the book and found it written full. " Some silly school-girl's nonsense, I suppose. Xo doubt she mourns it's loss daily!" He read the first page carelessly, the second earnestly, the third he called out: " Do you know where you got this?" " Xo sir — leastways, not the house ; it came in the bag I picked up on the road to P . Anyhow, it wouldn't make no difference if I did — you never see a gal that would own one of them books, even if her name was in't I " That so?" questioned Somers, very much interested in the " silly school- girl's nonsense." Old Turner sorted his rags, packed them away, and left the barn ; still young Somers sat there, absorbed in the little diary. At length, closing the book, he exclaimed : " I could love that girl, if only her life fulltils her writings here! I'll see her to-morrow, if I live. If she is the pure- souled, generous girl this book indicates, I'll marry her if I can. Clarice Esta- brooke I she has a dainty name." Xext day a hump-backed pedler, with a skin almost black, and large green gog- gles, stopped at every house on the P road, trying to sell the ladies a wonderful " lotion," and always enquir- ing the name of the family next on the road. Arrived at the Estabrooke place, he rapped feebly at the kitchen door, and sat down on the door-step to rest until his rap had been answered. In answe A ROMANCE IN A RAG-BAG. 377 to the tidy young girl who enquired his business, he asked for" Ze young ladies.	10,056
antichristinclud00renarich_10	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,897	Antichrist, including the period from the arrival of Paul in Rome to the end of the Jewish revolution	Renan, Ernest, 1823-1892 \| Allen, Joseph Henry, 1820-1898	English	Spoken	7,283	10,003	The causes of this crisis were of old standing, and the crisis itself was unavoidable. The Mosaic Law was the work of Utopian enthusiasts, weakest of men in political judgment, possessed by a powerful socialist ideal ; and, like Islam, it barred out, absolutely, any civil society running parallel to the religious society. This Law seems to have taken the formal character in [90 ANTICHRIST, which we find it, during the seventh century before Christ ; and, even without the Assyrian conquest, it would have blown to pieces the petty monarchy of the house of David. Ever since the dominating control assumed by the prophetic class, the kingdom of Judah — embroiled with all its neighbours, possessed by a standing rage against Tyre, in deadly feud with Edom, Moab, and Ammon — was no longer capable of life. A people devoted to religious and social problems is doomed as a political society. The day when Israel became " a peculiar treasure to Jehovah, a kingdom of priests, a holy nation,'' ^ it was ordained not to be a people like any other. You cannot pile together con- tradictory destinies ; a superior quality is always bal- anced against some grave defect. The Persian empire gave to Israel a little rest. This vast feudal system, tolerant to all diversities of prov- ince, very like the caliphate of Bagdad or the Ottoman empire, made a condition in which the Jews found themselves most at ease. The Egyptian (Ptolemaic) domination, of the third century B. c, seems also to have been quite kindly towards them. But it was not so with the sovereigns of Syria, the Seleucidae. Antioch had become the centre of an active Grecian propaganda ; Antiochus Epiphanes thought himself bound to estab- lish everywhere the image of Olympian Jove as a sign of his own power. Then broke forth the first great Jewish revolt against the pagan civilization. Israel had pa- tiently endured the blotting out of its own political existence since Nebuchadnezzar ; but it kept no bounds when its religious institutions were in danger. A race in general unmilitary was seized with a fit of heroism. 1 Exod. xix. 5, 6. THE REVOLT IN JUD^A. 191 Without a regular army, without generals, without military skill, it defeated the Seleucids, maintained its revealed right, and created a second era of independ- ence. But the Asmonaean monarchy was ever under- mined by profound interior vices ; it lasted but a cen- tury. The destiny of the Jewish people was not to found a separate nationality. These people dreamed of something broader than the nation; its ideal is not the City, but the Synagogue, the free congregation. It is the same with Islam, which has created an immense empire, but has destroyed every nationality among the peoples whom it has subdued, and leaves to them no other fatherland than the mosque and the monastery. We often call such a social state by the name " theo- cracy." And we are right, if we mean by this that the central thought of the Semitic religions and of the empires that have grown from them is the sovereignty of God, conceived as sole Lord of the world and uni- versal King. But with these peoples theocracy does not mean the reign of priests. The priest, properly so called, plays a feeble part in the history of Judaism or of Islamism. Power belongs to the representative of God, — to him whom God inspires, to the prophet, the holy man, the one who has received a mission from heaven, and who proves his mission by miracle or by success. In lack of prophet, power belongs to the revealer of visions, to the writer of apocryphal books ascribed to ancient prophets, to the teacher or interpreter of the Law, to the leader of the Synagogue, and still more to the head of the Family, who is guardian of the sacred trust, and transmits it to his children. Civil power, or royalty, has little to do with such a social constitution, which never works better than when its subjects are 192 ANTICHRIST, scattered, as tolerated aliens, throughout a great empire having no uniform administration. Judaism is natu- rally submissive, since it has within itself no resource of military power. We see the same thing among the Greeks of our own day : the Greek communities in Trieste, Smyrna, and Constantinople are far more flour- ishing than the petty kingdom of Greece; because these communities are relieved from the stress of po- litical agitation, which is sure to ruin a race full of energy, that is put prematurely in possession of political independence. The Roman dominion, established by Pompey in Judaea in the year 63 b. c, seemed at first to satisfy well some of the conditions of Jewish life. It was not at this time the practice of Rome to assimilate in its political system the nations successively annexed to it. The right of peace and war was taken from them, and Rome enforced little more than control over the larger questions of their politics. Under the degenerate succes- sors of the Asmonaeans, and under the Herods, the Jewish nation retained a quasi-independence, which ought to have been enough for it, since its religious institutions were scrupulously respected. But the inner crisis of the people was too violent. After passing a certain stage of religious fanaticism, man is uncontrol- able. It must also be said that Rome tended constantly to make its power more heavily felt in the East. The petty subject royalties, at first maintained, disappeared from day to day, and the provinces were merged in an imperial power pure and simple. From the year 6 A. D., Judaea was ruled by governors { procurator es) sub- ject to the imperial governors-general {legcdi) of Syria, and having at their side the parallel power of the THE REVOLT IN JUD^A. 193 Herods. Such a mode of rule was unworkable, as became more clear from day to day. The Herods found little honour among men really patriotic and devout. Roman ways of administration, however reasonable in themselves, were abhorrent to the Jews. In general, the Roman power showed the utmost regard for the petti- est scruples of the nation.^ But this was not enough. Things had come to such a pass that nothing could be done without touching upon some question of the canon. Positive religions, like Islamism and Judaism, do not admit any divided authority. If they have not absolute rule, they complain of persecution. If they find themselves protected, they become exacting, and try to make life unendurable to all other worships. This is clearly seen in Algeria, where the Israelites, knowing themselves to be protected against the Mos- lems, treat them intolerably, and keep the authorities eternally busied with their mutual complaints. Doubtless there was wrong on both sides, as I freely admit, in the hundred years' experiment made by Roman and Jew to live together, which issued in so dreadful a catastrophe. Several of the governors were thoroughly bad men ; ^ others may have been hard, abrupt, driven to exasperation by a religion that thorned them, whose grand future they knew nothing of. It would have needed perfection itself not to be exas- perated by that narrow and haughty temper, that hos- tility to Greek and Roman culture, that ill-will to all mankind, which a surface-knowledge took to be the ^ See an inscription discovered by Mr. Ganneau : Rev. arch. Apr.- May, 1872; Journal A siatique, Aug. -Sept., 1872. 2 See the proverb on the justice rendered at Caesarea : Midrash, Esther, 1 (init.). 13 194 ANTICHRIST, essence of a Jew. Besides, what could a magistrate possibly think of subjects always trying to accuse him before the emperor, and to form cabals against him even when he was perfectly in the right ? In that deep hate which now these more than two thousand years has prevailed between the Jews and the rest of mankind, which party was first to blame ? The ques- tion should not be so put. In such a case, all is at once action and reaction, cause and effect. Those bar- rings-out, those chained gateways of the Ghetto, that distinctive gabardine, — these things are all wrong; but who first insisted on them ? It was those who thought themselves defiled by contact with the ' gen- tiles ; " those who demanded for themselves to be kept apart in a community by themselves. Fanaticism wrought the chains, and fanaticism has been redoubled by the chains, hate engendering hate. There is but one way of escape from this vicious circle : it is to abolish the source of hate, — that mischievous separation, first sought and desired by the sects, which afterwards be- came their reproach. Regarding Judaism, France in our century has solved the problem. By throwing down all legal barriers built about the Israelite, it has taken away what was narrow and exclusive in Judaism — its peculiar customs and its sequestered life — so com- pletely that within two or three generations a Jewish family, settled in Paris, has almost ceased to lead a Jewish life. It would be unfair to reproach Romans of the first century for not having done the same thing. Between the Roman empire and Jewish orthodoxy there was radical hostility. In this hostility Jews were oftenest insolent, quarrelsome, and aggressive. The idea of THE REVOLT IN JUD^A, 195 equity in common, which the Romans had with them in germ, was hateful to strict observers of the Law {Torah), who asserted a morality wholly at odds with a society purely secular, untouched by theocracy, like that of Rome. One was the founder of the State, the other of the Church. Rome created an administration rational and worldly ; the Jews attempted to inaugu- rate the kingdom of God. There was an irrepressible conflict between this narrow but fruitful theocracy and the most absolute proclamation of the secular State that was ever made. The Jews had their law built on a foundation wholly different from the Roman right, and at bottom irreconcilable with it. Until they had been unmercifully checkmated, they could not be satis- fied with mere tolerance, believing as they did that in their keeping was the eternal Word, the secret of the building of a holy city. It was with them just as it is with the Moslems of Algeria to-day, whom our social structure, though infinitely superior, inspires only with abhorrence. Their revealed law, at once civil and re- ligious, fills them with pride, and makes them power- less to accept a philosophic legislation founded on the one principle of men's mutual relations. Add to this a profound ignorance, which forbids them to make any estimate of the forces of the civilized world, and blinds them to the fatal issue of the war into which they would fain plunge with a light heart. One circumstance had much to do with keeping Judaea in a state of permanent hostility against the Empire : namely, that the Jews took no share in mili- tary service. Everywhere else the legions were en- listed from among the men of the country ; and thus, with armies numerically weak, the Romans held vast 196 ANTICHRIST, regions.^ The soldier in Roman service and the people of the region were fellow country-men. It was not so in Judaea. The legions that held the country were recruited mostly in Caesarea or Sebaste, towns at enmity with Judaism. Thus no common understanding could exist between the army and the people. The Roman force at Jerusalem was fenced off in barracks apart, as in a permanent state of siege. Besides, the feelings held towards Rome by the various parties in the Jewish world were by no means alike. Apart from worldlings like Tiberius Alexander, who had grown indifferent to the old worship and were regarded as traitors by their fellow religionists, every one (it is true) was unfriendly to the foreign masters; but not • all, by any means, were inclined to revolt. In this view, four or five parties may be distinguished in Jerusalem.^ First, the party of Sadducees and Herodians, the residue of the house and dependents of Herod, the great houses of Hanan and Boethus in charge of the high- priesthood : these made a world of epicureans and scep- tical voluptuaries, hated by the people for their pride, their ungodliness, and their wealth. This party, essen- tially conservative, had a warrant of its privilege in the Roman occupation, and, with no good- will toward the Romans, was steadily opposed to any revolution. Second, the party of the middle-class Pharisees, — an honest party, made up of men of sense, steady, quiet, orderly, fond of their religion, keeping its forms scru- pulously, devoutly even, but without imagination ; ^ See the curious discourse reported of Agrippa II. by Josephus, Wars, ii. 16 : 4. 2 Josephus, Wars, ii. 16 : 4 ; Life, 3. THE REVOLT IN JUD.EA. 197 fairly intelligent, acquainted with the outside world, and seeing clearly that revolt could end only in the destruction of the nation and the Temple. Josephus is the type of this class, whose fate was that which seems to be always in store for the moderates in times of revolution, — impotence, inconstancy, and the su- preme humiliation of appearing as traitors in the eyes of the majority. Third, zealots of all sorts, — fanatics, armed parti- sans (sicani), assassins, a strange mass of mendicant enthusiasts, reduced to extremest misery by Sadducee injustice and violence ; men regarding themselves as the only heirs of the promise made to Israel, of the " poor man " beloved of God ; feeding their zeal on prophetic visions such as '' Enoch,' and apocalypses of violence ; believing that the kingdom of God was just about to be revealed ; and who came at length to the intensest exaltation of which history makes mention. Fourth, brigands, vagabonds, adventurers, desperate freebooters, sprung from the complete social disinte- gration of the country. This sort of men, mostly of Idum^ean or Nabathaean origin, recked little of any religious motive ; but they were fomenters of disorder, and were natural allies of the Zealots. Lastly, pious dreamers, Essenes, Christians, Ebionim, quietly waiting for the kingdom of heaven, devotees gathered about the Temple, praying and weeping. Of these were the followers of Jesus ; but they were still of so little account in the public eye that Josephus takes no note of them among the parties to the struggle, nor does Justus of Tiberias, who also wrote the story of Jewish War.^ We see at once that in the 1 Photius, Biblioth., cod. 33. 198 ANTICHRIST, day of peril these pious folk can only flee. The spirit of Jesus, full as it was of a divine power to withdraw man from the world and give him comfort, could not inspire the narrow patriotism of the fighter and the hero. The fanatics would naturally hold the balance of power. The democratic and revolutionary vein of Judaism stood out among them in an appalling degree. They were convinced that all power has its root in evil ; that royalty is a work of Satan, — which theory was but too well justified by the examples of sover- eigns like Caligula and Nero, real devils incarnate ; and they would rather be chopped to pieces than give the title of master to any other than God.^ Imitating Mattathias, the first of Zealots, who killed a Jew whom he saw sacrificing to idols,^ they avenged their God by dagger-strokes. Merely to hear one uncircumcised speak of God or the Law was provocation enough to seize on him unawares, and then offer him the choice of circumcision or death.^ Claiming to execute those mysterious sentences which are left to the "hand of God," and holding themselves bound to put in effect the dreadful penalty of excommunication, which meant outlawry and death, as the Hebrew formula implies,* they made an army of terrorists, whose revolutionary temper was at boiling heat. It might be seen in advance that such men's distempered conscience, inca- pable to distinguish their own gross passions from a mood which their fanatic fury would count holy, 1 Like Judas the Gaulonite. See ' Life of Jesns,' pp. 120-122. 2 1 Mace. ii. 27. « PMloaophumena, ix. 2fi. * See Journal Asiatique, Aug.-Sept. 1872, p. 178; also Jos. WarSj ii. 8: 8 ; and compare the formulas D'DK^ "T^, etc. THE REVOLT IN JUD^A. 199 would go on to the last excess, and be checked at no degree of madness. Minds were under the spell of a kind of permanent hallucination. Terrifying rumours were in circulation everywhere. Men dreamed only of signs and omens ; the apocalyptic hue of Jewish fancy stained everything with a bloody halo. Comets, swords in the sky, battles in the clouds, light breaking forth of itself by night from the depth of the sanctuary, victims at the moment of sacrifice bringing forth a monstrous progeny, — these were the tales told with horror from mouth to mouth. One day the vast brazen gates of the Temple had flown open of themselves, and refused to close. At the Passover of A. d. 65, about 3 A. m., the Temple was for half an hour lighted as bright as day : some thought that it was on fire. Again at Pentecost, the priests heard a sound as of many persons in the interior, making hasty preparations as if for flight, and saying to one another, " Let us depart hence ! " ^ All this was not reached till later; but the great disturbance of mind was itself the best of signs that something extraordinary was about to happen. Messianic prophecies, more than anything else, roused among the people a resistless craving for excitement. One does not resign himself to a humble sphere when he is looking forward to royal power in the near future. For the multitude, all messianic theories were summed up in a single text, said to be taken from Scripture : " At that time a Prince shall come forth from Judah who shall have rule over all the earth." ^ In vain do ^ Jos. Wars, ii. 22: 1; vi. 5: 3, 4; Tac. Hist. v. 13; Bab. Talm. Pesa- chim, 57 a : Kerifhotk, 28 a ; loma, 39 b. 2 Jos. iJ. vi. 5: 4; Suet. Vesp. 4, 5; Tac. Hist. v. 13. 200 ANTICHRIST. we reason against an obstinate hope. Evidence is help- less to contend with the chimera which a people has once heartily embraced with all its strength. Gessius Florus had succeeded Albinus as governor of Judaea near the end of 64 or at the beginning of 65. He seems to have been a really bad man ; and he owed his office to the influence of his wife Cleopatra, a friend of Poppaea.^ The ill-feeling between him and the Jews soon rose to the topmost height of fury. The Jews wore him out by their testiness, their incessant com- plaining about trifles, and their disrespect for civil or military authority ; but he, on his part, took delight in nagging them, and in doing it ostentatiously. On the sixteenth or seventeenth of May, 66, there was a brush between his forces and the populace, on some slight grounds ; and Florus withdrew to Caesarea, leaving only one cohort in the tower Antonia, — a very blameworthy course. An armed force should be in the town it holds, and, when there are signs of revolt, not leave it to the fury of its passions without first exhausting all means of resistance. If Florus had kept himself in the city, it is likely that the revolt would not have forced his hand, and the disasters that followed might have been avoided. When he was once out of the way, it was sure that the Roman army would not re-enter Jerusalem but through conflagration and slaughter. i Jos. Antiq. xx. 11: 1; Wars, ii. 14: 2, 3. Josephus is certainly hos- tile to Florus, and writes with a bias to prove his point. His theory is: (1) that the war was forced upon the Jews by his excesses ("he compelled us to take up arms," etc. : Ant. xx. 11: 1) ; (2) that it was not the act of the nation, but of a band of robbers and assassins, who ruled the situation by terror. We must be on our guard against misstatements resulting from his theory. Tacitus, however {Hist. v. 9, 10), seems to agree with him regarding Florus, at least, throwing heavy responsibility on the procurators. Florus was from Clazomense. THE REVOLT IN JUDuEA. 201 Still, the retreat of Florus was far from bringing on an open break between the city and the Roman power. Agrippa II. and Berenice were now at Jerusalem. Agrippa honestly tried to keep down violence ; all the moderates joined with him ; and appeal was even made to the popularity of Berenice, in whom the popular fancy thought to find again her great-grandmother Mariamne, the Asmonaean princess. While Agrippa harangued the crowd from the colonnade, the princess showed herself on the palace-balcony, which looked down upon it. All was in vain. Men of sense might urge that war would be the sure ruin of the nation ; but they were held to be men of little faith. Agrippa, in despair or else in terror, fled from the city, and withdrew to his estates in Batan£ea. A troop of the more violent set out at once, and captured by surprise the fortress of Masada,^ on the border of the Dead Sea, two days' journey from Jerusalem, and well-nigh impregnable.^ This was an act of open hostility. The conflict in Jerusalem raged more fiercely, day by day, between the peace-party and those clamorous for war, — the former composed of the rich, who had everything to lose in an overthrow ; the other including, besides sin- cere enthusiasts, that penniless crowd of a city popula- tion to which a state of revolution offers the hope of gain by the mere upsetting of every-day conditions. The moderates leaned on the little Roman garrison, lodged in the tower Antonia. The high-priest was an obscure man, one Matthias, son of Theophilus.^ Since 1 Saulcy, Voyage^ etc., i. 199 ; pi. 11-13 ; Rey, Voy. dans le Haourauj 284 ; pi. 25, 26. 2 Jos. Wars, ii. 14-16. » Jos. Antiq. xx. 9: 7. 202 ANTICHRIST, the deposition of the younger Hanan, who had put the apostle James to death, it seems to have been the prac- tice to select the high-priest outside the powerful houses of Hanan, Cantheras, or Boethus. The real chief of the priestly party was the old high-priest Ananias, son of Nabadaeus,-^ a man of wealth, ener- getic, unpopular because of his pitiless severity in pressing his own claims, especially hated from the in- solence and rapacity of his lackeys. A son of this Ananias, Eleazar, led the party of action, — a circum- stance not rare in revolutionary times, disproving the theory of Josephus, who asserts that the war party was made up only of robbers and young men greedy of plunder. Eleazar held the important post of captain of the Temple, and seems to have been a man of sin- cere religious enthusiasm. He carried to the extreme the principle that sacrifice might be offered only by and for Jews ; and forbade the customary vows for the emperor and the prosperity of Rome.^ All the youth were full of ardour; for religious fanaticism among Semitic peoples is most violent in the young, — with the Moslems, even in children of ten or twelve. Members of old priestly families, Pharisees, and reason- able men in general, of fixed habits, saw the danger. Teachers of authority were put forward, and consulta- tions were held with Rabbis, and arguments were urged from canon law, but all to no effect ; for it was clear that the lower class of priests were already making common cause with Eleazar and the Zealots. The higher priesthood and the aristocracy, in despair of gaining any hold upon the populace, which was car- 1 See " Saint Paul," ch. xix. 2 Bab. Talm. Gitiin, 56 h ; Tosiphtha, Shahhath, 17. THE REVOLT IN JUD^A. 20^ ried away by mere surface excitement, sent to entreat Florus and Agrippa that they would make haste to crush the insurrection, pointing out to them that it would soon be too late. Florus, says Josephus, wished a war of extermination, which would wholly blot out the Jewish race from the earth ; and would make no reply. Agrippa sent a body of three thousand mounted Arabs to relieve the party of order, who, with this body of horse, held the upper town, now the Armenian and Jewish quarter.^ The " party of action " occupied the Temple and the lower town, now the Mussulman quarter, with the mogharihi, the hararriy etc. Between them there was open war. On the 14th of August the revolutionaries, led by Eleazar and Menahem, — son of Judas the Gaulonite, who sixty years before had stirred up the Jews by proclaiming that the true worshipper of God can owe allegiance to no man, — stormed the upper town, burning the house of Ananias, with the palaces of Agrippa and Berenice. Agrippa's mounted Arabs, with Ananias, his brother, and all the men of mark who could join them, retreated to the highest grounds of the Asmonsean palace. Next day the insurgents attacked the tower Antonia, which they took within two days, setting fire to it. They then attacked and stormed the upper palace (September 6), the Arab horsemen being allowed to depart, while the Romans shut themselves up in the three towers, Hippicus, Phasael, and Mariamne. Ana- nias and his brother were slain.^ As in all popular movements, discord soon broke out among the chiefs ^ For the topography, see Vogii^, Van de Velde, Saulcy, Wilson (^Ord- nance Survey, 1804, 1865); with atlas (Menke, Smith, and others). 2 Compare Acts xxiii. 2, 3. 2b4 ANTICHRIST, of the victorious party. Menahem made himself in- sufferable by his pride as an upstart demagogue ; and Eleazar, son of Ananias, enraged at the assassination of his father, followed him up and killed him. The rem- nants of Menahem' s faction then took refuge at Masada, which, till the war ended, continued the outpost of the fiercest Zealots. The Romans held out long in their three towers, and when reduced to extremities, bargained only for their lives. Safe conduct was promised them ; but, as soon as they laid down their arms, Eleazar slew them all except Metilius, file-leader {primipilaris) of the co- hort, who consented to be circumcised. Thus Jerusalem was lost to the Romans toward the end of September, 66, a little over one hundred [129] years after it was taken by Pompey. Fearing that retreat might be cut off, the Roman garrison in the fortress of Machaerus sur- rendered. The stronghold of Kypros, overlooking Jeri- cho,^ fell also into the hands of the insurgents,^ who probably at this time occupied Herodium.^ The weak- ness shown by the Romans in these events is perplex- ing, and gives some colour to the opinion of Josephus, that Florus meant to force matters to extremities. It is true that the first steps of revolt have something about them bewildering, which makes them very hard to check, so that cooler heads prefer to let them alone, to perish of their own excesses. Within five months the insurrection had thus got a formidable foothold. Not only had it mastered the city of Jerusalem, but, by way of the desert of Judah, it was in touch with the Dead Sea region, where it held every 1 Ritter, Erdkunde, xv. 458, 459. 2 Jos. Wars, i. 21: 9 ; ii. 17, 18: 6. » Ibid. iv. 9: 5; vii. 6: 1. THE REVOLT IN JUD^A, 205 stronghold, and thus lent a hand to the Arabs and Nabathseans, who were more or less openly enemies of Rome. Judaea, Idumaea, Peraea, and Galilee sided with the insurrection. In Rome, during this time, an odious tyrant gave over the empire to be administered by the most worthless and incapable agents. If the Jews had succeeded in gathering about them all the disaffected populations of the East, it was all over with the Roman dominion in that part of the world. Unhappily for them, the result was just the opposite: their revolt inspired the inhabitants of Syria with twice their fidel- ity to the empire. The hate they had enkindled in their neighbours was enough, during this period of paralysis to the Roman power, to stir up against them other enemies at least as dangerous as the legions. CHAPTER XL MASSACRES IN SYKIA ANB EGYPT. — A. D. 66. A GENERAL word-of-command, as it were, seems just now to have run through the East, everywhere inviting great massacres of Jews. Jewish life was proving it- self more and more to be incompatible with Greek or Roman life. Each of the two races sought to extermi- nate the other, and between them was no quarter. To understand the conflict, we must first have seen how far Judaism pervaded the entire eastern portion of the Empire. " They have invaded every city," says Strabo, " and it is hard to find a place in the world that has not received this tribe, or, more correctly, accepted its domination (eViAcparerrai). Egypt, the land of Cyrene, and many others, have adopted their customs, scrupu- lously observe their rules, and find great profit in keep- ing their national laws. In Egypt they have legal residence, and a great part of the city of Alexandria is assigned to them : they have their ethnarch, who at- tends to their affairs, administers justice among them, oversees the execution of contracts and wills, just as if he were the chief magistrate of an independent State.'* ^ Two elements as opposite as fire and water could not mingle thus without constant danger of most awful explosions. We must not lay these to the account of the Roman government. Massacres just as awful took place among ^ Quoted by Josephus, Antiq. xiv. 7:2. MASSACRES IN SYRIA AND EGYPT, izo; the Parthians^^ where the situation and policy were quite different from those in the West. One of the glories of Rome is to have founded its empire on peace, and the suppression of local wars. Rome never prac- tised that detestable method of government — one of the political secrets of the Turkish empire — which consists in setting the various mixed populations in subject countries against one another. As to massacre on religious grounds, the idea of it was as far as possi- ble from the Roman mind. The Roman, unknowing of all theology, never understood the meaning of sect, or how there could possibly be division on so small a mat- ter as speculative opinion. Besides, antipathy against Jews was so universal in the ancient world that there was no need of pressing it. This antipathy makes, as it were, a boundary-trench among men, which per- haps will never be filled. It results from something else than difference of race. It is the hate between different classes, or social offices, in mankind, — the man of peace, content with home-delights, and the man of war ; the merchant or the shopman and the peasant or the noble. It cannot be without reason that un- happy Israel has been ever the victim of slaughter. When every nation and every age has persecuted you, there must needs be some motive behind. Down to our day the Jew has pushed his way everywhere, claim- ing the common right. But, in fact, the Jew would never stand upon common right ; he would hold to his peculiar law ; he insisted upon the privileges open to all, and his own exceptional privileges into the bargain. He claimed the advantages of nationality without being of any nation, or sharing the burdens and duties of a 1 Jos. Ant. xviii. 9. 2o8 ANTICHRIST, nation. No people could ever tolerate that. A nation is in essence a military structure ; it is founded and sustained by the sword; it is the work of the soldier and the peasant ; it is what Jews have aided in noth- ing to establish. This is the one great misunderstand- ing in regard to Israeli tish demands. The tolerated foreigner may be of service to a country, but on con- dition that the country does not allow him to interfere in its affairs. There is no justice in claiming family rights in a house you have not built, — like a bird that appropriates another's nest, or a hermit-crab (called by fishermen ^Hhe thief"), which lodges in a cockle- shell.^ The Jew has rendered to the world so many good and so many ill services, that we can never quite do him justice. We owe him so much, and at the same time see his faults so plainly, that we are vexed at the sight of him. This everlasting Jeremiah, this " man of sorrows," always complaining, offering his back to the smiters with an exasperating patience, — this being, strange to all our instincts of honour, pride, glory, deli- cacy, or taste, — this man so unsoldierly, so unknightly, who cares nothing for Greece, Rome, or Germany, to whom we yet owe our religion so truly that he has the right to say to a Christian, " Thou art but an adul- terated Jew," — this man has been set as a target to contradiction and antipathy : a fruitful antipathy, which has made one element in the progress of mankind ! In the first century of our era, the world seems to have had a dim consciousness of what was going on. It 1 Some doctors assert with simplicity that Israel's duty is to keep the Law, and then God makes the rest of the world work for him : Bab. Talm., Berachoth^ 35 h. MASSACRES IN SYRIA AND EGYPT. 209 saw its master in this awkward stranger — shrinking, timid, without dignity to the eye ; but upright, virtu- ous, diligent, straightforward, endowed with modest merit ; no soldier, but a good tradesman, a good-hu- moured and steady labourer. The Jewish household radiant with hope, the synagogue where brotherhood was so full of charm, were regarded with a wishful eye. Such humbleness of spirit, so calm an acceptance of per- secution and ignominy, — so resignedly finding comfort for his exclusion from the great world in the privilege of his family and his church, — a placid gaiety like that which makes the Oriental peasant of our day find his bliss in his very inferiority, in the humility of that sphere where he is but the happier for the outward cruelty and scorn he suffers, — all this the aristocrat of old could view only with moods of profound ill-humour, which would sometimes end in acts of hateful brutality. The first muttering of the storm was heard at Cses- area ^ almost at the moment when the revolution was coming to its full triumph in Jerusalem. In Csesarea the condition of Jews and Syrians, including all who were not Jews, was most full of difficulty.^ In Syrian towns of mixed population Jews made the wealthier class ; but their wealth, as before noted, was due in part to an unfair advantage, — exemption from military ser- vice. Greeks and Syrians, who furnished recruits for the legionary ranks, were exasperated at finding them- selves crowded by men exempt from public burdens, who made profit by the tolerance they enjoyed.^ Hence 1 Jos. Wars, ii. 18: 1-8; Life, 6. 2 Comp. lalkout, i. 110; Midrash Eka, i. 5; iv. 21; Bab. Talm., Megilla, 6 a. 8 Jos. Antiq. xx. 8 : 7; Wars^ ii. 13: 7. 14 2IO ANTICHRIST, were incessant disputes, and endless complaints were brought before the Roman magistrates. Orientals com- monly make religion the ground of petty quarrels ; the least religious of men become emulously devout as soon as it gives a chance to annoy a neighbour, as the Turk- ish functionaries of our day find it, when assailed with grievances of this nature. From the year 60, or there- about, the fight between the two parties at CaBsarea had been going on without truce. Nero settled the pending questions against the Jews, but the feud was only embittered.-^ Petty acts of spite (or possibly mere oversights) committed by Syrians became wilful crimes when seen with Jewish eyes. Young men would threaten, and then fight ; grown men would make appeal to Roman authority, which would commonly sentence both parties to the bastinado.^ Gessius Florus acted in a humaner way : he would begin by getting pay from both parties, and then laugh at the com- plainants. A synagogue having a party- wall, a can or pitcher, or the remains of a few chickens found at the sanctuary door, which the Jews insisted were the rem- nants of a pagan sacrifice, were the town-talk at Caesa- rea, just at the time when Florus came back fuming with rage at the insult that had been put upon him by the populace of Jerusalem. A few months after, when it was learned that this populace had succeeded in driving the Romans from their walls, passion was very hot. War was openly declared between Jews and Romans, and the Syrians thought they might now slaughter their foes with impunity. In an hour twenty thousand had been 1 Jos. Ant. XX. 8: 7-9; Wars, ii. 14: 4. a Jos. Ant. XX. 8: 7; Wars, ii. 13: 7. MASSACRES IN SYRIA AND EGYPT. 211 butchered ; not a single one remained in Caesarea. Floras, in fact, gave orders to seize and commit to the galleys all who had escaped by flight. The crime called out frightful reprisals.^ The Jews formed bands and set out, on their part, to slaughter the Syrians in Phil- adelphia, Hesebon, Gerasa, Pella, and Scythopolis ; they ravaged Decapolis and Gaulonitis ; they set fire to Sebaste and Ascalon ; they made ruin of Anthedon and Gaza. The villages were burned, and every one not a Jew was killed. The Syrians, in revenge, slew every Jew they met. Southern Syria was a field of slaughter ; every town was divided between two armed bodies, making war on each other without mercy ; the nights were full of terror. There were incidents of special horror. At Scythopolis, Jews joined with their pagan neighbours to fight invading Jews ; and this alliance did not save them from being slaughtered in their turn by the Scythopolitans. Butcheries of Jews were revived with fresh violence at Ascalon, Acre, Tyre, Hippos, and Gadara. Those left unslain were cast into prison. The scenes of mad- ness that were taking place at Jerusalem led men to see in every Jew a sort of dangerous lunatic, whose acts of fury it was a duty to anticipate. This epidemic of massacre reached as far as Egypt. Here the hatred of Jew and Greek went to its greatest length. Half of Alexandria was a Jewish city, mak- ing a sort of autonomous republic.^ In fact, for some months the prefect of Egypt had been a Jew, Tiberius Alexander,^ — an apostate, it is true, not at all likely 1 Jos. Wars, ii. 18 : 1 ; Life, 6, 55. 2 Strabo in Jos. Antiq. xiv. 7 : 2. 8 Mem de VAcad. des Inscr., etc., xxvi. 296. 212 ANTICHRIST. to indulge tlie fanaticism of his fellow-religionists. The revolt broke out on occasion of a gathering in the amphitheatre. The first affront, it would appear, was offered by the Greeks, and the Jews retorted savagely. Armed with torches, they threatened to burn the Greeks alive in the amphitheatre to the last man, — all amphitheatres being then built of wood. Tiberius Alexander tried in vain to calm the tumult : the legions had to be sent for; the Jews resisted, and a frightful massacre followed. The Jewish quarter, called the Delta, was literally packed with corpses, and the number of the dead was reckoned at fifty thousand. These horrors continued for about a month. To the north, they stopped at Tyre, since beyond that the Jewish populations were not large enough to give offence. In fact, the cause was more social than re- ligious. Wherever Judaism came into power, life was made intolerable to the pagans. We easily see that the successful revolt of the summer of 66 carried a season of terror to all towns of mixed population any- w^iere near Palestine or Galilee. I have often pointed out this singular quality of the Jewish people, that its nature tends to violent extremes, and the conflict of good and evil lives, if I may so say, in its very heart. No spite like Jewish spite ; and yet in the soul of Juda- ism dwells the very ideal of kindness, self-sacrifice, and love. The best-hearted of men have been Jews; the cruellest and wickedest have also been Jews. Strange race, truly marked with the seal of God ! — which could yield side by side — buds, as it were, from a single stem — the infant Church and the fierce fanaticism of the revolt at Jerusalem, Jesus and John of Giscala, the MASSACRES IN SYRIA AND EGYPT. 213 Apostles and the assassin Zealots, the Gospel and the Talmud ! Can we wonder if these mysterious birth-pangs were accompanied by rendings, by delir- ium, and by fever raging without example ? Christians were no doubt often included in these September massacres, though in general those kindly- sectaries would be safeguarded by their mild and inoffensive conduct. Most of those in the Syrian towns were what were then called " Judaisers ; " ^ that is, converts from the native population, not born Jews. They were regarded with distrust, but were not put to death, being considered a sort of half-breeds, strangers in their own country.^ On their own part, in passing through these dreadful months, their eyes were fixed on heaven, and in every incident of the frightful tempest they seemed to behold a sign of the time destined for the catastrophe : " Learn a lesson from the fig-tree. When its shoots are tender and put forth leaves, then you know that summer is near. So, when you see these things come to pass, understand that He is at hand, that He is at the very door ! " ^ Meanwhile the Roman power was making ready to win back by force the city which it had imprudently let go. Cestius Galkis, the imperial Governor-General of Syria, was advancing from Antioch southward with a considerable army. Agrippa joined him as guide; auxiliary troops came in to him from the towns, whose ancient hate against the Jews made good the lack of ^ Jos. Wars, ii. 18: 2. 2 The phrase in Josephus seems somewhat confused : rovi tovbal^ovras fi\ov ev VTTo-^ia, koi to Trap* eKaarois dfi(f)i^oXov ovre dveXtlv Tis 7rpo;(ft/3a)S V7r«- H€ve, Koi fiffiiyfievou coy ^f^alaa aXKoc^vkov ecjio^flro. « Matt. xxiv. 32, 33. 214 ANTICHRIST, military skill. Cestius easily brought Galilee and the sea-coast to submission, and on the twenty-fourth of October he reached Gabaon (now El- Jib), a little more than six miles from Jerusalem.	262
illinoisschoolma91876gove_5	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,873	The Illinois schoolmaster	Gove, Aaron, 1839-1919 \| Hewett, Edwin C	English	Spoken	7,514	10,208	To till' child, the school is a place to which he is sent to study and to leani. He stands io the school in the relation of a recipient. To the parent.it is a place to which he sends his child to learn such branches of knowledge as may be selected from the nuinber there prescribed. The parent then stands to the school in the re- lation of recipient through the child. To the teacher, the school is a place where a certain kind of work is to Ije done, for which, it is supposed, he has qualified him- self. The relation of the teacher (he who does class work) is that of oiierative. To the State, the school is an organization of her owTi creation; the relation of the State to the .school then, is that of proprietor. Of course, no one will claim that the child is qualified to direct this supervi- sion. The parent is disqualified because of selfish interest and lack of preparation; the teacher is disqualified because of selfish interest, as well a.s because ne nas other things to do. But one party remains. — the State. The State is qualified by reason of proprietorship, by reasonof superior foresight, and by reason of power delegated to her by the parent in his capacity of citizen, a-s an integral part of the State. THE VAI.VK OK SUPEKVlSION PKOVEN BY EX.V.Mri.E. Again, the value of superintendency is shown in what it ha.s already effected in this, and other States. The State established a school for the unfortunate deaf and dumb within her borders, and in the law creating that institution it was provided that there should be a superintendent appointed. That superintendent has made the institution what it is. No course of instniction was prescribed ; no system of teaching was made in- cumbent: but the disposal of all mattei-s. which ha.smadc that institution so great a blessing to its afflicted inmates. wa.s left to the superintendent. His authority was limited only by the amount of money to be used. What has been said ot this institution may be said of the State Nornial Schools, the Industrial University, and all other public institutions of the State. The iState has further recognized the value of superintendency in the charters granted to many cities for the establishment of free schools, and in the t'eneral school law. by granting to boards oi education power to appoint superintendents. The value of the schools affected by these provisions ilenends more upon the su- perintendents than upon the Ijoards of education or the wealth and inteUigeuce of the comnnmities. though these are factors of no mean importance. The man at the head makes the school, be it gooil or poor; without him the school is not made. It is a mere fortuity, a thing of chance. Strange indeed is it that superintendency Inus not been more generally adopted, so frequently have its value and necessity been demonstrated! The success of the graded school is universally admitted. These are generally imder the control of superintendents. True. Procrustean beds, and cast-iron systems, and red tape, and other evils exist, but these are largely, if not wholly, attribu'table to a lack of intelligent, close super- vision, in the absence of which exact courses of study must bi' prescribed, and the schools operated by fixed laws. The inevitable written examinations at the close of the term for gratle or pro- motion to the high school, are given by the superintendent that he may know that the schools are doing something, and what they are doing, not. as ha.s been charged, for the sake of making a display, or cramming the minds of the children, or ■'mur- dering the innocents." altlKHigh they may result in some or all of these. \et. in spite of these evils that exist "to too great an extent. I aUniit, aside from the special institutions, such as the State Nonnal Schools, the Industrial Univer- 60 The Illinois^ Schoolmaster. [February, sity. the Deaf and E)uml) Asylum and others of like kind whose supervision is amply provided for, and whose value and success have resulted from that supervi- sion, I declare it to be my conviction that the graded schools of the villages and cities are about the only redeeming feature of the free-school system. And if there be elsewhere anything of value, it is because efficient county superintendents have made it in spit« of the adverse conditions. Give to these schools the supervision demanded by the great interests at stake, so that the str<^iigth and characteristics of the teachers, the progress of the child- ren in all thi'ir studies, shall be known to the superintendent, not by the filing of reports or examination jiapers in liis othce. but V)y daily and hourly visits and in- spection, and there will be no cramming for examination, no exclusion from the high school because the candidate falls short, half a tenth in geography or music, nor any other of the evils complained of. At the opening of school, the superintendent and teacher on consultation de- cide that a certain reading class shall, during the term, read a given number of pages. Specifications are made of what is to be accomplished. If the superintendent can visit the class often during recitation hour, talk fre- quently with the teacher, -wdtness the efforts of the teaclaer and pupils from day to day. and see the results of the tests of his work made from time to time, he will not need to examine the class at the end of the term to know that they have worked. Instead of the conventional ten questions, he can go before the pupils with other reading matter con-esponding to that studied, which they have not seen, and ask them to read it. By this means he can test their ability to read, their ability to listen, and their ability to understand and reproduce. This is such an examination as the outside world gives the pupils ; such a one as the parents give. This is not an examination of the pupils, but of the superin- tendent and his plans, and of the teacher and liis poAver. and is about the only kind of examination the superintendent needs to be concerned in. If there be not su- pei'vision enough for fi-equent visits or inspection, and frequent tests of the kind named, the •"ten questions" must be resorted to. or the school will lapse into hope- less inefficiencj'. If the '"ten questions" are .sent from time to time, and the sending means any- thing, their general tenor \\\\\ soon be learned by the teacher, and the pupils will be prepared to answer them, if they learn nothing beside, or do not understand the answers they are made to give. This is Procrusteanism. To cast-iron .systems or to anarchy, schools will inevitably drift, if supervision be lacking. A community, or board of education, that curtails supervision, and then com- plains of cast-iron systems or inefficiency, is unwise and inconsistent in the extreme. Further proof of the value of close supen-ision is seen in the introduction of music and drawing into our city schools when special teachers have been appointed to take charge of it ; for these are not special teachers, they are special superin- tendents. The superior results obtained in music in the city of Chicago alone attest the truth of this statement. PROOFS BY AX.\I,Of;Y. Again, it is the part of wisdom to draw instruction from all possible sources. The mamifacturer ofi-ailroad cars, wagons or cigar boxes, does not provide an ele- gant establishment, furnish the most modem appliances and abundant material Avith which to work, and then employ unskilled liaiids that are liable to change fre- quently, and allow these hands to make such cars, wagons or cigar boxes a;S each sees fit. and in the manner he chooses, and within the time best suited to his con- venience. Yet this is exactly what is done in our schools when young and unskilled teach- ers are employed with no superintendent to direct their work, with this difference, that in the one case wood and iron are to be wrought upon, and the products are to be cars, wagons or cigar boxes; while in the other case, minds, and hearts and feel- ings are to be wrought upon, and thi^ products are to be men and women. 1876] .1 Plea for More Supervision in Our Schools. 61 One of the most successful luanulkcturiiiy: estiililisliiucnts in Northern Illinois employs less than a hundred hands, and pays out k'ss than a hundred thousand dol- lars annually fur ruiuiing expenses, yet. Ix'side the necessaiy book-keepers and sup- ply ayent. it has a jreneral superintendent. tAvo or three dejjartment foremen, and a skilled man called a ""franK boss"' directing- each Kftcen woi-kmen. In the car deitartmcnt of the railroad shops in the city of Aurora, there are employed two hundred and nineteen men. To superintend these men and give di- rection to their work, there are a general superintendent, a general foreman, eleven sub-foremen, one time-keeper and one draughtsman. 'i'his gives to each sixteen men. on the average, one whose only business is to pUui and supervise. Tb.is is done in shops that are models of excellence, and are supplied with an abundance of the most approved modem machineiy. In one of the counties, wliich is consi(lenil)ly above the average county of the State, the interests of eight thousand children of siliool age. not including "those of the cities, the custody of a iiuarter of a million dollars' worth of si-hool property, and the yearly expenditure of nearly a hundred thousand dollars, if the cost of text- books be coiisidered. are entrustcil to a hundred and fifty teachers, many of whom are young and inexperienced, and others transient and irresponsible, -without a sin- gle person whose duty it is to tell them what to do. or wh(>n or how to do it. 1 have visited many other manufactuiing establishments, and find that what has been said resi)ec-ting the two establishments named is a fair presentation of them all. I have' examined the school statistics of other counties, and have found that the conditions described in the county alluded to are better than those of the average. 1 have conversed with the employes of these industrial establishments, and find them to be intelligent men . They ascribe. vni\\ a unanimous voice, the value of tlieir work to the close and definite directions given them by elKcient and responsible su- })erintends or "g.ing bos.ses." I have talked with teachers of country schools, and teachers of town schools that are without superintendents, and they with equal unanimity ascribe the difti- culties and unsatisfactory results of their wgrk to the want of any one having au- thority to assign work and give definite directions for its accomplishments. One example will serve as a representative of a score that have come under my own observation, and of thousands in the State. The teacher, a yoiuig lady ot inferior education and without experience, offered as an excuse for tlie unsatisfactory results of her school, the large number of classes she was obliged to hear. Although the school w;is suuill. but fifteen jiupils. she had eight geography classes using books by five (liffen-nt authors: seven arithmetic classes in books by" four different authors: two fifth reader classes in books by as many authors: one fourih reader class: two third reader cliusses in books by an equal number of authore; four primer cla.sses. and two six'lling classes— ^/^/z-f^-w pupils and twenty-six classes. Yet another point in connection with this matter: The laborers employed in the shops alluded to are, in the main, skilled worlcmen. while the teachers employed in the schools are. in many ca.ses. young, inexperienced and totally un.skilled. In the county allud(>d to. only ten of the one hundred men examined 'a-sked for first- grade certificates. Only tn<enty of the three hundred and fifteen women examined iusked for first-grad.- certificates. Of the thirty who asked for first-grade certificates, of four hundre(l and fifteen examined, only nineteen were successful. The ma^jority of those teaeh in the city schools, that are proA-ided with sui)erintendents An examination of the report of the State department will reveal the fact that 5 in the State appf tificates. showing that a large majority of those teaching do "not consicler them- less than twenty-five per cent, of the teachei-s in the State apj>ly for firat-grade cer- selves comi)efent to do good work. Still furiher. the employes of these machine shops are pernument. while the teachers of the schools change frequently. This is shown by the ratio of the num- ber of teachers to the lunnber of schools, which is nearly two to one. Evidence of inexperience and iuefliciency in the majority of teachers is shown by the low per centages upon which county superintenilents grant even second-grade certificates, and the unsatisfattor)- answ(>rs in matter and form which nniny give to questions. 62 The Illinow Schoolm.aster, [February, purposely made easy to suit the cii-cumstances. A further evidence is found in the qualifications of the teachers who attend the Institutes and Nomial r)rillsthroufrh- out the State: for it may be fairly sujiposed that these are the best teachi'rs. because they have ent+^iprise enouH'h to att+'ud such nieetintrs. That tea«:-hers are constantly chanfjiuf^ is made painfully manifest to the Institute worker by the small number of familiar faces he meets when conducting Institutes for several successive yeai-s in the same place. Surely no machine shop, doing a miscellaneous work in repairs and "'odd jobs. 'demands more, or closer, or more intellisrent supervision than a school, or a system of schools, employing an equal number of teachers; and the same financial policy that places one or more superintendents over the one demands an equal or greater amount of supei-vision over the other. THK APPOINT.MKNT OF SVTEKINTEXDENTS SHOULD BE MADE MAND.\TOKY. The State has not discharged her duty or exercised her full prerogative, in that she has not pro\aded for the efficient execution of the public-school system. She has pro^^ded for the election of boards of directors who alone, legally, have the work of supervision in their hands. They have power to appoint a superintend- ent, but are not required to do so. These, with the county superintendency. are all the provisions that are made for this very important part of the work. Let us briefly consider these. Boards of directors are elected without regard to quahfication. and no compens- ation is allowed them for their time and labor: so that they have no inducements to qualify themselves for the work. The work, too. is of such a nature that it can- not be done by a board. It is the woric of one mind. Not being required to ap- point a superintendent, boards have exercised the privilege in so fe^y cases that it has done little more than to prove the necessity of making the appointment obliga- toiy; for while they have not appointed superintendents, they have failed to exer- cise any supervision themselves; but have left the work imdone, and the schools have been turned over to the caprices and selfish wishes, and ignorant prejudices of nomadic teachers. The results of these conditions are inefficient j-et enormously expensive schools, untaught children, dissatisfied parents, grumbling tax payers, and anathemas on the whole free-school system. Where results the revei-se of these exist, the cause may be traced to superintendency. County superintendency has practically fallen to the ground of its own weight. Enough power was not originally given to it to enable it to accomplish much good. Practically, it could not appoint, transfer, or remove teachers; it could not le- gally determine the kind of school, the duration of school, the course of study, or the management to be employed. A tenitory was assigned to it. the verj' extent of which precluded the possibility of close supervision, had it not been shorn of its strength. The law requires that the superintendent be a resident of the county electing him. which may, or may not. contain within its borders a man competent to discharge the duties of the office, even if there were no unreasonable require- ments, and no limitations to power and opportunity. Finally, the selection of the man was left to the mercy of political caucuses, and the renuuieratiou of the office was so small, that it became a sort of trading capital among the political office seekers, so that it was almost an impossibility to have even the best man wnthin the territory chosen. These conditions must all be reversed. Those who have had time and opportunity to give the subject thought are agreed that our schools need more ana closer supervision. But the people are not yet aroused to an appreciation of this necessity, and but few of them to a belief in the value of any supers-ision. That school men may be the better prepared to present the subject in its strong- est light, they should analyze it and determine, if possible, the extent of supervis- ion required have a definite? end in mind, and woi-k for that end. Vagueness of purpose has thus far characterized the efforts of school men to too great a degree. THE UNIT OF SUPEKVISION. Every school must be superintended and taught, but a teacher and superin- tendent cannot be tiimished for every school. It therefore becomes necessary that 1876] A Plea for More Sitpervision in Our Schools. 63 the schools be anun^'cd in oroups of the rifrht size for supervision. These maj- be called school units, or units of supervision. It has lieeu found that cities and vil- lages, althoujrh ditt'erinfr iu size, furnish fjroups for such units. It has been found also, that counties are too large for such units. And as there is but one political division smaller than a county, let the to\vnship be made the .school unit, or the unit of supenision. Tlie schools of each township, therefore, should be built up into a single group which should embrace the central high school: and over this system of school should be i)laced a competent superintendent. He sliould have power to dispose and depose, and should be held responsible for the welfare of everj' child of school iige within the ten-itory. He sliovdd have power to determine the course of instruct- ion, appoint, transfm- and dismiss teachers, and should have all other powers now exer- cised by superintendents in many of our cities. It should be legal to select this superin- tendent from any townshiii. county or State, where the right man can be found. He should be appointed by the board of education, and not elected by the people. ADV.\XT.\GKS OF TOWNSHIP UNIT OF SVPEKVISION. Many advantages would result from this unification and thorough supen-ision of the schools of a tow^lship. Fully to set these forth would require more time than can be given now. I will notice a few, only, of the most prominent. 1st. Toeverj' child is ensured a good school adapted to his needs; for. if the -school nearest his home does not suit, he may be transferred to another. A vast and irreparaVilf loss of time is thus prevented. tfd. Kmi>loyment is furnished for home talent. Most of the teachers may be trained and i)rej»ared at the central high school, under the guidance of the superin- tendent. In this way. better, and at the same time. cheai)er schools are insured. 8d. The social and intellectual resources of our country communities are. as a rale, lying donuant. They need to be aroused and made available. By the unifi- cation of the school interests of the township, and the establishment of a central high school, a nucleus "is made for the clustering of all the educational factors. Thus may lie org-anized literary societies, lecture associations, debating clubs and other societies, that benefit the young republican as much by the efforts they com- pel in their organization and operation, as by the nominal jnirposes for which they are created. By these means may be saved lo our rural districts many young men and women that now seek such advantages in town or city. 4th. Better care will be taken of the school property of the township. Tliis will be a very great financial saving. 5th. Township and district libniriesmay be established, and the pupils taught how to use them. By the way readiu": is taught in most of our schools, pupils ac- quire little more than the ability to call words. In the exercise of this ability, the restless, enterprising ones, in search of entertainment, gravitate, naturally, to dime novels, the Police Gazette and kindred literature, for such reading only is within the ran^e of their comprehension. Only by the use of libraries is it po.ssible to train pupils to seek entertainment in that lich field of useful infonnation. good books. This is a matter wortiiy the consideration of all. if the child be given the use of a power so prolific of good or evil, it is of the highest importance that he be at least introduced to that field, where alone it may be used with safety. SOMK OIUKCTIOXS ANSWKKKI). Many objections will be urged to an attempt at so much superintendence; I will briefly notice a few prominent ones: 1st. '"It will cost too much". Mon; moin'v may be paid. i)OssiVjly. in some town.ships than is now paid. But if there is. it will be b''cause they will have more schools and longer terms. An examination of the reports of the schools of countn,' townships shows that the teachers of the oountiT scliools get larger monthly pay than the subordinate teachers of our graded schools, and that the schools of the countrj' cost considera- bly more per day's tuition than the schools of the large cities that are managed by auperintendents. This is because of small schools and irregular attendance in the country. Both of these evils will be corrected bv proper supenision. 2d. ■ "By so close supervision, teachers ^^^ll become little more than routine workers to do the bidding of superintendents." 64 The Illinois Schoolmaster. [February. This may be dismissed with a single word. A comparison of the teachers of our best schools, and of those that have had no supei-vision. proves the falsity of thi' assertion.. I ask for closer supervision in scliools already grouped and organized, that cast- iron systems and fixed laws and red tape may be abolished. When these disa;- pear. routine work goes with them, and the teachers' shackles fall off. 8d. "County superintendency having been tried a,nd having failed, the peopl will not readily adopt a more cumbrous system, and one which seems to them su expensive." The people do not know the cause of the failure of the county superintendency. There is no other institution of the jjeople for which so much money is paid, and in which they ought to have more interest. Yet 1 hesitate not to declare it as my opinion that there is no other institution of their own creation that is so far from them, and of which they know so little. I have t\iith to l)elieve that the people will suj)ply abundant supervision, or any other needful thing, if they can be made to see its value. Get the X)eople close enough to the schools to underetand them and their needs, and they will take care of them. ■ It is as much the purpose of the school to instmct the community as the pupil. This cannot be wholly done through the schools. Parents have not the time at their command to visit schools often enough to gain an insight into the philosopliy of their plans and purposes. It cannot be done by contact of teacher and parent. The task is too gi-eat in consideration of the other heavj- demands upon the time and strength of the teacher. It should be done by the press. The schoolmaster ha.-; not in the past made enough use of tliis most important factor of education and en- lightenment. Teachers' jouraals have done giant work in benefiting the schools, by spread- ing professional knowledge, in affording opportunity for interchange of views, and in ma,ny ways raising the standard of teaching. The poorest teacher who reads these journals will acknowledge their value, while the best teachers will ascribe their success as much to the assistance afforded by them, as to all other helps com- V)ined. But these journals do not reach the people. I do not suppose there are fifty men in this county, besides teachers, who can name an educational joyrnal pub- lished in the north-west, or in the nation. Now. it is necessary that the educational journals be secularized, or that the se- cular papers be pressed Into the educational work. Tliis is an excellent time to begin this new work, just as the counnunity seems to be entering upon a new edu- cational life. I urge what the school journals ha^ e been advising for years, that you set forth the interests and aims of popuhir edueation in your home papers; and when doing this do not fail to point out shortcomings of schools, teachers, parents and communities, as well as their merits. The profit resulting from this new work would be two-fold. The people would lie made acquainted with what school men desire, and are striving with their might to accomplish, and the workers would gain new strength, which would give them more influence than all their other attain- ments— the ready alulity to present their case strongly to the public. This ability is especially needed, nowthat the public-school question nas become an "irrepi'ess- ible one. " Like Banquo's ghost, it wiU not down, but appears in almost every is- sue of the daily, weekly and monthly press. And these discussions, though pro- fessing to t)e friendly in most cases, reveal on close inspection, seated jealousies fa- voring denominational scliools. as well as open opposition of the enemies of free in- stitutions. [ have failed to read one article outside of the educational journals that impresst^d me as coming from one who had worked in the public schools, who had the harness still on. and who was at heart friendly to them. Now. it is for the interests of tlie schools that the views of teachers be given to the people, since having given much attention to the subject, they maybe expected to have ideas on school matters that are valuable. This cannot b(> done in the educational journals. The people do not see them. You canrearh tlit> ix'ople only through the secular press. ^_ 4th. ""So many superintendents cannot be supplied!" 1876] Editors' Dejxirtmeut. 65 This will be regulator! Ijy the law of supply and demand. Principals and su- aerintendents have oeen supplied to our graded schools when they have been wanted, [en have been supphed to the county superintendency when they have been really wanted. Lay before the people the plain facts; tell them the true condition of our schools and the causes of these conditions; show them that by a change of these causes, the conditions can lie changed, and. iis 1 believe in the people. T believe they will co-operate to change the causes and improve the conditions. When this time comes, there will be a demand for a class ot school men wlio have made the science of education and super\dsion their study, and have adopted it <us alife work, who shall be known not as professors, but as superintendents. W. B. Powkij.. We have a hobby. If any one charges it upon us, we shall hasten to plead guilty. In recent numbers of The School.master we have ridden it again and yet again. We have been to the State Association and attended the session.s of the superintendents' meetings. We observed that the most advanct^d members were astride the same quadruped. Superintendents Wells, Higgins, Williams, Wilson, Seott and others of like spirit say most emphatically that the common schools can he graded: not of course with the closeness of the town schools with their principals and assistants, but fairly graded. A case was reported in which the school had an attendance of fif- teen, and there were ihirtjj-Uro classes.' Shades of Pestalozzi I I Wc presented, in the January number, the work- ing plans of one of these schools which had been transformed from chaos into organization. Supt. Wells is giving, from time to time, the results of his rich and varied experience. Will the common-school teachers utilize what the Schoolmaster is giving them, and put their schools into such condition that method shall characterize their work, and that valuable time shall not be wasted ? The text of President Powell's address, at the Hock Island meeting, was supervision. The address appears in our pages, and we suggest to our readers that a careful perusal will repay them. Next year our legislature again convenes for its biennial inspection of the school law. Can anything be done to put county supervision upon its feet? Some counties are doing nobly, but they are few in number. We shall ti^ke few steps in advance, until intelligent supervision is the rule rather than the exception. Any town or city is at liberty to seek any- where for its superintendent. Why should counties lack the same privilege ? As well might the law demand that every teacher shall be a resident of the district in which he is temporarily engaged. Some counties are fortunate enough to have professional teachers in the superintendents' offices ;. most are not, and would permit no .supervision if they had. We have already referred to a school of fifteen pupils and thirty-two classes. If the superintendent had not been abroad, the teacher would have kept up her thirty-two recitations until the end of the term: but a half- 66 lUinols Schoolmaster. [February day's inspection corrected the mistake and put the school upon an entirely new track. How much did that half day save to the people of that district? Yet it is quite likely that the superintendent's constituents, or many of them at least in that part of the county, see no need of supervision. If the teachers of the State really desire to see the school law so changed that the superintendents shall not be selected on account of politi- cal affinities, or because they know how "to pull wii-es," it can be accom- plished. The law is not the schoolmasters' law : it should be and can be if they will unite and utilize their political influence. For a first-class hotel, commend us to the Harper House, Rock Island. The pedagogues took it by storm during the recent educational meeting. Among the hundreds present we heard but one expression, "Ben. Harper is a host." The only dissatisfied person of whom we heard was the bar-keeper. "What sort of a crowd is that, anyhow?" he asked. For the kind attentions received by The Schoolmaster, Mr. Harper has our thanks, and if any of our readers happen in at Rock Island, they will receive the best of care if they leave their autographs on the register of the Harper House. We notice the following statement in an exchange : "In the name of religion, the Puritans burned witches." Now, does not this writer know that he is uttering a very stale lie ? There is no reason to believe, and no credible history asserts, that any person accused of witchcraft was ever burned in Massachusetts. It is time for people, who mean to tell the truth, to stop making this infamous assertion. About twenty persons were hanqed as witches in Salem, Mass., at the time when thousands of men and women were executed for this supposed crime in England and in Germany. This is bad enough ; but we fail to see why the folly of the Puritans in this mat- ter should be held up to the world more than the greater folly of the rest of Christendom. The twenty-second annual meeting of the State Teachers' Association, recently held at Rock Island, was one of the most successful that it has ever held. The attendance was only moderate, but there was a very good repre- sentation of the leading teachers of the State. The programme was carried out as published, with but one failure of any one who had an important part : and a sufficient excuse was rendered in tliis case. The spirit of all the meetings was admirable, and the general character of the exercises was of a high order. We print in this number. President Powell's address in full. The theme of the address is very timely, for there is no greater need of our schools at present than more efficient supervision ; this is true of all classes and grades of schools, with only an exception here and there. One of the most significant things done was the movement of the college and high-school section, looking to a harmonious working of the high schools and colleges. The steps taken were in the right direction : and we hope the re- sult may be a unifying of all departments of our educational work. 1876] Ojfirial. 67 The weather was as fine as could be, with the exception of the last day. It was so rainy on the last morning that the closing session was held in the parlor of the Harper House. A large number of the members were guests of this hotel : and all were loud in praise of the management, for excellent accommodations, polite treatment and very reasonable rates. Carbondale was proposed as the place of the next meeting; and the feeling seemed to be strongly in favor of that city. We publish in this number several papers relating to the efforts now making to represent creditably the educational affairs of our state at Phila- delphia next summer. We bespeak for these the earnest attention of all teachers and friends of education. Some of the other states have the start of us in this matter ; they have given it more attention and effort ; and their work is now in a good state of forwardness. If the Empire State of the west is not to occupy a very inferior place, our teachers must work earnestly and rapidly. Two things to be done present themselves to all teachers of every grade ; first, to do what they can towards making up the necessary funds to pay the expenses of the exhibition ; and, second, to render all the aid possible in furnishing such material as is called for in the circulars. Read the circulars, read them carefully : and then do at once, whatever you can in response. With this number we begin the publication of a Chicago Department, under the editorial charge of IVIr. James Hannan, who, for several years, has had charge of one of the graded schools of the city. He is our authorized agent and will receive subscriptions and make contracts for advertising. We commend Mr. Hannan's opening article to the attention of all. Owing to the unusual pressure upon our pages, we are obliged to defer the report of the Principals' Meeting until the March number. The ofi&cers are M. L. Seymour, Prest., and M. Andrews, C. E. Maun and A. Harvey, Executive Committee OFFICIAL. Editor Schoolmastkk : — Justin L. Hartwell of Dixon, 111., asks that the following question be answered through the "Scuoolmaster :" "Dixon is divided by Rock River. Each division has a school entirely separate from, and independent of the other. For which school should the property of those living on one side of the river, and having merchandize, etc., upon the other side, be assessed V In reply I will observe : 1. The apparent contradiction between the school law (sec. 45) in re- spect to the assessment of personal property in the district where the owner resides, and the statute , see rev. stat., sec. 13, p. S59, as to such property being assessed in the district where it is located, does not exist except by 68 Illinois Scfioolmaster. [February, implication ; and this implied contradiction is contrary to a well known maxim of the law (sec 12, 111., p. 339., "Town of Ottawa, vs. the county of LaSalle." 2. In the statute referred to above, the particular hinds of property that shall be assessed where located, such as merchandise, etc., are men- tioned, while the language of the school law is general, and to some extent, vague ; therefore, the specific words of the statute must be held in force as against the indefiniteness of the school act. 3. Hence, the conclusion, that every kind of personal property men- tioned in the statute cited, must be taxed for the benefit of the district in which such property is found. Respectfully, S. M. Etter, Supt. Pub. Inst. This department desires definite information immediately from the su- perintendents and teachers who propose to take part in the Centennial Ex- position, upon the following points, viz : 1 . The number of bound volumes, with their size, which they have in course of preparation, or have planned to prepare. 2. The number and size of port-folios and bound volumes containing illustrations, interior views, exterior views, drawings, students work, etc. 3. The number and size of maps and charts. 4. The number and size of models of buildings. 5. A statement as to the character of the display the several schools propose to make. The allotment of space by the curtailing commissioners will positively be made as early as February 1st. It is therefore necessary that the inform- ation here called for, be furnished without delay. S. M. Etter, Supt. Pub. Inst. Report of the Annual Session of the County Supekintendents cr.\TiON held in the office op the Boaud of Education. Rock Island, Decembek 27th, 28th and 29tii. Monday 7:30 P. M.. Hon. S. M. Etter. who is President, ex-officio. not hav- ing arrived, Superintendent E. L. Wells of Ogle county, was elected chainnan. Jas. H. Seaton. of Putnam county, read a paper on "How to make School Visita- tion nil it shmild be." He advised County Superintendents to have a definite plan of action. I'luw should obsei"ve the condition of school-houses and sun-oundings, and see that tln're is a uniform programme, and that no deviation is made from it on account of their presence. They should notice methods of discipline, and of inipai+ing instruction, and dist-ounige too close adherence to text-books. They should assist in classihcation. and should see that the common-school studies are not neglected. Public .sentiment is all right in giving preference to what is sneeringly called the three R's. When they find a school doing well, they should "Let well enough alone ;_"' bestow a few words of commendation, and pass on to schools where their time is more needed. They should mingle with the people, and endeavor to teach them to distinguish between efficient and inefficient teachers. They should endeavor to keep their best teachers in their own counties, by assisting them to find good schools at good saliuies. 1876] Educational Intellkjeiice. 69 Jas. B. Donnell. of Wan-en county, next presentoil a paper. Subject : •'Plans for Village and Countiy School-house.s." He first considered the location, which should be as near as practicable t<i the f^eojji'aphical center of the district, though that should be sacrificed for crossing of public roads, or healthful location. Tlie surroundiii trs should Ije well kejit up. Do not build a mere shell because it is cheap. It will prove expensive in the end. Build more for utility than show. Rometiraes useless expense is incuiTcd. There comes a reaction, and retrenchment in the nt'tessiries of the school is the result. The rooms .should be high, well lighted, and ventilated. ,\ general discussion followed on means of heating and ventilating. Adjourned. Tuesday. 9 A. M.. Hon. S. M Etter. in the chair. The meeting was opened with prayer, by Superintendent K. L. Wells. Owen Scott, of Effingham county, read a pajier. Subject : '•County and Township Institutes. Should they be made by_ law a necessity, and teachers be re<iuired to attend them V" Mr. Scott main- tained that teachers should Vje required to atteiul their County Institutes, also the the Local Institutes in their vicinity. He considered the Local of more value than the County institutes. Home talent should be develo])cd in the Local Institutes. A regular programme should be made and strictly followed. Tardiness of teachers, .should not l)e allowed. Time should not be consumed in discussing theories or hobbies. The institute should be a model school, where teachers may go. not merely to add to their scholastic attainments, and supply the deficiencies of a superficial education, but to leana methods of instructing. Thi.s paper called out a lively dis- cussion. Mr. Higgins was not in favor of compulsoiy education, and therefore not in favor of obliging teachei-s to attend institutes. Teachers who attend institutes merely through compulsion will not be profited thereby. Mr. Williams ottered the foUowng resolution, and moved its adoption : /?f«ofc''(/. That liii'iifutesiBhoald he uiarle by law a uect'ssity, and teachers be required to attend them. The resolution was voted down, for the reason that the majority believed that the pas.^age of such a law would do little good without additional legislative action providing that none but those of good moral chanR-ter. good scholarship and suc- cessful experience in teaching should be eligible to thfofficeof County Superintend- ent of schools : also i)rovidiiig for the closing of school tliai the teachers may at- teiul the institutes an<l gi-anting them compensation for such time. Mary L. ('aii)enter. of AV'innebago county read a paper. Subject : "Best .Method of bringing Directors up to their Duty." First, bnng County Superintend- i-nts up to their duty. We should be active ourselves ; never dilatoiy where duty calls ; prompt to meet all engagements ; ready to co-operate with school officer's, thereby inspiring them with our enthusiiism. Dividi' the time spent in supen-is- ion between teachers and school officers. We are inclined to give om- whole atten- tion to the work of teachers. wherea.s it ia as much our tluty to know how school officers are performing their duties. .lohn (Jore. of Cass county, followtnl with a paper on "Qualifications of an Ex- aminer." Examiners should be thorou^'h scholars, slioidd possess a high moral tone, and an unceasing energy, lliey should realize the responsibility of licensing individuals to develop thinkers, not imitators. The earnest soliciations of mental im- beciles, and moral or physical deformities, should never infiuence examiners to swerve from the jtath of duty. Applicants for ceriificates should never be licensed to teach merely because they can answer questions atxl perform operations. They should be required clearly to understand the princinles involved. Those who manifest a lack of good common si-nsr and of energy, sliould be excluded. The good of society demaiuis that examiners should certify to nothing that they do not know to be true. While examiners should lie kind and charitable, they should never allow I'ity. .\dversity. Partiality, or lnij)ortunity. to influence them. Examiners .should be models in their respective counties, of scholarshij". morality and indu.sfry. A discussion ensued on jihysical deformity lieing considered an objection to a teacher. Mr. Williams of La Salle comity, cited cases of successful teachers who were badly deformed. Mr. Wells was sorry that jihysical deformity wasnientioned 70 Illinois Schoohnaster. [February, last year, and hoped that County Superintendents would con-ect at this meeting, the impression that they considered physical defonnity an obstacle to one's enter- ing the profession of teaching. Ad,iounied. Tuesday, 7 P. M., James P. Slade. of St. Clair county, read a paper on "Char- a<rter. Its development in the public schools." He claimed that development of character depends more upon the manner in which school work is done than upon the particular subjects taught. The example of the teacher is of more value than any precepts however good, with which the teacher's practices do not accord. County Superintendents of schools were urged to be as searching in their inquiries in regard to an applicant's character as in regard to his scholarship. The next paper was by Mary A. West, of Knox county. It will appear in sub- sequent numbers of Thk Schoolmaster. Wednesday, 9 A. M., This was the last session of the association, and the time was consumed in discussing questions pertaining to school law. A motion was made and earned that each County Superintendent, who has read a paper before the association, be requested to publish the same, and send a copy to each County Superintendent in the State. The following were elected officers of the association for the ensuing year : Hon. S. M. Etter, President, ex-officio. Mrs. Phceije Taylor, Cairo. Secretary. Hexky Higgins, Jacksonville, ) H. P. Hall, Sycamore, - Executive Committee. Charles E. Mann, St. Charles. ) Mary L. Carpenter, Secretary. PROCEEDINGS OF STATE TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION.	31,737
bwb_P8-AYA-560_14	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,874	DROLL STORIES By HONORE DE BALZAC Illustrated By GUSTAVE DORE	None	English	Spoken	7,459	10,378	“In his old age Gargantua took to strange habits, which greatly astonished his household, but the which he was forgiven since he was seven hundred and four years old, in spite of the statement of St. Clement of Alexandria in his Stromates, which makes out that at this time he was a quarter of a day less, which matters little to us. Now this paternal master, seeing that everything was going wrong 1n his house, and that every one was fleecing him, conceived a great fear that he would in his last moments be stripped of everything, and resolved to inyent a more perfect system of management in his domains, and he did well. In a cellar of Gargantuan abode he hid away a fine heap of red wheat, besides twenty jars of mustard and several delicacies, such as plums and Tourainian rolls, articles of dessert, Olivet cheese, goat cheese, and others, well known between Lan- 340 THE SERMON OF THE geais and Loches, pots of butter, hare pasties, preserved ducks, pigs’ trotters in bran, boatloads and pots full of crushed peas, pretty little pots of Orleans quince preserve, hogsheads of lampreys, measures of green sauce, river game, such as francolins, teal, sheldrake, heron, and flamingo, all preserved in sea-salt, dried raisins, tongues smoked in the manner invented by Happe-Mousche, his celebrated an- cestor, and sweetstuff for Gargamelle on feast days ; and a thousand other things which are detailed in the records of the Ripuary laws and in certain folios of the Capitularies, Prag- matics, royal establishments, ordinances and institutions of the period. To be brief, the good man, putting his spectacles on his nose or his nose in his spectacles, looked about for a fine flying dragon or unicorn to whom the guard of this precious treasure could be committed. With this thought in his head he strolled about the gardens. He did not desire Coquecigrue,* because the Egyptians were afraid of them, as it appeared in the Hieroglyphics. He dismissed the idea of engaging the legions of Caucquemarres,t because em- perors disliked them and also the Romans according to that sulky fellow Tacitus. He rejected the Pechrocholiers in council assembled, the Magi, the Druids, the legion of Papimania, and the Massorets, who grew like quelch-grass and overran all the land, as he had been told by his son, Pantagruel, on his return from his journey. t Caucquemarre—also an imaginary animal, The name was also given occasionally to sorcerers, MERRY VICAR OF MEUDON. 34 animal, with the finest tail of the whole family, and was strutting about in the sun like a brave shrew-mouse. It was proud of having been in this world since the Deluge, according to letters-patent of indisputable nobility, regis- tered by the parliament of the universe, since it appears from the Ecumenical Inquiry a shrew-mouse was in Noah’s ark.” Here Master Alcofribas raised his cap slightly, and said, reverently, “It was Noah, my lords, who planted the vine, and first had the honour of getting drunk upon the juice of its fruit.” “For it is certain,” he continued, “that a shrew-mouse was in the vessel from which we all came; but the men have made bad marriages; not so the mice, because they are more jealous of their coat of arms than any other animals, and would not receive a field-mouse among them, even though he had the especial gift of being able to con- vert grains of sand into fine fres!) hazel nuts. ‘This fine gentlemanly character so pleased the good Gargantua, that he decided to give the post of watching his granaries to the shrew-mouse, with the most ample powers—of justice, com- mittimus, misst dominic, clergy, men-at-arms, and all. ‘The shrew-mouse promised faithfully to accomplish his task, and to do his duty as a loyal beast, on condition that he lived on a heap of grain, which Gargantua thought perfectly fair. The shrew-mouse began to caper about in his domain as happy as a prince who is happy, reconnoitring his immense empire of mustard, countries of sugar, provinces of ham, duchies of raisins, counties of chitterlings, and baronies of all sorts, scrambling on to the heap of grain, and frisking his tail against everything. ‘To be brief, everywhere was the shrew-mouse received with honour by the pots, which kept a respectful silence, except two golden tankards, which knocked against each other like the bells of a church ringing a tocsin, at which he was much pleased, and thanked them, right and left, by a nod of the head, while promenading in the rays of the sun, which were illuminating his domain. ‘Therein so splendidly did the brown colour of his hair shine forth, that one would have thought him a northern king in his sable furs. After his twists, turns, 442 THE SERMON OF THE: jumps, and capers, he munched two grains of corn, sat upon the heap like a king in full court, and fancied himself the most illustrious of shrew mice. At this moment there came from their accustomed holes the gentlemen of the night-prowling court, who scamper with their little feet across the floors; these gentlemen being the rats, mice, and other gnawing, thieving, and crafty animals, of whom the citizens and housewives complain. When they saw the shrew-mouse they took fright, and all remained shily at threshold of their dens. Among these common people, in spite of the danger, one old infidel of the trotting, nibbling race of mice, advanced a little, and putting his nose in the air, had the courage to stare my lord shrew-mouse full in the face, although the latter was proudly squatted upon his rump, with his tail in the air; and he came to the conclu- sion that he was a devil, from whom nothing but scratches were to be gained. And from these facts, Gargantua, in order that the high authority of his lieutenant might be universally known by all the shrew-mice, cats, weasels, martins, field-mice, mice, rats, and other bad characters of the same kidney, had lightly dipped his muzzle, pointed as a larding pin, in oil of musk, which all shrew-mice have since inherited, because this one, in spite of the sage ad- vice of Gargantua, rubbed himself against others of his breed. ‘Then an old mouse, or rat—the rabbis of the Talmud have not yet agreed concerning the species—perceiving by this perfume that this shrew-mouse was appointed to guard the grain of Gargantua, and had been sprinkled with virtues, invested with full powers, and armed at all points, was alarmed lest he should no longer be able to live, accord- ing to the custom of mice, upon the meats, morsels, crusts, crumbs, leavings, bits, atoms, and fragments of this Canaan of rats. In this dilemma the good mouse, artful as an old courtier who had lived under two regencies and three kings, resolved to try the mettle of the shrew-mouse, and devote MERRY VICAR OF MEULUN. 343 himself to the salvation of the jaws of his race. This would have been a laudable thing in a man, but it was far more so in a mouse, belonging to a tribe who live for themselves alone, barefacedly and shamelessly, and in order to gratify them- selves would defile a consecrated wafer, gnaw a priest’s stole without shame, and would drink out of a2 Communion cup, caring nothing for God. The mouse advanced with many a bow and scrape, and the shrew-mouse let him advance rather near —for, to tell the truth, these animals are naturally short-sighted. Then this Curtius of nibblers made his little speech, not in the jargon of common mice, but in the polite language of shrew-mice :—‘ My lord, I have heard with very much concern of your glorious family, of which I am one of the most devoted slaves. I know the legend of your ancestors, who were thought much of by the ancient Egyptians, who held them in great veneration, and adored them like other sacred birds. Nevertheless, your fur robe is so royally perfumed, and its colour is so splendiferously tanned, that I am doubtful if I recognise you as belonging to this race, since I have never seen any of them so gorgeously attired. However, you have swal- lowed the grain after the antique fashion. I hear nothing ! “¢ Ah, I see,’ said the old rogue. “And he made for the pile of corn, from which he ccm- menced to take his store for the winter. «Do you hear anything ?’ asked he. 344. THE SERMON OF THE “ ¢T hear the pit-a-pat of my heart.’ “ ¢ Kouick ? cried all the mice; ‘we shall be able to hoodwink him.’ ‘The shrew-mouse, fancying that he had met with a faithful vassal, opened the trap of his musical orifice, and heard the noise of the grain going towards the hole. ‘Then, without having recourse to forfeiture, the justice of com- missaries, he sprang upon the old mouse and squeezed him todeath. Glorious death ! for this hero died in the thick of the grain, and was canonized as a martyr. ‘The shrew- mouse took hin by the ears and placed him on the door of the granary, after the fashion of the Ottoman Porte, where my good Panurge was within an ace of being spitted. At the cries of the dying wretch the rats, mice, and others made for their holes in great haste. When the night had fallen they came to the cellar, convoked for the purpose of holding a council to consider public affairs; to which meeting, in virtue of the Papirian and other laws, their lawful wives were admitted. The rats wished to pass before the mice, and serious quarrels about precedence nearly spoilt every- thing ; but a big rat gave his arm to a mouse, and the gaffer rats and gammer mice being paired off in the same way, all were soon seated on their rumps, tails in air, muzzles stretched whiskers stift, and their eyes brilliant as those of a falcon. Then commenced a deli- beration, which finished up with insults and a_ con- fusion worthy of an ecu- menical council of holy fathers. One said this, and another said that, and a cat passing by took fright and,ran away, hearing those strange noises: ‘Bou, bou, frou, ou, ou, houic, houic, briff, briffnac, nac, nac, fouix, fouix, trr, trr, trr, trr, za, za, zaaa, brr, brrr, raaa, ra, ra, ra, ra, fouix !’ so well blended together in a Babel of sound, that a council at the Hotel MERRY VICAR OF MEUDON. 345 ce Ville could not have made a greater hubbub. During this tempest a little mouse, who was not old enough to enter parliament, thrust through a chink her inquiring snout, the hair on which was as downy as that of all mice, too downy to be caught. As the tumult increased, by degrees her body followed her nose, until she came to the hoop of a cask, against which she so dexterously squatted that she might have been mistaken for a work of art carved in antique bas-relief. Lifting his eyes to heaven to implore a remedy for the misfortunes of the State, an old rat perceived this pretty mouse, so gentle and shapely, and declared that the State might be saved: by her. All the muzzles turned to this Lady of Good Help, became silent, and agreed to let her loose upon the shrew-mouse, andin spite of the anger of certain envious mice, she was triumphantly marched round the cellar, where, seeing her walk mincingly, mechanically move her tail, shake her cunning little head, twitch her diaphanous ears, and lick with her little red tongue the hairs just sprouting on her cheeks, the old rats fell in love with her, and wagged their wrinkled, white-whiskered jaws with delight at the sight of her, as did formerly the old men of Troy, admiring the lovely Helen returning from her bath. Then the maiden was conducted to the granary, with instructions to make a crnquest of the shrew-mouse’s heart, and save the fine red wrain, as did formerly the fair Hebrew, Esther, for the chosen people, with the Emperor Ahasuerus, as it is written in the master-book, for i/e comes from the Greek word Biblos, as if to say the only book. ‘The mouse promised to deliver the granaries, for by a lucky chance she was the queen of mice, afair, plump, pretty little mouse, the most deli- cate little lady that ever scampered merrily across the floors, scratched between the walls, and gave utterance to little cries of joy at finding nuts, meal, and crumbs of bread in her path ; a true fay, pretty and playful, with an eye clear as crystal, a little head, sleek skin, amorous body, rosy feet, and velvet tail--a high born mouse and polished speaker, with a natural love of bed and idleness—a merry mouse, more cunding than an old doctor of Sorbonne fed on parch. 346 THE SERMON Of THE ment, lively, white bellied, streaked on the back, with sweetly moulded breasts, pearl-white teeth, and of a frank, open nature—in fact, a true king’s morsel.” This portraiture was so bold —the mouse appearing to have been the living image of Madame Diana, then present—that the courtiers stood aghast. Queen Cathe- rine smiled, but the king was in no laughing humour But Rabelais went on without paying any attention to the winks of the Cardinal Bellay and de Chatillon, who were ter- rified for the good man, “The pretty mouse,” said he, continuing, ‘“ did not beat long about the bush, and from the first moment that she trotted before the shrew-mouse, she had enslaved him for ever by her coquetries, affectations, friskings, provocations, little refusals, piercing glances, and wiles of a maiden who desires yet dares not, amorous oglings, little caresses, preparatory tricks, pride of a mouse who knows her value, laughings and squeakings, triflings and other endearments, feminine, treacherous, and captivating ways, all traps which are abun- dantly used by the females of all nations. When, after many wrigglings, smacks in the face, nose lickings, gallan- tries of amorous shrew-mice, frowns, sighs, serenades, tit- bits, suppers and dinners on the pile of corn, and other at- tentions, the superintendent overcame the scruples of his beautiful mistress, he became the slave of this incestuous and illicit love, and the mouse, leading her lord by the snout, became queen of everything, nibbled his cheese, ate the sweets, and foraged everywhere. This the shrew-mouse permitted to the empress of his heart, although he was ill at ease, having broken his oath made to Gargantua, and be- trayed the confidence placed in him. Pursuing her advan- tage with the pertinacity of a woman, one night that they were joking together, the mouse remembered the dear old fellow her father, and desiring that he’should make his meals off the grain, she threatened to leave her lover cold and lonely in his domain if he did not allow her to indulge her filial piety. In the twinkling ofa mouse’s eye he had granted letters patent, sealed with a green seal, with tags of crimson silk, to his wench’s father, so that the Gargantuan palace MERRY VICAR OF MEUDON. venerable old rat, weighing about twenty-five ounces, witha white tail, marching like. the president of a court of justice, wagging his head, and followed by fifteen or twenty nephews, all with teeth sharp as saws, who demon- strated to the shrew-mouse by little speeches and questions of all kinds that they, his re- lations, would soon be loyally attached to him, and would help him to count the things committed to his charge, arrange and ticket them, in order that when Gar- gantua came to visit them he would find everything in perfect order. ‘There was an air of truth about these promises. The poor shrew-mouse was, however, in spite of this speech, troubled by ideas from on high, and serious pricking of his shrew-mousian con- science. Seeing that he turned up his nose at everything, went about slowly and with a careworn face, one morning the mouse, who was pregnant by him, conceived the idea of calming his doubts and easing his mind by a Sorbonnical con- sultation, and sent for the doctors of the tribe. During the day she introduced to him one, the Sieur Evegault, who had just stepped out of a cheese where he lived in perfect absti- nence, an old confessor of high degree, a merry fellow of good appearance, with a fine black skin, firm as a rock, and slightly tonsured on the head by the pat of a cat’s claw. He was a grave rat, with a monastical paunch, having much studied scientific authorities by nibbling at their works in parchments, papers, books, and volumes of which certain fragments had remained upon his grey beard. In honour of and great reverence for his great virtue and wisdom, and his modest life, he was accompanied by a black troop of black rats, all bringing with them pretty little mice, their sweethearts, for not having adopted the canons of the council of Chesil, it was lawful for them to have respectable women for concubines. These beneficed rats being ar- ranged in two lines, you might have fancied them a vro- The Merry Vicar of Meudon, THE MERRY VICAR OF MEUDON. 349 cession of the university authorities going to Lendit. And they all began to sniff the victuals. “When the ceremony of placing them all was complete, the old cardinal of the rats lifted up his voice, and in a good rat-latin oration pointed out to the guardian of the grain that no one but God was superior to him; and that to God alone he owed obedience, and he entertained him with many fine phrases, stuffed with evangelical quotations, to dis- turb the principal and fog his flock ; in fact, fine arguments interlarded with much sound sense. The discourse finished with a peroration full of high sounding words in honour of shrew-mice, among whom his hearer was the most illustrious and best beneath the sun; and this oration considerably bewildered the keeper of the granaries. “This good gentleman’s head was thoroughly turned, and he installed this fine speaking rat and his tribe in his manor, where night and day his praises and little songs in his honour were sung, not forgetting his lady, whose little paw was kissed and little tail was sniffed at by them all. Finally the mistress, knowing that certain young rats were still fasting, determined to finish her work. Then she kissed her lord tenderly, loading him with love, and performing those little endearing antics of which one alone was suf- ficient to send a beast to perdition ; and said to the shrew- mouse that he wasted the precious time due to their love by 350 THE SERMON OF THE travelling about, that he was always going here or there, and that she never had her proper share of him ; that when she wanted his society he was either on the leads chasing the cats, and that she wished him always to be ready to her hand like a Jance, and kind asa bird. ‘Then in her great grief she tore out a grey hair, declaring herself, weepingly, to be the most wretched little mouse in the world. The shrew-mouse pointed out to her that she was mistress of everything, and wished to resist, but after the lady had shed a torrent of tears he implored a truce and considered her request. Then instantly drying her tears, and giving him her paw to kiss, she advised him to arm some soldiers, trusty and tried rats, old warriors, who would go the rounds and keep watch. Everything was thus wisely arranged. The shrew-mouse had the rest of the day to dance, play, and amuse himself, listen to the roundelays and_ ballads which the poets composed in his honour, play the lute and the mandore, make acrostics, eat, drink, and be merry. One day his mistress having just risen from her confinement, after having given birth to the sweetest little mouse-sorex or sorex-tnouse, I know not what name was given to this mongrel fruit of love, whom you may be sure the gentlemen of the long robe would manage to legitimatize” (the constable of Montmorency, who had married his son to a legitimatized bastard of the king’s, here put his hand to his sword and clutched the handle fiercely), ‘a grand feast was given in the MERRY VICAR OF MEUDON. 351 granaries, to which no court festival or gala can be com- pared, not even that of the Field of the Cloth of Gold. In every corner mice were making merry. Everywhere there were dances, concerts, banquets, sarabands, music, joyous songs, and epithalamia. The rats had broken open the pots, uncovered the jars, lapped the gallipots, and un- packed the stores. The mustard was strewn over the place, the hams were mangled and the corn scattered. Everything was rolling, tumbling, and falling about the oor, and the little rats dabbled in puddles of green sauce, the mice navigated oceans of sweetmeats, and the old folks carried off the pasties. There were mice astride on salt tongues. Field-mice were swimming in the pots, and the most cunning of them were carrying the corn into their private holes, profiting by the confusion to make ample provision for themselves. No one passed the quince confection of Orleans without saluting it with one nibble, and oftener with two. It was like a Roman carnival. In short, any one with a sharp ear might have heard the frizzling frying-pans, the cries and clameurs of the kitchens, the crackling of the furnaces, the noise of turnspits, the creak ing of baskets, the haste of the confectioners, the click of the meat-jacks, and the noise of the little feet scampering thick as hail over the floor. It was a bustling wedding-feast, where people come and go, footmen, stablemen, cooks, musicjans, buffoons, where every one pays compliments and 352 THE SERMON (OF THE. makes a noise. In short, so great was the delight that they all kept up a general wagging of the head to celebrate this eventful night. But suddenly there was heard the horrible foot-fall of Gargantua, who was ascending the stairs of his Louse to visit the granaries, and made the planks, the beams, and everything else tremble. Certain old rats asked each other what might mean this seignorial footstep, with which they were unacquainted, and some of them decamped, and they did well, for the lord and master entered suddenly. Perceiving the confusion these gentle- men had made, seeing his preserves eaten, his mustard unpacked, and everything dirtied and scratched about, he put his feet upon these lively vermin without giving them time to squeak, and thus spoiled their best clothes, satins, pearls, velvets, and rubbish, and upset the feast.” MERRY VICAR OF MEUDON. 353 “And what became of the shrew-mouse ?” said the king, vaking from his reverie. ‘Ah, sire!” replied Rabelais, “ herein we see the injustice of the Gargantuan tribe. He was put to death, but being a gentleman he was be- headed. That was ill done, for he had been betrayed.” “You go rather far, my good man,” said the king, ‘““No, sire,” replied Rabelais, “but rather high. Have you not sunk the crown beneath the pulpit? You asked me fora sermon; I have given you one which is gospel.” “My fine vicar,” said Madame Diana, in his ear, ‘suppose I were spiteful ?” “Madame,” said Rabelais, ‘‘ was it not well then of me to warn the king, your master, against the queen’s Ita- lians, who are as plentiful here as cockchafers >” “ Poor preacher,” said Cardinal Odet, in his ear, “ go to another country.” ‘¢ \h, monsieur,” replied the old fellow, ‘“ ere long I shall be'in another land.” “God's truth ! Mr. Scribbler,” said the constable (whose son, as every one knows, had trea- cherously deserted Mademoiselle de Piennes, to whom he was be- trothed, to espouse Diana of France, daughter of the mistress of certain ~ high personages and of the king), ‘“‘who made thee so bold as to slander persons of quality ? Ah, wretched poet, you like to raise yourself high ; well, then, I promise to put you in a good high place.” ‘We shall all go there, my lord consta- ble,” replied the old man; “but if you 354 THE SERMON OF THE are friendly to the State and to the king you will thank me for having warned him against the hordes of Lorraine, who are evils that will devour everything.” ‘“My good man,” whispered Cardinal Charles of Lor- raine, “if you need a few gold crowns to publish your fifth book of Pantagruel you can come to me for them, because you have put the case clearly to this enemy, who has bewitched the king, and also to her pack.” “Well, gentlemen,” said the king, ‘what dq you think of the sermon ?” “Sire,” said Mellin de Saint-Gelais, seeing that all were well pleased, “I have never heard a better pantagruelian prognostication. Some persons have charged Francis Rabelais, the imperial honour of our land, with spitefu! tricks and apish pranks, \| unworthy of his Homeric philosophy, of this prince of wisdom, of this fatherly centre, from which have issued since the rising of his subterranean light a good number of marvellous works. Out upon those who would detile this divine head ! All their life long may they find grit between their teeth, those who have ignored his good and moderate nourish- ment. Dear drinker of pure water, faithful servant of monachal abstinence, wisest of wise men, how would thy sides ache with laughter, how wouldst thou chuckle, if thou couldst come again for a little while to Chinon, and read the idiotic MERRY VICAR OF MEUDON. 355 re) mouthings and the maniacal babble of the fools who have interpreted, commentated, torn, disgraced, misunderstood, betrayed, defiled, adulterated, and meddled with thy peer- less book. As many dogs as Panurge found busy with his lady’s robe at church, so many two-legged academic puppies have busied themselves with befouling the high marble pyramid in which is cemented for ever the seed of all fantastic and comic inventions, besides magnificent instruction in all things. Although rare are the pil- grims who have the breath to follow thy bark in its sublime peregrinations through the ocean of ideas, methods, varieties, religions, wisdom, and human trickeries, at least their worship is unalloyed, pure, and unadulterated, and thine omnipotence, omniscience, and omni-language are by them bravely recognised. Therefore has a poor son of our merry Touraine here been anxious, however unworthily, to do thee homage by magnifying thine image, and glorifying thy works of eternal memory, so cherished by those who love the concentrative works wherein the uni- versal moral is con- tained, wherein are found, pressed like fresh sardines in their boxes, philosophical ideas on every subject, science, art, and elo- quence, as well as theatrical mummeries. The Succubus. CONTENTS OF THE SUCCUBUS. Prologue. I. What a Succubus was. II. The proceedings taken relative to this female vampire. III, What the Succubus did to suck out the soul of the old Judge, and what came from this diabolical delectation. IV. How the Moorish woman of the Rue Chaude twisted about so briskly, that with great difficulty was she burned and cooked alive, to the great loss of the in- fernal regions. HA 4 ¢ yd number of persons M@ of the noble country of Touraine, con- siderably edified by the warm search which the author is making into the antiquities, adventures, good jokes, and pretty tales of that blessed Jand, and believing for cer- tain that he should know everything, have asked him (after drinking with him of course understood), if he had discovered the etymological reason, concerning which all the ladies of the town are so curious, and from which a certain street in Tours is called the Rue Chaude. By him was it replied, that he was much Reiomiehed: to see that the ancient inhabitants had forgotten the great number of convents situated in this street, where the severe continence of the monks and the nuns might have caused the walls to be made, so hot that no woman of position should increase in size from walking 360 PROLOGUE. too slowly along them to vespers. A troublesome fellow, wishing to appear learned, declared that formerly all the scandalmongers of the neighbourhood were wont to meet in this place. Another entangled himself in the minute suf- frages of science, and poured forth golden words without being understood, qualifying words, harmonizing the me- lodies of the ancient and the modern, congregating customs, distilling verbs, alchemizing all languages since the Deluge, of the Hebrews, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Greeks, Latins, and of Turnus, the ancient founder of Tours; and the good man finished by declaring the Chaude or Chaulde, with the exception of the H and the L, came from Cauda, and that there was a tail in the affair, but the ladies only understood the end of it. An old man observed that in this same place was formerly a source of thermal water, of which his great great grandfather had drunk. In short, in less time than it takes a fly to embrace its sweetheart, there had been given a pocketful of etymologies, in which the truth of the matter had been less easily found than a louse in the filthy beard of a Capuchin friar. But a man learned and well informed, through having left his footprint in many monasteries, consumed much midnight oil, and manured his brain with many a volume—himself more cumbered with pieces, dyptic fragments, boxes, charters, and registers concerning the history of Touraine than is a gleaner with stalks of straw in the month of August—this man, old, infirm, and gouty, who had been drinking in his corner without saying a word, smiled the smile of a wise man and knitted his brows, the said smile finally resolving itself into a fish / well articu- lated, which the Author heard and understood it to be big with an adventure historically good, the delights of which he would be able to unfold in this sweet collection. To be brief, on the morrow this gouty old fellow said to him, “By your poem, which is called ‘The Venial Sin,’ you have for ever gained my esteem, because everything therein is true from head to foot,—which I believe to be a precious superabundance in like matters. But doubtless you do not know what became of the Moor placed in religion by the said knight, Bruyn de la Roche-Corbon. IT The Rue Chaude at Tours. 462 PROLOGUE. know very well Now if this etymology of the street harass you, and also the Egyptian nun, I will lend you a curious and antique parchment, found by me in the OZm of the episcopal palace, of which the libraries were a little knocked about at a period when none of us knew if he would have the pleasure of his head’s suciety on the morrow. Now will not this yield you a perfect contentment ?” ‘Good !” said the author. Then this worthy collector of truths gave certain rare and dusty parchments to the author, the which he has, not without great labour, translated into French, and which were fragments of a most ancient ecclesiastical process. He has believed that nothing would be more amusing than the actual resurrection of this antique affair, wherein shines forth the illiterate simplicity of the good old times. Now, then, give ear. This is the order in which were the manuscripts, of which the author has made use in his own fashion, because the language was devilishly difficult. TPInM ee SUM GAGH BES eKSy Is WHAT THE. SUCCUBUS. WAS. Ha Ln nomine Patris, et Filit, ct Spirits Sancti. Amen. N the year of our Lord one thousand two hundred and seventy-one, before me, HIEROME CORNILLF. grand inquisitor and ecclesiasticul judge (thereto commissioned by the members of the chapter of Saint Maurice, the cathedral of ‘Yours, having of this deliberated in presence of our lord Jehan de Monsoreau, archbishop—namely, the grievances and complaints of the inhabitants of the said town, whose request is here subjoined), have appeared certain noblemen, citizens, and inhabitants of the diocese, who have stated the following facts concerning a demon suspected of having taken the features of a woman, who has much afflicted the minds of the diocese, and is at present a prisoner in the gaol of the chapter ; and in order to arrive at the truth of the said charge we have opened the present court, this Monday, the eleventh day of December, after mass, to com- municate the evidence of each witness to the said demon, HIEROME CORNILLE, Grand Inquisitor and Ecclesiastical Judge. THE SUCCOBUS., 305 ‘o interrogate her upon the said crimes to her imputed, and to judge her according to the laws enforced con/ra demonios, In this inquiry has assisted me to write the evidence therein given, Guillaume ‘Tournebouche, rubrican of the chapter, a learned man. Firstly has come before us one Jehan, surnamed Tortebras, a citizen of Tours, keeping by licence the hostelry of La Cigoyegne, situate on the Place du Pont, and who has sworn by the salvation of his soul, his hand upon the holy Evangelists, to state no other thing than that which by himself hath been seen and heard. He hath stated as here followeth :— “1 declare that about two years before the feast of St. Jehan, upon which are the grand illuminations, a gentleman, at first unknown to me, but be- longing without doubt to our lord the King, and at that time returned into our country from the Holy Land, came to me with the proposition that I should let to him at a rental a certain country-house by me built, in the quit rent of the chapter over against the place called of St. Etienne, and the which I let to him for nine years, for the consideration of three besans of fine gold. In the said house was placed by the said knight a fair wench having the appearance of a woman dressed in the strange fashion of the Saracens and Ma- homedans, whom he would allow by none to be seen or to be approached within a bowshot, but whom I have seen with mine own eyes, weird feathers upon her head, and eyes so flaming that I cannot adequately describe them, and from which gleamed forth a fire of hell. The defunct knight having threatened with death whoever should appear to spy about the said house, I have by reason of: great fear left —_—— SECM pie tee ; WN we \ GUILLAUME TOURNEBOUCHE, Rubrican of the Chapter, a Learned Man, \| OE rane on sft. ; F re Pacers oe a2 w= { adil AD Sag = ll yj Ae Ne ae ' f 4 \y ¢ But whom I have seen with mine own eyes, weird feathers upon her head and eyes so ftaming that I cannot adequately describe them, and from which gleamed forth a fire of Hell. 368 THE SUCCUBUS. the said house, and I have until this day secretly kept in my mind certain presumptions and doubts concerning the bad appearance of the said foreigner, who was more strange than any woman, her equal not having as yet by me been seen. ““ Many persons ofall conditions having at the time believed the said knight to be dead, but kept upon his feet by virtue of certain charms, philtres, spells, and diabolical sorceries of this seeming woman, who wished to settle in our country, I declare that I have always seen the said knight so ghastly pale that I can only compare his face to the wax of a Paschal candle, and to the knowledge of all the people of the hos- telry of La Cigoygne, this knight was interred nine days after his first coming. According to the statement of his gioom, the defunct had been chalorously coupled with the said Moorish woman during seven whole days shut up in my house, without coming out from her, the which I heard him hornbly avow upon his deathbed. Certain persons at the present time have accused this she-devil of holding the said gentleman in her clutches by her long hair, the which was furrished with certain warm properties by means of which are communicated to Christians the flames of hell in the form of love, which work in them until their souls are by this means drawn from their bodies and possessed by THE SUCCUBUS. 369 Satan. But I declare that I have seen nothing of this ex- cepting the said dead knight, bowelless, emaciated, wishing, in spite of his confessor, still to go to this wench; and then he has been recognised as the lord de Bueil, who was a Crusader, and who was, according to certain persons of the town, under the spell of a demon whom he had met in the Asiatic country of Damascus or elsewhere. “* Afterward I have left my house to the said unknown lady, according to the clauses of the deed of lease. The said lord of Bueil, being defunct, I have nevertheless been into my house in order to learn from the said foreign woman if she wished to remain in my dwelling, and after great trouble was led before her by a strange, half-naked black man, whose eyes were white. “Then I have seen the said Moorish woman in a little room, shining with gold and jewels, lighted with strange lights, upon an Asiatic carpet, where she was seated, lightly: attired, with another gentleman, wno was there imperilling his soul ; and I had not the heart bold enough to look upon her, seeing that her eyes would have incited me immediately to yield myself up to her, for already her voice thrilled into my very belly, filled my brain, and debauched my mind. Finding this, from the fear of God, and also of hell, I have departed with swift feet, leaving my house to her as long as she liked to retain it, so dangerous was it to behold that Moorish complexion from which radiated diabolical heats, besides a foot smaller than it was lawful in a real woman to possess ; and to hear her voice, which pierced into one’s heart: And from that day I have lacked the courage to enter my house from great fear of falling into hell. I have said my say.” To the said Tortebras we have then shown an Abyssinian, Nubian or Ethiopian, who, black from head to foot, had been found wanting in certain virile properties with which all good Christians are usually furnished who, having perse- vered in his silence, after having been tormented and tor- tured many times, not without much moaning, has persisted in being unable to speak the language of our country. And the said Tortebras has recognised the said Abyssinian heretic 370 THE SUCCUBUS. as having been in his house in company with the said de- moniacal spirit, and is suspected of having’ lent his aid tc her sorcery. And the said Tortebras has confessed his great faith in the Catholic religion, and declared no other things to be within his knowledge save certain rumours which were known to every one, of which he had been in no way a witness except in the hearing of them. In obedience to the citation served upon him,has appeared, then, Matthew, surnamed Cognefestu, a day-labourer of St. Etienne, whom, after hav- ing sworn by the holy Evangelists to speak the truth, has confessed to us always to have seen a bright light in the dwelling of the said foreign woman, and heard much wild and diabolical laughter on the days and nights of feasts and fasts, notably during the days of the holy and Christmas weeks, as if a great number of people were in the house. And he has sworn to have seen by the windows of the said dwellings, green buds of all kinds in the winter, growing as if by magic, especially roses in a time of frost, and other things for which there was need of great heat; but of this,he was in no way astonished, seeing that the said foreigner threw out so much’ heat that when she walked in the evening by the side of his wall he found on the morrow his salad grown; and on certain eccasions she had, by the touching of her petticoats, caused the trees to put forth leaves and hastened the buds. Finally, the said Cognefestu has declared to us to know no more, because THE SUCCUBUS. 371 he worked from early rsorning, and went to bed at the same hour as the fowls. Afterwards the wife of the aforesaid Cognefestu has by us been required to state also upon oath the things come to her cognizance in this process, and has avowed naught save praises of the said foreigner, because since her coming her man had treated her better in consequence of the neigh- bourhood of this good lady, who filled the air with love as the sun did light, and other incongruous nonsense, which we have not committed to writing. To the said Cognefestu and to his wife we have shown the said unknown African, who has been seen by them in the gardens of the house, and is stated by them for certain to belong to the said demon. In the third place, has advanced Harduin V., lord of Maillé, who being by us reverentially begged to enlighten the religion of the church, has expressed his willingness so to do, and has, moreover, engaged his word, as a gallant knight, to say no other thing than that which he has seen. Then he has testified to have known in the army of the Crusades the demon in question, and in the town of Damascus to have seen the knight of Bueil, since defunct, fight at close quarters to be her sole possessor. The above-mentioned wench, or demon, belonged at that time to the knight Geoffroy IV., lord of Roche-Pozay, by whom she was said to have been brought from Touraine, although she was a Saracen ; concerning which the knights of France marvelled much, as well as at her beauty, which made a great noise and a thousand scandalous ravages in 372 THE SUCCUBUS. the camp. During the voyage this wench was the cause of many deaths, seeing that Roche-Pozay had already dis- comfited certain Crusaders, who wished to keep her to themselves, because she shed, according to certain knights eetted by her in secret, joys around her comparable to none others. But in the end the knight of Bueil, having killed Geoffroy de la Roche-Pozay, became lord and master of i) Le PS “(cn Ay ey 2 this young murderess, and placed her in a convent, or harem, according to the Saracen custom. About this time one used to see her and hear her chattering at her entertainments many foreign dialects, such as the Greek of the Latin empire, Moorish, and, above all, French better than any of those who knew the languages of France best in the Christian host, from which sprang the belief that she was demoniacal. The said knight Harduin has confessed to us not to have tilted for her in the Holy Land, not from fear, coldness, or Other cause, so much as that he believed the time had arrived for him to bear away a portion of the true cross, and also he had belonging to him a noble lady of the Greek country, who saved him from this danger in denuding him of love, morning and night, seeing that she took all of it substantially from him, leaving him none in his heart or elsewhere for others. ; And the said knight has assured us that the woman living in the country house of Tortebras, was really the said Saracen woman, come into the country from Syria, because he had been invited to a midnight feast at her house by the young lord of Croixmare, who expired the seventh day afterwards, according to the statement of the Dame de Croixmare, his THE SUCCUBUS. 373 mother, ruined at all points by the said wench, whose com- merce with him had corisumed his vital spirit, antl whose strange phantasies had squandered his fortune.	38,175
trent_0116401932359_7_43	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,882	Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year 1881 : embracing political, civil, military, and social affairs ; public documents ; biography, statistics, commerce, finance, literature, science, agriculture, and mechanical industry	None	English	Spoken	6,985	10,639	These reports of the Census Bureau give an accurate measurement of the waste of Ameri¬ can forests, which had previously been only a subject of vague estimate. They show that the States which were once the “timber States” of the country — the Northern New England States, New York, and Pennsylvania — can not be included in that class any longer; and that the States whence the present supplies are drawn will soon cease to furnish them. The whole amount of white pine cut in the United States during the census year was about 11,- 000,000,000 feet ; this, if continued, would ex¬ haust the total supply of the country in eight or ten years. The capacity of the Canadian forests has not been as accurately measured as that of the forests of the United States, but it is estimated that they can not be depended upon for more than about five years’ supply at the rate of consumption. prevailing in the Uni¬ ted States. The forests of the Southern States and the Pacific coast contain immense quanti¬ ties of other timber which might be substituted for white pine; but it is only a question of time when they will be as recklessly attacked as the forests of the North, and when they in their turn shall be nearly exhausted. Area or Forests in Europe. — It is calcu¬ lated, by those who have devoted attention to the condition of different countries with re¬ spect to their forests, that the well-being of a country is best promoted when 25 per cent of its area is left in forest. In all Europe the percentage of woodland area is a little less than 30. In Russia and Finland, it is 40; in Sweden and Norway, 34'1 ; in Austria, 291 ; in Germany, 261 ; in Turkey and Roumania, 222; in Italy, 22; in Switzerland, 18; in France, 17'3; in Greece, 14-3 ; in Spain, 7’3; in Holland and Belgium, 7 ; in Great Britain, 4-l ; and in Denmark, 3-4. American Forestry Conoress. — The rapid waste of the forests of the United States has been for several years growing in prominence as a subject of consideration, and an increasing degree of attention has been given to the study of means for preventing further destruction of woods and remedying that which has already been made. National and State laws have been enacted to encourage the planting of trees on the prairies, where the lack of them has been felt from the beginning of settlement; but the denudation of regions once well wooded, which threatens to bring complete ruin upon them as agricultural lands, has not been opposed by any efficient legislation. Much has been done, however, by voluntary effort and association to call attention to the matter, and to start a popular movement for the protection of the forests that may result in securing practical and efficient measures. The American Forestry Association was formed 318 FORESTS OF TIIE UNITED STATES. in 1875, for the advancement of the purpose, and to collect and disseminate information on the subject; it was merged, in 1882, in the newly organized American Forestry Congress. The latter organization was formed at a pre¬ liminary meeting held in Cincinnati, Ohio, in April, and an adjourned meeting held in Mont¬ real, Canada, in August. At the Cincinnati meeting, George B. Loring was chosen presi¬ dent of the organization, and vice-presidents were designated for eleven districts represent¬ ing geographical and botanical areas in the 'United States and Canada. Sections were or¬ ganized on the “ Use of Forests,” “ Conser¬ vation and Practical Forestry,” “Influences,” and “Education,” in which eighty-tive papers on topics related to the main subject were read or filed. Committees were appointed to re¬ port upon forest experimental stations, forest- fires, and injuries to forests by cattle, the best methods of tree-planting, and forestry educa¬ tion, and also to present memorials to State Legislatures upon the establishment of State Forestry Commissions. The meeting closed with an “arbor-day,” signalized by the plant¬ ing of “memorial trees ” in the park, which it was hoped might help to enlist popular interest in the objects of the meeting. At the Mont¬ real meeting, a union was effected with the American Forestry Association ; the constitu¬ tion of the Congress was completed and adopted ; and fifty-eight papers wTere read or filed. The Congress, by resolution, declared it to be its duty to draw the attention of the national and State governments to the neces¬ sity of protecting effectually the forests against fires; and a committee appointed to carry this resolution into effect made arrangements for the preparation of especial papers on forest- fires and on the white pine. Action was taken to encourage the formation of local forestry associations. Legislative Encouragement of Tree- Planting. — By the “Timber Culture Act” of the United States, as amended in 1878, a head of a family, who is twenty-one years of age, may, upon the payment of fees amounting to about fifteen dollars, enter upon not more than 1G0 acres of prairie-land or land otherwise de¬ void of trees, for the cultivation of timber. He must then break five acres of the land and cultivate it, during the first year after entry ; five acres more during the second year, and in the third year must plant with trees, tree- seeds, or cuttings, the five acres first broken, and so on, till one fourth of the tract has been thus put under cultivation. At the end of eight years, or within five years afterward, upon showing that he has put the required amount of land under the cultivation contemplated, and has planted it with suitable trees not few¬ er than 2,700 to the acre, of which not fewer than 675 to the acre are living and thrifty, he is entitled to a patent for the whole tract he has entered, upon payment of an additional fee of four dollars. A list of trees suitable to be planted is specified in the law, which the de¬ partment has declared to be intended only as a general guide, and not designed to exclude any trees recognized in the neighborhood as of value for timber, or for commercial purposes, or for fire-wood and domestic use. Of the various State laws that have been enacted to encourage the planting of trees, that of Iowa is regarded as v/ell adapted to the pur¬ pose. It provides that for every acre of for¬ est-trees planted and cultivated for timber within the State, the trees on which are not more than twelve feet apart, and are kept in a healthy condition, the sum of one hundred dollars shall be exempted from taxation. A law passed in Canada in May, 1882, provides that for every acre of land planted in trees the planter, being the owner or tenant thereof, shall be entitled, after the trees have been planted for three years, and shown to be in a vigorous and healthy state, and provided the land is securely fenced against both sheep and cattle, to receive a land-order for the purchase of other land, not exceeding twelve dollars in value. No land, however, can be acquired under this law, except it be of at least fifty and not more than a hundred acres in extent. If the plantations are not sufficient to fulfill this condition, the defect may he made up in money. A law of the Province of Quebec, passed in 1882, imposing restrictions upon the firing of wood in forests, limits the time in which brush may be burned for clearing lands to between the 1st of July and the 1st of Sep¬ tember. In the State of Maine the practice now prevails of cutting out only the large trees from the woods and carefully protecting the remainder. This allows the forests to he profitably worked at stated periods of from fifteen to twenty years, and insures their per¬ manence. A forestry commission has been ap¬ pointed in New Hampshire, and has already instituted measures for collecting information relative to the clearing of the forests of the State, and the injury caused thereby to the water-supply. A similar commission has more recently been appointed by the Legislature of Vermont, and is instructed to investigate the whole subject of the condition of the for¬ ests, and the measures needed for their pro¬ tection. Species for Forest-Planting. — The kinds of trees which it is found most profitable to plant vary with the locality. For the prairies and plains of Kansas and Nebraska the cotton¬ wood and black walnut are most in favor for general purposes, and next to these the box- elder and some kinds of maples. The cotton¬ wood fixes itself readily in the soil, grows with great rapidity, and is good for fire-wood and for general domestic purposes. It has also been found to he very useful in furnishing a shelter for the more delicate species which may he destined ultimately to he more valu¬ able ; and, at whatever age it is cut, it always makes a good return for the care that has been FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 319 expended upon it. The black walnut grows well in the prairies, and is one of the most valuable timber-trees. In many of the older States, the undergrowth which springs up after the original woods have been cut away is found to be capable of becoming an excellent forest if it is taken care of and trimmed. A growth representing a large variety of hard-wood and coniferous trees is springing up in some parts of Michigan from which the forests have been cut, which might ultimately be made as valu¬ able as the original woods. Not all the land from which the trees are cut is, however, capa¬ ble of spontaneously producing a useful second growth. Replanting with white pine is recom¬ mended for Michigan. Among the less com¬ mon trees, the catalpa and the ailantus are recommended as good growers, and as furnish¬ ing durable wood, and wood suited to domestic uses. Successful and Experimental Planta¬ tions. — Some of the most conspicuous exam¬ ples of successful forest-planting may be seen in the dunes and Landes of Southwestern France. The dunes, shifting sand-hills extend¬ ing for a hundred miles along the coast between the Gironde and the Adour, were planted toward the end of the last century with the maritime pine, and have now become fixed forests 148,200 acres in extent. The Landes, an extensive waste tract of swamps and sands, infested with miasmatic fevers, were subjected about thirty years ago to a process of drainage, and were planted with trees. They now con¬ stitute a million and a half of acres of mari¬ time-pine lands ; they furnish abundantly fire¬ wood, charcoal, staves, telegraph-poles, posts, railway-ties, mining props, hewed timber, and sawed lumber, and yield large supplies of tur¬ pentine under a system of collection that does not exhaust the trees ; and the former wretched, half-barbarous inhabitants have become an in¬ dustrious, enterprising, and thrifty population. At Larchwood, Iowa, apian has been experi¬ mentally adopted of planting the central forty acres of each section of land with forest-tree3, by which each tract of one hundred and sixty acres is given a wood-lot of ten acres, and promises well, both for the growth of the trees and the provision of the land. Another ex¬ periment has been made on the shores ot Lake Michigan, near Waukegan, Ill., of planting five hundred acres of waste, marsh, and sandy land, with Scotch, Austrian, and white pines, ailantus, and catalpa. Lumber Industries of the United States. — A table of statistics of the lumbering indus¬ tries of the United States for the year ending May 31, 1880, shows that there were produced during that year, at 25,708 establishments, 18,091,358,000 feet of lumber (board-measure), 1,761,788,000 laths, 555,504,000 shingles, 1,- 248,226,000 staves, 146,523,000 sets of head¬ ings, 34,076,000 feet of spool and bobbin stock (board measure), and other products to the value of $2,682,668. The value of the logs consumed in making these goods was $139,- 836,869 ; the total value of all the products was $233,367,729. The capital invested in the factories was $181,186,122. The business was most extensively carried on in Michigan, where $39,260,428 were invested, and the value of the products was $52,449,928, while the largest number of establishments (2,827) was in Penn¬ sylvania, which stood second ($22,457,359) iu value of products. The third State in respect to value of investments and products was Wis¬ consin, where $19,824,059 of capital were em¬ ployed, and the total value of the products was $17,952,347. Consumption of Forest Products as Fuel. — A partial estimate of the consumption of forest products as fuel in the United States during the census year has been published by the Census-Office. The total amount of wood consumed is given at 145,778,137 cords, and its value is fixed at $321,962,1573. The table shows, further, that 74,008,972 bushels of char¬ coal were consumed, the value of which was $5,276,736. Of the wood, 140,537,439 cords, the value of which was $306,950,040, were consumed for domestic purposes; 1,971,813 cords, valued at $5,126,514, by railroads ; 787,- 862 cords, valued at $1,812,083, by steamboats ; 1,157,522 cords, valued at $3,978,331, in the manufacture of brick and tile ; 624,845 cords, valued at $3,548,285, in mining and amalga¬ mating the precious metals, and other mining operations ; and the rest in the manufacture of salt and wool. Fuel-Value of Different Woods. — A de¬ termination of the fuel-value of some of the more important woods of the United States, made by the Forestry Bureau of the Census Department, represents the results of analysis and experiments upon fifty-five species, natives of all parts of the country. The most valuable species for fuel by volume is the mountain mahogany ( Cercooarpus ledifolius) of the Pa¬ cific coast, and it is followed by the Southern long-leaved pine (Pinus australis), shell-bark hickory, chestnut-oak, pitch-pine, and other varieties of hickory, pine, oak, and hard-wood trees. The different species of oak, however, vary widely in their value by volume. The most valuable tree, by weight, is the Southern pine, and it is followed by the pitch and yellow ( rrdtis ) pines, cypress, yellow pine (pojid&rosa), of the Pacific region, and other conifers ; and amongthe broad-leaved trees, the mesquite (11), sugar-maple (12), aspen (13), cotton-wood (15), and white ash (17). The least valuable woods in volume, among the Atlantic species, are hem¬ lock, aspen, black spruce, white pine,, tulip- tree, and yellow or white cedar ( Thuja occi- dentalis). The least valuable in respect to weight are the persimmon (50), black oak ( Quercus tinctoria) (51), tulip-tree (52), water- oak ( Quercus aquation) (53), black-jack ( Quer¬ cus nigra) (54), and the white oak ol the North Pacific ( Quercus Garry ana) (55). 320 FRANCE. FRANCE, a republic of 'Western Europe. The third republic was established by procla¬ mation September 4, 1870. By the law of February 25, 1875, the legislative power is vested in the two Houses of the National As¬ sembly, the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The deputies are elected by universal suffrage for the term of four years. Under the law of the scrutin d'arrondissement, passed November 11, 1875, each arrondissement of under 100,000 inhabitants elects one deputy. An additional deputy is allowed if the popu¬ lation exceeds 100,000, two if over 200,000, and so on. The Chamber of Deputies contains 557 members. The Senate is composed of 300 members, 75 of whom are appointed for life, the vacancies being filled as they occur by the Senate. The rest are elected for nine years, one third of them retiring every three years. They are appointed by an electoral college, to which each commune and municipality sends a member. The National Assembly meets annu¬ ally on the second Tuesday in January, unless summoned earlier by the President, and re¬ mains in session at least five months. An ex¬ traordinary session can be called by the Presi¬ dent on his own motion, or upon the demand of one half the members of each House. The President can order an adjournment for not more than one month and not oftener than twice in one session. The President of the Republic is elected for the term of seven years by a majority of the votes of both Chambers united in joint session. The President, as well as either Chamber, can initiate legislation. With the approval of the Senate the President can dissolve the House of Deputies. The President promulgates the laws and sees to their execution. He has control of the mili¬ tary forces, and makes all appointments, civil and military. The Ministers are collectively responsible for the general policy of the Gov¬ ernment to both Chambers. The President can only be removed for high-treason. ■ The President of the French Republic is Jules Gr6vy, born August 15, 1808. lie was elected January 30, 1879. Area and Population. — In the census of December 18, 1881, the total population of France was found to be 37,672,048. The total area is 528,571 square kilometres, or 203,285 square miles. Before the separation of Alsace and Lorraine the area was 543,051 square kilometres, and the population, at the census of 1866, 33,067,064. In 1872 the population was 36,102,921 ; in 1876, 36,905,788. Of the total population, 36,069,524, or 97’74 per cent, are of French birth ; 801,754, or 2'17 per cent, foreign citizens; and the remaining 34,- 510 naturalized citizens. Of the foreign popula¬ tion 374,498 are Belgians, 165,313 Italians, 62,- 437 Spaniards, 59,028 Germans, 50,203 Swiss, 80,077 English, and 9,855 Americans. In re¬ spect to religion 35,387,703, or 98 per cent, are Catholics; 580,757, or 1-6 per cent, Protes¬ tants (Calvinists 467,531, Lutherans 80,117, other confessions 33,109) ; 49,439, or 0T4 per cent, Israelites; 3,071 of other non-Christian faiths; and 81,951, or 0'23 per cent, of no reli¬ gion. In the departments of Drbme, Doubs, Deux-Sevres, Ardeche, and Lozere from 10 to 15 per cent, and in Gard 28 per cent of the population are Protestants. In 1880 the num¬ ber of marriages was 279,035, against 282,776 in 1879, 279,650 in 1878, 278,094 in 1877, and 291,393 in 1876; the number of births, including still-born, was 961,914, against 980,- 404 in 1879, 980,590 in 1878, 987,963 in 1877, and 1.011,362 in 1876; the number of deaths, including still-born, was 900,074, against 883,- 757 in 1879, 882,349 in 1878, 845,343 in 1877, and 878,754 in 1876 ; and the excess of births over deaths was 61,840 in 1880, against 96,647 in 1879, 98,241 in 1878, 142,620 in 1877, and 132,608 in 1876. The total emigration in 1877 was 3,666, of which number 917 de¬ parted for Buenos Ayres, 890 for Algeria, and 550 for the United States. The towns of over 30,000 inhabitants in 1881 were the following: Paris. . ... 2,269,023 Lyons. .... 376,613 Marseilles. .... 360,099 Bordeaux. .... 221,305 Lille. . 178,144 Toulouse. . . . . 140,289 Nantes. .... 124,319 St. Etienne. .... 123, S13 Bouen. Le Havre. .... 105,867 Reims. .... 93,828 Eoubaix. . . . . 91,757 Amiens. .... Toureoing . 51,895 Grenoble . 51 ,371 V ersailles . 48,324 Troyes . 46,007 St. Quentin . 45,838 Boulogne . 44,842 St. Denis . 48,895 Clermont . 43,083 Beziers . 42,915 Caen . 41,508 Bourges . 40,217 I.orient . 37.812 Avignon . 37.657 Dunkerque . 37,323 Poietiers . 86,210 Cherbourg . 85,691 Cette . 35,517 St. Pierre les Calais.. 83,200 Angouleme . 82.567 Perpignan . 31,785 There were in 1881 6,158 post-offices. The mails carried 569,910,358 letters, 32,224,239 postal-cards, 11,327,262 letters with inclosures of declared value, 345,364,572 newspapers, and 378,075,770 samples and circulars. The re¬ ceipts amounted to 123,472,000 francs, and the expenses to 81,898,988 francs. The number of telegraph-offices in 1881 was 5,841. The length of the state lines at the end of 1881 was 73,878 kilometres, of which 685 kilometres were under-ground, 3,452 subma¬ rine, and 103 pneumatic. The length of wires was 233,057 kilometres, 12,521 of which were under-ground and 3,663 submarine. The num¬ ber of dispatches sent in 1881 was 17,514,147 domestic and 1,952,017 international. The re¬ ceipts were in 1881 25,612,399 francs, expenses 32,222,642 francs. The number of kilometres of railroad in operation on the 1st of January was 1,999 be¬ longing to the Government, 21,753 belonging to unchartered companies, 1,515 to companies, and 2,152 of local lines. Commerce. — The special imports in 1881, that is, all non-dutiable goods and those on FRANCE. 321 which duties have been paid, amounted to 4,946,400,000 francs, as compared with 5,033,- 200,000 francs in 1880, 4,595,200,000 francs in 1879, 3,536,700,000 francs in 1875, an average of 3,342,500,000 francs between 1869 and 1873, and of 2,121,100,000 francs between 1859 and 1863. The special exports, that is, domestic products and foreign exports on which duty has been paid, amounted to 3,612,400,000 francs in 1881, 3,467,900,000 francs in 1880, 3,872,- 600,000 francs in 1875, 3,259,700,000 francs average between 1869 and 1873, and 2,271,- 000,000 francs between 1859 and 1863. The specie imports in 1881 amounted to 363,200,- 000 francs, the exports to 302,200,000 francs. Of the total imports of 1881, 2,188,982,000 francs were articles of consumption, of which 583,696,000 francs were cereals (against 844,- 343,000 francs in 1880), 383,424,000 francs fer¬ mented liquors, 288,534,000 francs colonial produce, 29,427,000 francs tobacco, 285,638,- 000 francs seeds, fruits, and vegetables, and 363,884,000 francs animal food articles and animals (against 419,987,000 francs in 1880). The exports of articles of consumption amounted to 915,856,000 francs, against 865,601,000 francs in 1880. The imports of raw materials in 1881 amounted to 1,893,130,000 francs, against 1,856,586,000 francs in 1880, the imports ot textile materials in 1881 being 1,063,963,000 francs ; of woods, etc., 245,479,000 francs ; of hides, hair, and leather, 185,364,000; of raw metals, 140,724,000 francs. The exports of raw materials amounted to 554,125,000 francs, against 540,073,000 francs in 1880, the exports of textile materials making the chief item and amounting to 384,844,000 francs. The imports of manufactured articles amounted to 558,042,- 000 francs, against 490,957,000 francs in 1880, the principal items being textiles (241,577,000 francs), and machines and metallic products (131,002,000 francs). The exports of manufac¬ tured objects amounted to 1,787,313,000 francs, against 1,736,975,000 francs in 1880, the largest items being textiles and articles of dress (948,- 993,000 francs), leather manufactures, etc. (290,223,000 francs), jewelry and works of art (148,919,000 francs), and metallic products, machines, etc. (145,385,000 francs). The other classes of imports amounted to 555,673,000 francs, exports to 355,148,000 francs. The largest foreign trade is with England, amounting to 599,000,000 francs of imports and 830,200,000 of exports in 1879. The largest import trade is with the United States, from which 715,900,000 francs of imports were received, and to which 276,200,000 francs of exports were shipped. The total trade with the French colonies amounted to 227,100,000 francs of imports and 190,400,000 francs of exports. The number of vessels entering French ports in 1881 was 34,520, of 11,675,746 aggregate tonnage, of which 9,966 carried French colors, tonnage 3,721,714; the number departing was 23,373, tonnage 7,527,146 — 8,072 of 3,358,136 under French colors. The merchant marine vol. xxu. — 21 A at the beginning of 1881 consisted of 14,406 sailing-vessels, of 641,539 tons, and 652 steam¬ ers, of 277,759 tons. Of the total number of 15,058 vessels, of 919,298 aggregate tonnage, employing 92,397 persons, 9,987, of 134,983 tons, crews 54,928 persons, were engaged in fisheries; 2,399, of 111,599 tons, in coasting; 1,743, of 643,406 tons, crews 24,843, in ocean commerce; and the remaining 929 were vessels employed in port service and yachts. Colonies.— The principal colony of France is Algeria, having an area of about 430,000 square kilometres, and a population in 1877 of 2,867,626 souls. The population of the three civil departments in 1877 was 1,551,109, their area 41,599 square kilometres. In 1880 their boundaries had been extended to include 73,835 square kilometres, and a population of 1,884,- 124 souls. The population of Algeria is di¬ vided in respect to nationality into 198,092 French, 33,506 naturalized Israelites, 2,477,641 native Mussulmans, and 158,387 from other countries, among them 94,038 Spaniards, 26,322 Italians, and 14,313 English. The three capital cities are Algiers, containing in 1880 64,714 in¬ habitants ; Oran, containing 59,429 ; and Con¬ stantine, containing in 1876 39,823. PIUNCE NAPOLEON (JEROME). The area and population of the colonies and protectorates, exclusive of Madagascar, with an area of 691,901 square kilometres, and a popu¬ lation estimated at 5,000,000, and Tunis, with an area of 118,400 square kilometres, and a population of about 3,000,000, together with the exports and imports of the colonies other than Algeria, in 1879, and their budgets for 1882 (all in thousands of francs), are given in the following table: 322 FRANCE. COLONIES. Square. kilometres. Population. Imports. Exports. Budgets. Asia: French East Indies. 608 285,022 8.184 19,919 1,721 Cochin-China. 69,457 1,597,013 46,196 58,349 16,563 Cambodia. 88,861 1.500,000 200,000 15,000,000 Africa : 430.000 2,867,626 Senegal and dependencies. 250,000 197,431 14,814 18,328 2,856 Cold Coast and Gaboon. 2,800 8,000 1,500 926 2,511 193,362 25,775 27,228 4,950 Mayotte. 366 12,009 1,234 1,749 241 Nossi-B6 .. 293 10,150 1,458 1,539 229 174 7,135 116 85 America : Guiana .. 121,413 27.082 7,322 423 1,311 Martinique. 987 164,350 29,816 33,928 3,838 Guadeloupe and dependencies. 1,866 193.883 28,621 28,348 4,625 St. Pierre and Miquelon. 235 5,224 9,469 11,137 298 Ocean ia : New Caledonia and dependencies. 19,950 72,134 9,010 3,860 1.915 Tahiti and dependencies. 9,388 37,822 8,212 1,216 1.000 Total. 753,811 19,305,603 186,727 207,035 39,052 Of the colonial expenditures of 1879, the French Government furnished in subventions 1,253,000 francs, leaving 37,799,000 francs as the amount raised in the colonies. Tunis. — The Treaty of Easr-el-Said, made May 12, 1881, provided for a French protecto¬ rate over Tunis, which was completed by the laws of April 22, 1882. The different depart¬ ments of the public service undertaken by the French Government in Tunis are placed under the direction of the corresponding ministries in France, which give their directions to the minister resident at Tunis. The Bey Moham- med-es-Sadok, who was born in 1813 and suc¬ ceeded his brother Mohammed September 28, 1859, died October 28th. lie was succeeded by his younger brother, Sidi Ali, born in 1817. The French minister resident who succeeded to M. Roustan is M. Gambon. The area of the regency of Tunis is 116,348 square kilo¬ metres, the population about 2,100,000, includ¬ ing some 45,000 Israelites and 25,600 Chris¬ tians. The public debt has been reduced by the European commission, which was given control of the finances, to about 125,000,000 francs. The revenue, derived from export duties, tax on olive-trees, salt and tobacco monopolies, etc., was, in 1875, 6,832,300 francs, nearly all of which was applied to the service of the debt. Army and Navy. — Universal military ser¬ vice was established by the law of July 27, 1872, by which every Frenchman is obliged to belong to the active army for five years, to the active army reserve four years, to the terri¬ torial army five years, and to the territorial army reserve six years. The effective of the army in 1882 was as follows: Infantry — 144 regiments of the line, of four active battal¬ ions, of four companies each, and two com¬ panies at the depot, numbering 288,464 men ; thirty battalions of rifles, or chasseurs, num¬ bering 17,730 men ; four regiments of zouaves, numbering 10,480 men ; three regiments of Al¬ gerian sharp-shooters, numbering 8,493 men ; the Foreign Legion in Algiers, numbering 2,526 men ; three battalions of light infantry in Al¬ giers, numbering 4,140 men; and fusileers and pioneers forming the corps of instruction, num¬ bering 1,330 men; altogether 283,163 officers and men, with 2,631 horses. Cavalry — twelve regiments of cuirassiers and twenty-six of dra¬ goons, and twenty regiments of chasseurs and twelve of hussars, of five squadrons each, num¬ bering altogether 58,240 men, with 51,800 horses ; four regiments of Chasseurs d’Afrique, numbering 4,152 men, with 3,720 horses, and three regiments of Spahis, numbering 3,477 men, with 3,423 horses ; nineteen squadrons of scouts to be formed in time of war; and eight companies for the remounting service, num¬ bering 3,038 men, with 80 horses; total effec¬ tive force 68,907 men, with 59,023 horses. Artillery — nineteen regiments organized in di¬ vision and nineteen attached to corps, together 57 battalions of foot, 304 of mounted and 57 of flying artillery, and 76 of mounted artillery at the depots, numbering together 55,717 men, with 30,381 horses; and the corps for pon¬ toon-service, repairing, the artillery train, etc., making the total effective force 68,762 men, with 33,298 horses. Engineers — 11,007 men, with 945 horses. Train — 9,540 men, with 8,918 horses. Staff and administrative troops — 27,- 990 officers and men, with 4,888 horses. Gen¬ darmerie — 26,511 men, with 13,013 horses. The total effective of the French army is 495,880 men, with 122,716 horses. The war effective numbers 2,423,164 men, organized in 24 complete corps in the first line, and 8 corps in the second line ; to which number may he added about 1,330,000 excused or non-com¬ batants. By a law introduced July 26, 1882, the African army is to be increased, by which the active army will receive an augmentation of 23 infantry battalions, 18 squadrons of cavalry, 15 batteries of artillery, and a cor¬ responding number in the auxiliary services. The French infantry is armed with the Gras rifle, a species of Chassepot with metal car¬ tridges. The artillery has cast-steel breech¬ loading guns of 80 and 90 millimetres’ caliber. FRANCE. 323 The French navy in 1881 numbered 356 vessels, classified as follows: 59 ironclads, comprising 20 of the first class and 12 of the second class for offensive and defensive warfare, and 27 for coast-defense, including 11 floating batteries; 235 steamers, compris¬ ing 57 cruisers, 17 dispatch-vessels, 22 fleet dispatch-boats, 21 gunboats, 61 transports, 26 small gunboats, 31 torpedo-boats, and 62 sailing-vessels. There were in construc¬ tion 8 first - class ironclads, 2 second - class ironclads, 2 ironclad gunboats, 11 torpedo- boats, and 22 other vessels. The navy is manned with 1,585 officers and 41,227 sea¬ men, 3,940 men in the special services, 18,- 870 marine infantry, and 4,661 artillery. The heaviest ironclads are the Devastation and the Foudroyante, each of 9,600 tons and 4,200 horse -power, carrying 14-inch armor and four 38-ton and two 25-ton guns. The Amiral Duperrd has 12-inch plates and is armed with four 38-ton guns. Six new steel- clads with horizontal plates 11^ inches thick carry two 38-ton guns each, mounted in bar¬ bette. Five others of the ironclads are of modern types and heavily armed, while the rest of the vessels classed as ships of combat are of obsolete construction. Finance. — The sources of revenue at the disposal of the French Government have ex¬ panded remarkably in the last fifty years. After the Franco-German War, the augmenta¬ tion of the debt and the increased cost of the army necessitated a large increase in taxation. In the year 1869 the total revenue of the Gov¬ ernment amounted to 1,798,193,568 francs. In 1873 the total revenue was 2,467,470,630 francs; the expenditure 2,374,804,134 francs. In 1881 the budget of revenue was 3,214,534,- 789 francs, and of expenditure 3,213,806,317 francs. The budget estimates for 1883 place the total receipts at 3,561,977,092 francs, and the total disbursements at 3,573,349,646 francs.. The following are given as the sources of reve¬ nue: Direct imposts, 378,100,500 francs, of which 175,500,000 is the estimated product of the land-tax, 63,765,000 francs of personal taxes, 43,772,400 of the tax on doors and windows, and 95,062,100 of patent dues; special taxes of similar character to direct taxes, such as taxes on mortmain property, on carriages, inspec¬ tion of weights and measures, etc., 24,723,840 francs ; registration fees, stamps, and domains, 771,661,000 francs, registration producing 593,827,000, stamps 159,607,000, and the do¬ mains, exclusive of forests, 18,227,000 francs; forests, 35,188,900 francs; customs and salt- tax, 404,142,000 francs; indirect taxes, 1,099,- 306,000 francs, of which 428,309,000 francs come from the tax on drinks, 101,548,000 francs from domestic sugars, 16,139,000 francs from matches, 12,841,000 francs from paper, 92,933,000 francs from railroad traffic, being 20 per cent of passenger receipts; sale of to¬ bacco, 360,437,000 francs; of gunpowder, 15,- 236,000; post-office, 128,325,000 francs; tele¬ graphs, 30,629,000 francs; 3 per cent on in¬ comes from dividends, etc., 47,118,000 francs; revenue from Algeria, 31,380,008; tax on civil pensions, 21,262,000 francs; universities, 3,593,- 665 francs; fines, 7,534,181; various receipts, 49,866,998 francs. The following are the main branches of expenditure: Public debt, 1,317,112,874 francs, of which 741,070,255 francs are interest on the funded debt, 27,088,- 000 on temporary loans, 160,000,618 pensions, and 388,954,001 capital payments; dotations, 24,712,456 francs, of which 13,724,000 go to pension the invalids of the navy, and 9,788,456 to the members of the Legion of Honor; legis¬ lation, 11,735,780 francs; Ministry of Justice, 35,944,642 francs ; of Public Worship, 52,929,- 306 francs; of Foreign Affairs, 14,348,900 francs; of the Interior, 68,813,655 francs, of which 14,661,550 francs are for expenses of administration, 13,763,537 for public safety, 20,690,961 for prisons, and 10,436,235 for charities; of Finance, 19,558,470 francs; of Posts and Telegraphs, 2,122,360 ; of War, 584,- 106,000 francs; of Marine and the Colonies, 237,187,470 francs, of which 204,898,519 francs are for the navy ; of Public Instruction and Art, 151,050,196 francs, of which 134,410,451 francs are for education, and 16,639,745 for the fine arts; of Commerce, 21,91.8,564 francs; of Agriculture, 24,397,350 francs; of Public Works, 139,488,541 francs, of which 89,725,681 francs are for the ordinary service, 49,762,860 for extraordinary works, 317,621,582 for the cost of the regie, collection of taxes, post- office, etc., and 21,155,500 for drawbacks and restitutions. The public debt in 1879 stood at 19,862,035,- 983 francs, of which 12,101,352,167 francs bore interest at 3 per cent, 6,917,470,240 francs at 5 per cent, and the remainder at 4J and 4 per cent. The number of holders was 4,380,933, of whom 2,432,574 held the 5 per cent rentes, and 1,788,114 the 3 per cent. The total cost of the war and foreign occu¬ pation of 1870-73 amounted to 9,287,882,000 francs, of which 5,000,000,000 was the war in¬ demnity to Germany, 1,873,238,000 the war expenditures, 302,065,000 the interest on sums due to Germany, 631,168,000 disbursements in connection with the loans of 1870-’72, 364,189,- 000 loss from non-payment of taxes during the war, 248,625,000 the cost of maintaining the German army of occupation, 169,518,000 the cost of provisioning Paris, 61,708,000 re¬ payments of fines levied by Germans, 50,000,- 000 grants to soldiers’ families, 38,807,000 cost of foreign occupation of 1 871— ’73, and 548,564,- 000 miscellaneous expenses. The indebtedness of the departments and municipalities was largely increased during the war. The budget of the city of Paris for 1880 estimates the revenue at 233,102,579 francs, of which 125,398,041 are from octrois , or tolls 324 FRANCE. on articles of consumption, and the expendi¬ ture at 231,041,489 francs, most of which goes for interest and sinking fund on the debt of 2,295,000,000 francs. Politics and Legislation. — The history of the events of the year in France dates properly from the fall of the Ferry Ministry in Novem¬ ber, 1881. The Tunisian expedition had been conducted nearly to a successful termination, but at a terrible cost of lives and treasure. Suspicions of the influence of private specula¬ tions on the course of events in Tunis, rumors of personal differences and intrigues in the army, and, most of all, the sufferings of the troops and loss of life caused by the inefficiency of the hospital service and commissariat, had brought the Cabinet into actual odium. The public were alarmed for the republic when a Government, representing the republicanism which had trampled upon the sentiments and traditions of the religious community, and driven the clerical element over to the mo¬ narchical minorities, was unable to prevent corruption in high places, and when the army, which is the subject of the most anxious solici¬ tude with all parties, was found as disorganized and mismanaged as when the military forces of the empire collapsed in the German War. The time was come when Gambetta, who was looked upon as the guardian and guiding spirit of the republic, and who had overshadowed every ministry formed since the victory of re¬ publican principles in the presidency of Mac- Malion, must assume the responsible direction of affairs. The hopes of France were centered upon the great orator and Republican leader, who, when he exerted his full political strength, was to compose the faction fights and personal rivalries of the Republican party, and, as the permanent head of the Government, pursuing a continuous policy, to enable France to assert her dueposition in Europe, which, with epheme¬ ral ministries and a constantly changing policy, was impossible. When the Assembly met on October 28th, Gambetta tested his strength by again stand¬ ing as a candidate for the presidency of the Chamber, and was elected with the overwhelm¬ ing majority of 317 to 47. Jules Ferry him¬ self precipitated his fall by attempting an ex¬ planation of Tunisian affairs without waiting for an interpellation. In the debate which fol¬ lowed, the ministers were accused of deceiving the Assembly for electioneering purposes, and with weakening and disorganizing the army by allowing the generals to make up the first Tunisian expedition with troops selected from the different corps. Clemenceau charged Rou- stan with having instigated the Government to interfere in Tunis in order to further certain financial enterprises. The outcome of the long debate was the adoption, on the motion of Gambetta, of a neutral order of the day which simply approved the Bardo Treaty. J ules Fer¬ ry, having failed to obtain the desired expres¬ sion of confidence, resigned November 10th, and Gambetta was invited by M. Gr6vy to form a ministry. Gambetta at first set about forming the “ grand ministry ” that his organs had heralded, which was to unite the Repub¬ lican forces in a stable union. But L6on Say, De Freycinet, and Challemel-Lacour declined his overtures. He then made up a list from among his immediate supporters. Dismay and ridicule were excited by the production of the names. Except two retained from the last Cabinet — Cazot, Minister of Justice, and Co- chbry, of Posts and Telegraphs — all were new men. The names of the other ministers were: Waldeck-Rousseau, Interior ; Allain-Targ6, Fi¬ nance ; General Campenon, Military Affairs ; Gougeard, Marine; Paul Bert, Education and Worship ; Raynal, Public Works ; Deves, Agri¬ culture ; and Proust, Arts. Gambetta took the department of Foreign Affairs. The appoint¬ ment of Paul Bert, eminent as a scientific scholar, but best known as an exponent of skepticism, to the post of Minister of Public Worship, was deemed by many a direct insult to the Catholic Church, and regarded every¬ where with wonder. The ministerial declara¬ tion of principles given in the Assembly on November 15th aggravated the evil impression created by the appointment of M. Bert, and the prospect of a destructive campaign against the Catholic ideas of the function of the Church in the body politic. 325 bodings. lie admonished certain bishops who had visited Rome that they should obtain leave of the Government before absenting themselves from their dioceses. He announced that prel¬ ates ordained in the future would be required to subscribe to the oath prescribed by the Con¬ vention of 1801. Prefects were requested to furnish reports of the character and antece¬ dents of prelates, and the office of Director- General of Worship was abolished. The Due de Broglie, in the Senate, accused the Repub¬ licans of dissimulation in their Tunisian policy, while, out-of-doors, the testimony in a libel- suit brought by the public prosecutor against Rochefort for his attack supon M. Roustan, and the acquittal of Rochefort, made a damaging impression. With Tunis still far from being pacified, with the question of Senate reform and other measures already announced yet to be settled, with a battle raging between the free-traders and the protectionists over the commercial treaty with England, and after taking a position in Egypt which would entail military intervention, Gambetta, as though aim¬ ing to be dictator or nothing, announced the re- introduction of the project of the scrutin de lute. Under this system Napoleon III kept up his majority in the Chamber. Instead of each arrondissement electing its own deputies, all the deputies for a department would be voted for on one ticket throughout the depart¬ ment. This favorite scheme of Gambetta’s had been rejected by the Senate the preceding June. In the triennial senatorial election on January 8th, the Republicans gained twenty-five seats. Every one but Gambetta saw the difficulty of inducing the Chamber now to change the elect¬ oral law under which it had just been elect¬ ed ; yet his organ, the “ R6publique Fran^aise,” declared that he would resign if the measure failed to pass. On January 14th it was intro¬ duced, coupled with the plan for the revision of the senatorial election law. Instead of al¬ lowing petty villages equal representation in the electoral college with the great cities, he proposed to give each municipality a delegate for every five hundred registered voters; and, in the case of the life-Senators, that their term should be reduced to nine years, and that both Chambers should participate in their election. He also proposed to take away the right of the Senate to vote upon financial measures, except in the way of a protest. The committee of the Chamber reported against tbe scrutin de liste section of the proposed electoral law, and on January 26th the Chamber of Deputies rejected a resolution of M. Gambetta in favor of the revival of the collective ticket by two-thirds majority.	47,953
bim_early-english-books-1475-1640_the-second-volume-of-the_foxe-john_1596_2_0_7	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,596	The second volume of the ecclesiasticall historie,... 1596: Vol 2	Foxe, John	English	Spoken	6,619	10,026	8 Nouomaeus teffifieth, he in the peace of our Lord, 1520: bebe heard Oltendorpius, a Canon of Danentry, chap, that he Ins, "> ag a pong man, Dogour Weſclusa Phpſtan, uþich was then an old man, told him, That he should live to see this new schodle divinity of Scotus, Aquinas, and Bonauenture to be truly forsaken and exposed of all true Christians. 31295420. An a bone of Carolus illus, mention is made of a certain bepean, lane vision, which one Nicholas, an old man, had, in which vision he saw the popes headcrowned with 3. words proceeding from his face: and 3. words coming toward it. This vision is also imprinted in the books of Martine Luther, with his preface before it. Nicholas Medlerus, being of late superintendent of Bédémé: 2 — ſwycke, affirmed and teſtied: That he heard and knew a certain priest in his country, which told the priests there, that they laid aside Paule under their deskes and ues: but the time would come, when as Paule should come abroad, and drive them under the deskes and darke ſ. talles, where they should which both did serve and also did lo. The home first was Parimilian the emperor, who both had and showed the same to Franceus Mirandula, which wrote thereupon a book in Latin meter called Stauroſtichon: wherein so; the moze credite, the verses be contained. Non ignota cano, Caesar monstrum, & ipso Vidunus. Innumeros prompſit Germania teſtes, &c. Ol chis allo wꝛiteh Tohn Carion, Functius, Phil. Melanct. = Flaccius, with diuersother moe. Theſe markesand tokens, hte porn as they were very ſtrange, ſo were they diuerſly expoundes of ; manp, ſome thinking that they pꝛetended affliction and perſe- cuttan of the church to dzaw neare: fone, that God by that to⸗ ken did admonich them o2 foꝛeſhewed vnto them, chr true docs trine of their inſkification , hich onelp is to be ſought in the croſſe and paſſion of Chꝛiſt, and no ocher thing. This 7 mar- uell, that Chriſtianus Maſſeus, ànd other of that pꝛofeſmon, do leaue it out. Belike they ſaw ſome thing in it, that made not to their liking. Fo: r it- ecution focome they cannot becuill that fuffer and beare vpon the Germains. anno \| the crolle with Chzift: D2 trhether it ſignifieth the true docrin of Chzilt comming to the Germaines,if cannot otherwiſe be, * the Biſhop of Rome muff ner des be wong irhich is contrary to this hich God hath ftirred vp in Germany. By this and ſuch like pꝛophecies it is euident to vnderſtand, the time not to be far re off, ben God of his determinate 17 \| [a 770 \| \| Hiouerbs a⸗ \| gainſt the coz- "1 rupt ſta of & Nome. Ex Ann, The A. B. C. ag ainſt the pꝛide of the Clergie, Lanrentius Claila, Picus Miran⸗ duta. teradamus. £3 Lurher, The article of Downe all trrours. M. Luther with hts life # ' letlaſeat Rome fo — out free tuifi- Of all truth and doctrine, as che on cation be eth fuluation, ſchich is our free — ——— trana conſtant pꝛeachings be * declared in the hilloꝛp of Johannes Sleidanus, J ouer ſome pꝛincipall matter of b:ieflp collected by Phillip Pelancth The hiſtoꝛy of M K. Hen. 8. cheir deriſion, in enery countre p: As in Germany it hath bin a Pꝛouerb amongſt them, 4. Was iſt nu in der werlt fur ein weſen, Wir moegen fur den pfaffen nicht geneſen. What is this, to ſee the world now round about That for theſe ſhaueling prieſtes no man chat once may route? Quam W clericus ſuſcipit raſuram, ſtatim intrat in eum diabolus. \| That is, Soſoone asa Clerke is ſhorne into his order, by and by the deuillentreth into him. In nomine Domini incipit omne malum. That is: In the name of God beginneth all euill: alluding to the popes Bulles, which commonly ſo begin. Item when Bulles come from Rom̃e, bind well your purſes. The nearer Rome the farther from Chrilt. Item, he that goerh once to Rome, ſeeth a wicked man. He that goeth tw iſe, learneth to know him. He that goeth thriſe, bringeth him home with him. Item, the court of Rome neuer regardeth the ſheepe without the wooll. Once were wooden chalices and golden prieſts: Now we haue golden chalices, and wooden prieſts. Once Chriſtian men had blind churches and light harts: Now they haue blind hearts and light churches. Item, many are worſhipped for Saints in heauen, whoſe ſoules o dement is, chat cuerymi _-_ beleeue particularl By 20 was a Proucrbes againſt the ¶ lurch of Rome. The ſtory of M. Luther. ninerſitie of Erfo:d,there was a certain aged man, in the Co⸗ (cho is thought to be Meſe lus aboue whom Luther chen of the ſame oꝛder had conference vpon diners things,eſpe- g the Article of remiſſion of ſinnes, the trhich ar⸗ aged father opened vnto Luther after this ſozte, that we muſt not generally belæue onely fo2 nes of ſinnes to be, 02 to belong to Peter, to to Da⸗ ſuch god men alone: but that Gods expꝛeſſe 1 to be foꝛgiuen him in hꝛill: and further ſaid , that this inter⸗ e e ermon ann 0 where it is it lch: But adde thou that thou beleeueſ S Beru this, that by him thy ſinnes are forgiuen thee. This is the teſti- touching la mony that the holy ghoſt giueththee in thy heart ſaying:Thy ſinnes are forgiuen thee. For this is the opinion of the Apoltlẽ, that man is — by faith. * Luther was not onely ſtrengthened, but inftruced of the full — S. Paule, tho re- peateth ſo many times this ſentence: We are iultified by faith. And hauing read the e hen perceledas ll be burning in hell, cation of God, and excitation of fa fo:ce of pꝛaier What hould 0 eau of our Engliſh pꝛouerbe thich ſo vi ⸗ perceined that doarin moſt euidentl 4 began he to —— The pofites ly eſkeemeth the filthy Friers,that it compareth them(ſauing 3 o Saint Auguffines bokes, where he found manycomfoztable B. Augustine thy reuerence god Reader)to a fart? ſentences among other in the expoſition of the PÞſalmes,and bookts. In France, Gallus Senonenſis waiteth wo peares ago, ſpecially in the book of the Spirit and Letter, confirmed that among them it was an old saying: Romæ scolui Sata-nam in perniciem totius Ecclesiae. That is, That Sathan was the whole church. Thomas Becket himself, in his time writing to the College of Cardinals, denicth it not, but to be a common word both through town and city, Quod non sit in sanctitia Rome, That is, that there is no right at Rome. To these men be added also the A. B. C. Which we find 40 peares in the consent of the people, in the margin of a certain old register, to be attributed to about this time one Stan. Those who have come to speak lightly, awake, awake, and out of the city, Bishop and Cardinal. Consider wisely, what was that you take, in anger, being like to have a fall, in every where the mischief of you all, art and near, breaketh out very fast: God will need be re-enforced at the last. The long have you the world captured, in sore bondage of men's traditions? Kings and Emperors, you have deprived, L eagerly pursuing, their chief possessions: Much misery you make in all regions. Now your frauds be almost at their latter cost, O God, love to be — at the last. Poor people to oppress, you have no shame, Taking for fear of your bloody tyranny, R I obeyed justice you have put out of frame, S eeking the lust of your God, the belly. T herefore I dare you bouldly certifie, V ery little thoughye be thereof agath, Y er God will be reuenged atthe laſt By theſe and ſuch like ſayings, thich may be collected innu⸗ merable,it map ſone bee ſeene that hartes and indgements the people had in thoſe daiesof the Romiſh C \| thing,no doubt, was of Cod, as a ſecret pꝛophecp, re bout this pꝛeſent time when D. Partin Luther firſt began to w2ite, after that Picus Mirandula , and Laurentius Ualla,x laſt of all, Eraſmus Roterodamus, Eraſmus No. Wap befo2e,and had ſhaken the monkes houſes: But Lather gaue the ſtroke and opening one vaine long hid 1 7 lieth the touchſtone . Wich igion thould be reſtozed: acco2ding as it came to palle, a- had ſometthat bzoken the t downe the foundation, and all by 3 the this wozthp man, becauſe they of neede to ſt and long chereupon, but only to run life and actes as they are on. 1 The hiſtory of D. Martine Luther with his ife and doctrine deſcribed. Artine Luther, after be was growne in yeares, being bone at Jfleben in Saronie, an. 148. was ler forks UW ſhall the poctrinc Deſert Uaiuerſttie, firif of Magdeburg, then of @rfozd, In this 60 thoztlp 70 le pꝛoceſſe, 80 Luther mcruatilouſly the heartes of his eden obſeruevhis rele no do! moſt pzincipall of all this doctrine of faith md conſolation in his heart, not a little. And pet he laid not aſide the Sentenciaries, as Gabꝛiell and Cameracenſls. Alſo he read the bokes af Dccam, tthoſe ſub- — — AIAN Aquine, and Scotus. He read allo and reuolued Gerſon: but aboue all the reſt, he peru⸗ ſed all ouer S. Auguſtines woꝛks with attentiue cogit And thus continued he his ſfud . che ſpace of 4. nes. and endeno2ing to founded in is new Uninerſtie: lerſtad,vpon MP Luther. Pot d- ft. Luther ſent te Rome. bnderfanved arent. the him. And - 8, there be ſhewed diffe- 1. He alſo — duel we — E. Arte oor wo omaines, outward diſcipline, as the \| ffarre after along Jelus Chis, that finnes are frælp God, ano chat we ought \| \| : "Jn this this Luger opintons An excellen © N 3 3 \| n e \| r n L Ix » 4 Ws * 5 true Par +> 4 e Fe __ * oy AT „ o $f 4 N 4 : 4 # * * 41 WS. \. WH 8 9 * * \| 1 „ 71 2 £ 3 He 37 A we s ope- wg 3. * 3 neth the way $ - hes C3 * 90 : 1 * Y A. 2725 38 41 2 5 1 0 „ els 8 2 Wꝛote ag L . N a > 6 - O'S a % 4 78 — 4 * * 3. 3 b * 89 F % ſolemn man, Friderick dil 4 oF 2 "pl. + 1 * N * 5 * 1 3 «+ as Luther com: menlcd doc 29 * Doc W Tuts 3 of the woꝛld: euen ſa Luther taught © © N "26.8 5 $$ Py „ opts a4 ok Tecellus I » the Fryer. Before Luther, Ex Christian. M aſſ.co.Lib, Chronic. Ten chilling pardous. Luthers pÜ⸗ gence tions of par⸗ And ( on why. On why. The launder mons hercti, this, cauſe, An The pÜſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſ� As Luther was thus occupyed in Germany, vhich was {ales Lib.zo, the peare of our Lo2d 1516. Leo the tenth of that name ſuc⸗ ee creding after Julius the ſecond, was Pope of Rome. Who ; vnder p:etence of warte againft the Turke, ſent a Jubile with his pardons, abzoad thzough all chziſtcn Realmes and domintons: thereby be gathered together innumerable ri⸗ ches and treaſure. The gatherers and colleco2s vhereof per- ſwaded the people, that whoſoeuer would giue ten cine ſhould at his pleaſure, deliuer one ſoule from the paines 0 3aurgato2y. Foz this they held as a generall rule, that God would do nyãtſoeuer they would haue him, accoꝛding to the ſaying: © #icquid ſolueritis ſuper terram, erit ſolutum in cæ- I, Ge. Whatſoeuer you looſe vpon earth, the ſame ſhall be looled in heauen, But if it were but one totte leſle then ten ſhillings, they pꝛeached that it would pꝛofite them nothing, Ex Chriſtia. Nleſſes lib. 20. Chro. This filthy. kind of the Popes marchandiſe, as it ſpꝛead dꝛough all quarters of <2iffian 7 ſo it came alſo to Germany , thzough the meanes of a certame Dominicke Fryer named Tecellius, tho moſt impudentlp cauſed the 5 Cecelins ta Jhopes indulgences 92 pardons to be carped and ſold about l inffitntion vninerſi blaſphemous ſermons of this ſhameles Fryer, and haning — his hart carneſtly bent with ardent deſtre to maintatne true e p2ouoked by Eraſm tat ion of S.Bernard neth the way 92 eachin — dehnt Laber. Ponte — ty ſuch as were of li began to ſtudy the \| after he had learned the phzaſe and : and d2awne the doc me of the very fountames , he might 2 * FxChrſlia. Cen ſhilling pardous. : : a — 1. of ins, religion, publiſhed certaine pzopoſitions concerning indul⸗ Luthers pzopo: gehceg, upich are to be read in the firſt Tome of his wozks, ' ficions of par: and let them openly on the Temple that topneth to the \| Dons, Cattle of Wittenbcrge, the mozrow after the feats of all Saintes, the peare 1517. \ Chis beggerly Fryer, hoping to obtaine the Popes bleſ⸗ The ind Che firſt octall· ang. alle mb kes and ſophiſticall diuines of g wt g, aſſembled certaine Ponzes ant 0 1 2 — his coucnt, and fozthwith commanded them to wzite ſome» ching againſt Luther. And uhileſt he would not himſelfe ſeeme to be dumme, he began not onely to inuey in his ſer⸗ Theflaunder Mons, but to wunder againff Luther, crying: Luther is an of Eccelins herrticke, and woꝛthy to be perſecuted with fire: and beſides che Fryer. this, he burned openly Luthers p2opoſitions, and the ſermon which he wꝛote of indulgences. This rage and fumilh fury of this Frier, enfo2ced Luther to treate moze amply of the cauſe, and to maintaine his matter. And thus roſe the beginnings of thts contronerſie,vherein Lnther neyther luſpeding ne dꝛeaming of any change that might happen in the ceremonies, did rat vtterlp rete the indulgences, but required a moderation in them: and theres fo:e they faiſelp accuſe him, which blaſe that he began with plauſible matter, might get pꝛayſe, to the end that in pzocefſe of time, he change the (fate of the common weale, and purchaſe anthozitie, either im himfelfe o2 other. And certes, he was not ſubozned 02 ſtyꝛred vp by them of \| Pardons, \| $ Luther. Luther ſent to rick duke rony. Luther com⸗ menſe d doctoz. 7 Þ that the Duke Fredericke was ſoze offended that ſuch cons Dutz ot Saro- tention and controuerſie ſhould ariſe, hauing regard to the Gas ſcquele thereof. \| And as this god Duke Frederick was one of all the pzin- ces of our time, that loued beſt rene and common tran⸗ guilitte, neither was auaricious, but willingly bent to referre all his counſels to the common of all the woꝛld (as it ts eaſp to be coniectured diuers wates: ) ſo he neither encou⸗ raged no2 ſuppozted repꝛeſented ſemblance Luther tan Jelus Chit, giuen comm ſhould inhibite Luther from all place and libertte of p hing bet the Duke conſidering wich himlelfe the pzeaching the Tourte (as the Duke of Bzunſwike w2ote; ) in ſo much 7 o and weiting of Luther, and weighing diligently the telkt⸗ monies and places of the Scripture by him alledged, would not withltand the thing, which he tudged ſincere. And pet nep⸗ ther did he this, * his owne iudgement, but was very anxious and inquilitiue to heare the iudgements of 0- ther, ahich were both aged, and learned. Jn the number of home was Eraſmus, thome the Duke deſired to declare tohim his opinion couching that matter of Partine Luther, ſaying and pꝛoteſting that he would rather the ground ſhould 1 © open and ſwallow him, then he would beare with any opinv ons, which he knew to be contrary to manifeſt truth : and therefoꝛe he deſired him to declare his iudgement in the mat- ter, to him freely and friendly. Eraſmus thus being intreated of the Duke, began thus The indgement ieſtingly and merily to anſwere the Dukes requeff, ſaying : of Craſmus that tn Luther were two great faults: firſf, that he would touching Luz. touch the bellies of Pons: the second, that he would touch the Popes crowne: which two matters in no case are to be — belliog dealt with all. Then opening his mind plainly to the Duke, crown no: to thus he said, that Luther did well in detecting errors, and be touched, that resolution was to be wished, and very necessary in the Church: and added moreover, that the effect of his daring was true, but only that he wished in him a more temperate moderation and manner of writing and handling. Whercupon Duke Frederick, shortly after wrote to Luther seriously, exhorting him to temperate the vehemence of his style. This P.ucer, ib. p. was at the City of Colen, shortly after the Convention of the new Emperor, there also Huttenus, Aloius, Marlius, Ludouicus, Vines, Halonius, with other learned men, were assembled together, waiting upon the Emperor. Furthermore the same Eraus, the peace next following that, wrote up to the Archbishop of Pentz a certain Epistle concerning the cause of Luther. In which Epistle Thus he signifies, "Myself, to the Bishop: That many were in the books of Luther condemned of Monkes and Diuines, for heretical! Yes, the book of Bernard and Auften are read for sound and godly, Alas, that the world is burdened with mens institutions, he Church with scholastic doctrines and opinions, and with the tyranny of burdened. begging Friers: which Friers when they are but the Popes servants and underlings, yet they have so grown in power and multitude, that they are now terrible. Both to the Pope himself, and to all Princes. Who so long as the Pope makes with them, so long they make him more then a God. But if he makes anything against their purpose or commodity, then they wear his authority no more then a dream or phantasmic. It was counted as heretics, when a man repugned against the Pope, or articles of the faith. Now he that dioceseeth from Thomas of Aquine, is an heretic, whatsoever doth not like them, whatsoever they understand, not, that is heretic. To speak Greek, is heretic. Or to speak more finely then they do, that is with them heretic. And thus much by the way, concerning the 1 of Erausius. Now to return and to entrap and to entrap something otherly of the cases and connections of Luther with his aduersaries. After that Tecclius the professor Frier, with his fellow Monkes and Frierly fellows, had cried out with open mouth against Luther, in making the Popes indulgences, and that Luther again in defense of his. cauſe, had set up opportunities against the open abuses of the same, maruell it was to show one theſe p2opoſtions were spread abroad in the midst of the diverse, both farre and nere. And thus the contention of this matter increasing between them, Luther was compelled to write thereof more largely and fully than otherwise. Pet all this vhile, Luther neuer thought of any alteration to come of any ceremony, much leſſe ſuch a refoꝛmat ion of doctrine and ceremonies,as afterward did follow, But onely bearing that he was accuſed to the Biſhop of Rome, he did wꝛite humblp vnto him: in the beginning of ſchich waiting, be declareth the bno2dinate outrage of thoſe his pardon mangers, tthich ſo exceſſiuely did pill x pole the ſimplc people, to the great ſlaunder of the d ſhame tohts holines: and ſo ppoceeding inthe end of the ſaid his wziting, thus he ſabmitteth him \| \| Uherefoze (ſayth he) moſt hop Mather, offer my ſelfe Ti, abmiltion pꝛoſtrate vnder the fete of pour! ines. all that J am, of Luther to the and that J haue. cp boots — 4 ap Pope. pꝛoue me, rep20ue a e. our 7 of h iſt in pon ſpeaking, J will acknowledge. If J be contented to dye: For the Pſal. 23. Tecelius, ip, and had long atter, t. Well. 5. That We muſt proue things. 23 - a _—_— _—_—————— rr x > — 2 * — n SFM — —— k—— CERES — n= Aa "4 5 R " 4 Ie oo —³²ẽ 2 Sy — 2 r W < * * W — n Gps 2, — CY iy — — — p & _ 25 - — — WE 3 i " - — — — ”» * — 2 = . * — — 2 — —— 0 — IT — — —— — — - — - - _ — N . — m — Ml 1 q 10 — - — —ůꝰO r — — — : - . -—— — -> 5 _ —— _— 2 — K. Hex. 8. Things. Also the place. Gal. 2. That if an Angel from heaven do bring any other Gospel, then that we have received, he ought to be a piece if enden bene tem, he alleged an Enden bene tem, where the said Angelus said: That he is wont to give this holy text, nour onely to the book of Canonicall Scripture, that who so ever were the writers thereof, he beleaved them very not to have erred, But as touching all other men's writings, were they never so holy men or learned, he doth not believe them so, but in that respect as they do agree with the Canonicall Scripture, which cannot erred. Item, he alleged lace of the Canon law: Cem. de Clem, De panit, Prenit, & remi. C. Abusionibus. Wherein he prayed, that Sreuiſſc. A- theſe pardonſellers, in their setting forth of the Popes indulgences, ought to go no by the law, then is inioyned them within the letters of their commission, And in the latter part of his answer, thus Luther waiteth to the reader. Let opinions (ſapth he) remaine opinions, (o they be not yokes to the Christians. Let us not make mens opinions equal with the articles of faith, and to the decrees of Christ and Paul. Mozeouer, I am ashamed (quoth he) to hear the common saying of these divine doctrines, holding one thing in the scholastic doctrine, and thinking otherwise in their own judgement, thus are wont secretly among them selves, and which their private friends talking together, to say: Thus we do hold, and thus would I say, being in the scholastic doctrine, but yet (be it spoken here among us) it cannot be so pronounced by the holy Scriptures, &c. Ex Paralip. Abb. Vrſperg. Ectlus writ Next after this, Silueffer, a impugnant Luther, made the conclusions of Luther. Again, encountered D. Andreas Bedenstein, Archdeacon of Wittenberg, made an address to the king his Apologie in defense of Luther. Zhen was Martin Luther cited the 7th or August, by one Heteronimus Bishop of Ascalon, to appear at Rome. About which time, Thomas Caetanus Cardinall, the popes Legate, was then lieger at the City of Augufta, who befque had been sent down in commission, with certain mandates from Pope Leo, unto that City. The University of Wittenberg, understanding of Luther's citation, established by the Pope, was also directed to their letters, with their public seal to the Pope, in Luther's behalf. The Antuertae of Ateneſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſſ� mer hereſie, as by his writing did appear: Therefore, he would that the Cardinal should cite and call upon the said Luther to appear at the Court of Augusta, before him, alleging with all the apd of the pœſe of Germany and of the Emperor, if need required, so that then the said Luther should appear, he should lay hand upon him, and commit him to safe custody, and after he should be brought up to Rome: and if he perceived him to come so any knowledge of the amendment of his fault, he should release him, and restore him to the church again, as he should be in the church again, and that he should be interred in the church again, as he should be interred in the church again, with all other his adherents, abettors, and maintainers, of that security of condition they were, the there were Dunes, Parques, Carles, Barons, etc. Again, all which persons and degrees, he willed him to extend the same course and malediction (except the person of the Emperor excepted) interdiaing by the censure of the church, all lands, lands, towns, tenements, and villages, as hand minister any harbour to the said church. Aid Luther, and were not obedient unto the seat of Rome. Contrary to all such as showed themselves obedient, he should perform full remission of all their tenses. About the beginning of October, Martin Luther peered his obedience to the church of Rome. At the Cardinals sending (at the charges of the noble Prince) and also his letters of commendation, there he remained the slaves before he came to his speech: so that it was provided by his friends, that he should not enter the palace with the Cardinal, before a sufficient warrant was obtained of the Emperor Maximilian. Which being obtained, he entered offering himself to the bishop of the Church. Luther appeared dulcet, and was there received of the Cardinal very gently: the archbishop of Rome, according to the pope's commandment, pronounced unto him, "I am the bishop of Rome." Echint, Andreas. N. Luther appeared before Catetam: his protestation, and answered. At old repentance and rebuke his errors. The text of Horn p. ἐν from 10:40 a.m. to the end. That he had been spoken from all things that might by means of a meaner time, the Church. The Lord's Luther required to be informed therein, he should begin to think: Ingenitus &c. because that he considered the Canon Pad held and tag in his propotest. On the other hand, the Christians of Christ are not the treasure of indulgence. On the other hand, an other day in the presence of some of the Emperors Council, having charge of the Notary, he was present, Luther protested for him, and perused the witness and personally in this manner following. In primis, 3 Partine Luther, a Frier A „pÄſt, that 4 do reverence and follow the of Rome in all my and doings, pÄſent, Ly: and to come: And if anything be done by me so the contrary, count it, and will that it be counted and taken as though had never —— ſpoken. — eg Canned path require commandemen e ngs of me to be observed: + 1 That I should return again to knowledge of myself, 2 Wat X. +a beware of falling into the same again. 2 That I should pÄſt me so abſtat, from all things that might disturb the church of God: 3 pÄſt here this day, that that sooner I have said, seemeth unto me to be sound, true, and Catholic. Pet so the further word thereof, I do offer my self. — ther here 02 elsewhere, publish to give a reason of my 7 And if this plea is not the Legate, I am ready also in writing to answer his objections, if he have any against me: And touching these things, to hear the sentence and judge of the Universities of the Empire, Basil, Fribur. ge, and Louane, Yereof then they had recetucd an anſwere in wzi⸗ ang. thep departed. ſter this, Luther by and by pꝛeparech an anſwere to the Legate, teaching, that the merites of Ch:iff are not commit- ted bnto men: that the Popes voyce is to be heard vhen he ſpeaketh agreablp to the tures : that the Pope may erte: chat he ought to be repzehended, Act.1 5. Po2eouer he ſhewed that in the matter of faith, not onely the generall Councell, but alſo euery faithfull Chꝛiſtian is aboue the pope, if he leane to better authoꝛitie and reaſon: that the Extraua⸗ gant containeth bntrathes: that it is an infallible veritie, that none is inſt: that it ts neceſſary foz him that commeth to the receiuing of the Sacrament, to belæue: that faith in the abſolution and remiſſion of finnes, is necefſorp: that he ought not noꝛ might not decline from the veritte of the ſcrip- ture: that he (ought nothing but the light of the truth, xc. But the Cardinall would heare no ſcriptures : he diſputed without ſcriptures, deniſed gloſes and erpoſitions of his owne head, and by diffintions (therewith the Dininitie of the Thomiſtes is full) like a very Pzotens, he anopded all moꝛe in the pꝛeſente of the Legate, except he would recant, notwithſt ending abode there ſill, and would not depart, Chen the Cardinall ſent foz Joannes Stupitius, vicar of the Augufines, and moued him earneſtly to bzing Luther to re- cant of his owne acco2d. Luther taried the nert day alſo, and nothing was ſaid vnto him. The third day mo2eoner he ta⸗ fo: th the Extrauagãts of Cle- R 3 AC; 2 3 2 Tl zee thin, ut to Luther n bythe Po, i - 8 L % Dzoteſtations Ace ſopes dogge, M. Luther b. koze the Cam. nall. The unſweten Luther, with his pupil, The Pope. The Dubes things. After this, Luther being commanded to come no —5 \| in Poets which could change likees. ried and delineated upon his mind in writing. in which first he learned an oath and great kindness which he perceived by the words of Stupius toward him, and therefore was the more ready to gratify him in that manner: confessing more, that where he had been somewhat sharp and eger against the dignity that was not so much of his own mind, as it was to be ascribed to the imputation of certain such things. As he acknowledged the grace therein, so he was ready to show more moderation in that behalf hereafter, and also pointed to making a more pleasant and pleasant journey to the Bishop, and that in point of point, if he pleased, And as touching the matter of pardons, he promised also to pay. Qøde no further in any mention thereof, so that his adversaries likewise were bound to keep Mence. But there as he was pleased to retract his sentence before defended, so much as he had sat no but with a god conscience, and which was agreeable to the same terms of the scriptures: therefore, he humbly desired the determination cheerfully, to be referred to the bishop of Rome, so nothing could be granted. J Who doch not ſee by ſhis ſo humble and honeſt ſubmib lion of Luther, but that, if the Biſhop of Rome would haue bene anſwered with any reaſon, o2 contented with ſaffictent meane, he had neuer bene touched am farther of Þ-nther, But the ſecret purpoſe of God had a farther wozke herein to do: fo; the time now was come, then God ang \| - -thatf ſwere to the Cardinall, bimſelfe inte all foʒmes am © © Lithers let⸗ ters to Duke Friderictze. Cardinall foz -Aclope be had But Luther — All court, all oole. Tuther oben: ent to the Dea of Rome. ſet for Thus the ſpec dapes w An other letter turned \| ot Luther tothe giuen to is ſubn Luther appea - lzth from the Cardinall to The letters ot᷑ Caiet anus to Duke Friage Ticker, anſwere to the Luther, of God, U pꝛoued n is requir vp to Ro lee conſt Which ik t ſhould lac rites of C pardons. : Dacrame os Cardi 6. Letters of Cardinall Caictanus to Duke Fridericke againſt Luther, The Popes indulgences. Tl zee thingy \| 4 „put to Linther 1 chould tile the bumeaſurable chzeatneth me (fa t action ide Pope, Busta r then gh, and like to p20CeS "hereof hal 5 parſed at Kome, — —— * coueting pꝛeſen e domin \| — — 4 müde that ou fo; ich ons, J am not mut — 2 — as that Bas had you ſuſtatne fo2 my matter any danger 02 perl. And IK.. But to the purpose of our matter, the seeing there is no place, no countrep, which can keep Luther delivered to the Cardinal the me from the malice of mine adversaries. I am willing to command out of his light. Which letter depart hence and to forsake my countrep, neither sooner it Luther read to me: thanking God which hath done be called. Here (no doubt) was the cause of Luther in great danger, The cause of the being now brought to this trapeze, that both Luther and John had seen him, ready to speak the countrep, and the Duke again was as much that he had Luther and John affirmed to — him, had not the marvellous confidence of Stuptius the Uicar, after that he had made and set up his son (no had this matter including) here provided a remedy, here he died, here the power of man did fail, by stirring up the whole, here the power of man did fail, by stirring up the whole, here the power of truth is unknown. Luther a beholder and a door of the ſe things, reco2- thus to decline, pꝛincelp honour, would not ſuffer innocency and the ſimpli- ned and defended, with ttie citie of truth ſo cleare as is the Scripture, to be fovled and ſuppꝛeſlech and concealeth, which he ſuppol oppꝛeſſed by merre violence of certaine malignant flatterers 1 derſt and not without griefe and ſoꝛrow. At len p20 about the Pope but that the errour firſf map be ſhewed and = «ther obevi: ſfeth that he reuerenceth and followeth the church of Rome in = conniced, befoze the e party be pzonounced gilty. © cntcothe Sea all things, and that he ſetteth himſelfe onelp againſt thoſe, By che occaſion of theſe letters, the Duke began moꝛe ſe- \| = of Rome, vhich vnder the name of the church of Rome, goe about to 2 minde fo conſider che cauſe of Luther, and to A ſet foꝛth and commend Babylon vnto vs. reade his woꝛks, and alſo to harken to his Sermons. TThere⸗ \| BE Mus pou haue heard how that Luther being retectcd from by (thzough Gods holy wozking) he grew to knowledge and \| 4 the ſpe and ſight of Caietanus the Cardinall, after ſire ſtrength, perceiuing in Luthers quarrell moꝛe then he did be⸗ By dayes waiting, departed by the aduiſe of his friends and re⸗ foe, This was about the beginning of December. an. 1518. Another letter furnished unto him, regarding a letter in the Pope's letter to the Cardinal, wherein he declared sufficiently, for the mean time in the month of November, to establish his belief in his doctrine, against this decision, which he feared to come, had sent his submission reasonable to the Sea of Rome, his long waiting for new indulgences into Germany, and all quarters of his indulgences after he was repelled from the Cardinals' speech, with a new edict wherein he declared this to be the best course of his charges of the Duke, and finally, the cause of his departing, Catholic doctrine of the holy mother church of Rome. The doctrine of the Pope, he left also an Appellate of all other churches, that bishops of Rome which are subject to the church of Rome, and vicars of Christ, have this power and Rome. = <G©2zialico (eb openly to be affired befoze his departure, \| authoꝛttie ginen to releaſe, and diſpence, alſo to graunt in- = the Pope. Atter that Luther was thus departed and returned againe dulgences auaplable both foꝛ the lining and foz the dead, lying >> Theletter9of into his countrep, Caietanus waiteth to Duke Fridericke in the paines of purgato2y. And his dodrine he charged to S 554i aſharpanda biting letter, in vhich firſk he lignifieth to him be receiued of all faichfull Chziſfen men, vnder paine of the ” 74 his gentle entertainment and god will ſhetved to reduce great curſe, and vtter ſeparation from all holy Church, 5 Luther from his errour. Secondly, he complaineth of the This Poptſh decree and indulgente, as a new Marchan⸗ The Dopes \| ſodaine departing of him, and of Stupitius. Thirdly, he de diſe, o2 Aleſtake to get money, being ſet vp in all quarters of 0 11 clareth the pernitious danger of Luthers doctrine againſt the Ch:iſfendome foz the holy fathers adnantage, came alſo fo be picke mens gs by church of Nome. Four chlp, he exhoꝛteth the Duke, that ashe recetued in German about the moneth of December, Lu · burſes. 7 tendereth his owne honour and ſafety, and regardeth the fa- 5 o ther in the meane time hearing how hop vere abont in uour of the hye Byſhop, he will ſend him vp to Rome, o2ex- Rome, to pzoc&ede and pꝛonounce againſt him, pꝛouideth a Luther appen⸗ ell him out of his dominions,fo:ſomuch as ſuch a peſfilence certaine appellation concetued in due fo2me of lawe. therein 79 from abe :eding, as that was, could not, neither ought by any he appealeth from the Pope to the generall Councell. generall Coun. meanes long ſo to be ſuffered. hen Pope Leo perceived that neither his pardons cell. The Dukes To this letter of the Cardinall, the Duke anſwerech a⸗ would pꝛoſper to his minde, noꝛ that Luther could be bꝛought anſweretothe ga ine at purging both Luther, and himſelfe : Luther, to Rome, to aſſay how to come to his purpoſe by crafty al- * —— mA — ode” on Soc . 5 4. — * — « por — — —— - D= . — — a 4 r * - 4 2 port wi x 4 — 8 - Pr a IT 4 — > a > 2 — — - — FY — 2 * . R 4 * * ro > ——— — - 4 — Ohh. : —_— 2 1 8 ”m — — — on — — —— p " ng — * -_”,” «av "_ 8 - — — — 1 — — ; q e _ K es — -— . > —— * 22 PRs * * 2 * * 7. * — 0 a ; 8 5 N ,. Cardinal for in that he following his conscience grounded upon the world, of God, would not renounce that so an error, which could be borne mentioned, which was a German, into Sarony to Popes, changed no error: and himself he excused thus, that there Duke Fridericke, with a golden rose, after the universal ceremony known to him, would be little honesty so to him so to be secret letters also to certain Noble — the Dukes — in Poets which would change his conscience. Thus he knew in cause thy he should salute, to solicit the Popes cause, and to remove ukes which if the Cardinal would oꝛ could declare unto him, there should be nothing in him, which were the part of a. But before Piltius apodicated into Germany, and thereupon he desired him to be a meanes than the Emperor decreed in the month of January, The death of were to the unto the Bishop of Nome, that enemy and Truth be not an. 1519. At what time two there were about the Partmutan Cardinal, op. δή, befoze the crime of error be lawfull election: to wit, France the French? King, and Charles d Emperoar.	39,343
literaryanecdot02nichgoog_16	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,812	Literary anecdotes of the eighteenth century : comprizing biographical memoirs of William Boywer, printer, F.S.A. and many of his learned friends ; an incidental view of the progress and advancement of literature in this kingdom during the last century ; and biographical anecdotes of a considerable number of eminent writers and ingenious artists ; with a very copious index.	None	English	Spoken	6,667	11,075	' An Historical Account of Beauchief Abbey, in the County of Derby, from its first Foundatioo to its Hnal Diasolution. Wherein the Three follovr- trating him than the Critick before us, who, having relieved tbe roelaacholf of habitual indiiipositian, comparing him with a contemporary writer, pays hb friend and physician the compli- ment of his investigation." Gmt. Mag. LXX. 65?. • Of Trinity Collie. Oxford j B. A. 1771 ; M. A. 1775 ; Rector of Oddingley, and of Naiinton Besuchamp, both in Worcestershire, 1776; and of Petworih, Sussex, I7SS. In 1785 this respectable gentleman distinguished himself as an elegant Scholar and an in- geninus Poet, by a Translation of " The Frogs," a Cumedy, from the Greek of Aristophanes, 4to. In 1791 he published an Edition of Philipt's " Cyder," with some valuable notes ; in l?fl5 an esccUeni Edition of " Riradise Regained," with Notes ; and in 1800 the above-mentioned " Considerations on Miltffli's early Reading." In his editorial ctipadty Mr. Duoster unites a due portion of critical accuracy, extensive learning, elegance of taste, a lilierHl cast of mind, and a dbposilion hvoiiratue to tbe cause of Religion and Virtue. In the more immediate line of his profession, he has published " A Letter to the Right Reverend the Bishop of London, bumblysuggestingafijitherConsideration ofaPassE^ in the Gospel of St. Matthew, 1801," 8vo. " Dis- cursory ConsideQitions on St Luke's Prefcce and other Circum- stances of his Gospel ; in Three Letters to a Friend firom a Country Clergyman, 1805," 8vo. "Dieeursory Observations on the supposed Evidence of the eaiiy Fathers, that St. Matthew's Gospel was the first written ; by a Country Clergyman, 1806," Svo. " A Letter to Granville Sharp, Esq. respecting his Re- marks on the Two last Petitions of the Lord's Prayer, tmca a Country Clergyman, 1807," X'irao. "A Letter to a Noble Duke, on the incontrovertible Troth of Christianity. The Second Edition, cwrecied; to which is now added, a Postscript, 1808," 8vo. " Discursory Considerations on the Hypothesis of Dr. Macknigfat and others, that St. Luke's Gospel was the first written, IS08," rtvo. "Points at Issue, between the Editor of Dr. Townson's Works and the Author of Discursory Considenitions on the Hy- pothesis that St. Luke's Gospel was the first written ; discursorilf canvassed, in Two Letters to the Rev. Ralph Churton, Archdea con of St. David's, from a Country Oergyman, 1811," 8vo. "Considerations on the Holy Sacrament, 1811," 19mo. "A Synopsis of the Three Rrit. Gospels ; including the Four last Chaptersof St. John's Goapel, ISIS," 8vo. " Psalms and Hytnna, selected and adapted, for the Use of a Parochial Church j hj a Coujitry ClciTgymaB, 1815," l«mo. DiailizodbvGoOgle l800j OF THB StOHTBENTB CSHTORV. SS7 iog material Points, in opposition to vulgar Preju- dioes and Opinions, are clearly established: 1st, That this Abbey did not take its Name from the Head of Archbishop Becket, though it was dedi- cated to hitn': 2d, that the Founder of it had no Hand in the Murder of that Prelate ; and, conse- quently, that the House was not erected in Expia- tion of that Crime ; 3d, the Dependance of this House on that of Welbeck, in the County of Not- tingham ; a Matter hitherto unknown. By th» late Rev. Samuel Pegge, LL. D. F. A. S." " A Comment upon part of the Fifth Journey of Antoninus through Britain ; in which the Situation of Dttrocobrivce, the Seventh Station there men- tioned, is discussed; and Castor, in Northampton- shire, is shewn, from the various Remains of Roman Antiqui^, to have an undoubted Claim to that Si- tuation. To which is added, a Dissertation on an Image of Jupiter found there. By the Rev. Ren- net Gibson, late Curate of Castor. Printed from the Original MSS ; and enlai^ed with the Parochial History of Castor and its Dependencies to the pre- sent Time. To which is subjoined, an Account of Marham, and several other Places, in the Neigh- bourhood-f-," 4to. " Tbaa last mark of friendship, presented by the venerable Andquary oF Whittin^on to his and our Printer, is here ottered to the niblick with every imprayement it was cap&hle of from the reisal and correction of his Son, whose pursuits were con- genial with his Father's ; and plates from drawings procured at the Editor's expence. All these circumstances united will, we doubt not, recommead this local work to the lovers of our nati onal antiquities." Geitl. Mag. LXXt. 1033. t " Keunet Gibson, Clerk, B. A, formerly of Christ's Colk^, Cambridge, Rector of Marham, and Curate of Castor in the County of Northampton, proposed to print by subscription, fbr one guinea, ' A Comment upon Put of the Fifth Journey of . Antoninus through Britain : in which a particular iofluiry is made after the true situation of Durobr'wii, the Seventh Station there mentioned. In this Work it will be attempted to prove, against the objectinns of some late Writers upon British Anti- quities, that Castor in Northamptonshire has an indubitable claim to the Station ia queation. The icnuins of Roman camps. ■nilitaty D,a,l,z.d=vG00gIe fijS UTERAHV: ANECPOVES ^iSOO. '* BrieF State of the Royal Humane Society ;** as delivered by Mr. Beaumont, their Registrar, for nulitary ways, tesselated paTements, lepulchral and other um> lora] deities, aqusiliicis, the antieot navi^bte Raman Cut, called Caer-dike, coins, ami several uther Rflomn antiquities, are cmn- Bidered in an historical vi(;w ; tiie whole tending to illustrate the parochial antiquities of Castor, and the adjacent parts in the libert} of I'eteiboroiigh, and some olher places in the County of Northampton.' The Propo ala for the above work were dated Castor, July 3, I76Pi hut Mr. Gibson's death interrupted the design. Me died in I77%> and the MS. remained several years in obacuritf, rill, in the year 1795. it was offered to the Editor by the then pro))rieiar of it, the Rev. Duniel Bayley, Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge t- Several articles from Bishop Kenitett's Library, rendered valuable by his MS notes, fell inta Hr. Payley's hands by consanguinity, his mother be-'ng grand- .daughter to the Bishop ; and have been almost ever since in the press, receivi.ig from time to time, consi-ferable additions from ageneral view and information of a fiiend [Mr. Gough] who vi- sited the spoi, which will not be unworthy of public regard, "nieseare, someaccountsof the parish of Castor, with its depend- encies, it) the modern state, including the subsisting mansioQ- house of the Fitz-Willinm family at Milton, and the dilapidated one of the Dove family at Upton. The former of these ftaiUics make a di tin\|;uished figure in the history both of England Knd Ireland ; and we have been enabled to present our readers with a specimen of their housekeeping for seven years in tlie beginnings of the 17th century, a description of ihcir monuments, and & portrait of an unknown and hitherto unnoticed painter, who, though his coat of arms do not rank him among them, probaUy drew many of their portraits as a friend and indejiendent artist, and enrolled himself among them. As connected with the same County of Nonhampton, are added an accouni of the goods, 8m;. of the Priory of St. Andrew, in Ilie town of Niinhaniplon, at the disBotution, and of a Roman [csselated pavement discovered at Cotterstock 1798, where ottieis bad been found 60 yean before." Eriitor't Advertiaemmt. This venerable nnd worthy man, a descendant from that antieiit and respectable fiunily the Beaumonts of Whitley in t B. A. there ITBS ; M. A. tTSS ; S.T. a I79S ; Seniur DeM of the ColleKe, tB04 ; in ithicb ye&r he wu preienled to the Vicarn;^ of Ma- dlnifcjr In CambriclKtihin, on ihr reBl{(iialiuii of Haggii. Mr. Bajtejr dkd Aupjil 13, leOS, and 49. His mrxhrr wac the cMetl Uaughc'er of Biibop Kennett, and d\r6 & few }eiirh 1^0 l^aTin\|; ilj» urn and two daughti^r* lurvlving; an elder dsugbtirr, Priscilta, djini: 1>cfore bar. Mrt. Bayhy wii poueued ot tevml tiOuks with ihr Biibop's MS luitet 1 and, amongit othera, ■ cojiv, ntiich nopnivrd, of Bi«lic>p Kt^iinett'* Funeral Scnnun on William Duke uf DevoiiBhirf, 1707, wiih Mrmuin a[ ■ha Cavendiab Family } irblcfa was nfterwards ibv pruperty uf ihr Rer. Henry Freeoun, M. A. Prccentar of Peterboruugh j «ba, in I7ST (iM p. 30G), perMitleU me lu prcient a new tdilion to the pufaliek. YoriulHK« DiailizodbvGoOglc l800.] OF tHB BIGnTEENTH CBKTURT. «39 die AnDtrersary, for the year i800 ; when the usual Yoriuhire, iras bred to the profession of hia fetber, an eminent ApaQmcaxy in Henrietta-street, Covent Garden (where he was bom Sept 13, 1733), and commenced business in 1758, in Vil- liers Street in the Strand. In 1774, Mr. Beaumont was one of tb* Arat Member? who aseociated wich Dt. Hawea and Dr. Cogan, ia tUe formation of the Humane Society. The former (Dr. Hawes) is gone to inherit the reward of a life most disinterestedly and a^iduouslj devoted to the preservation of the lives of his £dlow-creatnres t while the latter (Dr. Cogan) surtives, an ho- nour to his country, and highly entitled to our warmcEt respect, not only as the joint Founder of the Royal Humane Society, but for bis 'brilliant mental accomplishments. Mr. Beaumont ac- G^ted the important but gratuitous office of a Medical Assist- ant i and shortly afterwanu was taice honourably gratified, by being presented with the Medal of the Society, for two remark- able cases of accident in the River Thames, near Hungerford- ataira, in which the lives of two valuable members otsocie^ were happily restored. The particulars of both these cases are Tery fully and correctly stated in the Annual Report of the Hu- mane Society for 1776- Mr. Beanmont, subsequently, attended more than 400 cases, either alone or with other Medical Assist- ants, carefully employing the usual means for recovery, and generally with success. These great exertions were the more praise-worthy, as, in the infency of the Humane Society, the bare attempt at resuscitation was encountered both with ridicule and apposition. " Our first object and chief difficulty," says hia late coadjutor Dr. Hawes, " were to remove the destructive in- credulity which prevailed. Our attempts were treated, not only by the vulgar, but by some of the learned, even by men of emi- nence as I%ysiaians and Philosophers, as idle and visionary, and placed itpon a level with professing to raise the dead. Such pre- judices were first to be removed by incontestibic facts of our own. Happily, the animated exertions of a few indit iduals enabled us to proHJuce them." — In 1794, Mr. Beaoiont was appointed Bcgistrar and Secretary of the Royal Humane Society, in the room of Dr. Hawes, who was chosen Treasurer ; and after the deathoftliat lamented friend, in lB08,p!ud the rewards adjudged by the Managers to the several claimants who had been active and useful in the preservation of life. — In 1803, it may be added, Mr. Beaumont was elected a Member of the Society for the En- couragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce ; and was an ue«fiil attendant at their public meetings and Conmiittees ; U he was also on the Committee of the Society for the Relief of Wdows and Orphans of Medical men. — Modest and unassuming in his general habits of life, Mr. Beaumont neTcf was ambitious or anxious to become a popular character. Being of a domestic turn, he confined himself to the practice of his profession ; ^rtuch bfc puisued, for the very long pwiod of 56 years, with the strict- DiailizodbvCoOglf S40 UTERARV ANBODOTSa. [iSOO. Sermon was preached (but not published) bj Dr. John Buck ner, Lord Bishop of Chichester. " Poems for the Anniversary of the Literaiy Fund+, April 24, 18OO; by Henty-James Pyej, Esq. Wilham Boscatven^, Esq. and William- Thomas Fitz-Gerald\|j, Esq." 8to. A Second Edition, with considerable Additions, of Dr. Moseley's " Treatise on Sugar, with miscel- laneous Medical Observations." est punctuaL'ty and inte^ty ; and vhich enabled liiia to biiii\|f upalargie family, with comfort to hioisclf, and the approbatioa of his relatives and friends ; by a large circle of whom, fts he lived respected, so has he died Ifunented : but thef have the cott- ■olatiuD to reflect, that, he has " come to bia grave in a full age, like aa a bhock of corn cometh in, in his season." He died Nor. 8, IS14, in hb 82d year. — A good Portrait of faim is pr^xed to the " Annual Report of the Royal Humane Society, 1813." Brother to (he late Admiral Buckner. This eminent and ray learned Prelate was educated at the Charter-house School, on the foundation, and elected (o Clare Hall, Cambridge ; B. A. 1755; M.A. 1765; D. D. I?...; Rector of St Giles-in-tbe> Tlelds in 17^8; Archdeacon of Chichester I79?i and raised to the Bishoprick of that see in 1797. f This valuable Institution, established in 1790 through the suggestions of Mr. David Williams and a very aixuilt circle of intimate friends, has now attained a high degree of reputation, under the jiatronage of his Royal Highnesi the Prince Regent, who most graciously bestowed upon it " a local habitation." Its funds, and consequent spbere of utility, have been con»derably augmented ; and ages to come will bless the memory of the original Founders. See " The Claims of Literature ; the Origin, Motives, Objects, and. 'IVaiuactionB of the Society for ihe Establishment of a Literary l''und, 1804," compiled by Mr. WiHinms and Mr. Roscawen. t Of this kind-hearted and highly-respected gentleman, who died Aug. 1 1, 1813, liome account will be given hereafter. \ A Commissioner of the Victual ing-oflice, and well kacnm by his Translation of Honicc. A Poem of his was recited at the LJterary Fund, May 6, 1811; and he died on the 13th, in hb 48th year. He was a gentleman uf the most amiable disposition j and his death was a public loss. II This animated Bard may be justly styled the Poet-Lauicat of the Literary Fund. For eighteen y^rs succeasively he has entertained the members of the Society, and greatly benefited their funds, by his Tyrtnan strains. END OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. Laus Deo, DiailizodbvGoOgle DoiffldbvGooglc X ..yuJiiii,^ a - Coogic [ 241 1 A Sketch oT the Life and Character of the Right Honourable and Reverend Richard Trevor, Lord Bishop of Durham'^. By the lat« George Allan, Esq. F. S. A.J RiCHABD Trevor, Lord Bishop of Durham, waa descended from an ancient and principal family in Wales, fourth son of Thomas Trevor (created, by Queen Anae, Baron Trevor of Bromhaai in this CoDOty of Bedford) by his second wife Anne, daughter of Colonel Robert Welding, and widow of Sir Robert Barnard, Baronet. Bp. Trevor was born Sept. 30, 1707 ; was first placed at Bishop-Stortford School in Hertfordshire, and, when of sufficient age, removed to Westmin- ster, where he stayed till ripe for the University g was entered a Gentleman Commooer of Queen's College, Oxford, and had for his Tutor Joseph Stedman, Fellow of the same CoUege; from Iwnce elected Fellow of All Souls in 1727, wh»<e be todc his Master of Arts degree, sStb of January I731 ; " To transmit to poflterity the characters of eminent men, iaatribotcdueto theirmemoi7, and a serrice to the publick that needs bo spology. la taking a view of this Bishop, it is not in- tended to^ tfaroug'h a minute detail of all the early and imma- terial eveats of his htetory, but to take a short and gttiend surrey of him in the last scenes of life. To do Justice to hisjnemory, and Ttcranmend those amiable virtues that adorned his character to the practice of posterity, is the chief design of the following pages." G. A. , t Tlie el^ant Portr^t of Bishop Trevor, here annexed, en- grared in 1776 by iny good fiieiid Mr. Joseph CoQyer (nhoss name has for many years been deservedly enrolled among the Associate Engravers of the Royat Academy, and who ia now, 1814, the diligent Upper Warden of tIteStalionerB Company), was copied from a dramng made by Mr. Robert Hutchuison, one at bis Lordship's domestics, and improved from a wax model by Gosset. The Plate was originally presented by Mr. Allan to Mr. Hutchinson ; and purchased from him by the Editor of these Anecdotea. i ^nted at lus private press at Darlington, 1776. Vou IX. R was D,0,l,z.dbvG00gIf S43 LITEftART AMECDOTES. was presented, by Sir Robert Barnard, to the valu- able Rectory of Houghton with Witton, in the county of Huntington, 1732; succeeded Dr. Thomas Terry (who died at Bath in 1735) in his Canonry of Christ-Church, Oxford; and, on June 10, 173^) Eroceeded to the degree of Doctor of the Civil aw, for which he went out Grand Compounder. In January, 1744, he was appointed Bishop of St. David's, on the promotion of Dr. Edward Willes to the See of Bath and Wells ; from thence he was translated to Durham, Nov. 9, 1752, and there en- throned by proxyon the Sdthof December following;. In the year 1759, the Chancellorship of the Uni- versity of Oxford became vacant, on the death of Charles Earl of Arran, for which honour the Bishop stood competitor with the Earls of Westmoreland and Litchfield. To attain this honourable station, he was spurred on more by the advice and importu- nity of his friends, than by his own natural temper and inclination. He had the advantage of his op- poDents singly; but, the Earl of Litchfield giving his interest to Lord Westmoreland, the scales were turned, and, Jan. 4, 1759, the poll stood thus : Earl of Westmoreland - - 321 Bishop of Durham - - 200 Majority 121 There was a singular dignity in his Lordship's person ; he was tall, well-proportioned, and of a carriage erect and stately. The Episcopal robe .was never worn more graceftilly. His features were re- gular, manly, and expressive ; his complexion florid, and over.his countenance was diffused an air of be- nignity, though accompanied with that presence, which, whilst it inspired esteem, commanded reve- rence and distant respect. His Lordship resided all the Summer mohths either at Durham or Auckland, but chiefly at the latter, where be made great improvements in the castle DiailizodbvGoOgle HtBOP nUCTOK. 343 cutle and park ; used much exercise in walking, and enjoyed a good state of health till 1771. " About the loth day of March in that year, be began. to be confined ; a gangrene sore having attacked the tendons of his left foot, and a mortifi- cation of the most fatal kind ensued; the toes sloughed off one after another, by a slow but irre- Nstible progress; every aid of medicine, and all that human art could do, was most assiduously as well as judiciously administered by those two emi- nent surgeons, Tm. Addington and Hawkins ; nor could any thing tend more to assist the endeavours of those gentlemen, than the singularly prudent and composed behaviour of their patient, who, during his whole confinement, took every medicine, and suffered ev^ry pain, with that firm composure of mind, which, by a strong and happy influence, usists the operations of nature. The l»rk was taken u long and in as large quantities as ever known, and seemed to agree so weli with his constitution, that, if the disease had been remediable, that alone would have effected a cure; but -it was too malignant and inveterate, and had already taken a mortal hold on the whole habit. After having suflfered, above two months, a copious discbarge from the wound below, and, as one should think, in some measure cor- rected by so long an absorption of antiseptic medi- cines, a new sore, tending to a carbuncle, appeared on his back. Thia gave a damp to all hopes, and nothing remained but the dreaclof a miserable exis- tence being too for proloi^ed : Henceforward it might be sud, Questttcque noceiit artes, cessere magistri. The poison now began gradually to creep up fivm the foot (already mortified) to the " This account was found among tlie papers of Mr. Robert Hotchinaon (bioihpr to the Histuriao, and one of his Lordship's DoDMstics) ; and it discovers such a nobte fbriitude of mind, at tba approach of hu disiolutioii, as could be inspired only by a clear cousdenoe, and the calm retrospect of an uninterruptied series of virtue." G A. as leg ■bvGoOQif 344 LITEBAMT MJBCeOTES. It^. At ^B ^c one hand, life was. inqcnniMitible with such a mass, >Q> Aothe otber, anpvtattoB, .in foia theabaJMt ^ body and grelit iveaitiflis, horded no qtb^r poesible erotpect b«t to vmbitler the con>- fiict, and hasteo Uie event. " In this lielpless lituation did the fiiihop lie above twelve week?, tbe latter part of which he did not suffer much pain, exeept vhen his foo^ or beck were drest. The uneuifieei of his postoTB,. which admitted of do variety, nuut have grown intolerable, I say must, because we are to judge of his feelinga Srom our reason, not from his ccDpretsion of them ; for neither these nor hiv other «u0«iii^ (aodothert he had) ever drew from him a peevish word, awlan- chol^f ^aculation, or a desponding eig^fa. As long aa his strength permitted, he sat up in his diair. Though he had no appetite, yet he continued to have a re^Iar dinner, and two -or three of his friend to dine with him. In short, he studied to conceal as much as pouihie the appearance of a sick man, »nd, tiU witnin two days of his death, oi^t rather to have been called a wounded man ; (br thoogh in iact the poison was eveir mirmte gaining ground, 'et, woodeiful to relate! it anther oansed fever, tead-ach, or any painful symptom. " His throat, Ibr the last ten days, became Amw and ulcerated: though the ^irits, which dbpend upon the strength, diminished with his strengtb, yet the 6rninets and tranquillity of his mind never lu^ fered any change. lie frequently took notice of that concern in the countenances of his friends and domestics, which they could not conceal ; and he as often cbid them for it. It waa Mipposed he bad but a had opinion of his case from the first, having exe- cuted his will thegth of April 1771, and it was evi- dent he discovered the full extent of his caUmity ; bud it was not the least of his philosophy to conceal these feelings, whilst he inwardly prepared himself for the awral scene lie pvceived was now approach- ing; D,a,l,zt!dbvGDOgIe I Mg : hem adnftrably be ^fllected this, thoie that ar« ipeetftton caik befff t«^ttK)ny. " Otr ^i]n%' dioniiiyi; the 8th of Jtrae, the Bnbopj ' firMn w>ni<e mwird feelings, became more «hiiibi»0rhiiidpproachi'Dg'(tts9oIutioir; fa« no mor^ 9i^^Md him^etf to b& taken up ; an<3 desitcd Dr. Yorite, then Bishop of St. Ovid's atid Minister of hif pftvirin might be sent for to administer the sa^ ifluBeBt'to-biin the foBowring ewnti^. Theweafc-' flffis of his rittUation, andfen of an approaching de* Krfdm, shewed tfce impropriety of postponing th* eevecMnji to'fen^. Lotd Trerof told his brotherj diat- tlM Bisbep at St. Enid's «ras hat in toiVn ; bnc^it hisiChaplaln Kfr.De Salts was then ready, ttd begged to Iiav»^ the sttttsfection of commufit- eailhig wkh hitfi imtnedUtely. The Bishop saitfj h»bdieved Ibmgs were not so presiing; bnt how- e»tt, tf he plSsSrf, and Mr. Ete Salis woiild be so goofl at to fead Uie semce, it shoiiltl Ik stV. He dto'deMrmt that hitf nephew (Mr. John Trevor, a yoimg'gHtiflemati of the Awst promising <iharatter, antlwhohed'attended him with the mo^ singular aAction and assTduky) together with the rest of the bmily,' mi^hf communicate with' him: the cere- mof^ was accordingly pei'fbrmed; and the Bishop wew the only person, who, during-this awful solem- nity, w^ moved by no other auctions than those of pore diTotion. When this was over, he conti- nued to lie in perfect a9e of body, and stt!! more perfect composure of mind. He desired Lord 'IVe VOT and his nephew would sit by him, said some- thing about settling his affairs, and gave directions about his borial ; expressed the happiness' he had ekperifeiieed in Lord Trevor's long ana cordial friend- ship, gave thanks to God for tn« resignation and fortitude with which he had been enabled to bear his afflictions, and thanked the world fbr the kind share of concern it had taken in his situation. He also talked some time very seriously with Mr. John Trevori D,a,l,zt!dbvG00gIf. S4tf LITBKARY ANECD0TK8. TTevo,r; told him, < that he believed he wu not im- mediately goin^, but that he had then pui himself in the posture in which he- should wish to be ready when it pleased Providence to strike. He then de^ sirc^ the &mily to go to dinner, bjddine the, servanto take particular care of his fri^ids, andleaTe htm as usual to go to rest. All Saturday evening and night he continued to rest quietly, though slight and par- tial convulsions began to anect his arms and fingers. He now and then had his mouth moistened, but no more took any medicines or solid food ; desired that he mifi;ht be prayed for the neit morning in hispa- ri&h church of St. Gepi^e. Qn Sunday morning be appeared much the same ; but'dftertjKe last dres^* ing of his wounds, which was made aseesy and abort as possible, he grew -much weaker, but still conti- nued easy and perfectly sensible, oMJept iwh«n cbn- vulsioos came on, which now bepkn. to bemM^ire-i qnent and violent. He had four fits before evening ; about six, being more quiet, and perfectly sensible, he desired the Prayers for the Sick might be read to him, to which he repeated til the responses ; but* feeling another fit coming on, stopped the prayen : recovering therefrom,, he fell asleep, and oontinited 90 till shook by more couvulsions, and had seven or eight after this, at intervals of about half an hour: stjll his senses were unaffected. He said to Mr, John Trevor, after one of the fits, • Jack, y«i see me clinging to life much more than it deserves/ About eleven at night, he asked the Apothecary how- he did i and these were the last words he uttered. White he continued to lie in an horizontal posture, he breathed with difficulty and uneasiness, and made a si^ to be- raised a littfe ; which, when done, he continued for about ten minutes to breathe away the last remains of life almost imperceptibly, without a struggle or a groan. At a quarter before twelve he . expired (June 9, 1770 '" the 64th year of his age, and of his Translation the 19th. « Thua DiailizodbvGoOgle fiISHOt> TRevoit. d47 " ThttB at length was this excellent mah rtleased from all his sumrings, leaving behind him an ex- ample of christian piety, fortitude, and resignatioHj which no human being ever exceeded, and ^w have equalled." " To draw the chancter bt ibi» tLcKnaA Prdate requires the ablest pen. Hia memoiy is ftcsh and flouriahing in the breasts of tanst people now IWing, and posterity may be assured the following may be depended on for truth in every partitiilar j the integrity of the compooer being above dispute, and hia inti- tnacy with the Bishop suihGieDtly known." G. A. InaSennonf presetted at Newcastle, July 37, 1771i before the Governora of the Infirmary there, by John Rothcramt, M.A. Rector of Hough ton-le-Spring in Durham, that animated Preacher sayi, " Seldom have so many amiablb and vmluaUe qualities met together in one person ; seldom have virtues and •ccomplishments been so hiqipUy united as in the late Bishop of Utirham. If we cmisider hitn in private lifb, we shall find none more worthy of our love ; if in public, none that could more justly claim our veneration a^d esteem. His per-- sunal acc<«iplishiiients were such aa could not fiul to attract the notice, and win the r^;ard, of all with whom he con' vetwd. His tendemem to those who had the happineas of being near him was beyond eicample j whWh necessarily attached to him more by affection, than by any other bond <^ authority^ in- terest, or fear, every feeUng heiurt, capable of gratitude, and alive to the impresmons of goodness. His attainments in Litera- ture Sa suipaaaed his own modest estinuOe of them. His ac quaintance with the history both of ancient and modem times was accurate and extensive. He was master of the best and pureat writers of antiquity, and his memory was stored with their finest pasat^es, which he applied with propriety and taate ) whilst be- &lt and communicated the aublimer iieauties of the sacred books with sucheneigy and wannthof expreasioa, as shewed that (heir divine fires touched his heart. His knowledge of the a0airs of tnen, and diaccmment of characters, spoke one who had been accustomed to read mankind with penetration and candour. From these accompliabments of the hM>d and heart flowed a con- versatioa pleasing and instructive, which had all the strength that juat observation, sentiment, and deep reflection could give, accompanied by all the graces that it could derive from an <^>eil and engaging counteaance, a winning address, hartnonious do- ■f I am enabled to add, froDi Mr. Surteet'i valuBble " Hiitory of Dur- luin," nan- in ihe pn^a, the foUowinf ri^ant tribaie to the Preacher: " LordHlaiifBcId lends hb eompIlmnta to Mr. Rotbemn, and retamt him QiiUi}' Ibauka fur bii HXCcUent and admirable Sermon ; the readiu^ of it cutT iiim tears, but e>ve him a mcUnchuly blesauie, and a hi(h •- teem or the bead and heart of the Preacbvr. T November, 1771." t Ofwhom tee loma MemoiTiin vol. Vlll.p. 193. cutioA. DiailizodbvCoOgle 948 LITUUAT ANBGIWTES. Oa the 19th of June, 'h« wu buried privately, (according to his own direotioos) at Glynd in Sussex ; and in 1775 a most el^ant marble monument was cution, a longuagK copious, cnrrect, and natural, and a mind elegantly turned. In a word, in priv^ite life we saw accoinplish- meats supported by worth ; polished manners and a pleasing fbnn animated by inteUl\|;enee and goodn«ii nf heart ; outwardly ftll that was graoeftil afkt betoming, whilst aU was Ugbt and peace within. His public character was such as did nalurally re- sult tram so many piivate virtues and amiable endowments. The tree intrimtc worth which he possessed, easily took an outward polish beyond what any art can give to baser materials. He wore hb tenqforal honours with dignity and ease. Never were tb« shining qnalities of the Palatine more justly tempered by th* Milder gnceS of the Dioceaan. Liberality, munificence, and gtMtaus of mind flowing ttuta one sootve, were happily united with DMeknesa, moderation, and humility defived ftotn the otiwr. Invttstod with high aathority, his infioence, whldi WM become general and extensive, seem^ not so much the effect of pOtreT, a» the reralt <rf refesoa and superior ability exerted fbr the publle good. He was sinceMl)' and firmly attached to evety thing tbaC is excellent in our happy Constitution ; wishing to see publb* authority and private liberty standing leather on the basis of public law ; and publin peace established hy their concord. A' frlendfromprlnciple to the interests of the Church of England, his zeti for its wel&re w&s directed by knowledge, and tempered l^ sentiments of purest charity towards ali our dissenting bte- tbren ; which he expressed not cniy in private <H)tiversation, bat in faia public discourses, ntrticuliuly in his last aflbctionate ad- dress to the Clergy of his biocese, delivered at his 6 nal' visitation in July and August 1770. Easy of access to all, he was ever open to bb Clergy, and ready to assist them by his cotmsel and' advice, or where the case reijuired it, by liberal contributions. Their complaints and grievances were tccelved by him as iuto the bosom of a friend, and for them he had no authority hut that of a parent. Amongst them, he was much more studious to find out merit, and distinguish good behaviour, than ready to remaik or remember ernn's and failing. Under every change' of times, and, through all the afiairs both of public and private life, hem^ntainedastaady coune, r^jular^ uniform, and oon- sisMnt. His mearares were not taken from occasional situations, from wavering inclination, or considerations of present conve- nience. He actad oa principles by their nature fixed and un- changeable. Religion had taken possession of his soul, and all hb rules of conduct were transcribed mto bis heart From the roval law of Christian charity. Therefore was his breast filled with candour, int^rity, and truth ; and therefore dkl he maintain a finnoessand conatancy, which they who proceed on ptinciples of Ms« D,a,l,z.dbvG00gIe BiaWP TRICVtW. 94Q erected to his memMy m the cfcspel of Auckland, with the following iDMriptton : false honour or wOTldljr poHey , nn»t aAanre but cumot equal. HU coxtceptioiia of the doctrines and design of Chrjstianity were noble and exalted. He felt their power, tad wondered that it was not univerMlly felt. How hatfa mj aoul been enfhmed when I have hesnl his aentimentB on tfak subject warm from hi« bene- volent heflit ! ' We way bout oursdva,' be would say, ' in the attmncement we bae made hi the theory of our religion ; but how must our pride be hamUed when we eompare our practice with our theory ! Surdj prineiides so great and g^oriotn n thow of the Goepel, so full of ibe seeds of all bles^ogs to human society, camiot alwt^ rem^ without their eflect. No.— 'Rvretation may be slow in wc»-king the fiiH porpose of Heaven, but it must be sure. ftcfigtAn must ooe Aj be a, rerj dlSbteDt tWng from wlkat we at pftKDt bebcdd it -. <^rigtian charit]' CKimat always be to the wwld a light without heat, a pak cold fire. Its warmth at lei^itb must be ualvemlly fbh. The time must cone, when our xeol tiMi appew to m kindled by this hearenly fire, and Bot by human paauon ; wlwn bU our Kttle earthly beats shall be exthl^fuiifaed, and that pur« and dtine Same alone shall bum. lb time will come, witen animofllty and nolence, and rage , shall cease j and wh^ nnton, love, and harmony shall prevail. - The time will come, when euth shall bear a nearer resemblance to Heaven." Hay Us spirit be prophetic < May those glorious dfecta ol our blessed religion soon be accomplished; and may the happy period he wisiied fbr soon arrive ! Religion, thus under- atood, supported him to the end, and adnainistered to his soul all its heavenly consolations under the last great trial to which humanity can be called ; enabling him to give a proof worthy of a Christian Bishop, of tlie strength of his principles, and their ability to sustain the mind in that grtst and decisive hour, when all human help is withdrawn, and Yvhen every support fails and- sinks under it. Sdoh was the late Bishop of Durham, and such' is the rude outline of a great and beloved character, attempted by an aflbetionata, Choi^ unequal hand : llie finkhiag slt^l be ag the hand of an Apostle ; for St. Paul, in desoribing what a Christian Bishop ought to be, bath, in all the principal lines, deacribed what BUT hue bmenteddioceean was:— 'Mewastilatne- lan, vigilant, sober, of good behaviour, given to hospitality, apt lo tMch. Ke wiuoot given to- wine; he was no^triker, nor greedy rf filthy lucre, but patient t not a brawler, not covetotu. Ht ruled n«]l his own house, having his family in subjection vrtth all gravity; fbrif aman knows not how to rale Ms own bouse, how shalt be take care of the Church of God > He w« neither a novice, nor lifted up witii pride ; and moreover, he had a good ii^tort of tbeni which are without, to that be was free from all r^roach." " RlCKAItDUJ DiailizodbvGoOglf 350 LITERARV AMBCDOtES. " RtcsuBDs Tairoi, ci^iUj l«ctor, contonidarif Inwgiaem, Filiue lutu Quartus TaoMx Domini Tbsvob Bu. de Bbohh&h, Ste^ OBtus eat LoNQiNi, SO Sept. A. D. 1707. CnrBum humaiuoniiii Literanim in SchoU Efucopo-Stoktfokd inchoatum is Collwio lUoiNBKit OxOK. confedt. In Ccrilegium Omnium AaiK^suM Sociiu co-optatus A. D. 17S7. In sacroaaDctos Ormnes initiatiu A. D. 173 1 > Parochite de Modobtov euro Wittok in Com. Hunt. oiram siucepit A. D. 1733 ; auKepbeque per xii annoa vigilanter ac libenliter incubuit. Gborgiom Secundum ad HAMorxKiAM k Sacria comitatus A. D. 17S5. Eodcm anno Canonims ^nia CuaiiTii Ox. Regio juwu ascriptuB est. Epiacopus MsvBvix consecratus est A.D. 1744; ibideiaque munere Paatorali per octennium per6deliter functua, Denique in banc Uiocbsih, quam cOgmatimi adniinialruvit, ampUsaim^ exornavit, sibique arttiaaim^ devinzit, tranalatua eat A. D. 175^. Biem aupremum eUem, quft vixerat, aequaniniitate, obiit LoNniHi, 9 Junii, A. D. 1771 i ac in JEde Parociiiali, quam suis tumpdbus extruxeraC apud Gltnd in Com. Sus^bx. sepultua jacet. Nulli non flebilta occidit ; nuUi Aebiiior quara suis IlsFedibua, quorum pietaa hoc Ceuotapbium B. M. P. C.' By hit Will, dated April 9, 177I, Bishop Trevor gave the following charitable legacies : " Totbepoor of the pariahof Glynd inSuaaex - ^.&0 To (hepoorof BeddiDghamin Suaaex - - - 50 To the poor of St. George's, (lanover Square, London SO To the Infinnary at Newcastle, upon Tyne - - 500 To Oiriat-Church college in Oxford - - - lOOO To the CofpcwKtion for relief of Cle^ymen'a Widows - 500 To the Weatminater Infinuaiy ... 300 Tothe Small Pox Hospital - . . . 300 To the Society for propagating the Gospel - ■• 50O To the poor of DurhMu _ . . . \qo To tb^ poor of Auckland ..... loo DiailizodbvGoOgle C 2M ] The Family of THICKNESSE, deserves particular notice in the Lit^viy Annals of the Eighteenth Centuiy. John Thicknesse, descended from a younger branch of the Thicknesses of Baulterley Hall in Staf- fordshire, having obtained the degree of B. C. L. at Oxford, was there ordained ; and in 1694 was pre-' seated -by hia Uncle, Sir John Egerton, Bart, of Bhynerhill^ to the Rectory of Farthingoe io Nor- thamptCHubire, then worth about SOO^ a year, to which was acUled, in I715, the Perpetual Curacy of Radston, a neighbouring village ; and the duties (tf both he constantly and conscientiously performed in the fullest extent to the day of his death. He married Joyce Blencowe, niece to Sir John Blen> cowe, one of the Justices of the Common Pleas, and daughter of a neighbouring Clergyman. He died in 1735, in his 55th year ; leaving two daugh* ters, the youngest of them, Joyce, the wifie of Dr. Richard Gr^ ; the other then unmarried. He had at least seven sons ; four of whom be- came eminent in their respective stations. Thomas, at the time of his father's death, had been recentiy removed from Eton to King's College, Cambridge ; Ralph was then on the foundation at Eton ; George was on the foundation at Winchester; a fourth was at the Charter-house; PhiHp and one other were young at Farthinghoe. 1. Thomas Thickness^, ttie eldest oF them, was elected from Eton School to Kine's Collie, Cam- hr\6^ in 1734; B. A. 1728; M. A. 1732. He was a man of great virtue and learning ; one of the Whitehall Preachers ; had the Vicarage of Sawston in Cambridgeshire; was a candidate for the Provost- yhip of the Coll^, in January 1741-3, when Dr. George was elected ; and died in the same year, on the llth of October. Who dted in 1794, aged ra. S«e toI. I. p. 4)6 ; VIILp.STa, 3. KALm' D,=,i,z<»i..,Googlf 353 LITBRAET ANSCDOTES. 2. Ralph Thicknesse was elected from Eton to King's College in 1727; ft. A. 1730 ; M. A.	48,421
cu31924027999352_10	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,903	Personal reminiscences of the Duke of Wellington	Ellesmere, Francis Egerton, Earl of, 1800-1857 \| Strafford, Alice Byng, countess of, b. 1830	English	Spoken	3,224	4,031	230 THE DUKE'S MEMORANDUM ON '' Field- Marshal the Duke of Wellington's Aide- de-camp, Colonel the Hon. Alexander Gordon, with two squadrons of hussars, shortly after day- light on the evening of the 17th, drove in the enemy's vedettes upon the ground of the Prussian contest of the i6th of June. These retired into the villages of Ligny, St Amand, etc., on the stream. Colonel Gordon communicated with General Ziethen, and ascertained exactly the line of retreat of the army under Marshal Prince Bliicher upon Wavre. As soon as the exact position of the Prussian Army was ascertained, and the intentions of its General were known to the Duke of Wellington, he broke up from the position of Quatre Bras shortly before mid- day, in presence of the whole army of the enemy, without interruption or molestation, and ordered the march of the infantry of the Army under his command to the ground in front of Waterloo, with the exception of the Light Troops at the outposts, with which and the cavalry the Duke remained on the ground at Quatre Bras. '' The Duke saw throughout the day of the 17th the movements of the Prussian Army upon the field of battle of the preceding day. No pursuit was made of the Prussian Army, or move- ment of any kind made by the French Army, till the afternoon of the 17th, and, indeed, the account given by Marshal Grouchy, in a pamphlet in his own defence, published in the United States, shows that the account given in the History is as nearly as possible an accurate representation of what passed on the 17th. '' According to the reports in the Allied Army under the Duke of Wellington, would it not have been a fair conclusion for the historian to draw, that the position occupied by the Allied Army THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO 231 under the Duke of Wellington at Quatre Bras, and the successful resistance of that Army on the preceding day, might have had some effect in producing the unusual tranquillity of the French Army throughout the day of the 17th, the morrow of a successful attack upon the position of an enemy's army which had retired. ' The enemy did not move till between three and four o'clock in the afternoon, at which hour large masses of troops appeared on the Prussian field of battle. One body marched in the direction of Namur, another in the direction of Wavre, which last is supposed to have been the corps under the command of Marshal Grouchy. The largest body and the great mass of the cavalry moved down the high road leading from Sombref to Quatre Bras, towards the left of the British troops of the army of the Duke of Wellington, which still remained on the ground. These were put in motion and retired as soon as their outposts were touched by those of the enemy, and joined the main body of the army, at that time posted in front of Waterloo. '' Here were assembled all the troops com- prising the army under the Duke of Wellington, excepting a small corps de reserve still remaining at Hal, on the high road from Bruxelles to Mons. All the remainder, whether engaged at Quatre Bras on the i6th, or who had joined in the evening of the i6th, or had turned off from Nivelles to Waterloo, and the troops falling back from the position at Quatre Bras, were in the position at Waterloo on the 17th in the evening. '' The whole of the Prussian Army was, at the same time, in the position at Wavre. ' The two Allied Armies communicated with each other throughout the night of the 17th of 232 THE DUKE'S MEMORANDUM ON June, and the cavalry of General Bulow's corps of Marshal Prince Bluchers army was on the ground in front of Ohain, through the defile between the positions of the two armies, at day- light on the morning of the i8th. '' Thus, then, it appears, by the report of this historian, that after the affairs at Ligny and Ouatre Bras, the two Allied Armies were col- lected, each on its own ground, in the presence of the enemy, and between the enemy and Bruxelles ; all their communications with England, Holland, and Germany, and all the important political interests committed to their charge being secure. '' It has been stated always, and believed, that the cavalry of Bulow's corps was seen on the heights in Ohain, between the Allied Army under the Duke of Wellington and the defile leading to Wavre, at an early hour of the morning of the i8th. ** It is a curious fact in elucidation of the move- ments of the Allied Army under Marshal Prince Bliicher that M. Grouchy has published in his defence, printed in the United States, a letter from Marshal Soult, addressed to him, dated the 1 8th June, at one o'clock p.m., in which Marshal Soult states, ' Nous apercevons la cavalerie Prus- sienne,' which was the very cavalry seen by the Duke of Wellington, as stated, shortly after day- light in the morning of that day. '* It is a curious circumstance that this cavalry should not have been observed by the French Army at an earlier hour than one o clock in the afternoon. It must be concluded that at that hour no knowledge existed in the French Headquarters that other troops had passed the defile, or had been engaged with the enemy on the left of the Army under the command of the Duke of Well- ington, THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO 233 '* The first heard of the operations of Marshal Bluchers army was a report brought from the left of the army under the command of the Duke of Wellington at six o'clock in the evening that at that moment the smoke of the fire of Artillery perceived at a great distance beyond the right of the enemy's army, which firing was supposed to be at that time at Planchenoit. '* The report of the battle, made at the time by the Duke of Wellington to the British and the Allied Governments of Europe, has long been before the public. In that report he does full justice to the exertions made by his colleague the Prussian Commander-in-Chief, and by the General Officers and troops, to aid and support him, and to the effectual aid which they gave him. ''He states no detail, except that the battle was terminated by an attack which he determined to make upon the enemy's position, in which he does not report that any Prussian troops joined, because in fact none were in that part of the field of battle. He states, however, that the enemy's troops retired from the last attack on his position in great confusion, and that the march of General Bulow's corps by Frischermont upon Planchenoit and La Belle Alliance had begun to take effect, and as he could perceive the fire of his (General Bulow's) cannon, and as Marshal Prince Blucher had joined in person with a corps of his army to the left of our line by Ohain, he determined upon the attack, which succeeded on every point. '' He added that he continued the pursuit long after dark, and then discontinued it on account of the fatigue of the troops, who had been engaged during twelve hours, and because he found himself on the same road with Marshal Blucher, who assured him of his intention to follow the enemy 2 G 234 THE DUKE'S MEMORANDUM ON throughout the night. He then adds, ' I should not do justice to my own feelings, or to Marshal Bliicher and the Prussian Army, if I did not attribute the successful result of this arduous day to the cordial and timely assistance I received from them. The operation of General Biilows upon the enemy's flank was a most decisive one, and even if I had not found myself in a situation to make the attack which produced the final result, it would have forced the enemy to retire if his attacks should have failed, and would have pre- vented him from taking advantage of them if they should unfortunately have succeeded.' '' When the two Field- Marshals met on the same road, it is well known that they embraced in the presence of their troops, and were cordial friends up to the day of the death of Prince Blucher. Surely the details of the battle might have been left as in the original official Reports. The battle, possibly the most important single military event of modern times, was attended by advantages sufficient for the glory of many such armies as the two great allied armies engaged. The enemy never rallied. Buonaparte lost his empire for ever. Not a shot was fired afterwards, and the peace of Europe and the world was settled on the basis on which it rests at this moment. ' It is impossible to close this paper without observing that Field- Marshal the Duke of Wel- lington's letters, published by Colonel Gurwood, afford proofs that he was convinced that the enemy ought to have attacked by other lines, rather than by the valleys of the Sambre and the Meuse ; and that even up to the last moment, previous to the attack on the position at Waterloo, he conceived that they would endeavour to turn it by a march upon Hal. THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO 235 '' He states this in letters to the Due de Feltre on the 15th, and to the Due de Berri and King Louis XVI 1 1., dated 3\|- a.m. i8th June; and there are orders to his patrols of cavalry on the night of the 1 6th and 17th of June, to observe particularly the enemy's movements towards Nivelles. ^' It might be a nice question for military discussion, whether Buonaparte was right in endeavouring to force the position at Waterloo, or the Duke right in thinking that, from the evening of the i6th, he would have taken a wiser course if he had moved to his left ; have reached the high road leading from Mons to Bruxelles, and have turned the right of the position of the Allies by Hal. It was obvious that the Duke was prepared to resist such a movement." JV.B, — The above Memorandum is the one which the Duke supplied me with for the Article headed '' Life of Blucher," in the September number of the Quarterly of 1842 ; parts of which Memorandum I incorporated into the Article in question. The following letters from Mr Arbuthnot refer to the subject : — "Apsley House, 22nd July 1842. '' Dear Lord F , '' Last night the Duke read out to me your paper, which I had given him,^ and said, ' Oh, this will do exactly, but I will make some additional remarks.' ... I had written this far when the Duke came into my room with his 12th volume ^ in his hand, and said, ' I have it all here,' ^ The first rough draft of my Article. 2 Gurwood's first edition of the Despatches, I think. 236 ALISON'S HISTORY — said it with high delight. He stayed with me for some time, and read to me various parts from page 375 to 476. I took down the pages by his desire and send them to you. You never saw a man so delighted as the Duke is, and saying that he would go and write his Memorandum, and make out Alison to be a d d rascally Frenchman This between ourselves. C. A." "Apsley House, i^th July 1842. " I send you the paper which the Duke has drawn up, and I return the one you gave to me for him to read. The Duke's paper contains a complete narrative of all that has happened from Napoleon s quitting Elba till the battle of Waterloo, and I think you will find it conclusive against a surprise. It details all that he had ordered, which proves that he had good reason for not collecting his troops until Napoleon had committed himself to the place of attack upon which he had determined. At the conclusion of the paper the Duke represents Alison as a Whig. Whether so or not I don't know, but you do probably. I think you will make a capital article from your own notions, and from the Duke's information. When written, you had better send it straight to the Duke, as I might not be returned to London. C. A." '' P.S. — Alison states his numbers from those which were to have been collected. The actual numbers were nothing like what had been in- tended, and the Duke had not more than 50,000 men on the field of battle." NOTES ON WATERLOO 237 Memorandum enclosed i?i a Letter of Mr Arbuthnot, of lOth October 1842, in the Duke's hand. ' I don't know that I can suggest any alteration of this. There is in some of my papers an argument upon the inconvenience and danger of taking up a false position, and of making a false movement, in front of such a Captain as Buona- parte, having an Army in such a position as that of the French frontier of the Department of the North covered {hdrissSe) with fortresses, in which he might cover and protect, and through which he might in safety and secrecy move hundreds and thousands of troops; while the Allies, whether to correct or improve their position erroneously taken up, must have moved along the frontier, and confronted with this formidable position of the enemy, no part of which could be attacked by us, we should have been exposed to be attacked by each part in detail. '' A common inspection of the map will show this. Place our right at Ostend, and the left at Namur on the Meuse, and take any central position you please. Then take the French position, with its right at Givet and Charleroi, by Le Quesnoi, Valenciennes, Courtrai, Lisle, Dunkirk, on the sea. And the folly and danger of a central position will be seen, we being, par force on the defensive, and, moreover, we could not move without being attacked. " Even my position . . . as it was in com- parison, could not have been taken up if I had not fortified and rendered defensible against a coup de main, Mons, Ath, Tournay, Ypres, Ostend, and Nieuport. ** Wellington/' 238 CLAUSEWITZ'S HISTORY Copy of Memorandum i?i the Duke's hand^ dated \%th October 1842, which he wrote on reading a Letter of 77iine upon the subject of Clausezvitz's History of the Moscow Campaign. " I have been much interested by the perusal of this letter. When I go to London I will look for the papers which I wrote on the Campaign in Russia, of which I gave a copy to Walter Scott, which he used in his ' Life of Napoleon/ '' Lord Francis is right ! The Russians nearly lost themselves by an ill-applied imitation of our operations which saved Portugal ; ^ and they would have been lost, if Buonaparte had not always, and particularly at that time, found him- self under the necessity of seeking to fight a general battle. With this view he quitted the basis of his operations up to that moment success- ful, adopted a new line, which after all he never completely established, and ultimately abandoned. That which the Russians did well was their dogged refusal to treat. '' Buonaparte having fought his battles, and obtained possession of the authentic and real territorial capital of the country, intended to record his triumph as usual in a Treaty of Peace, by one of the Articles of which he would have obtained a sum of money to replenish his coffers, according to his usual practice, and he would then have made a peaceable and triumphant retreat from Russia, across Poland and Germany sup- ported by the resources of the Russian Government, ^ I had stated my belief that the Russian camp at Orissa had been suggested by, and was a defective imitation of the Lines of Torres Vedras. — E. E. THE RETREAT FROM MOSCOW 239 so long as his armies should have remained within the Russian territory. "In the meantime, he had made no preparations for the military retreat which he would have to make, if his diplomatic efforts should fail, as they did. " We see that he was distressed for want of communications, even before he thought of retreat. His hospitals were not supplied, nor even taken care of, and were at last carried off; and when he commenced a real movement of retreat, he was involved in difficulties without number. The first basis of his operations was lost ; the second was not established, and he was not strong enough to force his way to the only one which would have been practicable, and by the use of which he might have saved his army, by the sacrifice, however, of all those corps which were in the Northern line of operation. I mean the line from Kaluga through the southern counties ; but instead of that, he was forced to make his retreat by the line of the Beresina, which was exhausted, and for which he had made no pre- parations whatever. This is, in a few words, the listory of that disaster. '' It is not true that the cause of it was the frost. It is my opinion that the loss of the French Army would have been accelerated, more disastrous and disgraceful, if the season had been wet instead of having been frosty. In truth, the Army could not, in that case, have moved at all, in the state to which all its animals were reduced at that time. The following two letters relate to the Article on Marmont, Siborne, and Alison, which I wrote for the Quarterly, 240 SIBORNE'S HISTORY From Mr Arbuthnot. " i^thjune 1845. '' I have told the Duke that I have your sheets. He has not seen them, but will to-morrow, to-day being a busy one. Though indeed to-morrow will be a more importantly busy one in the Com- memoration of the 30th Anniversary since the great day of Waterloo. I am glad to give my opinion of your work, nothing worth, however, before the Duke gives his. I think it admirable. There is not a point that I would alter. You are right in the i6th page. I have heard the Duke say that Napoleon tried to gain the victory at Waterloo in the same way he gained other vic- tories, by moving upon the enemy immense bodies of Cavalry at a slow pace, and then following up advantages gained by furious attacks of Infantry. It is a capital review, and so the Duke will think it, I am sure. C. A." '^ ijtk Jtme 1845. — The Duke brought the enclosed to me soon after you had gone. He said that it was admirable, and that there were only one or two little mistakes, which he had set right. C. A." yRlNTEU AT THE ttDINBURGH PRESS, g AND H YOUNG STREET, *.■.••%>.'•;•-••:.	765
bim_eighteenth-century_the-occasional-critic-o_shebbeare-john_1757_8	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,757	The occasional critic; or, the decrees of the Scotch tribunal in the Critical Review rejudged. In which the learning, philosophy, science, taste, ... of the gentlemen authors of that work, are placed in a true light. 1757	Shebbeare, John	English	Spoken	6,100	9,263	I come now to thoſe Parts which you Gentlemen Critics have ſelected, to ſhew the Author's Skill in drawing Cha- racters, and your own in criticiing. * Henry the Second,” - he ſays, „ diſplayed all the Sagacity of a Legiſlator, and his « Exertion of the Prerogative never interſered with the * Liberties of the People, and yet he was tranſported with « the Luſt of Power; how do he and you make thele Contradictions coincide? If Henry never interfered with the Liberties of the People, how do you know he was tran- ſported with the Luſt of Power? © He had 4d the Mag- * nanimity of a Hero, and yet he ſeduced Adelais the % French Princeſs, who was bred in England, as the future «© Wife of his Son Richard, Can ſomething as criminal as Inceſt reſide in the ſame Boſom, with all the Magnanimity of a Hero? Would Alexander, Cyrus, or Scipio have done this? My Lord A——13, no great Hero, behaved better in his Voyage round the World. Has not the Author miſta- ken in ſome Parts of this Character, and attributed to Henry what cannot exiſt in the ſame Individual ? I come now to the Character of Edward the firſt, in which it will appear that the above Impoſſibilities are few in Num» ber, compared to what will be icen in this Pourtrait. The Hiſtorian ſays, * He equalled the greateſt Monarchs who e have ſat on the Engliſb Throne; he was cool, penetrating; * ſagacious, and circumſpect; he was conſummate in his &« legiſlative ( 132 ) cc legiſlative Capacity, the Engli/h Juſtinian; he new mo- 4 delled the Adminiſtration of Juſtice, ſo as to render it more ſure and ſummary ;” and yet, he ſays, he had no « Genius, he cheriſhed a dangerous Ambition, to which he « did not ſcruple to ſacrifice the Good of his Country, bl c ſeized the Merchandize of his Subjects, and did many ar- <« bitrary Acts; a Stretch of Power more ſuitable to the \| ce Conduct of an Eaſtern Monarch, than an Engliſb King.“ Are not theſe Qualities incompatible in the ſame Character? Can he that equalled our greateſt Monarchs in Capacity, ol who was a conſummate Legiſlator, a Fu/?inian, want Ge- 4 nius? Can the King, who rendered Juſtice ſure and ſum- \| mary, have robbed his Subjects, and ſtretched his Power to Deſpotiſm ? Could the cool, penetrating, ſagacious, circum- ſpe& Prince, cheriſh a dangerous Ambition, to which he did not ſcruple to ſacrifice the Good of his Country? Or if he committed ſuch Acts, can he have poſſeſſed the ſupe- rior Attributes which your Author has given him ; and laſt- ly, could the ſame Perſon, as the Writer ſays, be“ con- cc ſidered as the Flower of Chivalry, without the leaſt Spark ic of Heroiſm.” Such are the Impoſſibilities he has cramm'd into one Character; which like a Beggar's Bag, contains all Kinds of incongruous Offals, Would it not have been as ſenſible to have ſaid, he was tall, and he was ſhort ; he was fat, and he was lean ; he was black, and he was fair ; Qualities to be found together in the ſame Body, as eaſily as the above are to be diſcovered in the ſame Mind. Are not the uniform Tenour of public Conduct and ſtriking Paſſages of private Life, finely com- pared in this Character? \| \| In the Continuation of your Criticiſms on this Work, you tell us, © You are ſurprized to meet with ſuch a Condenſation & of Matter, without Confuſion and Obſcurity.” In which Expreſſion of Condenſation you are remarkably happy, nothing being more apt to this Hiſtory, diveſted of all which is valuable \| rm ( 153) in Writing, than Litharge condenſed into Lead, after the Silver has been retrenched or taken out of it. You then tell us, The « Style is neither laboured, nor negligent ; neither inflated, & nor humble; but ſtrong, eaſy, and perſpicuous, ſuited: to <« the Situation; and the Narration is animated with ſuch “ Spirit, as ſupports the Attention of the Reader.” For the Truth of which, I beg Leave to appeal to the firſt Paragraph of the Hiſtory, already taken Notice of. You then continue, « A wonderful Number of Incidents is arranged in a very % narrow Compaſs, yet each maintains it's Place.“ As Things always do where there is no Room to move. © The Memory is not perplexed with a Tumult of Ideas.” Very true indeed, very ſcanty in Variety of Ideas. Thus theſe Circumſtances in this Hiſtory, reſemble Herrings in a Barrel, pact together with much Order, and all a like in the Ar- ranging. \| However you confeſs, © There are Marks of Careleſſneſs e and Precipitation, which ought to be forgiven in Conſidera- © tion of that Exactneſs, with which the Author has recorded « every Event, that could tend to the Reader's Amuſement.” Now, Gentlemen, how came this Hiſtory to be ſo exact, which is marked with Carelefſneſs and Precipitation? You then let fly ſome ſatirical Arrows againſt other Hiſtorians, and add, „ This Hiſtory is a round, firm, compa2ed Clue of « Compoſition, which may be gradually unwound, without e being ravalled or difordered.” I fancy you are miſtaken, and that this cozpadted Clue of Compolition, will be looſe, and diſordered in the Manner I ſhall unravel it, before I leave t. The Reflections, You then add, “ Are pertinent, though very ſcarce.” Very ſcarce indeed! * And often e conveyed in a ſingle Word of the Narration.“ The very Quinteſſence of Reflection, quite new and unheard of. ( 154) te venge, Here the Word perhaps ſtands as a Beacon to the «© Reader, and abſolutely directs his Reflection.“ Is not this an Honour never beſtowed on the Adverb perhaps, before ? It ſtands like a Beacon.” A Beacon is deſigned to give poſitive Intelligence of ſome Enemy approaching, which can never reſemble a perhaps z that being an indefinite Term, and therefore cannot direct abſolutely. And after all, this perhaps is no Reflection of the Author, but directs the Reader to make it Reflection. Is not this a moſt inimitable Reflection for an Hiſtorian ? Or without a perhaps, is it a Reflection at all? In the next Place you conſider an Epithet as a Re- flection.« The three Eſtates were aſked ſeverally their Opinions of this RIDICULOUS Claim, which they * unanimouſly admitted.” Here the Epithet "Ridiculous, is exhibited as an hiſtorical Reflection. In what Manner is that Word a Reflection upon the Claim of the Duke of Lantafter as you ſay ? Is his Title to the Crown examined ? are the Rea- ſon why it was admitted, and the Juſtice of the Decifion, ir. veſtigated and compared with the Claim of his Competitor in the Word Ridiculous? I am afraid that Epithet, to ſhow I can pn as well as you, is a Reflection upbn the Author's Un- derſtanding only. Again you inftance, „In his Detail of cc the Battle of Agincourt, Henry forthwith commanded all « the Priſoners to be put to the Sword; and this INHUMAN « Order was punCtual executed.” Here the Epithet Inhuman lands as an hiſtorical Reflection, without one Syllable of Examination, into the Neceſſity Henry was under to promulge ſuch rigorous Commands z and whether his Situation would juſtify theſe Proceedings, according to the Rules and Laws of War. Are not his Reflections extremely pertinent, though extremely ſcarce, and which as he tells us, he could not avoid making? To this, you add, There are numberleſs In- 4 ſtances of the ſame Figure.” What Figure is it pray, Gentlemen Critics? How long have fingle Words been de- nominated Figures? Thus you plainly ſes you have taſked \| Jour ( 155 ) your Abilities beyond their Powers, as you neither underſtand what makes a Refleclian in Hiſtory, nor a Figure in Speech. \| After this you beſtow Abundance of Panegyric on this Hiſto- rian, to the full as juſtly founded as it is on his pertinent Re- fectioms; and then declare, What we chiefly applaud is his Candor and Impartiality, from which we think he has « not once deviated through his whole Hiftory.” And which Expreſſion I will undertake to prove, you do not un- derſtand any more than that of Reflection, * And his Ao „ lably adhering to Truth.” However you. acknowledge, “ He is defeQive in deducing te the Origin of our Conſtitution, from the Saxons. The « Alterations it underwent at the Conqueſt, and the Nature &« of the feudal Tenures.“ Defects of great Importance in a Hiſtory of a free People. © It is not ſufficiently circum- e ſtantial in Church-Hiſtory, and the Lives of great Men % are flightly touched, and others paſſed over in Silence.“ What an admirable Compoſition this muſt be, where the Church-Hiſtory is not ſufficiently circumtiantiat, and the great Men ſlightly mentioned, or not ſpoken of? Is it not like the Condenſation of Lead, with the Silver taken out? In this Opinion you contradit yourſelves alſo. Since vou have ſaid before, Each Incident maintains it's proper Place & in this Hiſtory, and every Event is exactly recorded;“ And yet the moſt important are omitted. By which wonderful Contrivance, thoſe Incidents and Events are at one Time in two Places; in the Hiſtory, and out of the Hiſtory. © The « Chronology might be better aſcertained,” A very confi. derable Error that alſo. * Certain Expreſſions are repeated e too often, and there are certain Lapſes of the Pen.“ This proves the Style undoubtedly to be neither negligent nor hum- ble. < It wants Tables of Coins, Taxes, and Revenues.“ All which being CG and omitted; together with the X 2 other ( 156 ) other Faults, which I have proved to be in it. How comes this to be ſtyled, A complete Hiftory of England? After this, “ Sacrifice to Candour,” As you term it, you ſubmit to the Reader's Judgment, a few Specimens of the Author's Manner of Writing.“ Which you de- ſcribe in the bombaſt Style of << Secing the individual Com- «© batants, being tranſported into the Midſt of the Engage- © ment, and Egbeing in Imagination with all the Fervour of © Henry's valiant Followers.” This Specimen is the De- ſcription of the Battle of Agincourt, in which nineteen Parts of twenty, are borrowed from Rapin; and thoſe which he has retrenched, and in which he has differed from him, the greateſt good Senſe is to be found in that Hiſtorian, and the \| greateſt Want of it in your Author. The Latter, ſpeaking of Henry, © Says in order to extend his Front equal to that of the Enemy, he was obliged to form his little Army, into one Line, The right Wing commanded by the Duke of York, &c. was a little Way before the Center, which the King took under his own Conduct. The Left, which may be denominated the Rear, as it had not ad- vanced as far as the other two Diviſions, was left under the % Duke of Exeter, and nothing could be wore prudent than this Diſpoſition.” For declaring which Opinion you give no Reaſon, and it is probably the firſt Time a General has ever been praiſed, for drawing up his Army in a broken and ſingle Line; becauſe at each Break, it was capable of being flanked by the Enemy, which was more numerous, and after a Shock or Repulſe incapable of being ſuſtained by a ſecond Line. Rapin, ſays, Henry drew: up his Army in two Lines, the Duke of York commanding the Firſt, and the King the Se- cond, Let the Reader judge which Diſpoſition was moſt like a General, and why you were of a different Opinion. Your Author tells us, „The Englih Bowmen had ad- © vanced beyond their Stakes to make their general diſcharge z but ſeeing the Enemies Cavalry in Motion to attack them, they retired within their Palliſadoes, with admirable Or- & der and Dexterity.” To this Rapin adds a moſt eſſential Circumſtance, which the other neglefts. The King had diſ- ciplined bis Men for ſome Days, to retire with Dexterity behind their Stakes. Your Favourite tells us, Though this Front: line of the „French, conſiſted of the beſt Troops, animated by the “ Preſence and Example of ſo many Noblemen, and com- % marided by the Conſtable in Perſon, it could not ſuſ- c tain the Impetuoſity of the Attack, and being once diſ- & ordered, all Oppoſition was at an End” And notwithſtand- ing after this, he continues the Battle, and gives an Ac- count Of eighteen French Knights all determined to take * Henry dead or alive, Of one of them ſtunning him « with a Battle-Axe. Of David Gam, the Welch Captain; © and two other Officers of the ſame Nation, ruſhing be- „ tween him and his Aſſailants, and loofing their Lives in “ his Defence. Of Henry and Gloeeſter ruſhing into the. \| « Midſt > — — = ——_——— — — — Of , ** — of _— — WG 24 - - * ne i a+ a ty — + - „ (158) ce Midſt of the Enemies, quite ſeperated from the P 64 Of Chucgſter $ being felled, and Henry covering him. Af- « ter this of the Duke of Alencon reſolving to make an At- cc tack; his ruſhivg upon Henry, being ſtruck to the Ground by him, and kilied by the Engl. ſh Troops. And all this While, „ The third Line was til entire.“ That is, the third Line was ſtill entire, though the firſt and ſecond «* Was * ſo diſordered, that they were not able to rally; had no « Room to turn, and were ſo encumbered by one another, that they themſelves contributed to the Victory of the En- ; « gliſh, who ſlaughtered them in Heaps until their Arms were tired with the Carnage.” Now you would oblige me by explaining, how the firlt and ſecond Lines could run away; never rally; be ſlaughtered in Heaps, and the third Line look on till entire, and then Charge; and all this, af- ter your Author has declared, All Oppoſition was at an Ha - On the other Hand, Rapin like a Man ſkilled in Military Affairs, tells us, That the two hundred Bowmen concealed in the Meadow, plied the Horſe with their Arrows, and put them into greater Diſorder as the Horſes ſunk up to their Knees in the Ground, faftencd with the Rain. Which is an eſſential and charac- teriſtic Cauſe of two hundred Archers, throwing a numer- dus Cavalry into Diſorder, and of Henry's Foreſight in pro- ducing ſo great an Effect, from ſo ſmall a Number. The Ground into which they ſunk, being ſufficient to create Con- fuſion in the Charge; as the Horſes, by ſome ſticking in the Ground, and others pteſſing upon them, muſt thereby be diſ- ordered. Rapin, ſays alſo, Though the firſt Charge of the En gl iſh 1005 very vigorous, they were repulſed with ſome Loſs; but that it was not capable of diſheartening Men, determined to Rejolution, that it xvas not poſſible far their Enemies to Hand the Shock, z 167d that ibis ſecond Attaet was more difficultly repulſed, becauſe conquer or die. Ti, nat after breathing, they charged with ſuch ( 159 ) becauſe the French at the ſame Time felt themſelves fet upom in the Flank by the Engliſh Horſe, ambuſhed behind the Mood. That the firſt Line of the French taking to flight, the Engliſh were flopt by the ſecond, Men while, that Hen ry advanced with his ſecond Line as the fr gained Ground; and food ready to ſup- port his Men, who would have been in Danger of being routed ; whilſt the firſt Body, after fo gallant @ Fight, were retir: ng ts the Right and Left, to rally in the Rear. That Henry alighting from his Horſe preſented himſelf to the Enemy, with undaunted Courage. In this ſecond Charge, according to Rapin, all the Feats of the Knights, Henry, Glouceſter, and Alengon, were performed. Thus according to his Deſcription, Reaſons are aſſigned for the Length of the Battle, the Cauſe of i its Suc- ceſs, and Time for the Variety of the Incidents, whereas your Hiſtorian routs all with a ſingle Line, and gives an Ac- count of fighting after all Oppoſition was at an End, In Rapin, all is viſible and clear : his Deſcription, like a Pool of tranſparent Water, repreſents the Images of every Thing around, whereas your learned Doctor, in his Deſcrip- tion, reſembles an Aſs that has trotted into this Pool, and diſturbing the dirty Contents at the Bottom, deſtroyed its Power of repreſenting any diſtinct Object, making it all one Puddle and Confuſion. By drawing up the Army in one bro- ken Line, inſtead of two entire ones, by omitting the Ex- preflions and Chearfulneſs of Henry, which diſtinguiſh his mi- litary Capacity, in the Duty of animating his Troops at the Moment of the Onſet, ſo eſſential to a Commander, by ne- glecting to mention that he had diſciplined his Soldiers, to retire behind the Stakes in Time of Action, taking Advan- tage of the ſoft Ground; of inventing new Manners of At- tack, and new Arms, ſo abſolutely necelfary to a General i in all Battles, as Xenephon has juſtly remarked, and Rapin un- derſtood. He has deprived him of the Honour of his great Generalſhip, dy condemaing Henry's Conduct, in expoſing him- * = — = — 4 —_— — — - 0 — * * » -— þ 5 —— 4 - — — ” S * Y - >. — r Oo — — — oy — ” 2 - i — —— - S-& * n ” -4 2 ng — T > -—©Y ” Rn 8981 A py _ * — * —— * : «- * LATEST — er — —— — —_ — ä ſ— - — 1 —— —— — -- — (-169 ) himſelf at a Moment, 3 it is the Duty of every General in ſimilar Circumſtances, to offer his Life in animating. his Soldiers to Conqueſt ; -he has. ſhewn he cannot diſtinguiſh ac- cording to Circumſtances. All which are ſo many Proofs how unequal he is to the Task of an Hiſtorian, that Perplexity, inſtead of Perſpicuity is the genuine Characteriſtic of this learned Doctor, and that a Pair of Sciſſars ſhould never be truſted in his Hands to retrench former Hiſtorians, for Fear, of committing Murder on their Works, As an Inſtance of his Propriety and. Preſervation of Cir- cumſtances, he has ſaid of the Diſtemper which raged among the Engliſh, it was ſo violent, they are ſaid to. have fought; « without Breeches, to fave the Trouble of untruſſing.“; What a ludicrous Image is introduced amidſt the Deſcription, of a Battle ſcarce equall'd in Heroiſm and Slaughter, and how unbecoming the Dignity of an Hiſtorian. \| Such is the Specimen of your Champion's Manner of Writing. After thus having depreciated the Merits of other Hiſtorians in drawing Characters, you proceed to.ſay, ©. we ce think our Author particularly happy in the Pourtraits he ce has exhibited ;” in which you and \| differ in Opinion; and tho' you have aſſigned no Reafon for yours, I will for mine, becauſe Impoſſibilities caunet exijt in the ſame Individual; and which, tho' already ſufficiently explained, I ſhall exa- - mine the two following Characters, which you have given as Inſtances of his Merit in that Manner of Writing, He ſays, $* Henry the Fourth poſſeſſed a great Share of Courage, « yet he was humble from Fear; a great Share of Fortitud:, « and yet he was tame from Caution ; a great Share of, Pe-; cc tration, and yet he was ſuperſtitious.” Pray, Gentlemen, how can theſe Contrarieties exiſt in the ſame Perſon, parti- cularly the Courage and Fear, the Fortitude and Tameneſs. ; may, he ſays, this timid tame man, © was naturally im- & perious, and Was without the leaſt Tincture of Virtue, and: yet ( 161 ) yet he poſſeſſed a great Share of Courage and Fortitude, two Qualities, one of which the Romans diſtinguiſhed by the name of Virtus, always reckoned amongſt the Virtues, till you aroſe to dignify the liberal Arts, and excluded them the Liſt, Can there be any Thing more abſurd and impoſlible ? And yet you declare, © here is nothing vague, ſuperfluous or C unfiniſhed.” God bleſs your critical Sculls for the Deci- ſion. You then inform us from him, that “ Richard the „ Third was a Caricatura of the ſame Family. In car Au- ce thor's Deſcription he appears marquce au bon coin,” which I affure you, Gentlemen, to be neither Truth nor good French, HE being maſculine in that Language, whatever it may may be in Scotch, and marquee F eminine, and therefore falſe Grammar. But let me examine this Character ſo truly delineated. \| «* Richard was the moſt cruel unrelenting Tyrant that « ever fat on the Throne of England; his ruling Paſſion was Ambition, for the Gratification of which he trampled upon « every Law both human and divine. It was the Ambition © of a Savage, not a Prince. I come now to the Proof of his Partiality, and Neglect of Truth, which ſhall be taken from the Character of Mar) Queen of Scots, and of yours in declaring his Candour, in which he has never failed once through the whole Hiſtory, He tells us, Perhaps the Charms of her Perſon, and the Ac- « compliſhments of her Sex, in which ſhe far out ſhone all © her Cotemporaries, contributed as much to her Ruin, as « did her Title to the Crown of England. Elizabeth not only c dreaded Mary as the Rival of her Dignity, but alſo envied 4 her ſuperior Qualifications. The Queen of England ſeems © to have been in a great Meaſure aCtuated by perſonal Ma- te lice, founded upon the Reſult of a Compariſon between „ her own Character, and that of the ail accompliſhed Mary « Queen of Scots. Mary, bating ſome Acts of Indiſcretion, « excuſable from her Youth, was a Lady poſſeſſed of the © moſt amiavie Virtues, over and above her amazing Beau- «© ty, and the exquilite Symmetry of her Perſon, he was learned, penetrating, invincibly ſecret, unaffectedly pious, « meek, affable, magnanimous, and endowed with ſuch For- de titude as no Adverſity could diſcompoſe.“ In ( 163 ) In this Account the ſame national Partiality and Prejudice which he has ſhewn for his Countrymen in the Review, is exhibited in Favour of Mary Queen of Sets, and the {ame Averſion which he has manifeſted to Enzliſh and Iriſhmen, in his de preciating Elizabeth Queen of England. Could Elizabeth have put Mary to Death after nineteen Years Impriſonment on Account of her Beauty? an Object of Reſent- ment which muſt have been pretty well worn off by Age from Mary, and from Elizabeth, as every Day mult have ren- dered one leſs beautiful, and the other leſs anxious about it, if ſhe ever was anxious, who reſolved never to marry, It was the Conſent and Combination of Mary with thoſe who intended to aſſaſſinate the Queen of England, that proved the Cauſe of her Death. Elizabeth found that no Length of Time could cure them of attempting her Life; wherefore ta be at Eaſe, and preſerve the Nation's Tranquility, ſhe con- ſented to the Trial and Execution of the Queen of Scots. Mary % out ſhone all her Cotemporaries in the Accompliſhments of <« her Sex. Did ſhe know more Languages? Was ſhe bet- ter inſtructed in Science ? Did ſhe rule with more Prudence ? Chuſe Miniſters with greater Sagacity ? Cheriſh her Subjects and ſupport the Dignity of her Crown with greater Glory than Elizabeth ? © She was penetrating and pious.” The Princeſs whom the Hiitorians of her own Time, of her own Court, and of her own Kingdom, Melvill and Buchanan, have delivered down, as making Rizzo an Italian Fiddler her prime Miniſter, whoſe Levity with him gave Occaſion to think it criminal, and which procured him his Aſſaſſination; who buried this Man amongſt the Kings of Scotland; who en- deavoured to corrupt her Judges in Favour of Bathwe!l, when he was to be tried for attempting to murder Murray; who gave public Teſtimony of hating her Husband, and joſt all Shame in her Amours with Beibwell ; who by hypo- critical Letters and Viſits perſuaded the King to return to Edinburgh ; who is accuſed of conſpiring his Death, and ſur- (164) ſurveying his dead Body without one Tear or Mark of Grief after his Murder ; who married Bothwell that had divorced his Wife on Purpoſe, the Man actually concerned in the King's Murder, or in cauſing it to be perpetrated. Thus, Gentlemen, I have examined into the Merits of your Hero, as an Hiſtorian, and of him and you as Critics, from the Paſſages which you have ſelected to ſhew his Excellencies, and wherefore you can perceive, in him, that“ he has imi- stated Thucydides in Weight.” (Indeed he is heavy enough) and Conciſeneſs,” though he does not underſtand the Lan- guage in which he wrote; © Livy in Painting,” where his Battles and Deſcriptions are all Confuſion and Turbulence; & Guicciardini in Characters,“ where the Diſpoſitions, like a Company of blind Beggars in Drink, are continually runing one againſt another, or like the Men riſing from the Dra- gon's Teeth, demoliſhing their Companions. Certainly you muſt be excellent Judges of Literature, but if peradventure the Writer of the Hiſtory ſhould be the ſole Criticiſer of his own Work, fo laviſh in its Praiſe, how much muſt we ad- mire his Modeſty, which alone can equal his Skill as an Hiſtorian and Critic. After having thus far, in ht of Juſtice, explored and explained the Abſurdities of this Hiſtory, the ſame Love of \| Truth (163) Truth ſhall make me declare its Merit. Heaven forbid I ſhould participate of the Prejudices and Partiality of you, Gentlemen Scotch Critics. There is a Book entitled, The * Marrow of the Engliſh Hiftory ; this has been thought too ſlippery to be retained in the Reader's Memory. The learned Doctor's Performance has been by ſome Readers - conſidered as the dry Bones, and thought too dry ever to find Admiſſion into our Remembrance; however, its Excellence conſiſts in its Aptitude for uniting with the Marrow, by which Means the latter may be made ſolid enough to be re- tained, and the former ſlippery enough to enter into the In- tellects of their Readers, and this 1 __ will prove an Ad- vantage to both Productions. Such is the Hiſtory of England written by this learned Doctor, Critic, and Hiſtorian, the very Plan of which, like an Ideot's Coat, declares that it muſt be void of. all internal Merit ; however, that 1 may not reſemble him in his Averſion for all Writers, but thoſe of his own Nation, I ſhall avoid all Intimation of requeſting his Readers to compare him with any Hiſtorian but thoſe of his own Country, to evince this Truth: That no Work has ever ſo effectually afforded a Demonſtration, that the Writer is incapacitated for his Un- dertaking. Let this Hiſtory, therefore, be read, together with thoſe of Mr. Guthrie and Mr. Hume, by which the infinite Diſparity will appear, and the Merits of the latter be found to ariſe from an Exhibition of Faculties not to be diſcovered in the Work, nor indeed to be conceived in the Underſtand- ing of the learned Doctor. This Work of ſuch ſuperior Merit, is dedicated to Mr. Piit, whom your Hero, amongſt other great Qualities, praiſes for his being © an undaunted Aﬀertor of Britiſb Li- « berty ;” which Eulogy he undoubtedly deſerves. But I wiſh Medulla Hiſtoriz Anglican. (166) : wiſh to know, ſince he has beſtowed that Title on him in \| his Dedication, for what Reaſon he has in the critical Re- view diſtinguiſhed the Author of the Letters to the People of England, by the Appellations of “ infidious Scribler, Ene- „ my to the Government, and Sower of the Seeds of Civil « Piſſention.“ Which Way am I to reconcile this Pane- gyric and Abuſe upon two Men, who, though the latter willingly confeſſes his vaſt Inferiority, have endeavoured the fame Thing. The meaneſt Soldier in the Army ſhares the Applauſe of Conqueſt with the General. Muſt not he then have gone contrary to his Conviction in his Praiſe, or in his Slander ? but probably, void of all Principle, like the Needle unimpregnated with the Virtue of the Magnet, he points to all Quarters, as Accident, Caprice, Paſſion or Intereſt di- refts him, his Animoſity and Envy prompting him to calum- niate the Author of the Letters, and his Expectation of Advantage to praiſe the Secretary of State. Thus, Gentlemen Scorch Critics, I have fairly enquired into the Abilities which you have taſked for exercifing the Art of Criticiſm, in which .it appears from your Manners, that you cannot be Gentlemen; from your Unſkillfulneſs in Languages, that you cannot be Scholars ; from your Igno- rance in Theology, Metaphyſics and Phyſics, that you can- not be Philoſophers ; from your Deficiency in Medicine, that you cannot be Phyſicians ; from your being Strangers to Hiſtory, that you know not human Nature; from your Shallownels in the Belles Lettres, and Productions of Arts, that you poſſeſs no Taſte; and from all, that you are totaly ly unacquainted with, every Kind of Literature. In like Manner, it is evident from yqur Prejudices, againſt the Engliſh and Jrifſþ, you are Strangers to Candor; from your Partiality to your own Countrymen, that you are no Enemies to Dunces; that you have promiſed what you have not performed, and are abſolutely incapacitated from per- form- ( 167) forming what you have taſked your Abilities to execute, and to ſpeak in your Gentleman-like Words; © Sorry I am that Truth obliges me to declare this pretended Critical Re- « view, a very trivial, inſipid, injudicious, and deſectivt «© Performance, without Plan, Method, Learning, Accuracy, e or Elegance; an unmeaning Compolition of Shreds, Rags, e and Remnants, torn away without Art, and ſewed toge - ce ther without Order or Propriety, a Variety of Nothing- \| «© neſs, a patched and pye-ball'd Linſey Woolſey Nothing. & I ſpeak not from Spleen or private Reſentment ;” having, I humbly preſume, proved all this to Satisfaction againſt you. In Fact, it is known you are a Cabal of refugee Scotchmen, who ſtyle yourſelves Phyſicians; who from innate Hate have combined to depreciate the Productions of all Engliſh and Triſh Phyſicians and Writers; and innate Prejudice and Fa- vour, to exalt thoſe of your own Countrymen, and keep Stu- pidity in Countenance ; and probably you might originally be ſimple enough to believe that the timid would be awed into a Fear of your Criticiſm and Slander, and pay for prai- ſing their Performances. In this I imagine you have miſcar- ried, from the Motto of your ſeventeenth N umber. Sp on Ploravere ſuis non reſpondere favorem 5 Speratum meritis. Which being interpreted, may ſignify, we are ſorry that the Sale of our Annals does not defray the Expence of Printing. Then you tell us, at the End of your firſt Number, “ that 4 you have been ſtudious to cater Variety for your Gueſts,” which ends the Number as it began, in falſe Grammar, ca- ter being a Verb neuter. At which Time you ſaid, and have ſince continued, I we have omitted Beauties, and 7 TE HE a ; if we have afforded any Reaſon oy to . 2 N. . ling - : NY 4 — - * * A 4 „ POIs - — — A AE LES 9 „ 6 „ (69168) © to. doubt our Taſte or Integrity, we proſeſs ourſelves c open to Conviction and Reproof; and ſhould, any Per- 4 ſon take the Trouble to demonſtrate our Errors and Miſ- conduct, we will endeavour to improve . by bis Cenlyre, and kiſs the Rod of Correction.” Theſe Things boing J preſume, at preſent proved againſt you, without ½ it is expected you comply with this, Promiſe, and kik the Rod. of Correction. Otherwiſe your Countryman, Dr. Kennedr, whoſe refined Mit, elegant Style, pertinent Reflections, keen Satyr, and profound Learning, place him, at !-aſt, upon a Leve) with the moſt exalted, of your Cquatrymen ; (for Heaven forfend I ſhould not commend Merit 'in a Gentle- man, becauſe he is a \| Scotchman) and make him bluſh for Jour. prejudiced Proceedings, has deterggined..to Prepare A iecond Bundle of whipping Radi for bi (err h; Ii, Scriblers, Wherefore I would adviſe you, whateyer your. Contempt C4 49a — . , + v may be for mine, to revere the Might of bis Pen, and AI iS clotely confidet the following Provetd, taken from Allan Ramſey's Sele tren of Scotch: Provertf,” "ad apted 10 your Taſte, and as it is in Scotch, 3th 29 probably. be underſtood Ne Ws” — g by you. 725 0 1383 \| He that as his Cods i in 4 cloben Sück, maun wyſe them out the beſt Way che can. \| Chap. xv. p. 43 Ae e Edition. n * = WRT BIOTIN TM OTST, * % = - * —— U 2 * S ud ot * ”"S * -. 1 . - * 8 1 * 3 - 2 . : * . . By * , ; f 1 * \| 2 : : "4 —— r eee 7 . , f N \| * 4 1 o& \| a 1 v2 > x; n 5 » . \| bag ond. # $47 Fe" 1 PadE 11. 55 26. Poke nas Pr and, r. and you. 34.1. 2185 9 1 4 1 =T \. 2 alk. Line, add, 10 jk . for Duret, r. Durer, "1 128. Ling! in thisg « 2 © lect r. . P, P. 49: 1 for > folio)... I: Val — DA need — (4.68 & to doubt our Taſte or Integrity, we proſeſs ourſelves <<, open to Conviction and Reproof; and ſhould any Per- « ſon take the Trouble to demonſtrate our Errors and Miſ- „conduct, we will endeavour to improve by his Cenlure, and kiſs the Rod of Correction.“ Theſe "Things being, I preſume, at preſent proved againit you, without an 5 it is expected you comply with this Promiſe, and kiſs the Rod of Correction. Otherwiſe your Countryman, Dr. Kennedr, whoſe refined Wit, elegant Style, pertinent Rejieftions, keen Satyr; and profound Learning, place him, at !:aſt, upon a Level with the moſt exalted, of your Countrymen; (for Heaven ſorſend 1 ſhould not commend Merit in a Gentle- man, becauſe he is a Scotchman) and make him Lluſh for your prejudiced Proceedings, has deterwiged, to "repare a iecond Bundle of whipping Reds for trifling' aer“ li. Scriblers, W herefore 1 would adviſe you, whateyer your Contempt may be for mine, to revere the Might of his Pen, and cloſely conſider the following Proverb, taken from Allan Ramſey's Celeron of Scotch. Proverhs, adapted to your Taſte, and as it is in Scateh, it 27 2 834 be underſtood by. He that has his Cods i in a cloven Stick, maun wyſe them out the beſt Way he can. Chap. xv. p. 43. Number 35. Eainburgh Edition.. „ 4 = * * * 2 — 4% i 1 * 14 1894 3 99 54 71 AY OY 4 4 r ad. — — —— q* \| a * ” e 4 6 * 9415 28 ER RAT AU AH N AGE 1,1: wy for anable, r. enahlg. 6-3, 18. far. qo ard, r. and you. 2 34 J. 21805 N. aplhny4 ug Side. r. WA ſt. Line, add, -4 kill, in e \| 4 p 15 . for Duret, r. Durer, 9 dr 1 BY 22 11g 1 28. .r, Learning in this. Eg 9. r. tell zs at lait — — * 3 3 in — ec. ” us, . as RC N :, * „.	32,637
annalsofkingdomo05ocleuoft_15	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,856	Annals of the kingdom of Ireland	O'Clery, Michael, 1575-1643 \| O'Clery, Cucogry, d 1664 \| O'Mulconry, Ferfeasa, fl 1636 \| O'Duigenan, Cucogry, fl. 1636 \| O'Clery, Conary, fl 1636 \| O'Donovan, John, 1809-1861	English	Spoken	7,176	14,179	Sighir-Ghiarain, now Seirieran, a town- Garrycastle, and King's County. — See the map and giving name to a parish in the barony of Tribes and Customs of Hy-Many, on which Ballybritt, and King's County, about four miles the position of this place is shown, to the east of the town of Birr. There are some Tocher-cinn-mona, i.e. the causeway at the ruins of the old church still to be seen here, head of the bog, now Togher, in the parish of and the sites of various buildings are faintly Lemanaghan, in the north of the King's County, traceable around it. From the situation of these two places it is quite evident that the annalists intended to say that this place is now called Frantford, which is a part of Mac Coghlan's country was burned in the barony of Ballyboy. In the and ravaged on this occasion, King's County. See the Miscellany of the Irish "Baile-Mheg-Uallachain," a chain's town, now Ballaghan, a town land in Bealach-an-shothair, now Ballaghan, a situated in the west of the parish of Lusmagh, townland in the parish of Reynagh, barony of Garrycastle. See Tribes and Customs. 1548.] ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM OF IRELAND. 1511 Mac Coghlan banished Edmond for his insolence and tyranny towards them. They took the castle of Kilcommon and the castle of Kincora from him; and thus was he deprived of Delvin, after it had been for half a year in cruel bondage under him. Saighir-Chiarain and Cill-Cormaic were burned and destroyed by the English and O'Carroll. The Lieutenant and the English made an incursion into Delvin, at the instance of Edmond Farin (in revenge of his expulsion), and burned and plundered (the country) from Bealach-an-Chothair to Tochar-cinn-mona, and also Baile Mheg-Uallachainm, in Lusmhagh. They remained encamped for one night at Baile-na-Cloichen, and returned on the morrow with booty and spoils, without receiving battle or opposition. Magh-Slaine was plundered by O'Melaghlin (Teige Roe), by the English of Athlone, and by the fleet of Caladh. The castles of Ely and Delvin were demolished through fear of the English, namely, Banagher, the castle of Magh-Istean, and Clochan-na-gceapachr. The Red Captain made an army against O'Carroll to Carraig-an-Chomhraic, where O'Carroll gave battle to them, and slew forty or sixty of them. The Red Captain made three incursions into Carraig-an-Chomhraic in one quarter of a year. But was not able to do any damage to the pass or the castle, and returned without obtaining submission, having (also) received insult, and lost several of his people. Cahir Roe O'Connor was taken prisoner by Richard Saxonagh Burke, and delivered up to the English. Many, p. 184, and the map to the same barony of Garrycastle, and King's County work, on which the position of this place is marked. Henry Cuolahan, Esq. of Cogran, is in the barony of Rathcline, and county of Long-the-Sea. The present representative of the family of Bal- ford. The present representative of the family of Bal- ford. p. 183-186. Clockan-na-gCeapach, now Cloghan Castle, Baile-iM-doiche, i. e. town of the stone, now the residence of Garrett Moore, Esq., who gene- Stonestown, in the parish of Gillen, in the generally styles himself the O'Moore, situated on aforesaid barony of Garrycastle, the banks of the Little Brosna, about three miles 0 Magh-Slaine, now Muigh-Shlaine, a well-to the south of the town of Banagher. known district in the parish of Lemanaghan, Carraig-an-Ckomhraic, i.e. the rock of the emectNN. [1548. O cfpbaill DO lopccaD an aenai^j ap an ccaiprin puab eeip maimprip -\| baile o baDbDun amac. Ro loipcc beop Don cup fin mainiprip uairne, -\| po Diocuip Sa^anaij epce -\ Do paD mfpcbuaiDpeaD mop poppa Dia po cloi apaill Dia mope, i Dia ccalmacap 50 po poccaip ap a n'p mcc cenmora uacha6 bapDab baof ipin aonac. 1 hi crop mic magnupa nama. Caeaoip puaD 6 concobaip Do b'apuccaD i nac cliar, -\| TTlaoilfclainn uma maofleaclainn Do cepnuD a gfirheal 6 jallaib. O mopDa.1. jiollapaccpaicc Decc hi Sa^raib 50 hopann, -\ po ba mop an gfirheal eippiDe munbaD nfpc jail. InopaD maije coppain cijib, cfmplaib la hua ccfpbaill raDcc caoc, ~\ la TTlag coclctm (ape mac copbmaic) a nDiojail a nanppolca ap Delb'na, i pop- lonspopc DO oenam leo an oi&ce pin pan Ifcach amaDldm. Sfan mac \ neill Do Dol plua-ij ap cloinn aoba buiDe, -\ bpian pajapcac 6 neill mac neill Oce, mic neill, mic cuinn, mic aoDa buibe pfp ajmap lonn-paijreac, paof Dfplaicceac, Deijemij, i Reola polaip na clannmaicne Diambaoi DO mapBaD la Sfan ua neill Don cup pin. confluence, or contest, now Carrickachorig, or Carrigahorig, a small village in the parish of Terryglass, barony of Lower Ormond, and county of Tipperary. 'Uaithne, now Abbington, in the barony of Owny, and county of Limerick. The tower of Mac Manus. — This was the name of the massy tower, now called "the Bound" of Nenagh. The Editor has not been able to discover who this Mac Manus was, after whom this tower was called. Escaped from the English. — To reprieve a famine, means, that he escaped from confinement, or from his gyves, as D. F. renders it. An English writer would express it thus: Melaghlin O'Melaghlin effected his escape from the King's Tower in Dublin, where he had been confined by the English for his rebellious practices. Magh-Corrain. — This was the name of a level district in the south of the barony of Clonlonan, in the county of Westmeath. Leacach Amadlain, now evidently Lackawanna, a townland in the parish of Lemanaghan, in the barony of Garrycastle, and King's County, and close to Magh-Corrain, if not in it. On that occasion. — The entries under this year are translated into Latin as follows, in F. 1. 18: "O'Donellus apud Strath bo fiach memo-rabilem victoriam de filio suo Calbhacho exulit, O'Cahano, Magno, filio Donati, qui opem filio ferebat ac multis aliis csesis ad 7 Februarii." Maria, filia Mac Conmii obiit 4 April. O'Conchaurus et O'Morus in Anglia a procenturione illo deducti ad Regis arbitrium se causamque suam prorsus referunt, spectantes favorem aliquem sibi ab ipso exhibitum iri; sed procenturio et frater ejus amborum ditiones Leghsiam et Offalgiam a Rege donati in Hiberniam ocyus contendunt, &duo palatia Campanum in Leghsia, et Daingin in Offalia, extruunt, fundos omnes quibuscunque Anglis sive Hibernis praetio locantes, non secus ac si avitum patrimonium adissent, nee solum justos Heredes. O'Carroll burned Nenagh upon the Red Captain, both monastery and town, from the fortress out. On this occasion he also burned the monastery of Uaithne, banished the Saxons out of it, and created great confusion among them, by which he weakened their power, and diminished their power. Their bravery; so that he ordered them all out of his country, except a few warders who were at Nenagh, in the tower of Mac Manus. Cahir Eoe O'Connor was put to death in Dublin; and Melaghlin O'Melaghlin made his escape from the English. O'More (Gilla-Patrick) died suddenly in England; and he would have been a lamentable loss, were it not for the power of the English. Magh-Corrain was burned, both houses and churches, by O'Carroll (Teige Caech) and Mac Coghlan (Art, the son of Cormac), that they might wreak their vengeance upon Delvin. They pitched their camp for the night at Leacach Amadlain. John, the son of O'Neill, marched an army against the Clann-Hugh Boy; and Brian Faghartach O'Neill, the son of Niall Oge, son of Niall, son of Hugh Boy, a successful and warlike man, a bountiful and truly hospitable worthy, the brilliant star of the tribe to which He belonged, was slain by John O'Neill on that occasion. Conchaurum et Morum, excluserunt, sed linus flagellum comparavit quo ipse vapularetur, etiam omnes ad eorum familias originem referunt, ut antiquum indigenorum inse finibus expulit, quemadmodum examina rejus antiquarent. Centia apud apes vetusta protrudunt. Turn O'Moelachlinus, Tadeus Eufus, Edmundum Mac Coghlanus titulo in Arturum filium instruxit; sed ipse sic debellando congress! sunt et castellum nouo Mal Cormacus infestis Imanachiensium de Kincoradh et Gailinnia: monasterium expug- agminibus Delbhinam incursat, direptionibus et neverunt. Deinde, obside nullo a suis relata, exustionibus Lonichluainiam Ui Flaithiliam et ab Edmundo digreditur, peenitentia pene ob- montem recte collem Rathbeniam exina- utus, quod ilium sibi ulla unquam belli socie- nivit, 6 hominibus et "unico filio O'Sedulii tate junxerat. Porro, Edmundus Regis nomine, (Sighelii), Murchertacho, rei medicae in eo trac- nulla O' Moelachlini ratione habita, Delbhinam tu scientissimo, interemptis. Inde progressibus esse cogit, nimirum O'Moelachlini copis Mac Coghlain, incolas, Faianos milite. 1514 1549. Gofp Cpiopr, mile, cufcc ceo, cfcpac, anaoi. O baoijill Dorhnall mac neill mic roippDealbaij Decc, an. 4. aujupc. Qibilfn injfn f Dorhnall bfn uf baoijill coippDealbac Decc. Tlaofleacainn joe ua-maoaccain canaipi pi I nanmcaDa DO mapbaD la maoileacainn mooapDa na maoajam, -\| la a bpairpib a nDioccail a arap -\ a Dfpbpacap. Ueach oonnpaicchiD i mbaile an caiplein nuf la mall ua maoilfclamn ap ua maofleacainn cabec puaD, 1 ap a bpacaip TTlupcaD. Ro loipcceab an cfj poppa, 17o mapbaD, ~] po loiceab ruilleaD ap picic ann, T?o mapba6 naonbap DO laraip Dib. 'Cepna ua maofleacainn -] a bpacaip mupcaD ap, acr po gonab TTlupcaD Don cup pin. irnmissos ad Os Vadi Ovium in Amne Nigro obvios habuerunt, cum quibus ibi manus conseruerimt, profligatas supra 20 eorum desiderarunt qui sub Malachia, filio Joannis O'Kelly, Felimeo O'Falani filio, et filius Dubhgalli mac Naghtain meruerunt, plures etiam quam 20 equos, loricas multas, arma plurima in conflictu, praBter alios amne absorptos, amiserunt. Die vero Lunas pugnam iusecuta. De omnium conseusu capita captis amputata ad Edmundum Faium in villam suam Ballimacadam in Kinelferga Elite Carolina deferebantur, ubi in contorum cuspides elata pro trophajis visenda exhibebantur. Postea Edmundus Faius Faius Faius castellum, quo se Cormacus receperat, octidua obsidione cuspidio, Cormaco obsides tradente et patriot feodus [Gossipred] cum co ineunte acquiuvit. Magno bello inter Gallos Anglos et Scotos exorto, Donatus filius O'Conchauri Falgii et Cahiri O'Conchauri filii, militia adscripti, in Angliam specie quidem ut sub Rege stipendia facerent, revera ut avitis sedibus amoverentur, abducti suiit, magno Lageiiensium acMidensium militum numero illos ad ea arma insecuto. Calbachis O'Carvaill Dublinium ad concilia liberaretur. Procenturio ille supra memoratus et Edmundus Faius, copiis in Eliam bis ductis, O'Carvallum Tadeum Luscum ita terruerunt, ut bellum pro se tuendo suscipere dubitaverit. Proinde Mac Coglilanum et Delbhinas incolas Edmundus, ut, se bellum Elise inferente, comitarentur, roga vit, a quibus cum repulsam ferret, iracundia sic exarsit ut ab eorum amicitia protinus desciverit; illis etiam in sententia firmius persistentibus discordia non mediocris erupit; quas eo usque provecta est, ut viam aperuit O'Carvallo et Mac Coghlano Edmundi a suis finibus pellendi. Ejus enim insolentiam diutius ferre non poterunt. Quare Castella de Kilcomain et Cancoradh ei ademerunt et hoc facto Delbhinam a dominationis jugo, quo semiannum premebatur, libeariunt. Saighria Keirani et Kilcormac immisso Anglos et O'Carvallum igne dirutce conflagra-runt. Procenturio, aliis sibi Anglis adjunetis, in 1549. ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM OF IRELAND. The Age of Christ, one thousand five hundred forty-nine. O'Boyle (Donnell, the son of Niall, who was son of Turlough) died on the 4th of August. Eveleen, the daughter of O'Donnell, and wife of O'Boyle (Turlough), died. Melaghlin God O'Madden, Tanist of Sil-Anmchadha, was slain by Melaghlin Modhardha O'Madden and his kinsmen, in revenge of his father and brother. A house was attacked at the town of Newcastle [in Clonlonan, Westmeath], by Niall O'Melaghlin, upon O'Melaghlin (Teige Roe) and his kinsman, Murrough. The house was burned over them, and more than twenty persons were killed and wounded; nine of them were killed on the spot. O'Melaghlin and his kinsman, Murrough, escaped; but Murrough was wounded on that occasion. Delbhinam crebris hortatibus Edmundi Fail, vindictam ob se ab incolis ejectum spirantis, tractus, agros inter Belachantochair et Tocharicinnemona, et Bailimiouallachain in Lusmagh rapis et deflagrationibus procucurrerat. Obsidione deinde unius noctis Balinacloiha; admota operam lusit, nam postridie sine praeda, sine pugna, sine deditione abire coactus est. Maighslaniam terra O'Moelachlinius et Athlonienses Angli, mari classis de Caladh devastant. Elite Delbhinaeque castella de Banchor de Maighistin de Clochannageapach ab incolis solo adsequata sunt ne receptacula forent Anglorum. Centurio [Rufus] versus O'Carvallum ad Kupem altercationis adortus, acie dimicans 40 vel 60 suorum desideravit, nihilominus tamen triuhi tantum mensium spatio restauratas copias ad Rupem altercationis [ter] aduxit; ne e aliud quidquidpiam quam dedecus et suorum amissionem toties rursus retulit. "Cahirus Rufus O'Conchaurus, a Ricardo Anglorum captus, in manus Anglorum traditur. "O'Carvallus Enachoe vicum et monasterium 9 G igne absumpsit, quo minus autem castellum et pomperium ejus ab eadem ruina prohibuerunt pressidiatarii; ignem etiam 6 Carvallus Uathnise monasterio admovit, et ex illo Anglos expulit. Quae res et eorum viribus decrementum et potentiae contemptum non modicum peperit; et ad earn potestatem 6 Carvallum extulit, ut tota ditione sua illos abegerit praedictos qui Enachse Mac Magnusi turrim insederunt. "Cahirus Rufus O'Conchaurus Dublinii morte multatus, et Malachias 6 Moelachlinus vinculis solutus, in libertatem eductus est. "O'Morus Gill apatricius in Anglia morte repentina sublatus, magnum sui desiderium reliquit, magnus evasurus nisi Anglorum potentia obstitisset. "Maighcoraniam, tigh, templa" [recte, tecta pariterac ecclesias] "6 Carvallus, Tadams Coccus, et Mac Coghlanus Arturus, Cormaci, filius populati sunt, ut hac ratione poenas ab incolis exigerent injuriarum quibus Delbhinam non ita pridem affecerant. Nocte vero populationem insecuta apud Laccach de Amanlain castra posserunt. "Johannes O'Neill filius, ducto in Clannaboiam" 1516 dNNaca Rio, hachca eirceaNN. [1550. Gn lupcip eouapD belligam DO 6ul hi Sa;coib, -\| uilliam bpabapon.1. an cpepmep ma lonao, i cuipr riiop lap an mpcip pin hi luimneac. O cfpbaill DO 6ol gup an ccuipr pin ap comipce mpla ofpmuman, -\| mepae luimnij, -\| maice gall ~\| j;aoi6el, baoi ap in ccuijic, i a ceacc plan pop cculaib maille le pioccdin Do pfin ~\| Da pnn DO jaoiDealaib.1. TIlac mupcaba, 6 ceallaij, 6 maoileaclamn, -\| pocaiDe ele nac aipiriirep. baile rnic aoam DO buam Demann a pan, -\| pfol ccfpbaill Do bfic anD DO piDipi,"] ba mop luacjaipe ~\ gaipDeacup Oonnchab ua pipsail ranaipi ua pipsail Do mapbaD la a bfpbparaip pfm cpe riieabail. O Suillebctn Diapmaicc, peap cfnoaip caipofriiail niacca naimoibe DO lopccao la puoap ma caiplen pfm, -\| a ofpbpacaip ariilaoib 6 puillebain DO £ab'ail a lonaiD, -\| ariilaoib pfippin Do rhapbab laparh. QO1S CR1O3U, 1550. Qoip Cpiopc, mile, cuicc ceo, caocca. Rubpaije mac oonnchaiD mic ao&a puaiD f Domnaill eppcop Doipe, -\| bpacaip ap aoi ccoile oecc an. 8. occobep, -\| a abnacal i noun na ngall in aibfcc, 8. Ppompep. Qn cabb (.1. fpa puaiD coin a aimnpiDe) mac Dorhnaill puam i gallcub'aip Decc, an. 29. appil. exercitu, Brianum Fagartach O'Neill, filium Nelli lachi obiit. Juvenis, filii Nelli, filii Coni, filii Hugonis Flavi, "Malachias Moddartha" 6 Maddin cum neces virum antea prosperitate et bellicis aggressio-sariis suis Malachiam Got o Maddin 6 Maddin cum neces virum, hospitalitatis laude, et suorum in Silanmchia dignitate proximum, paternse & studio commendatum, lucidam inter contribules fraterna; cajdis painas repetens vita privavit. Stellam interficit." "Domus in pago Castelli novi, qua 6 Moelach-a Baik-Mic-Adam, now Cadamstown, in the linus, Tadeus Rufus, et frater ejus Murachus barony of Ballybritt, King's County. Claudebantur, igne Nelli o Melachlini opera in- "Soon afterwards — The entries under this jecto, conflagravit. Inter plures quam 20 in eo year are translated into Latin as follows in tumultu csesos et vulneratos 9 loco viri non excesserunt. O'Melachlinus et Murachus evase- "O'Boyliua, Daniel, filius Nelli, filii Terdela- runt, ille incolumis, hie vulnere affectus. chi, obiit 4 Augusti. "Edwardus Bellingham proregis in Angliam" "Evelina filia 6 Donnell uxor 6 Boyl Terde- profecti vices Thesaurarius Brabazonus in Hibernica." Edward Bellingham, the Lord Justice, went to England; and William Barbazon, the Treasurer, was appointed in his place. A great court was held by this Lord Justice in Limerick, to which O'Carroll repaired, under the safe protection of the Earl of Desmond, the Mayor of Limerick, and the chiefs of the English and Irish who were present at that court; and he returned home safe, with terms of peace for himself and his Irish confederates, namely, Mac Murrough, O'Kelly, O'Melaghlin, and many others not enumerated. Baile-Mic-Adam was taken from Edmond a Fai, and the O'Carrolls returned to it again; in consequence of which there was great rejoicing and exultation in Ely. Donough O'Farrell, Tanist of the O'Farrells, was treacherously slain by his own brother. O'Sullivan (Dermot), a kind and friendly man, and fierce and inimical to his enemies, was burned by gunpowder in his own castle; and his brother, Auliffe. O'Sullivan, took his place; and he also was killed soon afterwards. THE AGE OF CHRIST, 1550. The Age of Christ, one thousand five hundred fifty. Rury, the son of Donough, son of Hugh Roe O'Donnell, Bishop of Derry, and a friar by his own will, died, and was buried in the monastery of Donegal, in the habit of St. Francis. The Abbot of Assaroe (John, the son of Donnell Roe O'Gallagher), died on the 29th of April. In obivit. A quo cum comitia Limerici indicere, "Donatus O'Ferrall, O'Ferrall dignitate, ad ea O'Carvallus, comitis Desmonise, proximus a fratre suo per fraudem necatur. In omnium Limerici ac omnium Anglorum O'Sullevanus Dermitius, bello fortis, hosti Hibernorumque qui ad ea comitia confluxerunt formidabilis, amicis charus, pulvere tormentorio praesidio tectus, concessit, et impunitate sibi ac ignem fortuito concipiente ambustus in suo cas- pace sibi confederunt. atis, O'Kellio, O'Mefelachlino et tello interiit, ac fratrem suum Amlaivum suc- aliis hie non recensitis, impetrata domum inco- cessorem habuit, sed non diuturnum ut qui paulo lumis rediit. post interemptus fuit. "Villa de Macadam Edmundo Faio ablata et c By his oven will, ap aoi coile, i. e. quoad vo familia O'Carvallorum [restituta, quod] Eliam luntatem. The translator in F. 1. 18, understands in summae voluptate perfudit. This passage thus: "Studio tanto ordinis mi- l'ac puibne bajaineac coippbealbac meipcceac DO rhapbab i mbaile meic puibne la cloinn coilin (.1. uilliarti cabs ~\ Seaan), -\| la cloinn coinneic- ce, 8. lanuapu. Tuaibpi ballac mac eojain Ruaib Mic puibne Do beic ace cumjib cijeap-naipcfpe bojame pop ua nDorhnaill,i 6 na puaip DO beachaib gup na ceallaib bojame, i po leipinDpab an baile laip, -\ po mapbabpom lapam la TTlaolmuipe mac ae6a pia ccino paice. 1. an 31. DO TTlapca. TTlac an baipo ape conaill, peapgal mac Domnaill puaib paof pipbana, -\ oioe pccol, pfp po ba mop amm, -\ oipofpcup ap puD epeann ma aimpip, cong- malaij coircfnn cije naoibfo Decc. Qnconi Sincbgep .1. an lupcif, DO bf poime i nepinn Do recc i nepinn ma lupap, i Dpong mop DO maicib epeann Do ool ina Docum gup an ccuipc moip 50 har cliac. lapla DO jaipm Do Riocapo Sa^anac mac uillicc na ccfno. QO13 CR10SU, 1551. GoiS CRiopr, mile, cuicc ceD, caocca, ahaon. Qipofppocc caipil emann buinlep mac piapaip .1. lapla upmuman Decc. TTlupcaD mac coippDealbaij, mic caiDcc, mic roippoealbaij ui bpiain lapla cuaomuman a hucc gall i an pij, O bpiain e Do jnac gaoibeal, peap ajmap le hionnpaicciD, comnapr 16 cocuccaD, Suim, Saibbip, co molrhaofnib, ba hepibe ceD Duine Dm po jaipmfb lapla Do piol mbpiain Do ecc, -\ mac a Deap- bpacap Donnchab mac concobaip Doiponfo ina lonab. norum affectus ut sancti Franoisci habitu indu- 27 Aprilis. tus in monasterio Dungallensi sepultus fuerit." " Mac Suinius Baganensis, Terdelachus Mer- d Was styled Earl. — The entries under this gach, occisus est in villa Mac Suinnii a Clancolin year are translated into Latin as follows in Gulielmo, Tadeo et Johanne, et Clanconnagen, 8 F. 1. 18 : Januarii. Cum autem Kodericus, filius Eugenii " Rodericus, filius Donati, filii Hugonis Rufi Run Mac Suinnii, diu cum O'Donnello ageret, et o Donnelli, Episcopus Derensis, obiit 8 Octobris, ipse Mac Suinnius Baganensis renunciaretur studio tanto ordinis minorum affectus ut Sancti nee voto potiretur, ira percitus Kilbeggam peni- Francisci habitu indutus in monasterio Dungal- tus diripit quod facinus non diu multum tulit ; lensi sepultus fuerit. nam 3 mensibus nondum elapsis, 31 primo " Edmundus filius Donati, Abbas Asroe, obiit Martii, a Mariano filio Hugonis confossus, periit. 1551.] ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM OF IRELAND. 1519 Mac Sweeny Banagh (Turlough Meirgeach) was slain on the 8th of January, at Mac Sweeny's town, by the Clann-Coilin (William, Teige, and John) and the Clann-Coinnegein. Rory Ballagh, the son of Owen Roe Mac Sweeny, requested O'Donnell to give him the lordship of Tir-Boghaine; and as he did not obtain it, he went to Killybegs, and totally plundered that town. He was slain three months afterwards by Mulmurry, the son of Hugh, on the 31st of March. Mac Ward of Tirconnell (Farrell, the son of Donnell Roe), a learned poet, a superintendent of schools, and a man of great name and renown throughout Ireland in his time, who kept a house of general hospitality, died. Anthony St. Leger, who had been sometime Lord Justice of Ireland, returned to Ireland as Lord Justice; and a great number of the Irish chieftains went to meet him. At the great court in Dublin, Richard Saxanagh, the son of Black-na-gceann, was styled Earl of Clarington. The Age of Christ, one thousand five hundred fifty-one. The Archbishop of Cashel, Edmond Butler, the son of Pierce, Earl of Ormond, died. Murrough, the son of Turlough, son of Turlough O'Brien, died. Murrough, the son of Turlough, son of Turlough O'Brien, died; and the son of his brother, Donough, the son of Conor, was inaugurated in his place. "Macanbhard Tirconellensis, Fergallus filius honoratus, in Hiberniam rediit, a quo cum Dub- Dauielis Rufi, obiit, qui, ob summam rei poeticae linii comitia indicerentur, multi ex Hibernis scientiam et plurimos eruditionis in ejus Schola proceribus eo confluxerunt. excultos, nominis celebritate per totam Hiber- "Richardus deBurgo, cognomen to Anglicus, niam inclaruit, nee modicam etiam laudem conscriptus est quod jedes ejus advenis pauperibus creatus." hospitio excipiendis patuerit. Inaugurated. — Charles O'Connor writes, inter "Anthonius St. Legerus, denuo proregis titulo lineas": "too" oectpmao punn oom 6616, i.e. 1520 aNNQta Rioghachca eiReciNN. [1551. Cacbapp mac maj;nupa mic aoba Duib mic Aob puaib, TTlac uf baoijjill, -] TTlac meic puibne bajainij DO mapbab (50 luce lumge paioe amaille ppiu) la halbancoib i ceopaij an. 16. DO Sepeembep. ^painne mjfn ttlajnupa, mic ao6a, mic aoba puaib bfn uf puaijic b]iian mac eoccain Do ecc, an 29. appil. Qn lupcip ancom Siridigep DO bpfie poip, -j lupcip ele uo chup ma iona6 co hepinn.1. Semup cpopeep. Sluaicceab lap an lupcip i nullcoib i eeopac pojmaip,^ po cuippioe luce cf.cpe nfcap uacaib co peacpainn Do cuingiD qieach. 6accap clann meic Domnaill na halban ipm oilen ace imbeajail na cpice.1. Semup,-] colla maol- Dub. peacap lomaipeacc fcoppa 50 paofmiD pop na Sajrancofb co na cep Nip pfp aicpipre pgel Dib cenmord a ccaofpeac.1. leucenonc po gabaD lap na halbancoib ~\ baofpibe i njiallnup aca co ppuaijipioc a noeajibpacaip app.1. Somiple buiDe mac Domnaill baoi i njfimel 05 gallaib aca cliac Ob bliaDna piap an can pin, -\| puapcclab mop ele amaille ppip. Cupc mop i nac cliac lap niompiiD anall Don lupcip, -\ po jaba6 6 neill conn mac cuinn lapla cfpe heoccam an can pin cp;a lonnlac -] foapcopaoiD a mfic pfm pfpoopca.1. an bapun, "\| coccaD mop DO Denarii Do ckrnn oicc f neill ppi gallaib i ppi an mbapun a nofojail jjabala a nacap, ~\ Diojbala om6a DO Denarii Tcoppa. SluaicceaD la jallaib oopiDipi i nulcuib Do D'ojail a naincpibe pop cloinn mfic Dorhnaill, i pop cloinn i neill, •] pop mac neill oicc mic neill mic cuinn, mic aoa buiDe. baccap ulaiD"] albanaij i neplairiie ap a ccionn. T?o pijfe caciopjal arhnup ainiapDa fcoppa lap poccain In ccfnn apoile Doib co po meabaiD pop jalla ib, 50 po mapbab Da ceD Do Shapranco b ~\ Dfipfnr.coib there is a mistake here in my opinion." The error This Donough, on surrendering the patent to consists in using the word oiponecub, for Henry King Edward VI., obtained a new grant of the VIII. had granted the title of Earl of Thomond dignities for himself and the heirs male of his to Murrough O'Brien for life, remainder to his body by patent, dated 7th November, 1552, and nephew, Donough O'Brien, and the title of Baron also possession of all the honours and lands which of Inchiquin to his own heirs male. The reason of had fallen to the crown by the death of his uncle, thiskindof succession was because Conor O'Brien, Tory Island. — An island off the north-west the elder brother of Murrough, was the last chief coast of Donegal — See note x, under the year of Thomond, and his son, Donough, was consi- 1202, p. 132, supra. dered by the King to have been the true heir. Beachrainn, now Eaghery, or Eathlin, a 1551.] ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM OF IRELAND. 1521 Caffer, the son of Manus, son of Hugh Duv, son of Hugh Roe [O'Donnell]; the son of O'Boyle, and the son of Mac Sweeny Banagh, together with the crew of a long ship, were slain by the Scots on the 16th of September, on Tory Island. Grainne, the daughter of Manus, the son of Hugh Roe [O'Donnell], and wife of O'Rourke (Brian, the son of Owen), died on the 29th of April. The Lord Justice, Anthony St. Leger, was called to England; and another was sent to Ireland in his stead, namely, James Crofts. A hosting was made by the Lord Justice into Ulster in the beginning of Autumn; and he sent the crews of four ships to the island of Reachrainng, to S seek for plunders. The sons of Mac Donnell of Scotland, James and Colla Macdonald, were upon the island to protect the district. A battle was fought between them, in which the English were defeated, so that not one of them escaped to relate their story, except their chief, a lieutenant, whom these Scots took prisoner, and kept in custody until they obtained [in exchange] for him their own brother, Sorley Boy, who had been imprisoned in Dublin by the English for the space of a year before, and another great ransom along with him. A great court was held in Dublin after the arrival of the Lord Justice ; and O'Neill (Con, the son of Con), Earl of Tyrone f was at that time taken prisoner, in consequence of the complaints and accusations of his own son, Ferdoragh, the Baron ; and the young sons of O'Neill waged a great war with the English and the Baron, in revenge of the taking of their father. Many injuries were done between them. A hosting was made by the English a second time into Ulster, to wreak their vengeance on the sons of Mac Donnell, the sons of O'Neill, and the son of Niall Oge, son of Niall, son of Con, son of Hugh Boy. The Ultonians and Scots were prepared to receive them. On coming together, a fierce and furious battle was fought between them, in which the English were defeated, and two well-known island off the north coast of the Life of St. Comgall. — See Ussher's Primordia, county of Antrim. This island is mentioned by p. 958 ; Dubourdieu's Statistical Survey of the various ancient writers : it is called Eicnea, by County of Antrim, p. 450-454; and Hamilton's Pliny ; Ricina by Ptolemy ; Rechrea by Adam- Letters concerning the North Coast of Antrim, nan ; Radinda by Buchanan ; Rachryne by pp. 9, 14, 15, 39. Fordun ; and Reachraind by the author of the h Lieutenant, — His name was Bagnall. 9 H 1522 [1552. Don cup pin, i a ccepna ap Dfb canjarcap ap cculaib po acaip, i po Diom- mbuaiD Don Da cupup pin. Cuipc rhop i nacluain, i TTlag coclam Do Dol gup an ccuipc fpm, -\| a papDun opdjbdil DO, ~\ pacenc ap a Duchaij, i Delbna fcpa Do 6ol po cfop Don pij. O concobap pailje.1. bpian Do bfic illaim i Sa^aib 6 puccab poip e, i mppaiD DO cabaipc Do pop eluD, ~\| bpfic paip. puaippiorii a anam DopiDipi, -\| bpaijofnup pioppume ap a haicle. Ooriinalt mag congail Decc. QOIS CR1OSU, 1552. Qofp Cpiopc, mile, cufcc ceD, caocca, aDo. InnpaD, ~\ opccain cluana mic noip la gallaib aca luain, -\| na cluicc mopa DO bpfir ap an ccloiccreac, nf po paccbab pop clocc bfcc no mop, lomaij na From these two expeditions — This should be, " returned back in disgrace having been unsuccessful on these two hostings. The Latin translator, in F. 1. 18, observing the defect in the original, has improved it thus : " Angli profligati, ducentis, tarn Anglis quam Hibernis, " ex ipsorum exercitu cesis, segerrime tulerunt se adversa pugna, in duabus illis expeditionibus, fusos fuisse. Dealbina-Eathra. — This territory is now included in the barony of Garrycastle, in the King's County. He was sentenced to be kept — The words added in brackets are absolutely necessary, because, as will be seen hereafter, he was afterwards set at liberty, at the mediation of his daughter, by Queen Mary. Mac Congail, now Mac Congail. The entries under this year are translated in F. 1. 18, as follows: "Edmundus Butler filius Petri Comitis Orinonio Arcluepiscopus Casse-lensis obiit. "Murachus filius Terdelachi, filii Tadei, filii Terdelachi O'Brian, Comitis Tuomonias titului, ab Anglis, 6 Briani nomen ab Hibernis consecytus, vir in oppugnationibus audax, in propugnationibus fortis, opibus affluens, obiit; Comitis honore, quem ille primus obtinuit, Donate, suo ex Conchauro fratre nepoti delate. "Catharus, filius Magni, filius Hugonis Nigri, filius Hugonis Eufi, filius O'Boillii, filius Mac SuinniiBaganensis, et tot praeterea homines quot cymba grandior capere poterat; a Scotis in Tora-chan 16 Septembris mersi sunt. "Grania, filia Magni, filii Hugonis Rufi, uxor O'Kuarki Briani filii Eugenii, obiit 29 Aprilis. "Proregi Anthonio Senlegero in Angliam accito suffectus est Jacobus Crofts, qui Autumno inuet, ducto in ultoniam exercitu, 4 grandioris forma; cymbas in Eachranna; insulam armatas vehi jussit, ut educti inde boves militibus suppeditarentur in vitam. Sed Scoti sub imperio filiorum Mac Donnelli, Jacobi et Collai Moelulfi, ad pecorum et insulte custodiam concordis. 1552.] ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM OF IRELAND. " Such of them as escaped returned back in disgrace and discomfiture from these two expeditions. A great court was held at Athlone; and Mac Coghlan repaired to that court, and obtained his pardon, and a patent for his territory; and Dealhna-Eathra became tributary to the Bang. O'Connor Faly, i. e. Brian, continued in prison in England from the time that he was taken thither. He made an attempt to escape, but he was sentenced to be kept in constant confinement ever afterwards. Donnell Mac Congallum died. The Age of Christ, one thousand five hundred fifty-two. Clonmacnoise was plundered and devastated by the English of Athlone; and the large bells were taken from the Cloigtheach. There was not left, stipit non modo invasorum praedee inhiantium cinctos offenderunt, qua cum infensis animis et impetum prohibuerunt, sed omnes ita interne- infestis armis utrinque quam acerrime concurreunt, ut ne nuncius cladi superfu- reretur, Angli profligati, ducentis tarn Anglis erit prater solum procenturionem qui ceeteris quam Hibernis ex ipsorum exercit, quem non ante dimiserunt quam rime tulerunt se adversa pugna, in duabus illis fratremjuvenem Somharlium Flavumecaptione, expeditionibus, fusos fuisse. Quem sex menses jam Dublinii sustinuerat, in libertatem assertum, et lytrum non mediocre bita Mac Coghlanus. Ventu et delectorum veniam praeterea reciperent. Ac diploma quo suas sibi possessiones habere. Ab hac expeditione pervenit Dublinium, permitteretur impetravit. Delphina Eathra jam comitia indixit, et Nellus, Conus filius Coni, obnoxia facta Eegii Vectigalis persolutioni. Captus est, Ferdoracho filio ejus, Dunganoniae O'Conchaurus Falgia, longo jam tempore in Barone, de illo querelam subornante, qua re ju- Anglia custodus traditus fuga elabi contendit, nores o Nelli filii sic commoti sunt, ut Anglia sed interceptus et in fuga retractus, vivere per- et Baroni bellum praeterea inferre non dubita- missus perpetuo tamen carceri addictus. Daniel Mac Conghail obiit." The Round Tower Belfry. Angli deinde O'Neill et MacDonelli filios, This was the Tower now called O'Rourke's. Necnon etiam filium Nelli juvenis, filii Coni, filii See this passage already published in Petrie's Hugonis Flavi, armis impetentes ad pugnam ac- Ancient Ecclet. Architecture of Ireland, p. 388. H2 1524 QNNaca Richeca eiraectNN. [1552. « alcoip not leabap nd jemab piu jloine hi ppuinneoicc 6 balla na hfccailpi amac nac puccab eipce. bd cpuaj; cpa an gniorh pin inDpab carpac ciapdin an naoirii eplairh. Uabcc 6 puaipc canaipi bpeipne Do cpochab la a rhuincip pein. Ctc bepac apoile po baof cum DO bpian 6 puaipc (.1. oeapbpacaip a acap) a noenam an piajca fpin. TTIac puibne pdnacc puaibpi, i niall a bpacaip, ~\ bpian mac emamn Do mapbab a bpioll hi mainipcip. TTIarjarhain mac bpiain mic raiDcc mic coippbealbaij i bpiain Do mapbaD Id muincip DonnchaiD mic concobaip ui bpiain. TTIac ui bpiain cuabmuman Diapmaicc mac mupchai6 mic roippbealbai^ Decc oiDce peile bpfjoe, -] a abnacal i mainipcip innpi. Coccab mop an bliabam pi ecip jallaib Do leir,~\| ulaib (cenmocd uachab) 1 albanaij Don Ific apaill, i uilc lomba Do benam fcoppa. Sluaicceab lap an lupcip 50 hullcaib Do pibipi Do paijib meic neill oicc, (.1. aob 6 neill) ~\ na nalbanac. Do beachaib cecup Dponj DO na Sa^ancoib ~\ TTIac an cpabaofpij pluaj pfmpa Diappaib cpeac. Oo pala mac neill oicc ppiu 05 bel pfippce. Do bfpc puabaipc pocaib 50 po muib poppa 50 po mapbab TTIac an cpdbaipij laip, -\| Da picir no a rpi amaille ppip. Qp a aof DO cocap na ploicc ele anonn,") po jabpacr ace Denarii caiplem i mbel pfippce. Qcc cfna nf puccparc buaib, ~] ni puaippioc bpaijoe na cpeaca,"] po maolab iiiopan Da mfbaip Don cup pin. Do raoo mporh mac ui neill peapoopca (.1. An bapun pluaj mop Do cabaip an lupcip -\| na njall, -] ni panaicc laip poc-cain ma cfnn in aohaib pin, -\ po jab longpopc ma corhpocpaib. l?o Ifn a bpacaip Sfan oonngaileac 6 neill e co pluacc ele amaille ppip, ~] Do bfpc amup longpuipc ipin oibce ap pluaj an bdpuin, i po riieabaib piarh poppa co Teige O'Rourke — Charles O'Conor of Bela- name of the head of the Savadges of the Ards, nagare interpolates TTIac 6050111, i. e. son of in the east of the county of Down. Owen, which is correct. Their spirits were greatly damped, literally, p In a monastery. — This sentence is left kn- much of their mirth was blunted. Of Con, Maple a Bpoll hi mainipcip Raca TYluelain, first Earl of Tyrone, and Ferdoragh, Baron of Dun- i. e. were treacherously slain in the monastery gannon, who was many years older than he, was of Rathmullan, a bastard, according to Edmund Campion, Fynes Mac an tSabhaoisigh — This was the were treacherously slain in a monastery. Mahon, the son of Brian, son of Turlough O'Brien, was slain by the people of Donough, son of Conor O'Brien. The son of O'Brien of Thomond (Dermot, the son of Murrough, who was son of Turlough) died on the eve of the festival of St. Bridget, and was buried in the monastery of Ennis. A great war broke out in this year between the English, on the one side, and the Ultonians (a few only excepted) and Scofs, on the other, during which great injuries were committed between them. A hosting was made by the Lord Justice again into Ulster, against the son of Niall Oge (i. e. Hugh O'Neill) and the Scots. A party of the English and Macan Sabhaoisigh, preceded them with a force, in quest of prey; but the son of Niall Oge met these at Belfast, and he rushed on and defeated them, and slew Macan Sabhaoisigh, together with forty or sixty others. The other troops, however, went across the River Lagan, and proceeded to erect a castle at Belfast, but they gained no victory, and obtained no hostages or spoils; and their spirits were greatly damped on this occasion. The son of O'Neill (Ferdoragh, i. e. the Baron) went afterwards with a great army to assist the Lord Justice and the English; but not being able on that night to come up with them, he pitched his camp in their vicinity. His kinsmen, John Donghaileach O'Neill, pursued him with another army, and made a nocturnal attack upon The forces of the Baron in their camp; and he routed them before him, and slew himself under took to prove in England that Ferdoragh piam, ever. This sentence is improved by the son of a blacksmith of Dundalk. Latin translator, in F. 1. 18, as follows: Routed them before him. — Riam in this "Sed mora aliqua injecta in loco nonnullum" phrase is the old form of poiriie, before him, not ab Anglis dissito pernoctare cogebatur; fratrem emecm. Copepapapoc pocaioe ile laip. Uilliam Ppapapun cpepinep an pf£ i nepinn le hachaiD pooa, -j Do b'ai ran ina lupcip, -j lap ap cumDaicceaD cuipc i nac luain Decc pop an pluaijjeaD perhpdice. RuccaD a copp i nfcap co hoc cliar, a coppm mppm gup an pi 5 Do oeapb'aD a pojnama -\ a pipinne 66. Ua neill DO bfic illairh beop, -\| a mac Sfan Donnjaileac, -] mac neill oicc (ao6) Do bfic ace Denarii coccaiD ap an mbapun, -[ ap jallaib ma bfojail. Stuaicceab ele ip in ppojmap lap an lupcip i nullcoib, -] nf cappam nf acr juipr DO milleao DO,-] oponj oia muincip Do mapbaoh,-] ranaic jan piap gan pfc. CoccaD mop ecip 6 Rajallaij, na pa^ranaij,-) cpeaca lomoa Do Denarii la hua paijillij poppa. O concobaip pail^e Do bfic i Sa^oib, ~\| gan puil caic 16 cochc ina ppir- ing 06. 6apun Dealbna Do Dol hi Sapoib,-] a recc cap aip ina ipicing lap ccpfoc- nuccaD a copcca ariiail ap Deac pop caeriinaccaip. Qn lupcip Semup cpapc Do Dol hi Sa^oib, ~\ an Soinpilep comap ciorhpoccac baile cuipin Do bfic na lupcip ina lonacc. ej us Joannes, cognomento Dungalach, ea se nocte non junxisse nesciens, in castra ejus noctu pro- rumpit, et excitato tumultu omnia turbavit, alios ad fugam vertit, multos neci dedit." A court. — By the word cuipc the Irish at this day mean any large, quadrangular mansion- u House. The Latin translator in F. 1. 18, renders this, "Athlonia? Castellum." His heart. — Ware says that his body was interred in Trinity Church, Dublin, but that his heart was sent to England, where it is said to have been interred in the monument of his ancestors. Upon them. — An English writer would say, "among them;" but the Editor thinks that this characteristic Irish idiom should be preserved in the translation. The Latin translator, in F. 1. 18, renders it, "ab his ille plurimas praedas adtulit." Baile-Cuisin, now Cushinstown, in the barony of Skreen, near Tara, in the county of Meath. See Ordnance map of Meath, sheets 32, 33, 38, 39. The entries under this year are translated in to Latin in F. 1. 18, as follows: "Clonmacnoisiam qui Athloniam incolebant Angli miserum in modum expilarunt, majora campana ex obeliscis campanariis extraxerunt, a minoribus etiam campanis eripiendis, ab imaginibus communcendis et altaribus evertendis sacrilegias manus non continuerunt, libros omnes et fenestrarum vitra quae parietum ipsius ecclesia fenestris non inha?rebant, exportarunt. Sic locus sanctissimo Kieranum summa omnium veneratione impense cultu sacratus sacrilegorum horninum audacia fisdata est, magno bonorum omnium luctu. Tadeo O'Euarko in Brefnia, O'Kuarko ipsi dignitate proximo, sui laqueo gulam eliserunt, cujus facti consortem patruum ipsius Brianum fuisse nonnulli asserunt. 1552.] ANNALS OF THE KINGDOM OF IRELAND. 1527 great numbers of them. On this occasion, William Brabazon, who had been for a long time the King's Treasurer in Ireland, and who had been Lord Justice for some time, and had erected a court at Athlone, died on the aforesaid expedition. His body was brought in a ship to Dublin; and his heart was afterwards sent to the King, in token of his loyalty and truth towards him. O'Neill still remained in prison; in revenge of which his son, John Donnghaileach, and Hugh, the son of Niall Oge [of Clannaboy], continued waging war. With the Baron and the English. Another hosting was made by the Lord Justice into Ulster, in Autumn, but effected nothing, except that he destroyed corn-fields. After having lost a great part of his people, he returned without submission or peace. A great war broke out between O'Reilly and the English; and O'Reilly committed many depredations upon them. O'Connor Faly remained in England, no one expecting his return. The Baron of Delvin went to England, and returned home, after having transacted his business as well as he was able. The Lord Justice, James Croftes, went to England; and Thomas Cusack, i.e., the Cusack of Baile-Cusiny, the Chancellor, became Lord Justice in his stead. "Mac Suinius Fanatensis Rodericus, propinquus cum 40 vel 60 aliis occiso dirempta, except! quus ejus Nellus, et Brianus filius Edmundi per sunt. Angli tamen vadum transeuntes castellus occiso sunt in monasterio. lum ad Belferstiam moliti sunt; sed nee victo- "Mahonius filius Briani filii Tadei, filii Ter- riam nee obsides nee praedam retulerunt, ita ut delachi O'Brien, occisus est a famulantibus Do- hac expeditione fastus et potestas multum re- nato filio Conchauri O'Brien, pressa fuerat. Fardorchus O'Neill, filius Baro Dermitius filius O'Briani Tuomonice Mura- Dungannensis, accessione copiarum quas con- chari filii Terdelachi mortuus in prasvigiliis S. traxerat maximas proregis et Anglorum vires Brigidice in monasterio de Innis sepultus est. augere contendens, ad Castra pfoperat, sed mora "Gravissimo bello, Angli ex una parte, Ulto- aliqua injecta in loco nonnullum ab Anglis dissito nienses omnes, praeter paucos, et Scoti, ex altera pernoctare cogebatur. Frater ejus Joannes cog- parte inter se committuntur, multis malis ad nomento Dungalach, ea se nocte non junxisse Rempublicam ex eorum dissidiis redundantibus. nesciens-, in castra ejus noctu prorumpit, et ex- "Prorexinlioniam contra Hugonem O'Nel- citato tumultu omnia turbavit, alios ad fugam lum, Nelli juvenis filium, et Scotos movit, et vertit, multos neci dedit. Gulielmus Braba- emissarii ex hostico praedas abducere et explo- zonus Thesauri munere diu in Hiberniafunctus, rare si itinera copiis sint pervia jussi, (Domnalt -\| coippbealbac clann concobaip.uf bpiain) ap a noeapbpacaip oonnchab mop mac concobaip (cigeapna cuabmuman) 50 cluain parhpoDa, an baile Do lopccab, ~\ oapccam -] oaofne DO rhapbab leo, -\| 6 bpiain oonnchab DO bol ipin cop baf ipin mbaile Dia imbfofn poppa. CX rrup an copjaip DO ponpaD innpin. 661 he pocann na hfpaonca pin ecip pfol mbpiain uaip po jnouij DonncaD on pig cfpc oibpeacca Dia mac pfm 50 po gaipfb bapun De ap belaib a pmnpiop. l?o lonnaicceab na Deapbpatcpi De pin conab aipe Do ponpac an lonnpaiccib pempaice ~\ aobfpofp apoile nap bo maccnab lace Do jniom ina noeapnpacc. T "Oeipij" eaponca hi ccuabmumain oepibe, ~\ nip bo cian bdccap i nimpeapain poile uaip po ecc Donnchab mop ua bpiain mpla cuabmuTnan pqrapn na pdipi pin, i po jab Domnall a lonaD. Siubcifn injfri majnupa ui Domnaill bfn uf concobaip pliccij Decc an. 16. lun. Donncab mac coippbealbaij mic mupchaib uf bpiain Decc. Niall mac peilim uf maoiteaclainn canaipi cloinne colmain pfp djmap ionnpaijceac, -] pfp a aopa bd pfpp Dia maicne Do mapbab a ppiull Id hua nayigio] "delatum et cor cadaver! extractum " O'Conchaurus FalgiasinAnglia versebatura, in Angliam missum est, ut eo indicio pateret nee speratur unquam venturus in patriam. fidem ilium Regi pra?stitisse. Baro Delvinise profectus in Anglia et O'Nello in vinctdis adhuc apud Anglos per illinc redux venit in patriam post [negotium] consistente, filius ejus Joannes et HugoNellijuvenis finitum ex animi sententia.	13,712
bulletinunitedst100111931unit_6	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,877	Bulletin - United States National Museum	United States National Museum \| Smithsonian Institution \| United States. Dept. of the Interior	English	Spoken	7,904	15,212	Corusculus berycoides JORAN and Snyper, Annot. Zool. Japon., vol. 3, 1901, p. 75 (copied ). Doderleinia berycoides JORAN and THOMPSON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 39, 1911, p. 443 (off Tokyo).—IzuKAa and Matsuura, Cat. Zool. Spec. Tokyo Mus., 1920, p. 152 (Kanaya, Kazusa). Déderleinia orientalis STEINDACHNER and Déprrtn, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-nat. Kiasse, vol. 47, pt. 1, 1883, p. 237. Kachiyam in der Tokio-Bai. Acanthocephalus orientalis (DODERLEIN) STEINDACHNER and DOGODERLEIN, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-nat. Klasse, vol. 47, pt. 1, 1883, p. 237 (name in synonymy). Depth 3; head 234. Snout 414 in head from upper jaw tip; eye 3%, greater than snout, greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches % in eye, expansion 214 in eye, length 234 in head from snout tip; upper outer row of rather small teeth, besides inner villiform band; 2135—31——_7 86 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM row of little larger outer canines below, besides inner villiform band; single row of little larger outer canines below, besides inner villiform band; single row of little larger teeth on vomer and each palatine; interorbital nearly level; hind preoper Cleared finely serrated. (Gill rakers 8+15, about half of eye, according to Jordan and W. F. Thompson.) Scales 47 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter; 6 scales above lateral line, 12 below, 10 predorsal to occiput then many fine ones forward at least opposite front pupil edge; 11 rows on cheek, of which last 3 on preopercle flange. Suprascapula denticulate. D. IX, 10, 1, fourth spine 244 in total head length, first ray 244; A. IX, 7, 1, third spine 314, second ray 214; caudal 12, little emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 314; pectoral 114; ventral TOK Reddish. Spinous dorsal with dusky border, lower half of anal and hind half of ventral with blackish pigment. Hind part of mouth cleft also blackish. (Steindachner and Déderlein.) Japan. Jordan and W. F. Thompson give 335 mm. for their largest example. Genus LUTJANUS Bloch Lutjanus Biocu, Naturg. Ausliind. Fische, vol. 4, pt. 7, 1790, p. 108. Type Lutjanus lutjanus Biocu, tautotypic. Lutjanus Biocu, Naturg. Ausliind. Fische, vol. 4, pt. 7, 1790, pl. 245. Type Lutjanus lutjanus Buiocw. Turdus (not LINNAEUS 1758) Catresby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, ed. Edwards, vol. 2, 1771, p. 9. Type Sparus synagris LINNAEUS, designated by JORDAN and EVERMANN, Genera of Fishes, pt. 1, 1917, p. 30. Species nonbinomial. Salpa Catresspy, Nat. Hist. Carolina, ed. Edwards, vol. 2, 1771, p. 17. Type Sparus synagris LINNAEUS, designated by JORDAN and EVERMANN, Genera of Fishes, pt. 1, 1917, p. 30. Prior to Salpa ForsKAuL 1775. Species non-binomial. Naqua ForskAu, Descript. Animal., 1775, p. 17. Atypic. Type Sciaena gibba ForskAL, designated by JORDAN and HEVERMANN, Genera of Fishes, pt. 1, 1917, p. 34. Inadmissible. Hobar Forskat, Descript. Animal., 1775, p. 44. Atypic. Type Sciaena bohar ForskAL, assumed through vernacular name. Inadmissible. Pagrus (PLUMIER) LAEPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1803, p. 293. Type Labrus griseus LINNAEUS, designated by JORDAN and EVERMANN, Genera of Fishes, pt. 1, 1917, p. 72. Inadmissible. Diacopes Cuvier, Bull. Soe. Philom. Paris, 1814, p. 89. Type Holocentrus bengalensis BLOCH. Diacope Cuvier, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, vol. 1, 1815, p. 360. Type Holocentrus bengalensis BLocH, designated by JORDAN and HURMANN, Genera of Fishes, pt. 1, 1917, p. 94. Not Htsner 1816. Mesoprion Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 441. Type Lutjanus Lutjanus Biocu, designated by JORPHAN and EVERMANN, Genera of Fishes, pt. 1, 1817, p. 124. Genyoroge CANTOR, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (Cat. Malayan Fishes), vol. 18, pt. 2, 1849, p. 994. Type Holocentrus bengalensis Buocu, virtually as Genyoroge CANTOR proposed to replace Diacope CUVIER. Neomaenis Girarp, Rep. U. S. Mexican Bound. Surv., Zool., vol. 10, 1859, p. 18. Type Lobotes emarginatus (BaAirp and GIRARD) GIRARD, monotypic. FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 8&7 Hypoplites Gitt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 236. Type Mesoprion retrospiiis CUVIER, monotypic. Evoplites GITT, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 236. Type Wesoprion pomacanthus BLEEKER, monotypic. Neomesoprion CAST ELN'AU, Philadelphia Cent. Exhib. Offic. Rec. (Res. Fishes Australia), 1875 (1876), p. 8 Type Neomesopronon which CASTELNAU, monotypic. Rabirubia JorpAN and FEsiLer, Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., pt. 17, 1889 (1893), p. 438. Type Mesopronomis PETERS, monotypic. Raizero JORDAN and FEsiLer, Rep. U. S. Fish Comm., pt. 17, 1889 (1893), p. 438. Type Mesopronomis GUNTHER, monotypic. Benneitia Fowrer, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, 1904, p. 524. Type Anthias johnti BLocu, orthotypic. Parkia Fowrer, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, 1904, p. 525. Type Lutianus furvicaudatus Fowrer, orthotypic. Rhomboplitoides Fowrer, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, June 4, 1918, p. 38. Type Rhomboplitoides megalops FowLER, orthotypic. Body compressed, oblong, back usually elevated. Head long, pointed, well compressed. Mouth large. Maxillary usually slips entirely below preorbital. Jaws with bands of villiform teeth, outer larger row often present; 2 to 4 strong or caninelike teeth at front of upper jaw; vomer and palatines with villiform teeth and often 1 or more areas of teeth on tongue with age; pterygoids toothless. Nostrils usually close together, without tube. Preopercle with or without shallow to deep notch into which distinct tubercle or knob may fit; hind edge finely serrate. Gull rakers few, rather short. Vertebrae 24 of which 14 caudal. Scales about 40 to 90 in lateral series. Head naked or scaly above, with wide inclined band of scales at nape. Soft dorsal and anal scaly basally. Dorsal spines 10, rarely 12, continuous with rays which 11 to 16. Anal spines 3, rays 7 to 9. Last dorsal and anal rays not extended. Caudal truncate or bilobate. Pectoral elongate, pointed. Mesoprion aurivitatus Kent and Mesoprion helenae Kent are unidentified names. Lutjanus paraemulon Bleeker is noticed: Depth 314 in length. D. XI, 13? Gray blue, with 10 to 12 more or less interrupted red bands. Pectoral immaculate violet blue. Another unidentifiable nominal species is Lutjanus dubius Bleeker. Depth 4 in length. Bluish, with 4 longitudinal yellow bands; uppermost from neck to dorsal; second from above eye to dorsal; third from snout through eye to ca. udal; fourth from maxillary to caudal. Caudal with 5 longitudinal brown or blackish bands, of which median horizontal, others oblique. Great Barrier Reef, 1893, p. 370. Queensland. Idem, p. 870. Queensland. Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, 1874, p. 150. China. Tidem, p. 152. China. 88 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM ANALYSIS OF SPECIES A. RATZERo. Scales above lateral line entirely in series parallel with its course, below in horizontal series; fins without filaments. b. Black lateral blotch on lateral line. c. Black lateral blotch below last dorsal spines and front of soft dorsal spines and front of soft dorsal spines. b. No black lateral blotch, but side with four rather ill-defined longitudinal dark-brown bands; Second thoracic nerve eae keen ee palmeri. a. GLABRILUTJANUS, new subgenus. Scales above and below lateral line in horizontal series; several soft dorsal rays with prolonged filaments. nematophorus. a. NEOMAENIS. Scales above lateral line in oblique rows, at least for some part posteriorly, below horizontal series. e. Predorsal scales not extending forward in interorbital space. f. Front scales above lateral line parallel with its course, only posterior rows oblique; predorsal scales extend opposite hind eye edge; greenish, each scale usually with dark spot; cheek often with 1 or 2 blue horizontal lines below eye argentimaculatus. f. Seales above lateral line in oblique rows throughout, below in horizontal rows. g. Body with transverse blackish bands; caudal with large rounded black blotch. i. Eight transverse blackish longitudinal bands, but without one indentedankan and sees 2s eee e. Five dusky longitudinal bands, crossed by dark transverse bands. TERT GSS Set ee ga eee NAR 7 aed I ANI eed Rte decussatus, Body without dark transverse bands. Body without dark longitudinal bands. White or rosy blotch on back below spinous dorsal and another below soft dorsal; upper and lower caudal COSC Sits eee Sree a eal 0 a bohar No white blotch on back below each dorsal fin. k. Head with numerous longitudinal blue lines; body scales with silver-gray dots; pearly blotch, bordered black on lateral line below front of soft dorsal. rivulatus. k?. No blue lines on head or pearly blotch on lateral line. l’. No black lateral blotch on body. m. No golden longitudinal streaks; dorsal bordered blackish; caudal violaceous___----~- vaigiensis. m. Body with longitudinal golden or violet stripes. n. Dorsal uniform; caudal with large black trans- VELrSe; CreESCOM Gr. = ee ee lunulatus. n. Dorsal bordered blackish; caudal violaceous. flavipes. ?. Black lateral blotch on body. o. Small black blotch below front of soft dorsal; infraorbital broad__monostigma. o?. Large black blotch, often ocellated, below front of soft dorsal; infraorbital very Narrow 2e Jochen Sane Ms fulviflamma. #. Body with 2 dark longitudinal bands, upper from eye to caudal, lower from maxillary to anal__.____ lemniscatus. FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 89 e’. Predorsal scales extend forward over interorbital or to front of eye. p. LUTJANUS. Preopercle without or only slight notch above angle and interopercle spine feeble or absent. qg. Deep brown or blackish median lateral band. r. Two blackish lateral bands, sometimes lower absent; pearly blotch below mid- dle of spinous dorsal base, another below soft dorsal__________ biguttatus. r. Single black lateral band; no pearly blotches ‘on baGkann Sse eeaae vitta. q. No black lateral bands. s. Pectoral with black basal spot. #. Bluish, with golden longitudinal Dands¥e a eee chrysotaenia. #. Uniform brown____-___ carponotatus. s’, No dark pectoral spot; body with longitudinal golden streaks. uw, Preorbital and infraorbital very NAO Wee See ee lineolatus, uw’. Preorbital and infraorbital wide, much wider than maxillary. RES Dale oe) eemeen are lutjanus. v’. Dorsal edge dusky ; caudal dark. lineatus. P. Dracopr. Preopercle with distinct notch, often very deep and acridly armed with strong spur. No black lateral blotch. Rosy, with golden longitudinous bands. Yellow or golden. No dark spot in pectoral axil, 2. Nine obscure broken horizontal streaks on back and side. Caeruleovittatus. 2. Six blue streaks, oblique, all begin behind head. duodecim lineatus. 2. Six blue horizontal bands, third rarely on postocular spilurus. 2. Four blue horizontal bands, usually complete on 32 kasmira. 2. Pectoral with dark axillary spot; body yellowish red; dorsal edge white; dark anterior anal blotch fulvus. 3. Pectoral with dark axillary spot; body yellowish red; dark anterior anal blotch fulvus. 4. Lozolutanus, hew subgenus. Scales above and below lateral line in oblique rows crossing its course. 5. Soft dorsal longer than high. 6. Preopercle entire; broad dark band from dorsal to eye and maxillary; dark saddle, bordered white, on caudal peduncle; caudal truncate or slightly more than usual. 5. Preopercle deeply gas. The body; no dark band on head; young with caudal peduncle above and caudal blackish; caudal deeply emarginate, upper lobeseresthy expand cdi with yagere een se eee gibbus. Soft dorsal angular or pointed behind, higher than long; preopercle little notched. Body with longitudinal golden streaks; caudal peduncle with dark blotch; paleamitironmtvand being yo. 26 Se ee malabaricus. Three broad blackish transverse bands, first inclined from predorsal through eye and last bent posteriorly on caudal peduncle. Sebae. Subgenus RAIZERO Jordan and Fesler Scales above lateral line entirely in series parallel with its course, below in horizontal series. Fins without filaments. LUTJANUS JOHNII (Bloch) Anthias johnii Birocu, Naturg. Auslind. Fische, vol. 6, 1792, p. 113, pl. 318. Suratta.—Forstrer, Fauna Indica, 1795, p. 16.—SchneEtpER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 303 (Tranquebar). Lutjanus johnii LAckrpEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 4, 1802, pp. 191, 235 (Tranquebar).—Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 42, pl. 13, fig. 1—SAvuvaAGE, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 7, vol. 5, 1885, p. 104 (Swatow, China).—Day, Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 1, 1889, p. 476—CHAVUPHURI, Mem. Indian Mus., vol. 5, No. 2, Apr. 1923, p. 718 (Rumbha Bay).—VINCIGUERRA, Ann. Mus. Civico Stor. Nat. Genova, series 3, vol. 10, 1926, p. 584 (Sara-wak).—Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1927, p. 277 (Santa Maria and Philippines); Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 30, No. 1, 1928, p. 113 (Bombay); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 635 (Paddong).—TiRaAnt, Service Océanogr. Pé Chines Indo Chine, 6 Note, 1929, p. 168 (Hué). Lutianus johnii Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 42, pl. 13, fig. 1 (type of Mesoprion flavipinnis; Madras).—KtLunzincrer, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1879, p. 341 (Cleveland Bay and Endeavour River).—Fowter, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, 1904, p. 525 (Padang).—JorpAN and SEALE, Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., vol. 10, 1905, p. 10 (Hong Kong); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 29, 1906, p. 522 (probably Shanghai).—GILCHRIST and THOMPSON, Ann. South Africa Mus., vol. 6, 1908, p. 226 (Akyab).—GILCHRIST and THOMPSON, Ann. South Africa Mus., vol. 3, 1916, p. 125.—GILCHRIST and THOMPSON, Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, pt. 4, 1917, p. 348 (references). FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 91 Lutjanus johni Bierker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, 1876-77, pt. (60) 338, fig. 8 (Sumatra, Nias, Pinang; Singapore, Bintang, Banka, Dui-zend Islands, Java, Madura, Borneo, Flores, Celebes, Amboina, Waigu, Luzon).—SavoyaAGe, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, ser. 7, vol. 5, 1881, p. 104 (Swatow).—PELLEGRIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 30, 1905, p. 85 (Baie d’Along, Tonkin).—WEBER, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 247 (Mascassin, Madagascar).—PELLEGRIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 39, 1914, p. 225 (Mascassin, Madagascar).—Fow Ler, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 196 (Moen, Society Islands, Apiang).—Pimntay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, No. 2, Feb. 15, 1929, p. 365 (Travancore). Lutianus johni EyVERMANN and SEALE, Bull. Soc. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 79 (Bacon).—KENDALL and GOLDSBOROUGH, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 26, 1911, p. 287 (Truck).—KENDALL and GOLDSBOROUGH, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 26, 1911, p. 287 (Truck).— Fowler, Copeia, No. 58, June 18, 1918, p. 63 (Philippines) —Barnarp, Ann. South Africa Mus., vol. 21, pt. 2, Oct. 1927, p. 661 (Natal). Mesoprion johnii VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 443 (copied).— Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, pt. 2, 1849, p. 985 (Pinang, Malay Peninsula).— Guntther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 200 (North West Australia, Pacific Ocean, Madras, Macassar, Cape Seas).— Day, Fishes of Malabar, 1865, p. 11; Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1865, p. 8 (Cochin).— KNr, Reise Novara, Fische, 1865, p. 35 (Manila, Singapore).— Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, p. 680 (Andamans).— GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1873, p. 15 (Tahiti) —ScuHMetrz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 7, 1879, p. 38 (Bowen).—Kroui, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1881, p. 151 (Singapore).—Pout, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 9, 1884, p. 26 (Bowen).—Meyer, Anal. Soc. Espaf. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 17, 1888, p. 283 (Pasacao).—KeEnt, Great Barrier Reef, 1893, p. 370 (Queensland).—Eera, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 460 (Luzon, Camarines Sur, Percacao).—ISHIKAWA and Matsuura, Prelim. Cat. Fish. Mus. Tokyo, 1897, p. 56—DuNcker, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, 1903 (1904), p. 147 (Kuala Selangor). Lethrinus johnii CASTELNAU, Proc. Zool. Acclimat. Soc. Victoria, vol. 2, 1873, p. 84 (Port Darwin). Sparus tranquebaricus SHaw, General Zool., vol. 4, 1803, p. 471. Tranquebar. Coius catus BUCHANAN-HAMILTON, Fishes of Ganges, 1822, pp. 90, 369, pl. 38, fig. 30. Larger Ganges estuaries. Lutjanus unimaculatus Quoy and GArmarp, Voy. Uranie, Zool., 1824, p. 304. Rawak; Waigiu.—Pittay Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, No. 2, Feb. 15, 1929, p. 865 (Travancore). Mesoprion unimaculatus Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 441 (collection of Comerson, Sonnerat, Guy and Gaimard).—Quooy and Gaimard, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool., vol. 3, 1834, p. 665, pl. 5, fig. 3 (Port Dorey, New Guinea).—Ricuarpson, Ichth. China Japan, 1846, p. 229 (China Seas).—GUICHENOT, Mém. Soc. Sci. Cherbourg, ser. 2, vol. 2, 1866, p. 145 (Madagascar). Mesoprion flavipinnis Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 475. Pondicherry. Mesoprion flavipinnis Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 483 (on Yapilli Rvussett, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, 1803, p. 75, pl. 95, Vizagapatam). Lutjanus yapilli Day, Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 1, 1889, p. 479. Bombay.—Gruuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 126 (compiled). Lutianus hud EverMANN and SHAW, Proc. California Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 16, No. 4, June 31, 1927, p. 116. Nanking. 92 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Depth 2% to 245; head 214 to 324, width 224 to 234. Snout 244 to 3% in head from snout tip; eye 314 to 614, little greater than snout in young to 21% with age, little greater than interorbital in young to 114 in interorbital with age; maxillary reaches 44 to 1% in eye in young or not quite to eye with age, length 234 to 224 in head from snout tip; band of villiform teeth in front below and outer row of enlarged conic teeth, only teeth above and front 4 canines; villiform teeth on vomer, palatines and tongue; interorbital 5 to 51, little convex; hind preopercle edge minutely serrated, shallow emargination below, remaining lower edge with rather strong, well-separated denticles. Gill rakers 9+ 12, 124 in eye, of which 7 above and 4 below rudimentary. Scales 45 to 48 in lateral line to caudal base and 9 more on latter; 6 or 7 scales above lateral line, 11 to 13 below, 12 or 13 predorsal to occiput, 6 or 7 rows on cheek; scales above lateral line parallel with its course entirely, below in horizontal series. Scales with 29 to 47 basal radiating striae; apical denticles 100 to 105, with 10 to 23 transverse series of basal elements; circuli very fine. D. X, 14, 1, fourth spine 274 to 21% in total head length, tenth spine 314 to 414, seventh ray 214 to 234; A. III, 8, 1 Second spine 234 to 314, third ray 2 to 214; caudal 114 to 114, truncate; least depth of caudal peduncle 314; pectoral 114 to 114; ventral 124 to 134. Brown, sides and below whitish, with silvery sheen. Each scale with dark spot, forming longitudinal series above and parallel with lateral line; below in horizontal series. Large dark blotch, equal or larger than eye on lateral line opposite soft dorsal origin, often absent. Iris pale yellowish to brownish. Fins all pale brown. Natal, Madagascar, India, Andamans, Malay Peninsula, Pinang, Singapore, East Indies, Philippines, Tonkin, China, Queensland, Micronesia, Polynesia. A very well marked species, easily known by the scales above the lateral line in rows parallel with its course, those below in horizontal rows. The coloration with much silvery white and variegated by dark spots on scales. Day quotes “Sparus malabaricus Shaw” but in turning to the reference one finds “Sparus tranquebaricus.” Mesoprion flavipinnis Cuvier is noticed: D. X, 14. A. III, 9. Back gray, whitish below, everywhere with silvery tinge. Fins yellowish, also iris. Length 610 mm. Mesoprion yapilli Cuvier is based on the Yapili Russell, which is a fair representation of the present species. Cuvier also notes an example obtained by Dussumier: Silvery, gilded, dull greenish tint on back and rose or coppery on head and belly. Along back and sides lines formed of dark brown spots, one at middle of each scale. Fins yellowish. Length 756 mm. FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 93 Serranus pavoninus Valenciennes is noticed: D. X, 13. A. III, 8. Reddish, with four first rays of soft dorsal with black ocellus, circled brilliant silvery. Caudal square cut, appears yellow, with small vertical black basal line. Other fins gray. Length 25 mm. Bloch’s figure of Anthias, Johnii shows the lateral line a little steep, the caudal round, the pectoral short and denticulations on the pre-opercle edge large. Young specimens are like the adults in general appearance, though have a greatly narrower infraorbital, more so than the young of equal size of Lutjanus fulviflamma. Lutjanus hudsoni Evermann and Shaw seem to be simply a variant without the black lateral spot and but 11 dorsal rays. Cotabato, Mindanao. May 20, 1908. Length 913 mm. Dagupan, Luzon. March 19, 1908. Length 170 mm. Galvaney Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 9, 1909. Length 84 mm. Hermana Mayor Island, Luzon. May 8, 1909. Length 24 mm. Hilo market, Panay. June 1, 1908. Length 318 mm. Hilo market, May 31, Daed. June 15, 1909. Length 223 mm. 7973. Pagapas Bay, Luzon. February 20, 1909. Length 308 mm. 21284. Panabutan Bay, Mindanao. February 6, 1908. Length 84 mm. 13847, 15925. Port Banalacan, Marinduque. February 23, 1909. Length 240 to 235 mm. One example. Port San Pio Quinto, Camiguin Island. November 11, 1908. Length 58 mm. 8264. Ragay River, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 10, 1909. Length 248 mm. 19684, 19685. Santa Cruz Island, Marinduque. April 24, 1908. Length 75 to 82 mm. 8561 [D. 5442]. San Fernando Point, N. 39° E., 8.4 miles (16° 30’ 36’ N., 120° 11’ 06’ B.), Luzon. May 11, 1909. Length 517 mm. 8816, 8818, 20889. Santiago River, Pagapas Bay. February 20, 1909. Length 86 to 115 mm. 21796. Varadero Bay, Mindoro. July 23, 1909. Length 62 mm. A1021. Buka Buka Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. November 20, 1906. Length 106 mm. A1021. Buka Buka Island, Gulf of Tomini, Celebes. A. C. Harrison and H. L. Hiller. Length 298 mm. Pale olivaceous generally in arack, darker above and each scale with slightly darker center so that longitudinal lines form. Large blackish blotch above lateral line just below last dorsal spine base and front dorsal rays. Lower body surface pale, inclining to silvery white. Dorsal spines with several indistinct brown cross markings. Outer portions of soft dorsal and anal grayish. Caudal brownish. Paired fins paler. 94 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM LUTJANUS FUSCENS (Valenciennes) Mesoprion fuscescens VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 6, 1830, p. 538. Fresh waters of Celebes.—G UntTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 201 (types of Mesopron hoteen).—KxArout, Termesz. Ftizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1881, p. 151 (Matang, Borneo).—Meryrr, Anal. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 11 (North Celebes).—Eirra, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 460 (Cebu). Lutjanus fuscescens BireKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, 1876-1877, p. 48, pl. (48) 321, fig. 3 (Celebes, Batjan, Ceram). Mesopron hoteen RicHARDSON, Ichth. China Japan, 1846, p. 229. Canton, China. Depth 234. Snout 2,% in head from snout tip; eye 514, 2 in snout, greater than to subequal with interorbital; maxillary reaches 14 in eye, length 214 in head from snout tip; teeth in bands in jaws, outer row enlarged and as small canines in front of each jaw; vomer and palatines with bands of fine teeth, tongue edentulous; interorbital convex; hind preopercle edge finely denticulate, scarcely emarginate above angle. Scales 55 to 57 counted along above lateral line, 50 along below lateral line (figure shows 61 tubes in lateral line to caudal base and 3 more on latter); 6 scales above lateral line, 16 below, 12 predorsal to occiput, 6 rows on cheek with broad naked preopercle flange. D. X, 18, third spine 314 in total head length, sixth ray 2; A. III, 9, second spine 3, fourth ray 234; caudal 114, hind edge only very slightly emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 274; pectoral 1384; ventral 124. Above olivaceous, below silvery. Iris yellowish or rosy, pupil edge golden. Scales of back and sides with olivaceous gray basal spot. Black blotch little larger than eye on lateral line below middle of soft dorsal base. Spinous dorsal base yellowish golden, terminally fine dusky brown. Soft dorsal medially, spinous anal membranes and caudal posteriorly, violaceous, fins otherwise dull olivaceous. Pectoral grayish basally. Front margin of ventral violaceous. Reaches 280 mm. (Bleeker.) East Indies, Philippines, China. Bleeker says it frequents river Mouths. LUTJANUS PALMERI, new species Depth 214; head 224, width 214. Snout 334 in head from snout tip; eye 4, 114 in snout, greater than interorbital; maxillary reaches 1% in eye, expansion 17% in eye, length 244 in head from snout tip; teeth fine, in narrow bands in jaws, with 4 anteriorly outside in each shghtly larger; vomer and palatine each with narrow band of fine teeth; interorbital 514, but slightly convex; preopercle edge finely denticulate, emargination above angle shallow. Gill rakers 6+11, of which 4 or 5 above and below rudiments, lanceolate, much longer than gill filaments or 14 of eye. Scales 44 in lateral line (counted along and close above) to caudal base and 8 more on latter; tubular scales 41 in lateral line to caudal base and 4 more on latter; 6 scales above lateral line, all in courses parallel with lateral line, 14 rows below all in horizontal series; 9 predorsal scales to occiput, 7 rows on cheek. Suprascapula denticulated. Scales with 17 basal radiating striae; apical denticles 90, small, with 5 or 6 transverse series of basal elements; circuli very fine. D. X, 13, fourth spine 224 in total head length, seventh ray 21%; A. III, 8 1, second spine 214, second ray 214; caudal 114, emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 244; pectoral 114; vent ral 134. Brown generally, with 4 longitudinal ill-defined darker bands; uppermost includes all of back, second extends from eye just above axial line to base of upper caudal lobe, third as line at first and then from pectoral axil to lower surface of caudal peduncle, fourth from maxillary expansion to lower pectoral base and then towards anal base. Areas on lower half of body between dark bands and all of under surface of body whitish. Iris light brown. Fins all pale brown. Diagnosis — Known by its large scales and coloration, the 4 dark longitudinal bands not like those of any other species. Type.—Cat. No. 89995, U. S. N. M. Malabang, Mindanao. May 21, 1908. Length 128? mm. (For the late William Palmer, of the U. S. National Museum, who collected fishes in Java with Owen Bryant.) GLABRILUTJANUS, new subgenus! Type.—Mesoprion nematophorus Bleeker. Scales above and below lateral line in horizontal series. Fourth to seventh dorsal rays with prolonged filaments more than half entire body length. Seven to nine narrow blue longitudinal bands, upper two above eye, next two or three from eye. Diagnosis—Known among all the species of the genus by the prolonged soft dorsal filaments. The toothless palate and brilliant coloration, especially the narrow longitudinal blue bands, are other characters in combination. LUTJANUS NEMATOPHORUS (Bleeker) Mesoprion nematophorus BLEEKER, Act. Soe. Sci. Ind. Néerland. (Celebes), vol. 8, 1860, p. 56. Celebes. Lutjanus nematophorus BrreKer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-1876, pl. (7) 285, fig. 83; vol. 8, 1876-1877, p. 47 (Singapore; Celebes). Lutianus nematophorus OcttBpy, Mem, Queensland Mus., vol. 7, 1920, pt. 1, p. 20, pl. 1. (off Hervey Bay, Queensland). Depth 21% to 234; head 234 to 244, width 224 to 234. Snout 225 to 224 in head; eye 414 to 5, 124 to 21% in snout, 1 to 114 in interorbi- Glaber, smooth; Lutjanus; with reference to the toothless palate. BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM tal; maxillary reaches 14 in eye in young to front eye edge with age, expansion 114 to 1% in eye, length 214 to 214 in head; teeth in villi-form band above, in front with pair of wide set canines, below teeth small, conic and unisercial, also 4 to 6 outer similar ones anteriorly; no teeth on palate; interorbital 414 to 424, little convex; preopercle edge minutely serrulate in young, nearly entire with age. Gill rakers 5+13, of which 2 or 3 lower rudiments; lanceolate, 124 in eye or equal gill filaments. Scales 49 to 52 in lateral line to caudal base and 3 to 5 more on latter; 9 above, 17 below, in horizontal series both above and below lateral line; 12 to 16 predorsal forward to occiput; 10 rows across cheek to preopercle ridge and preopercle flange naked. Scales with 14 or 15 basal radiating striae; 63 to 72 minute apical denticles, with 10 to 12 transverse series of basal elements; circuli very fine. D. X, 16,1, or 15,1, third spine 314 to 4 in head, fourth ray in young and with Age fourth to seventh rays elongate and with one of branches extended as filaments more than half length of entire fish; A. III, 9, 1, third spine 3% to 314 in head, third ray 114 to 124; caudal 114 to 114, deeply emarginate; least depth of caudal peduncle 234 to 234; expectoral 114 to 114; ventral 124 to 1%. Pale brown, lighter to gray or whitish below. Body with 7 to 9 more or less waved, often variably broken, incomplete or interrupted longitudinal gray blue lines or bands, each narrowly margined, both above and below with dusky or dark brown. With age often other narrower similar parallel blue lines alternate with more conspicuous ones. Sometimes blue line crosses interorbital or uppermost body band may meet on predorsal. All specimens show distinct whitish saddle about size of pupil on caudal peduncle close behind base of last dorsal ray. Iris yellowish white. Fins pale brownish, lower ones whitish. Ventrals gray to rather dark gray terminally. Celebes, Queensland. Bleeker had but two young examples 82 to 86 mm., one of which is rather indifferently figured. Ogilby’s figure differs in that it shows the hind caudal edge blackish. Neither of these writers show the pearl white saddle on the caudal peduncle close behind the soft dorsal fin. 5718 to 5721. Cebu market. August 12, 1909. Length 144 to 198 mm. 6099. Cebu market. August 12, 1909. Length 183 mm. 8417. Cebu market. March 20, 1908. Length 258 mm. Subgenus NEOMAENIS Girard Scales above lateral line in oblique rows, at least for some part posteriorly, below in horizontal series. Predorsal scales Tabl. Ichth., 1788, p. 123 (Red Sea).— WALBAUM, Artedi Pisc., vol. 3, 1792, p. 818 (on ForskAL). Diacope argentimaculata Cuirr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 432 (copied).— RUPR PETL, Atlas Reise Nordl. Africa, Fische, 1828, p. 71, pl. 19, fig. 1 (north Red Sea).— KOSSMANN and RAVBER, Wiss. Ergebn. Reise Küstengeb. Roth. Meers, 1877, p. 8. Mesopotamia argentimaculatus GUNTHER, Cat. Fish Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 192 (copied ).—P. LAYARR, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1867, p. 849 (Seychelles).— KLUNN, Inger, Sitz. Ber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 80, pt. 1, 1879, p. 341 (Port Darwin and Cleveland Bay); Fische Roth. Meer., 1884, p. 14— WeserR, Zool. Ergebn. Reise Nederland. Ost. Indien, vol. 3, 1894, p. 407 (Amparang River south of Balanguipa, Celebes). Lutianus argentimaculatus Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 51, pl. 11, fig. 5—JorpaN and SEAL, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905 (1906), p. 262 (Apia).—JorDAN and RicHarpson, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 27, 1907 (1908), p. 257 (Calayan, Rio Baco and Iloilo).—Snyprer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 42, 1912, p. 499 (Okinawa, Riu Kiu).—Matpas, Ceylon Administr. Report, 1921, pp. Hd, E6, E7, ES. Lutjanus argentimaculatus BLEEKER, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 8, 1876- 1877, p. 74, pl. (46)324, Fig. 3, pl. (55)333, fig. 1 (Sumatra, Pinang, Singapore, Biliton, Java, Bali, Borneo, Celebes, Timor, Batjan, Ceram, Amboina, Waigu, New Guinea).—Day, Fishes of India, Suppl., 1888, p. 7838 (note); Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 1, 1889, p. 472.—Syracuse, Dachner, Abh. Senckenberg, Ges., vol. 25, 1900, p. 418 (Kau River, Halmaheira).—Priscilla, Annuario Mus. Zool. R. Universit. Napoli, n. s., vol. 3, No. 27, July 11, 1912, p. 5 (Massaoua).—Priscilla, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-1913, p. E 15 (Gulf of Manauar).—Sourhwaert, Ceylon Administr. Report, 1912-13, pp. 42, H44, E51 (Ceylon pearl banks).—BraAvuFort, Bijd. Dierk., Amsterdam, pt. 19, 1913, No. 9, p. 117 (Batu Merah, 98 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Ambon; Buli, Halmaheira in fresh water).—Weser, Siboga Exp., vol. 57, Fische, 1913, p. 252 (Bima, Sumbawa; Macassar; Saleyer; Dobo, Aru Islands).—PxELLEGRIN, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 39, 1914, p. 225 (Noss i-Bé and Fort Dauphin, Madagascar. — PARIS, Ceylon Administr. Report, 1915-18, pp. F9-F13, F15-F18.—Fowler, Mem. Bishop Mus., vol. 10, 1928, p. 202 (Apia and Society Islands); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1929, p. 608 (Hong Kong), p. 636 (Padang).—Pimuay, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 33, No. 2, Feb. 15, 1929, p. 865 (Travancore). Lutjanus (Mesoprion) argentimaculatus STTEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-nat. Klasse, vol. 71, pt. 1, 1907, p. 128 (Tamarida Brook near estuary, Teiche Lebine at Kor Garrich and Hafen Haulaf at Tamarida, Sokotra).—ZuemMayrr, Abhandl. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Math.-phys. Klasse, vol. 26, 1913, p. 19 (Oman). Sciaena argentata GmeExin, Syst. Nat. Linn., vol. 1, 1789, p. 18300 (on ForsKAu). Perca argentata SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 86 (on ForsKAu). Labrus argentatus Lackprpr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 3, 1802, pp. 426, 467, pl. 18, fig. 1 (Arabia). Alphesies gembra SCHNEIDER, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 236. Tranquebar. Mesopotamia gembra Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 485 (PERON collection).—CaAntTor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (Cat. Malayan Fishes), vol. 18, pt. 2, 1849, p. 997 (Pinang).—GtnrTurEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 45 (India, Sumatra, Amboyna, Borneo); Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 17 (Zanzibar).—PLayrarr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, p. 849 (Seychelles).—SCHMELTZ, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 4, 1869, p. 18 (Pelew and Samoan Islands) ; No. 7, 1879, p. 88 (Samoa, Tonga, Pelew Islands).—KAroui, Termesz. Fiizetek, Budapest, vol. 5, 1881, p. 151 (Singapore).—PoOuL, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 9, 1884, p. 26 (Pelew Islands).—MEYER, Anal. Soc. Espaf. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 11 (Manado, Celebes).——GorcozA, Anal. Soc. Hspaf. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 17, 1888, p. 283 (Ilocos; Samar).—E era, Cat. Fauna Filip., vol. 1, 1895, p. 465 (Luzon, C. Hocos). Camarines, Cagayan, Samar, Borongan).—DuNICKER, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, 1903 (1904), p. 148 (copied). Lutjanus gembra Buierk, Nederland. Tijdschr. Dierk., vol. 4, 1874, p. (117) 150 (China).—Savuvace, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p. 87 (type). Mesopotamia Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vol. 2, 1828, p. 482. Java. (On Rangoo RUSSELL, Fishes of Coromandel, vol. 1, 1803, p. 74, pl. 94, Vizagapatam).—Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. 18, pt. 2, 1849, p. 996 (Pinang, Singapore, Malay Peninsula).—GUntHeEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, 1859, p. 199 (Ceylon).—Day, Fishes of Malabar, 1865, p. 10; Proc. Zool. Soc. Londen, 1865, p. 10 (Cochin, Malabar).—KwNeEr, Reise Novara, Fische, 1865, p. 84 (Ceylon; Hong Kong).—Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, p. 680 (Andamans).—Meryer, Anal. Soc. Espan Hist. Nat., Madrid, vol. 14, 1885, p. 11 (North Celebes) —BovuLenceEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1887, p. 655 (Muscat).—Duncxker, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, vol. 21, 1903 (1904), p. 147 (comp). Lutjanus rangus Buirexrer, Atlas Ichth. Ind. Néerland., vol. 7, 1873-1876, pl. (21) 299, fig. 3; vol. 8, 1875-1877, p. 65 (Pinang, Singapore, Java, Bali, Sumbawa).—Timant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo Chine, 6° Note, 1929, p. 168 (Hué). Mesoprion yapilli (not VALENCIENNES) RICHARDSON, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 9, 1842, p. 548. Fresh waters of Celebes. Mesoprion yapilli (not VALENCIENNES) RICHARDSON, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Percoid.), vol. 22, 1849, p. 45 (Batavia). Mesoprion immaculatus (not VALENCIENNES) BLEEKER, Verh. Batay. Genootsch. (Percoid.), vol. 22, 1849, p. 45 (Batavia). Mesoprion griseoides GUICHENOT, Notes Ile Réunion, vol. 2, 1862, p. 23 (23). Réunion. LIutjanus griseoides SAuvacE, Hist. Nat. Madagascar, Poiss., 1891, p. 92, pl. 9, fig. 3, a-b (type; Madagascar). Mesoprion rubellus (not VALENCIENNES) Day, Fishes of Malabar, 1865, p. 11, pl. 2; Proe. Zool. Soc. London, 1865, p. 11 (Cochin, Malabar). Mesoprion sillaoo Day, Fishes of Malabar, 1865, p. 12 pl. 11, fig. la; Proe. Zool. Soc. London, 1865, p. 10 (Cochin, Malabar); 1870, p. 680 (Andamans). Lutianus sillacoo Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 39, pl. 12, fig. 2. Lutjanus sillaoo Day, Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 1, 1889, p. 473—PEARSON, Ceylon Administr. Rep., 1912-1913, pt. 4, p. 814 (Gulf of Manar).—Trrant, Service Océanogr. Péches Indo Chine, 6° Note, 1929, p. 168 (Quinhon). Mesoprion garretti GUNTHER, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, vol. 1, pt. 1, 1873, p. 15, pl. 18, fig. B. Kingsmill Islands. Iutianus roseus (not Diacope roseus VALENCIENNES, 1830) Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, pt. 11, fig. 1. Madras.—Thurston, Notes Pearl Fisher. Manaar, 1890, p. 91 (Pamban).—KFowter, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 12, 1904, p. 525 (Padang). Lutjanus roseus Day, Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 2, 1889, p. 472.—Parson, Ceylon Administrat. Report, 1912-13, p. 1414.—Tirant, Service Océanogr, Péches Indo Chine, 6° Note, 1929, p. 168 (Cochin China). Lutjanus jahngarah Day, Fishes of India, pt. 1, 1875, p. 40. Seas of India. Lutjanus jahngarah Day, Fauna Brit. India, Fishes, vol. 1, 1889, p. 474. Lutjanus lineatus (not Quoy and GarMarpD) Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 1877, p. 90 (Christmas Island). Lutjanus lineatus JorpAN and SEAL, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 25, 1905 (1906), p. 264 (Apia, Samoa).—SmirH and Skate, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 19, 1906, p. 77 (Mindanao).—EveRMANN and SEALS, Bull. Bur. Fisher., vol. 26, 1906 (1907), p. 81 (San Fabian). Mesoprion obscurus Macteay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, 1881, p. 331. Endeavour River—Kent, Great Barrier Reef, 1893, p. 370 (Queensland). Mesoprion roseigaster Mactray, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 5, 1881, p. 331. Rockingham Bay, Queensland (said to be from fresh water).— Kent, Great Barrier Reef, 1893, p. 370 (Queensland). Mesoprion griseus (not Linnagus) ScHMettz, Cat. Mus. Godeffroy, No. 8, 1881, p. 5 (Ponapé); No. 9, 1884, p. 26 (Ponapé). Lutianus rivulatus (not Cuvier) Sreatre and Bran, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 33, 1907, p. 243 (one Zamboanga specimen). Lutianus salmonoides GircHrist and Thompson, Ann. South Africa. Mus., vol. 6, 1908, p. 146. Natal; East London; Ann. Durban Mus., vol. 1, pt. 4, 1917, p. 345 (copied). Depth 22% to 244; head 224 to 224, width 2 to 244. Snout 244 to 31% in head; eye 3% to 6, 114 to 214 in snout, greater than interorbital in young to 114 with age; maxillary reaches 14 to 14 in eye in young to front eye edge with age, expansion 114 to 2 in eye, Length 22½ to 234 in head; lips moderate; bands of villiform teeth in jaws, with outer row enlarged slightly, front pair above little canine-like, also 4 each side below; villiform teeth on vomer, palatines and tongue; interorbital 434 to 6, slightly convex; hind preopercle edge finely denticulate, with emargination below, but no subopercular knob. Gill rakers 6+11 or 12, equal gill filaments, 134 in eye. Scales 40 to 47 in lateral line to caudal base and 6 to 8 more on latter; 7 to 8 scales above lateral line, 14 or 15 below, 12 to 15 predorcelain, 8 or 9 rows of scales on cheek. Scales with 19 to 25 basal radiating striae; apical denticles 73 to 118, with 8 to 20 transverse series of basal elements; circuli very fine. D. X, 18, 1 or 14, 1, fourth spine 244 to 3%% in head, seventh ray 214 to 234; A. III, 8,1 or 9,1, third spine 31% to 4, third ray 1% to 224; caudal 11% to 124, slightly emarginate behind, truncate as expanded; least depth of caudal peduncle 244 to 27%; pectoral 114 to 114; ventral 124 to 1%. Back brown, below paler. Each scale on back with slightly darker basal spot than general body color though above lateral line rows of scales anteriorly parallel with its course, posteriorly little inclined upward; below lateral line each row of scales horizontal with pale brassy or yellowish stripes, made up of spot of this color on each scale. Vertical fins deep brown like back, also ventrals, though pectorals usually paler. Red Sea, Arabia, Sokotra, Zanzibar, South Africa, Natal, Madagascar, India, Ceylon, Andamans, Pinang, Singapore, East Indies, Philippines, Cochin China, Riu Kiu, North Australia, Queensland, Melanesia, Micronesia Polynesia. My examples show no traces of the one or two horizontal blue lines on the cheek below the eye as in Bleeker. ’s figure of the adult. In small ones, the blue line is often distinct. Very small or young examples often show six to eight ill-defined vertical whitish lines or narrow bands resembling Day’s figure. Mesoprion tetragona Valenciennes is noticed: Without a lateral spot; reddish brown, with four or five silvery lines below; blue horizontal streak across suborbitals; unpaired and ventral fins blackish, anal more colored; pectoral grayish; length 178 mm. The nominal Lutianus roseus Day is evidently a synonym. Specimens like this form have the scales above the lateral line largely parallel with its course, often in varying degree. In many the scales are parallel until below the last dorsal spines or first dorsal rays. The scale rows may also vary in their inclination. Mesoprion obscurus Macleay is noticed as follows: Head and depth equal, 14 of total. Upper head profile straight. Eye equals snout. FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS Maxillary scarcely reaches eye center. Preopercle edge finely serrated behind and only slightly notched. D. X,12. A. III, 8. Scales 48 in lateral line. Dingy black, with numerous narrow indistinct cross bands of lighter hue. Fins all more or less blackish except expectoral. Tail truncate. Mesoprion roseiger Macleay, is another likely synonym: Head- and depth equal, 14 total. Head profile straight, descends to snout angle 45°. Eye nearly 5 in head, 2 in snout, 11/4 in interorbital. Lips thick, almost conceal maxillary, which reaches eye center. Several lower canines, no very conspicuous ones above. Preopercle very slightly notched, little jagged about angle. Scales large, smaller on caudal 40 in lateral series. D. X, 13, fourth spine longest; mid-soft dorsal rays longest. A. III, 9, second spine very strong, not long as third; first rays longest, giving truncate appearance behind. Caudal slightly emarginate. Pectoral almost reaches vent, beyond ends of ventrals. Head and body above bluish silvery, with vertical pearly mark on each scale and below very pink. Length 459 mm. Mesopotamia, as understood by Bleeker, differs only in color, his figure showing yellow lines on the body. 8092, 19843, 200211, 200212. Alimang Bay, Burias Island, March 5, 1909. Length 150 to 270 mm. 7211, 7212. Aparri market. November 19, 1908. Length 348 to 438 mm. 20492. Bagaong River, Sablayan Bay, Mindoro, December 13, 1908. Length 66 mm. 22088 to 22040. Basud River, Luzon, June 15, 1909. Length 37 to 57 mm. 5852. Below Mindanao River mouth, Mindanao, May 20, 1908. Length 494 mm. 8489. Brackish River at Port Dupon, Leyte, March 17, 1909. Length 183 mm. 19112, 19113. Buena Vista, Guimaras Island, Iloilo Strait, January 14, 1909. Length 603 mm. 5271. Cavite, March 23, 1908. Length 571 mm. 5037. Cotabato, Mindanao. Length 152 mm. 5843. Cotabato market, May 20, 1908. Length 570 mm. 11518, 11519, 23735. Dumaca River, Luzon, February 25, 1909. Length 85 to 132 mm. 7488. Endeavor Strait near anchorage, Palawan, December 22, 1908. Length 825 mm. 10660. Fresh water Basud River, Luzon, June 15, 1909. Length 234 mm. 17024 to 17026. Galvaney Island, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 9, 1909. Length 116 to 125 mm. 4953 Holilo market. March 29, 1908. Length 177 mm. 6107, 11758. Holilo market. June 2, 1908. Length 172 to 288 mm. 5842, 5848. Holilo market. June 2, 1908. Length 175 to 288 mm. 11886, 11887. Joni River, Tayabas. February 25, 1909. Length 131 to 147 mm. 4911, 4912, 20249 to 20251. Malinao River, Mantaquin Bay, Palawan. April 2, 1909. Length 104 to 162 mm. 19352. Mahonog, Camiguin Island. August 3, 1909. Length 57 mm. 2135—31——8 102 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM 22462, 22463. Malugao River, Paluan Bay, Mindoro. December 11, 1908. Length 62 to 67 mm. 6739. Manila market. April 21, 1909. Length 3888 mm. Dusky olive, with red- dish tinge. A few scales behind shoulder and on under side with black blotches on outer borders. No blue stripe on cheek. Said to be caught in salt water. Rather numerous in market, this specimen about minimum size, maximum to 915 mm. Tag. Bambaéngin. 7627. Mouth of Malampaya River and vicinity. December 26, 1908. Length 310 mm. 9288 to 9290. Murciaagos Bay, Mindanao. August 9, 1909. Length 305 to 3829 mm. 9635. Nato River, Luzon. June 18, 1909. Length 5335, 5387, 11967. Nonucan River, Camp Overton, Mindanao. August 6, 1909. Length 135 to 189 mm. 7972. Pagapas Bay, Luzon. February 20, 1909. Length 103 mm. 20345. Pancol, Malampaya, Palawan. December 25, 1908. Length 103 mm. 7178. Pangauran River, Port Caltom, Busuanga Island. December 16, 1908. Length 102 mm. 6731. Passi, Hoilo, Panay Island. January 14, 1909. Length 3870 mm. 13 examples. Port San Pio Quinto, Camiguin Island. November 11, 1908. Length 62 to 110 mm. 11434 [1087], 11436. Pucot River, Mariveles, Luzon. January 29, 1909. Length 93 to 108 mm. General color lead gray with narrow bars of paler about 1 to 1/2 scales in width, about 7 of these and an equal number of obscure narrower lines between; undulating blue lines under eye, across most of preorbital and backward to edge of preopercle; shorter line beneath opposite upper edge of maxillary; fins near body color; spincus dorsal membranes dusky cherry red on terminal half, basal portion with obscure blotches of same; soft fin with few gray spots; edges of caudal lobes slightly cherry; spinous membranes of anal and tips of front ray membranes dusky, with cherry shade; ventrals blackish at tips, produced first ray white, second, third and fourth membranes bright cherry red; pectoral very pale cherry tinge, rays slightly dusky. 8503. Quinianca River. April 4, 1909. Length 270 mm. 5384, 5385, 8264. Ragay River, Ragay Gulf, Luzon. March 10, 1909. Length 116 to 245 mm. 7721. River of Nakoda Bay, Palawan. December 30, 1908. Length 436 mm. 19449. River at Pasacao, Luzon. March 9, 1909. Length 85 mm. 8903. Rosa Island, Lagonoy, Luzon. June 17, 1909. Length 285 mm. 7258 to 7261, 7263. Stream at Maagnas, Lagonoy Gulf, Luzon. June 17, 1909. Length 167 to 179 mm. 206583. Stream near village at Chase Head, Endeavor Strait, Palawan. December 22, 1908. Length 107 mm. 8037 Tayabas River, Tayabas Island. February 25, 1909. Length 320 mm. 18944. Tilig, Lubang. July 15, 1908. Length 180 mm. 21723. Varadero Bay, Mindoro. July 24, 1908. Length 162 mm. 7117. West coast Palaui Island. November 18, 1908. Length 162 mm. 11703, 21597. Yaua River, Legaspi. June 7, 1909. Length 178 to 207 mm. 6092, 6093. Zamboanga market. May 29,1908. Length 265 to 267 mm. A687. Si Amil Island, Borneo. September 25, 1909. Length 281 mm. Entire head bright vermilion, anterior body below lateral line, breast and belly, bright orange wash; dorsal dark, similar to back, but with strong orange shades; margin of soft dorsal whitish; caudal with vermilion shades terminally, entire fin dark; lower fins dark orange; pectoral reddish orange, with dusky blotch in upper base, showing somewhat externally. FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 103 A780, 19907. Tawao River, Tawao, Borneo. September 30, 1909. Length 187 to 560 mm. 5059. Sandakan, Borneo. February 29, 1908. Length 230 mm. A1293. Uki, Bouro. December 9, 1909. Length 348 mm. 13496. River at Uki, Bouro. December 9, 1909. Length 156 mm. 9989. Maitara Island. November 26, 1909. Length 363 to 460 mm. Bases of scales brownish red in smaller example, becoming nearly sepia on back of larger example. Center of scales with very dark brown lenticular bar. Outer portion of scale, except extreme margin silvery, with brown wash. Extreme margin red brown at base. Lower surfaces become more solid color and lighter red. Slaty undulous stripe under eye, none on cheek. Membranes of soft vertical fins dark terminally, especially caudal. 19242 U.S.N.M. Christmas Island. Dr. T. H. Streets. Length 295 mm. As Lutjanus lineatus. 52421 U.S.N.M. Apia, Samoa. Bureau of Fisheries. Length 259 to 194 mm. 2 examples. 52257 U.S.N.M. Apia. Bureau of Fisheries (4232). As Lutjanus lineatus. 55992 U.S.N.M. Rio Grande, Mindanao. Bureau of Fisheries (4232). As Lutjanus lineatus. 56046 U.S.N.M. San Fabian. Bureau of Fisheries (4125). Length 188mm. As Lutjanus lineatus. One example (with 57918 U.S.N.M.). Zamboanga. Dr. H. A. Mearns. Length 84 mm. As Lutjanus rivulatus.	9,341
futureofinternat00oppeuoft_3	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,921	The future of international law	Oppenheim, L. (Lassa), 1858-1919 \| Bate, John Pawley, 1857-1921	English	Spoken	6,925	8,211	Would the 55. It is next alleged that there is a violation of sove- In ^tei^'' ""^ reignty in the fact that the proposed Prize Court is a Prize"court ^^^^^ ^^ appeal which is to be competent to reverse the of Appeal decisions of national prize courts. There is nothing in infringe the ...... ti! sovereignty this objection also, for it rests on a petitio pnncijm. It states T^^'^* we but get rid of the preconception that a sovereign state can only admit an interpretation of law to be authorita- tive for itself when pronounced by its own courts, no reason is visible why an award of an international court which upsets an award of a national court should be considered an infringement of state sovereignty. He who alleges it to be an infringement has really in view, however unconsciously, the power of execution which is inherent in the decrees of a national court, and he is unable to conceive a judicial decree without power of execution. ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE 46 Judicial declarations of law have, however, as little as the essence of law itself to do with power of execution ; otherwise — as indeed happens in the case of many persons — the law of nations must be denied any legal character. Now, just as that system of law is more complete behind which there stands a central authority enforcing it by compulsion, so also that judicial activity is more complete with which physical power of execution is conjoined. But alike in the one and in the other case, physical power is not an essential element in the conception. Just as there is law which in point of fact is not enforceable by any central authority, so there can also be jurisdictional functions without any correlative power of execution. International administration of justice is, in the nature of the case, dissociated from any power of this kind ; therefore, too, it does not impair the sovereignty of states. 56. It is imagined that a trump card is played when it The powers is asserted that Article 7 of the Convention, entered into national at the second Peace Conference, respecting the Prize donofcii^.' Court, curtails state-sovereignty when it provides that, in ^^ ^t&te- ° "^ ^ ' sovereignty. default of definite agreement and of generally recognized rules of the law of nations, the Prize Court is to give its decisions in accordance with the principles of justice and equity, and that therefore (so the assertion continues) on certain points the Prize Court can make international law by itself. Whilst up to the present time custom and convention have been the two sources of the law of nations, the Prize Court — so it is said — is now to be added as a third, and the law made by it is to become inter- national law without requiring the assent of the several states. All this argument rests on a false assumption. The article in question endues the Prize Court in certain 46 INTERNATIONAL points with a law-making power which is simply a dele- gated power. The states which are concerned with the Prize Court desire, in the interests of legal security, that the tribunal should not declare itself incompetent by reason of want of existing rules on any given matter. They accordingly delegate to this tribunal the power which lies in them collectively of making rules of inter- national law, and they prospectively declare themselves at one with regard to the rules which the tribunal shall declare to be binding in the name of justice and equity. Now the Prize Court is not hereby made a special and independent source of international law by the side of convention, but the law which it declares is law resting on an agreement between states. Even in the inner life of states we meet with delegation of legislative power to a limited degree, and yet this does not mean that the authorities in question are raised into special and inde- pendent sources of law side by side with the government of the state. And just as in the inner life of a state a delegation of legislative power does not involve an infringement of sovereignty, so also the delegation of legislative power to the Prize Court involves no infringe- ment of the sovereignty of the members of the inter- national community of states. Difference 57. The stcp from the International Court of Arbitra- between . <• i • • i international tion to the ercction of a real international court is, on arbitration ^^o grounds, a decided step onward. In the first place, Lnterimtional ^^ arbitral tribunal is not a court in the real sense of the courts of word, for its decisions are not necessarily based on rules justice. of law, and it does not necessarily deal with legal matters. An arbiter, unless the terms of the reference otherwise provide, decides ex aequo et bono, whilst a judge founds his decision on rules of law and is only applied to on legal ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE 47 issues. Valuable as it may be in many cases to withdraw a matter from the courts and remit it to arbitration, it is in other cases equally valuable to have a cause decided in legal fashion by a judge. The experience which we have so far had of arbitral tribunals shows that they make praiseworthy efforts to arrive at a finding which shall as far as possible satisfy both parties, and that they have in view a compromise rather than a genuine declara tion of law. Now the cases are, all the same, numerous enough in which the parties want a real, genuine declara- tion of law, and so it would be most valuable if a real international court were in existence. In the deter- mination to erect an International Prize Court it has been recognized that prize cases ought not to be brought, from occasion to occasion, before an arbitral tribunal and there peaceably arranged, but ought to be decided by a real court on the basis of the law of prize. If success attends the attempt to convert the Prize Court into a general international court or if a special international court is created, this would render it possible to have other international legal disputes also decided by a real court upon naked principles of law. Such a possibility is in the interest of the parties and also in that of inter- national law itself, for it will be held in higher and surer esteem if a court is provided for its authoritative inter- pretation and application. 58. The second ground referred to is that it is a funda- Funda- mental part of the idea of arbitration that in every case arbitration the choice of the arbiters as men in whom the parties ^ ^?"V-" ^ distinction have confidence should be left to the parties themselves, <> adminis- tration of whilst it is fundamental in the conception of a court that justice by it is once and for all composed of judges appointed inde- pendently of the choice of the parties and permanently 48 INTERNATIONAL to adjudicate upon matters of law. Such a court secures continuity of jurisprudence, affords a guarantee for the most exact examination of questions of fact and of law, deems itself to a greater or a less degree bound by its previous decisions, contributes thereby to the settlement of open legal questions, and furthers the growth of law while adding to the respect in which it is held. Nothing can heighten the respect in which international law is held more than the existence of a real international court. Opposition 59. But, incredible as it may sound, this is not generally international ^ecognized. It is just among the old champions of the court. arbitral decision of international disputes that the most violent opposition is raised to the erection of a real court of justice for international law causes. In such a court they see a great danger for the future. The fact that arbitration has a tendency to furnish rather a decision which is as far as possible satisfactory to both parties than one which is based on naked law, is just the respect which, in the eyes of many, gives it a higher value than a real court possesses. 'Not jural but peaceable settlement of disputes is the motto of these men ; they do not desiderate justice in the sense of existing law, but equity such as contents both parties. And they gain support and approval from those who see in the law of nations rather a diplomatic than a legal branch of knowledge, and who therefore resist the upbuilding of the law of nations on the foundation of firmer, more precise, and more sharply defined rules on the analogy of the muni- cipal law of states. These persons range themselves against an international court because such a court would apply the rules of the law of nations to disputed cases in the same way in which the courts of a state apply the ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE 49 rules of municipal law to disputed cases arising within the state ; they prefer diplomatic or, at any rate, arbitral settlement of disputes between states to the purely legal decision thereof. They also contend that an inter- national court without an international power of execution is an absurdity. 60. This last obiection has already been dealt with above A real inter- . J. . , J national (paragraph 55), where it is shown that a judicial award court does as an authoritative declaration of the legitimate character dangel-'the of An act or claim has, in and for itself, nothing to do with Element the governmental execution of the award. But as to the of disputes. fear that the erection of an international court might endanger the peaceable settlement of disputes and the development of international arbitration, that is cer- tainly groundless. The contrary is the case, as is shown by the fact that the happy movement towards the erection of an international court was initiated by the United States of North America. This country, which since its entry into the international community of states has more than any other championed the idea of the arbitral adjustment of disputes, and has in practice put it to good use, is well aware of the value of arbitration, but, on the other hand, it knows also how to prize the purely legal decision of legal questions. It has actually happened that a state has not ventured to submit a certain dispute to arbitration because it feared that its claim would not receive jural treatment in this way. It is just because the existence of an international court would promote the non-warlike settlement of inter- national claims that its erection has been put forward. The reason is that even with the most careful selection of arbiters, one is never certain beforehand as to the quarter whence they will derive their ideas of the aequum 1569.8 J, 50 INTERNATIONAL et bonum, whilst with a jural settlement of claims the decision rests on the sure basis of law. Further, the erection of an international court is not intended to cause the suppression of the so-called Permanent Court of Arbitration ; on the contrary, the machinery of this latter is to be retained in full existence, so that the parties may in every case be able to choose between the Court of Arbitration and a real court. The future will show that both can render good service side by side. Composition 61. If the erection of an international court comes to naUonar'^ pass, the equipment of it with competent and worthy court. jQgj^ y^[\i ]jQ Qf ^j^g highest importance. Their selection will have difficulties of all sorts to overcome. The peculiar character of international law, the conflict between the positive school and the school which would derive international law from natural law, the diversity of peoples (consequent on diversity of speech and of outlook on law and life) and of legal systems and of constitutional conceptions, and the like — all these bring the danger that the court in question should become the arena of national jealousies, of empty talk, and of political collisions of interest, instead of being the citadel of inter- national justice. All depends on the spirit in which the different governments make the choice of judges. Let regard be paid to a good acquaintance with international law joined to independence, judicial aptitude, and stead- fastness of character. Let what is expected of candidates be the representation not of political interests but of the interests of international jurisprudence. Let nomination be made not of such diplomatists as are conversant with the law of nations, but of jurists who, while conversant with this branch of law, have had the training required of members of the highest state judiciary, and have been ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE 51 tested in practice. Let men be chosen who are masters not only of their own language and of French, but also of some other of the most widely diffused languages, and who possess an acquaintance with foreign legal systems. If this be done, all danger will be avoided. Judges so selected will speedily adapt themselves to the milieu of the international court and be laid hold of by it, and their equipment for their task completed. As things are at present, the institution of an international court is an unheard-of experiment. But the experiment must be made at some time, and the hope may be confidently entertained that it will be successful. Petty considera- tions based on the weakness of humanity and doubts as to the sincerity of the efforts of states to submit them- selves voluntarily to international tribunals must be silenced. Fear of international entanglements and group- ings is misplaced. National prejudices and rivalries must keep in the background. The big state's disdain of the little state and the little state's mistrust of the big state must give place to mutual respect. Opposed to the hope and confidence that the experiment will succeed there are no considerations other than those which have been arrayed against every step forward in international life. They will disappear like clouds when the sun of success has once begun to shine upon the activity of the International Court. 62. Obviously it will not be possible in the long run to inter- stop at a single international court ; the erection over the courts of court of first instance of an international court of appeal aTecessit is also a necessity. The proposed Prize Court will indeed be itself a court of appeal because it cannot be approached until one or two national courts have spoken. But the proposed International Court of Justice would be a court E2 52 INTERNATIONAL of first instance. Now there are no infallible first- instance decisions. Even courts are fallible and make mistakes. If this is universally recognized for municipal administration of justice, it must be recognized for international administration of justice, all the more as public and not private interests are then in issue. If states are to feel bound to rely on their right rather than on their might, and to submit it to a judicial decision, it must be possible to carry an appeal against a decision of the International Court of Justice to a higher tribunal. Many advocates of arbitration will not hear of an appeal. In this they may be right as regards a real arbitral decision given ex aequo et bono, but their arguments lose all force before the nakedly jural decision of a real court. The difficulties which beset the erection of an inter- national court and the appointment of its members may lead to the renunciation of the immediate establishment of an international court of appeal. But when once the International Court is in active working, the demand for a court of appeal will be raised and it will not be silenced until it has been satisfied. It would be premature to make proposals now as to the manner in which such a court of appeal ought to be composed, and as to the way in which it could be brought into existence. It is enough to have pointed to the need for it. Directly this need makes itself felt, ways and means will be found for supplying it. Are inter- 63. We next are faced by the objection, what possible courts viiue- value Can the establishment of international courts ar?nof ^^ posscss if it be left optional to states either to submit bound to their causes to them or to rely on arms for a decision disputes to of those causes ? It is, accordingly, asserted that such ^''^°^^ courts can only be of value if states place themselves ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE 53 under a permanent obligation to submit to them all or at any rate the greater number of their disputes. This leads to the question of obligatory arbitration treaties, which played so prominent a part at the second Peace Conference, and will surely come up again at the third Conference. I have not the slightest doubt that the third or some later Conference will agree on the obligatory reference of certain disputes between states to arbitration, but the matter is of quite subordinate importance so far as the erection of international courts is in question. Any one who contemplates international life and the relations of states to one another, without prejudice and with open eyes, will see quite clearly that, when once there exist international courts, states will voluntarily submit a whole series of cases to them. These will, at first, admittedly, be cases of smaller importance for the most part, but in time more important cases will also come to them, provided that the jurisprudence developed in them is of high quality, and such as to give states a guarantee for decisions at once impartial and purely jural and free from all political prepossessions. It is the existence of the institution which is the vital question now. Once the machinery is there, it will be utilized. In all states of the world there are movements and forces at work to secure the ordered and law-protected settlement of international disputes. The existence of an inter- national court will strengthen these movements and forces and render them so powerful that states will scarcely be able to withdraw themselves from their influence. And the time when states were ready to draw the sword on every opportunity belongs to the past. Even for the strongest state war is now an evil, to which recourse is had only as ultima ratio, when no other way out presents itself. E 3 54 INTERNATIONAL What is to 64. In conclusion the great question is, what is to a state happen if a state declines to accept the decision of the acce^rthe international court to which it has appealed ? decision of Important as this question may be in theory, it is national a minor one in practice. It will scarcely happen in point of fact — assuming that there is an international court of appeal above the court of first instance — that a state will refuse a voluntary acceptance of the award of an inter- national court. Only slowly, and only when irresistibly compelled by their interests so to do, will states submit their disputes to international courts. But when this is the case these same interests will also compel them to accept the award then made. Executive 65. ^^q have neither desire nor need to equip these power not , ^ • i tp <? necessary courts with cxccutive powcr. In the internal life oi for an inter- . , •, . p , , .• national states it IS nccessary lor courts to possess executive power ^'^^^^^' because the conditions of human nature demand it. Just as there will always be individual offenders, so there will always be individuals who will only yield to compulsion. But states are a different kind of person from individual men ; their present-day constitution on the generally prevalent type has made them, so to say, more moral than in the times of absolutism. The personal interests and ambition of sovereigns, and their passion for an increase of their might, have finished playing their part in the life of peoples. The real and true interests of states and the welfare of the inhabitants of the state have taken the place thereof. Machiavellian principles are no longer prevalent everywhere. The mutual intercourse of states is carried on in reliance on the sacredness of treaties. Peaceable adjustment of state disputes is in the interests of the states themselves, for war is nowadays an immense moral and economic evil even for the victor state. It may ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE 55 be that a state will decline to submit its cause to the international tribunal because it thinks that its vital interests do not allow such submission ; but when, after weighing its interests, it has once declared itself ready to appear before the court, it will also accept the court's award. All other motives apart, the strong state will do this, because its strength allows it to make voluntary submission to the award, and the weak state will also do so because war would be hopeless for it. 66. If, however, in spite of all, it should happen that uight of ..TTii , p ij.1 intervention a state declined such acceptance oi an award, the powers by third who were not parties would have and would use the right ^ar7s Sima of intervention. For there can be no doubt of the fact ^«'^ that all states which took part in the erection of an inter- national court would have a right to intervene if a state which entered an appearance before an international court should refuse to accept its award. And of course, in such a case, war is always waiting in the background as an ultima ratio ; but it is in the background only that it waits ; while, apart from the erection of an inter- national court, it is standing in the foreground. The whole problem shows that the development in question cannot be rushed, but must proceed slowly and continu- ously. Step can follow step. The economic and other interests of states are more powerful than the will of the power- wielders of the day. These interests have begotten the law of nations, have driven states to arbitration, have called forth the establishment of a Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague, and are now at work compelling the erection of international courts. Let us arm ourselves with patience and allow these interests to widen their sway ; they will bring about a voluntary submission to the judg- ments of the international court on the part of all states. CHAPTER IV THE SCIENCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW New tasks 67. INTERNATIONAL Organization and legislation and science of the establishment of international courts are the business iaw.'^"* °"^ of the Hague Peace Conferences ; but to work out the new enactments and to turn them to good account and to prepare for their practical application, this is the business of the science of international law. Science obtains thereby a share in the future of the law of nations, and quite new tasks are allotted to it. As mentioned earlier, the law of nations was, until the first of the Peace Con- ferences, essentially a book-law. Treatises depicted the law such as it was growing, in the form of custom, out of the practice of states in international intercourse. There were only a few international enactments, and there was no international court practice. But that state of things has now been altered once and for all. International enactments appear in greater number. Decisions of international courts will follow, just as we already possess a number of awards of the Permanent Court of Arbitra- tion. If science is to be equal to its tasks, it must take good heed to itself, it must become wholly positive and impartial, it must free itself from the domination of phrases, and it must become international. The science 68. It is indispensably requisite that this science should national be positive in character. What natural law and natural iS^oni? ^^^ methods have done for the law of nations in the past positive. stands high above all doubt, but they have lost their THE SCIENCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 57 value and importance for present and future times. Now and onwards the task is, in the first place, to ascertain and to give precision to the rules which have grown up in custom, and in the second place to formulate the enacted rules in their full content and in their full bearing. In doing so it will come to light that there are many gaps not yet regulated by law. Many of these gaps may be successfully filled up by a discreet employment of analogy, but many others will remain which can only be remedied by international legislation or by the development of customary law in the practice of the courts or otherwise. What science can do here is to make proposals de lege ferenda of a politico- jural character, but it cannot and may not fill up the gaps. Science may also test and criticize, from the politico- jural standpoint, the existing rules of customary or enacted law, but, on the other hand, it may not contest their operation and applicability, even if convinced of their worthlessness. It must not be said that these are obvious matters and therefore do not need special emphasis. There are many recognized rules of customary law the operativeness of which is challenged by this or that writer because they offend his sense of what is right and proper. As an example thereof let us take the refusal by some well-reputed writers to include annexation after effective conquest (debellatio) among the modes, known to international law, of acquisition of state territory. They teach that debellatio has no conse- quences in point of law, but only in point of fact ; that it rests on naked might and brings the annexed area under the power of the victor only in point of fact and not in point of law. Here they are putting their politico- jural convictions in the place of a generally recognized rule of law. 58 THE SCIENCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW The science 69. Science cannot, however, be genuinely positive national law unless it is impartial and free from political animosities impartial. ^^^ national bias. To believe that it really is at present impartial is a great deception. Whoever compares the writings of the publicists of the several states runs up against the contrary at every step. There is no state which in the past has not allowed itself to be guilty of offences against international law, but its writers on inter- national law seldom admit that this has been the case. They perceive the mote in the eye of other nations, but not the beam in the eye of their own nation. Their writings teem with ungrounded complaints against other nations, but scarcely throw the slightest blame on their own country. By such a method problems are not brought nearer to solution, but only shoved on to one side. What is wanted, is that an ear should be lent to the principle audiatur et altera pars, that the opponent should be heard and his motives weighed. It will then often turn out that what was believed to merit reprobation, as a breach of law, will show itself to be a one-sided but forceful solution of a disputed question. And even where a real breach of law has been committed it will be worth while to weigh the political motives and interests which have driven the perpetrator to it. It must ever be kept in mind that at the present day no state light- heartedly commits a breach of the law of nations, and that, when it does commit such a breach, it is generally because it deems its highest political interests to be in jeopardy. Such a weighing of motives and interests does not mean excusing the breach of law, but only trying to understand it. The science 70. It is also indispensable that the science should free natSnaiiaw itself from the tyranny of phrases. As things are, there THE SCIENCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 59 is scarcely a doctrine of the law of nations which is wholly must free itself from free from the tyranny oi phrases. Ihe so-called tunda- the tyranny mental rights are their arena, and the doctrines of state- ^ ^ ^''^^^- sovereignty and of the equality of states are in large measure dominated by them. Any one who is in touch with the application of international law in diplomatic practice hears from statesmen every day the complaint that books put forth fanciful doctrines instead of the actual rules of law. Now it is often not difficult to push the irrelevant to one side and to extract what is legally essential from the waste of phrase-ridden discourse. But there are entire areas in which the tyranny of phrases so turns the head that rules which absolutely never were rules of law are represented as such. Two conspicuous examples may serve to illustrate this statement. 71. My first example is taken from the use made of The mean- ino' of the German maxim ' Kriegsrdson geht vor Kriegsmanier '. - knegsrason This maxim is a very old one, and there was nothing %ri^. in the law of nations which stood in the way of its "'^«'"«^'- unreserved acceptance so long as there was no real law of war, but the conduct of war rested only on a fluctuating number of general usages. The meaning of ^manier^ is ^ usage \ and ^Kriegsrdson geht vor Kriegs- manier ' means that the usages of war can be pushed aside when the reason of war demands it. At the present day, however, the conduct of war is no longer entirely under the control of usages, but under the control of enacted rules of law to be found in the ' Regulations respecting the laws of land war ', and the application of the old saw to these legal rules can only lead to abuses and erroneous interpretations. What it says is, in short, nothing else than this : If the reason of war demands it, everything is permissible. But since the first Hague Peace Con- 60 THE SCIENCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW ference that is definitely no longer the case. Article 22 of the ' Regulations respecting the laws of land war ' expressly says that belligerents have not an unlimited right of choice of means of injuring the enemy. Kriegs- rason, therefore, cannot justify everything. Some enacted rules about the conduct of war are, indeed, framed with such latitude as to allow scope for the operation of Kriegsrdson. But most of them do not leave it any scope, and they may not remain unobserved even if Kriegsrdson were to make it desirable. It must be admitted that the general principle of the law of nations, that such acts as are absolutely necessary for self-preser- vation may be excused even though illegal, is applicable to the law of war also. And, further, in the exercise of justified reprisals, many enacted rules of war can be set aside. But mere Kriegsrdson never extends so far as to dispense with enacted rules of war. Nevertheless numer- ous well-reputed German authors teach the contrary, and even those who perceive the falsity of this doctrine still retain the old saying and identify Kriegsrdson with the narrower idea of military necessity. If we are to arrive at clearness, if possible abuses are not to receive in advance the sheltering protection of law, the maxim ' Kriegsrdson geht vor Kriegsmanier ' must disappear from the science of international law. The doctrine 72. My sccond example is taken from the use to which of Rousseau , . p t-» • i ^ t i • concerning an assertion oi Rousseau is commonly put. In nis ^^' Contrat Social, Bk. I, ch. iv, is the following passage : ' War, then, is not a relation of man to man, but a relation of states in which private persons are enemies only accidentally ; not as men nor even as citizens, but as soldiers ; not as members of their country, but as its THE SCIENCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 61 defenders. In a word, each state can only have as enemies other states and not men ; seeing that no true relation can exist between things of different natures.' It is in this assertion of Rousseau that a basis is found for a quite common doctrine to the effect that war is a relation only between the belligerent states and their contending forces. See how much else has been deduced from this principle and demanded on the strength of it ! That blockade is only permissible in the case of naval ports and fortified coast-towns, and not in the case of other ports and places. That breach of blockade is as little punishable as carriage of contraband, seeing that it is but a commercial act of peaceable individuals, it being immaterial whether they are subjects of a neutral power or of the enemy. That the capture of enemy merchant vessels on the high seas is unlawful, because these vessels are dedicated to peaceful trade alone, and have naught to do with hostilities. That peaceful inter- course, and especially commercial intercourse, between the subjects of the belligerents cannot be forbidden. And more of the same kind. If now we examine more closely, we find that there is a sound principle at the core of Rousseau's doctrine, but that the sentence ' war is merely a relation between the belligerent states and their contending forces ' is an empty, untenable phrase. The sound central principle is that in fact, according to modern conceptions, war is a struggle between the belligerent states, carried on by means of their military an4 naval forces, and that their subjects can only be attacked or taken prisoners so far as they take part in hostilities, and that, if they behave quietly and peaceably, they are spared harsh treatment as far as possible. But to assume on that account that 62 THE SCIENCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW a war in which his state is engaged does not affect a subject, and that he is not brought thereby into hostile relations to the other side so long as he abstains from any active part in hostilities — this deals a blow in the face to all the actual facts of war. Certainly, a peaceable subject does enjoy exemption from avoidable severities, but he is none the less the object of coercive measures. If at the outbreak of a war he be resident in the territory of the enemy, cannot he be expelled ? If he contribute to a loan raised by the enemy, will not his own state punish him for treason ? Is it not the law of many states that if they go to war, an end is put to peaceful inter- course, and especially commercial intercourse, between their own subjects and the subjects of the enemy state ? Must not the private person submit to requisitions, pay contributions, endure limitations on his freedom of movement, and obey the commands of the hostile occu- pant ? Is not his property on many occasions — for example, during a siege or a bombardment, or on the field of battle — destroyed without compensation ? Must he not, if his fatherland is completely conquered and annexed by the enemy, reconcile himself to becoming a subject of the enemy ? Whoever has lived in a district occupied by an enemy knows what an empty phrase the assertion is, that war is not a hostile relation between a belligerent state and the subjects of its enemy. Yet the phrase, nevertheless, wanders from book to book and from mouth to mouth, and must always be available whenever wanted in order to justify some assertion which contra- dicts the recognized rules of warfare. The kernel of truth in Rousseau's doctrine is this, that while the soldier is put in an actively hostile position, the peaceable subject of a belligerent is put in a passively hostile position ; but THE SCIENCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 63 the doctrine is absolutely misunderstood, although the distinction which it asserts is quite commonly recognized. And so here also it must be repeated that, if we are to arrive at clearness, if baseless claims are not to appear under the cover of law, the phrase ' War is only a relation between the belligerent states and their contending forces ' must disappear, as being misleading, from the science of international law. 73. It is, finally, a pressing necessity that the science The science 111 • • 1 mi ^'^ inter- of international law should become international. The national law P . . .. 11 • j_' ^^ 1 1XJ.I. must become science oi international law is essentially a branch oi the juter- science of law, and it can only thrive if this dependence na*»o°ai. be not suppressed. Now the science of law must, of necessity, be a national one, even if at the same time it employs the comparative method. On this ground the science of international law, forming always a part of a national science of law, must in this sense be national. When, despite this, I insist that it must become inter- national, what I have before my eyes is merely the requirement that it should not limit itself to the employ- ment of national literature and the jurisprudence of national courts, and that it must make itself acquainted with foreign juristic methods. 74. There is as yet scarcely any systematic reference Necessary to foreign literature on international law. Monographs fore^n" may possibly cite the old editions of some wellnigh ^^t^y^Jure J r J ©on inter- obsolete text-books, but, with individual laudable excep- national law. tions, there is scarcely any suggestion of the real utiliza- tion of foreign literature. This defect is, admittedly, to be attributed not so much to writers themselves as to the fact that foreign literature is for the most part inaccessible to them. There ought to be in every state at least one library which devotes especial attention to international 64 THE SCIENCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW law^ and makes, on a well-elaborated plan, a judicious collection of foreign literature on the subject, particularly- foreign periodicals. Necessary to 75. In worse plight than even the employment of foreign foreign literature is the understanding of foreign juristic methods. methods. And yet without such an understanding the gates are thrown open for misconceptions, for unfounded claims, and for mutual recriminations. How great is the divergence of juristic method can only be appreciated by one who has practised and been called to the teaching of law in different countries. Now, just as the outlook of its people is incorporated in the law of every state, so the specific mode of thought and the logical attitude of any given people are mirrored in its juristic methods. Historical tradition, political interdependence, and other accidental influences do indeed also play a great part therein, but the fundamental factor is the difference of modes of thought and points of view. Seeing, then, that the law of nations is one and the same for every member of the community of states, but that on the other hand the science of every state elaborates the law of nations on the basis of its national juristic methods, it is un- avoidable that discord should arise if the science of inter- national law of individual states neglect to acquaint itself with foreign juristic methods. It is not only in scientific treatises, but also in judicial decisions, that expression is given to these methods, and the discordance between judicial decisions on the same issue given in different states is often traceable simply to the difference of juristic method. That the law is essentially the same is no guarantee that in all countries there will be a unanimity of judicial pronouncement on every point thereof. If ever — and it is not outside the range of THE SCIENCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 65 practical possibility — an international agreement, includ- ing all states, were arrived at concerning all the topics of the so-called international private law and international criminal law, there would, for the reason under considera- tion, still continue to be no security that the same law would in every point receive the same treatment from the courts of all countries. In order to attain this end there would have to be an international tribunal erected above the municipal courts of all states, and its judgments would have to be accepted as binding by the municipal courts concerned. It is just for this reason that the proposed International Prize Court and the proposed permanent court for international disputes will aim in the course of their practice at securing an identical application of the rules of the law of nations. And the joint labours of judges of diverse nationalities in these international courts will influence their mutual understanding in a manner which will be serviceable to the juristic methods of the different peoples.	48,345
cu31924030727832_1	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,860	Reminiscences of an officer of Zouaves	Cler, Jean-Joseph-Gustave, 1814-1859	English	Spoken	7,510	10,841	CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library The original of tfiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030727832 Cornell University Library UA703.Z5 C62 1860 Reminiscences of an officer of Zouaves. olin 3 1924 030 727 832 EEMINISCENCES OFFICER OF ZOUAYES. IBANSLATED FBOM THE FBENCH. NEW YOEK : D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 443 & 445 BROADWAY. LONDON: 16 LITTLE BRITAIN. M.DCCC.LZ. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1860, By D. APPLETON & CO., In the Clerk^s Office of tlie District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York X'^fpJi'/^ Note. — The definitions of Arab words, given by the un- dersigned, have been for the most part taken from General Daumas' works. Teanslator. (From the report of the U. 8. Military Commission sent to Europe in 1865-'66. " The Zouaves are all French ; they are selected from among the old campaigners, for their fine physique and tried courage, and have certainly proved that they are, what their appearance would Indicate, the most reckless, self- reliant, and complete infantry that Europe can produce. " "With his graceful dress, soldierly bearing, and vigilant attitude, the Zouave at an outpost is the leau idial of a soldier. " They neglect no opportunity of adding to their personal comforts ; if there is a stream in the vicinity, the party marching on picket is sure to be amply supplied with fish- ing-rods, &c. ; if any thing is to be had, the Zouaves are quite certain to obtain it. " Their movements are the most light and graceful I have ever seen ; the stride is long, but the foot seems scarcely to toucl^the ground, and the march is apparently made with- out effort or fatigue. ***** " The Zouaves have, combined with all the activity and energy of the others, (the famous Chasseurs,) that solid ensemble, and reckless, dare-devil individuality, which would render them alike formidable, when attacking in mass, or in defending a position in the most desperate hand to hand encounter. Of all the troops that I have ever seen, I should esteem it the greatest honor to assist in defeating the Zouaves. ***** "GEOKGE B. MoOLELLAN, Captain 1st Cavalry." CONTENTS. Introdttotiow, BOOK I. LAGHOUAT. I. Situation of the Tribes of the Sahara-iu the proTinoes of Algiers and Oran in 1852.— II. Itinerary of the 2d Zouaves from Oran to Laghouat ; de- scription of the country passed oyer.— III. General Pelissier's arrival before Laghonat (December 2d, 1852).— The city and its Oasis.— Preliminary reconnoissance, December 3d.— Investment of the town by General Bous- carrin on the night of the 8d.— General Pehssier's remark.— IV. Assault and capture of Laghonat.— Major Morand.— The houso of Ben-Salem.— Beturn of the 2d Zouaves to Oran.- An Arab diffa at Ain-Madhy, 14 BOOK II. THE BABOBS. Summary. — I. Departure of the 2d Zouaves from Oran for Algiers, the 25th March, 1853.— From Algiers to Setif (from the 25th April to the 8th of May). — ^Mansourah. — The Medjanah. — II. First operations of the Expedition to the Babors (18th May). — Bazzia among the Bhamin (20th May). — Col. de la Tour-da-Pin.— The Benl-Tizi (22d May).— The Peak of Tizi-ou- Sakka. — Bivouac at Sidi-Etnim {5th June). — Ceremony of Investiture. — A Military Mass. — III. A glance at the habits and hi.story of the dwellers in the Babors. — IT. Second part of the Expedition to the Babors, from the 6th June to the 4th July, 1858. — Coh Yinoy, promoted to be Brigadier- General, is succeeded by Lieutenant-Colonel Cler, as Colonel of the reg- iment, TO Vi CONTENTS. BOOK III. THE B AS T — 1 854, Summary.— I. The 2d Zouaves organizes its war battalions for tlio expedi- tion to tlie East.— Za ieUe Mane.— The battalions sncoessively embark from Algiers on the 1st and 5th of May, on board the Montezuma and the Caci2M«.— Malta (8th May).— The Morea.— The Archipelago.— The Dardanelles.— II. Gallipoli (14th May).— From GallipoU to Constanti- nople by land.— The Gulf of Saros.- The Sea of Marmora.— Thrace.— Eginiskan.— Eodosto (5th June).— Effect produced on the Turks by the appearance of the Zonavea.— Silivri.- III. Constantinople.— Night of the 14th June, 1854.— Santa Sophia.— Tomb of Mahmond.— Eefiections.— IV. The army.— Camp at Teni-Keni.— Theatre of the Zouaves.- Guignol.- Bazardjick.— Preparations for embarking (end of August).- Captain Lavirotte.— Embarkation (2d September).- Cholera onboard tlieSayamt. —The drama on board.— Grateful feeling of the 2d Zouaves for the crew of the Sahara, .... ... 109 BOOK IV. THE CRIMEA. Summary.- 1. Landing upon the beach at Old Fort (September 14th).— The Bussian Colonel's country seat.- The Zouaves engaged at foraging. — March to the Alma (September 19th).— II. Arrangements for the battle (September 20th).— The Colonel of the 2d Zouaves' address to his men.— Morning of the 20th September.— Impatience of the Zouaves.— The Mar shal de St. Amaud and the Zouaves.— Advance of the French centre. — The Skirmishers of the 3d division penetrate into the village of Bourliouck, about half-past 12 p. M.— The 2d Zouaves cross the Alma.— Attack and capture of the Telegraph Tower.— III. Enthusiasm of the army, the night after the battle. — Chief Bugler Gesland. — Sergeant Sombert. — Lieutenant Esmien.-The Cholera patients.— The army commences its march upon Sebastopol, the 28d.— The vines of the Katcha, — March to the Belbeck (24th). — Thirsty Camp (September 25th). — The Zouave Eousseau and Prince Napoleon. — ^Last visit to the heroic Marshal de St Amaad. — IV. Arrival upon the Tchernaya (27th). — Temporary occupation of Canrobert Hill,7-Occupation of the plateau of the Chersonnese (29th). — The house of the Zouaves, and its cellars.— The Cantini6re Dumont, of the 2d Zouaves.-i.-Opening of the trenches, October 9th. — Bombardment, of the 16th October.- Preparations for the assault.— Opening of the 2d parallel (night of the 22d October).— Captain du Lude. — ^Attack, projected for the night of the 5th November, ' . . . , . . 165 CONTENTS. Vn BOOK V. THE CRIMEA. Summary.— I. Part taken by tlio 2d Zouaves in the battle of Inkermann (5tli November, 1854). — Nigbt of tlie 5tli November. — Appearance of that part of the field next to the English camp. — The remai'ks made upon the Eub- sian dead.— II. The 2d Zouayes at the "Windmill camp. — ^Works con- structed by the men. — Hurricane of the 14th November, —The regiment receives reinforcements firom Algiers. — The sufferings of the army during the winter of 1854r-5. — General Canrobert's solicitude for the men.— The Zouave B. . . ., the Zouave D. . . . — General Bosquet's activity.- III. Intimacy between the Zouaves and English soldiers. — The French and English soldiers at the ca/nUne. — Kind attentions of the English gen- erals to the Zouaves. — The relations between the officers of the two na- tions. — Generals Pennefather, Buller, and Kokeby. — IV. The brigade at "Windmill camp is reinforced in the early part of February, 1855. — ^Eo- connoissance made on the 12th February, by tho 2fll Zouaves.— "Works of the attack, directed on the Malakoff. — The "White Works. — Attack made on the night of the 28d February. — Its object, and the preparations for it.— The attacking force, composed of 900 Zouaves of the 2d regiment, and 450 marines. — General de Monet, Colonel Cler, Captains Bage, Dequirot, Borel, and Doux. — First-Lieutenant BarteL— Second-Lieutenant Sevestre. — Sergeants Eichard and Breysse. — Sergeant-major Lacaze. — Order of the day published to the army.— Eewards. — Tokens of friendship bestowed upon the 2d Zouaves by the English, and of esteem, by the Eussians. — Oolonel Cler appointed General. — Leaves the regiment. — His order of the day, .... 208 BOOK VI. THE CRIMEA. Summary. — I. Colonel Saurin. — The dramatic company of the 2d Zouaves at the Inkermann Theatre. —Lieutenant Guillon.^The 2d Zouaves at the assault of the "White "Works (7th June).- Captains Pruvost, Lescop, Dor6, de la Taissiere, and de Liguerolle.^Lieutenant Michehn, — Deathof Gen- eral de Lavarande. — II. Eesults which ensued ftom the capture of the "White "Works. — Attack of the 18th June.- Part played by the 2d Zouaves in that affair. — Captains Pouyanne, Frasseto. —Lieutenant de Termon- dans.— Second-Lieutenant Gabalda.— Eewards distributed among the 2d Zouaves. — Colonel de la Tour-du-Pin, of the staff. — III. The regiment having been relieved, in front of the Malakoff, by the 7th of the line, is sent to the army of observation (July, 1855).— Description of tho field of 'Ill CONTENTS. battle of the 16tli August.— Position of the allied army on the 15th August — IV. Battle of the Tchernaya (16th August).— Part taken in the battle by the 2d Zouaves.— Major Darbois.^Major Alpy. — Second-Jiieu- tenants Bosc and Bcrger. — Captain Amaud.— Bewards distributed. — The 2d Zouaves remains with the corps of observation on the Tchernaya. — The regiment embarks for Algiers in Jane, 1856, and retoms to Oran, 272 PERSONAL REMINISCENCES. INTEODUCTION. The " Beminiscences of an Officer of the 2d Regiment of Zouaves " are compiled from notes, taken daily and with much care, by one of the most eminent officers of the corps.' The 2d regiment of Zouaves, from the day of its or- ganization in Oran, up to that of this publication, — which treats of it in the double point of view, of the histor- ical and the picturesque — has scarcely for a moment ceased to find itself in the presence of an enemy. In the southern portion of our African colony — in the Kabylia of the Babors,-^in the east — and, still more recently, in the greater Kabylia" — this regiment has ' The late General Cler, who was killed at the battle of Magenta. — T. s The last few pages, describing their services in the greater Ka- bylia, hare been omitted in the translation, for the reason that they cannot justly come under the head of "Fersondl Seminiscences," since General Cler, from whose notes this little wort is compiled, was not engaged in these campaigns. Consisting of nothing more than a 1 2 mTEODTJCTION. been invariably associated with every expedition, and almost every feat of arms of the last few years. " Or ALL THK SOLDIERS IN THE WORLD, THE ZoUAVES ARE THE FIRST AND BRAVEST," Said the Marshal de St. Amaud, on the eve of the battle of the Alma. These words have sown the seeds of a noble pride in the heart of every individual member of the corps. There is a question which the non-professional reader may ask, and which we have often heard asked, our- selves : " How is it that regiments, which are recruited of the same material which enters into the composition of the other regiments of our army, should often seem to possess a certain superiority over other corps 1 Why should they be considered among ourselves as corps d'Uite, and by our enemies as among their most formid- able opponents 1 " A reply to this double question may perhaps be found in a brief glance, at the organization, the method of recruiting, the esprit de corps, and the original formar tion of the regiments of Zouaves. Shortly after the taking of Algiers, our government, wishing to avail itself, in the interests of our new colony, of the services which might be expected from some of the natives, who showed a disposition to enter into the meagre historical sketch of the two expeditions made by the French into that country in 1856 and 1857 ; — and devoid of all personal inci- dent — they possess no sort of interest for the general reader. — T. mTEODUcxiou; 3 ranlcs of our army, organized a battalion of infantry, of which the companies, though commanded by French officers, were almost entirely recruited from among the natives of the country. These new soldiers, whose oriental costume was preserved, took the name of Zouaves ; a name given by the Turks to the native foot- soldiers, whom the Dey of Algiers was in the habit of recruiting from one of the great tribes of the Kabylia. This battalion soon proved to be extremely service- able in the war of detachments carried on against the native tribes. And it was, therefore, decided to raise a new battalion, and to form ' the two into a regiment. The command of this new regiment was given to Colo- nel de Lamoriciere, whose name soon became one of the most famous in our African army.' The natives of the country were still admitted to serve in the regiment ; but the French element was already predominant. In 1842, after the first few years of occupation, and in consequence of the important services rendered by these two battalions, chiefly during the campaigns of 1840 and 1841, the regiment was increased, and made to consist of three battalions, of nine companies each ; one of which constituted the depot. It was at this epoch, that the native soldiers almost entirely disap- peared from the regiment. To be admitted into its ranks was already an object of emulation among the ' The same now iu command of the little army of the Church. — T. 4: mTEODUCTION. best, the bravest, and the most vigorous soldiers of the African army. The uniform,— the manner of life, — the greater liberty, there enjoyed, than in the garrisons of France, or even of Algeria,— the certainty of being present wherever a musket shot was to be fired, — the glory to be acquired, — ^were, all of them, considerations well calculated to attract into our ranks the descendants of those Gauls, our forefathers ; whose proud saying it was, that, " Were the heavens themselves to fall, they would yet bear them icp on the steel of their lances." Besides the conditions of success resulting from the nature of their original organization, we should add, that it was subsequently decided, with much good sense, to give to the Zouaves, who were destined to fight as skirmishers, the same tactics and armament already adopted for the Chasseurs d, pied. The system of recruiting, too, contributed not a little to the reputation which the Zouaves so rapidly acquired. We have already exposed some of the reasons which caused this arm to be sought in preference to others. We may add, that the soldiers of these regiments are usually admitted into them upon, their own application. Many of them are enfans de Paris, or of our other large cities.' Most of them, whose original entry into the ' The unsuspicious stranger, inquiring of a Zouave from wliat tribe he hailed, has often been grarely answered, " From the tribe of the Beni-Pantins, or that of the Beni-Mbufetards." * * Equivalent to replying, tliat tliey belonged to the clan of the McPantins or to the sept of the O'MoutfetaTds— Pantiu and Mouffetard boing two im- portant streets in tlie Faubonre; St. Marccau of Paris. — T. INTRODUCTION. 5 service had been as volunteers, or free substitutes, — having already served one term — are thus inured to the soldier's life, and thoroughly seasoned to the hardships which they gayly support, to the fatigues which they despise, and to the dangers of battle, of which they but make sport. They are proud of their uniform, which resembles that of no other corps ; proud of their name, of an origin so singular and mysterious ; proud of the daring acts of gallantry, with which they are constantly enriching the history of their corps ; and happy in the freedom which is permitted them, whether in garrison or on the march. It is said that the Zouave is fond of wine I 'tis true ; but that which he seeks in the flowiijg bowl, is the excitement of pleasure, and not that brutal oblivion of himself, induced by drunkenness. These regiments number in their ranks, — disbanded officers, who, weary of an idle life, prefer to such the musket and the Chechia ; ' non-commissioned officers, who have served out a first term, but, who, glowing with a cour- age sometimes bordering upon rashness, cannot rest long before they again seek to win from the risks of battle, their stripes and an honorable position, or else a glorious death ; — ex-officers of the garde mobile ; — dis- charged sailors, strong and broad-shouldered, who laugh at the cannon as at the storm ; — and finally, young men 1 More properly chacJiia, a cap — the red undress cap worn by the Zouavea, round which the turban is rolled when in full dress. — T. 6 INTEODUCTION. of good family, who wish to replace, by the red ribbon of the Legion of Honor, — a ribbon bought with their best blood upon some field of battle,— the fortune which they had squandered away in the streets of Paris. No wonder, then, if with such elements, the regi- ments of Zouaves should make a brilliant show, in presence of an enemy ! " Should war break out, we will show our Zouaves to the enemy" is the remark said to have escaped an eminent person, himself a competent judge in the matter of courage, and a keen appreciator of military merit, just before the opening of the Eastern Campaign. The Russians saw them, in fact, saw them face to face ; and in the course of this narrative we shall see whether, or not, they learned to appreciate these heroic soldiers. The officers are usually selected from those belong- ing to regiments of the line, and always from among the number of those possessed of the most vigorous con- stitutions, both moral and physical. Full of energy, carrying their attachment to the flag to its last limits, ever ready to confront death, and courting danger, they are more ambitious of glory than of promotion. Like all their comrades in the army, indeed, they understand that, in their noble profession, fortune is the very last thing, to be thought of. To be the foremost among their gallant soldiers, and to set them an example of every military virtue, — this is their only thought. Our ances- mTEODUCTION. 7 tors used to say, "Noblesse oblige." They willingly adopt this noble motto. Their nobility, however, con- sists not in old family parchments, — ^but in the uniform, which they wear, and in that title of officer of the Zouaves, of which they are so proud. The esprit de corps, that religion of the soldier, is carried to the highest point among the Zouaves. Many a simple private in these regiments would refuse to ex- change his turban against even the stripes of a non-com- missioned officer in any other corps. There exists, in fact, among the officers and soldiers of this corps, a spirit of military brotherhood, which, far from proving injurious, is found, on the contrary, to be the most solid bond of discipline. The officer, instead of an inferior, sees in the soldier only the companion of his dangers, and of his glory. Penetrated with the idea, that the " stomacKs gratitude " ' is by no means an unmeaning expression, he is constantly solicitous to spare his men every privation, which can be avoided. In countries where there is danger that the necessaries of life may fail, or be not easily procurable, he does not hesitate to come to the aid of his soldiers, with all the means at his disposal. He lends them his own beasts of burthen ; he advances money to their mess. The soldier, in re- ' Were this " stomacTi's gratitude " a little more thought of and at- tended to in our army, we should not have one-third of the number of deserters which now annually exhausts its strength. — T. 8 UTTEODUOTION. turn, exhibits the liveliest gratitude; he ever gives proof of the utmost devotion to his officer, and feels for him even a sort of filial respect. Although the disci- pline is very strict, he never murmurs against the punish- ments which are inflicted on him. In the hour of battle, he never abandons his officer — ^but watches over him ; — to protect him, -will incur death, himself, — and never suffers him to fall into the hands of the enemy, if wounded. At the bivouac, he attends to his fire, — takes care of his horse or mule. If he comes across any fruit or game, he brings it to him. Convinced of the.desire of their officers to see them well-fed on an expedition, the Zouaves often ask, that a part of their pocket-money should be employed in the purchase of provisions for the tribe. ^ The Colonel of a regiment of Zouaves is held usually in as much veneration, by his soldiers, as the father of a family. Not one among them but feels proud of his suc- cess, but rejoices at having contributed to his glory or advancement. Commands, which proceed directly from him, are sure to be executed with the utmost punctuality. " Since the Father has said so," they repeat to one an- 1 According to a fashion borrowed from the Arabs, vrhich exists in our African army, those soldiers who are in the habit of messing to- gether, are said to belong to the same " tribe." Each individual of a tribe has usually his allotted functions, being those for which he has a special aptitude ; one looks after the wood and the fire, another alter the water and the cooking, a third makes the coffee, a fourth pitches the tents, and so on. INTKODUCTION. \) Other, " we must obey. The Father knows what he is ahout. He wants to do as much for us as possible." In a critical emergency, the Colonel may even resort to a Draconian discipline, without having to fear the disapprobation of his men. Such are some of the considerations, which have seemed to us of a nature, to explain the brilliant reputa- tion, which the Zouaves have won for themselves. We will now commence our narrative of the military exist- ence of the 2d regiment ; an existence, which probably bears a striking analogy to that of the two other regi- ments of the same arm, and, we will add, to that also of the other regiments of our glorious army. II. CREATION OF THE REGIMENT. Marshal de St. Arnaud, Minister of War, had earned his promotion in Algeria. Having often come in con- tact there with the regiments of native, or rather special troops, organized for service in the colony, he had, on many occasions, been enabled to appreciate their rare usefulness. As soon, therefore, as he had assumed the portfolio, and as the solidity of the new government had begun to give promise of a more stable era, he began to think of increasing the permanent portion of our African army. 1* 10 INTEODUCTION. In February, 1852, he addressed to the President of the republic a report, in which he set forth the advan- tages likely to accrue from such a measure. The Prince President, taking into consideration the reasons urged in this report of the Minister of War, de- creed on the 13th of the same month, the formation of three regiments of Zouaves, out of the elements compos- ing the single regiment of that arm, then in existence. Each of the three battalions of the latter, became thus the nucleus of a new regiment. The 1st was organized at Blidah ; the 2d at Oran ; the 3d at Contantine. The basis of the decree of Sep- tember 8, 1841, vras that, adopted for their organization. And, contrary to that of the 16th of March, 1838, it was decided : 1st, that officers of the regiments of infant- ry might be admitted, with the same grade, into the three regiments of Zouaves, upon the designation of the Minis- ter ; 2d, that the rank and file might be taken, in about equal proportions, from all the regiments of that arm. As soon as the decree for the formation of these three regiments, was promulgated, there spread through- out the whole army, an emulous desire of being incorpo- rated into them. Officers and soldiers who had already served m Africa, claimed that this service entitled them to a preference ; those in a different category, claimed, for that very reason, a right to this opportunity of making a campaign. All were eager to be allowed to INTEODUCTION. 11 wear a uniform, already illustrated by feats of arms, which, even in the brief space of its young existence, — that scarcely could date back as far as the first years of our conquest of Algeria, — had already won for the corps an imperishable renown for bravery. Marshal de St. Arnaud, an admirable judge of the qualities which should distinguish the Zouaves, selected for the three regiments men of a vigorous temperament, both in a moral and physical point of view. Of the officers selected, nearly all had already given proofs of their soldierly qualities ; whilst the non-commissioned officers and privates had all seen several years of service. It must be added, also, that many corporals, and no in- considerable number even of sergeants, among those be- longing to regiments stationed in France, voluntarily renounced their stripes for the sake of being included in the detachments ordered to join the new corps in Africa. The 2d regiment of Zouaves, organized at Oran, re- ceived, as its nucleus, the 1,400 Zouaves who constituted the 2d battalion of the original regiment. These were marched from Blidah under the orders of Major Morand. The ranlcs were then filled up with 2,400 men, partly drawn from regiments in France, and partly from those stationed in the province of Oran ; so that the effective strength of the regiment was, from the beginning, of not less than 3,800 veteran soldiers. The new fusil d iige was given to the men ; the 12 INTEODUCTION. same, which had been placed, for trial, by the Board of Artillery, in the hands of the men of the original regi- ment of Zouaves. A captain of Artillery was detailed to superintend the experiments, which were directed to be made with this new arm. Instead of the decree of the 4th March, 1831, regulating the tactics for infantry, that of the 22d July 1845, laying down the tactics for the Chasseurs A pied, was the one adopted for the Zouaves. All that has been just said of the' 2d regiment, ap- plies equally to the other two ; so that there was thus quickly raised a body of not less than 10,000 expe- rienced soldiers, in the prime of life, well armed and instructed, brave, fearing nothing, and who could justly be considered a picked and chosen troop, ready and fit for anything. And most nobly were the high expecta- tions then deservedly formed of it, to be subsequently realized in the Crimea. Colonel Vinoy, (now General of Division,) then commanding the 54th of the line, an officer who com- bined with great firmness of character, a peculiar apti- tude for the command of the special corps raised for African service, received the command of the 2d Zouaves. To second him, he had Lieutenant-Colonel Cler (now Brigadier-General in the Guard). The other field-officers were : the Commissary, Blaise ; Majors Fraboulet de Kerleadec, Morand, and Malafosse ; all of INTEODUCTION. 13 whom had, by long service in Africa, acquired all the experience and qualifications necessary, for the command of such troops as the Zouaves. The regiment waa.organized under the eyes, as well as under the inflexible direction of General Pelissier, then commanding the province of Oran. At the end of three months, the 2d Zouaves was uniformed, drilled, and ready to take the field. This result was due to two causes — the zeal of the officers, and the concentration, upon a single point, of all the elements which were de- ■ signed to contribute to its formation. Towards the end of April, the Lieutenant-Colonel, with two officers, six sergeants, corporals and privates, embarked for France, with the mission of receiving in Paris, from the hands of the Chief of the State, the eagle, which they were, so soon, and at such close quar- ters, to display to the enemy. In September of the same year, 18B2, the 1st bat- talion was ordered to take up its station at Tlemcen. Certain companies of the other battalions were detailed for work upon the roads. Two months later, came the order to prepare for an expedition. Great was the joy among the Zouaves of the 2d regiment, on the receipt of this good news. The Lieutenant-Colonel was then in command of the regi- ment ; grave family interests having recently called the Colonel to France. BOOK I. LAGEOUAT. I. Situation of the Tribes of the Sahara iu the provinces of Algiers and Oran, in 1852. — II. Itinerary of the 2d Zouaves from Oran to Laghouat ; de- scription of the couiltry passed over. — III. General PeUssier's arrival before Laghouat (December 23, 1852). — The city and its Oasis. — Preliminary reconnaissance, December 3d. — Investment of the town by General Bous- carrin on the night of the 8d. — General Peliesier's remart.— IT. Assault and capture of Laghouat. — ^Major Morand. — The house of Ben-Salem.— Pveturn of the 2d Zouaves to Oran.— An Arab diffa at Ain-Madhy. I. In the early part of November, 1852, General Pelissier received orders from the Governor General, to assume command of the different columns appointed to operate against Mohammed-Ben- Abd- Allah, Scheriff of Ouargla ; who had been for some time trying to get up a revolt among the Saharian tribes of the provinces of Oran and Algiers. These columns, to the number of six, were organized at the military stations in the Tell.' Those Algeria, from the sea to the Desert, with reference both to its soil and to the character of its inhabitants, may he considered as divided into two great belts, the Tell and the Sahara, each widely differing from the other ; the Tell, an arable and tolerably well- watered coun- try, has a width, reckoning from the sea, of from 40 to 70 leagues. The dividing line of the waters is just beyond ; and then comes the LAGHOUAT. 15 ordered to operate in the south-east, had their points of departure fixed at Bougada, M6d6ah, and Boghar. They were, after concentrating, to push on and form a junc- tion with General Yusuf.' The three others, under the immeiMate command of General Pelissier, were assem- bled at Sidi-bel-Abbes, Saida, and Oran. The infantry- portion of this second column was made up of the 2d Zouaves. The points of cencentration of each of the various parts of this little army, were fixed upon the high pla- teaus ; at Djeffa, for the eastern column — at El-Biod and El-Aricha, for the western. On the 4th November, the 2d Zouaves received its orders to make up two expeditionary battalions, of 600 men each. Companies of the 2d and 3d battalions were at once called in from Oran, Mers-el-Kebir, Arzew, and other places ; and of these, two battalions, each of five companies, of 125 men each, were promptly formed. The sick were sent to Oran, so that none remained, but such as were in a condition to take the field at once. Lieutenant-Colonel Cler took the command, having un- Sahara, — ^the Algerian Sahara — a region of oases, which, iu its na- ture, forms the transition between lands that, without being cultiTa- ble, still produce- certain plants — and the arid, bare, and seemingly illimitable wastes of the desert. Laghouat in the centre, Geryrille to the west, and Biskra to the east, mark the limits of the Algerian Sahara. 1 A native chief, who has been for nearly 30 years in the service of France. He is the creator of the famous Spahi regiments., — T. 16 LAGHOUAT. der him Majors Morand and Malafosse,. commanding battalions ; Adjutants (with the rank of Captain) Aba- tucci and de Lignerolles, and Assistant Surgeon Can- teloube. Before entering upon a detailed description^f the part played by the regiment -in this trying expedition, we deem it useful to present a brief sketch of the events which had preceded it, as well as of the objects which it was intended to effect. In the beginning of the year 1852, both our influ- ence in the south, and the establishments, which we had attempted to create in the oases, were alike threatened with destruction, by the intrigues and fanatical preach- ing of the Scheriff of Ouargla, Mohammed-Ben-Abd- AUah. The tribes of the Sahara were beginning to waver in their allegiance to us. The insurrection, swelled by fragments of the great tribe of Arba, had attained the most alarming proportions in the neigh- borhood of Mezab.' The attraction exercised by this focus of revolt over the wandering tribes of the Sahara, in the provinces of Oran and Algiers, finally inspired the commandant of the subdivision of Medeah with se- rious uneasiness ; and to put a stop to the desertion of the nomads, he finally established himself among them with a column of troops, and spent the whole summer • An oasis to the south of Laghouat, on the borders of the Alge- rian Sahara of the prorince of Oran. LAGHOUAT. 17 in the environs of Laghouat, Ksar-el-Airan, and Tad- jerouna.' It was for us an object of the utmost importance, to isolate the insurrection, both of the tribes of the sub- division of Medeah, and of those of the division of Oran. The Scheriff Mohammed still exercised a very great in- fluence over the tribes bordering upon Morocco. And the fidelity of these last was already considerably shaken by the embarrassments which had been occasioned us by the tribe of the Beni-Sassen of the Eifi"." The Laghouat of the Ksel,' the Ouled-Sidi-Cheikh, and a part of the Maknas, all living to the south-west of the town of Laghouat, seemed, by the advanced position of their cantonments, to have been gained over to the ScherifT's party, and to be ready to furnish him with a new base of operations in the west. They were, in fact, occupying the Oued-Zergoum, about twenty leagues above Tadjerouna; and Mohammed, accompanied by powerful goums* had been there to visit them. 1 Ksar-el-Airan is near, and a little to the east of Laghouat ; Tad- jerouna, about 16 leagues to the south-west of Laghouat. " The name of Bif is given to all that mountainous country on the frontiers of Morocco, extending from the sea to the neighborhood of Ouchda, a town situated about 40 kilom. from the Mediterranean, near the eastern frontier of Morocco. s The Ssel is that mountainous country in the west, lying between the country of the Chotts (great pools of water, nsually dried np) ; between the high lerels (on the dividing ridge of the water-courses), and between the Sahara of Algeria. * The irregular cavalry of a tribe ; also any band of horsemen armed and equipped for war. — T. 18 LAGHOUAT. Towards the end of March, a light, small column of French troops had moved from Mascara among these tribes for the purpose of compelling them to draw back, and return to the north of their Ksours.^ This opera- tion was effected, without any resistance being offered to our troops, thanks to the position beforehand taken in advance of Tadjerouna, by the column of the general in command of the M6d6ah subdivision. Before retracing its steps, this small column arrested the Chief of the Ouled-Sidi-Cheikh, Si-Hamza ; whose presence as a hostage at Oran, was calculated to repress any outbreak of hostile spirit among the adjoining tribes. The General commanding at Med^ah having re- turned to his head-quarters, the Saharian tribes of the two provinces found themselves, by reason of the steps which had been taken for that purpose, cut off from all communication with the insurrection. They spent the summer in making their purchases of grain, apparently without dabbling in any plots ; but, hardly had their purchases of grain been completed, and all their stores laid up, before it began to be noticed at Medeah, that Laghouat was fast becoming a market for the insurrec- tion. The grains of the Tell, brought thither in the 1 Ksov/re are villages frequently surrounded by gardens, sometimes enclosed by walls of stones or brick, in which the tribes of the Sahara are accustomed to store the grain which they purchase in the Tell. LAGHOUAT. 19 name and on account of the subject tribes, were being sold to the refractory ones. The consequence was, that all the measures which had been taken, with a view to starving the insurgents into submission, were thus com- pletely eluded. These last were drawing near to Lag- houat with their flocks and tents, both to open a return trade with the different parts of the Tell, and to quarter themselves by force upon the loyal tribes of the high table lands. Matters had got to such a point, that General Yusuf was again compelled to leave M6d6ah in the month of October, in order to prevent, if still possible, the out- break which now seemed imminent. He established a post at Djeffa, 80 kilom. to the north-east of Laghouat, for the double purpose of controlling the Ouled-Nails, who occupied the country lying between Laghouat and Djeffa, and of facilitatuig the operations of the columns about to move into that part of the table-lands. For, these table-lands, in addition to being destitute of nat- ural resources, were so far removed, besides, from our advanced posts in the Tell, that it was almost impossi- ble to give to an expedition, passing through them, that character of persistence, which could, alone, render it effective. On the approach of General Yusuf, the insurgents fell back several days' march in rear of Laghouat. The French column pushed on as far as the oasis, and was 20 LAOHOUAT. well received by its inhabitants. General Yusuf made no stay there, but returned to Djeffa, leaving in Lag- houat an officer of native spahis, with about twenty troopers of the Magzem,' with directions to maintain good order, keep up a strict police, and do all in his power to restore and confirm the authority of our agents there. On returning to Djeffa, the General learned that large numbers of the insurgents, crossing the country of the Makria, and spreading alarm and confusion throughout the whole Ksel, had thrown themselves into the Djebel- Amour ; a chain of mountains which, with a direction from south-west to north-east, separates the oasis of Laghouat from the high plains of Chelifi. He was told, besides, that a band of their scouts had pushed on still further. Obliged to remain in Djeffa, for the sake of hastening the completion of the works under- taken at that post, Yusuf lost no time in reporting to the Governor General all that was transpiring, and mean- time, while awaiting his orders, kept his eye upon the surrounding tribes. When the news of these events had spread through- out the Sahara of Oran, it excited there a considerable fermentation. The tribes of the Djebel-Amour passed into the country of the Plarrars, and these last, in much > Jlaghzem, or Makhzem, oayaliers, a band of horsemen — usually the mounted guard of some native potentate. — T. LAGHOUAT. 21 disorder, flung themselves upon the Chott-el-Chergui.' The Laghouat of the Ksel also came down into the basin of the same Chott, and planted their tents there, pell-mell with those of the Harrars. This state of things, skilfully improved for their own purposes by the ScherifF's agents and the discon- tented of both provinces, appeared of sufficient conse- quence to General Pelissier, then commanding the province of Oran, to induce him to ask permission of the Governor-General to move toward the south, in order to be in readiness to act promptly, should mat- ters assume a more threatening aspect. It was more- over become indispensable to restore confidence to the inhabitants of the Sahara, to settle them again in their own country, and to arrest the growing influence of the Scheriff". General Pelissier's propositions having been ap- proved, three columns were immediately assembled at Oran, Mascara, and Sidi-Bel-Abbfes, and thence moved on Frenda, Sa'ida, and El-Aricha ; " having passed which, they were to operate around El-Biod, on the outer bor ders of the country of the Harrars and the Hamians, and in the midst of that of the Laghouats of the Ksel. 1 A large pond lying parallel to the limits of the Tell, on the high levels of the Sahara of Oran. ^ Towns and an encampment in the province of Oran, situated (from east to west) on the confines of the Tell and of the high tahle lands. 22 LAGHOUAT. We are now in possession of the events which pre- ceded the expedition, in which the 2d Zouaves took such a glorious part. And, therefore, leaving at this point the general operations, we shall in future confine our- selves to those of the column which set out from Oran on the 6th November, and to which were attached the two field battalions of the regiment, whose history we desire to trace. II. The 2d Zouaves started from Oran on the 6th Novem- ber, bivouacked the same day on the Oued-Tlelat, (28 kilom.) ; ' the next day, on the Oued-Sig, (32 kil.) ; the third, on the Oued-el-Hamman, (24 kil.) ; the fourth at Mascara, (24 kil.) During the first three days, the column had been exposed to heavy rains." It had crossed the plain of Oran, and the forest of Muley-Is- mael, which stands in a slightly undulating and some- what marshy Sahel, celebrated for the action in which Colonel Oudinot was killed. Ascending the valleys of » A kilometre is .6213 of a mile. — T. 2 The nomad tribes of our Algerian colony shift their camping places almost daily, being wanderers over, rather than occupants of its territory. Good water with them, as with us, is the consideration which determines the selection of every stopping place ;' and thus our columns always bivouac on the banks of rivers (Oueds), or close to fountains and running brooks.* * Which the Arabs render by the word Aln, so ftequently prefixed to names of places. — T. LAGHOUAT. 23 the Sig and of the Habra, along the course of the Oued- el-Hamman, the Zouaves had crossed the spurs of the mountain range, which divides the plain of Oran from that of Eghis ; a range, covered with undergrowth and clumps of trees, and the scene of many combats with the Arabs during the war against Abd-el-Kader. On the opposite slope of these mountains is situated Mascara? overlooking the plain of Eghis. Continuing their march on the 10th, the 2d Zouaves halted for the night at Cacheron, in the plain of Eghis, 24 kil. distant ; the 11th, on the Oued-el-Abd, 32 kil. fui-- ther ; the 12th, at Muley-Abd-el-Kader, (29 kil.) ; and the 13th, in advance of Frenda, a distance of 17 kil. During the latter half of the march, the column, after de- scending that side of the mountains, on which is Mas- cara, had, whilst crossing the plain, passed the night un- der the magnificent shade trees of Cacheron ; and had plunged, the next morning, into an apparently intermi- nable succession of mountains, separated one from the other by wide and beautiful valleys. The Arabs seldom cultivate these valleys ; it is true that they are in great part covered with woods. The column soon struck the mule path to Frenda, which it followed as far as the little Arab town of that name, built upon the highest point of the last acclivities, and just at the base of the table-lands. From the 14th to the 19th of November, the two 24 LAGHOUAT. battalions successively halted at Ain-sidi-Aissa, Guetifa, Haoudji, Mekam-sidi-Chikz, Ain-Krechal, and, finally, at El-Biod. They had marched over more than forty leagues, chiefly upon the table lands, and in the country of the Chotts,' — a vast, uncultivated solitude throughout ; one long, dead, almost unbroken level, without trees, or any vegetation, and offering nothing to relieve the eye, but a few strips of meagre pasture land, and some pools of brackish water, the only remains of the Oueds, which, taking their rise in these regions, soon lose them- selves in the sands, and are running streams, only dur- ing the season of the heavy rains.	39,166
cyclopaediaofpra13ziemuoft_45	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,874	Cyclopaedia of the practice of medicine;	Ziemssen, Hugo Wilhelm von, 1829-1902	English	Spoken	7,403	10,667	Swallowing is a reflex act that is performed entirely by mus- cles the nervous supply of which originates in the medulla. It is, in fact, a combined act of the hypoglossus, facialis, glosso- pharyngeus, vagus, accessorius, and trigeminus. Consequently the centre of deglutition has been assigned to the medulla, an assumption which is well borne out by experimental and clinical facts. But it has not been further localized, nor do we know anything of its connections. According to Schiff, too, the centre of vomiting is situated in the medulla, but nothing further is known about it. Schiff like- wise asserts that the contractions of the abdominal muscles in defecation are co-ordinated and brought into action by a centre in the medulla. We can hardly assume a special reflex centre for the masti- catory movements, as mastication cannot properly be regarded as a reflex action. It is, in fact, only the co-ordination of cer- tain motor impulses in order to accomplish a definite compli- cated process ; the centre of co-ordination which serves this pur- pose is by no means necessarily situated in the medulla. At the same time, however, it is easy to comprehend that disease of the motor tracts in the medulla which are involved (nucleus of tri- PHYSIOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION. 861 geminus, hypoglossus. etc.) might impair the masticatory powers to a great extent. Vaso-motor Centre. Ludwig and Thiry demonstrated a centre in the medulla which can throw all the arteries of the body into contraction ; and section of the cervical portion of the cord inferiorly to the medulla paralyzes and dilates all the arteries. Later investiga- tions, however (Goltz, Vulpian, Schlesinger, M. Nussbaum, and others), prove beyond doubt that, even if this is the principal one, it is still not the only vaso-motor centre ; and further, that other secondary centres exist in the gray substance of the spinal cord, as far downas the lumbar portion. The spinal centres are situated one above the other through the whole cord, and appear depen- dent, in the first instance, upon the principal medullary centre. When this latter is removed, the spinal centres come into action (but only gradually), and regain their influence over the vessels. Owsjannikow and Dittmar have defined the position of the vaso-motor centre in the medulla more accurately. They found it, in the rabbit, between the corpora quadrigemina and calamus scriptorius, somewhat removed from the middle line, in the late- ral columnar tract of the formatio reticularis. The nerves for vascular contraction which leave it are said to run down through the lateral columns to the anterior nerve-roots (Dittmar). In addition, centripetal fibres ascend to this centre, which produce a reflex contraction of the vessels; these, too, are said to lie in the lateral columns. In conclusion, this centre can be excited or depressed by some parts of the cerebrum (irritation of the pedunculi, blushing or pallor resulting from mental impressions). The latest investigations on the subject of vaso-motor nerves compel us to assume the existence of nerves which directly dilate the vessels. For these, too, a centre has been assumed in the medulla. 862 ERB.—DISEASES OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA, Nutritive Centres for Certain Nervous Regions. It seems probable that the gray nuclei of the motor medullary nerves have a nutritive effect upon their nerves and appertaining muscles, very similar to that which the large multipolar cells of the anterior cornua of the cord exercise over the nervo-muscular regions dependent on them. As may be seen in bulbar paralysis, degeneration and destruction of these cells produce granular atrophy of the lingual, labial, faucial, and pharyngeal muscles. Different clinical and experimental facts have led some to the hypothetical assumption of certain centres in the brain for the regulation of the temperature of the body. Should these really exist, we should seek them also in the medulla. Centres for Certain Secretions. To Claude Bernard we owe the important discovery that the secretion of urine, and certain nutritive processes, can be influ- enced by irritation of the floor of the fourth ventricle. If we merely pierce the floor with a needle, half-way between the origins of vagus and acusticus, it suffices to produce a dia- betes mellitus. If the needle pierces at another point, closer to the acoustic, it produces a simple polyuria (diabetes insipidus). And, besides this, we can frequently succeed in producing albu- minuria by irritation of a point between these two. In spite of numerous investigations, we are still in uncertainty as to the manner in which this takes place, and as to the mech- anism and anatomical structures which bring it about. Claude Bernard conjectured that there was a nervous centre in the me- dulla which controlled the formation of sugar in the liver. But his view has met with many opponents, and most physiologists now incline to the explanation of this artificial diabetes by vaso- motor influences. This view is supported by the fact that irrita- tion of surrounding parts produces only an increased secretion of urine, unaccompanied by any secretion of sugar. But the question has not yet been definitely settled. Irritation of the anterior portion of the rhomboid sinus, close PATHOLOGICAL INTRODUCTION. 863 to the nucleus of the abducens, produces an active salivation on the same side as the lesion. The secretion is continuous and abundant. It is, perhaps, produced reflexly by irritation of some branches of the trigeminus. Possibly, however, it is a di- rect irritation of the secretion, with or without the intervention of vaso-motor processes. Gruetzner’s experiments go to prove the existence of a centre of salivation in the medulla, which con- trols both the fibres of the chorda tympani, going to the salivary glands, and the fibres of the sympathetic. And this centre, when directly or reflexly irritated, produces active salivation. From all the details given in the preceding pages we can at least conclude that a great number of the most important phy- siological functions are united in the medulla. This very fact compels us to admit the extraordinary entangled and compli- cated course of the fibres, to which we so frequently drew atten- tion. Ill. Diseases of the Medulla Oblongata, Introduction. The pathology of the medulla oblongata is still in the first stage of its development. The material for study is relatively scarce, quite unsifted, and in great need of further enlargement ; and the only way we can hope to enlarge it is by taking all the modern points of view, and devoting ourselves to a careful clini= cal study of the cases, and more especially to accurate anatomical investigations. As might be conjectured from its anatomy, the pathology of the medulla resembles, in some points, that of the cerebrum, and in others that of the spinal cord, so that diseases which are proper to each occur in the medulla. This gives the medullary pathol- ogy a very varied character. But, on the other hand, it is sim- plified, as we can, in many cases, merely refer to the cerebral and spinal diseases, which have in great part been very much better investigated. Some cases—for instance, meningitis of the me- dulla—we can pass over unmentioned on this account. 864 ERB.—DISEASES OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA. As yet we are acquainted with almost nothing but symp- tomatic forms of disease in the medulla. Our knowledge was most extensive on the subject of chronic progressive bulbar paralysis, which had been made known by Duchenne’s investi- gations. Gradually we became acquainted with the character- istic symptoms of an acute apoplectic bulbar paralysis. And soon all chronic diseases of the medulla that resulted in paral- ysis were included under the first head, and all the acute forms were regarded as apoplectic. But further observation rendered matters more clear, and we can already distinguish several different forms that have been classed together under both of these heads, and we are probably in a position now to draw anatomical and clinical distinctions between these forms. \| In the following pages we have endeavored to draw these clinical and pathologico-anatomical distinctions. At the same time we are fully conscious that there are many shortcomings and gaps, and that the material at our disposition is very much too small, and in particular too inaccurate, to give us, as yet, a sure footing on this ground. The classification we have adopted must consequently only be regarded as a temporary diagram, to contain, for the present, the forms of disease with which we are acquainted. We shall first discuss the quantitative changes of blood in the medulla, its hemorrhages, and the obstruction of its vessels; secondly, the results of acute and chronic mechanical lesions—acute wounds and slow compression ; thirdly, acute inflammation of the bul- bus; fourthly, chronic (inflammational) bulbar degeneration, first described by Duchenne; then the other chronic and inflamma- tional diseases of the medulla; and, finally, the neoplasmata which occur in its substance. We must urgently crave the reader’s indulgence for all the imperfections and defects contained in the following description. \| : : \| re — HYPERZMIA AND HEMORRHAGE. 865, 1. Hyperemia and Hemorrhage of the Medulla Oblongata.— Apoplexia Medulla Oblongate. Ollivier (d’ Angers), Traité des mal. de la moelle épinitre. 3me éd. IIL. p. 138-167. 1837.—Mesnet, Apoplexie du bulbe rhachid. dans sa partie supér. etc. Arch. gén. 1861. Sept. Monit. des Sc. méd. 1861. No. 94.—Potain, Paralysie génér. incompléte; polyurie; apoplex. foudroyante; ramollissement ancien, hémor- rhagie de la protubérance. Gaz. d. hép. 1862. No. 98.—JLevier, Beitr. zur Pathol. der Riickenmarksapoplexie. Dissertation. Bern, 1864. — Desnos, Cas Whémorrhagie de la protub. annul. avec albuminurie, etc. Union méd. 1869. No. 20.— Wilks, Labio-glosso-laryngeal Paralysis. Guy’s Hosp. Reports. XV. p. 2-17. 1870.—Hughlings Jackson, On a Case of Paral. of the Tongue from Hem- orrhage in the Medulla Oblong. Lancet, 1872. Nov. 30. p. 770. — Dutrait, Hémorrh. sous le plancher du 4 ventricle; albuminurie, glycosurie. Lyon méd. 1875. No. 45.—C. Browne, Hemorrh. into the Pons Varolii. Lancet, 1875. Feb. 6.—Leyden, Klinik der Riickenmarkskrankheiten. I. p. 63. 1875.—M. Rosenthal, Traité des maladies du syst. nerveux. p. 249. 1878.—Lichtheim. Ueber apoplektiforme Bulbiarparalyse, etc. Deutsches Arch. f. klin. Med. XVIIL 1876. Pathogenesis and Etiology. Hyperemia strictly limited to the medulla must be an ex- tremely rare occurrence, and there is reasonable doubt as to whether such a case has ever been diagnosed with certainty, and a real pathological change ascertained. We are not justified here in adducing the capillary dilatations, which are so fre- quently found in the medulla, and which are always followed by hyperemia. In the great majority of cases hyperemia of the medulla is nothing more than part of a general hyperemia of the brain or spinal cord, for the medulla is most intimately connected with these in regard to its vascular supply. So that in every case of general cerebral hyperemia, whether primary or secondary (eclampsia, tetanus, mental and meningitic diseases), the me- dulla will be found in the same condition. Naturally the same etiological and pathogenetic conditions, as those that were given at length in Volume XII., when treat- ing of cerebral hyperemia, retain their force in the medulla. We have partly to deal with active inflammational hyperzmia, VOL. XIII. —55 866 ERB.—DISEASES OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA. resulting from hypertrophy and increased action of the heart, or from vaso-motor disturbances, from collateral congestive in- flammation, and from certain poisons, exposure to the sun, or excessive mental activity, etc. But, on the other hand, it may be the result of passive stagnation consequent on cardiac and pulmonary disease—for instance, hindrance to the current in the jugular veins, or violent expiratory exertions (coughing, strain- ing, vomiting, etc.). We need only say here that all these matters are to be re- garded as paving the way for hemorrhage in the medulla, and under certain conditions they actually produce it themselves. All that Nothnagel has said, in his exhaustive and lucid trea- tise on cerebral hemorrhage, is equally applicable to rupture in the medulla. In regard to hemorrhage the medulla is more closely related to the brain than to the spinal cord, 7. e., hemor-— rhage is much more frequent in the medulla than in the cord ; and further, the frequency is greater in the cerebral than in the spinal end of the medulla, so that the great majority of apo- plexies are found in the pons division. This fact alone renders it difficult to draw a sharp line between hemorrhage in the pons and in the medulla. On the whole, rupture of a vessel is a rare occurrence in the medulla. As regards its pathogenesis we may pass it over with a few words, and refer the reader for details to Nothnagel’s treatise. Undoubtedly the most important pathogenetic principle is disease of the vessels (miliary aneurisms, such as Heschl de- scribes in the pons, atheroma, fatty degeneration, capillary dila- tation, resulting from processes of softening so clearly demon- strated by Gerhardt’). We find extremely frequent cases of atheroma and aneurisms of the basilar artery accompanied by hemorrhage from its small branches in medulla and pons. Increase of arterial tension plays a prominent part in con- nection with these diseases of the vessels themselves; but even without the latter the rise of the blood-pressure alone can often produce hemorrhage. : The same result is seldom produced by an increased tension in the veins from stagnation of their blood. ’ Jenaische Zeitschrift f. Med. und Naturw. I. 1864, —————————— a ——“‘i—‘C;CS! = ee HYPERZMIA AND HEMORRHAGE. 867 Under the head of Hemorrhage from Excessive Tension may be brought the cases caused by cardiac palpitation, by great excite- ment, fits of passion, physical overexertion, and by excessive indulgence in alcohol. Some diseases of the surrounding parts, which not infre- quently lead to hemorrhage of varying extent, seem to act in two ways, ¢. e., by impairing the walls of the vessels and by raising the collateral blood-pressure. To this class belong caries of the cervical vertebree, purulent basilar meningitis, and tumors in or around the medulla, etc. In addition to this, hemorrhage, in greater or smaller degree, is frequently produced traumatically through injuries to the skull and back of the neck, though we can often recognize no direct, palpable lesion in these parts. Westphal produced capillary hemorrhage in the medulla of the guinea-pig by light blows of a hammer on the head. Wecan imagine something analogous to this occurring to the human subject. In conclusion it may be remarked, that in extensive cerebral hemorrhage, which breaks through into the ventricles, or in ex- tended rupture in the meninges (e. g., the rupture of an aneu- rism), the fourth ventricle is often filled with blood, and to this may be attributed some of the symptoms that occur in such cases. Pathological Anatomy. As hyperemia of the medulla is characterized by the same anatomical appearances as cerebral hypereemia in general, we need give no special description of it. Nor can we draw the slightest distinction between the apo- plectic clots in the medulla and those in the brain, either as regards their appearance, the changes they go through, or the condition of the surrounding parts. Fresh hemorrhage looks like a dark-red coagulum, and is often half fluid towards its centre. This very soon changes into a semi-solid, chocolate- colored mass, which gradually assumes a lighter color, and is partly absorbed. The last stage consists either in a rusty, con- tracted scar, or in a small cyst, with a wall of dense cicatricial 868 ERB.—DISEASES OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA. tissue, with fine threads of connective tissue passing through it, and filled with a cloudy, yellow fluid. In due course we observe the development of a secondary degeneration, which can be either unilateral or bilateral, according to the seat of hemor- rhage; and this degeneration we can trace to some distance down the spinal cord. The size of these ruptures is usually very insignificant. Their shape is roundish, or resembles an olive or bean, but frequently it is quite irregular. Near the median line we often meet with small triangular spots of hemorrhage, with the apex pointing forwards, and the base towards the floor of the fourth ventricle, thus corresponding pretty closely in extent with the territory of a median bulbar artery (hemorrhagic infarct ?). As regards their situation, these ruptures can occur at any point in the whole medulla. If they occur near the floor of the fourth ventricle, they have a tendency to pierce through it, and then we find a coagulum of greater or less dimensions in this cavity. We sel- dom meet with more than a single rupture, but occasionally there are several together. Ollivier describes cases of from three to six hemorrhagic points in the medulla. In the medulla alone these effusions of blood seldom attain to any great size, though they are frequently very large when the pons is simultaneously attacked. In cases of the latter class we often see undefined cystic masses, as large as a walnut or an egg, running through the pons and medulla, usually piercing into the fourth ventricle, and filling it with a large clot. Capillary hemorrhage occurs, too, occasionally in the me- dulla, in the same characteristic form as in the cerebrum, and with just the same accompanying or causal circumstances. Symptoms. Very little is known of the symptoms of an inflammational hyperemia in the medulla. It is perhaps allowable to refer some of the symptoms of general cerebral hyperemia (dyspnea, slow pulse, vomiting, general convulsions, certain defects of speech, etc.) to congestion of the medulla, but this is only hypo- — thetical. The same, too, maybe said of the assumption that Ay ea Le a -" NN ————————. HYPERZMIA AND HEMORRHAGE. 869 certain initial symptoms of acute bulbar disease (pains in the head and back of the neck, spasms in the face and tongue, formication, etc.) are to be attributed to hyperemia in the medulla. This assumption is quite arbitrary, and no proofs have been adduced for it. In the case of hyperemia from stagnation, we possess some experimental investi- gations made by Landois, Hermann, and Escher. These prove that retardation of the pulse and dyspneea (irritation of the vagus and respiratory centres), likewise contraction of the vessels (irritation of the vascular centre), and, finally, general convulsions (irritation of the cramp centre), all result from intense venous stagna- tion. All these symptoms, without doubt, originate in the medulla, and we are forced to believe that something similar takes place occasionally in the human subject. Our knowledge of the symptoms of hemorrhage in the me- dulla is more extensive, and rests upon a greater number of observations. Hemorrhage in this organ, even of inconsiderable extent, is always to be regarded as extremely dangerous, commencing gen- erally with the most alarming symptoms, and not infrequently causing instant death. It is, in fact, these tempestuous apoplexies (apoplexie fou- droyante), from which death results ina few minutes or hours, accompanied by signs of failure of respiration or circulation, that belong usually to the medulla or pons. The patients fall down with a cry or in epileptiform convulsions, and die instan- taneously. Further, we know that large effusions of blood into the hemi- spheres and ganglia of the base, if they reach the fourth ventri- cle, and irritate and compress the medulla, very quickly produce death, accompanied by symptoms of vomiting and convulsions, along with deep coma and complete general paralysis. But slight hemorrhage in the medulla, too, generally pro- duces immediately symptoms of an alarming and very threaten- ing nature—symptoms which come more quickly and are more grave the nearer the effusion is to the centres of respiration, or when it affects these directly. In the latter case instant death may ensue, and, consequently, medicakmen are seldom called in for consultation or to treat the case. 870 ERB.—DISEASES OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA. Our principal interest is consequently attached to those cases in which the patient lives on for at least some hours or days, or in which a partial recovery takes place, and the sufferer enjoys a somewhat longer existence, though one that is always very materially impaired. \| Iu such cases the patients utter a loud cry, or are attacked by buzzing in the ears, dizziness, sudden headache, vomiting, or convulsive spasms of the body, and then follows, very quickly in general, an apoplectic attack—. e., they fall down unconscious, and sink into a more or less deep coma. Motor and sensory paralyses characterize this, as well as all other apoplexies. But we may localize them often in the medulla—on the one hand, from their extent and combination, and, on the other hand, from their almost unexceptional complication with a large number of characteristic symptoms, the origin of which has been referred, with a certain amount of probability, to the same organ. The motor paralysis assumes very various dimensions, some- times attacking only the lower extremities, sometimes only the upper ; at other times it takes a hemiplegic character, though this is only when the hemorrhage is extremely small, and then it is usually a decussating paralysis of the extremities; but in most cases all four extremities are either completely or partially paralyzed, which is very characteristic, because it is hard to find any point in the brain where all the motor tracts of the body can be affected simultaneously, by an effusion of blood. Accompanying this paralysis of the extremities, we always find some of the bulbar nerves more or less completely par- alyzed, usually the hypoglossus, accessorius, facialis, and tri- geminus ; sometimes, too, the nerves of the orbit. These paraly- ses also occur on one or both sides. If we have a hemiplegia, (an effusion into one side of the medulla), the most characteristic — symptom is that the paralysis of the bulbar nerves, caused by injury to its nuclei and root-fascicles, occurs on the same side as — the hemorrhage, while the hemiplegia of the extremities occupies — the opposite side of the body, owing to the decussation that — takes place at a point inferior to the lesion. We thus get all — the characteristics of a hemipiegia alternans, with the extremities — paralyzed on one side, and the facial muscles (in certain cases — HYPERAMIA AND HEMORRHAGE, 871 this applies as well to the tongue, the muscles of mastication, and to the abducens) paralyzed on the opposite side of the body. The above-mentioned nerves are affected in greater or less num- ber, according to the location of the hemorrhage. The paralysis of sensation follows the same rules as that of motion, only that it is on the whole not so well developed. In Severe cases, when all four extremities are paralyzed, it is gener- ally impossible to ascertain anything about the condition of sen- sation on account of the coma in which the patients lie. If it is a case of motor hemiplegia, we may assume that the sensation decussates as well; but still, owing to the peculiar course of the sensory fibres in the medulla, we can hardly expect a sharply- defined anesthesia. This, of course, depends altogether upon the extent of the effusion in transverse section. It would be ex- tremely interesting to investigate accurately the condition of sensation on both sides of the head and face in such cases of apoplectic hemiplegia. For a@ priort we should anticipate an alteration in the conditions dominant here, such as a simultane- ous, a decussating, or even a bilateral anesthesia, always pro- vided the so-called ascending root of the trigeminus contains the sensory tract for the same side of the head and face. Respiratory disturbances, as they are most threatening to the life of the patient, may be regarded as the most important of the symptoms produced by a bulbar lesion, and they are at the same time very characteristic of such lesion. If fatal asphyxia does not at once ensue, still the respiration is always greatly im- paired ; it becomes irregular, stertorous, often intermittent, and accompanied with the greatest dyspnoea ; the Cheyne-Stokes phe- nomenon is frequently observed; the respiratory process then grows more and more encumbered and paralytic, till at last death results from asphyxia. It is only in comparatively mild cases that the respiration can recover, or is not at all affected. But even in cases which commence as hemiplegia, the hemorrhage generally extends and causes further mischief. Alterations in the action of the heart are generally less prominent. But in every severe case we unfailingly meet with an enormously rapid pulse, which is frequently irregular and intermittent, and the paralysis of the*cardiac action runs a paral- 872 ERB.—DISEASES OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA., lel course with the increasing asphyxia. In the cases that have hitherto been described, very little is noted of vasomotor changes, unilateral or bilateral rise of temperature in the skin, such as we might expect with certainty, especially in the period immediately succeeding the hemorrhage. Great importance attaches to the epileptiform convulsions which accompany hemorrhage in the pons and medulla. They are often among the earliest symptoms, but they may be repeated in the first few days, and even later, assuming the most violent character. <A d¢onic rigor has been often described in the ex- tremities, of variable duration and frequent recurrence. Disturbances of speech and deglutition, and unilateral and bilateral paralysis of the soft palate result naturally from the participation of the bulbar nerves in the paralysis. The same: may be said of awral troubles, such as deafness and buzzing in the ears, which will probably be more frequently detected now that our attention has been directed to them. Vomiting of frequent — recurrence, and a continuous troublesome singultus, which have often been observed, may be explained in the same natural way by an irritation of their centres in the medulla. Potain, in a case recorded several years ago, describes the occurrence of polyuria. Dutrait found both sugar and albumen in the urine, but his case proves nothing, as both these sub- stances were found before the hemorrhage as well as after. Both Mader and Desnos confirmed the presence of albumen in the urine in the case of an acute hemorrhage, where the kidneys were found quite intact at the autopsy. In a case where hemorrhage occurred in the pons portion of the medulla, I observed a considerable rise in the temperature of the body during the agony. Leyden and others record similar instances, and further it agrees with well known experimental facts. In cases where life lasts long enough, we can test the electric reaction of the paralyzed nerves and muscles. It probably re- mains quite normal for some time in the extremities, though it is stated that the irritability of the paralyzed nerves which come directly from the bulbus soon disappears. Leyden has con- — firmed the latter point, at least as regards the faradic current. _ EEE —E—————EEEeE_~- ——wr rr — ee SLb be Ye eeuee” } ae ee ee er ———— pt Oa Or ee a AU Sel ade th Ey cd di nore cm i alls: be p Gow 0 ae eT abla ag OY a en ren a eka HYPERAMIA AND HEMORRHAGE. 873 Arguing from analogy, it seems highly probable that when the nervous nuclei of the bulbus, or the nerve-roots that leave them, are destroyed by hemorrhage, the peripheral nerves dependent on them must lose their irritability, and that the muscles supplied by these nerves must give a reaction of degeneration. ‘This will be easily decided by future investigations. The course of the disease is threefold. It is either at once fatal, death being produced by paralysis of the respiratory cen- tres with all the symptoms of apoplexie foudroyante. Or secondly, death does not occur for some hours or days, while the patient lies continuously in a state of more or less in- tense unconsciousness and is paralyzed to a varying extent, breathing stertorously, and with a quick pulse, sometimes, too, with a high temperature. In the third, and probably most seldom course, life is main- tained for a more considerable time. This only occurs when the hemorrhage is- relatively insignificant. The patient gradually recovers his consciousness, some of the paralytic and other symp- toms disappear, and nothing remains but hemiplegia or partial paraplegia, and more or less difficulty in articulation and deglu- tition. Apart from the fact that the actual intellectual region is absolutely unaffected, and apart from any remnants of bulbar paralyses, these cases, in their further course, their termination, and the formation of secondary contractures, etc., exactly resem- ble those cases in which hemiplegia and other forms of paralysis have been produced by some hemorrhage in the brain anterior to the medulla (in the thalamus opticus, the corpus striatum, the nucleus lentiformis, the capsula, etc.). Very little is known of the symptoms of small capillary hemorrhage in the medulla; but they are probably similar to those produced by emboli in the smallest arteries of the’ bulbus, and can scarcely be detected accurately unless occurring on a large scale. There is no evidence as to whether epilepsy can result from this capillary hemorrhage, as Westphal’ observed it in the guinea-pig after striking it on the head. 1 Berl. klin. Wochenschr. 1871. No. 38. 874 ERB.—DISEASES OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA Diagnosis. It is hardly possible that we shall ever be called upon to make a special diagnosis of hypereemia of the medulla oblongata. We can apply the general symptoms of cerebral hemorrhage to the diagnosis of hemorrhage in the medulla, so that we need only refer to the chapter on this subject in Vol. XII., and to the description given above. In many cases it is very difficult to distinguish between hemorrhage and embolism. We shall treat of the important points for this differential diagnosis in the next chapter. In order to make a special diagnosis of a hemorrhagic lesion in the medulla and pons, we must take account of the following: In severe cases loss of consciousness, epileptiform convulsions, and sudden death are sufficiently characteristic to establish the diagnosis. In less rapid cases we may mention the following Symptoms as indicative of a similarly situated lesion. Com- mencement with general epileptiform convulsions, vomiting, sin- gultus, more or less threatening respiratory disorders (intermis- sion, dyspnoea, Cheyne-Stokes’ phenomenon), dysphagia, disorders of speech, paralysis of the tongue and soft palate, of the inferior branches of the facialis, and of the abducens, etc.; albumen and sugar in the urine, and final rise of temperature; the extension of paralysis to all four extremities, but particularly the unequal degree of paralysis in the extremities of the one side, and the face and tongue on the other side (paralysis alternans); we might perhaps, too, adduce the cessation of all reflexes in the territory of the paralyzed bulbar nerves. There are some further isolated symptoms which might make our diagnosis more accurate, but they need some additional con- firmation. For instance, we might take the alternating paraly- sis of the facialis (and perhaps, too, of the masticatory muscles and the abducens) as indicative of hemorrhage in the pons por- tion of the medulla. But we must take account of several other symptoms according to the extent and exact position of the clot — in the pons. As regards these we refer the reader for details to. Nothnagel’s article in Volume XII. \| TE 0 EE HYPERAMIA AND HEMORRHAGE. 875 We may conclude that the lesion is limited to the anterior half of the floor of the fourth ventricle, when we see paralysis of the abducens, facialis, and trigeminus, with aural disorders, and sugar and albumen in the urine, etc. Hemorrhage in the posterior portion of the rhomboid sinus produces paralysis of the hypoglossus, facialis and trigeminus, and of the accessorius and vagus, accompanied by grave respira- tory disorders, and usually by paralyzed extremities; it is a symptom probably of some importance when these latter alter- nate with the paralysis of the tongue. Alternate paralysis of an upper and lower extremity probably indicates that the lesion is located in the centre of the decussation of the pyramids. In a case described by Hughlings Jackson, a small hemorrhage, which had occurred some considerable time before, immediately border- ing upon the left olivary body, is made responsible for a sudden complete paraplegia of the tongue. Whether this is justifiable it would be hard to decide, since there were many other clots found. Prognosis. The prognosis is generally very unfavorable; in the great majority of cases, especially when the hemorrhage is of at all large dimensions, it is absolutely fatal. There is only hope of life in cases of very limited hemorrhage, or when the location is very favorable, especially when it is far removed from the respir- atory centres. The patient’s condition may then improve gradu- ally, and partially recover. As regards details, the prognosis in such cases is the same as in other cerebral hemorrhage. Capillary hemorrhage, if we could diagnose it, would prob- ably allow of a more favorable prognosis. Still, we should not be sanguine, as the cause—namely, vascular disease—remains to work more mischief. Treatment. The rules of treatment for both hyperemia and hemorrhage in the medulla are exactly the same ag those for similar disorders in other parts of the brain. To avoid repetition we shall merely 876 ERB.—DISEASES OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA. refer the reader once more to Nothnagel’s work, which we have so often quoted. We should only wish to draw attention to venesection combined with active stimulants as the most suitable treatment in severe cases where respiration is threatened. As the patients can seldom swallow, we must inject the stimulants per rectum (clysters of musk), or subcutaneously (emulsions of camphor, aromatic spirit of ammonia, port wine, cognac, etc.). We shall not attempt to discuss the value derived in many cases from artificial respiration, even if continued for a long time. A suitable application of electricity is indicated in chronic cases where paralysis continues, and where the speech and deg- lutition, etc., are impaired. 2. Anemia of the Medulla Oblongata—Thrombi and EHmboli in its Arteries—lNecrotic Softening. Tuengel, Mittheil. aus d. allgem. Krankenhause in Hamburg. Virch. Arch. Bd. XVI. p. 356. 1859.—Griesinger, Aneurysma der Basilararterie. Gesammelte Abhandlungen. IL p. 485.—Hérard, Union méd. 1868. No. 35 (quoted by Lichtheim).—G. Hayem, Sur la thrombose par artérite du tronc basilaire comme cause de mort rapide. Arch. de Physiol. I. p. 270. 1868.— Wilks, Labio-glosso- laryng. Paralysis. Guy’s Hosp. Rep. XV. p. 2-17. 1870.—Taylor, Embolism of the Left Vertebral Artery; Paralysis of the Glossopharyngeal Nerves; Death from Starvation. Brit. Med. Journal. 1871. Nov. 4.—Proust, Soc. de Biologie. Séance du 17 Juillet, 1870; De l’aphasie. Arch. génér. 1872. Tome I. p. 681. —Joffroy, Sur un cas de paral. glosso-labio-laryngée a forme apoplect. d’origine bulbaire. Gaz. méd. 1872. Nos. 41-46.—Huret, Tribut 4 histoire de ’embolie des artér. vertébrales. Thése. Paris, 1873.—Duret, Distribut. des artéres nourric. du bulbe rhachid. Arch. de Physiol. V. p. 97-114. 1873.—T%rard, Thrombos. of Vertebr. and Basilar Arteries. Med. Times. 1876. Dec. 2.—Ribard, De la thrombose du tronc basilaire. Thése. Paris, 1876.—Lichtheim, Ueber apoplek- tiforme Bulbirparalyse und ihre Beziechungen z. d. Erkrank. d. Seitenstr. des Riickenmarks. Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med. XVIII. p. 593. 1876.—Markusy, Zur Lehre vy. d. progress. Muskelatrophie u. progress. Bulbirparalyse. Dissert. Breslau, 1874.—ZHichhorst, Erweichungsherd in der Varolsbriicke in Folge von syphil. Entartung der Art. basilar. Charité-Annalen. I. p. 206. 1876.— Willigh, Bulbiirparalyse in Folge von Embolie der Art. vertebr. Prager Vierteljahr- schrift. 1875. Bd. 126. p. 89.—M. Rosenthal, loco cit. p. 249.—Hallopeau, Des paralysies bulbaires. Paris, 1875. p. 98.—Note sur un fait de thrombose basi- laire. Arch. de Physiol. VIII. p. 794, 1876. es OO ee ee eee eee ia. nh er ee he Ss es Se ST Ts AN MIA. 877 Pathogenesis and Etiology. What has been said of hyperemia can be repeated of ane- mia of the medulla. It probably occurs seldom or never alone, unless we take account of local compression, in which case anz- mia only plays a very secondary part. It is generally a mere component of general aneemia of the whole body, or at least of the brain and spinal cord. We have not to concern ourselves with further details of this, but refer the reader to the article on ‘‘Aneemia of the Brain.’? No doubt some of the symptoms which we see in general anzemia are referable to a similar condi- tion of the medulla. Thrombosis and embolism of the vessels supplying the me- dulla are not extremely rare. They are the commonest cause of anemia of the bulbus ; certainly they produce at once the most intense anzemic condition, so that, unless the circulation is quick- ly compensated, the part at once undergoes necrotic softening. The thrombus or embolus occurs almost without exception in the verlebral and basilar arteries, and is very seldom confined to the smaller branches of these. Latterly this subject has received much attention; and the result has been that a number of the cases which were classed together as ‘‘ acute, apoplectic bulbar paralysis’’ (a term first used by Hérard) were produced by emboli and thrombi in these arteries. Duret, in his mono- graph on the arteries of the medulla (1873), mentioned all that was important to know; Hallopeau went over the same ground in his thesis (1875), while Lichtheim has given us an excellent treatise (1876), containing everything known of the subject up to the date. However, we are in possession of very few cases which have been under accurate clinical observation, and afterwards received a post-mortem examination. Lichtheim has collected a great many observations, though without the confirmation of an autopsy. What has been said of thrombosis and embolism in the cere- bral arteries in general, applies equally well to these processes in the medulla. The sources of the emboli and the causes of thrombosis are in every respect similar. The basilar artery is 878 ERB.—DISEASES OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA, frequently atheromatous and contains aneurisms, and it is often infected by syphilis, so that it constantly produces disorders in the circulation of the pons and bulbus by means of thrombosis and contractions in its lumen, though these are occasionally con- fined at first to a few of the branches it gives off. Thrombi form, too, very easily and often in the vertebral arteries ; and in these likewise we often meet with emboli, more especially in the art. vertebralis sinistra on account of its favorable position, given off so directly as it is from the subclavian. The emboli in these vessels are just as numerous and large as in others, they undergo the same metamorphoses, and disinte- grate in just the same way, and are then carried on by the blood. The secondary thrombi and the development of the primary thrombi, till they finally close the lumen of the vessel, are like- wise indistinguishable from the process in any other vessels. So we need not enter into any description of embolism and throm- bosis, but the process must be borne in mind in order to get the significance of, and enable us to comprehend, the different symp- toms. Pathological Anatomy, We shall not enter into a description of thrombosis and em- bolism in the basilar and vertebral arteries, as this can be found in any text-book on pathological anatomy. And besides, in the cases which have been published, the macroscopic anatomical appearances are usually treated of with great accuracy, whilst the consecutive changes in the pons and medulla have been very imperfectly studied. We shall confine ourselves eine to mentioning the facts that either or both vertebral arteries may be completely obliterated ; that further, the thrombosis may extend from them into the basilar ; thirdly, that the lumen of the basilar may be obstructed either from one end to the other, or for a short distance in its anterior, median, or posterior division, according to which, of course, the symptoms vary. Finally, we may state that the branches given off from the main arteries, partially or wholly, any or all, may be affected by the thrombosis. Pe AT ON NON se i ii ae illite SAN eth Royal ANEMIA. 879 The effect produced in the medulla is of course greater, the quicker the obstruction is developed and the greater its extent. Almost unexceptionally we meet with grave disorders in the cir- culation, as most of the nutritive arteries in this region are ter- minal. The immediate result is, of course, intense anemia of the affected vascular territory. According to the conditions which govern the further development of similar lesions in other parts, the second stage consists either in an engorgement accom- panied by effusion of blood (hemorrhagic infarct), which leads to red, and afterwards to yellow and white softening, or we have nothing but simple anemic yellow and white softening. The final stage often consists of the formation of a cavity in the bul- bus, varying in size, with walls of soft reticular connective tissue, and delicate threads of the same traversing the interior. If the obstruction takes place in one of the smaller vessels, we find a number of small cuneiform centres of softening, and in them capillary extravasations; or else we meet with similarly shaped hemorrhagic infarcts, with their apices pointing forward and their bases towards the floor of the fourth ventricle. We are in possession of very few microscopical investigations on the subject of these softenings in the medulla. Charcot found a number of corpuscles of Gluge (Fettkérnchenzellen) in the early stages, and changes similar to what is observed in anzmic parts of the brain. We owe a more accurately studied case to Willigk, who, ten months after the commencement of the disease, found the basilar artery reduced to a fine thrombotic cord, and thrombiin the art. cerebellares inferiores, whilst the vertebrals were unaffected ; the pons was atrophied and sclerotic where it touched the fourth ventricle; both pyramids and olivary bodies atrophied. The anterior portion of the pyramids was sclerosed, and from here down Willigk could follow the usual descending secondary degeneration into the lateral and anterior columns of the spinal cord. He found a number of sclerotic vessels filled with detritus and _ coarse granular substance in the degenerated parts of the pons and medulla, and between these were other vessels which were dilated and admitted of circulation, but were surrounded by lymph-cells, fat and pigment. Everywhere the connective tissue had increased, and the nerves had nothing but disintegrated sheaths and atrophied axis-cylinders. The ganglion-cells were manifestly altered, especially those that lay near the thrombotic vessels; some had undergone granular disinte- gration and pigmentary degeneration, others were in the last stage of sclerosis and had lost all their processes; the number, too, of ganglion-cells in some parts was greatly diminished, as, for instance, in the anterior portion of the rhomboid sinus, ‘ut not so much in the hypoglossal nucleus. An important fact was the marked 880 ERB.—DISEASES OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA. average atrophy of the cells in the olivary bodies, which bodies were themselves diminished in size, while their fibres remained comparatively normal; the same condition reigned in the nuclei of the pyramids. Some of the cerebral nerves, too, had atrophied and degenerated, more particularly the abducens. The obstruction of the basilar in this case does not seem to have taken place either very suddenly or all at once; probably there were several subsequent emboli, which would account for the absence of extensive necrosis and softening. LEichorst in his case found fatty degeneration and dilatation of the vessels, and a number of the corpuscles of Gluge; further, the nerve-fibres and ganglion-cells had degenerated, and the con- nective tissue resolved into fat. Symptoms. We shall confine ourselves to the symptoms produced by ob- struction in the arteries of the medulla, drawing a distinction that seems advantageous, between those that take place in the main arteries and those in the small branches. If one or both vertebral arteries, or if the basilar is obstructed ‘(thrombosis or embolism), we usually observe the following gen- eral symptoms: A more or less complete bulbar paralysis sets. in suddenly or in a very short time (in the course of one or two days, in a case of autochthonous thrombosis), frequently resem- bling an apoplectic fit, but often, too, without any loss of con- sciousness. This bulbar paralysis consists in paralysis of the soft palate and tongue, loss of speech and the power of deglutition, and partial paralysis of the inferior territory of the facialis.	12,982
b33020450_0001_12	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,725	The English physician enlarged. With three hundred and sixty nine medicines made of English herbs that were not in any impression until this : being an astrologo-physical discourse of the vulgar herbs of this nation ... Being a compleat method of physick	Culpeper, Nicholas, 1616-1654	English	Spoken	7,084	12,014	ev Goverament .and Vertues,\ Ut is under.the Dominion of Ju- pitery and under,the Sign Cancer, tis a fingular good Herb — 5b ou dae py ~ forall the Difeafes of the Liver, both — Liver, Inflammati- to Cooland.cleanfe it, and helpech the ens» Yellow Faun- Inflammations in any part, and .the— dicey Spleen , Run- Yellow Jaundice likewife ; being bruifed ning of the Reins, and boiled ix {mall Beer, and drunk, it Whites , Tetsers.,. cooleth the Hear of the Liver and Kid- — Ring-worms 4 Sur- neys, and helpeth the running of che faitse _ sy) Reinsin Men, and che whiiesinWomens— esd \ oy. owns, Teisa fingularRemedy to ftaythefpread=_ ing of Tetters,Ring-worms,and other frertingand maningsoress Br * 5 alate Spas \| itt) = ay ae Ge ae = = : z ‘The Englifh Phyfician Enlarged. 195 and Scabs, and-is an excellent Remedy for fuch whofe Livers. ire corrupted by Surfeits,, which caufed their Bodies to break qut, for it-fortifieth theLiver exceedingly, and makes it im~ pregnable. \| bes ). ‘ - Loofe-ftrife, or Willow-herb. _ Defcript."] Grune yellow Loofe-firife, groweth to be four or a five Foot high or more, with great reund falks 2 little crefted, diverfly branched from the middle of them to the tops, into great and long Branches, on all which atthe Foynts there grows Jong and narrow Leaves, but broader below, and ufually two at a joint, yet fometimes three or four, fomewhat like Willow Leaves, fmooth on the edges, and of @ fair green colour from the upper Foints of the Branches, and at the tops of them alfo fiand many yellow Flowers of five Leaves apiece, with divers yellew threads in the middle, which turninto fmall round Heads, contain. ing fmall cornered Seeds 5 The Root creepeth under ground, almoe like Couch-grafs, but greater, and fhooteth up every Spring brown. ifh Heads, which afterwards grow up into falks. It hath no feng nor tafie, but on'y affringent. bh inh + Sea ; Place \| It groweth in many places of this Land in moift Meadows, and by Water-fides. i s borg : Time.) It howereth from Zune to Aur. Rips ‘ar a s Government and Vertues \| This Herb is good for all manner of Bleeding, at Mouth or Nofe, or Wounds, and all Fluxes of the Belly,and the Bloody Flux, given either todrink,ortaken by Clyfter ;'it ftayeth alfothe abundanceof .— Perit: WomensCourfes.; It is a fingular good Bleeding’, Flux , Wound-Herb. for green Wounds, to flay Bloody Flux, Terms the Bleeding, and quickly clofe together’ ops, Wounds, Sore the Li ps_.of “the Wound, ‘ifthe.Herb’ be Mouth, Privities , PoP ies Git Sette wurst eres ey Devic, andaesl Sealy apples Ue Grats, 4; often nfed in Gargles for fore Mouths, 7 7 2 alfo for the, Secret. Parts, “The Smoak hereof being burned, Sede away Flies and'Gnats, which ufe in the Night-time fo moleft People inhabiting near, Marfhes, and in’ the Fenny ee Owah eile - Ate 'Loofe-ftrife, with fpiked Heads of Flowers. Deferipi.). Ble ar ‘with ‘many woody Square falks, ee FUE of Joints” “abaut three foor ‘high at leaf, ab every one whereof frand two long Leaves, fhortery nar- rower, P oe pee ke ee : ae Ss ee ee se Ro a ale cll 196 The Englifh Phyfictan Englarged. - rower, amd a larger green Colour than the former, and fome brownifh. The fiaiks are branched into many long ftems of fpiked: Flowers half a foot long, growing in bundles one above another, out of {mall Husks, very like the /piked heads of Lavender, each of which Flowers have five round pointed Leaves of a purple viow Jet colour, or fomewhat inclining to Rednefs, in which Husks fiand fmall round heads after the Flowers are fallen, wherein is. is contained fmall Seed. The Root creepeth under ground like unto the yellow, but is greater thanit ; and fo are the heads of the. Leaves when they firft appear aut of the Ground, and more brown than the other, \ \| Place.\| It_groweth ufually by Rivers, and Ditch-fides in» wet Ground, as about the Ditehes at and near Lambeth; and in many other placesof this Land. ae ‘ _ Time.\| It flowereth in the Months of June and July. Government and Virtues] The Herb isan Herb of the Moon, and under the Sign Cancers neither do I know a better pre- \| ferver of the Sight when ’tis wells nor a betcer Cure of Sore \| EyesthanEye-bright,takeninwardly,and thisufed outwardly; \| tis cold in quality. This Herbis no whit inferior unto the for-_ _ mex, ithaving not onlyallthe Virtues which the former hath, - but fome peculiar Vertues of irs own, found out by Experience 5 \| asnamely, The diftilled Water is a prefent Remedy for Hurts — \| and Blowson theEye, and for Blindnefs, fo as the Chriftaline \| Humoor be not perifh’d or hurt ; and this hath been fufficienty it } proved true by the Experience ofa Man’ Eyes, Blindnefs_ , of Judgment, who kept itlong to him- Wounds, Ulcers, In- felfasa great Secret. Iccleareth the Byes flammations, Quin- of Duft, orany other Thing gotten into wie, King’s-Evil, Spots, them, and preferveth the Sight. Irisal= Marks, Scars. fovery much available againft Wounds Hf par and Thrufts, being made into an Oint- \| ment on this manner ; To every, Ounce of the Water, add two Drams, of May-butter without Sale, and of Sugar and Wax, of each as much alfo, let them boil gently together. Let Tents dip- ped in the Liquor that remaineth after it is cold, be put into the Wounds, and the place covered with a Linnen Cloth: doubled and anointed with the Ointment; and this is alfo an approved Medicine. Ic likewife cleanfeth and healerh all foul Ulcers and Sores, whatfoever, and_ftayeth their Tnflammations by wafhing them, with the water, “and - EE Yayo ct ent GOR Venton ean ete a \ Os ‘ ‘ - a The Englith Phyfictan Enlarged. 197 Saying on them a green Leaf or two in the Summer, or cry Leaves inthe Winter. This water gargled warm inthe Month, and fometimes drunk alfo, doth cure the Quinzie, or King’sE- vil in the Throat. The faid water applied warm, taketh a- ‘way all Spots, Marks and Scabs in theSkin; anda little of it drunk, quencheth thirft when it is extraordinary. t Lovage. Defeript.} [TF hath many long and great falks of large winged \| Leaves, dividedinto many parts, likeSmallage, but much larger and greater, every Leaf being cut about the edges, broadeft forward, and fmalleft at the ftalk, of a fad green colour, Smooth and fhining ; from among which rifeup fundry firong, hol» low green fialks, five or fix foot, yea fometimes feven or eight foot high, full of Foynts, but leffer Leaves fet on them than grow below; and with them toward the taps come forth long branches, bearing at their tops large Umbles of yellow Flowers, and after them flat brownifh Seed. The Root groweth thick, great and deep, Spreading much, and enduring long, of a brownifh colour on the outfide, and whitifh within. The whole plant and every part of it res firong and Aromatically, and # of an hot, fharp, biting tafte. Ss ote Place} It is ufually planted in Gardens, where, if it be fuf- fered, it groweth huge and great. \| ; Time.] It flowerethin theend of July, and feedeth in Auguff, Government and Virtues.\| It is an Herb of the Sun, under the Sign Taurus. f Saturn offend the Throat (as he always _ doth if he be occafioner of the malady, and in Taurus isthe Genefis) this is your Cure. It openeth, cureth and digeft- — eth humours, and mightily provoketh a Womens CourfesandUrine. Halfadram Humotrs, Terms pro- at a time of the dried Root in Powder vokes, Dyfury, Cold takenin Wine,doth wonderfully warm Stomach, Indigeftion, cold Stomach, helpeth Digeftion, and Wind, Poifon, Epide- ~confameth allraw.and fuperfluous Moi- mical Difeafes, Agues, ifture therein; eafeth all inwardGri- Belly-ake , Quinzie, — pings and Pain, diffolvech Wind and Pleurifie, Spots, Frec- -refifteth Poifon and Infection. Ic is les, Boy/s. «Mpper fide, It was never feen to bear any Stalk or Flower at any — time. \| Government and Vertues.] Jupiter feems to own this Herb. \| \| ‘This is of great ufe with many Phyficians to help this Difeafe OT Nall Silda ai, ded of the Lungs, and forGoughs; Wheez- \| Lungs 5. Courhs ©, ings and. fhortnefsof Breath, whichit \| Wheening . fhortnefs cvreth both in Man and Beat, Itisvery — — OfBreath, Ulcers in’ profitably putintoLotions that are — she Privities and elfe- taken to flay the moft Humours that where, "flow toUIcers,and hinder theirhealing, \| as alfo to wath all other Ulcers in the ‘ Privy parts of a Man or Woman. \| _ © Iris an excellent Remedy boiled in Beer for broken. winded Horfes. > Rr pte \| . Madder. Defcription.} Arden Maddder fhooteth forth many very \| phat Fin CG long, weak, four-fquare, reddifh Stalks, \| trailing on the Ground a great way, very rough ot hairy, and full — of Foynts; at every one of thofe Foynts come forth divers long — \| and narrow Leaves, fianding like a Star about the Stalks, rough — alfaand hairy, towards the tops whereof come forth many {mail — pale yellow Flowers.; after which come fmall round Heads, green at firfly and reddifh afterwards, but black when they are ripe, — wherein # contained the feed, The Root w not very great, but set exceeding t * ae oe >) eae ee ee ‘’ ae ile ki Stow NA Malic pf ee ae ee Se A ee Pee PwC OR Meme reg yeu ewer, j 4 sid ¢ (re ne : 'The Englifh Phyfician Enlarged 199% Na sxceeding Jong, running down half @ Man's Length into the i red and very élear while it is'frefb, [preading divers rae (meen wee eo eee oe Ca qaneete te * Place.] Itisonly manured in Gardens, or larger Fields, for the Profir thatis made thereof, 4 Ah Time, J It flowereth towards the End of Summer, and the Seed is ripe quickly after. bathe gt \| , _ Government and Vertues.\\tis.an Herb of Mars. Tr hath ani epening Quality, and afterwards to bind and ftrengthen. It’s an affured Remedy for the Yellow Jaun- = A ldice, by opening the Obtruions of the Yellow Fauidice, Ob- Liver and Gall,and cleanfing thofe Parts ffruttions of the Li- [Tt openeth alfo the Obftruétious of the ver and Gall, Spleen, Spleen,and diminifhech the Melancholy -Melancholy, Palfte, Humour: Tt is available for’ the Palfie Sciatica, Bruifes ite and Sciatica, and effectual for Bruifesin- ward and outward, ward and outward, and istherefore much \| Terms provokes, Frec- ufed in Vulnerary Drinks. The Root for © les, Morphews Scarf,. gil thofe aforefaid Purpofes, isto be boil- x) \| 3 ed in Wine or Water, asthe Canfe requireth, and fome Honey’ and Sugar put thereunto afterward. TheSeed hereoftakeri with Vinegar and Honey, helpeth the Swelling and Hardnefs of the Spleen. ‘The Decoétion of the Leavesiand Branches, isa good _ Fomentarion for Women to fit overthat have noc their Courfesé The Leaves and Roots beaten and apply’d to any Part that is \| Aifcoloured with Freckles, Morphew, the white Scurf, or any. - fach Deformity of the Skin, cleanfeth throughly, and taketh. - themaway. - \| at Died wy riiscjon! v MiaadennFlaie. Acie UR common Maiden-Hairy doth froma Number a of hard black Fibres, \| fend forth a great many — blackifay frining brittle Stalks, hardly a Span lony, in many not half fo long, on each Side fet very thick with (mall, round, dark, \| green Leaves, and fpotted on the back of them like other Fern, “Ps Place} Tc groweth much upon old grone: Walls in the Weft \| Parts and Wallsin ‘Kent, and divers other Placesof thisiLand 5 ‘dt joyeth likewile'to grow by Springs, Wells, and rocky, moift and thady Places , and is always green. Defcript. 7} eee a a rund he ay — \| = BN, pigs oat tae io Tati iene age Meets! 200 The Englith Phyfictan Enlarged, A . Wall-Rew, or ordinary White Maiden-Hair. Riadidenndl ise hath very fine, pale, green talks, almej? as fine as Hairs, fet confufedly with divers pale green Leaves on very hort Footfalks, fomewhat neat unto. the Colour of Garden Reue, and not much differing in Form, but more diverfly cut in on the edges, and thicker, fmooth on the upper part, and fpotted finely underneath, _ Place.) It growethin many Placesof thisLand, at Dartford,, and the Bridge at Afbford in Kent; at Beaconsfield in Bucking- hamfhire; at Wolly in Huntingtonfhire, on Framingham-Caftle in Suffolk, on the Church-Walls at Mayfield in Suffex, in Sommere Setfrire, and divers other places of this Land; and is green in Winter as wellas in Summer,. Government and Vertues.\| Both this and the former are un- ; der the dominion of Mercury, and fo is that alfo which follows after ; and the Vertue of both thefe are fo near alike, that tho” \ Ihave defcribed them and their places of growing feverally, yet I fhall in writing the Vertues of them, joyn them both together asfolloweth. —_- The decoction of the Herb Afziden-Hair being drunk, help- eth thofe that are troubled with the Cough, fhortnefs of win 219k breath, the Yellow Jaundice, difeafes of Coughs, Shortnefs of the Spleen, {topping of Urine,and hel- Breath the Yellow peth exceedingly to break the Stone in © Faundice, Spleen, Dy- the Kidneys, (in all which Difeafesthe fury, Stone, Terms Wall-Rew is alto very effectual.) It pro- provokes, Bleedings, voketh Womens Courfes, and ftaysboth ~ Fluxes, Lungs, Swel- Bleedings andFluxes of theScomach and «ings, Uleers, Scurf, Belly,efpecially when the Herb is dry: Baldnefs, For being green, it loofneth the Belly, and avoidethCholerandFlegm fromthe Stomach and Livers i¢ cleanfeth the Lungs, and by reétis fying the Blood, caufeth a good colour to the whole Body, -- The Herb boiled in Oil of Camomel, diffolveth Knots, al- © Jayeth Swellings, and drith up moift Ulcers, The Lye made thereof, is fingular good to cleanfe the Head from _ Suurf, and from dry and running Sores; ftayeth the falling or fhedding of the Hair, and caufeth it to grow thick, fairy ; and well coloured ;_ for which purpofe fome boil it in Wine, putting fome Smallaze Seed thereto, and afterwards fome Gil. The Wal-Reue is as effectual as Maiden-Hair, in all — apes Difeafes fay \| “s y - & Iver oP ye eee ee ey rged. ss 208 I, Pee ee Te a eee Pere eee . - Ger pee eee eee hee a 2 The Englith Phyfician Enla Difeafes of the Head, or falling and recovering of the Hair again, and generally for all the afore-mentioned Difeafes, And befides, the Powder of ic takenin Drink for forty Days together, helpeth the Burftings in Children.. Golden Maiden- Hair. yO the'two former give me leave to add this, and I fhall iN do no more, but only defcribe it unto you ; andfor the Vertues refer you tothe former, fith whatfoeyer is faid of them, maybe alfo faidof this. Ly to Defcription.] It hath many fmall, brownifh, red Hairs to make up the Form of Leaves growing about the Ground from the Root ; and inthe Middle of them in Summer, rife {mall Stalks of the fame Colour, fet with very fine, yellowifh green Hairs on them, and bearing a {mall Gold, yellow Head, leffer than aWheat-Corny Sanding ina great Husk, The Root is very fmall and thready. » Place. It graweth in:Bogs and Moorith Places, and alfo. ‘on dry thadowy Places, at Hampftead-Heath, and elfewhere. Mallows, and Marfh-Mallows. ° . Pika Mallows are generally fo well known, that they need no Defcription. Our common Marfh-Mallows have divers Soft, hairy, white Stalks, wifing to be three or four Foot high, {preading forth many Branches , the Leaves whereof are foft and ‘hairy, fomewhat leffer than the other Mallow Leaves, but longer pointed, cut (for the moj? part) into fome few Divifions, but deep. The Flowers are many, but” Smaller alfo than the other Mallows, awd white, or tending to @ ‘bluifh Colour. After which came fuch long, round Gafes and Seeds, ‘as in the other Mallows, The Roots are many and long, fhooting Jrom one Head, of the Bignefs of a Thumb or Finger, very pliant, ’ a ger, very pliant, tough, and being like Liquorice, of 4 whitifh yellow Colour onthe outfide, and more white within, full of a flimy Fuice, which being aid in Water, will thicken it, asif it were a felly, , Place.) The Common Maliows grow in every County of ‘this Land. \| __ The Common Marfh-Mallows in mioft of the Salt Marfhes, - from Woolwich, down ‘tothe Sea, both on the Kentifyand Ef- : ifex Syores, and in divers-other Places of this Land, Time.) \| 7 3 : : ~~ ute eet > SP ks ee 4 4 2 ‘The Englith Phyfician Enlarged. ; Ti ime.) They flower all the Bammer Monshs) even sab: Winter do pull them down, Government and Vertues. \ Venus owns them both, The Leap of either of the Sorts before {pecify’d, and the Roots alfo boil: ed in Wineor Water, or in Broth with Parfly or Fennel Roots doth help to opén the Bady, and . is very:convenient in hot pr eae) or other Diftempers of the Body, to apply the Leaver »» fo boiled, warm tothe Belly. It noton- “Agues,Choler, Griping . ly avoideth hot, cholerick,, and other -in the Belly, Milk, Ex- “eoriation, Pryfick, Bie, tify, Travel in Wo- men, Falling - ficknefs, » Eyes, Bees, Wafps, &c. Poifon , hard . Swel- ‘lings, inflammations, Cods, Liver, Spleen, _ Roughnefs of he Ski, Seurf, Dandrif, Scab» by Heads, Scalding , Burning > St.. Antho-, ny’s Fire, fore Mouth and Throat, Bladuefs,, Thorns. offenfive Humours, but-eafeth the Pains andTor ments of theBelly coming there. by ; andare therefore ufed in all Clifters conducing to thofe Purpofes. The fame ufed by Nurfes, procureth them {tore of Milk. The Decoétion of the Seed ofany of che common. Mallows madein Milk - or Wine doth marvelloufly help Excori- ations,thePtyfick,Plurifie,and otherdif eafes of the Cheft-and Lungs, that pro- ceed of hot Caufes, if it be continu’d ta- king for fomeTime toBetlrer.TheLeaves ‘and Roots work the fame Effects. They help much alfo inthe Excoriations.of the Gutsand Bowels,and hardnefs of the and Swelling thaa rife thereupon, , -Mother,and in all borand harp Difeafes thereof. The Jnice drunk in, Wine, or the Decoétion of them therein, doth help Women to a {peedy and eafie Delivery, Piny faith, that whofoever fhall take a fpoonful of any of the Mal- lows, fhall that Day be free from:all Difeafes that may come unto him; and that-it is fpecial good for.the Falling-ficknefs. _ The Syrup alfo and Gonferye made.of the Flowers, are very effectual for the. fame. Difeafes, and to. open the Body, being coftive. The Leaves bruifed, and laid to the Eyes with a little Honey, take away the Impofthumations of them.. The Leaves biuifed or rubbed upon any Place ftung with Bees, Wafps, or the like, prefently. take away the Pains, Rednefs,. And: Diofeorides. faith, “The Decoétion of the Roots and Leaves helpeth all Sorts: of Poifon, fo as the Poifon, be prefently:voided by Vomit. A Pultis made of the Leaves boiled and bruifed, where- unto add fome Bean or Barley-Flower, and Qil of Rofes, is j j ; ui es an oe ee raed Cie ROY, Wane MAURIE Nerina et Te Reaemags 2y ahs Nain j The Englifh Phyfctam Enlarged. . (203 an efpecial Remedy againft all hard Tumours andInflamma- tions, or Impofthumes, or Swellings of the Cods, and other ‘Parts, and eafeth the Pains of them ; as alfo againft the Hardnefs of the Liver or Spleen, being applied to the Places. ‘The Juice of Mallows boiled in old Oil and applied, taketh away all Roughnefs of the Skin, as alfo the Scurf, Dandrif, ‘or dry Scabs in the Head, or other Parts, if they be anoinced therewith, or wafhed with the Decoétion, and preferveth ‘the Hair from falling off. It is alfo effectual againft Scaldings ‘and Burnings, St. Anthony’s Fire, and all other hot, red and ‘painful Swellings in any Part of the Body. The Flowers boiled in Oil or Water (as every one is difpofed) whereunta ‘a little Honey and Allum is put, is an excellent Gargle ta “wath, cleanfe and heal any fore Mouth or Throat in a fhore Space. Ifthe Feet be bathed or wafhed with the Deco¢tion ‘of the Leaves, Roots and Flowers, it helpeth much the De- ‘fluxions of Rheum ‘from the Head; if the Head be wathed ‘therewith, ic ftayeth the falling and fhedding of the Hair. The green Leaves (faith Pliny) beaten with Mitre, and ap- “plied, draw out Thorns or Prickles in the Fleth. ee ass ~ The Marfh-mallows are more effectual in all theDifeafes before-mentioned: The Leaves are likewife ufed to loofen the “Belly gently, and in decoétions for Clifters to eafe all Pains of the Body, opening the ftraight Paflages, -and making them flippery, whereby Belly, Stone, “Reins ‘the Stone may defcend the more eafi- Kidneys, Bladder? ‘ly, and without Pain, out of the Coughs , Shortnefs oe ‘Reins, Kidneys and Bladder, and to Breath, Wheexing, Ex ‘eafe the torturing Pains thereof. But coriations of the Guts ‘the Roots are of more {pecial Ufe for Ruptures, Cramp, Con? thofe;Purpofes, as well for Coughs, rulfions the King’s Hoarfnefs, Shortnefs of Breath and Evil, Kernels, Ghin: “Wheezings, being boiled in Wine, Cough, Wounds, Brni- — or Honied- Water, and drunk, The fés, Falls, Blows, Muf- “Roots and Seeds hereof boiled in cles, Morphew, Sttn- ‘Wine or Water, are with good Suc- burning. : cefs ufed by them= that have Ex- “coriations in the Guts or the Bloody-Flux, by qualify- “ing the Violence of fharp fretting Humours, eafing othe Pains, and healing the Sorenefs. It is profitably ~ “taken of them that are troubled with Rupturés, Cramps, ti Mane eel Sone or el”. 4. SP 204. _ The Englith Phyfician Enlarged or Convulfions of the Sinews; and boiled in White-wine, for the Impofthumesof the Throat ; commonly called the King’s- Evil, and of thofe Kernels that rife behind the Ears, and In- flammations or Swellingsin WomensBreafts, The dried Roots boiled in Milk and drunk, is {pecial good for the Chin-cough, Fippocrates ufed to give the Decoétion of the Roots, or the Juyce thereof, to drink, to thofe that are wounded, and rea- dy to faint through lofsof Blood, and applied the fame mixed with Honey and Rofin to the Wounds, As alfo the Roots boi- Jed in Wine to thofe that have received any hurt by Bruifes, Falls, or Blows, or had any Bone or Member out of Joynt, or any Swelling-pain, or achein the Mufcles, Sinews,or Arteries. The Mucilage of the Roots, and of Liafeed and of Fanugreek put together, is much ufed in Pultices, Ointments, and Plaift- ers, to mollifie and digeft all hard Swellings, and the Inflam- mation of them, and to eafe pains in any part of the Body. _ TheSeed either green or dry, mixed with Vinegar, cleanfeth the Skin of Morphew, andall other difcolourings, being bathed therewith in the Sun. eRe et You may remember, that not long fince there wasa raging Difeafe called the Bloody-Flux; the College of Phyficians noe knowing what to make of it, called it the Plague in the Guts, for their Wits were at Ne plus ultra about it. My Son was ta- ken with the fameDifeafe, and the Excoriation of his Bowels Was exceeding great; my felf being in the Country, was fent ‘forup; the only thing I gavehim, was Mallowsbruifed and boiled both in his Milk and Drink, in two days(the Blefling of ‘God being uponit)cured him. AndIhere, tofhew my thank« _ fulnefsto God, in communicating it to his Creatures, leave it ' _€0 Pofterity. \| a \ _ Maple-Tree. Government {T is under the Dominion of Fupitey, The and Vertues.) .§ Decoétion either of the Leavesor Bark, muft as needs ftrengthen the Liver much, and Liver firengthens,~o- foyoufhallfindit do, if younfeit. Itis pens Obftructions of excellent good to openObitruions both theLiver and Spleen, ofthe Liver andSpleen,and eafethPains Eains in the Liver, of the Sides thence proceeding, Tb 5, te Pa - 4. aa ne + age A Wind ates eee “mi ¢ - Wind- Marjarom. 3 Marjarom, and Grove Marjarom. Jefcript.] Wild or Field Marjarom hath a Root Ae creepeth th under Ground, which continueth a long time, ies, very like thofe of Sweet-Marjarom, but harder, and fome- at broader ; at the tops of the Stalks ftand Tufts of Flowers, of leep purplifh red coloure The Seed is {mall, and fomerhing blacks ‘han that of Sweet-Marjarom. Place.] It groweth plentifully in the borders of Corn-fields, 1 in fome Copfes. Time.] It flowereth toward the latter eid Se Summer. Government and Vertues.] This alfo is under the Dominion Mercury. It ftrengthens the Stomach and Head much, there th. a fowre Humour in the Stomach ; ing {carce a better Remedy growing for fach as are troubled \| teftores the Appetite being loft, helps > Cough, and Confumption of the ings, it cleanfeth the Body of Choler, pelleth Poifon, and remedieth the In- mities of the Spleen, helps the Bitings Venomous Beafts, and helps fuch as ve poifon’d themfelves by eating Hem- k, Henbane, or Opium. It provoketh U- i¢ and the Terms in Women, he!lpsthe ‘opfie, and the Scurvy, Scabs, Itch, and dlow Jaundice. The Juice being drop- d into theEars, helps Deafnefs, Pain d Noife'in:the Ears. And thusmuch rs, 4 us They MOUrS, Staak Head, Hus Appetite, Cough, Confumption of the Lungs, Poifon, Choler, Spleen, Venom . The Englifo Phyfician ee 203: \ NAlled alfo Origane, Origanum, Bofterd- “Marjarom, Wild fending up dry brownifh,. es Square Stalks, with fmall dark green mons Beafts, Poifon,U= rine provoketh, Terms provokes, Drop/fie, Scurvy, Scabs, Itch, Lee profy, yellow Faundice, Deafnefs, Noife, and Pains in the Earnie grow. ee in Gardens ;. fome forts pre. are the grow wild inthe Borders of Corn-fields and eet in seat, a oe this Land ; but it is not my — be we this Heib,, becwee which and Aalders, there i isa deadly r hes sangeiae Base usta parte, ie is, Ri ete Remy Oacgly eT ENS ep Boe ts ‘gs ~ Ki ae ae oe r Nik \| \| ‘S206 The Enelifh Phyfician Enlarged \| purpofé to infift upon them. The Garden kinds being mo; x ufed and nifefal. Time.\| ‘They flower in the end of Summer. ae Government and Vertues \| Itisan Herb of Mercury, and ut der Aries, and is therefore an excellent Remedy for the Brai and ocher parts of che Body and Mind, underthe Dominione - the fame Planec. Our common Sweer-Marjarom is warmin and comfortable in cold Difeafes of the Head, Stomach, Sinew NE pee - and other parts, taken inwardly, or oul Head, Stomach, wardly applied. The Deco&ion therec Breaft, Obftruétions, being drunk, helpeth all Difeafes of th \| Liver,Spleen,Womb, Cheft, which hinder the freenefs ( \| Wind,Dropfy, Belly- Breathing, and is alfo profitable for th ach, Terms provokes, Obftructions for the Liver and Splee, Marks of Blows, It helpeth the cold Griefs of the Wom Noife in the Ears, and the windinefs thereof, and the lo Foynts, Sinews,Swel- of Speech, by refolution of the Tongu dings, SneexingFlegm. ‘The Decoftion thereof made with fom Pellitory of Spaix, and long Pepper, ¢ with a little Acorns or Oricanum, being drunk, is good for cho} that are beginning to fall into a Dropfy, for thofe that cannt make Water, and againft Painsand Torments in the Belly ; provoketh Womens Courfes, ifit he put up asa Peflary. Beir _ made into Powder, and mixed with Honey, taketh away tl! black Marks of blows, and bruifes, being thereunto applied. \| is good for the Inflammation and watering of the Eyes, beir _ mixed with fineFlower, and laid unto them.The Juice droppi ~ into the Ears, eafeth the Pains and finging Noife in them. ~ \| is profitably put into thofe Ointments and Salves, that are{ warm and comfortthe outward parts, as the Joynts and Sinew for Swellings alfo,and places out of Joynt. The Powder there {nuifed up into the Nofe, provoketh Sneezing, and therek purgeth the Brain; and chewed in the Mouth draweth for! much Flegm. ‘The Oil made thereof, is very warming af} ccemfortable to the Joynts that are {tiff and the Sinews thata herd, to mollifie and fupple them. Marjarom is much ufed) ali Odoriferous Waters, Powders, Gye. that are for Orname\| or Delight. \| ee ae rhe The Englifh Phyfician Enlarged. 207 ro ‘ ) 7 Marigolds. veth eafe, and affwagethic. The Flow- Meafles, Hot Swels S, either green or dried, are much ufed dings, Fevers. \| Poffets, Broths, and Drinks, as a Com- rter of the Heart and Spirits, and to expel any Malignant or eftilential Quality which might annoy them. A Plaifter made ith the dry Flowers inPowder, Hogs-Greafe, T urpentine,and ofin applied to cheBreaft, ftrengthens and fuccours the Heart — finitely in Fevers, whether Peftilential, or not Peftilential. % ¥ s ” 4 . ‘Mafter-wort, efcript.] \Ommmon Mafter-wort hath divers fralks of winged \| Leaves divided into fundry parts, three for the oft part flanding together at afmall foot fialk om both fides the greater, and three likewife at the end of the fialks fumembas oad and cut in on the edges into three or more Divifions, all of vm dented about the brims, 0; a dark green Colour, fomewhat ree mbling the Leaves of Angelica, but that thefe grow lower tothe ound, and no leffir fialks 3 among which rife up twa or three rt fialks about two foot high, and flender, with fuch like Leaves ‘the Foints as grow below, but with leffer and fewer Divifions, aving Umibles of white Flowers, and after them {mall, thin, flat, ackifh Seed, bigger than Dill Seeds. The Root is fomewhat greater, id growing rather fide-ways than down deep into the Ground, poring forth fundry Heads which tafte foarp, biting on the Tongue, id isthe hotteft and fharpeft part of the Plant, and the Seed nent ato it being fomewhat blackifh on the outfide, and [meling well. Wes >) ae ot Ra Place} 9 \|. 208 Gold Grief, Sto- \|} mach, Cold Rheums, _ Urine, Stone, Gra- vel, —Siomens Cour- (es, Dead Child, Mo- i i ther, Dropfie, Cramps, ani Falling ficknefs, * Cold Poifon, Sweat, Green Wounds, Rote ten Ulcers, Gout. The Englifh ; Place J Xt is ufually kept-in Gardens with us in England. ~ Time-\| It flowereth and feedeth about the end of Auguff. \| Government and Vertues.] It is an Herb of Mars. ‘The Rod of Mafter-wort is hotter than Pepper, and very available in ak © ) Cold Griefs and difeafes both of the Scomach and Body, diffol )./. ving very powerfully upward and downward.Icis alfo ufed if y @ Decoétion with Wine againft all Cold Rheums, Diftillatior i i alatie. 4 le i Saas ie 9 i ail ee! ee a, i Phyficcan Enlarge upon the Lungs, or fhortnefs of Breath to betaken Morning and Evening. It al fo provoketh Urine, and helpeth to breal the Stone,and expel the Gravel from thi Kidneys; procureth Womens Courfes and expelleth the Dead Birth.Is fingula good for ftrangling of the Mother, ant other fuch like Feminine Difeafes. It 4 effe ual alfo againft theDropfie Cramp} and Falling-ficknefs ; for the decotti in Wine being gargled in the Mouth draweth down much water and Flegn from the Brain, purging and eafing it of what oppreffeth i \| Ie isof a rare quality againft all forts of Cold Poifon, to b takenas there is caufe; ic provoketh Sweat. But left the taft hereof, or of the Seed (which worketh to the like effe&, the \| not fo powerfully) fhould be too offenfive, the beft way ist take the water diftilled both fromthe Herb and Root. Th \| Juice hereof dropped, or Tents dipped therein and applie - “ither to green Wounds or filthy rotten Ulcers and thofe thi \| come by invenom’d Weapons, doth foon cleanfe and heal ae ae pe is alfo very good to help the Gout coming ofa Co aule. ee ? 4 Sweet-Maudlin. 4 i Defcript.] ‘hah Maudlin bath fomewhat long and sal ; Leaves, {uip'd about the Edgess The Stalks a ane - two foot high, bearing at the tops many yellow Flowers, fet vous together and all of anequal height, in Umbles or Tufts like un Tanfy ; after which followsth fmall whitifh Seed, almoft as ee He _ Worm-feed. \| Plas ~~ SO ee, ee ee * 3 : ear The Engli(h Phyfician Enlarged. 209 \ Place and Time.] It groweth in Gardens, and flowerethin ime and Fuly. jt that it hath fome Thorns on it in fevera! places, which the otber ath nots and ufualy the Fruit is{mall, and not fo pleafant. ae Time and Place.] They grow in this Land, agd flower in — ay for the moft part, and bear Fraicin Septemoer and OFsber. Government and Vertues.] The Fruit. 1s old Saturn's, and we a better Medicine he hardly hath co firengthen the reten-- ve Faculty ; therefore ie ftays Womens. _ sey ongings ; the good old Man cannot Mifcarsiages,Fluxes, idure Womens Minds fhouldrona gad- ffayethiomensLong-" ing. Alfo a Plaifter made of the Bruit ings, binders Mifcar- ried before they be rotten, and other riage, Gargle, Woe Mnvenient things, and applied to the mens Courfes, Piles, eins of the Back, ftops Mifcarriage in loathing of meat, or Vomen with Child. They are very pow- Caffing, Bleeding, — ful to flay any Fluxes of Blood or Frefh Wounds, Stone fumours in Menor Women; theLeaves inthe Kidneys fo have the quality: The Fruiceaten ast a y Women with Child, ftayeth cheir Longing after un- fual Meats, and isvery effectual for them that are aptto fifcarry, and-be Delivered before their time, to help:that ~ a K 3 Malady, Ry: hae - RC ST RTE BER RN Me Ren gl Yn Gee TSU RE On ae B due as : it Y) pares} ‘. ato. —- The Enolifh Phyfician Enlarged. Malady, and make them joyfui Mothers. The Decoétion of _ them is goodto gargle and wafh the Mouth, Throat and Teeth, _ when there is any Defluxions of Blood to ftay it, or of Hu ‘tmours, which caufeth the Painsand Swellings. It is a gooe _ Bath for Women to fit over, that have their Courfes flow tot _ abundant; or for the Piles when they bleed too much. Ifa _ Paltis or Plaifter be made with dried Medlers, beaten and mi cs _ ed with the Juice of red Rofes, ‘whereunto a few Cloves and! Nutmegs may be added, and a little red Coral alo, ch ape plied to the Stomach, that is given to cafting or loathing o _ dMeat, it effeCtully helpech. The dried Leaves in Powder _ ftrewed on frefh bleeding Wounds, reftraineth the Blood, a ud _/healeth up the wound quickly. ‘The Medlar-ftones made into. / Powder, and drunk in Wine wherein fome Parfly-roots have) _ lain infufed all Night or a little boiled, do break the Stone in\| _ the Kidneys, helping co expel ir. Haba eek \| ! Melliloc, or King’s-Claver. ae \| — Defcript.}° YF His bath maay green falks, swoon three foot big G, 4 : rifing from a tough long white Root, mbich dierh \| ‘not every Year, fet round about at the Foyats with {mall, and fomen what long, well {melling Leaves, fet three together, unevenly dented \| about the Edge. The Flowers are yellow and well fmelling alfo, made like other Trefoyl, but fmall, landing in long {pikes one} above another, for au hand breadth long. or better, which aftere) spards turn into long crooked Cods, wherein is contained fat feed,\| Somewhat brown, : i ab a Place] Ic groweth plentifully ia many places of this Land, \| as in the edge of Suffolk, and in Effex, as alfo in Huntington[binal _ and in other places, but moft ufually in Corn-fields, in corners of Meadows. ; \| ' oo al Time.] It flow’reth in Fune and Fuly,and is ripe quickly afters. (4 \| Government and Pertues.\| ielliler boileg “Hard Tumours and ed in Wine, and applied, mollifiech all \| Inflammeations in the hard Tumours and Inflammations thae \| Eyes,orelfewhere, Ule happen in the Eyes or other parts of, ters inthe Head, Stee the Body, as the Fundament, or _ mach Pained, Head~ Privy Parts of Men or Women;) wh, Wind, Spleen, and fometimes the yolk of a Roafted \| By j , ”, Le 7 \| ' i se ee as = leas NaC TOD i) RDA aia i ca i oy THO Ue aa Pacem Pe ve EES OMNIS vy . The Englifh Piyfisian i g, or fine Flower, or Poppy-Seed, or Diznefs of Sight, dive, is added unto it. It helpeth the Supiaity of Senfes, ‘eading Ulcers in the Head, it being flrengthens Memory, fhed with a Lye made chereof. it Apoplexy- Ipeth the pains of the Stomach, being \| plied frefh ; or boiled with any of the aforenamed things. helpeth alfo the pains of the Ears,being dropped into them 3 a. d fteeped in Vinegar, or Rofe-water, it mitigateththe Head- h. The flower of Medilot or Chamomel are much ufed to be it together in Clifters to expel wind, and co cafe pains ; and fo into Pultifles for the fame purpofe, and to affwage Swel- 3g Tumours in the Spleen or other parts, and helperhiInflame ations in any part ofthe Body, The Juice dropped into the yesis afingular good Medicine totake away any film or in that clondeth or dimneth the Eye-fight. The Head often afhed with the diftilled Water of the Herb and Flowers, or a ye made therewith, iseffe€tual for thofe that fuddenly lof ieir Senfes ; as alfo to ftrengthen the Memory, to comfort. ¢ Head and Brains, and co preferve them from Pains, and ie Apopiexy. \| French and Dog’s-Mercury. ifeript.] “Ee ais rifch up with a fauare green falk fall of B Foynts, two foot high, or thercadours, wish two eaves at every joynt, and branches likemife from both fides of the alk, fet with frefb green Leaves, fomewhat broad and long, avout be bignefs of the Leaves of Bafil, finely dented abous the edges) wards the tops of the Stalks and branches, come forth at every ynt in the Male Mercury two fmall, round, greem Heads, fland= Me 1g together upon a fhort foot ftalk, which grawing ripe, are feeds, ot having any flowers. In the Female the flalk is longer, Spike sfbion, fet round about with Jmall green Husks, which are the owers, made like {mall bunches of grapes, which give no feed, bus bide long upon the flalks without fhedding. The Root is compofed F many {mall frbres, which perifheth every Year at the firft approach ‘Winter and rifeth again of its own fowing ; and if once it is ufered to fow it felf, the ground will never wans afterwards, even wh fortsof it. mre ane \| é 4 7 Enlarged, om K4 oO) oem 212 The Englifh Phyfician Enla ee ged, 18 Dog’s-Mercury. Aving defcribed unto you that which is called Frene Mercury, I come now to fhew you a Defcription \| this kind alfo. 2 4 Defcription:] This is likewife of two kinds, male and femal having many ftalks, flender and lower than Mercury, without a branches at all upon them, the root is fet with two leaves at ev +) Foynt, fomewhat greater than the Female, but more pointed ar full of Veins, and fomewhat harder in handling, of a darker gree colour, and lefs dented or {uip'd about the edges. At the Foynts wit the Leaves come forth longer ftalks than the former, with two hai round feed: upon them, twice as big as thofe of the former Mercury] The tafte hereof is Herby, and the {mell fomewhat ftroug and vii dent. The Female hath much harder Leawes ftanding upon long Foot-flalks, and the flalks are alfo longer: From the oynts Con forth [pikes of Flowers like the French Female Mercury. 7 Roots of them both are many, and full of {mall Fibres, which re under Ground, and mat themfelves very much, nok perifbing ast former Mercuries do ; but abiding the Winter, and {boot forth ne Branches every years for the old lie dows to the Ground. % _ Place} The Male and Female French-Mercury are found wi in divers places of this Land ; as by a Village called Brocklan an Rumney Marfbin Kent. \| \| { The Dog's Mercury in fandry places of Kent alfo, and a where ; but the Female more feldom than the Male. 4 Time.]\| They flower in che Summer Months, and therei give their feed. oy em Government and Vertues] Mercury, they fay, owns the Herb but I rather think ’tis Yenus, and am partly confident of it too for I never read that Mercury, ever minded Womens bufinef fo much. I believe he minds his ftudy more. The Decoétior 7 of the Leaves of Mercury, or the Juic PurgethCholerickbu- thereofin Broth, or drunk with a licek mours, Womens fick- Sugar put to it,purgethCholerick and wa. nefs, Mother, Womens terifh Humours. Hippocrates commende courfes,Stranguryfore it wonderfally for Womens Difeafes, ant Eyes, Agues, Flegm, applied to the fecret Parts, to eafe the ) _ RheamsandCatarrhs, pains of the Mother ; and ufed the decoc ) Melancholy Hu» tion of it, both to procureWomens Com i " se iad ise yr —_ TO et), A ae ne Re oes hs OMe wt i yt, eee ee) is ; 4 e's Daan ete ~The Englifh Phyficiam Entarged, 213. © , and to expel the After-birth. And — \| \| - ve the Decoétion thereof with Myrrh mours, Yellow Faune \| Pepper, or ufedto apply the Leaves dice, Warts, Stabs, — ; ttwardly againft che Strangury, and Tetrers and Ring- feafes of the Reins and Bladder. He worms, Swellings, ‘dit alfo for fore and wateringEyes,and Inflammations, Wa r theDeafnefs,and Pain inthe Ears, by _terifb, and Melane opping theJuice thereof intothem,and choly Humours.	9,687
derrianaacollec00douggoog_12	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,794	Derriana: A Collection of Papers Relative to the Siege of Derry, and Illustrative of the ...	G. Douglas	English	Spoken	7,313	12,224	On the 26th of July, the day that Col. Lloyd returned ffom the flaughter of the Conaught army, an exprefs ar- rived at Enni(killen, by water from Col. Creichton, with an account 'that he and his two companies were clofely befieged in his Caftle of Crom, by the Munfter argiy, and requiring their immediate afliftance. The next morning almoft the whole body of the Enniftilleners, amounting to 1 500 men, fet out before fun rife, in order to reach the enemy betimes, leaving few behind, except women, to guard the town. The main body marched by the great road over Maguire's bridge ; but a fmall party of two troops of horfe, and two companies of foot, led by Capt. Mar- ENNISKILLEN. 173 Martin Armftrong, tookaftorter road^ near the flde of Lough-Erne, and a little wide of Lifnaflcea. In this rout, they met the Lord Clare's regiment of dragoons, which were the flower of King James's army, commanded by Sir James Cotter, who, from a private trooper in the guards, was raifed by commiflion to the poft of Lieutei^ant Colonel, honoured with Knighthood, and obtained a good eflate in the county of Cork, for aflaflinating Lord Lifle (one of the Regicides) as he came out of a church in Switzerland, Armftrong quickly lined the hedges with his foot ; and then making a feint to attack with his horfe, retired, as if in difordcr, till he drew the enemy into the ambufcade of • his foot, vrho, by an unexpeSed volley, caufed a great (laughter; the horfe, at the fame inftant, facing about, fell on with incredible fury, and cut this brave regiment almoft to pieces, very few efcaping by flight ; the terror and fwiftnefs of which gave rife to an irony, to this day ufed among the Munfter-Irifli, Cofs cofs a Dragoon buoy, that is, " Stop, flop the yellow Dragoon," their livery being fcarlet, faced with yellow. Thofe who efcaped to the main army, flruck an univerfal pannick through it ; but the Ennilkilleners, animated by this firft fuccefs, and led on by the Colonels Tifiany, Creichton, Lloyd, Carle- ton, ^c. quickened their march to the village of New- town-Butler, about two miles Norih-Eaft of Crom-Caftlc, where they found the Iri(h drawn up in order of battle, on the South fide of the town, and polled advantageoufly on a rifmg hill, to which there was no paflage, but by a nar- row caufeway, through a large deep bog; defended by fix field pieces, placed over it on the afcent of the hill. By this fituation they feemed to be as fecure, as in a ftrong camp, and fo far from fearing an attack by a handful of men, that they might have fudained one from an army much more numerous than themfelves ; but the Ennilkil- leners, fcar^e (laying for their Commanders, dr^rted with incrc^ 174 ENNIBKILLEN. incrccllbfe fp«ed through the bog^ and attafeking the citemjr oft the arceiit of the hill, fwbrd in haiid, drove them, in a few minutes, from their jfield ^i^tes, which they turned againft them^ with gre&t flaiighti^, dhd left the paFs of the caufeway dpfen for their owtt horfe. At the fird ohfet Captain Cooper took their General, the Lord Mountc^ffiel^ prifoner, t;irhile he was in Vain etideavouring, by his own example, to animate his daftardly troops, whofe captivity, with thfe feizure of thfc artillciry, ftruck lo univerfal t p^- nick through the whole army, that the roiit Ibon became uhiverfal, dhd for a flight of thtce niiles tb the Comber- Water, othcrwife called the river of Caftle-Saunderfori, a tertiblfe flaiighter was rhade : A party of horfe, butftrip- ping the flying encniy, feizcd Watling bridge, the only pafs ovel- the river, Aii^hereby they Were entifely heninied in ; and in their flight (which always fuggefts the wdrft councils) flreW ujp in an angle made by the river, whcrft it is very deep, clofe under Caftle-Saunderfod. Here they flood to their arms, not having the prudence to alk qliar- teb, nor the courage to fight ; and irt this fatal Tpot thfe whole brigade, confifiing of hear 400 men, were driven into the river, and all periflied ; fo that the enemy's loft in the putfuitj in the battle, and in the defeat of Clare's ^gtment, was computed tb amount tb 4006 men. Thi remainder, beirtg about 3000, making their way up the river towards Clouriilh, efcapcd; and the Enhiftilleneri arc reputed to have loft ohiy 20 men, and to have had jA wounded. The Ennifltilleners in this battle, poflibly carried their rtfentment beyond juft bounds, being greatly provoked by the inhuman murder of the two innocent yOung gentlemen, by the Lord Galmoy's orders, at Belturbet, a few days be- fore. That treacherous Lord was alfo very near giving Col. Crcichton the fame fate ; for, having drawn him to ^n interview on thfc public faith, he catifed him to be ar- ^ refted ENNISKILLEN. 175 reflcd for his rcfiifiil to deliver up his Caftlc of Crom, ztt4 vrould have a6htally put him to death, had not the Lord Mount£afl)e1, enraged at the perfidy, refcued hiip Iby force, anc) conduced hin) fafe tp his C^ftle ; which inftanpe of juftice and honour did not lofe its re»rard, his Lordfliip^s life beinj; fpared in the hotted part of this battle, himfelf conduced to Ennifkillen^ with 400 other prifoners (many of whom had been favoured upon his account) and there allowed the liberty of the town, upon his Parole. After fpn^e tinne, finding but iittje ppfped of beipg ranfomed or ttcfianged, h^ artfully caufed a rumour to jbe fpread, that he intended to maj^e bis efcape : Wl^ereupon the Go* visrrior put him under a guard, and by doing fo, releafed hini from his parole. The guard, reflefting on the free- dom with which he l\^d beei) indulged, were remift enough ; and Serj^anit A,chefon l^eiijg l?ribcd, carried hin^ pfT ip the night by water, for whic^ he was (hot the next day. Lord Mountcafliel, efcaping into France, was tried there, by a Cpurt of Honour, for breach of his parole ; but making the circumilances of his efcape evident, was acquitted. There are but flight accounts given of an adion,* which happened this fummer between a fmall party of Enntfldl- Icners and a l^ge detachment of King's James's army, on the banks of the river Aughaclane on the Lovgh-Erne, whom the former routed in attempting the pafs, and killed or drowned moft of thepi ; but the adion was of fuch confiderable ^loment, that though the particulars are not handfid down, nor the names of the officers, who. led the party, prcferved, yet the place received a name from the event, and is called Qloody-Pafs to this day. «! It it a fadt but too well afcertained, that notwithftandin^ thebrave, and, at length, fuccef»ful efforts of the inhabitants of London-DoTj in the caufe of Liberty, they were left to fu£Fer in want and obfcurity, in a ruined city with annihi- lated trade. — Here follows an account of the application for relief made by the Corporation to the £ngli{h Parliament : SOME time before the addrefs about the woollen manu- faSure,* a petition from the Corporation of the city of London-Dcrry was prefented to the Comments ; fetting forth " their early and lingular fervices and fufferings in the * Woollen Mtnu^<liire] Thu it t cnriont circumfttoce, (bewtas how foon the Eotlifh PtrlitmcDt began to coerce the lri(h nation. ** Upon complaints that the woollen maoiiraA:ure was carried on in Ireland, to the great prejodice of England, the Commont reprefcnted to hit Majefty, • That they conld not withont trouble obferve, that Ireland, which it dependent on, and prote£^ed by England in the enjoyment of ail * they have, (boald of late apply itfelf to the woollen mannfaaure, to * the great prejudice of the trade of Eoglaiid^ and not promote the linen ■ manBf«£liire, which wonid benefit both nitiona. That the confequeoce thereof would neceflitate the Parliament of England to interpefe, to pre* * vent this mifchief, unleft hit Majefty, by hit great wifdom tnd lutho- * rity, (hould find meant to fecure the trade of England, bj maiimg bit * fuBjeSs 9f Inland fur fue the jaiut inter efi of both kinidoms T^^^^To thii Addreft hit Majefty anfwered, * That he fliould do all that in him lay, to * promote the trade of England, tnd to difcourage the woollen, and en- ■ courage the linen manufafku re in Ireland..— Accordingly, on the itfth of July 1698, the King wrote to the Earl of Calway, one of the Lords Joftices, recommending to his care to make cfTedhial laws for the dif- co'uragcment of the woollen maoufaQure 1— Alfo, that he would prevent the Iriftk Parliament from taking notice of what had pafled in the Englilh Parliament, feaiing 1 rupture between the two Countries. N. B. It was about this time, that Wm. Moiyneox ■» book in defence of the Iriflt nation was condemned by the Englifti Commons. They report, ■ That the book is of dangerous confcquence to the Crown and People of England, by denying their authority to bind the people of Ireland !— And they pray hit Majefty, That ht would take ail nectfTary care, that the LONDON-DERRY. i?8 LGNDON-PERRY. ^ the placci djd likewife deferve to have fo lignal a fer- ^ vice taken into confideration; and the faid city, wl^o " had fo eminently fufleredy to have fome fpectal mark " of his Maje(lys favour, for a lading monument to pof- " terity," AH this the Commons afterwards on the 28th of Jpne reprefented to his Majefly by an addreft, f Pray- ' ing» that his Majefly wpuld be pleafed to make fome " compenfation to the faid City, Governor, and Garrifon, ** by fuch ways and means, and in fuch a manner, as his " Majefly in bis princely wifdom flioujd think fit." To which the King made anfwer, " That he would take them '^ into his cpnfideration, according to the defire of the '* Commons ;" but nothing was don^ in the affiur, at leaft at that tiipc* C^ The following original Letter, one of a number oF othet^ on this fame fabj^ now in the poiTeSion pf a Gentleman, wiU fully conroberate the fpregping flaternent. My Lord, YOUR Lordfliij^ will, I hope, pardon this liberty I take to acquaint your Lordfliip, that the poor citty of London- Derry wee fpoke to your Lordfliip about, after all its ap- plications, attendance, and great charge thefe feveral years paft, and notwithftanding the vote of the Houfe of Com- mons of England, and vote and addrefs of the Commons of Ireland, alfo in Parliament, and earnefl follicitations of the citty of London, all in its behalf, as their univcrfal de- fire and requeft to have it fome way confidered, cffedually, for its great fervices and fuSerings, fo known to the world fo conducive to the faving thefe kingdoms, and fecuring this Government, while that poor citty flood in the gapp, and jpade itfelf a mifera.ble faprifi\|ce for thofe ends, with a wltnefs, lying to this day 15 mifery and rubbilh, for iu great zeal to his prefent Majefly and Government, when it might had any conditions could be afked from the late King, if LONDON'. DEftRY. 179 if it would tave furrencfered j -now, Rafter all, without be* ing once heard as to the nierits of the cafe, by the Lord$ of the Treafury, or any report made, tho' often defireB on the referrence to them by the King m its behalf, \yl\ich has layn before them above this year pj^ft, it was on Wed- pefday laft, on their laying matters of Ir.eland before his Majefty, rcjeaed quite, as I hear, and all applications in its behalf, tote left, it feem^s, in its mifery and niins^for ever, without further regard, T^is, my Lord, I afliire your Honour, is finfazing. citty, as I had in firil fecuring and preferying the fame and fee all my zeal, fore travels, knd loflcs pafs for nought ; but know not, I folemnly proteft, how to look them people in the face I fo much excited to what they have done and fufiercd, and have endeavoured ftill to keep in hopes it would not be in vaine. What remains is, that wee leave things to God, and his righteous judgment,' who fo vifibly owned us in that poor citty, how little foever now re- garded by men. What further refolutions thRfe people may think fitt to take for their reliefe, or what they may do, I know not, or whether your Lordfbip will pleafe to men- tion them or me any more to the King, 1 humbly leave to your Lordfliips great wifdom, begging your Lordfhip's pardon for. this tedious epiftlc, which I hope youf Lord- fliip will vouchfafe to'. Your Lordihip's mod obedient, ylpril is, 1697. And moft humble Servant. Copies of original h^rr-EKS relative to the State o/HzKnr after the Siege. SIR, Dublin, 21ft May, 1695. I arrived here on Thurfday laft from London. Your City's addrefs (as I noted you) I delivered on my arrival there to the King, who was gracioufly pleafed to receive it. I had no further commands from your Corporation, but meeting with Mr. Mogridge there, I enquired and defired from him the (late of your former applications relating to the damage and fufferings of your City in the late fiege, which he gave me, and did accordingly Confalt and difcourfe with fome of my friends at Court about it, but obferved (fiifce his Majefty was. wholly taken up with very extraor- dinary affairs relating to the public, and- not being certain how LONDON. DERRY. i8i how the Government in Ireland might be Jcttled) it wai not a proper time then to move in it, fince there was no probability to bring it, under thefe impediments, and the little time of the King's ftay, then to a happy conclufion ; therefore, thought it upon this confideration, beft to defer it until his Majefty's return, as when there would be more leifure, and a proper time (with the countenance of the Government here) to move and purfue a good fuccefs, which Mr. Mogridge approved of, and thought beft for the City's advantage, s And as I (hall be obliged the next win- ter to make another journey for London, to meet my Lord Athlone upon fome urgent matters relating to his own con- cerns, I (hall then defire to be^ fully inftruSed in all par- ticulars, that I may move and folicitate his Klajefty for fuch benevolence fpr your City's good, as their fervices and fufierings do deferve, towards which I (hall then heartily employ the intereft of my friends near the King to forward and promote fo good a work, as I hope I may be ufeful here in engaging our prefent Governor, my Lord Capel, to do your City in this matter all juft fervice. There being now a probability that in a (hort time a Par- liament may be called in- this kingdom, I prefume to defirc the favour of your Corporation to continue me in their good intention (of which they lately by your letter were pleafed to give me their promife) to eleA and intruft me in tliat folemn aflfembly as one of their Reprefentatives, in which I hope I (hall find the continuance of their favour. Pray, give my very humble and hearty fervice to Mr. Mayor and all the worthy members of your Corporation^ as being faithfully theirs. And, Sir, your moft humble fenrant, B.VANHOMRIGH. To John Harvey^ Efq. Ci^mfterlain. T a i8x LONDON-DERRY. ICS Indorfed, — ** Copies of Letters left by Mr. Mogndge to bt &At to him when in London, if thought expedient." May it pleafe your Lordftilp, SOME years ago, when we petitioned their Majeflies ^ for fupply andrelief of viQuals after our ficge, your Lord- (hip was pleafed to aflift us, and did greatly contribute to our difpatch, as the bearer, Mr. J. M. did largely report to us on ieveral occafions, for which your Lordfhip (hall ever have the grateful acknowledgements and votes of this poor Citty. We have thefc three or four years lad pafl^ been petitioners to their Majefties for fome fatisfaQion for money difburfed by the inhabitants of this place for arms, ammunition, provifions, and cloaths taken up by the army in the fiege, and money given to horfe, foot, and dra- goons by us raifed in thofe times of extremity and danger, for their Majefties fervice in this and feveral other garrifons, at alfo for the houfes demoliihed by the enemy's guns and bombs, with all which the bearer will more particularly acquaint your Lordfhip. And we mod humbly befeech your Lordthip, to take our cafe into your confideration, and to be our advocate to their Majefties, that out of the forfeited eftates of this kingdom, or otherwife, we may be reimburfed, as their Majefties in their princely wifdom and goodnefs fliall think fit, for the relief of the Citizens, and the many poor and diftrefled families, widows, and orphans of this Citty made miferable by this war, and our early ' appearance in it. And we doubt not, but their Majefties (whofe bounty and munificence is much celebrated) will be gracioufty pleafed to extend their favour to us alfo on fo prelTing an occafion. To the Right H$n. the Eurl ofShrewJbury. LONDON-DERRY. 183 Honourable Sir, THE bearer hath often reported to us, how zealous you have been for our fupport, and how fenfible you arc of our mireries, and wilHng to afford us relief. You know very well how long we are petitioners to their Majefties for fatisfadion of thofe fums by us difburied in this garri« fon, and hdufes demolilhed purfuant to their Majefties in- ftruftions, or by the enenay's bombs and guns ; but hither- to we have made v«?y little progrefs in that afiair. We gratefully acknowledge your former kindneflet, and befeech you to continue them to this poor place, wherein there are very many remains of honed good fanfilifs, that are made woful and miferable by the late times^f and fince the time feems fo convenient for our ^ompenfatidn out of the for- feited eftates in this kingdom^ we befeech your .Honour to give us your furtherance, which will ever engage Your Honour's moft grateful, humble fervants, ice. To the Hon. Col. H. Guy. [Lbtt£il from Mr* Mogridgb at London J Dear Sir, London, 29th Aug, 169 1. THE trouble of mind I am in to bf thus delayed, works on my body, and caufes often fuch difturbances that are equal to a difeafe. Sir Ralph Box had a Society ycfterday in his chamber, being ill of the gout ; but they would do nothing, but ordered me L.ioo, and deferred all other things till Sir Wm. Turner's arrival ; he is come two hours ago; I was with him at his alighting out of his coach, and he promifes me next week a difpatch — but this procrafti- fiation lies heavy on me ; they talk as if they would fend Commiflioners over, &c. but it refts on Sir Wm. Turner. I wi(h I may have of the L.ioo to carry me home, and that it may pleafe God to fend me thither in fafety— I am glutted with this affair, but in all ftates I am th^ City's and, dear Sir, your humble fervant, JOHN MOGRIDGE. To Mr, Wm. Crook/banks in London-Derry. 184 LONDON. DERRY- . ty Indorfed,-" Copy of a letter to the Earl of Rumne/." May it pleafe your Lordfhip, WHEN your Lord{hip8 prefenoe honoured, and your good government fecured this his Maje(lys kingdom, your Lordfliip was pleafed to honour this poore Citty by many marks of your favours ; and by your Lordflilp's condefcend- ing to become one of its Freemen, for v^hich your Lord- (bip (hall ever have the grateful ackijowledgements and votes of this Citty. We have thefe five years laft pad been petitioners to )tt9.Maje(ly, for fome fatisfaftion for money difburfed byjtihe inhabitants of this place for arms, amunition, provifion^, &c. and money given to horfe, foot, and dragoons, ratfed in the times of extremity and danger, for his Majefty's fervice in this and fsveral other garrifons, as alfo for houfes demolifhed purfuant to his Majefiies in* ftrudions, and by the enemy's guns and bombs— -with all which, the bearer, David Cairns, Efq; will more particu- larly acquaint your Lordfliip. The Commons of Ireland have been pleafed, as we are informed, to recomend our cafe, lofles, and fuffcrings to his Excellency the Lord Deputy, to be by him recommended to his Majefty. And we moft hunibly befeech your Lord- ihip, to take our cafe into your confideration, and to be our advocate to his Majefty, that out of the forfeited eftates • of this kingdom, or ptherwife, yre may be reimburfed, as his Majefty in his princely wifdom and g«odnefs ftiall think fit, for the relief of the many poore and diftrefled familys, widows, and orphans of t^is Citty, impoveriftied by our early appearance in the war. Praying for your Lordft\ip's health and profperity, wc are your Lordftiip^s moft humbly devoted fervants, Lo-Derryt Jan. 1 7, 1695, LONDON-DERRY. 185 Cj Indorfcd,— " The Major's Petition to Duke Scbonberf, and his order for exccutbg faid Office till their Majefties pleafure was known/' To hit Grace the Lord Generall imd Geneiiall GovERNOuR of Ireland. The Humble Petition of Jervis Squire, Efq. Sheweih, ^ THAT when by the late Popifh power, the property and liberties of the fubjeS was every where in this king- dom invaded, a Sjuo Warranto was, among others, brought againft their Majefties Citty of London-Dcrry, the Fro- teftant Mayor, Aldermen, Maglffrates, and Common Councell were difplaced, and that civil! and leagal! Go- vernment inverted into an arbitrary power, the abufed in- habitants of that loyal! Proteftant Citty (of which yoor Petitioner was an unworthy member and fufferer) by ex- ample of England, were, through Divine providence and affiftance, Aired up by (huting their gates, to acquit them- felves of thofe peftifcrous intruders ; and when, by a con- tinuation of thofe heavenly bleflings, they were delivered from the rage and malfice of their furious and implacable enemy, finding the neceflity of a Civill Magifti4te, pre- fumed to afliime their antient Rights, and thereby to elefl: your Petitioner to ferve as Mayor of that didrefled and ruined Citty for the now commencing year. But, for as much as their Majefties have been gratioufly pleafed to ap- point your Grace Chiefe Majeftrate as well as Chief Go- vernour of this their Kingdonne of Ireland in generall, and confequently of that their Citty of London-Derry in par- ticular, Your Petitioner moft humbly prays your Grace's or- der, pleafure, command, and direction, how to go- vern himfelfe in the premifes for the future. And your Petitioner will ever pray, &c. ii6 LO Jjl £) O N . P E R R Y. ByFRKDiRicK Duk^ of ScHONBERG, Gcncrall pf all Aici'r'Majfeffics 'Forces, &c. ORDERED, Thisit the within Petitioner continue in and execute the office of Mayor of London-Dcrry during hisMajeftiespleafure. — — Given at Dundalk the 1 8 day of September 1689, in the ift year of their Majefties reign. (Seal.) SCHONB^RG. ^ Indorfed, — " Duke Schonbcrg's Proclamation rtftoring Charters, Ac." By Frederick Duke of Schonberg, Generall of al\| their Majefties Forces, &c. IVHEREAS wee are JFully fatisfied that there has been great invafion made upon the propriety of the Proteftant JubjeSs, and ancient Charters of the refpeflive^ Corpora- tions in this Kingdom,* and that feverall Proteftant Juftices of the Peace have been removed froni their places of truft, whereby great diforders, (ucJi as burglaries, robberies, feU onies, and other outrages, have been coinitted in this King- dom ; and wee being defirous to redrefs the faid grievan- cesV do'tiereby think* fitt to publlfli and declare. That the faid Proteftant fubjefts be,- and are hereby reftored to their former proprieties, and the refpeSive Corporations to their ancient Charters, and the feveral Proteftant Juftices of the Peace to their refpeSive trufts, hereby cnjpowerlng them to doe and execute all and every aft, raattefi and thing, as they might or could do by vertue of their refpefltive Char- ters, or any Comiflion of the Peace formerly granted dur- ing their Majefties pleafurc : And the faid Juftices of the Peace in their refpeSive ftations, are hereby required to take care that no landlord exaft on any tenant not being able to pay his rent prefently, or on demand, they takeing it into their confideration that it is a year of warr and de- vaftations, but that when the law is open, to take their courfe by the law. '. Given at our head- quarters at Dundalk the 14th day of September 1689, in the ift year of their Majef- ties raigne, SCHO NBER G. LONDON. DERRY. 187 tir Indorfed, — /* jCop7 o^ ^^^ Corporation's Lettqr Co die Society, jotk Jan. 1693." Londori-Derry, 30th Jan. i6gi* May it plcafc your Honours, THIS poor little City, by the many hardflups which in all times (hnce its being built) it fuffers and confliSs Avith, feems to have fome fate peculiar to itfelf ; and not to fpeak^ of paft times, we are now but juft crawling, as it were, out of a wreck, and likely by a new billow to be again o- verwhelmed. From the buildipg and name of London-Derry, it had very little to fupport its Magiftracy or public affairs, but what your ptedeceflprs beftowed upon iff and of all ^heir favours, the lands by them laid afide for the ufe of this Corporation yras, as the moft ufeful and conv^ient, fo moft beneficial ; for thofe lands furnifhed the Citi:?;ens with fire and water, grazing for horfe anxj cow, and the tenants thereon, on all occafions, furniftied us with labourers for all public and private works, by fea and land. On thofe Iand$ our youth and children difportcd, and the aged walk- ed and rid to refrefh tbemfelves ; and on fonie of thofe grounds, the militia and garrifon on all occafions muftered and difciplincd ; and, in (hprt, on thofe very lands our City and Suburbs fts^nd, and the perches ar^ parts thereof.— They are reputed 1 50^ acres, but are not fo much except bog and barren mountain be reckoned as part, and fuch, by the letters patent to the Society and firft articles with the Crown, ought to be caft in as wafte. Our prefent title to thefe i ^ov") acres is by leafe from the See of Dcrry, determinable the 14 th of July next, and the Biihop refolves not to let us be his tenants, hut will chufe others, as we have very good rcaf(^n to believe; and then we (hall want all conveniences, and fo be forced to dlfpenfe with, or, at leaft, , purchafe them perhaps at fuch exceffive rates as the Bilhop's tenants pleafe to im- pofe i88 LONDON-DERRY. pcfe, which m^y be fuch as few can pay, and lb alfb tlie I'iiizens muft diflodge. Your Honours, if you confult your own right, may have it in your power to prevent thofe evils to us, and, at the fame time, to advantage your own intcreft, for it is €f rtain, that by the fame letters patent whereby he ctaima the hnds about the town, he may as rightfully claim every hoiife in it, and Bifhop BramhalPs leafe to this Cor- poration (hews that he underftood it fo. We have, as a memorandum, inclofed fent you a hint of the cafe relative to thefe 1 500 acres, and how this See firft became interefled in them, to which, with what elfc lies before you for your farther information, we humbly refer to your Honours ; and do moft hun^bly and paffion- ately befeech your Honours to give us your advice and full diredion in this nfiatter, which we (hall pundually obfervc and follow. We remain ypur Honours' moft humble and faithful fervants, Fdw. Brooks, James Lennox, Mayor^ Sam, Leeson, Henry Long, Wm.Mackie, Wm. Smyth, Rob. Harvey, Alex.Lecky, Alex. Coningham, Henry Ash, }oHN Cowan, HughEadie, Wm. Morrison, John Mogridge, Hugh Davey, Rob. Shenan, John Rankin, Jn. Harvey, ") gj^^ Albert Hall, Jn.Crogkshanks, 5 -^ ' INSTRUCTIONS /or the under-written Overseers of BiJhop^S'flreet JVard and the Church Tards, — May 1690, YOU arc to agree with labourers and carmen for carry* ing away the dirt, and covering of the graves, within your refpeaive wards, at the eaiieft rates. You LONDON-DERRY- 189 You are to take narrow infpeftion into all houfcs and backfidcs within your faid ward, and to caufe the feveral tenants, or inhabitants, to cleanfe the fame, and fend the rubbage and dry dirt to the church-yards for covering the dead corps ; and all other filth, to fuch other convenient places as will not be nawfom to the city. You are to caufe every inhabitant, before whofe doof there are any bomb-holes unfilled up within your ward, to get the fame filled up and paved at their proper charge. In fuch ftrect or lane where an inhabitant cannot be found to cleanfe the fame, and carry away the dirt out of fuch teneitients as are laid wade, you are to caufe it to be done at the public charge. You are to advife and direS the feveral tenants within your ward, to make up fences about their backfides and gardens fo foon as the fame is cleanfed. You are to endeavour to inform yourfelvcs of all fucH people within your ward, as have laid their dirt upon any other inhabitant's ground, or fuch other place as (hall not be judged convenient for the fame ; and thereafter to give ah account thereof to the M^yor, to the end they may be obliged to remove the faid dirt. You are to make ftrift enquiry for all fuch perfons who of late have buried any dead corps in any garden or back- fide within your ward, and to give due notice thereof to the Mayor and Governor for preventing the like for the future. You are, if any perfon within your ward be refractive or unwilling to obferve fuch orders and direSions as you ihall, purfuan; to the foregoing inftrudions, prefcribe unto them, immediately to acquaint the Mayor therewith, that they may be forced to a due compliance. i^o Mr. Robert Sherrard andM^. J^hn GrMiamji, i^o LONDON. DERRY. JBKJfT ^fthf Cafeefthe Charter •/"London-Derry upm which Judgement was given Mgmnft it. * ^10 WARRANTO againft the Corporation of Lon- A)n-Dcrry, to flicw, why they claimed to be a Body Po- litick^ and to have and ufe certain other privileges. ^The Corporation pleaded their Charter, whereby thofe privileges were granted to them, et eo Warranto they claim to have and ufe thofe privileges. The King's Attorney replies, and faith. That (ince their Charter, the AS of Settlement empowers the Lord Lieu- tenant and Council to make rules and orders for the regu- lating Corporations : That accordingly fuch rules were made for this Corporation, among which one was. That they were to ele^ at a time different from that in theChar- ter, and return the names of the perfons the Corporation (hould eled yearly to be Mayor and Sheriffs to the Lord Lieutenant, to be approved of; et unde ex quo, that they did not fo ele3, and fend the names of fuch defied to be fo approved^ they forfeited their privileges. The Corporation in thei^ rejomder, gave a full anfwer to this new matter, raifed in replication^ on thcfe new rules; and fet fotth. That they did all along yearly eled, and fend up the names elefted, according to the rules, and that they were approved, &c. But further infifted at the bar. That they needed not to have any further rejoinder to the faid replication, or given any anfwer as to the matter in the faid replication alledged; bccavife, admitting the allegations in the faid replication to. be true, yet the replication aligns no breach by the Cor- poration ; for all that comes after the unde ex qu$,M but a • Thofe who are dtftrout of being tcqutinted with the intcrcfting hfftory of King James's endeavours to eftabliOi Popery in Ireltnd, wili pei ule King* J State cf tke^ Froteflants, That part which relate* the method or annuling ibe Proteftant Charter* by S^^a fFarrontti^ is contained ia Ibe gih Season.— Dublin 4to edit. 171 3. LONDON-DERRY. 191 a conclufion, andfolely aconcIufioTiy without any premifles; for tho' the new rules be fet forth, yet tis not faid in aH the replication. That the Corporation did not aft purAiant thereto, but only faith, unde^ex quo^ they did not, 5fc. 1. The Court faid, The anfwer given to the new rufcs was a departure from the matter pleaded, viz. theyjuftffy in the plea by the Charter, and in their rejoinder they fay, they chufe according to the new rules, which is another ivarrant to chufe, and fo the plea is vitious. To which the Corporation replied. That a departure is, when a party in a rejoinder fejts up a new title to a thing, or a new juftifici- tion not fet up in the plea ; biit \|\|^re ^they ftill juftify by their Charter, and the new rules made fubfequent is only to the modus of chufing, in refpeft of time, '&c. but the power of chufing is ftlll by tKe Charter. 2. The plea was not only a plain anfwer to a (hort quef- tion demanded by tha ^0 Warranto^ viz. by what warrant they claimed their privileges ; and the matter of the new- rules was fet up by the King in his replication, to which thfey had no opportunity of anfwering till they rejoind. 3. If it had been material to be fet forth in the plea, yet it being a condition fubfequent (if any thing) and going in deftruQion of, the Corporation privileges, they ought not firft by the rules of law to fet it forth, but it ought firft to come on the adverfaries part. 4. The Corporation urged, That the new rules did not in law work any forfeiture of privileges in cafe they were not obferved'; for they were in -the affirmative only, and the rule of law is. That afVs in the affirmative take not a- way a former power of doing a thing, but the fame may be done cither the firft way or the fecond. Notwithftanding all which, on the faid pretended defcSk in pleading, the merits of the caufe never coming in quef- tion, the Court gave judgement againft the Corporation, [ «9^ ] A LIST of the Lords who fat in King J anus' % Parlia- ment at Dublin, 7th May 1689, Sir Alexander Fitton, Baron I MCarty, Vifcount Mount- Gafworth^ Lord Chancellor. I GaJbeJ ; Dr. Mich. Boyle, Archbilhop I Cheevers, Vifcount Mount- o( Jrmagi, Primate. Duke. Rich. Talbot, Duke of Tyr- connelL Eauls. Nugent, Pari of Weflmeath^ McDonnell, E^rl of Antrim ; Barry, Earl of Barxymit^ ; Lambert, Earl of Cavan ; M'Carty, Earl of Clancarty ; Power, Earl of "Tyrone ; Angier, Earl of Longford \ Forbes, Earl of Granard ; Dungan, Earl of Limerick. Viscounts. Prefton, Vifcount Gorman* ftown ; Butler, V4fcountM(?tS[«/^<irr^/ ; Dillon, Vifcount Goflello and ■ Gallen ; Netterville, Vifcount Lowth ; Magennis, Vifcount Iveagh ; Sarsfield, YKcount KsIImallocii Burke, Vifcount Mayo ; Butler, Vifcount lierin; Dempfy , VifcountGAj«iwa//Vr; Butler, Vifcount Gatmoy ; Barnwell, Wkount KingJlanJ ; Bryan, Vifcount Glare ^ Parfons, Vifcount Rtff ; Bourk, Vifcount Gain ay ; Brown, Vifcount Kenmare ; Leinjler. Bishops. Ant. Doping, Bifliop oi Meath\ Tho.Otway, Bifliop of OJfory and Kilkenny ; Edw. Whettenally Bifhop ef Cork and Rofs ; Simon Digby, Bifhopof Lim- erick and Ardfert. Barons. Birmingham, Baron At7ienfy\ Courcy, Baron Kinjale ; Fitz-Morris, Baron Kerry and Lixnare ; Fleming, Baron SJane\ St. Laurence, Baron Howth ; Barnwell, BzTOtiTremkleJiowni Plunket, Baron Dun/any ; Butler, Baron Dunboyne ; Fitz-Patrick, Baron Upper^ Offory^ Plunket, Baron Louth ; Burke, Baron CafileConneU\ Butler, Baron Gahair ; Bourk, Baron Brittas v Blaney, Baron Monaghan ; Malone, Baron G lenmalen znd Courchey ; MG wire. Baron EniJkiUen ; Hamilton, Baron Strabane ; Bellew, Baron Duleek ; Bourk, Baron Bophine ; Nugent, Baron Riverjiown. [Then follows t Lift of the Houfe of Commons. A gre«t majority of thf names ate Irifh, but there «re no RcprcfcotatiTci for the Couotica of Perry, Donci^ai, and FcimaQagk.] t «93 ] A LI ST of the Members of the* Corporation of Lokdok* Derry, according to King J4mes\ Appointment, Mayor, Cormack CNeil. Sheriffs. Horace Kennedy t^_ Edward Brooks. Aldermen. Cohanagh M'Gwire, Gordon 0Neih Confiantine O^Neil, Cmjidnce O'Neill Mdnus 0Donnelt Peter Manhy^ Peter Dobhirt, Ant, Dobhin, yohn Campfte^ Dan. O'Dougierty, Wm. Hamilton, Roger O^Caian, DantelO'Dof.nel, JV/VA. Burn/tde^ Alexander Lecky^ Cm. O' Dougherty^ Paniel 0" Shell, Roger O'Douffhertyf Bryan O'Neil, John Buchanan, Chamberlain. Daniel O'Sheil Burgesses. Francii O^Cahan, Robert Butler^ Corn. O'Callaehan, Tho Moncriejf, Hugh O'Hagan, John M'Kinny, John Campfie^ Henry Campfie^ James Lenox ^ John Hagan^ fVm, Stanley, James Cnnor, Hugh Eady^ John Domugij AJex, Gordon, John Crook/hankfj Phelim MShaghlin^ JohnO^Lynchaghan^ Art. O'Hazan, Charles O'Shei^ Jrjhnlius.O'MuJhsn^ John Sheridan^ James Sheridan^ Con.O'Rofke, - Dominick B^y M'LaughSn^ John Nugrent^ Wm O'Boy, Jo^nO'Bov, Wm. O'SuUivan, Dionyjius M'LaughUn^ Manus (yCahdn^ Hugh M' Laughiittf Hugh More 0' Dougherty^ UlickO'Hogurty^ Henry AJh, , Tho. Broome^ Peter M'Peke, Henry Dsughrty^. l^ob^rt Shenan^ Corn MGrah^ Art. O'Hagan. [ >94 ] CORPORATION of STRABANE. Sovereign. John O' Neit^Shan Mac Cm Bakagh O'Neil. Burgesses. Gordon O'Neil — fon of Sir Fhehm O'Neil, the great rebel who was hanged ; he burnt Ftrabane in 1^641 ; John & Neil-Shane M'Neil, Rammer CPNeiJ^ Wm, Roe Hamilton ; Con. O'Neil; < JamesCum'npiami Robert Adams ; Cloud Hamilton ; Bryem O'Neil — M' Bryan APCormuck M'Rary Grana O'Neill • Join Bro h« ; Robert Gamble ; Patrick Bellew ^ JameiMGAeci Art. O' Neil— Art, MacO^Ntil Rammer O^Neil \ John Donnelly — Siane Fadda O' Donnelly ; James M'Anelly ; JoknMRory — Shane Groom M'Philip M'Rory^ burnt in the hand ; Terence Donnelly — Turlogh O' Donnelly I Henry 0Neil— Henry Mac- Philimy Duff MacArthur MRory O'Neil, his father hanged ; RogerM'Cony — RoryM' Bryan M^Con Modura MConway^ his father hanged ; DomM^Hugh—DomM'Rory BallaghM'tiugh^ Charles O'Cdhan — Cormuck M^Manus Keogh G^Cahan ; Charles GC$nway — Cormuck M'Owen Oge Modura Mac^ Conway. I 195 ] CORPORATION of LO^JDON-DERRY. J\.ING James I. In the l2th year of his reign^ granted^ by letters patent, to a certain number of the Citizens of LondcHi, incorporated by the name of The Society of the Governor and Affiftants of London of the New Plan- tation in Ulfter," and their fuccefforsi the City, .Fort, and Town of Derry, and all.the ifland of Deny, the , town of Coleraine, and divers other towns, baronies, viU lages, hamlets, &c. to be united and confoiidated, and thenceforth and for ever to.be a certain County, diftind by itfelf, by the name of TAe, County of London-Derry-^ Thefe letters patent were afterwards, annulled in the Court of Chancery— But, in the laih year of the reign of Charles II. they were renewed, and the London Society reftored to all their rights, privileges, and inter efls in the iaid County:of London-Derry. , By thefe letters patent, or. Charter, it is ordained, that the town of Derry Ihatl from henceforth and for ever be nwcitd txid cMt^T'^c City of tgOndon-Derry, and that all and fihgular the lands, tenements, houfes, edifices, waters, water-courfes, ground, and foil, fituate, laying and being within the faid City of .Derry, and within and through the fpace and circuit of 3000 Irifli paces,. Eng--. liihed 3 Irifti miles, to be nieafured and limited from the middle of the faid City of Londoiv-Derry aforefaid, from all •and every part of the faid City whatfoever, may and - iball be hereafter within the jurifdi^tion and liberties of the City aforeSiid ; and that the Mayor. and Comniumty and Citizens of the faid City of L<>^don-Derry, and their fucceflbrs, in. thefe prefents hereinafter mentioned and named, may be able to execute and exercife all laws and jurifdiSions hereinafter mentioned within the precinQ, compafs, limits, bounds, ami circuit aforefaid." •. U And. And it 18 ordained and appointed, ^^ that all Gtizens and Inhabitants of the City of London-Derry aforefaid^ anS they who (hall be hereafteir Cititens and Inhabitants of the faid City of London-Derry, and their fucceflors here- after for ever, may and ihall be, by virtue of thefe pre- jRsnts, one new body corporate and politic, in matter, fad, and name, by the name of the Mayoir atid Community and. more honeft and difcreet Citizens of the City aforefaid, or of the niore honeft and difcreet Inhabitants within the Liberties of the fanie, in form hereafter in' thefe prefents mentioned, fronk rime to time to be 9kofen, who (l>aU, be, (land, and be named Sheriffs of. the City of London- Dcrry aforefaid, and of the aforcfaid County of Lon-t don-Derry;-i?-Jsind that there' may alnd (hall be fwr ^ver within the City aforefaid, i of the more difcreet Citizen* of the faid Ci^^ or of the InhaBitams within the Liber- ties of the faid City, from time to tincie, in like nianner to be chofen,' who (hall be, and be called the Chamber-i Jain of the faid City ;— and that Itkcwife there be, and (hall be, for ever within the faid City of Londoh-Derry; 24 of the morie honeft and difcreet Citizens of the City a- forefaid, or of the Inhaijitants within the Liberties of the fame, in form' hereafter in thefe prefents mentioned, from time to time to be chofen, who (hall be, and be called Capital Bih^efles of the City aforefaid, which faid Capital BurgeflTes^ (hall be, from time to rime, in like man- ner aflTiftant and Jielpful to the Mayor and Aldermen of the faid City, in all matters and things touching or con- cerning the faid City or Liberties thereof, and they (hall be of the Common Council of ttie faid City. <« And, fpr the better direaion and government of all and all manner of matters for or concerning the City and' Citizens of London-Derty aforefaid, and the aforefaid City of London-Perry, and the plantations to be made in the I; 198 ] faid City and County of London-Dcrry, ^nd all other bufm^fles pertaining to the lame, We will and grant, ^nd by thefe prefents for us bui: heirs and fiicceflbrs, we or- dain and conftitute, That there may and (hall henceforth for ever be 26 honed and difcreet Citizens of our City of London, in our kingdom of England, to be chdfen an4 conftituted in form following, who (hall be and be called, 7he Society of the^overnor and AJftfidnts of London of the New Plantation in Vlfler in our kingdom of Ireland^ which faid Society in our City of London, (hall be and confift of one Governor, one Deputy of the feme Governor, and 25 Afliftants, of whom we will that the Governor dnd 5 Aflidants niay and (hall be Aldermen of our iaid City of London, and alfo, that the Recorder o^ our faid City of Lohcion, for the time being, may and (hall be? one of the aforefaiid AiTiftants, befides the faid 5 Alderoien and the Deputy of the aforefaid Governor^ and the reft of the AfTiftants of our faid City of London' " LIST £/*M^ Members ©/" M^ yfr/? Corporation of London-Derry. MAYOR, William Gardner, ECl- ALDERMEN, Earl of Montrath, Simon Pitt, • Henry Finch, Kalph Kinj^j John Handford^ John Elvin, John Gorges, Wra. Gatdner/ Henry Olbornc, George Cary, Tho. Moncricff, Hugh Edwards. SHERIFFS, ' Gervals Squire and Richard Graham. CHAMBERLAIN, - ' Henry Qftorne. CAPITAL BURGESSES,.	39,931
englandclarendon06claruoft_24	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,849	The history of the rebellion and civil wars in England, together with an historical view of the affairs of Ireland, now for the first time carefully printed from the original MS. preserved in the Bodleian Library : To which are subjoined the notes of Bishop Warburton	Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of, 1609-1674 \| Warburton, William, 1698-1779	English	Spoken	7,506	9,839	XI. 153, I. 5, and flourish.] The following account is from the MS. of the History : As soon as Cromwell had finished his work in Scotland with the marquis of Argyle, he found it necessary to make all possible haste to London, without making any stay by the way about Pontefract, or any thing else. When all outward enemies were subdued to their wish, the fire began already to be kindled in the houses, and the presbyterians took heart upon the confi- dence they had in the city of London, which stood yet entire, by reason that they had not exposed themselves to any dis- advantage, by declaring their affections either in the business of Kent or the siege of Colchester ; and the whole kingdom in general seemed very solicitous once more to treat with the king ; against which there was a declaration and resolution of both houses ; and if that should be recalled, their foundations were shaken, and they had nothing to insist upon. And there- fore when Cromwell returned, he used all his faculties of per- suading this man, and terrifying and threatening others, to induce them to adhere to their declaration and vote of making no more addresses to the king ; if it should depart from them, their reputation of constancy would be presently lost. Very many members of the house of commons, who had discontinued coming to the house from the very time that declaration had passed the house, came now thither again upon the account of the new debate against him. Whereupon, after Cromwell had tried all the ways he could, he was at last compelled to consent to what the major part of both houses so positively required ; and so they agreed to send commissioners once more to the king at the Isle of Wight, with their old demands upon the church, the militia, and Ireland ; which was now upon the matter reduced to the king's obedience, the city of Dublin excepted. But that they might be at a certainty in point of time, they resolved that the treaty should continue only for twenty days, at the expira- tion whereof the commissioners should be obliged to return, and to give the houses account of what the king should in that XL 153. APPENDIX 4 E. All the transactions passed in writing, the papers whereof are to be seen, which will make posterity wonder at the impudence and impiety of that time, that could treat such a prince in such a manner. "When the time grew to an expiration, the importu- nity of his friends wrought upon him to consent to so much as the commissioners who pressed most did believe would give satisfaction ; and they who knew the king best, did really think that his majesty much rather wished that the parliament would reject than accept it ; so far he was from being pleased with his own concessions. During the treaty, some of the commissioners treated the king very rudely, yet not with so much insolence as Jenkins and Spurstow, two presbyterian ministers, exercised towards him, who both were very saucy, telling him that he would be damned ; with which his majesty was not at all dis- turbed. They who had not seen the king &c. as in par, 157, l.i. 470 APPENDIX 4 S. XI. 194. 48. XI. 194, /. 1 8, glad to have seen him.] The MS. proceeds : Once afterwards he did endeavour to make an escape out of his window, having, as he thought, such provision made for him, that if he had been out of his [chamber] he might have been conveyed out of their reach ; but he was deceived by a vulgar assertion, that where the head can out, the whole body will follow ; and so having made an experiment with his head between the bars of the window, he concluded that he could easily have got out that way; but when he thought to have executed it, and had his head out, and used all the motions he could to draw his body after him, he found himself so straitened, that he could get neither backward [n]or forward ; and after much pain, sustained to no purpose, he was forced to call out for some to come for his relief; and so he was from without and from within helped back into his chamber, which put an end to all attempts of that kind ; and it was then believed that he was betrayed into that design, and that Rolph, who was afterwards accused of it, expected his descent from his window, with a purpose to have murdered him. [See doubts thrown on this story a few pages further in the history, par. 196.] 4T. XII. 65, 1. 5, news from Ireland.] The MS. thus continues : The marquis of Ormond, after all the promises of assistance made by the cardinal, had been compelled to transport himself without any supply of men or arms or money ; which he would never have done, if the importunity from the lord Inchiquin, and the confederate catholics, who could not agree without him, had not obliged him to it. They had agreed upon a cessation, which had driven the nuncio from thence ; but they could not agree upon a peace, (without which they could not join together against the parliament,) until the lord lieutenant came thither, who had the only power to make it. Where- upon, with all the presages of ill fortune within himself, and about the time that the Scots army under duke Hamilton was defeated, he embarked himself, only with his own servants, and some officers, at Havre de Grace, and arrived safely at Cork in the province of Munster, where the lord Inchiquin XII. 77- APPENDIX 4 U. 471 delivered up the government to him, and was by him made lieutenant-general of the army, which were all his own men, who had long served under him in the province of Munster, of which he was president, and with which he had reduced the Irish into those straits, that they were willing to unite with him on the king's behalf against the parliament forces, which possessed Dublin and the parts thereabouts. As soon as the marquis of Ormond was arrived, &c. as in par. 65, 1. 5. 4u. XII. 77, last line, temper of that court.] Thus continued in the MS. : During the time of their short stay at Paris, the queen used the chancellor very graciously, but still expressed trouble that he was sent in that embassy, which she said would be fruitless, as to any advantage the king would receive from it ; and she said, she must confess, that though she was not confident of his affection and kindness towards her, yet she believed that he did wish that the king's carriage towards her should be always fair and respectful ; and that she did desire that he might be always about his majesty's person ; not only because she thought he understood the business of England better than any body else, but because she knew that he loved the king, and would always give him good counsel towards his living virtuously ; and that she thought he had more credit with him than any other who would deal plainly and honestly with him. There was a passage at that time, of which he used to speak often, and looked upon as a great honour to him. The queen one day, amongst some of her ladies in whom she had most confidence, expressed some sharpness towards a lord of the king's council, whom she named not, who she said always gave her the fairest words, and promised her every thing she desired, and had persuaded her to affect somewhat that she had before no mind to, and yet she was well assured, that when the same was proposed to the king on her behalf, he was the only man who dissuaded the king from granting it. Some of the ladies seemed to have the curiosity to know who it was, which the queen would not tell. One of them, who was known to have a friendship for him, said, she hoped it was not the chancellor. To which her majesty replied with some quickness, that she 472 APPENDIX 4 Z. XII. 102. might be sure it was not he, who was so far from making promises, or giving fair words, and flattering her, that she did verily believe that if he thought her to be a whore he would tell her of it ; which when that lady told him, he was not displeased with the testimony. [See Clarendon's Life, part V.] 4x. XII. 8 1, I. 15, but had presumed &c.] Thus originally in the MS. : but for his vicious life, in keeping women in his house, to the more public scandal, because his wife was much respected in those parts, and was subjected to the insolence of those women in her own house, and was shortly after turned out of it, for being displeased with her rude treatment. They had driven the duke &c. as in line 21. 4Y. XII. 8 1, I. 35, command upon the prince.] The MS. adds : The marshal, who had then no old look, told them, it was full forty years since he was first made captain of a foot com- pany in Italy ; and he was alive above twenty years after this discourse. 4z. XII. 102, I. 12, ready to do all that was in his power — relief.] Originally thus in the MS. : to do all that was in his power for him. They then said somewhat of themselves, of their respect to him, and their desire to render themselves as acceptable to his catholic majesty as they could. The king was observed to speak with much more grace upon that occasion to the chancellor than to the other ; told him he had heard much of him, of his parts, and of his zeal for his master's service, for which he should be sure to have his favour always ; saying very little of grace to the lord Cottington. BISHOP WARBURTON'S NOTES ON LORD CLARENDON'S HISTORY OF THE REBELLION BISHOP WARBURTON'S NOTES. BOOK I. Par. 3. 1. 25. in which as I shall have the fate to be suspected rather for malice to many, than of flattery to any, so I shall, in truth, preserve myself from the least sharpness, that may proceed from private provocation.] This he generously verified in the case of his mortal enemy the lord Digby, whenever he becomes the subject of his discourse. Par. 4. 1. 25. and unpolished integrity of others.] Laud. Par. 6. 1. 6. And here I cannot but let myself loose to say.~\ As if he were speaking against his duty when he censured the crown. Par. 6. 1. 1 8. In which always the king had the disadvantage to harbour persons about him, &c.] It is plain then the king had indeed evil counsellors about him, as his enemies suggested, though apparently not those whom they designed by that title. Par. 7.1. 8. those ends being only discredited by the jealousies the people entertained from the manner of the prosecution, that they were other, and worse than in truth they were.] His meaning is apparently this : The people questioned (as well they might) whether he had their happiness in view, since he prosecuted that pretence by means very unjustifiable, namely, encroachments on the people's rights. The historian supposes the king had indeed that public end in view ; and so do I. Par. 7. 1. 20. And whoever considers the acts of power and injustice in the intervals of parliaments will not be much scan- dalized at the warmth and vivacity of those meetings.] This is a very honest declaration and confession of the arbitrary proceed- ings of the court. 476 WARBURTON'S NOTES. I. 8- Par. 8. 1. 12. And could it be imagined, that these men would meet again in a free convention of parliament, without a sharp and severe expostulation, and inquisition into their own right, and the power that had imposed upon that right?] In other words, the people long bore with patience a tyrannical invasion of their rights. Par. 9. 1. i. The abrupt and ungracious breaking of the two first parliaments.] A softer word for injurious. Par. 10. 1. i. I wonder less at the errors of this nature in the duke of Buckingham; who, having had a most generous education in courts, &c.] i. e. been received there on his very first appear- ance on the footing of a minion. A strange paraphrasis. Par. 10. 1. 6. in the space of a few weeks, without any visible cause intervening.] How could the historian say that, when the visible cause was the parliament's detecting the numerous false- hoods with which the duke imposed upon them at the conference concerning the Spanish match ! Par. 10. 1. 21. But that the other, the lord Weston, who had been very much and very popularly conversant in those conven- tions, who exactly knew the frame and constitution of the king- dom.] A confession that both of them violated the constitution, though not with equal knowledge. Par. ii. 1. i. There is a protection very gracious and just, which princes owe to their servants, when, in obedience to their just commands, upon extraordinary and necessary occasions, in the execution of their trusts, they swerve from the strict rule of the law, which, without that mercy, would be penal to them.] As for instance, during a hostile invasion of this country, the general's quartering his soldiers in private houses, marching through enclosures, &c. Par. 14. 1. i. And for the better taking this prospect, we will take a survey of the person of that great man, the duke of Buckingham, (who was so barbarously murdered at this time,) whose influence had been unfortunate in the public affairs, and whose death produced a change in all the counsels.] He would not say to, because that would imply a hurtful, baleful influence ; in, only an unsuccessful influence. Par. 19. 1. 22. it is not to be doubted but that he would have withdrawn his affection from the duke entirely before his death.] So that it appears he was weary of his favourite, at least, — 70. WARBURTON'S NOTES. 477 though he had not courage to deprive him of his power; yet even this the historian tells us he projected. See book I. par. 39. Par. 33. 1. 19. so that the prince and duke should afterwards, to one or both houses, as occasion should be offered, make a relation of what had passed in S^ain, especially concerning the palatinate.'] It is certain that both James and his son after him (as appears by the Clarendon State Papers) had suffered them- selves to be most egregiously duped throughout the whole course of that long and ignominious negociation by that most perfidious court of Spain. Had the difficulty of the father and son arisen from the necessity, if they would force Spain to leave off trifling, and do them justice, of joining France against them at a time when the political balance of Europe was greatly turned in favour of France, their backwardness had been commendable and noble; but it appears from the State Papers, that as it was in James the love of what he called peace, so in Charles it was the dread of a parliament. Par. 34. 1. 9. likewise'] likely. Par. 43. 1. 19. which breach upon his Jcingly power was so much without a precedent, (except one unhappy one made three years before, to gratify likewise a private displeasure,) that the like had not been practised in some hundred of years.] Is it a proof that the impeachment of a minister is a breach of the royal power because not practised of very many years ? Par. 49. 1. 31. the same men who had called him our saviour, for bringing the prince safe out of Spain, called him now the corrupter of the king, and betrayer of the liberties of the people, without imputing the least crime to him, to have been committed since the time of that exalted adulation, or that was not then as much known to them as it could be now.] They did not then know how he had imposed upon them in his false narrative. His other misdemeanours indeed they did know as well then as afterwards. Par. 50. 1. 14. And many persons of the best quality and con- dition under the peerage were committed to several prisons, with circumstances unusual as unheard of, for refusing to pay money required by those extraordinary ways.] If this was not tyranny, I do not know what is. Par. 70. 1. i. His single misfortune was, (which indeed was 478 WARBURTON'S NOTES. !.?< productive of many greater,) that he never made a noble and a worthy friendship with a man so near his equal, that he would frankly advise him for his honour and true interest, against the current, or rather the torrent, of his impetuous passions.] This is a mistake ; it appears from the letters that passed between him and Bacon, that he had the chancellor for his friend, who gave him much good advice, and was at length ruined by urging it too vehemently, against the alliance between the duke's brother and Cook's daughter. Par. 74. 1. 3. in a time when the crown was so poor, and the people more inclined to a bold inquiry how it came to be so, than dutifully to provide for its supply.] But was there not more of duty than boldness in the people's representatives to inquire how that power came to be poor ? Par. 8 1. 1. 12. he had the ambition to fix his eyes upon, and to dedicate his most violent affection to, a lady of a very sublime quality, and to pursue it with most importunate addresses.] Anne of Austria, queen of France. Par. 81. 1. 36. and the more notorious the king's displeasure was towards them.] Duke d'Espernon and the duchess of Chevreuse. Par. 88. 1. 1. And it cannot be denied, that from these two wars so wretchedly entered into, and the circumstances before mentioned, and which flowed from thence, the duke's ruin took its date, and never left pursuing him, till that execrable act upon his person, the malice whereof was contracted by that sole evil spirit of the time, without any partner in the conspiracy.] Why evil spirit, to endeavour by legal ways to overthrow a minister, the most debauched, the most unable, and the most tyrannical that ever was ? Par. 88. 1. u. under which it had enjoyed a greater measure of felicity than any nation was ever possessed of.] This fallacy runs through the whole history. The subjects were not to vin- dicate their rights and liberty overturned, because that either by the less tyrannical exercise of arbitrary power, or by the excellent frame of even an oppressed constitution, or by the lucky conjunctures of the times, England then enjoyed a very great measure of felicity. Par. 93. 1. 13. And the countess herself was, at the duke's leaving her, found overwhelmed in tears, and in the highest — io8. WAKBUBTON'S NOTES. 479 agony imaginable.] If there was any truth in the officer of Windsor's going to the duke on this errand, it appears plainly to me to be an imposition on the officer by the duke's mother, who regaled the poor man with the apparition and the secret. The duke confessing that one more knew of it besides himself, who seems to be the mother, from the duke's going to her in a rage, as suspicious of the contrivance, and her being found on his leaving her overwhelmed in tears, and in the highest agony, as being detected. Par. 96. 1. 17. who, though a man of great wit and good scho- lastic learning.] By scholastic learning, the historian means learn- ing in the bishop's own profession. Par. 96. 1. 32. And he himself had use of all his strength and skill (as he was an excellent wrestler) to preserve himself from falling, in two shocks.] That is, in the defensive only, as ap- pears by what is said of him, book I. par. 82. Par. 97. 1. i. He was a man of wonderful gravity and wis- dom ; and understood not only the whole science and mystery of the law at least equally with any man who had ever sate in that place, but had a clear conception of the whole policy of the government loth of church and state, which, by the unskilfulness of some well-meaning men, justled each the other too much.] Yet of this lord Coventry Whitelock says, " he was of no transcend- ent parts or fame." Which will you believe ? Here party was not concerned : certainly Hyde was a better judge of a man's parts, if not of his law. Par. 99. 1. i. He had, in the plain way of speaking and de- livery, without much ornament of elocution, a strange power of making himself believed, the only justifiable design of eloquence.] i. e. convincing men that those were his sentiments which he professed, and truly, to be so, and that they were sentiments to be followed. Par. 1 08. 1. 9. that the king was pleased twice to pay his debts ; at least, towards it, to disburse forty thousand pounds in ready money out of his exchequer.] I suppose the historian here may refer to the paper now in the first volume of the Clarendon State Papers, p. 30. 8vo. by which it appears, by an acknowledgment under the king's hand, that he had allowed this treasurer to receive to his own use certain sums, partly 480 WARBURTOFS NOTES. I. 108— from the exchequer, and partly from particulars, for royal favours, 44,500?. This was in the year 1 634. Par. 117. 1. 20. and he did too frequently gratify their unjus- tifiable designs and pretences : a guilt and mischief, all men who are obnoxious > or who are thought to be so, are liable to, and can hardly preserve themselves from.'] i. e. men, of whom the crown may take advantage for their misdemeanours, are compelled, when called upon, to do their dirty jobs. Par. 1 1 8. 1. 4. conversing little with any who were in common conversation.] i. e. much in the world. Par. 119. 1. 13. he made a wonderful and costly purchase of excellent statues, whilst he was in Italy and in Rome.] And the Marmora Arundeliana now at Oxford. Par. 119. 1. 17. had a rare collection of the most curious medals.] And engraved gems of all kinds. Par. 128. 1. i. He pretended to no other qualifications than to understand horses and dogs very well.] Whyte, sir Robert Sydney's agent, speaking of this person when he first went to court in 1600, in queen Elizabeth's time, says, "Mr. Philip Har- " bert is here, and one of the forwardest courtiers I ever saw in " my time ; for he had not been here four hours, but he grew " as bold as the best. Upon Tuesday he goes back again, full " sore against his will." Sydney Papers, vol. ii. p. 190. Par. 146. 1. 27. To which end the most proper expedients were best understood by them, not to enlarge it, by continuing and propagating the war.] Poverty of the crown, ungrammatical. Par. 146. 1. 40. And after some short unquietness of the people, and unhappy assaults upon the prerogative by the par- liament.] He means what the court called prerogative. Par. 146. 1. 44. there quickly followed so excellent a com- posure throughout the whole kingdom, that the like peace and plenty and universal tranquillity for ten years was never enjoyed by any nation.] Or rather torpor, arising from the desperate state into which the liberty of the people was fallen. Par. 147. 1. i. That proclamation, mentioned before, at the break of the last parliament, and which "inhibited all men to speak of another parliament," produced two very ill effects of different natures.] That this interpretation of the proclamation concerning parliaments, that the king intended that the people —148. WARBUKTON'S NOTES. 481 should think no more of them than he did, appears plainly from the following fact. In the year 1633, the king agreed upon a draught (which was by his direction drawn up by his ministers) of a circular letter for a voluntary contribution to the support of the queen of Bohemia and her children ; which, to put the people in better humour, concluded with these words : " After our having so long forborne to demand any of them " [the people] for foreign affairs ; assuring them, that as the " largeness of their free gift will be a clear evidence to us of " the measure of their affection towards us, which we esteem " our greatest happiness, so their forwardness to assist us in " this kind shall not make us more backward to require their " aid in another way, no less agreeable to us than to them, when " the season shall be proper for it" This paragraph the king struck out of the draught, and with his own hand hath added these words : / have scored out these eight lines, as not judging them fit to pass. See the Clarendon Collection of State Papers, vol. i. 8vo. published 1767, p. 113. Par. 147. 1. 9. that there was really an intention to alter the form of government, both in church and state.] Was there not? This is strange; for what follows [in par. 148.] shews that this intention was verified by practice. Par. 147. 1. 13. Then, this freedom from the danger of such an inquisition did not only encourage ill men to all boldness and license.] i. e. courtiers of corrupt principles. Par. 147. 1. 1 8. especially if they found themselves above the reach of ordinary justice, and feared not extraordinary, they by degrees thought that no fault which was like to find no punish- ment.] i. e. parliamentary. Par. 147. 1. 27. obsolete laws were revived, and rigorously executed, wherein the subject might be taught how unthrifty a thing it was, by too strict a detaining of what was his, to put the king as strictly to inquire what was his own.] i. e. it was the declared purpose of the court to teach him. Par. 148. 1. 1. And by this ill husbandry the king received a vast sum of money from all persons of quality, or indeed of any rea- sonable condition throughout the kingdom, upon the law of knighthood ; which, though it had a foundation in right, yet, in the circumstances of proceeding, was very grievous. And no less unjust projects of all kinds, many ridiculous, many scandalous, VOL. VI. I i 482 WARBUKTON'S NOTES. I. 164. all very grievous, were set on foot ; the envy and reproach of which came to the king, the profit to other men.] i. e. it was countenanced by old practice, now (from the reason of things) obsolete and out of use, which the author insinuates in the next sentence. Par. 155. 1.3. instances of power and sovereignty upon the liberty and property of the subject.] i. e. invasion. Par. 1^9. 1. i. Now after all this (and I hope I cannot be accused of much flattery in this inquisition.)] Certainly not flat- tery, but much prejudice, insensibly arising out of an honest gratitude towards the princes by whom he rose. Par. 1^9. 1. 10. enjoyed the greatest calm, and the fullest measure of felicity ', that any people in any age, for so long time together, have been blessed with.] See what is said on this head of felicity in par. 88. Par. 1 60. 1. n. and besides the blemish of an unparalleled act of blood upon the life of a crowned neighbour queen and ally, the fear and apprehension of what was to come (which is one of the most unpleasant kinds of melancholy) from an unknown, at least an unacknowledged, successor to the crown, clouded much of that prosperity then, which now shines with so much splendour before our eyes in chronicle.] But the historian should not have forgot the struggles she had to wrestle with, and which by a superior policy she so glorious overcame, not only laid the foundation of, but indeed produced all ih^i felicity which the historian so much boasts of under her successors, and which their perverse policy with some difficulty at length destroyed. Par. 163. 1. i. When these outworks were thus fortified and adorned, it was no wonder if England was generally thought secure, &o.] Considering all that the author has confessed of the attempts towards arbitrary [power], it is so far from being a wonder that a rich and happy people should not be disposed to sit down contented under those attempts, that it would have been a wonder if they should; since a people under those favourable circumstances only are disposed and enabled to vin- dicate endangered liberty. Par. 1 63 . 1. 3 1 . and it may be, this consideration might not be the least motive, and may not be the worst excuse for those counsels.] Machiavel never made a juster or profounder obser- vation. WARBURTOlSrS NOTES. 483 Par. 163. 1. 43. In a word, many wise men thought it a time, wherein those two miserable adjuncts, which Nerva was deified for uniting, imperium et libertas^ were as well reconciled as is possible.] This is perfectly astonishing to all who consider what went just before; and would make one suspect this to be a spurious addition. Par. 164. 1. 9. every man more troubled and perplexed at that they called the violation of one law, than delighted or pleased with the observation of all the rest of the charter. ,] And with reason. The historian confesses that the violation of this one law was supported in the courts of justice by a logic, (as he expresses it,) which left no man any thing which he might call his own, [par. 150. line 3 1.] So how could they be pleased with what was left, not by observation of the rest of the charter, as he represents it, but by a precarious suspension of the violation. Par. 164. 1. 21. whilst the indiscretion and folly of one sermon at Whitehall was more bruited abroad, and commented upon, than the wisdom, sobriety, and devotion of a hundred.] And with reason, because that one sermon was supported, cried up, and adopted by the court, while the hundred were neglected and discountenanced. Par. 165. 1. 9. that if the sermons of those times preached in court were collected together, and published, the world would receive the best bulk of orthodox divinity.] We can see nothing of this character in the sermons then and there preached and published, which are not a few ; on the contrary, they are full of pedantry and quibble. Par. 165. 1. 15. And I cannot but say, for the honour of the king,... there was not one churchman, in any degree of favour,... of a scandalous insufficiency in learning.] True. Par. 165. 1. 27. like pride in some, and like petulance in others.'] Laud and Wren. Par. 165. 1. 32. an ample recompense.] Not true. Par. 1 66. 1. 4. against which no kingdom in Christendom, in the constitution of its government, in the solidity and execution of the laws, and in the nature and disposition of the people, was more secure than England] Is not this a strong presumption that the court had administered sufficient cause for the discontents which followed I Par. 17 1. 1. 14. as they are equal promoters, &c.] This is very I i 2 484 WARBURTON'S NOTES. I. 171— obscure, but the sense of the whole period is this : It was thought fit to discountenance those who for the sake of popular- ity spoke in parliament what was ungrateful to the king. But the discountenance being supposed to proceed from the advice of Hamilton, the discountenance was of service to them, and made them more bold. Besides, they had art to shift from themselves the imputation of all that discountenance which they were unwilling to own was levelled at themselves. As on the other hand, when they could get any thing by the imputation of that discountenance, they were as dexterous in owning it, and proclaiming to all that it was so directed. Par. 173. 1. i. The king his son, with his kingdoms and other virtues.] The son had real virtues, the father had none. Par. 173. 1. 14. to accomplish which he was not less solicitous than the king himself, nor the king the less solicitous for his advice.] i. e. they encouraged and inflamed one another in their ill-timed and indiscreet zeal. Par. 176. 1. 5. whose satisfaction was not to be laboured J\ Certainly it was in indifferent matters, or St. Paul was much mistaken. Par. 177. 1. 25. that the exception and advice proceeded from the pride of their own hearts.] A very generous pride, arising, as he owns it did, from the jealousy of a dependency. Par. 178. 1. 9. they would with more confidence, though less reason, frame other exceptions, and insist upon them with more obstinacy.] He speaks of the church of Scotland as schismatics from the church of England ; which was by no means the case. They were not pleading for indulgence from an established church, but were themselves the established church, and de- bated about some projected alterations in worship and cere- monies. Par. 181. 1. n. this opinion.] It is of little significancy to the public whether the A. B. was in this sincere or not ; it is of the greatest importance to it that such opinions should be dis- couraged, and the authors of the actions consequent thereon punished. Par. 1 8 1 . 1. 13. for the good and honour of the state.~\ It is true he projected the advancing both by the same means, despotic power in the governors of both. What he thought of the state is seen from a very remarkable observation he makes of the king's WARBURTON'S NOTES. 485 giving up Strafford, in the History of his Life and Troubles, p. 178. Speaking of this latter he says, "He served a prince " who knew not how to be, or be made great ;" an observation that does as much honour to his penetration as dishonour to his principles. Par. 1 85. 1. 6. and had too great a jurisdiction over the church.] It is here used for credit, interest, or popularity. Par. 187. 1. 7. and having himself made a very little progress in the ancient and solid study of divinity.'] I doubt he means the divinity of the schools., which some churchmen whom he most reverenced had too high an opinion of. Par. 187. 1. 27. by encouraging another kind of learning and practice in that university, which was indeed according to the doctrine of the church of England.] The historian means Ar- minianism. Par. 189. 1. 3. the greatest of which was.] How could the his- torian say this was the greatest, when in the very next page he owns that Laud was vindictive and unjust. Par. 189. 1. 25. and a scholar of the most sublime parts.] He does not appear to be so by the history which he wrote in the Tower, of his trial and sufferings, though it surely deserves not the despicable character which Burnet has given of it. Par. 190. 1. 7. the duke of Buckingham, after he had made some experiments of the temper and spirit of the other people, nothing to his satisfaction. Par. 191. 1. 1. he retained too keen a memory of those who had so unjustly and uncharitably persecuted him before. Par. 191. 1. 8. so he entertained too much prejudice, &c.] Without doubt these were an impracticable people ; yet I am afraid the chief disgust that Buckingham took to them, after having courted them, arose from their not being found tractable to his schemes of arbitrary power. Par. 193. 1. 13. and the murmur and discontent that was, ap- peared to be against the excess of power exercised by the crown, and supported bythe judges in Westminster -hall.] As if this were a slight matter, when indeed all was at stake. Par. 193. 1. 21. and the cause of so prodigious a change.] He plainly means the conduct of the archbishop. Par. 193. 1. 22. The archbishop's heart was set upon the ad- vancement of the church.] An equivocal expression ; but it here means an accession of temporal grandeur. Par. 194. 1. 5. and were very averse from admitting any thing 486 WARBURTON'S NOTES. I. 194— they had not been used to, which they called innovation.] The mind of man is naturally framed to this aversion. Par. 194. 1. 13. most of the popular preachers, who had not looked into the ancient learning.'} Ancient or modern learning were equally favourable or disfavourable to this doctrinal point, just as the controversialist was disposed to the pro or con. Par. 196. 1. 13. (as sure no man had ever a heart more entire to the king, the church, or his country.)] This is true ; but then he was for an arbitrary king and an intolerant church. Par. 196. 1. 18. He did court persons too little.'] He was rude, and brutal to all suitors, as appears from the historian's own account in his own life lately published. This ecclesiastical minister, who was as inferior in politics to cardinal Richelieu as he was superior in theology, could not comprehend an important truth, which Richelieu had learned, when he said, that " if he " had not spent as much time in civilities as in business, he had "undone his master." Par. 196. 1. 37. upon the fame of their incontinence.] A spe- cies of proof now, with reason, thought iniquitous. Par. 20 1. 1. 12. He published a discourse.] Holy Altar, name, and thing. Par. 201. 1. 15. (though it abounded with too many light expres- sions.)] The truth is, it is written with a great deal of wit and satire, which the historian calls light expressions. But surely these were not misplaced on a subject which the historian in the foregoing page confesses to be light and trivial. Par. 202. 1. 6. men whose names were not much reverenced] Heylin. Par. 203. 1. 34. who well knew how to recompense discour- tesies] A discourtesy is certainly an injury, but the historian by that word here means refusal of a favour. Par. 204. 1. i . And the revenue of too many of the court con- sisted principally in inclosures. Ibid. 1. 7. And so he did a little too much countenance the commission for depopulation.] In- closures make depopulations in villages, which, when the hands no longer employed in agriculture cannot find employment in manufactures, is certainly injurious to the public ; when they can, it is as certainly beneficial. In sir Thomas Morels time (that great enemy to inclosures) the depopulation was hurtful, but in Laud's it was useful to the public. Par. 206. 1. 13. This inflamed more men than were angry —II. 32. WARBURTOFS NOTES. 487 before.] The resentment of the nobility on this occasion was surely most legitimate and reasonable. Par. 207. 1. i. In the mean time the archbishop himself was infinitely pleased with what was done.] This appears from his Journal ; on whose authority, I suppose, it is, that the historian makes the observation. Par. 207. 1. 20. and then drive him into choler, &c.] A fine picture of a well-trained courtier. BOOK II. Par. 6. 1. 10. in believing the pope to be Antichrist.'] This was never the court doctrine indeed ; yet it was certainly a great part of the religion of the reformed, when the separation from Rome was made, to believe that the pope was Antichrist. Par. 8. 1. i. The first canon defined and determined such an illimited power and prerogative to be in the king, according to the pattern (in express terms) of the kings of Israel.] The kings of Israel were despotic ; was it only a surprise or suspicion there- fore that the king aimed at arbitrary power ? Par. 8. 1. 18. thwarted their laws and customs. ,] It thwarted the natural and civil rights of all communities, and was rank priestcraft. Par. 9. 1. 5. and too much nourishment^] Strange he should think despotism and priestcraft any nourishment at all to the state, or even the church. Par. 9. 1. 17. to mention any practice of confession, (which they looked upon as the strongest and most inseparable limb of Antichrist,) and to enjoin, that no presbyter should reveal any thing he should receive in confession. ~] And is it not a limb of popery ? Par. 10. 1. 7. with all the art and artifices which administer jealousies of all kinds to those who were liable to be disquieted with them.] There needed no great artifice to do all this. Par. 26. 1. 9. and was capable from that hour of any impression the king would have fixed upon him.] A plain reproof of the court for not fixing that impression. Par. 3r. 1. 16. which remissness, to call it no worse. ] Which he might fairly have done. Par. 32. 1. 9. which proceeded from the excellency of his 488 WARBUETON'S NOTES. II. 32— nature, and his tenderness of blood.] It proceeded neither from tenderness of blood nor excellency of nature, but incapacity to prosecute any great enterprise. Laud knew the king better, when he said, He knew not how to be, nor to be made great. Par. 46. 1. 33. yet there was almost a general dislike of the war, both by the lords of the court^and of the country ; and they took this opportunity to communicate their murmurs to each other ; none of the persons who were most maligned for their power and interest with the king being upon the place.] i. e. almost ah1 the nobility of England, Laud and Strafford, and their creatures, being absent, had a dislike of this war. Whafc possibly could occasion so general a dislike, when the Scottish nation was as generally hated, but their belief that the king intended to govern arbitrarily ? and nothing could so facilitate that project as his conquest of Scotland. Hence their dislike of this expedition. Par. 48. 1. 14. who loved the church well enough as it was twenty years before ; and understood nothing that had been done in Scotland.] This shews that if he wanted parts, he neither wanted honesty nor prudence. Par. 48. 1. 38. till after the pacification was concluded.] A stronger instance of the king's want of real abilities for govern- ment cannot be conceived, than his not securing Essex to his interest, which was so easy to be done. So far from that, as we see in the next page, though infinitely deserving, and singularly so throughout this whole affair, he was dismissed in the crowd, and soon after greatly affronted by the denial of a very natural and reasonable request. Par. 52. 1. 17. all which wrought very much upon his rough proud nature.] It would have wrought upon any nature. Par. 53. 1. 26. The earl of Holland.] A very worthless courtier raised by the queen. Par. 54. 1. 33. which afterwards produced many sad disasters.] Meaning Vane^s minutes of the council-board, produced by his son to the destruction of Strafford. Par. 55. 1. 43. they made no longer scruple to impose what money they thought j#£.] This was repaying the king in his own coin. He raised money in England without the consent of the people, and in Scotland the people raised money without his consent. Par. 59. 1. 24. and the necessity that required it.] Here again — 69. WARBURTON'S NOTES. 489 the Scots paid the king in his own coin, pleading necessity to act against law, just as he had done in England. Par. 6 1. 1. 5. and that the strongest remedies must be provided to root out this mischief.] If you will believe some anecdotes published by Dr. Birch, the king had determined to strike off Lowden's head in the Tower without any form of process against him whatsoever.	27,519
narrativeofvoyag04beec_34	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,831	Narrative of a voyage to the Pacific and Beering's Strait, : to co-operate with the polar expeditions: performed in His Majesty's ship Blossom, under the command of Captain F.W. Beechey, R.N. F.R.S., F.R.A.S., and F.R.G.S. in the years 1825, 26, 27, 28. Published by authority of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty	Beechey, Frederick William, 1796-1856	English	Spoken	6,789	8,577	When the boats landed the next day to fill the casks, Mr. Smyth, who had charge of the party, was desired to arm his people, and to order the Esquimaux off the island if they were offensive to him, or interfered with the duty. On landing, the natives met him on the beach, and were very anxious to learn whether the muskets were loaded, and to be allowed to feel the edges of the cutlasses, and were not at all pleased at having their request refused. The arms were rolled up in the sail for the purpose of being kept dry, but one of the natives insisted on having the canvas unrolled, to see what it contained, and on being re- fused he drew his knife, and threatened the seaman who had charge of it. Coupling this act with the conduct of the party on the before- mentioned occasions, Mr. Smyth ordered the arms to be loaded ; on which the natives fled to their baidar, and placed every thing in her in readiness to depart on a minute's warning, and then, armed with their bows and arrows and knives, they drew up on a small eminence and twanged their bow-strings, as before, in defiance. A few minutes before this occurred, five of the party, who had separated from their com- panions, attacked two of our seamen, who were at some distance from Mr. Smyth, digging a grave for their unfortunate shipmate, and coming 4 b 2 1:f -I 556 VOYAGE TO THE <l! Sept. 1827. 1 CHAP, suddenly upon them, while in the pit, three of the party stood over the ^^.^ workmen with their drawn knives, while the others rifled the pockets of their jackets, which were lying at a little distance from the grave, and carried away the contents, together with an axe. The hostile dis- position of the natives on the hill, who were drawn up in a line in a menacing attitude, with their bows ready strung, and their knives in their left hands, obliged Mr. Smyth to arm his people, and, in com- pliance with his instructions, to proceed to drive them off the island. He accordingly advanced upon them, and each individual probably had singled out his victim, when an aged man of the Esquimaux party made offers of peace, and the arms of both parties were laid aside. The mediator signified that he wanted a tub, that had been left at the well, which was restored to him, and the axe that had been taken from the grave was returned to our party. The Esquimaux then embarked, and paddled towards Escholtz Bay. I have been thus particular in describing the conduct of these people, in consequence ofamore tra- gical affair which occurred a few days afterwards. Strong winds prevented the completion of our water for several days ; but on the 29th it was in progress, when the same party landed upon the island near our boat. The day being very fine, several of the officers had gone in pursuit of ptarmigan, which were about this time col- lecting in large flocks previous to their migration ; and I was completing a series of magnetical observations in another part of the island. The first lieutenant observing a baidar full of men approach the island, despatched Lieutenant Belcher to the place with orders to send them away, provided there were any of the party among them who had behaved in so disorderly a manner on the recent occasion. On landing, he immediately recognised one of the men, and ordered the whole of the party into the baidar. They complied very reluctantly; and while our seamen were engaged pushing them off; they were occupied in preparations for hostility, by putting on their eider-duck frocks over their usual dresses, and un- covering their bows and arrows. They paddled a few yards from the beach, and then rested in doubt as to what they should do ; some me- nacing our party, and others displaying their weapons. Thus threatened, and the party making no attempt to depart, but rather propelling PACIFIC AND BEERING'S STRAIT. 557 their baidar sidewise toward the land, Mr. Belcher fired a ball between them and the shore, and waved them to begone. Instead of obeying his summons, they paddled on shore instantly, and quitted their baidar for a small eminence near the beach, from whence they discharged a flight of arrows, which wounded two of our seamen. Their attack was of course returned, and one of the party was wounded in the leg by a musket ball. Until this time they were ignorant of the effect of firearms, and no doubt placed much confidence in the thickness of their clothing, as, in addition to their eider-duck dress over their usual frock, they each bound a deer-skin round them as they quitted their baidar ; but seeing the furs availed nothing against a ball, they fled with precipitation to the hills ; and the commanding officer of the Blossom observing them running towards the place where I was engaged with the dipping needle, fired a gun from the ship, which first apprised me of any thing being amiss. On the arrival of the cutter, I joined Mr. Belcher, and, with a view of getting the natives into our possession, I sent a boat along the beach, and went with a party over land. We had not pro- ceeded far, when suddenly four of the marines were wounded with arrows from a small ravine, in which we found a party so screened by long grass that it was not visible until we were close upon it. The na- tives were lying upon the ground, peeping between the blades of grass, and discharging their arrows as opportunity offered. In return, one of them suffered by a ball from Mr. Elson ; on which I stopped the firing, and endeavoured ineffectually to bring them to terms. After a con- siderable time, an elderly man came forward with his arms and breast covered with mud, motioning us to begone, and decidedly rejecting all offers of reconciliation. Unwilling to chastise them further, I with- drew the party, and towed their baidar on board, which kept them prisoners upon the island. 1 did this in order to have an opportunity of bringing about a reconciliation, for I was unwilling to allow them to depart with sentiments which might prove injurious to any Europeans who might succeed us ; and I thought that by detaining them we should be able to convince them our resentment was unjustifiably provoked, and that when they conducted themselves properly, they should com- mand our friendship. This baidar had a large incision in her bottom, CHAP. XIX. 558 VOYAGE TO THE CHAP, made by the person who last quitted her when the party landed, and ■.^^L/ must have been done either with a view of preventing her being carried Sept. away, or by depriving themselves of the means of escape, showing their resolution to conquer or die. We repaired her as well as we could, and kept her in readiness to be restored to her owners on the first favourable opportunity that offered. The next morning a boat was sent to bring them to friendly terms, and to return every thing that was in the baidar, except some fish which they had brought for sale, in lieu of which some blue beads and tobacco were left, but the natives were averse to reconciliation, and kept themselves concealed. The night was severely cold, with snow showers ; and next day, seeing nothing of the party, the baidar was re- turned. The natives removed her during the night to the opposite side of the island, where she appeared to be undergoing an additional repair ; but we saw none of the people, who must have secreted them- selves on the approach of the boat. We took every opportunity of showing them we wished to obtain their friendship, but to no purpose ; they would not make their appearance, and the next night de- camped, leaving a few old skins in return for the articles we had left for them. On examining the ravine in which they had concealed themselves, we found one man lying dead, with his bow and quiver, containing five arrows, placed under his body, and clothed in the same manner as when he quitted the baidar. The ravine was con- veniently adapted to the defence of a party, being narrow, with small banks on each side of it, behind which a party might discharge their arrows without much danger to themselves until they became closely beset; to obviate which as much as possible, and to sell their lives as dearly as they could, we found they had constructed pits in the earth by scooping out holes sufficiently large to contain a man, and by banking up the mud above them. There were five of these exca- vations close under the edges of the banks, which were undermined ; one at the head of the ravine, and two on each side, about three yards lower down ; the latter had a small communication at the bottom, through which an arrow might be transferred from one person to another, without incurring the risk of being seen by passing it over the top. The construction of these pits must have occupied the man who PACIFIC AND BEERING'S STRAIT. 559 Sept. 1827. presented himself to us with his arms covered with mud: as a defence CHAP. • XIX they were as perfect as circumstances would allow, and while they show ^^^ the resources of the people, they mark a determination of obstinate re- sistance. The effect of the arrows was fully as great as might have been expected, and, had they been properly directed, would have inflicted mortal wounds. At the distance of a hundred yards a flesh-wound was produced in the thigh, which disabled the man for a time ; and at eight or ten yards another fixed the right arm of a marine to his side ; a third buried itself two inches and a half under the scalp. The wounds which they occasioned were obliged to be either enlarged to extract the arrows, which were barbed, or to have an additional incision made, that the arrow might be pushed through without further laceration. Most of these wounds were inflicted by an arrow with a bone head, tipped with a pointed piece of jaspar. We were sorry to find our musketry had inflicted so severe a chastisement upon these people, but it was unavoidable, and richly deserved. It was some consolation to reflect that it had fallen upon a party from whom we had received repeated insult, and that it was not until after they had threatened our boat in Escholtz Bay, insulted us alongside the ship, defied our party on shore, had twice drawn their knives upon our people, and had wounded several of them, that they were made acquainted with the nature of our fire-arms ; and I am con- vinced the example will have a good effect, by teaching them that it was forbearance alone that induced us to tolerate their conduct so long. For the purpose of keeping together the particulars of our trans- actions with the Esquimaux, I have omitted to mention several occurrences in the order in which they transpired. Many circum- stances indicated the earlier approach of winter than we had experienced the preceding year. About the middle of September, therefore, we began to prepare the ship for her departure, by completing the water, taking on board stone ballast in lieu of the provisions that had been expended, and refitting the rigging. These operations were for several davs interrupted by strong westerly winds, which occasioned much sea at the anchorage, and very unaccountably had the effect of producing remarkably low tides, and of checking the rise which on several occa- sions was scarcely perceptible. 11 1' 81 ^m2mFgm^&^^z&r^^^.<'- 560 VOYAGE TO THE CHAP. XIX. Oct. 182/. On the 18th a party of the officers landed in Escholtz Bay to search for fossils, but they were unsuccessful, in consequence of an irregularity in the tide, which was on that occasion unaccountably high, and scarcely fell during the day. The cliffs had broken away considerably since the preceding year ; and the frozen surface of the cliff appeared in smaller quantities than before, but the earth was found congealed at a less depth from the top. This examination tended to confirm more steadfastly the opinion that the ice forms only a coating to the cliff, and is occasioned by small streams of water oozing out, which either become congealed themselves in their descent, or convert into ice the snow which rests in the hollows. On the 24th and 28th the nights were clear and frosty, and the aurora borealis was seen forming several arches. On the 28th the dis- play was very brilliant and interesting, as it had every appearance of being between the clouds and the earth ; and after one of these dis- plays, several meteors were observed issuing from parts of the arch, and falling obliquely toward the earth. This was also one of the rare instances of the aurora being seen to the southward of our zenith. In the beginning of October we had sharp frosts and heavy falls of snow. On the 4th the earth was deeply covered, and the lakes were frozen ; the thermometer during the night fell to 25°, and at noon on the 5th to 24°, and there was every appearance of the winter having commenced. It therefore became my duty seriously to consider on the propriety of continuing longer in these seas. We had received no intelligence of Captain Franklin's party, nor was it very probable that it could.now appear; and we could only hope, as the time had arrived when it would be imperative on us to withdraw from him the only relief he could experience in these seas, that he had met with insurmountable obstacles to his proceeding, and had retraced his route up theM'Kenzie River. Anxious, however, to remain to the last, on the chance of bein.o- use- ful to him, I again solicited the opinions of the officers as to the state of the season, and finding them unanimous in believing the winter to have commenced, and that the ship could not remain longer in Kotzebue Sound with safety, I determined to quit the anchorage the moment the wind would permit. Weighing the probability of Captain Franklin's i PACIFIC AND BEERING'S STRAIT. : i> 561 Oct. 1827- arrival at this late period in the season, no one on board, I believe, CHAP, thought there was the smallest chance of it ; for, had his prospects the preceding year been such as to justify his wintering upon the coast, the distance remaining to be accomplished in the present season would have been so short that he could scarcely fail to have performed it early in the summer, in which case we must have seen him long before this date, unless, indeed, he had reached Icy Cape and found it ad- visable to return by his own route, a contingency authorized by his instructions. Upon the chance of his arrival after the departure of the ship, the provision that had been buried for his use was allowed to remain, and the billet of wood was again deposited on the island, containing a statement of the behaviour of the natives, and of other particulars, with which it was important that he should be made acquainted. On the 6th, sharp frosty weather continuing, we weighed from Chamisso and beat out of the sound. In passing Cape Krusenstern we perceived a blink in the N. W. direction similar to that over ice, and it is not unlikely that the westerly winds which were so prevalent all the summer had drifted it from the Asiatic shore, where it rests against the land in a much lower parallel than upon the American coast. As we receded from the sound the wind freshened from the N. W. with every appearance of a gale ; we kept at a reasonable distance from the land until daylight, and then steered towards Cape Prince of Wales, with the view of passing Beering's Strait. Our depth of water thus far had been about fifteen fathoms, but at eleven o'clock in the forenoon it began to diminish, and the sea being high, the course was altered to increase our distance from the coast ; we had scarcely done this when the water shoaled still more, and a long line of breakers was observed stretching from the land, crossing our course, and extending several miles to windward. The weather was so hazy that we could scarcely see the land, but it was evident that we had run down between the coast and a shoal, and as there was no prospect of being able to weather the land on the opposite tack, the only alternative was to force the ship through the breakers ; we accordingly steered for those parts where the sea broke the least, and kept the ship going at the rate 4 c 5g^gfc^«Sg»g^^ 562 VOYAGE TO THE CHAP. XIX. Oct. 1827. 1 of seven knots, in order, as the shoal appeared to be very narrow, that she might not hang, in the event of touching the ground. The sea ran very high, and we entered the broken water in breathless suspense, as there was very little prospect of saving the ship, in the event of her becoming fixed upon the shoal. Four fathoms and a half was communicated from the channels, a depth in which it may be recollected we disturbed the bottom in crossing the bar of San Francisco ; the same depth was again reported, and we pursued our course momentarily expecting to strike. Fortunately this was the least depth of water, and before long our soundings increased to twenty fathoms, and having escaped the danger, we resumed our course for the strait. This shoal, which appears to extend from Cape Prince of Wales, taking the direction of the current through the strait, is extremely dan- gerous, in consequence of the water shoaling so suddenly, and having deep water within it, by which a ship coming from the northward may be led down between the shoal and the land, without any suspicion of her danger. Though we had nothing less than twenty-seven feet water, as near as the soundings could be ascertained in so high a sea, yet, from the appearance of the breakers outside the place where the ship crossed, the depth is probably less. It is remarkable that this spit of sand, extending so far as it does from the land, should have hitherto escaped the observation of the Russians as well as of our countrymen. Cook, in his chart, marks five fathoms close off the cape, and Kotzebue three, but this spit appeared to extend six or seven miles from it : it is true that the weather was very hazy, and we might have been de- ceived in our distance from the shore ; but it is also probable that the spit may be extending itself rapidly. We passed Beering's Strait about one o'clock, as usual with a close reefed topsail breeze, and afterwards ran with a fresh gale until midnight, when, as I wished to see the eastern end of St. Lawrence Island, we rounded to for daylight. It was, however, of little con- sequence, as the weather was so foggy the next day that we could not see far around us. As we approached the island, flocks of alca crestatella and of eider and king ducks, and several species of phaloropes, flew about PACIFIC AND BEERING'S STRAIT. 563 Oct. 1827. us, but no land was distinguished. About noon the water shoaling CHAP, gradually to eleven fathoms, created a doubt whether we were not ^~~ running upon the island ; but on altering the course to the eastward, it deepened again, and by the observations of the next day it appeared that the ship had passed over a shoal lying between St. Lawrence Island and the main. It is a curious fact, that this shoal is precisely in the situation assigned to a small island which Captain Cook named after his surgeon, Mr. Anderson ; and as that island has never been seen since, many persons, relying upon the general accuracy of that great navigator, might suppose the island to have been sunk by some such convulsion as raised the island of Amnuk in the same sea ; while others might take occasion from this fact to impeach the judg- ment of Cook. I am happy to have an opportunity of reconciling opinions on this subject, having discovered a note by Captain JBligh, who was the master with Captain Cook, written in pencil on the margin of the Admiralty copy of Cook's third voyage, by which it is evident that the compilers of the chart have overlooked certain data collected off the eastern end of St. Lawrence Island, on the return of the ex- pedition from Norton Sound, and that the land, named Anderson's Island, was the eastern end of the island of St. Lawrence ; and had Cook's life been spared he would no doubt have made the necessary correction in his chart. Thick weather continued until the 10th, when, after some hard showers of snow, it dispersed, and afforded us an opportunity of deter- mining the position of the ship by observation, which agreed very nearly with the reckoning, and showed there had been no current of con- sequence. Two days afterwards we saw the island of St. Paul, and endeavoured to close it in order to examine its outline, and compare our observations with those of the preceding year ; but the wind obliged us to pass at the distance of eight miles to the eastward, and we could only accomplish the latter. The next morning we passed to the eastward of St. George's Island, and fixed its position also. This was the island we were anxious to see the preceding year, as its situation upon our charts was very uncertain, and in some of the most approved charts it is omitted altogether. 4 c 2 564 VOYAGE TO THE CHAP. XIX. Oct. 1827. Off here we observed a number of shags, a few albatrosses, flocks of ortolans, and a sea otter. At daylight on the 14th, we saw the Aleutian Islands, and steered for an opening which by our reckoning should have been the same strait through which we passed on a former occasion ; but the islands being covered more than half way down with a dense fog, we were unable to ascertain our position correctly ; and it was hot until the latitude was determined by observation that we discovered we were steering for the wrong passage. This mistake was occasioned by a current S. 34° W. true, at the rate of nearly three miles an hour, which in the last twelve hours had drifted the ship thirty-five miles to the westward of her expected position. Fortunately the wind was fair, and enabled us to correct our error by carrying a press of sail. Before sunset we got sight of the Needle Rock in the channel of Oonemak, and passed throught the strait. The strength and uncertainty of the currents about these islands should make navigators very cautious how they approach them in thick weather : whenever there is any doubt, the most certain course is to steer due east, and make the Island of Oonemak, which may be known by its latitude, being thirty miles more northerly than any other part of the chain ; and then to keep along its shores at the distance of four or five miles, until the Needle Rock, which lies nearly opposite the Island of Coogalga, is passed ; after which the coast on both sides trends nearly east and west, and a ship has an open sea before her. The Aleutian Islands, when we passed, were covered about two- thirds of the way down with snow, and indicated an earlier winter than they had done the preceding year. Having taken our final leave ofBeering's Strait, all hope of the attainment of the principal object of the expedition in the Polar Sea was at an end ; and the fate of the expedition under Captain Franklin, which was then unknown to us, was a subject of intense interest. Amidst the disappointment this failure in meeting with him had occasioned us, we had the consolation of knowing that whatever vicissitude might have PACIFIC AND BEERING'S STRAIT. 565 Oct. 1827. befallen his party, our efforts to maintain our station in both years had, CHAP, by the blessing of Providence, been successful, so that at no period of w^^ the appointed time of rendezvous could he have missed both the boat and the ship, or have arrived at the appointed place in Kotzebue Sound without finding the anticipated relief. The enterprising voyage of Captain Franklin down the Mackenzie and along the northern shores of the continent of America is now familiar to us all, and, considering that the distance between the ex- tremities of our discoveries was less than fifty leagues, and that giving him ten days to perform it in, he would have arrived at Point Barrow at the precise period with our boat, we must ever regret that he could not have been made acquainted with our advanced situation, as in that case he would have been justified in incurring a risk which would have been unwarrantable under any other circumstances. Let me not for a moment be supposed by this to detract one leaf from the laurels that have been gained by Captain Franklin and his enterprising associates, who, through obstacles which would have been insurmountable by persons of less daring and persevering minds, have brought us ac- quainted with an extent of country which, added to the discovery it was our good fortune to push so far along the shore to the westward of them, has left a very small portion of the coast unknown. The extent of land thus left unexplored between Point Turnagain and Icy Cape is comparatively so insignificant that, as regards the ques- tion of the north-west passage, it may be considered to be known ; and in this point of view both expeditions, though they did not meet, may be said to have been fully successful. From the nature and similarity of the coast at Return Reef and Point Barrow, it is very probable that the land from Franklin Extreme trends gradually to the eastward to Return Reef, leaving Point Barrow in latitude 71° 23' 30" N. the northern limit of the continent of America. The determination of this great geographical question is un- doubtedly important ; but though it sets a boundary to the new conti- nent, and so far diminishes the difficulties attending an attempt to effect a passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic, yet it leaves the practicability of the north-west passage nearly as doubtful as ever ; ^^^m^^^^^^m^^^^m^^m^ 41' 566 CHAP. XIX. Oct, 1827. VOYAGE TO THE and it is evident that it cannot be otherwise, until the obstructions set forth in Captain Parry's voyage are removed, as it would avail little to be able to reach Hecla and Fury Strait, provided that channel were always impassable. From what has been set forth in the foregoing narrative of our pro- ceedings, it is nearly certain that, by watching the opportunity, a vessel may reach Point Barrow, and in all probability proceed beyond it. Had we been permitted to make this attempt, we should no doubt be able to speak more positively upon this subject ; and, as I have always been of opinion that a navigation may be performed along any coast of the Polar Sea that is continuous, I can see no insurmountable obstacle to the exploit. In this attempt, however, it is evident that a vessel must be prepared to encounter very heavy pressure from the ice, and must expect, on the ice closing the coast to the westward of Point Barrow, which it un- questionably would with every strong westerly wind, to be driven on shore in the manner in which our boat was in 1826. As regards the question, whether it be advisable to attempt the passage from the Atlantic or the Pacific, the advantage of being able to pursue the main land with certainty from Icy Cape is unquestionably great ; and the recollection that in that route every foot gained to the eastward is an advance toward the point whence supplies and succour may be obtained, is a cheering prospect to those who are engaged in such an expedition. But while I so far advocate an attempt from this quarter, it must not be overlooked that the length of the voyage round Cape Horn, and the vicissitudes of climate to be endured, present ma- terial objections to prosecuting the enterprise by that course. It does not appear that any preference can be given to the western route from prevailing winds or currents, as both are so variable and un- certain, that no dependence can be placed upon them. In 1826, easterly winds prevailed almost throughout the summer, both on the northern coast of America, and in the open sea to the westward of Icy Cape : while in 1827, in the latter situation at least, the reverse took place. And as the coincidence of winds experienced by Captain Franklin and ourselves in 1826 is very remarkable, there is every probability that the same winds prevailed to the eastward of Point Barrow. PACIFIC AND BEERING'S STRAIT. 567 Oct. 182/. The current, though it unquestionably sets to the northward CHAP, through Beering's Strait, in the summer, does not appear to influence J^_ the sea on that part of the northern coast of America which is naviga- ble ; as Captain Franklin, after the experience of a whole summer, was unable to detect any current in either direction. In the sea to the westward of Icy Cape, the current setting through Beering's Strait is turned off by Point Hope, and does not appear to have any perceptible influence on the water to the north-eastward of Icy Cape ; for the cur- rent there, though it ran strong at times, seemed to be influenced entirely by the prevailing wind. The body of water which finds its way into the Polar Sea must undoubtedly have an outlet, and one of these appears to be the Strait of Hecla and Fury ; but as this current is not felt between the ice and the continent of America, the only part of the sea that is navigable, it must rather impede than favour the enterprise, by blocking the ice against the strait, and the western coast of Melville Peninsula. Upon the whole, however, I am disposed to favour the western route, and am of opinion that could vessels properly fitted, and adapted to the service, arrive in good condition in Kotzebue Sound, by the beginning of one summer, they would with care and patience succeed in reaching the western shore of Melville Peninsula in the next. I shall now offer a few remarks upon the inhabitants whom we met upon this coast. The western Esquimaux appear to be intimately connected with the tribes inhabiting the northern and north-eastern shores of America in language, features, manners, and customs. They at the same time, in many respects, resemble the Tschutschi, from whom they are pro- bably descended. These affinities I shall notice as I proceed with my remarks upon the people inhabiting the north-west coast of America, whom, for the convenience of the reader, I shall call the western Esqui- maux, in order to distinguish them from the tribes inhabiting Hud- son's Bay, Greenland, Igloolik, and indeed from all the places east- ward of Point Barrow. This line ought properly to be drawn at M'Kenzie River, in consequence of certain peculiarities connecting the people seen near that spot with the tribe to the westward, but it ■;-■ '-': S^Tfr *^&^^T^^^^^^mSgm 568 VOYAGE TO THE CHAP. XIX. Oct. 1827. will be more convenient to confine it within the above-mentioned limits. These people inhabit the north-west coast of America, from 64° 34' N. to 71° 24' N., and are a nation of fishermen dwelling upon or near the sea shore, from which they derive almost exclusively their sub- sistence. They construct yourts or winter residences upon those parts of the shore which are adapted to their convenience, such as the mouths of rivers, the entrances of inlets, or jutting points of land, but always upon low ground. They form themselves into communities, which seldom exceed a hundred persons ; though in some few instances they have amounted to upwards of two hundred. Between the above- mentioned limits we noticed nineteen of these villages, some of which were very small, and consisted of only a few huts, and others appeared to have been deserted a long time ; but allowing them all to be in- habited in the winter, the whole population, I should think, including Kow-ee-rock, would not amount to more than 2500 persons. I do not pretend to say that this estimate is accurate, as from the manner in which the people are dispersed along the coast in the summer time, it is quite impossible that it should be so ; but it may serve to show that the tribe is not very numerous. As we landed upon every part of the coast, to which these villages appear to be confined, it is not likely that many escaped our observa- tion ; neither is it probable that there are many inland or far up the rivers, as frequent access to the sea is essential to the habits of the people. Besides this may further be inferred, from the circumstance of no Esquimaux villages being found up either the M'Kenzie or Cop- permine rivers, and from the swampy nature of the country in general, and the well-known hostile disposition of the Indians towards the Esquimaux. Their yourts or winter residences are partly excavated in the earth, and partly covered with moss laid upon poles of driftwood. There are, however, several kinds of habitations, which seem to vary in their con- struction according to the nature of the ground and the taste of the inhabitants. Some are wholly above ground, others have their roof scarcely raised above it ; some resemble those of the Tschutschi, and Oct. 1827. PACIFIC AND BEERING'S STRAIT. others those of the natives near Prince William Sound ; but they all CHAP VTV agree in being constructed with driftwood covered with peat, and in .^ ' having the light admitted through a hole in the roof covered with the intestines of sea animals. The natives reside in these abodes during the winter, and when the season approaches at which they commence their wanderings, they launch their baidars, and taking their families with them, spread along the coast in quest of food and clothing for the ensuing winter. An experienced fisherman knows the places which are most abundant in fish and seals, and resorts thither in the hope of being the first occupier of the station. Thus almost every point of land and the mouths of all the rivers are taken possession of by the tribe. Here they remain, and pass their time, no doubt, very happily, in the constant occupation of taking salmon, seals, walrusses, and rein- deer, and collecting peltry, of which the beaver-skins are of very superior quality, or whatever else they can procure which may prove useful as winter store. During their absence the villages are left in charge of a few elderly women and children, with a youth or two to assist them, who, besides preventing depredations, are deputed to cleanse and prepare the yourts for the reception of the absentees at the approach of winter. As long as the fine weather lasts they live under tents made of deer-skins laced upon poles ; but about the middle of September, they break up these establishments, load their baidars with the produce of their labour, and track them along the coast with dogs towards their yourts, in which they take up their winter station as before, regaling themselves after their success by dancing, singing, and banqueting, as appears to be the custom with the Eastern Esquimaux, and from their having large rooms appropriated to such diversions. These winter stations may always be known at a distance by trunks of trees, and frames erected near them ; some supporting sledges and skins of oil, and others frames of boats, caiacs, fishing implements, &c. We had no opportunity of witnessing their occupations in the winter, which must consist in the constructing of implements for the forthcoming season of activity, in making clothes, and carving and orna- menting their property, for almost every article made of bone is covered 4 d 570 VOYAGE TO THE CHAP. XIX. Oct. 1827. with devices. They appear to have no king or governor, but, like the patriarchal tribes, to venerate and obey the aged. They have some times a great fear of the old women who pretend to witchcraft. It seems probable that their religion is the same as that of the Eastern Esquimaux, and that they have similar conjurers and sor- cerers. We may infer that they have an idea of a future state, from the fact of their placing near the graves of their departed friends the necessary implements for procuring a subsistence in this world, such as harpoons, bows and arrows, caiacs, &c. and by clothing the body decently ; and from the circumstance of musical instruments being suspended to the poles of the sepulchres, it would seem that they consider such state not to be devoid of enjoyments. Their mode of burial differs from that of the Eastern Esquimaux, who inter their dead ; whereas these people dispose the corpse upon a platform of wood, and raise a pile over it with young trees. The position in which the bodies are laid also differs; the head being placed to the westward, while in the eastern tribes it lies to the north-east. They are taller in stature than the Eastern Esquimaux, their average height being about five feet seven and a half inches. They are also a better looking race, if I may judge from the natives 1 saw in Baffin's Bay, and from the portraits of others that have been published. At a com- paratively early age, however, they (the women in particular) soon lose this comeliness, and old age is attended with a haggard and care-worn countenance, rendered more unbecoming by sore eyes, and by teeth worn to the gums by frequent mastication of hard substances. They differ widely in disposition from the inhabitants of Igloolik and Greenland, being more continent, industrious, and provident, and rather partaking of the warlike, irascible, and uncourteous temper of the Tschutschi. Neither do they appear by any means so deficient in filial affection as the natives of Igloolik, who as soon as they com- menced their summer excursions left their aged and infirm to perish in the villages ; of whom it will be recollected that one old man, in particular, must have fallen a victim to this unnatural neglect, had not his horrible fate been arrested by the timely humanity of the com- mander of the polar expedition. PACIFIC AND BEERING'S STRAIT. 571 Oct. 1827. With the Western Esquimaux, as indeed with almost all uncivilized CHAP VTV tribes, hospitality seems to form one characteristic feature of the dis- ^^1" position ; as if Nature, by the gift of this virtue, had intended to check, in some measure, that ferocity which is otherwise so predominant. Smoking is their favourite habit, in which they indulge as long as their tobacco lasts. Parties assemble to enjoy the fumes of this narcotic, and the pipe passes round like the calumet of the Indians, but apparently without the ceremony being binding. Their pipes are short, and the bowls of some contain no more tobacco than can be con- sumed in a long whiff; indeed the great pleasure of the party often consists in individuals endeavouring to excel each other in exhausting the contents of the bowl at one breath, and many a laugh is indulged at the expense of him who fails, or who, as is very frequently the case, is thrown into a fit of coughing by the smoke getting into his lungs.	50,521
philtrans05388483_1	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	null	None	None	English	Spoken	160	557	ETag: "ec4bc3801172754c3d40b904fc2488af" authorization: LOW FL16hzUzUWaZT77E:REDACTED_BY_IA_S3 connection: TE, close content-length: 3088453 expect: 100-continue host: s3.us.archive.org te: deflate,gzip;q=0.3 user-agent: ias3upload/0.7.1 x-amz-auto-make-bucket: 1 x-archive-ignore-preexisting-bucket: 1 x-archive-meta-collection: opensource x-archive-meta-creator: Warren, C. x-archive-meta-date: 1753-01-01 x-archive-meta-description: A Letter from Mr. Chr. Warren, Surgeon at Truro in Cornwall, to John Machin, Esq; Secr. R. S. Prof. Astr. Gresham. Containing Further Accounts of the Success of Injecting Medicated Liquors into the Abdomen, in the Case of an Ascites. Warren, C Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775). 1753-01-01. 43:47–48 x-archive-meta-identifier-doi: 10.1098/rstl.1744.0016 x-archive-meta-journal-title: Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775) x-archive-meta-journal-volume: 43 x-archive-meta-language: eng x-archive-meta-licenseurl: http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ x-archive-meta-mediatype: texts x-archive-meta-originalurl: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1744.0016 x-archive-meta-page-ending: 48 x-archive-meta-page-starting: 47 x-archive-meta-publisher: Royal Society of London x-archive-meta-title: A Letter from Mr. Chr. Warren, Surgeon at Truro in Cornwall, to John Machin, Esq; Secr. R. S. Prof. Astr. Gresham. Containing Further Accounts of the Success of Injecting Medicated Liquors into the Abdomen, in the Case of an Ascites x-archive-meta01-subject: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London x-archive-meta02-subject: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society x-upload-date: 2011-08-02T02:04:54.000Z.	12,521
journalofproceed02linn_9	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,857	Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society	Linnean Society of London	English	Spoken	7,440	13,821	The Neotropical Eegion is without doubt, I think, rich in number of species beyond any other. A calculation which I made some short time ago of species occurring southwards of Panama gave me — 1 . Accipitres 95-a 2. Passeres 1360 3. Scansores 230 4. Columbffi 25 5. Gallinse 80 6. Struthiones 2 7. Grallse 128 8. Anseres 80 >2000 species ; J and I am decidedly of opinion that, what with taking recent addi- tions into consideration and adding on Central America, we can- not estimate the number of birds belonging to this region at less than 2250. Taking the approximate area at 5^ millions of square miles, this will give a species to each 2400 square miles. It fol- lows, therefore, that this region is more richly endowed with ornithic species than any other portion of the globe. SCLATER ON THE GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF AVE3. 145 X ca eali lies 1 s s - OS nj ca o « B 3 . ,3 ca a- o V — 1 «1 8." P* c?§ 05 2 M S °- ^ to 04 1 CO i-< 70 c3 5 -a .a <U 43 o > 03 L. 5 " cr &1 ^H © <3 & © o IcO II 'ft* ©_ © o a> v P5 •- " <ZJ eo * .jr t3 a> aj .^3 SS S .- •JUDO) . fl 'ft 3 CO 1® © ho I egio alaeot ,000 ,500 'of II Mfcgrt CO o CO ca o °5 ft <u o Sr a §<* CJ ■jj ca 3 o To -St o ^< t-H Linnean Society a notice of the occurrence of the Phyllosoma commune on the coast of Cornwall; and although, from an announcement in the Report of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society for the year 1851, it appears that it has been taken once before in our waters, yet as no further remark is made concerning it by W. Cocks, Esq., who had noticed it, and no description or figure is to be found in our President's 'History of British Stalkeyed Crustacea,' it is hoped that a representation of this creature, drawn from a British specimen, with such observations as I was able to make from an example newly taken, will be acceptable to the Society. The specimen was captured near Polperro, in a pilchard drift net, four leagues from land, at a depth of about three fathoms from the surface, on the 1st August, 1857. It attracted the particular notice of the fisherman from the sparkling brilliancy of its eyes, while the rest of its body was almost as transparent as glass. When brought on shore a few hours afterwards, it was able to exert some moderate degree of activity. It came into my possession about twenty-four hours after its death, and its immersion in a bottle of glycerine, the best fluid I am acquainted with for ensuring the preservation of many small subjects of natural history, which it effects without changing anything of their colour, and but little of their transparency. This example is a little less than an inch in length, and of the form and proportions represented in the figure which accompanies this paper; but the sketch I have made is enlarged, that I might more readily represent the disposition of the parts. The body is very thin, or depressed; the border of the Carapace egg-shaped, being broadest a little behind the middle of the length. The head is represented as distinct from the carapace (thorax, M. E.) ; but the separation is scarcely discernible. The eyes on long and slender footstalks, which are inserted together at one point, are erected divergingly : the upper part of the eyestalk is enlarged, and the eye itself formed of two unequal portions, the anterior of which is the larger. The principal [external] antennae wide apart, projecting beyond the eyes, with 3 joints, the lowest furnished with a fine spine. The internal antennae [antennules] appearing between the footstalks of the eyes and the external antennae, and Shorter than both; divided near the tip, and the (slightly) longer branch having a scarcely perceptible brush. Both pairs of antennae are directed straight forward; but when alive, it is probable that, together with the eyes, they possess extensive motion. The second or posterior carapace, called by Dr. Milne Edwards the thorax, is less than the former, but equally thin and transparent, and near its border carries the coxa, or insertion of the proper legs. Posteriorly it has attached to it the abdomen, terminating in two long, bifid processes. I count 4 rings on the abdominal portion, and there are probably 5; under these are 4 oval plates, perhaps in pairs. Lateral plates of the tail, oval; the central less distinct and not quite so long: legs long, slender, four pairs, bifurcate at the second joint; the posterior bifurcation scarcely longer than the second phalanx; the first and last pair having this part rather longer than the two intermediate ones. All of them (the principal branches and bifurcations) simple, pointed, clothed with hairs toward the end. Antennae. Under. Side. Phyllosoma commune, taken near Polperro, August 1, 1857, in a pilchard driftnet, four leagues from land and three fathoms from the surface. The eyes are the only parts that can be said to possess colour, the globe of the eye and a small part of the stalk supporting it being of a rich brown; but those who saw the animal alive informed me, that on the sides of the carapace were patches of the colour of silver, which, however, had vanished when it came to my hands. At first, nothing could be discerned of its interior organization, beyond some slight lines, which appeared to be nerves or blood vessels, and which proceeded from the upper border of the thorax to the antennae or eyes. But as the glycerine penetrated into its substance, the structure became visible without being obscure. Proceeding from the narrow longitudinal line, the whole breadth of the carapace presented an organization which I could not doubt was branchial. The organ on either side appeared to arise with roots: the shortest, which were in front, were simple; but the greater number were bifurcate, and some had no less than four divisions, 22 in all. The four pairs of legs are inserted into the border of the thorax, and at the place of insertion the margin appears to possess a little angularity, and lines of greater density are seen passing off from the coxae towards a place of meeting in the middle. Those I suppose to be muscles. The species of Phyllosoma represented in the Figure accompanying Mr. Couch's paper, appears to differ in one respect from the form described by M. Edwards under that name, in which thecephalic tergal plate is stated to be less than the thoracic. The diversity, however, may be due to difference of age or sex; and it is to be remarked, that Mr. Couch's figure corresponds very closely in this and other respects with that of Phyllosoma commune (Leach) given in Tuckey's'Voyage to the River Zaire,' p. 417, PI. 18. fig. 6. The very recent researches of Dr. Gegenbaur (Siebold and K61liker's Zeitsch. f. "Wiss. Zoolog. Band v. p. 352; and Muller's Archiv, 1858, p. 43) have thrown much light upon the internal organization of Phyllosoma. From these it would appear to be placed beyond doubt, that the organs supposed by Mr. Couch to be internal branchiae, are in reality, as suggested by M. M. Edwards (Hist. Nat. des Crustacees, t. ii. p. 475), the liver, and that the respiratory function is performed chiefly by the expanded external surface of the body, although special organs analogous to branchiae exist in the form of feathered appendages to the feet. For the detailed information concerning the nervous, circulatory and alimentary systems in Phyllosoma, reference should be made to the latter of the two papers cited above. And it need only be remarked that in the condition of the circulatory system, this remarkable genus would appear to differ widely from the Stomapod type and very closely to resemble the Decapoda. — [G. B.] On the Zoology of New Guinea. By Philip Lutlet, M.A., F.L.S. &c. [Received December 3, 1857. Read December 17, 1857.] In pointing out what appear to me to be the principal zoological divisions of the earth's surface (as I attempted to do in the course of the observations on the general geographical distribution of birds which I made before the Linneau Society last summer), it was not without some hesitation that I placed New Guinea in the same region as Australia. Since that time I have paid some attention to what is known of the zoology of this interesting country, and have had an opportunity of revisiting the museums of Paris and Ley den, where the best series of its animals are to be found. From what I have thus observed, and from the writings of the Dutch naturalists on the subject, I am now quite persuaded that, while Borneo, Java and Sumatra are inseparably allied to the South-Asiatic fauna, Amboyna, Timor, Gilolo, New Guinea and probably Celebes, with some of the other Eastern islands, are properly appertinent to the same primary zoological region. As Australia. The straits of Macassar are perhaps the determining line separating these two regions, the island of Lombok (which lies due south of them) being (as Mr. Wallace's investigations have shown) in some respects debateable ground between them. With the view of supplying materials towards a more perfect understanding of the distribution of organized life in these countries, I have drawn up the following summary of the mammalia and birds of New Guinea, as far as the scattered and scanty notices on this subject met with among the writings of different travellers and naturalists have enabled me to do so. The first explorer of New Guinea who has left us any record of his scientific proceedings is Sonnerat, who during his celebrated voyage in the year 1771 collected a considerable number of plants and birds, principally on the island of Jobie in the Bay of Geelvink, of which he afterwards gave an account in his'Voyage à la Nouvelle Guinee,' published in Paris in 1776. Some of the species figured by Sonnerat were provided with scientific names by Scoppoli in the second part of his 'Deliciae Faunae et Florae Insulatorae' (fol. Ticini, 1786); and these authors are therefore our earliest authorities on Papuan ornithology. In 1818, MM. Quoy and Gaimard, in the French discovery-ship'Uranie,' visited Guebe, Waigou and Rawak, and in the "Olympia' of their voyage described three or four species of birds from these islands, but do not appear to have Brought anything from the main coast of New Guinea. The next era in the scientific exploration of this country is one of considerable importance. From the 26th of July to the 9th of August, 1824, the French discovery-ship 'Coquille,' remained at anchor in a harbour in the north-eastern part of the Bay of Geelvink, named by the French 'Havre-Dorey.' The well-known naturalist Lesson was attached to this expedition, as also M. Garnot. During their twelve days' stay, they procured, amongst other objects of natural history, about fifty species of birds, the greater part of which were quite new to science and were afterwards described by them in their joint work upon the zoology of the expedition. M. Lesson's other works, his 'Traite' and 'Manuel d'Ornithologie,' and 'Histoire des Paradisiers,' &c, likewise contain many interesting notices arising from observations made during his sojourn on this spot. Three years afterwards, in 1827, a second French discovery ship, the Astrolabe, under the command of Dumont d'Urville, passed another twelve days in the same place. MM. Quoy and Gaimard, who were again the naturalists of this expedition, obtained, on this occasion, twelve additional novelties in ornithology, which they afterwards described and figured in the'Zoology of the Voyage of the Astrolabe.' The next event to be recorded in the scientific history of Papua sprang from the energy of a different people. A few months after this, in the beginning of 1828, the Government of Holland sent the corvette 'Triton' and schooner Iris' from Batavia to found a settlement on the west coast of New Guinea. The expedition had on board a royal commissioner and several members of the scientific commission which was then engaged in the exploration of the Dutch possessions in the East Indies. They first explored the Dourga Strait on the southern coast, and thence returning northwards, discovered in the district called Lobo, what they described as a deep and spacious bay shut in by elevated land, and of a picturesque aspect. There they commenced their establishment with the construction of a fort, and took formal possession on the 24th of August, 1828, of the whole coast in the name of the King of the Netherlands, with the usual solemnities. The bay was christened "Triton's Bay," and the strait leading to it, " Iris Strait," to commemorate the names of the two vessels. After several years' occupation, this settlement was eventually abandoned on account of the excessive unhealthiness of the locality; but MM. Müller and Macklot, the two scientific commissioners, were by no means idle during their stay there on the first foundation of the settlement, and it is to their industry that the Leyden Museum is indebted for the finest series of specimens of natural history from this wonderful country which is in existence. It is much to be regretted that no full account has ever been given to the public of these discoveries. In the magnificent work entitled, 'Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Gesckiedenis der Nederlansche overzeesche bezittingen,' in which the results of the labours of the scientific commission are reported, it is stated that 119 species of birds were obtained in New Guinea; but no complete catalogue is given of them. In fact, in the zoology of this work only monographs of one or two of the more noticeable genera of birds are contained; others are shortly characterized in the Foot-notes attached to the volume which treats of the Ethnography, and is entitled 'Land en Volkenkunde,' whilst a large remainder have as yet only received MS. names in the Leyden Museum, under which many of them are inserted in Prince Bonaparte's 'Conspectus,' often even without any attempt at descriptive characters. The recently published volume on the zoology of the'Voyage au Pole Sud' (the plates, of which were issued several years since), contains several novelties in Papuan ornithology, which were met with during the passage of the exploring vessels Astrolabe and Zelee along the southern and western coasts of New Guinea; and some scattered notices on the same subject also occur in the reports of one or two of the English expeditions. From all these sources we are acquainted with about 170 species of birds inhabiting New Guinea; a number which, when we consider the large extent of its surface and the very small portion of it which has been scientifically explored, consisting only of two small isolated spots at its western extremity and parts of its southern coasts, we may calculate to represent perhaps not more than one-third of the species it really possesses. Of these species about 109 appear to be peculiar to New Guinea, that is, they have not hitherto been found. Elsewhere; 14 are common to New Guinea and Australia; 35 occur in other of the Eastern islands besides New Guinea, and the remainder are birds of wide distribution. The true tendency of this ornithology is perhaps better manifested by the presence of certain genera, such as Ptiloris, Entomopliila, Tropidorhynchus, Mimeta, Crracticus, Ptilonorhynchus, and Oeopelia, which are highly characteristic of the fauna of Australia; and by the occurrence in Northern Australia of members of the Papuan genera Tanysi-ptera, Manucodia, Ptilorhis and Microglossa. On the other hand, the presence of species of Buceros, Arachnotliera, Eupetes and Corvus, and of Peltops (a genus of Eurylicemidce) in New Guinea, types which do not extend into Australia, serve to remind us that New Guinea is somewhat intermediate in the character of its fauna, as in its geographical position, between the Indian and Australian regions. Upwards of 20 generic forms appear, as far as we know. Know, to be quite restricted to Papua and its adjacent islets, namely, Melidora, Xantliomelus, Melanopyrrhus, Peladonia, Edoliisoma, Peltops, Pedes, Gymnocorvus, Paradisea, Diphyllodes, Cicinnurus, Lopliorina, Parotia, Seleucides, Epimachus, Paradigalla, Astrocera, Charmosyna, Nasiterna and Eutrygon; but the propriety of the generic isolation of some of these types may be questioned by some naturalists. One very peculiar family, the Paradiseidae, is quite confined to New Guinea and its adjacent islets. I have been particular in ascertaining what species of these remarkable birds have been really met with alive in the localities visited by naturalists. M. Lesson, it appears, procured P. rubra on the island of Waigiou, and P. Papuana and Cicinnurus regius at Havre-Dore; MM. Müller and Macklot found at Triton's Bay only the two latter species. M. Lesson likewise met with P. apoda in the Aru islands, and Mr. Wallace, who has recently visited these islands, also found P. apoda and Cicinnurus regius living there. It is much to be hoped that this latter gentleman, who has so successfully commenced his explorations in the Eastern archipelago may carry them to an equally prosperous termination and widely extend our present imperfect knowledge of the zoology of these countries. Again, New Guinea agrees with Australia in the absence of two families, the Woodpeckers (Picidae) and Pheasants (Phasianidae), both of which are very fully developed in the region of Indian zoology. It is also observable that, hitherto no Fringillidae appear to have been met with in New Guinea, although I have little doubt that, when the zoology is more fully explored, forms connected with Amadina, Poephila and their allies, which are abundant on the northern coasts of New Holland, will be detected. Thus far, I have spoken Only of the Birds of New Guinea, as of the Mammalia there is not much to say, except to call attention to the fact of its close intimacy with Australia in this respect. Out of the ten species of this class of beings hitherto observed in New Guinea, all, with the exception of the Sus and the Dugong of the coasts, belong to the Marswpialia, an order which is pre-eminently Australian. Of the genera to which these Marsupials are referred, two are peculiar to New Guinea, and one (Ouscus) belongs rather to the Moluccas; but the three others are characteristic Australian forms. The tables given in the zoological volume of the 'Verb. over de Nat. Gescb.' present us with a most instructive view of the general geographical distribution of the Mammalia in the great Eastern islands. In Sumatra, Borneo and Java we find the most highly organized Quadrwnana, large Carnivores (Fells and Ursus), Pachyderms; in Sumatra even a peculiar species of Elephant, Rhinoceroses and a multitude of the higher classes of Mammalia. "What a contrast to this, when we cast our eye down the columns relating to Celebes, Amboyna, Timor and New Guinea! A Single straggling Cercopitliecus (in Celebes and Timor only) and two other Quadrumana (in Celebes), a single Cervtts, an Antelope, a Viverra (sole representative of the Carnivora), with two or three Sulds, constitute nearly the whole of the Placental Mammals found in these great islands, with the exception of Bats and Rodents. Here, as in Australia, the two latter Orders are found in company with the Marsupials, an additional piece of evidence to my mind of the correctness of Professor Owen's recent arrangement of these groups at the base of the Placental Mammals: for the student of the geographical distribution of animals soon learns to appreciate the value of the old maxim "noscltur a soclà," quite as applicable in this sense to organized existences generally, as, taken in its usual meaning, to mankind. The following is what I believe to be a tolerably perfect list of the Mammifers and Birds which have hitherto been positively recognized as having been met with in New Guinea and its adjacent islets. In every case, I have added the precise locality in which each has been found, when that is ascertainable, and the authority for such locality. I have likewise generally noted the Museums in which examples of the species are contained, nearly all of which, thanks to the liberality of the Directors of these institutions, I have had the satisfaction of examining myself. MAMMALIA. 1. Sus papuensis, Lesson. Voy. Coq. Zool. i. p. 171, pi. 8. Dorey (Less.). Mus. Paris. Halichore australis, Owen. Jukes, Voy. Fly. ii. p. 323; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 21. Coasts of New Guinea (Mull.). Endeavour St., N. Australia (Jukes). Brit. Mus. 3. Dorcopsis Brunii, Schreber, sp. Mull. Verh. Zool. Mamm. p. 131, p. 21. Mus. Ludg. et Brit. 4. Dendrolagus ur sinus, Mull. Verh. Zool. Mamm. p. 141, pi. 19. Mus. Brit. et Lugd. 5. Dendrolagus inustus, Mull. Verh. Zool. Mamm. p. 143, pi. 20, Mus. Brit. et Lugd. 6. Cuscus maculaius, Desm., sp. Voy. Coq. Zool. i. p. 156, pi. 5; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 20. Mus. Par. et Brit. 7. Cuscus chrysorrhous, Temm. Plwlangista chrysorrhos, Temm. Mon. Mamm. i. p. 12; Waterh. Mamm. i. p. 537. South-eastern coast of N. G. (Jukes). Mus. Lugd. et Brit. 8. Belidea Ariel, Gould? P. Z. S. 1842, p. 11; Mamm. Austr. Petaurus sciureus, Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 20. The Belides of New Guinea probably belongs to this North-Australian species, which is different from B. sciurea of N. S. Wales; see Waterh. Mamm. i. p. 337. Mus. Lugd. et Brit. 9. Perameles dor ey anus, Q. & G. Voy. Astr. Zool. i. p. 100, pi. 16. Havre-Dorey (Q. % G.). Mus. Paris. 10. Phascogale melas, Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 20. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. AVES. Falconidje. 1. Ichthyastur leucosternus, Gm., sp. Gould, B. Austr. i. pi. 3. Falco blagrus, Mull. Verb. Ethn. p. 21. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. 2. Haliastur leucosternus, Gould. Gould, B. Austr. i. pi. 4. Halieeetus girrenera, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. i. p. 615. Havre-Dorey (Less.); Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Par. et Lugd. Astur Nova Hollandice, Gm., sp. Gould, B. Austr. i. pi. 14, 15; Mull. Verb. Ethn. p. 21. Lobo (Mull). Mus. Lugd. SCLATER ON THE ZOOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA. 155 4. Astur longicaudus, Garnot, sp. Falco longicauda, Garnot, Voy. Coq. Zool. i. p. 588. Havre-Dorey (Gam.). Mus. Paris. Strigid.e. 5. Spiloglaux humeralis, H. & J. Athene humeralis, H. & J., Voy. au P. S. Zool. iii. p. 53; Atlas, pi. 4. fig. 1; Bp. Consp. p. 40. Mus. Par. 6. Spiloglaux theomacha, Bp. Bp. Compt. Rend. xli. p. (Oct. 22nd, 1855). CaPRIMULGID.5!. 7. Podargus papuensis, Q. & G. Voy. Astr. Zool. i. p. 207, pi. 13; Gould, B. Austr. Supp. pt. ii. pi. 7; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 21. Havre-Dorey (Q. Sf G.); P. Marianne's Straits and is. Aideema (Mull.). Mus. Paris. 8. Podargus ocellatus, Q. & G. Voy. Astr. Zool. i. p. 208, pi. 14. Havre-Dorey (Q. $ G.). Mus. Par. HIRUNDINIDAE. 9. Hirundo frontalis, Q. & G. Voy. Astr. i. p. 204, pi. 12, fig. 1. H. neoxena, Gould, B. Austr. ii. pi. 13? Havre-Dorey. Mus. Paris. CYPSEEIDAE. Macropteryx mystaceus, Less., sp. Cypselus mystaceus, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. i. p. 647, pi. 22. Havre-Dorey. Mus. Paris. Specimens of this beautiful Swift in the Leyden Museum are from Amboyna. CORACIDAE. Coracias papuensis, Q. & G. Voy. Astr. Zool. i. p. 220, p. 16. Havre-Dorey. Mus. Paris. This Roller is commonly identified with Coracias Temmincki, Vieill. (Le Vaill. Ois. de Par. Suppl. pi. G.), which is from Celebes. Specimens of the latter bird from that island are in the Leyden Museum, and Mr. Wallace has recently transmitted it from the vicinity of Macassar. The two species must be accurately examined and compared before their identity can be considered unquestionable. Alcedinid. Dacelo Gaudichaudi, Q. & G. Voy. Uranie, Ois. pi. 25. Chouchalcyon gaudichaudi, Less., Tr. i. p. 248 ; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. I. Waigong (G.); Lobo (Mull). Mus. Paris., Lugd. et Brit. 11* 156 SCLATER ON THE ZOOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA. 13. Melidora macrorhinus, Less., sp. Dacelo macrorhinus, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. i. p. 692, pi. 31 bit, fig. 2. Melidora Euphrosite, Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 249. Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Par. 14. Halcyon albicilla, Less. Less. Tr. d'Orn. i. p. 247. H. saurophaga, Gould, Voy. Sulphur, Zool. p. 39, pi. 19. North coast of N. G. {Hinds). Mus. Lugd. et Brit. 15. Halcyon cinnamomeus, Sw. Zool. 111. ser. i. pi. 67 ; Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. i. p. 696. Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Lugd. 16. Halcyon Torotoro, Less., sp. Syrna Torotoro, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. i. p. 689, pi. 31 bis, fig. 1; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Halcyon flavirostris, Gould, B. Austr. Suppl. pt. i. pi. 7?- Havre-Dorey (Less.) ; Lobo (Mull). Mus. Paris, et Lugd. 17. Tanysiptra Dea, Linn., sp. Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. i. p. 697; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Havre-Dorey (Less.); Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Paris., Lugd. et Brit. 18. Alcedo Meningting, Horsf. Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 172. Ceyx Meningting, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 691. Havre-Dorey (Less). Specimens of this bird in the Leyden Museum are from Java and Borneo. Lesson's authority for its occurrence in New Guinea is perhaps hardly trustworthy. 19. Alcyone Lessoni, Cassin. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1850, p. 69. Ceyx azurea, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. i. p. 690. Havre-Dorey (Less.); Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. et Ac. Phil. 20. Alcyone solitaria, Temm., sp. PL Col. 595, fig. 2; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Lobo (Mull.). 21. Alcyone pusilla, Temm. Pl. Col. 595, fig. 3; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22; Gould, B. Austr. ii. pi. 26. Lobo (Mull.) ; North Australia. Mus. Lugd. BuCEEOTIDJS. 22. Buceros ruficollis, Vieill. Temm. PL Col. 557; Mull. Verh. Zool. Aves, p. 24, et Ethn. p. 22. Plicatus, Less. Tr. d'Orn. i. p. 445. Lobo (Mull); Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Lugd. According to Midler, this Hornbill is the only one which extends to New Guinea, being also found in Amboyna, Gilolo, Coram, Rawak and Waigou. It appears to have been confounded by Lesson with Buceros plicatus, a Javan species. Sclater on the zoology of new guinea. 157 Nectariniide. 23. Nectarinia Eques, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. i. p. 67$. pi. 31, fig. 1; Man. d'Orn. pt. ii. p. 45. Havre-Dorey, and Havre d'Offack, Waigou [Less.). Specimens of this bird in the Leydeu Museum are from Gilolo. 24. Nectarinia Zenobia, Less., sp. Cinnyris Zenobia, Less., Voy. Coq. Zool. i. p. 679, pi. 30. fig. 3. Cinn. dementia, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 40. Havre-Dorey (Less.). 25. Nectarinia aspasia, Less., sp. Cinn. Aspasia, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. i. p. 677, pi. 30. fig. 4; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22, et Zool. Aves, p. 58. Havre-Dorey (Less.); Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. Arachnothera Nova Guinea, Less., sp. Cinnyris Nova Guinea, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. i. p. 6/8; Mull. Verh. Zool. Aves, p. 70. pi. 11. fig. 3. Havre-Dorey (Less.) ; Lobo (Mull.). Dicaum pectorale, Mull. & Schl. Verh. Ethn. p. 162 (note). D. erythrothorax, Less. Voy. Coq. pi. 30. fig. 1?. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. Melanocharis nigra, Less., sp. Dicaum nigrum, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 673; Cent. Zool. pi. 27; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 162. Havre Dorey (Less.) Less. ; Lobo (Mull). Mus. Lugd. Müller and Schlegel say this bird is not a Dicaum, but a Muscicapine, allied to Boie's genus Hylocharis (since changed to Hyloterpe). It does not seem to me to be referable to either of these genera, but, as far as external appearances go, to be more nearly akin to Dicaum than Hyloterpe. I have therefore used for it the new generic term Alelanocharis (ixeXas, niger, et x^Pls) gratia). There are examples of both sexes in the Ley den Museum. Meliphagidae. 29. Ptilotis similis, Puch. II. & J. Voy. au P. S. Atlas, pi. 17; Zool. iii. p. 89. 30. Ptilotis fumata, Mull. MS. R. Oetanata, N. G. (Mull). Mus. Lugd. 31. Ptilotis striolata, Mull. MS. R. Oetanata, N. G. (Mull). Mus. Lugd. 32. Ptilotis striolata, Mull. MS. is auriculata, Mull. MS. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. I was not aware, when I examined specimens of these three last species in the Leyden Museum, that they were undescribed, expecting to find them in the 'Verhandelingen,' &c, or I should have taken notes of them. It is not without reluctance that I insert them in my List, as I strongly disapprove of the practice of publishing MS. names without descriptions; but in the present instance it is important to show the prevalence of this Australian generic form in New Guinea. SCLATER ON THE ZOOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA. 33. Entomophila albigularis, Gould. B. Austr. iv. pi. 51. Loho (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. 34. Tropidorhynchus mitratus, Müll. M.S. T. corniculatus, Müll. Verh. Ethn. p. 21. West coast of New Guinea, R. Oetanata (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. This is very likely to be the same species as has been lately figured by Mr. Gould as T. buceroides. Suppl. B. Austr. pt. ii. pi. 17, in which case it ought to bear that name. Tropidorhynchus chrysotis, Less., sp. Philedon chrysotis, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. i. p. 645, pi. 21 bis. Myzantha Javiventer, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 6. Havre-Dorey (Less.); R. Oeta-nata (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. Tropidorhynchus Nova Guinea, Miill. & Schl. Verh. Ethn. p. 153. West coast of N. G. (Mull.). TURIDAE. 37. Eupetes Ajax, Temm. PL Col. 573; Miill. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. 38. Eupetes coerulescens, Temm. PL Col. 574; Miill. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. 39. Pitta Nova Guinea, Miill. & Schl. Verh. Zool. Aves, p. 19. P. atricapilla, Q. & G. Voy. Astrol. i. p. 258, pi. 8. fig. 3. Lobo (Militia); Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Par. 40. Pitta Mackloti, Mil. & Schl. Ver. Zool. Aves, p. 18; Temm. PI. Col. 547- Lobo (Mull). Mus. Par. et Lugd. 41. Pomatorhinus Isidori, Less. Voy. Coq, Zool. i. pi. 29. fig. 2. p. 680. P. Geoffroyi, G. R. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 229; Mill. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Havre-Dorey (Less.); Lobo (Mill). Mus. Par. et Lugd. 42. Brachypteryx murinus. Myiothera murina, Mill. MS. Lobo (Mull). Mus. Lugd. Turdiros-tris murina, Bp. Consp. p. 218. There are specimens of both sexes of this bird in the Leyden Museum, coloured alike. It seems congeneric with B. capistratus (Myiothera capistrata, Temm., PI. Col. 185, fig. 1.), and I have therefore placed it in the genus to which that bird appears to belong. The following is a short description of the present species: Supra terricolori-brunnus, cauda rufescentiore, capite laterali cineras- SCLATE OF THE ZOOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA. 159 Cinera-cinera-cinera, gutture albicante, ventre medio albescente: rostri mandibula superiore nigra, inferiore albicante; pedibus palli-dis: long, tota 4"5. poll. angl. et dec. OLLULIDAE. 43. Mimeta striata, Q. & G. Oriolus striatus, Q. & G., Voy. Astr. i. p. 195, pi. 9. fig. 2. Oriolus me- lanotis, Mull. M.S. Mimeta melanotis, Bp. Consp. p. 346. Havre-Dorey (Q. 4" G.). New Guinea and Timor. Mus. Lugd. 44. Mimeta Mulleri, Bp. Consp. p. 346. Oriolus viridissimus, Temm. MS. Mus. Lugd. 45. Xanthomelus aureus, Linn., sp. Oriolus aureus Linn., Le Vaill. Paradis. pi. 18. Sericulus aureus, auct. et Bp. Consp. p. 349. Gen. Xanthomelus, Bp. Notes Orn. p. 75. Mus. Paris., Lugd. et Brit. 46. Melanopyrus anais, Less., sp. Sericulus anais, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 44. Gen. Melanopyrus, Bp. Notes Orn. p. 9. Pastor nigro-cinctus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1850, p. 68. Mus. Paris, et Acad. Phil. Campephaoidi. 47- Artamus papuensis, Bp. Consp. p. 344. Ocypterus leucorhynchus, Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 21. R. Oetanata (Mull). Mus. Lugd. 48. Graucalus Desgrazii, Puch. II. & J. Voy. au P. S. pi. 7, tig. 1; Zool. lii. p. 64. Mus. Paris. 49. Graucalus melanops, Lath., sp.? Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 190; Gould, B. Austr. ii. pi. 55. West coast of N. G. (Mull). Mus. Lugd. There are specimens of a Graucalus in the Leyden Museum from New Guinea and Amboyna which are there considered to be the same as this Australian species, but I doubt the correctness of this reference. 50. Graucalus larvatus, Mull. & Schl. Ceblepyris larvata, Verh. Ethn. p. 190. Mus. Lugd. The specimens of this bird in the Leyden Museum are some of them marked " New Guinea, but Müller and Schlegel give Java as the correct habitat. Graucalus papuensis, Gm., sp. Corvus papuensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 371 ; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 191. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. et Par. Also in the Leyden Museum from the Banda Islands, Ternate and Celebes. SCLATER ON THE ZOOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA. 54. Ptiladela Boyeri, Puch. Voy. au P. S. pi. 9. fig. 3 ; Zool. iii. p. 68. West coast of N. G. Mus. Paris. 55. Campephaga schisticeps, Puch. Ceblepyris schisticeps, Puch. Voy. au P. S.; Zool. iii. p. 70, pi. 10. fig. 1. West coast of N. G. Mus. Paris. 56. Campephaga plumbea, Mull. & Schl. Ceblepyris plumbea, Mull. & Schl. Verh. Ethn. p. 189. R Oetanata (Mull). Mus. Lugd. 57- Edoliisoma melan, Mull. & Schl., sp. Ceblepyris melas, Mull. & Schl. Verh. Ethn. p. 189 (S), et C. cinnamomomea, ibid. (?) : E. marescoti, Puch. Voy. au P. S., Zool. iii. p. 70, pi. 10. fig. 2. West coast of N. G. (H. Sf J.) ; Lobo {Puch.). Mus. Par. et Lugd. 58. Dicrurus megarhynchus, Q. & G., sp. Edolius megarhynchus, Q. & G., Voy. Astrol. Zool. i. p. 184, pi. 6. Havre-Dorey (Q. Sy G.). Mus. Paris. 59. Dicrurus carbonarius, Mull. MS. Bp. Consp. p. 352. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. EUBYLICIDAE. 60. Peltops Blainvillei, Garn., sp. Eurylaimus Blainvillei, Garn. Voy. Coq. i. p. 595, pi. 19; Bp. Consp. p. 169. Havre-Dorey (Gam.). Muscicapid: Arses chrysomela, Less., sp. Muscicapa chrysomela, Less. Voy. Coq. i. pi. 18. fig. 2; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Havre-Dorey (Less.); Lobo (Mull). Mus. Paris, et Lugd. Arses telescophthalma, Garn., sp. Muscicapa telescophthalma, Garn. Voy. Coq. i. p. 593, pi. 18. fig. 1; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Havre-Dorey (Gam.). Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Par. et Lugd. Monarcha guttula, Garn., sp. Muse, guttula, Gam. Voy. Coq. Ois. pi. 16. fig. 2. p. 591; Bp. Consp. i. p. 326. Havre-Dorey. Mus. Par. Monarcha inornata, Garn., sp. Muse, inornata, Garn. Voy. Coq. Ois. pi. 16. fig. 1. p. 591. Havre-Dorey 65. Todopsis cyanocephalus, Q. & G., sp. Todus cyanocephalus, Q. & G., Voy. Astrol. i. p. 227, pi. 5, fig. 4; Voy. au P. S. pi. 20. fig. 2; Zool. iii. p. 79. Gen. Todopsis, Bp. Notes Orn. p. 50. Havre-Dorey (Q. $ G.). Mus. Paris. SCLATE ON THE ZOOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA. 161 66. Tchitrea Enado, Less., sp. M. Enado, Less., Voy. Coq. i. p. 643, pi. 15. fig. 2. Havre-Dorey (Less.). 67. Tchitrea Gaimardi, Less., sp. M. Gaimardi, Less., Trait. d'Orn. i. p. 386. Rhipidura threnothorax, Mull. & Schl. Verh. Ethn. p. 185. Lobo (Mull.). Rhipidura gularis, Mull. & Schl. Verh. Ethn. p. 185. Lobo (Mull.). Rhipidura gularis, Mull. & Schl. Verh. Ethn. p. 185. Lobo, R. Oetanata and P. Marianne's Straits (Mull.). LANIIDAE. Perecythrius spinicaudus, Puch. Voy. au P. S. Zool. iii. p. 58, pi. 6. fig. 2. Gen. Pucherania, Bp. Notes Orn. p. 73. Warrior's Is., Torres Straits (H. Sf J.). Mus. Paris. Pachycephalia lugubris, Mull. MS. R. Oetanata (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. Pachycephalia lugubris, Mull. MS. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. Myiolestes Mégènchus, Q. & G., sp. Muscicapa megarhynchus, Q. & G., Voy. Astrol. i. pi. 3. fig. 1, p. 172; Bp. Consp. i. p. 358. Napothera elaeioides, Mull. M.S. Havre-Dorey (Q.S.G.). Mus. Lugd. Myiolestes pulverulentus, Mull. MS. Bp. Consp. p. 358. Mus. Lugd. Rectes cirrocephalus, Less., sp. Vanga kirrhocephalus, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 633, pi. 11. Timalia poliocephala, Mull. MS. Havre-Dorey (Less.) ; Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Par. et Lugd. Rectes dichrous, Bp., sp. Compt. Rend. xxxi. p. 563. Garrulax bicolor, Mull. MS. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. Rectes similis. Saturate rufo-cinnaniomeus, abdomine dilutiore; capite cristato toto cum gutture, cervice. Alis et cauda nigerrirnis; rostro et pedibus nigris; long, tota 8'5, alae 3'75, caudae 3'6, poll. angl. et dec. 78. Rectes strepitans, Puch., sp. H. & J. Voy. au P. S. Ois. pi. 6. fig. 1; Zool. iii. p. 60. Rectes ferruginus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxi. p. 563. West Coast of N. G. (H. & J.); Lobo (Mull). Mus. Paris, et Lugd. 79. Cracticus cassicus, Bodd., sp. P. Enl. 628 ; unde Ramphastos cassicus, Bodd., et Coracias varia, Gm., Barita Sonnerati, Less. Trait. d'Om. i. p. 346. Barita varia, Mull. Verb. Etbn. p. 22. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Paris. 80. Cracticus per sonatus, Temn. MS. Albus, plaga dorsi medii et capite toto cum gutture et pectore nigerrimis; albus caudaque nigris, secundariarum pogouiis externis et rectricum apicibus albis; rostri cserulescenti-pliunbei basi alba, pedibus nigris. Long, tota 11 "5, alse 6'7, caudse 46 poll. angl. et dec. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. Nearly allied to C. picatus (Gould B. Austr. ii. pi. 50). Perhaps not different from the former species. 81. Cracticus Quoyi, Less., sp. Barita Quoyi, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 639; Gould, B. Austr. ii. pi. 53. Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Par. et Brit. Coevid;. 82. Gymnocorvus senex, Less., sp. Corvus senex, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 651, pi, 24. Gymnocorvus tristis, Less. Tr. d'Orn. i. p. 327. Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Paris. 83. Corvus Orru, Bp. Consp. i. p. 385. Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Paris. Pabadiseidé. 84. Manucodia chalybea, Bodd. PL Enl. 634; unde Manucodia chalybea, Bodd. : Sonn. Voy. Nouv. Guin. pi. 100, unde Paradisea viridis, Scop. Phonygama viridis, G. R. Gray, et Bp. Consp. i. p. 368; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Havre-Dorey (Less.) ; Lobo (Midi.). 85. Manucodia Keraudreni, Less., sp. Barita Keraudreni, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. q. i. p. 636, pi. 13. Chalybeus cornutus, Cuv. Phony gania Lessonia, Sw. Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Paris, et Lugd. 86. Manucodia atra, Less. Phonygama atra, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 639. Havre-Dorey (Less.). 87. Paradisea apoda, Linn. Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 526. Aroo Isl. (Lesson). Mus. Par., Lugd. et Brit. Mr. Wallace also has lately found this bird abundant at the Am Isl. I am not aware of its having been observed alive upon the mainland of New Guinea. SCLATEB ON THE ZOOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA. 163 88. Paradisea papuana, Bechst. Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 446; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 70; Bp. Cousp. i. p. 413. Havre-Dorey (Less.) ; Lobo and r. Oetanata (Mull.). Mus. Par. et Lugd. 89. Paradisea rubra, Daud. Bp. Consp. i. p. 443; Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 662. Waigion (Less.). Mus. Par. et Lugd. 90. Diphyllodes speciosa, Bodd., sp. PI. Enl. 631, unde P. speciosa, Bodd. : Soim. Voy. Nouv. Guin. pi. 98, unde P. magnified, Scop. Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 446. Mus. Paris, et Lugd. Skins of this bird were obtained by Lessou and Garnot from the natives at Havre-Dorey, but we have no record of its being found alive. 91. Diphyllodes Wils Ornith, Cassin. Lophorina respublica, Bp. Compt. Rend. 1850, p. 131, et Compt. Rend. 1850, p. 291. D. respublica, Bp. Consp. p. 413. Paradisea Wilsoni, Cassin, Pr. Ac, Sc. Phil. 1850, p. 57; Trans. Ac. Phil. Mus. Acad. Philadelph., specimen unicum! In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for this year (p. 6), I have stated my reasons for preferring Mr. Cassin's name to Prince Bonaparte's for this bird. Cicinnurus regius, Linn. P. regia, Linn., Bp. Consp. i. p. 413; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22; Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 658. Havre-Dorey (Less.); Lobo and r. Oetanata (Mull.); Aru Isl. (Wallace). Mus. Par. et Lugd. Lophorina atra, Bodd. Pl Enl. 632, unde P. atra, Bodd. : Sonn. Voy. Nou v. pi. 96, unde P. superba, Scop., Bp. Consp. p. 414. Mus. Paris, et Lugd. Lesson obtained skins of this species from the natives at Havre-Dorey. Parotia sexpennis, Bodd., sp. PI. Enl. 633; unde P. sexpennis, Bp. Consp. p. 414. Mus. Paris, et Lugd. Epimachide. 95. Seleucides albus, Blum., sp. Bp. Consp. p. 412. Mus. Paris, et Lugd. 96. Epimachus muximus, Scop., sp. Sonn. Voy. Nouv. Guin. pi. 101; unde Merops maximus, Scop., Bp. Consp. p. 412; Epimachus filamentosus, Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. et Paris. 164 SCLATEE ON THE ZOOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA. 97. Pilorhis magnified, Vieill., sp. Craspedophora magnified, Bp. Consp. p. 412; Gould, Suppl. B. Austr. Mus. Paris., Lugd. et Acad. Philadelph. When examining the specimens of this bird contained in the magnificent collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, I noticed considerable differences between the Australian and New Guinea examples. In the former, the pectoral patch seemed to be broader and terminated below in a semi-circular form, in the latter to be much narrower and nearly straight in its lower margin. STUBNIDAE. P Paradigallae carunculata, Less. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 1 ; Voy. Bonite, Ois. pi. 1 ; Bp. Consp. p. 414; Mus. Paris, et Acad. Philadelph. Astrapia nigra, Gm., sp. Bp. Consp. p. 414. Mus. Paris, et Lugd. Calornis metallica, Temm. PI. Col. 266. Calornis Cantor, Mull. Verb. Ethn. p. 21. Lobo {Mull.). Mus. Lugd. Gracula Dumonti, Less., sp. Mino Dujnontii, Less., sp. Mino Dujnontii, Less., sp. P. N. i. p. 141 ; Pl. Enl. 240. P. dorsalis, Q. & G. Voy. Astrol. i. p. 234 pi. 21, fig. 2; Mull. Verb. Ethn. p. 22. Havre-Dorey {Less.) ; Lobo {Mull.). Mus. Paris, et Lugd. 103. Cyanorhamphus Nova Guinea, Bp. Consp. Psitt. in Cabanis' Journ. f. Orn. Prince Bonaparte has included this name in his "Table of Parrots," but I am not aware that he has published any description of the bird. Trichoglossus cyanogr animus, Wagl. Mon. Psitt. p. 554; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 108. West coast of N. G. {Mull.). Mus. Lugd. Trichoglossus placens, Temm., sp. Psitt. placentis, Temm. PI. Col. 553; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 23. R. Oetanata {Mull.). Mus. Lugd. SCLATER ON THE ZOOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA. 165 Charmosyna papuana, Scop., sp. Somi. Voy. Nonv. Guin. pi. 111. Psitt. Papua, Scop. Psitt. Papuensis, Gm. Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 630; Mull. Verh. Ethn. 107. Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Paris, et Lugd. Lorius domicilia, Linn. Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 62. Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Paris, et Lugd. Lorius tricolor, Stephens. Pl. Enl. 168. Psitt. Lory, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 628. Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Paris. Eos squamata, Bodd., sp. Pl. Enl. 684; unde Psitt. squamatus, Bodd. Psitt. Guebiensis, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 628. Havre-Dorey et Guebe (Less.). Mus. Paris, et Lugd. Chalcopsitta atra, Scop., sp. Sonn. Voy. Nouv. Guin. pi. 110; unde Psitt. ater, Scop.; Psitt. Novce Guinea, Gm., Bp. P. Z, S. Mus. Lugd. Chalcopsitta scintillans, Temm., sp. Pl. Col. 569; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Lugd. et Paris. The specimens of this bird in the Paris Museum were obtained at the Aru Isl. by MM. Hombron and Jacquinot. Eclectus cardinalis, Bodd., sp. Pl Enl. 518 ; unde Psitt. cardinalis, Bodd., et Psitt. puniceus, Gm. Eclectus puniceus, Bodd, Pr. Z. S. 1849, p. 143 ; Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 627. Eclectus grandis, Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22. Havre-Dorey (Less.) ; Lobo (Mull.). Polychlorus grandis, Gm., sp. Sonn. Voy. Nouv. Guin. pi. 108; unde Psitt. polychloros, Scop., et Psitt. grandis, Gm. Psitt. Sinensis, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 627. Eclectus Polyclilorus, Mull. Verb. Ethn. p. 22. Gen. Polyclilorus, Sclater in P. Z. S. 1857, p. 226. Lobo (Mull.); Havre-Dorey (Less.). Mus. Paris, et Lugd. 114. Psittacodis Stavorini, Less., sp. Wagner, Mon. Psitt. p. 574, pi. 33. Psitt. Stavorini, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 628. I. Waigiou (Less.). 115. Geoffroius personatus, Shaw, sp. Psitt. batavensis, Gm.; Mull. Verh. Ethn. p. 22, et Psitt. Geoffroyi, ibid. p. 107. Lobo (Mull.). 116. Geoffroius Pucherani, Bp. Pionus fuscicapillus, Puch. Voy. au P. S. Zool. pi. 3, p. Ill, pi. 25 bis, fig. 3. West coast of N. G. (H. # J.). Mus. Paris. SCLA.TER ON THE ZOOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA. Cyclopsitta Desmaresti, Garn., sp. Voy. Coq. i. p. 600, pi. 35 ; Müll. Verh. p. 22. Havre-Dorey {Gam.) ; Lobo (Mull.). Mus. Par. et Lugd. Cyclopsitta diophthalma, H. & J., sp. Ann. d. Sc. Nat. ser. ii., xvi. p. 313 ; Voy. au P. S. pi. 25. fig. 4 et 5 ; et Zool. iii. p. 107. S. coast of N. G. Mus. Par. Nasiterna pygmaa, Q. & G. Voy. Astrol. i. p. 232, pi. 21. Micropsitta pygmaa, Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 646 ; Müll. Verh. Ethn. pp. 23 et 107. Havre-Dorey (Q. 8f G.) ; r. Oetanata (Mull). 120. Cacatua Triton, Temm. Coup d'ceil, s. 1. Poss. Ned. iii. p. 405. P. galeritus, Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 624, et Mull. Verh. p. 21. Havre-Dorey (Less.); west coast of N. G. (Mull). Mus. Lugd. This species is very nearly allied to the C. galerita of Australia. Mr.	36,511
abibliographyst01willgoog_6	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,896	A bibliography of the state of Maine from the earliest period to 1891	Williamson, Joseph, 1828-1902	English	Spoken	8,409	15,451	Lev. 26, 26. I will bring a Sword upon yoa, that shall avenge the quarrel of the Covenant. Psal. 107, 43. Whoso la wise and will observe these things, even they shall understand the loving kindness of the Lord. Jer. 22, 16. Did not thy Father do Judgment and Justice, and it was well with him? Seffnius irritant anitnM demista per ourtB, Quam qua mnt ocetUi9 commitsaJldeUbus, HOBAT. Lege Si$toriam nejku Hisioria. Cio. London, Printed for Richard Chiswell, at the Rose and Crown in St. Paul's Church-yard, according to the original Copy Printed in New England. 1676. 8vo. pp. 51. (Postscript pp. 8.) [6361 ^A Relation of the troubles which have happened in New England by reason of the Indians there. From 1614 to 1675. Boston: John Foster. 1677. sm. 4to. pp. 76. [6362 Mathew, Geoboe E. and Bailet, Loring W. Remarks upon the age and relations of the metamophic rocks of New Brunswick and Maine. American Asso. Proc. 1869. pp. 179-105. [6363 The same. Reprinted in separate form. n. p. n. d. 8vo. pp. 16. Mathews, Samuel, Wobcbsteb. Hampden, Carihou. History of Mystic Lodge, No. 65, of Free and Accepted Masons, Hampden, Maine. From March 1st, 1857 to March 1st, 1875. By Samuel W. Mathews, P. M. Bangor: G. O. Bailey, Times Office. 1875. sm. 8yo. pp. 27. [6364 Mathews, Mbs. Sabah. Searsport. Sermon on. 1851. See Thurston, Stephen. Mathews, Shaileb. b. 1863. Professor Colby University. Select MedlaBval Documents and other material illustrating the history of the church and empire, 754 A. D.-1254, A. D. By Shailer Mathews, A. M., professor of history at Colby University. Silver, Burdett A Co., Publishers, Boston. 1892. 12mo. pp. 167. [6365 Mathews, William, LL. D. b. Waterville, 1818. Author, Chicago, Boston. Henry W. Paine. (With portrait). Bay State Mo. 3:391. (1886.) [6366 Mattawamkeag. Incorporated. 1860. History Pine Tree Lodge. 1873-92. See Smith, Geo. W. s 106 BIBLIOOBAPHT OF MAINE. Mattocks, Chablbb Pobteb. b. 1840. Lawyer, Portland. Students' Expedition to the Bay of Fundy. University Q. 4: 236. (1861.) [6367 ^-'-Cotswold Sheep: their history, breeding and management. Chi- cago, 1878. Large 4to. pp. 9. Illustrated. Introductory essay to American Cotswold Record, Vol. I. [6368 Regarded as an authority on the history and characteristics of this breed of sheep, by all American and Canadian breeders. ^Present Condition of the State. Its agricultural, finan«}ial, com- mercial and manufacturing development. Advantages of the state as a summer resort. Augusta, 1885. 8vo. pp. 40. [6869 CBapter on a^tcultural condition, pages 7-11. Maubault, J. a. Historic des Abenakis, depuis 1606 jusqu& nos jours. Par V Abbe J. A. Maurault. " Lorsque sous la cuirasse d'acier vous decouvrirez an coeor anim^ d'ardeur pour la religion de J^sus-Christ, lorsque vous verrez apparattre ces homme qui se consacrent sans r^erve k la defence de la religion, renon$ant k tont ca qne peut offrir le monde, plus doux que les agneaux, plus conrageux que lea lions, selon une parole de Saint-Bernard, alors vous serez rempli de joie.' Balm^s, Le Protes., compart avec le Catho., Vol. U, p. 37. Imprim^ a Tatelier typographique de la '^Gazette deSorel. 1886. 8vo. pp. (5), X, (1), 631, (7). [6370 Gives account of mission of Dreuilletes to Maine, 1646-47. Notices St. Castln and states that he returned to France in 1703, and that he died at Beam, in 1722. Mavebick, Samuel. 1602-70. Colonist. A Brief Description of New England^and the several townes therein; together with the present government thereof. N. £. Reg. 30: 38. (1886.) [6371 Communicated by Henry F. Waters, A. B., London, Eng., from Egerton MSS. British Museum, sm. 397-411. Although it bears neither name or date, there is internal evidence that it was written in the year 1660, by Samuel Maverick, afterwards one of the King's commissioners. ^Thesame. Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc. 1885. 2d ser. 1:231. (1885.) That portion relating to Maine settlements, viz. " Pemaquid, Sagadahocke Casco Bay, Richmond Island, Black Point, Saco, Wells, Bristol, now Yorke, Nlchiquiwanick and Isle of Shoales, " published In Maine Bee. 1 : 166. (1884.) Maxim, Abbaham. 1773-1829. Teacher and musical composer. The Northern Harmony; being a collection from the works of many approved authors of sacred music: containing: 1. The rudiments of music laid down in a plain and comprehensive man- ner. 2. Psalm and hymn tunes, adapted to the various metres- in common use, together with several anthems, calculated for the BIBLIOGKAPHY OF MAINE. 107 use of music schools and religious societies. By Abraham Maxim. 1805. [6872 ^The same. Second edition. 1808. The same. Third edition, corrected, improved and enlarged. 1810." ^The same. Fourth edition, corrected, improved and enlarged. By Abraham Maxim and Japheth C. Washburn. 1816. pp. 256. [6873 ^The Oriental Harmony: being an oriental composition, in three parts. Part 1. The rudiments of music, or rules for learners. Part 2. Psalm and hymn tunes of various metres. Part 8. An- thems. Designed chiefly for the use of singing societies and worshipping assemblies. By Abraham Maxim. 1802. [6874 He composed over fifty tunes, several of which were named for Maine to^pms. Among them, " Hallowell " and Portland ** were qaite noted in their day. Maxim, Ephbaim. 1809-86. Journalist, Waterville. Biographical Sketch of. 1887. See Lapham, W. B. Maxim, Silas Packard, b, 1827. Paris. History of Paris. 1884. See Lapham, William B. Maxwell, Albebt, akd Bbadt, Robbbt, Jb. The Roster and Statistical Record of Company D., 11th Maine Vet- erans, with a sketch of its services in the war of the Rebellion. 8vo. pp. 88. [6875 Mazwbll, David. Roll of Lieut. David Maxwell's detachment of infantry from the 4th regiment of Brigadier General Samuel Leightons brigade in Major General Ichabod Goodwin's division, August, 1814. Me. Biog. 2: 88. (1877.) [6876 Maxwell, Gebshom, and family. Wells. 1887. See Drummond, J. H. Maxwell, Mbs. 8. C. Fabley. Our Mother: A memorial of Mrs. S. C. Farley Maxwell. Boston: 1866. 12mo. pp. 812. . [6877 One chapter relates to her life at Norridgewock. Mat, Miss Cabolike. b. 1820. Author, New York. The American Female Poets: with biograhical and critical notices. By Caroline May. PMla<felphia: Lindsay A Blakiston. n. d. (Copyright, 1848.) 8vo. pp. 550. (lUus.) [6878 Contains poems by Luella J. Case of Portland, and sketch. Mat Floweb (The), as exhibited by the S. P. Society of the New Jerusalem church, at Mechanics hall. May 1, 1867. Portland: Stephen Berry, Printer. 1867. 12mo. pp. 12. [6879 108 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MAINE. Mat, Hbzekiah. 1774-1843. Clergyman, Bath, Marblehead. A Thanksgiving Sermon, preached at Bath, in the district of Maine, November 25, 1802. By Hezekiah May, A.. B., candidate \|or the gospel ministry. Printed by E. A. Jenks; Gazette Office, No. 7, Fish Street, Portland, Maine. 1802. 8vo. pp. 28. [6S80 A Oration delivered before the right worshipful master, wardens, and brethren of the Rising Virtue Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, at Bangor, on the festival of St. John the Baptist, June 24, 1808. By Hezekiah May, minister of the gospel. Augusta: Printed by Peter Edes. 1808. 8vo. pp. 16. [6881 May, John Walkeb. 6. 1828. Lawyer, Auburn. Centennial Poem. 1871. See Winthrop. Inside the Bar, and other occasional poems. By John W. May. " AtU iiuanii homo, out vernu/aeU. " Horace. Portland, Me. : Hoyt, Fogg & Donham. 1884. 8vo. pp. 193. [6382 May, Seth. 1802-81. Lawyer and justice Supreme Court, Winthrop, Auburn. In Memoriam. 1881. See Spaulding, Joseph W. ^Proceedings on death of. 1883. See Androscoggin County. May, Sophie. Paeud. See Clarke, Rebecca S. Maybebby, Stephen Phinney. b. Gray. r. Cape Elizabeth. Upon the gradual approach of the sea upon the land. Smith. Inst. Reg'ts. Rep. for 1867. p. 125. [6383 Shell-heaps at the mouth of St. John^s River, Florida. Smith. Inst. Reg'ts. Rep. for 1877. p. 305. [6384 Burning of Falmouth. 1775. Contributed by S. P. Mayberry. O. T. 6:823. (1882.) [6385 A Witchcraft Deposition. 1692. Mag. Am. Hist. 9: 67. (1883.) [6386 Early Records of Casco or Falmouth. N. E. Reg. 37: 306. (1883.) [6387 Historical Sketches in New Gloucester. Me. Rec. 1:107. (1884.) [6388 Frontier Garrisons reviewed by order of His Excellency the gov- ernor, November, 1711. Me. Rec. 2: 183. (1885.) [6389 At Wella, York and Nechawamach (Berwick). Depositions. Me. Rec. 5: 161. (1888.) [6390 Tames Andrews, Falmouth. Me. Rec. 5 : 244. (1888). [6391 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MAINE. 109 Maticb, Alfbbd Mabshall. b. 1886. Physicist, Hoboken, K. J. Editor. Sport with Gun and Rod in American Woods and Waters. Edited by Alfred M. Mayer. New York. n. d. (Copyright, 1888.) The Century Co. Long. 8to. pp. 888. [6392 Contains Trout Fishing in Rangeley Lakes, by £. Seymour; Camps and Ttamps aboat Ktaadn, by Arbor Ilex. MATNABD, a. The New Maine Farmer's Almanac, for the year of the Christian era 1849: being the first after bissextile or leap year, and the seventy-third of the Independence of the United States of Amer- ica. Calculated for the New England States. By A. Maynard. (Illus.) As through tiie Zodiac moves the changing year, And varying stars go down and disappear ; The vernal gloom the summer suns destroy, And barren winter blasts the autumnal Joy; So change the human race around tiie ball, And gliding generations rise and fall. Belfast: H. G. O. Washburn. 12mo. pp. 46. (Illus.) [6898 Mato, Miss Flobbnce. Belfast. The Superior Incisors and Canine Teeth of Sheep. A contribution from the zoological department, Harvard College. Bulletin of the Musuem of Comparative Zoology. 18: 247. (1880.) [6894 Mato, £. P. Historical and Descriptive Sketch of Somerset County. 1889. See Howard, R. H. Mbacham, Kkxry H. The Empty Sleeve : or the life and hardships of Henry H. Meacham, in the Union army. By himself. Springfield, Mass.: Sold for the benefit of the author. Price 25cts. B. Thurston & Co. Printers, Portland, n. d. (1869.) 16mo. pp. 85. [6395 Mead, Asa. 1792-1881. Clergyman, Brunswick. 3822-29. Sermon preached before the Cumberland Conference of Churches at their fourth annual meeting, Portland, January 11, 1826. By Asa Mead, pastor of the Congregational church, Brunswick. Portland: Printed by Shirley & Edwards. 1826. 8vo. pp. 80. [6396 Sermon addressed to the temperate. By Asa Mead, pastor of the Congregational church, Brunswick. Published at the request of the Temperate Society, Bowdoin College. Portland: Shirley A Hyde. 1829. 8vo. pp. 28. [6897 -A Sermon preached July 5, 1829, on taking leave of the First church and society in Brunswick. By Asa Mead, lately pastor of said church, Brunswick, Maine : John W. Moore, Printer. 1829. 8vo. pp. 12. [6898 110 BIBLIOORAPHT OF MAINE. Mbad, Edwin Doak. 6. 1849. Author, Boston. The Case of Mr. Blaine. An open letter to the Boston Advertiser. By an Independent. Boston: Republican State Committee. 1884. [6309 Mechanics. Elevation of Mechanics. Addresses: delivered before the State Convention of Mechanics, at Bangor, August 11 &, 12, 1842, b John S. Sayward of Bangor, Charles Holden of Portland, Free- man H. Morse of Bath. To which are added addresses: delivered before the State Convention of Mechanics, at Augusta, October 21 &, 22, 1841, by James R. Macomber of Bangor, Luther Severance of Augusta, Oliver Gerrish of Portland. Published by vote of the convention, held in August, 1842. Bangor: Smith &. Sayward . . . Printers. 1842. 12mo. pp. 112. [6400 Oration before. 1815. /^ee Pope, Joseph. Mechanics Association. See Maine Charitable Mechanics Asso- ciation. Mechanics Absociation. Portland, Address before. 1831. See Neal, John. Medical School of Maine. Ste Bowdoin College. Medfobd. Incorporated 1824. Historical Account. 1880. 8ee Loring, Amasa. Means, James, d, 1832. Revolutionary officer, Westbrook. Biographical Sketch of. 1873. See Drake, Francis S. Meg ANTIC Lake. 1886. See Sportsman s and Tourist* s Guidebook. Region of. 1888. See Haynes, George H. ^Regions of. 1889. See Sweetser, M. F. Meoquibe, John Louvillb. 1794-1840. Lawyer, Portland. An Address, delivered in Gorham, at the consecration of Harmony Lodge, and the installment of its officers, in the presence of the Grand Lodge, Sept. 5, A. D. 1825. By Bro. John Louvllle Megquire. Together with the charge to the new lodge, by the M. W. Simon Greenleaf, Esq., G. M. Portland: Printed at the Mirror Office. 1823. 8vo. pp. 16. [6401 Meios, Return Jonathan. 1740-1823. A Journal of occurences which happened within the circle of observation in the detachment commanded by Colonel Bene- dictine Arnold, consisting of two battalions, which were detached from the army at Cambridge, in the year 1775. By Major Ret J. Meigs, n. p. n. d. (1776.) 4to. pp. 11. [6402 The same, under the following title: Journal of occurrences, which happened within the circle of my observation, in the detachment commanded by Col. Benedict BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MAINE. Ill Arnold, consisting of two battalions, whicH were detached from the army at Cambridge, in the year 1775. Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll. 2d. ser. 2:227. (1814.) [6403 Tblfl was printed in the Ck)llection8 from a manuscript found among the papers of Rev. Ezra Stiles, signed by Return J. Meigs. The Journal, which appeared originally in the year 1776, In a pamphlet of eleven pages, without place, date or printer's name, was essentially the same as that found in tli« Collections. A large part of it is printed in Almons Remembranceer for 1776, pp. 296^1. Cent. Bibllog. Mass. Hist. Soc. 63. (1890.) It is also con- tained In the London Magazine, 46: 480, (1776), with * A View of the Rivers Kennebec and Chaud6ire, with Col. Arnold's Route to Quebec," also in Robert Beaton's '* Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain, " (1804). The same, with introduction and notes. 1864. See Bushnell, Charles I. Mklcheb, Bubdus Rbdfobd. 1840-88. r. Maine until 1882. Educational Influences: (1), Of teachers. (2), Of the Schoolroom. (3), Of fellow pupils. (4), Of home. By B. Bedford Melcher, A. H., formerly principal of the Saco high school, and author of a '* Formula for Parsing Greek,'* and a ** Formula for Parsing Latin. '* Biddeford, Me.: Press of 'The Maine Sentinel.'' John Hanicom, Printer, 1884. 16mo. pp. 29. [0404 Historical Address. 1884. See York Institute. Mbllen, Fbedbbic. 1804-34. Lawyer, Portland. Obituary Notice of. N. E. Mag. 7 : 263. (1834.) [6405 Venetian Moonlight. 1836. See Stephens, Ann S. Mblleit, Gbobob S. A Lifetime In the Collection. 1000 choice receipts, mysteries and disclosures touching every branch of business and giving many important hints to all classes. (By George S. Mellen.) 1866. [6406 Mbllbn, Gbexville. 1790-1841. r. Maine until 1828. An Address delivered before the Maine Charitable Mechanic Asso- ciation, for the benefit of the Apprentices library, Thursday evening, 8th November, 1821. By Grenville Mellen. Portland: Printed at the Argus OfBce by T. Todd & Co. 1821. 8vo. pp. 18. [6407 Ode for the celebration of the Battle of Bunker Hill at the monu- mental stone, June 17, 1825, by Grenville Mellen. Boston: Cum- mings, Hilliard & Co. 1825. 8vo. pp. 16. [6408 Favorably noticed by John Everett, In N. A. Rev. 22: 200. (1826.) —Address, delivered before the citizens of North Yarmouth, on the anniversary of American Independence: July 4, 1825. By Gren- ville Mellen. Printed by request of the committee of arrange- ments. Portland: Printed by D. & S. Paine. 1825. 8vo. pp. 20. [6409 112 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MAINE. Mbllsk, Gbbnvilijs, Continued. ^The Best of the Nations: a poem, by Grenville Hellen. Portland: Hill, Edwards & Co., Printers, 1826. 8vo. pp. 28. [6410 (Revene.) Pronoanced before the Peaoe Society of Maine, on the evening of the anniversary, May 10, 1826. (Pablished by request.) Our Chronicle of '26. A satirical poem. Mom, et ttudia, etpopuiot, et prmlia, Ae, ViBGIL. Yes— I have a trick Of the old rage : bear with me — I am sick ; I'll leave it by degrees,— Soft,— let us see ; Write— Lord have mercy on us Shakkspkars. Boston: Wells <& Lilly— Court Street 1827. 8vo. pp. 40. [6411 Sad Tales and Glad Tales: By Reginald Reverie. This is a gift that I have— simple— simpljB— a foolish, extravagant spirit, full of forms, figures, shapes, objects, ideas, apprehensions, motions, resolu- tions : these are begot in the ventricle of memory, nourlsh'd in the womb of pia mater, and delivered upon the mellowing of occasion. Loves Labour Lost. Boston: S. G. Goodrich, 141 Washington Street. MDCCCXXVIII. 12mo. pp. vi, 185. [6412 ^The Red Rover. By the author of 'The Pilot," "Spy," etc. No. Am. Rev. 27:189. (1828.) [6413 A review of Cooper's novel. Ode sung at North Yarmouth. 1831. S^ee Mellen, Prentiss. Satire upon his poetry. 1832. See Snelling, William J. ^The Martyr's Triumph; Buried Valley; and other poems. By Grenville Mellen. Boston: Lilly, Wait, Coleman and Holden. 1832. sm. 8vo. pp. 300. [6414 Contains * The Light of Letters,' pronounced on the anniversary of the ▲thenssan Society of Bowdoin College, Sept.. 1828; "The Rest of Em- pires," and ' Ode on the Celebration of the Battle of Bunker Hill.' The Ruin of a Night. Ode. 1836. See Stephens, Ann S. Thoughts on viewing the mansion of Gen. Knox, 1839. See Clark, John A. Mellbn, Pbentiss, LL. D. 1764-1840. Lawyer and chief justice Supreme Court, r. Biddeford and Portland, 1792-1840. Charge of Chief Justice Mellen. n. t. p. (Portland.) 1830. 16mo. pp. 11. [6415 This appears to be a temperance document, as the cover pages contain ad- vertisements of temperance books and an "Ode by Grenville Mellen, Esq., sung at the meeting of the C. C. Temperance Society, at North Yarmouth, AprU 28. 1830.' The Past and the New Tear. 1836. See Stephens, Ann S. Memoir of. 1841. See Greenleaf, Simon. Obituary Notice of. Am. Q. Reg. 13: 438. (1811.) [6416 BIBLIO0BAPHT OF MAINE. 113 -Biographical Notice of. 1842. See Bradford, Alden. -Biographical Sketch of (With port.) 1863. See Willis, William. -Biography of. 1885. See Biog. Ency. Maine. '* Melville. " Paeud, One Hundred Cottage Stories for Boys. By Melville. ** My mother pat in my way bright gems of truth and virtue when I was a boy, and I picked them up and preserved them to later years.' Portland: Wm. Hyde & Son. 1851. 18mo. pp. 120. [6417 One Hundred Cottage Stories for Girls. By Melville. "The child may play with letters of iron, but its play should be blended with instruction. Aim to instruct, and you will interest and educate the chUd. " Portland: Wm. Hyde <& Son. 1851. [6418 My Own Cottage Stories for Summer Hours. By Melville. * Oh ! what is joy? how soon it fades, The childish visions of an hour. Though warm and brilliant are its shades, Tis but a frail and fading flower. " Davidson. Portland: Wm. Hyde & Son. 1852. [6419 My Own Cottage Stories for Winter Evenings. By Melville. " But me nor palaces nor satraps please : I love to look on happy cottages. " Elliot. Portland: Wm. Hyde A Son. 1852. sm. 8vo. pp. 124. [6420 Melvin, James. * The Club. ** A journal of the expedition to Quebec in 1775, un- der the command of Col. Benedict Arnold. By James Melvin. New York: 1857. 8vo pp. 30. [6421 The rarest of the publications of " The American Printing Club. ' It was privately printed before " The Club " took the name of ' The Bradford Club. " Dr. B. F. Hough prepared the manuscript, and after the work had become rare and famous, a number of copies were purchased of him at f 100. Note in catalogue of W. Elliot Woodward's 81st sale, 1886. The same, under the following title: A Journal of the expedition to Quebec in the year 1775, under the command of Col. Benedict Arnold. By James Melvin, a pri- vate in Captain Dearborn's company. Philadelphia: Printed for the Franklin Club. MDCCCLXIV. 8vo. pp. (2), iv, 84. f6422 Memoibes de la Societe Roy ale dbs Antiquabies du Nobd, 1850- 1860. Copenhague. Au s^cr^taire de la Soci^t^. De Plmprimerie de Thiele. 8vo. pp. 448. (Illus.) [6423 On page 146 begins the " B^nce annuelle du 14 Mai, 1869. " On pages 162-165 is a communication from " le Doctuer Auguste C. Hamlin, " of Bangor, on an inscription discovered by him on the island of Monhegan in 1866. (Illus.) 9* 114 BIBIilOORAPHT OF MAINE. MBMOIBES DBS COMMIBBABIBS DTT ROT BT DB CBUX DB 8A MAJBSTi. Brittannique, sur les possessions et les droits respectif s des deux Couroxmes en Amerique; avec les Actes publics A Pi^es justifi- catives. A Paris, De Timpremerie Royale. 1756-57. 4to. [6424 Contains all the discuBsionB between the EnglUh and French commlsBion- en, respecting their respective possessions in America, after the peace of Aix-la-€hapelle. In the history of Maine, the work is invaluable. Stevens: Biblioth. Hist. 108. Mbmoibs op Amebican Missionaries formerly connected with the Society of Inquiry respecting missions in Andover Theological Seminary: history of society, Ac, Boston: Published by Peirce and Parker, No. 9 Gomhill. 1833. 12mo. pp. 367. (Port.) [6425 Memoirs of Samael Newell and Samuel Munson of Maine. Mbhobanda of a Shobt Toub of Maine. Boston Mo. Mag. 2:33. (1826.) [6426 Memobial (A), of the semi-centennial celebration at the founding of the theological seminary at Andover. Andover: Warren F. Draper. 1850. 8vo. pp. 8, 242. [6427 Address of Rev. John W. Chickering, Portland, pp. 38 to 47. Memobials of Deceased Fbiends in Maine. See Friends. Memobial Sbbvices of George G. Meade Post, No. 1, Department of Pennsylvania, G. A. R., at Philadelphia, Pa. 1880. 12mo. pp. 96. [6428 Oration of Governor J. L. Chamberlain, pp. 09-71. Memobials of English and Fbench Commissionebs concerning the limits of Nova Scotia, or Acadia. London: Printed in the year MDCCLV. 4to. pp. 771. (Map.) [6429 Memobials of Judges Recently Deceased, graduates of Dartmouth College. 1880. Concord : Printed by the Republican Press Asso- ciation. 1881. 8vo. pp. vi, 139. [6430 Among them are memorials of Samnel Sumner Wilde, LL. D., class of 1789, (who resided in Blaine, 179^1816) , by Nathan Crosby, LL. D. ; of Jonas Catting, LL. D., class of 1823, by John A. Peters, LL. D.; of Btber Shepley, LL. D., class of 1811, by James W. Patterson, LL. D.; and of George Foster Shepley, LL. D., class of 1837, by Daniel Clark, LL. D. Mbn of the Time. A Dictionary of contemporaries, containing biographical notices of eminent characters of both sexes. Eleventh edition. Revised and brought down to the present time by Thompson Cooper, F. S. A., author of ** AthensB Cantabrigienses,'* etc. London: Rout- ledge. 1884. [6431 Notice of Neal Dow, p. 351. Mendall, D. J. Clergyman. Westbrook. The Adventures of Search-for-Life. A Bunyanic narrative, as de- tailed by himself. By D. J. Mendall, pastor of the First Univer- BIBLIOOBAPHY OF MAINE. 115 salist society in Westbrook, He. Portland: S. H. Colesworthy. 1838. 16mo. pp. 88. [6432 Mbnou, Jules Ds. Preuves de Thistoire de la Maison de Menou. Paris, Typographic de Firmin Didot Fr^res, Imprimeurs de I'lnstitut, Rue Jacob, 56. MDCCCLII. 4to. pp. xj., (1), 216, (1). (3 pL, 2 engrav.) [6433 XIV* Degr^. Charles de Menoa, chevalienr, selgneiir d'Anlnay, lieuten- ant g^n<&ral et goayernear de TAcadia et pays conflns, en la Nouyelle-France, pp. 166-109. Mbbohant, Matthew. Paeud. See Wood, W. S. Mebiam, Jonas. 1734-80. Clergyman, Newton, Mass. A Sermon, preached at Falmouth, at the ordination of the Reverend Mr. Samuel Dean, co-pastor of the First church there with the Revd. Mr. Thomas Smith, October 17, 1764. By Jonas Merlam, A. M. pastor of the church in Newton. Boston : Printed and sold by Peter Edes and Gill, in Queen Street, M, DCC, LXY. 12mo. title-page and pp. (1), 5, 38. [6434 Mbbbiam, Mathew, 1738-07, and Buckuinsteb, Jobbph, D. D., 1751- 1812. Sermons preached to Joshua Abbott, at York, September 8, 1702 : preparatory to the sixth: the day appointed for his execution; when his pardon was publicly read by the minist er, at the desire of the sheriff, in the meeting-house, to a numerous assembly of people. By Mathew Merriam, of Berwick, and Joseph Buck- minster of Portsmouth, N. H. (Portsmouth, N. H.) Printed and sold by John Mycall. (1702.) Svo. pp. 83. [6435 Abbott was convicted of murdering Moses Gaptall. Mbbbiam, Wijluam. Camden. Case of. (1877.) See Sprague, Peleg. Mbbbick, John. 1766-1861. Hallowell. Report of trial of David Lynn and others. 1800. See Lynn, David. ^Address of the Kennebec Agricultural Society. Papers on Agri- culture, Mass. Soc. for Promoting Agriculture. 2: 0. (1800.) [6486 ^Memoir of. 1862. See Goodwin, Daniel R. ^Notice of. 1876. See same. Mbrrick, J. Yatjohan. Obituary Notice of Daniel Raynes Goodwin, D. D., LL. D. (Read before the American Philosophical Society, November 7, 1800.) Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 28: 227. (1800.) [6437 Appendix A., contains a bibliography. ^The same. Reprinted from Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Yol. XXYIII, Nov. 24, 1800. 8vo. pp. 15. [6438 116 BIBLIOORAPHY OF MAINE. Mebbifield, Susanna B. B. The Tourmalines of Mount Mica. X. £. Mag. 2: 648. (1890.) [6439 Mbbbill, Abthub B. Portland. Outline of a short elementary course in chemistry, by Arthur B. Merrill. Portland: Loring, Short & Harmon. 1879. 12mo. pp. 100. [64d9jfc Mbbbill , Caleb, and family. Bluehill. See Candage, R. 6. F. Mebbill, Daniel. 1765-1833. Clergyman, Sedgwick, 1793-1814, and 1820-33. Mr. Merrill's Answer to the Christians and other inhabitants of Sedgwick ; also, the confession and covenant of the church of Christ in that place. Newburyport: Printed by Edmund M. Blunt, Xo. 8, State-Street 1801. 8yo. pp. 20. [6440 Open CommuniQn with All who Keep the Ordinances as Christ Delivered Them to the Saints. Eight letters on open communion, addressed to Rufus Anderson, A. M. By Daniel Merrill, A. M. pastor of the church of Christ in Sedgwick. Boston: Printed and sold by Manning A Loring, No. 2 Comhill. 1805. 12mo. pp. iv, 5, 83, (1). [6441 Twelve Letters, addressed to Rev. Samuel Austin, A. M., in which his vindication of partial washing for Christian baptism, con- tained in ten letters, is reviewed and disproved. By Daniel Merrill, A. M. pastor of the church of Christ in Sedgwick. In vain do they wonhip me, teaching for doctrines the commandments of men. Jesus Cubist. We unto you. lawyers! for ye have taken away the key of knowledge: ye entered not in yourselves, and them that were entering in ye hindered. Jesus Chsist. Boston: Printed and sold by Manning A Loring, No. 2, Comhill. 1806. 12mo. pp. 95. [6442 Answered in a pamphlet entitled " Mr. Merrill's Defensive Armor Taken from Him.'* 1806. See Austin, Samuel. The Gospel Rangers. A sermon delivered at the ordination of Elder Henry Hale. By Daniel Merrill, A. M., pastor of the church of Christ in Sedgwick. \, Art thou he that troubles Israel? I have not troubled Israel; but thou avd thy father's house, in that ye have forsaken the commandments of the Lord. Elijah. The Lord gave the word : great was the company of those who published it. David. Buckstown: Printed by William W. Clapp. 1807. 8vo. pp. 36. [6443 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MAINE. 117 -The same. Second edition. Springfield: Printed by Henry Brewer. 1807. 8vo. pp. 20. [6444 -Letters occasioned by Rev. Samuel Worcester's two discourses on the perpetuity and provision of God's gracious covenant with Abraham and his seed. Detecting, by plain Scripture, stubborn facts, and sober reason, some of his gross misrepresentations, unfounded assertions, and sophistical arguments. By Daniel Merrill, A. M. pastor of the church of Christ in Sedgwick. 0 my people 1 they which lead thee cause thee to err, and destroy the way of thy paths. Isaiah 3; 12. 1 am against them that prophesy false dreams, said the Lord, and do tell them, and cause my people to err by their lies, and by their lightness. Jeremiah 23: 32. Even from the days of your fathers ye are gone away from mine ordinances and have not kept them. Malachi3:7. Boston: Printed and sold by Manning & Loring, No. 2, Comhill. 1807. 12mo. pp. 92. [6446 -The Second Exposition of some of the false arguments, mistakes and errors of the Rev. Samuel Austin. Published for the benefit of the public. By Daniel Merrill, pastor of the church of Christ in Sedgwick. And in the days of these Kings shall the God of heaven set up a Kingdom, which shall never be destroyed : and the Kingdom shall not be left to other people, but it shall break lnpleces and consume all these Kingdoms, and It shall stand forever. Daxibl. Another parable spake he unto them, the kingdom of heaven is like unto leaven, which a woman took and hid in three measures of meal,till the whole was leavened. Jesus Christ. Buy the tnUhi and sell it not. Solomon. Boston: Printed and sold by Manning A Loring. No. 2, Cornhill. 1807. 12mo. pp. 68. [6446 •The Christian Banner. A sermon preached before the Lincoln Baptist Association, and at their request made public. "The kingdom of heaven is like unto leaven, which a woman took, and hid in three measures of meal, till the whole was leavened. ' JESCS Christ. Ye men of Israel, take heed to yourselves what ye intend to do as touch- ing these men. For if this counsel or this work be of men, it will come to naught; but if it be of God, ye cannot overthrow it: lest haply ye be found even to fight against God. Gamalikl. Boston: Manning A Loring, Prs. 1807. 12mo. pp. 24. [6447 118 BIBLIOORAPHT OF MAIKE. Mebbill, Danoel, Continued. The Kingdom of Heaven, distlDguished from Babylon. A sermon delivered at the introduction of the Lincoln Association, Sept. 21-22, 1808. " Say ye not, a Confederacy." I8a.8:12. ** Let U8 build with yon ; for we seek your God aa ye do.' Babylonians. " Ye have nothing to do with na to build an houae unto our God." Israelites. Ezra 4: 2,3. Buckstown: William W. Clapp, Pr. 1810. 8vo. pp. 28. [0447a ^The Mode and Subjects of Baptism Examined in Seven Sermons, to which is added a brief history of the Baptists, by Daniel Merrill, A. M., pastor of the church of Christ in Sedgwick. * Doth our law judge any before It hear him, and know what he doeth?' NiOODXMUS. "Whosoever he be of you that forsake not all that he hath, he cannot be my disciple. " Jesus Christ. Salem : Published by Josh ua Gushing. Price — cts. 12mo. pp. 138. [6448 ——The Mode and Subjects of Baptism Examined, in seven sermons. To which is added, a miniature history of the Baptists. By Daniel Merrill, A. M. pastor of the church of Christ in Sedgwick. Tenth edition. Boston: Printed and sold by Manning A Loring, No. 2, Comhill. Sept, 1812. 12mo. pp. 95, 1. [0449 For a counter " examination," see Austin, Samuel. How Christ s Ministers are Made, and for what they are made, pointed out in a sermon, preached at the ordination of Rev. Phlneas Bond, pastor of the First Baptist church in Steuben, May 25, 1825. By Daniel Merrill, A. M., pastor of the church of Christ in Sedgwick. Buy the truth and seU It not." Prov. "O Lord, are not thine eyes upon the truth?" Jeb. Preach the preaching that I bid thee." Jebovah. Published by request. Waterville: Printed by Wm. Hastings. 1825. 12mo. pp. 28. [6450 Jesus Christ Magnilled, and Mahomedan Christians Exposed and Warned. A discourse delivered at Eastport, September 14, 1825, before the Eastern Maine Baptist Association. By Daniel Merrill, A. M., pastor of the church of Christ in Sedgewick. " He that hath ears to hear let him hear." " Whosoever heareth these say- ings of mine and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man, who buUt his BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MAINE. 119 hoase upon a rock.'* " WhoBoever shall be ashaixied of me and of my wordn, of htm flball the Son of Man be ashamed, when he shall come In his own glory and In his Father's and of the holy angels." Jesus Chbist. (Published by request.) Portland: Shirley & Edwards, Printers. 1825. 12mo. pp. 24. [6461 -The Christian Armour. A sermon delivered at the ordination of BeT. John Billings, July 12, 1826. By Daniel Merrill, A. M., pas- tor of a church of Christ in Sedgewick. ** Behold I come quickly : and my reward is with me, to give every man ac- cording as his works shall be." From the Press of the Waterville Intelligencer: Wm. Hastings, Printer. 1826. 12mo. pp. 24. [6462 -Christian Reflection. A sermon preached before the Bowdoinham Association, at Green. 1820. [6462a Printed in Zion's Advocate. 2: No. 4. 1829. Reprinted at Bt. Paul, Minn. 1875 (?) Svo.pp. 11. -Autobiography of Daniel Merrill. Philadelphia: Baptist General Tract Society, n. d. (1882.) 12mo. pp. 12. [6463 -Commemorative Notice of. 1860. See Sprague, William B. Mkbbill, E. Bracklyn Swamp, or the benefits of filial obedience. A storv for children. " No youth can adopt a surer path to distinction and prosperity, than to honor his father and mother, to reverence their gray hairs, and to do noth- ing that shall tend to bring them with sorrow to the grave." Portland: William Hyde. 1836. 18mo. [6464 Mbbbill Family. Ipswich, Mass. 1884. See Sargent, William M., also Merrill, William P. MsBBiLL, Geobge Robbbt. &. 1846. Clergyman, Biddeford. 1876-79. One Master and All Brethren. Sermon before the Maine Missionary Society, seventy-second anniversary, at Winthrop, June 26, 1879. Bangor: O. F. & W. H. Knowles, Printers. 1879. 8vo. pp. 10. [6466 Mkbbill, Mbs. Isabobb E. Parsonsfield. Centennial Poem. 1886. See Dearborn, J. W. Mxrbill, James. Falmouth. Will of. 1763. See Barbour, M. E. Mbbbill, John. 1770-1816. Lawyer, Topsham. Biographical Sketch of. 1863. See Willis, William. Mebbill, John Lbvbbett. h. 1883. Clergyman, Acworth, Kludge, N.H. History of Acworth, with the proceedings of the centennial an- niversary. Genealogical records and register of farms. Edited 120 BIBLIOOBAPHT OF MAINE. Merrill, John Leverett, Continued. by Key. J. L. Merrill, town historian. Ac worth, Published by the town. 1869. 8yo. pp. 306. [6456 Contains the centennial address of Rev. Giles Bailey, of Belfast, with his portrait and autograph. Merrill, Josiah. 6. 1819. Clergyman, Wiscasset, 1857-64. A Sermon preached in the Congregational church, Wiscasset, Me., on the occasion of the death of Mrs. Hannah Cushman, Sunday afternoon, Jan. 28, 1859. By Rev. Josiah Merrill. Published by request. Boston: Printed by Damrell & Moore. 1859. 8vo. pp. 16. [6457 Merrill, Josiah G. Clergyman, Otisfield, 1813-30. A Sermon delivered June 26, 1821, at the ordination of the Rev. Stephen Merrill to the pastoral care of the Congregational church at Eittery, in Maine. By Josiah G. Merrill, pastor of a church in Otisfield. Portsmouth: T. H. Miller, Printer. 1822. 8vo. pp. 16. [6458 The same sermon was substantially preached in Otisfield, Nov. 6, 1814, on the Sabbath following the author's ordination. Sermons for children. By Josiah G. Merrill, pastor of a church in Cape Elizabeth. Portland: Merrill and By ram. 1837. 18mo. pp. 104. [6459 Merrill, Samuel H. Clergyman, Oldtown, Portland, 1846-54. The Blessed Dead. A discourse occasioned by the death of Capt. Christopher T. Bayley, preached in Portland, May 17, 1857. By Rev. Samuel H. Merrill, minister of the Baptist church. Printed by Samuel P. Brown, Randolph, Mass. n. d. 8vo. pp. 12. [6460 The Campaigns of the First Maine and First District of Columbia Cavalry. By Samuel H. Merrill, (chaplain). 'Be just and fear not: Let all the ends thou aim'st at be thy country's, Thy Gods and truth's; then If thou fall'st, Thou fallst a blessed martyr." Shaxxsprajw. Portland: Published by Bailey and Noyes. 1866. 12mo. pp. 436. (Illus.) [6461 Merrill, William P. Trial of William P. Merrill, before an ecclesiastical council con- sisting of Elders O. B. Cheney, John Raymond, F. W. Straight, Constant Quinnam, Nahum Brooks, Samuel N. Tuffts, and Moses K. Tarbox, on the charge of anti-Christian in habits and pur- suits, also business transactions, seduction, adultery, forgery falsehood, and intention of effecting a divorce between W. C Barrows and wife. 1861. [6462 BIBLIOGHAPHT OF MAINE. 121 Decision of the council in the trial of Rev. W. P. Merrill, pastor of the F. W. Baptist church in Portland, with a statement of facts, and the reasons for such a decision; in answer to a call from members of said church, and others. Portland: Printed by Brown Thurston. 1861. 8vo pp. 90. [6468 Vindication of the council in the trial of Rev. Wm. P. Merrill, pastor of the F. W. Baptist church in Portland. 1861. [6464 Mbbbill, William P. Merrill Family. Me. Rec. 1 : 192. (1884.) [6465 Mebbitt, Timotht. 1775-1845. Clergyman. A Discourse on the horrid murder of Capt. James Purrington^s family, of Augusta, (Maine,) delivered in Bowdoinham, July 20, 1806. By Timothy Merritt. Augusta: Printed by Peter Edes. 1806. 8vo. pp. 25. [6466 The same. Keene, (N. H.) 1807. 8vo. pp. 28. [6467 An Essay on the perseverance of the saints. To which is added, some reflections on a absolute perseverance. By Timothy Merritt. * Know ye not that they which run in a race run all, but one receiveth the prize? So ran, that ye may obtain. ' ICor. 9:24. Portland: Printed by J. M'Kown. 1807. 12mo. pp. 16. Universal Salvation Refuted in Six Propositions, also an appendix, By the Rev. Timothy Merritt, minister of the gospel, Bowdoin- ham. Portland: Printed by J. MKown. 1808. 8vo. pp. 141. [6468 Mbbbow, Amos. 1780>1868. Physician, Newfield. Notice of. N. E. Reg. 22: 358. (1868.) [6469 Hebbow, James Madison, M. D. 1848-70. Newfleld. Notice of. N.E. Reg. 24:442. (1870.) [6470 Mbbbt, Chables Glidden. b. 1829. Damariscotta. History of Alna Lodge, No. 48, Free and Accepted Masons, Dama- riscotta, Me., from April, 1874, to December, 1880. By Charles G. Merry. Portland: Stephen Berry, Printer. 1888. 12mo. pp. 25-40. [6471 History of Alna Lodge, No. 48, Free and Accepted Masons. Dama- riscotta, Maine, from 1880 to 1881, by Charles G. Merry, Part III. Portland: Stephen Berry, Printer. 1891. 12mo. pp. 41-68. [6472 Mbbby, Robebt. 1785-98. English poet. Pains of Memory. 1805. See Rogers, Samuel. Mesbbvb, Albion Keith Pabbis, M. D. 6. 1888. Physician, Port- land. President's Address before Maine Medical Association. 1882. Trans. 7:417. (1882.) [6478 122 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MAINE. MsflSBVE, Albion EIbith Pabbis, M. D., Continued, Report as necrologist Maine Medical Association. Trans. 0:509. (1888.) [6474 Comprises biographical sketches of John B. Walker, M. D., Thomaston, by F. B. Hitchcock, M. D., Bocklaad; Edward M. Field, M. D., Bangor, by R. K. Jones, M. D., Bangor; and Alonzo B. Palmer, M. D., of Michigan. Records of the First church of Christ in Biddeford. From the copy made by the late Capt Wm. F. Goodwin, and communi- cated to the Recorder by A. E. P. Meserve, M. D. Me. Rec. 5:202. (1888.) 6:208,833,492. (1880.) [6475 ^Report as necrologist Maine Medical Association. Trans. 10: 166. (1880.) [6476 Comprises biographical sketches of John B. Cashing, M. D., Skowhegan; Galen J. Tribou, M. D., Steaben; Rufus King Cushing, M. D., Bangor; John Q. A. Hawes, M. I>., Hallowell; George H. Chadwick, M. D., Portland. Marriages in Standish. Me. Rec. 5: 230. (1888.) 6: 350. (1880.) [6477 ^Ancestry of. 1880. See American Ancestry. Report as necrologist Maine Medical Association. Trans. 10:326. (1890.) [6478 Contains biographical sketches of Nathaniel Shannon, M. D., Charlestown, by Dr. £. M. Plummer; John Buzzell, M. D., Portland, by Dr. Charles Hutchinson; W. B. Cobb, M. D., Standish, by Dr. B. F. Dunn; Sidney B. Cushman, M. D., Wiscasset, by Dr. C. A. Peaslee; Robert Dixon, M. D., Damariscotta; Hiram H. HiU, M. D., Augusta, by Drs. J. O. Webster, and I. T. Dana; Charles P. Chandler, M. D., Addison; James Freeland New- man, M. D., Gorham, by Dr. £. E. Holt. Mesbant, Ann, widow, alias Godfrey. 1883. See Banks, Chas. E. Messeb, Stephen, of Bluehill and Lowell. 1880. See Porter, J. W. MsssiNGEB, RosEWELL. 1776-1844. Clergyman, York, 1708-1813. A Sermon preached at York, October 21, 1708, by the Reverend Rosewell Messinger; being the first sermon after his solemn in- auguration into the gospel ministry, as colleague pastor with the Reverend Mr. Lyman. Published at the request of the hearers. Printed by Samuel Hall, No. 53, Cornhill, Boston. 1700. 8yo. Title-page. pp. 6-23. [6470 ^An Oration, delivered at Old York, on the death of George Wash- ington; late president; and commander in chief of the armies of the United States of America; who departed this life, at Mount Yemon in Virginia, on the 14th day of December, in the 60th year of his age. By the Rev. Rosewell Messinger, pastor-col- league with the Rev. Mr. Lyman of the First church in Old York, Maine. Charlestown: Printed by Samuel Etheridge. 1800 8to. pp. 5-16. [6480 Another copy has two title-pages. The first is as follows: "An Oration Delivered at Old York, on the Death of George Washington. By the Be v. Rosewell Messinger, S. B. January, MD, CCC. " BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MAINE. 123 ^A Sermon, preached at the ordination of the Rev. James Boyd, at Bangor, on Penohscot River, September 10, 1800. By the Rev. Rosewell Messinger, pastor of the First church in York. From the Press of Angier March, sold at his bookstore. North side of Market Square, Newburyport. 1800. 8vo. pp. 28. [0481 Sentiments on Resignation. By Rosewell Messinger, pastor of the First church in York, Maine. Portsmouth (N. H.) : Printed for the author by W. Treadwell. 1807. 12mo. pp.225. (1808.) [6482 Reviewed In Monthly Anthology, 6 : 48. (1809.) By R. Emerson. The same, under the following title: Sentiments of Resignation. By Rosewell Messinger, pastor of the First church in York, Maine. ** Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right. *' Copy-right secured according to law. Schenectady: Printed for the author, by Isaac Riggs. 1820. 12mo. pp. 240. [6488 Metali^ak: The Lone Indian of the Magalloway. 1844. See Brad- bury, Osgood. Metbbolooical Joubnal. 1806-58. See Cleaveland, Parker. Metxobites. Found at Oastine, 1847. See Shepard, Charles U. Found at Searsmont, 1871. See Shepard, Charles U. ^Found at Searsmont, 1871. See Smith, J. Lawrence. So called, at Northport. 1888. See Robinson, Franklin C. Methodism. History of, in Maine. 1793-1886. See Allen, Stephen. —-Centenary Sermon on. 1866. See Munger, C. ^Barly Progress of in Maine. (1852.) See Stevens, Abel. Methodist Episcopal Chubch — Maine Confebence. Minutes of the Maine Conference, July, 1841. (Contained in the minutes of the New England Conference, pp. 25-38). ^Minutes of the Maine Annual Conference of the Methodist Episco- pal church, for the year 1842. Boston: Printed by David H. Ela, 37 Comhill. 1842. 8vo. pp. 24. [6484 ^The same, 1843. 8vo. pp. 24. ^The same, 1844. 12mo. pp. 24. ^The same, 1845. 12mo. pp. 24. ^The same, held at HaUowell, 1846. 12mo. pp. 24. ^The same, held at Saco, 1847. 12mo. pp. 24. The Maine Conference was divided, and the East Maine Conference estab- lished in 1847. ^The same, held in Portland, 1848. 12mo. pp. 16. 124 BIBLIOGBAPHT OF MAINE. Methodist Episcopal Chubch, Maine Confebehcb, Continued, ^The same, held in Augusta, 1849. 12mo. pp. 16. The same, held at Kennebunkport, 1850. 12ino. pp. 31. ^The same, held at Winthrop, 1851. 12mo. pp. 32. ^The same, held at Portland, 1852. 12mo. pp. 32. ^The same, held at Biddeford, 1853. 12mo. pp. 28. ^The same, held at Skowhegan, 1854. 12mo. pp. 36. The same, held at Bath, 1855. 12mo. pp. 32. The same, held at Gardiner, 1856. 12mo. pp. 23. The same, held at Saco, 1857. 12mo. pp. 24. The same, held at Farmington, 1858. 12mo. pp. 24. The same, held at Portland, 1859. 12mo. pp. 24. The same, held at Gorham, 1860. 12mo. pp. 32. ^The same, held at South Paris. 1861. 12mo. pp. 24. -The same, held at Portland, 1862. 12mo. pp. 30. -The same, held at Portland, 1863. 12mo. pp. 29. -The same, held at Bath, 1864. 12mo. pp. 28. -The same, held at Hallowell, 1865. 8vo. pp. 49. -The same, held at Lewiston, 1866. 8yo. pp. 50. -The same, held at Bath, 1867. 8yo. pp. 39. -The same, held at Brunswick, 1868. 8to. pp. 37. -The same, held at Sacarrappa, 1869. 8yo. pp. 35. -The same, held at Augusta, 1870. 8yo. pp. 44. -The same, held at Portland, 1871. 8yo. pp. 37. -The same, held at Gardiner, 1872. 8yo. pp. 37. -The same, held at Skowhegan, 1873. 8yo. pp. 37. -The same, held at Biddeford, 1874. 8yo. pp. 37. -The same, held at Bath, 1875. 8yo. pp. 37. -The same, held at Lewiston, 1876. 8yo. pp. 37. -The same, held at Gardiner, 1877. 8yo. pp. 37. -The same, held at Farmington, 1878. 8yo. pp. 43 -The same, held at Portland, 1879. 8yo. pp. 46. -The same, held at Saco, 1880. 8yo. pp. 40. -The same, held at Portland, 1881. 8yo. pp. 53. -The same, held at Augusta, 1882. 8yo. pp. 46. -The same, held at Lewiston, 1883. 8yo. pp. 47. -The same, held at Bath, 1884. 8yo. pp. 55. -The same, held at Biddeford, 1885. 8yo. pp. 50. filBLIOORAPHT OF MAINE. 125 -The same, held at Bridgton, 1886. 8vo. pp. 56. -The same, held at WatervlUe, 1887. 8vo. pp. 66. -The same, held at Portland, 1888. 8vo. pp. 61. -The same, held at Lewiston, 1880. 8vo. pp. 71. -The same, held at Bath, 1890. 8yo. pp. 71. -The same, held at Brunswick, 1891. 8vo. pp. 74. MsTHODiBT Episcopal Church, East Maine Confebsnce. Minutes of the East Maine Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, held at Banf^or, August 2. 1848. Bangor: Benjamin A. Burr, Printer. 1848. 12mo. pp. 16. [6485 ^The same, held at Bangor, 1849. 12mo. pp. 15. ^The same, held at Frankfort, 1850. 12mo. pp. 19. ^The same, held at Searsport, 1851. 8yo. pp. pp. 32. ^The same, held at Milltown, 1&52. 8vo. pp. 41, (2). The same, held at Rockland, 1858. 8to. pp. 32. ^The same, held at Damariscotta, 1854. 8vo. pp. 31. ^The same, held at Bangor, 1855. 8vo. pp. 24. ^The same, held at Bucksport, 1856. 8yo. pp. 24. ^The same, held at Camden, 1857. 8yo. pp. 28. ^The same, held at Bangor, 1858. 8yo. pp. 24. ^The same, held at Thomaston, 1859. 8yo. pp. 24. ^The same, held at Belfast, 1860. 8yo. pp. 24. ^The same, fourteenth session, held at Searsport, 1861. 8yo. pp. 24. The same, fifteenth session. Held at Cherryfield, 1862. 8yo. pp. 23. (Engr.) ^The same, sixteenth session. Held at Rockland, 1863. 8yo. pp. 28. (Engr.) The same, seyenteenth session. Held at Bucksport, 1864. 8yo. pp. 31. (Enin'.) ^The same, eighteenth session. Held at Hampden, 1865. 8yo. pp. 30. (Engr.) ^The same, nineteenth session. Held at Wa doboro, 1866. 8yo. pp. 43. ^The same, twentieth session. Held at Wiscasset, 1867. 8yo. pp. 39. The same, twenty-first session. Held at Machias, 1868. 8yo. pp. 44,(2). (Engr.) The same, twenty-second session. Held at Bangor, 1869. 8yo. pp. 36, (1). ^The same, twenty-third session. Held at Rockland, 1870. 8yo. pp. 35, (2). 126 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MAINE. Methodist Episcopal Chubch, East Mains Confebxnck, Continued. The same, twenty-fourth session. Held at Dexter, 1871. 8vo. pp. 86, (1). ^The same, twenty-fifth session. Held at Orono, 1872. 8yo. pp. 30. ^The same, twenty-sixth session. Held at Damariscotta, 1873. 8to. pp. 44. The same, twenty-seventh session. Held at Belfast, 1874. 8to. pp. 40. The same, twenty-eighth session. Held at Calais, 1875. 8vo. pp. 38. The same, twenty-ninth session. Held at Bucksport, 1876. 8to. pp. 43, (1). The same, thirtieth session. Held at Thomaston, 1877. 8to. pp.. 48. ^The same, thirty-first session. Held at Rockland, 1878. 8vo. pp- 54. The same, thirty-second-session. Held at Doyer, 1879. 8yo. pp. 48. The same, thirty-third session. Held at Bangor, 1880. 8vo. pp. 56. The same, thirty-fourth session. Held at Belfast, 1881. 8vo. pp. 56. The same, thirty-iifth session. Held at Waldoborough, 1882. 8to. pp. 74. The same, thirty-sixth session. Held at Searsport, 1883. Svo. pp. 71. The same, thirty-seyenth session. Held at Camden, 1884. 8to. pp. 65, (2). ^The same, thirty-eighth session. Held at Ellsworth, 1885. 8yo.. pp. 66. The same, thirty-ninth session. Held at Winterport, 1886. 8vo. pp. 66. ^The same, fortieth session. Held at Bangor, 1887. 8yo. pp. 64. The same, forty-first session. Held at Rockland, 1888. 8vo. pp. 76. Tear-book of forty-second session of same. Held at Dexter, 1889. 8vo. pp. 76, (1). .(3 engr.) Year-book of forty-third session of same. Held at Dover, 1890 8vo. pp. 70. (7 ports. 6 engr.) MiCHABLis, Otho Ebnebt, Ph. D., U. S. A. d. 1890. r. Augusta, 1887-90 Field- Artillery Carriage Construction. By Captain Otho E. Mich- alis, U. S. A. Ordnance department. Journal Military Service Institution, 8: 414. (1887.) [6486 The Bofors Steel Cast Gun. Author^s edition. 1888. 8vo. pp. 14. [6487 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MAINE. 127 -Kmpp and DeBange: by E. Monthaye, captain in the Belgian gene- ral staff. Translated with an appendix, by O. E. Michaelis, Ph. D., captain of ordinance, U. S. army, member American Society of CiTil Engineers, Soci6t^r Roy ale des Sciences (Li^ge), <&c. New York: Thomas Prosser & Son, 16 Gold Street. 1888. 8yo. pp. ix, 218. (1 engr. 1 port., folding plates.) [6488 -Lime Sulphite Fiber Manufacture in the United States. American Society of Civil Engineers Trans. 20: 263. (1889.) [6489 ^The same. In separate form. 1889. 8vo. pp. 263-286. ^The Army of Kukuanaland. (Reprinted from the Journal of the Franklin Institute, October, 1889.) Philadelphia: (Seal) 1889. 8yo. pp. 18. [6490 With Michaelis, Mrs. Kate Woodbridge. Alfred Erupp: A sketch of his life and work. After the German of Victor Niemeyer, by K. W., and O. E. Michaelis, to which is added a visit to the Krupp works at Essen from the French of Captain E. Monthaye, Translated by Captain O. E. Michaelis, U. b. Army. New York: Thomas Prosser <& Son, 16 Gold Street. 1888. 8vo. pp. (2), 72, (1), (port., 3 engr.) [6491 MlOHBLI^, J. W. Description of twenty-four species of the shells of New England. Best. Soc. Nat Hist. Jour. 4:37. (1844.) [6492 ^Marine, Fluviatile, and Terrestrial Shells of the State of Maine and Adjoining Ocean. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour. 4 : 64. (1844.) [6493 MiLBS, Henbt Adolphtjb, D. D. 1809-96. Clergyman, Hallowell. A Discourse on the criminality of attempts to have dominion over man^s faith; delivered at the dedication of the Union meeting house, in Dresden, Me., June 27, 1833. By Rev. Henry A. Miles, pastor of the Unitarian church in Hallowell, Me. Hallowell: Glazier, Masters, & Co. 1833. 8vo. pp. 16. [6494 MiLFOBD. Incorporated 1833. Early Settlements in. See Porter, J. W. ^Deaths at North Milford, Maine. From inscriptions on gravestones. Bang. H. M. 4: 100. (1888.) [6496 MiUTABT HiSTOBY. See Rebellion. MiiiLBBiDGE. Incorporated 1848. Early Settlement of. (1886.) See Milliken, James A. History Pleiades Lodge. 1874-92. See Sawyer, Franklin. MiLLXB, Fbakk Bubtok. b. Gushing, 1862. Journalist, Rockland. Ancestry of. 1890. See American Ancestry.	965
annualreportofst1875mass_21	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,869	Annual report of the State Board of Health of Massachusetts	Massachusetts. State Board of Health	English	Spoken	7,227	9,488	It may still further be remarked, as possibly the result of the residence, that the father, though always liable to some throat irritation, had been during the autumn and winter peculiarly annoyed by it. No one of the family, in fact, escaped from some illness, and yet they had been healthy pre- viously to living there. The attending physician had become convinced that "something wrong existed about the house," and had advised a sanitary inspection of the premises. He . vr I. .•f '-^^J' JVP2. PLAN BEFORE 1873. O ^-^JO' JVPJ. PLAN AFTER IS73. O. <J>' J?' PROPOSED PLAN 875. 1876.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 30. 419 liiid made suggestions almost, if not quite, identical with those subsequently given by myself to the occupants of the house. Let us, now, view the premises, and decide what influence, if any, they may have had upon the mass of disease which had fallen upon this unfortunate family, within a short time after taking charge of them. In order to make the subject more clear, I present the following diagrams which may be described as follows : — No. 1. The premises, as they had been for twenty-five years, before 1873. No. 2. The same modified by the present occupant, in 1873. No. 3. The same, if altered according to plans suggested by the examination. All the diagrams represent the second floor of a large, square house, with sleeping-chambers, and bath-room, and watercloset, opening into a long entry which passes from the front to the rear of the building, thus, as stated above, allow- mg a very full circulation of air. No. 1 provides that the bath-room and water-closet should be entirely separated from the two sleeping-rooms adjacent. Entrance to the two former was only by a door in the entry. A window opening on the side of the house, and a ventilator to the chimney from the water-closet, gave sufiicient opportu- nities for the escape of deleterious gases, without contamina- tion of the residents. For twenty -five years these arrangements had existed, and no apparent trouble had arisen. In 1873, the grandson took possession of the house, thoroughly repairing and altering it, and in so doing — 1. He shut ofli" the water-closet, seen in plan 2, from the open window ; 2. He opened a passage between the two adjacent chambers, and thus brought them into imme- diate contact with sewer-gases, by means of a door communi- * The following is an explanation of the diagrams : A, a shallow hole, a few inches deep, with an iron strainer, making it look like opening to a drain. The snrface of the brick-covered yard was so arranged as to convey into this aijertur-e all the water falling upon the yard, and much from the hill above. S — Passage for kitclien-slops, and leading to D. D, a common, small, brick drain into which kitchen-slops and water-closet contents were carried. F — Furnace-flue, W C — Water-closet. B — Bath-tub. D (diagram 3) — New drain commnuicating with and tending to wash out out D'. D^ — Proposed new drain for water-closet, and to be carried wholly outside of the house. 420 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. [Jan. catiug with this passage-way and water-closet : 3. By this arraugement the passage-way, connected with the bath-room and water-closet, became part of the playground for the children, and the door being frequently open, it would obvi- ously be almost, if not quite, impossible to prevent contamina- tion of the sleeping and waking hours of the children and of their attendant nurse. The latter, it will be remembered, was first taken ill ; then came all the children and mother, succes- sively, one of the former dying. The father had an irritation of his throat. Now, under the light of modern sanitary investigations, I have no doubt that this arrangement was the main factor in these terrible results. But this was not all. The cellar was very damp ; ashes that had been put in a brick apartment in one corner of it became a moist, decomposing mass. This dampness was increased by the supposed drain A in the yard. This was found to be nothing but a shallow cul-de-sac, about a foot deep, into which all the water from the brick- covered yard, and much from the hill above, was canght, and afterwards allowed to soak down along the outside walls of the cellar, thus increasing the natural dampness of the earth near by. Moreover, I found a slop-drain at S, connected with the kitchen, running into the drain S D. Into this drain had been also introduced the soil-pipe of the water-closet. On opening the drain it was found clogged with fecal matter. Here, then, were no less than three more distinct sources of ill-health. First, natural moisture of the soil about the cellar ; second, the cul-de-sac above named increasing that moisture; and finally, third, the fecal obstructions. The following changes were suggested (vide third diagram) : 1st. Shut up the passage-way between the two chambers. 2d. Carry the water-closet fairly outside of the building into a bay window rising from the ground to the ceiling of the second story. Keep it warm by furnace-flues carried into it. Have two windows in it, and also ventilate it by a pipe carried up to the top of the house. Carry the soil-pipe into a new drain on the outside of the house at D^, and thence, by a very rapid descent, into the street drain below. 3d. Build a new drain, D, from A down into D^, to meet slop-water at S. This surface-water, thus diverted from the 1876.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 30. 421 cellar wall, would at times cleanse the drain, and also at times ventilate it. 4th. The cellar should be dug out, and at least a foot of clean gravel laid over the whole surface, and a strong thick cement covered over that up to a level with the surface of the ground outside of the foundations of the house. The ash-bin should be similarly cemented, and its bottom made tight. 5th. We advised a thorough cleansing of the rooms in which scarlet fever had occurred. I trust, gentlemen, that these facts of disease, thus detailed, even if our counsel be not all that could be wished for, will be as suggestive to others as they have been to myself. I remain, faithfully, Your friend and colleague, HENRY I. BOWDITCH. Note. — March 1, 1876. The above recommendations, given by the family phys'cian and myself, have been, in cer- tain respects, more than carried out. All the soaked, filthy earth* was removed from the cellar to the depth of two feet, and after disinfecting the surface thus exposed, a layer of gravel and cement four inches thick was laid upon it. Thorough dryness of the earth is provided for by a porous drain run around the inside of the cellar walls, with an open- ing into a drain outside. The water-closet and slop-drains, S and D^, are removed. The former is put in the bay-win- dow outside of the house, with thorough ventilation by means of two shafts, one to the top of the house and the other into a kitchen flue, always kept warm. The water-closet has two windows in it, and has no connection with the house except by a door, usually kept shut. The slop-drain (S) is now a strong iron pipe, hung from the ceiling of the cellar, and carried thence into a well-trapped and ventilated drain in the * The eartli, when removed from the cellar, was so very offensive that the air was filled for some distance around it with a vile odor, distressing to the neighbors. 422 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. [Jan. '76. yard. I regret that the passage-way leading between the chambers has been retained ; but as the water-closet door is kept closed, and the closet is out of the building, and so per- fectly ventilated, little evil is likely to arise. The family is not constantly, as before, necessarily exposed to sewer-eraana- tions. Since the recovery of the last-named patient, in June last, all have been in perfect health, except that the father has had a slight rheumatism ; not enough, however, to pre- vent attention to business. Of course, all parties feel grati- fied at the result. DEFECTS IN HOUSE-DRAINAGE, AND THEIR REMEDIES. Br EDWARD S. PHILBRICK, C. E., Of Boston. HOUSE-DEAINAGE. The following is written for the latitude and climate of Massachusetts. It is not the purpose of this paper to prove the necessity Limit of of removing fecal matter promptly from our houses. This discussed. may be assumed as already proven. The intention is rather to point out how, in our community and under existing con- ditions, it can best be done. Neither does it seem worth while now to discuss the relative merits of the various systems by which this removal is accomplished in different places. Volumes have been written on this branch of the subject, and new schemes are constantly under trial. But the experience of all the large towns in this country, as well as that of most large European towns for the past ten or fifteen years, indicates the water-closet system for the removal of fecal matter, and the uniting with this of the refuse of kitchen sinks, for removal by water carriage through a system of drains and sewers to a destination suited to the locality, as best adapted to meet the wants of our people. It is, on the whole, likely to be attended with less difficulty in its details, and more efficiency when applied to all sorts of houses and all classes of population, than any other system of removal yet devised.* At any rate, this system has had a very water-car. riage system an estab- * Menzies, in his " Treatise on tlie Sanitary Management and Utilization lished cus- of Sewage/' page 8, says : " Looking at the qnestion in all its bearings, I am forced to the conclusion that the water-closet system will supersede all others, while I believe that I shall be able to show that, agriculturally speaking, it is the best and most proiitable." Baldwin Latham, in his "Sanitary Engineering," page 328, says: "A good water-closet is the only appliance fit to be used within a house, for by it all matters are at once conveyed away, and cease to have the power of produc- ing evil, so far as our houses are concerned. It is not so, however, with those systems which conserve fecal deposits within, or in close proximity , to, our dwellings, as there is always danger in storing a dangerous article, however carefully we may tend and guard against its evil effects." Mr. Simon, in his rej)ort as medical officer of the Privy Council and Local 54 426 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. [Jan. Defects to he pointed out. extensive application, and is widely popular. Until some- thing better is devised, and has had the test of time to prove its worth, this will continue to be used. It has its weak points, however, and much remains to be done towards avoid- ing the dangers incident to its mismanagement, and towards perfecting its details. It behooves us, also, to seek to adapt it to the conditions existing in our community in the simplest and most efficient manner, so that they can be understood by any one who owns a house, or hires one. Drains out- side the house. Cesspools objection- able. Essential conditions. Drains between the House and Sewer or other Receptacle. The prime object of house-drainage is the removal of the refuse with all possible speed. Every device by which any part of it is hoarded or retarded in or about the premises is to be carefully avoided. Hence, cesspools are an abomina- tion.* Wherever sewers exist, th6y are worse than needless. The only excuse for any sort of cesspool near a house is the need of separating grease from kitchen-drains. Small, tight, brick tanks, or stoneware grease-pots, seem to be a necessary evil among a population who waste, or whose servants waste, so much fatty matter in their kitchen-sinks as ours. The best way to provide for this will be described later. To secure a prompt and continuous flow, drains must be smooth inside, must be well laid, of a proper size, and have sufficient slope to render them self-cleansing. Where the last is not practicable, there should be provision for frequent flushing. They should also be as nearly impervious as pos- Government Board, London, 1874, says : "The advantages of tlie "water-closet system, wliere it can be adopted, and will be x^roperly worked, are, as regards the extremely important object of getting the refuse continuously and com- pletely removed, too evident to require advocacy. Those advantages, how- ever, may fail to be realized if the system be adojjted trithout due circum- spection ; and the conditions which ought to be kept in view in order to avoid any such failure are, apparently, these three : Fii'st, that the closets will universally receive an unfailing sufficiency of water properly supplied them; secondly, that the comparatively large volume of sewage which the system produces can be, in all respects, satisfactorily disposed of; and thirdly, that on all premises which the system brings into connection with the common sewers, the construction and keeping of the closets and other drainage relations will be subject to skilled direction and control." * See Menzies' Treatise, page 20. 1876.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 30. 427 sible, to avoid contaminatinsr the surroundinof soil. For Best mate- house-drains, no material is so good as cast-iron, with calked lead joints. But glazed stoneware pipes, carefully put together with hydraulic cement, will make very good drains outside the house walls, if the soil is firm and not liable to settle. There is much of it made in this country ; but it is mostly inferior in strength to the Scotch or English, which is imported at slightly higher rates. Their connections or branches connec should never be at right angles, but oblique, so that T-jomts or branches should never be used. They always tend to produce an accu- mulation of solid matter. Y-joints or ^r^^^^^ 'TrrrmirnBg ^ branches. branches can always be obtained (see Fig. 1 and 2), and the position of the fig. i.—T-joint in Drain. drain can generally be adapted to their use by taking a little pains. When being laid, a swab should always be -=^^^^=,:=.v,^j,^=.=„.^s=, ^ .^ o '. ./ E!!!!^^5^^^^^^^^^S3 Inside drawn through them, to wipe the sur- r^^jJ^^^^^^^M J°"'"^'^- plus cement from the joint on the inside, every new piece put into the trench ^^^- 2.— Y -joint. being strung on to the line or rattan which carries the swab, and draws it along. The writer has seen a good drain, which would otherwise have been successful, entirely choked by sewage accumulating against those burrs of cement inside the joints, which should have been wiped out when laid. Col. Waring recommends a hemp gasket at the joint, to pre- vent the cement from running through, but this cannot be applied without shortening the joint to some extent, and thereby impairing its tightness. The lap is never very long, at best, and cement is never so sure of stopping water as when its surface is wiped, while fresh, on the side where the water seeks to enter it.* A frequent mistake is made in laying too large-sized pipes Drains often for drains, arising from the notion that small pipes are more likely to be choked. The fact is, that all increase of size above the requirements of capacity is an actual injury, by diminishing the scouring power of the current ; so that, if laid * A gasket, carefully applied, would tend to hold the ends concentric, and insure a continuity of the interior lines, but it should be applied with skill, and in limited quantity. 428 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. [Jan. with a fall of two feet or more in a hundred feet of length, a four-inch pipe is better than a larger one for a house-drain used by some fifty persons, because, with this limited flow, the small one would scour better than the larger one. If rain-water is admitted from the roof-gutters, either for con- venience or flushing, a larger size is perhaps needed, but six inches is ample, even then, for any ordinary house-roof. If the fall is less than two per hundred, flushing may be needed. Latham says that, in order to be self-cleansing, the house- drain should convey its contents at the rate of three feet per Size of second. To attain this velocity, a four-inch drain must have drains. '' ' a fall of about one in a hundred, and a six-inch drain must have a fall of about one in a hundred and forty, even when half-full. As such drains seldom run half-full, they cannot be relied upon as self-cleansing, unless laid with nearly double the above rate of slope, — say two per hundred for four-inch drains, or one and a half per hundred for six-inch drains. For hotels and large establishments containing many recepta- cles for sewage and many branch drains, a six-inch pipe would be ample, unless rain-water be admitted from extensive roof- whenused surfaccs. lu this case the size of the drain is governed — water, this first, by its rate of fall, which is generally limited by local size. topography; and second, by the size of the roof to be drained. In our climate, a rainfall of at least one and a half inches per hour from the roof-surface should be provided for, adjusting the size of the drain to carry this rainfall. In such cases, the sewage can be practically ignored, for its volume is quite in- significant in comparison with that of the rain-water. The problem then becomes a question of hydraulics, and reference must be had to the governing elements and well-known phys- ical laws, thence computing the required size. Drains are not intended to carry broken crockery, old clothing, rags or shoes. Such things are often found in them, it is true ; but increasing the size of the drain is no remedy for such abuse, which would choke a street sewer. On the other hand, the smaller the drain which will carry the largest flow with which it is likely to be taxed, the better is the scour, and the more likely it is to keep clean. Any accumu- lation of sewage in the pipes is sure to decompose and give rise to abundance of poisonous gas, which it is next to impos- 1876.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 30. 429 sible to keep out of our houses. It cannot be expected that f^^^'';l'l^^^ the interior of sewers and drains should always be free from °"jn^"jJe^';„ such gases, but it is by all means desirable to reduce their vol- ^'oi^n^e- ume to a minimum, and then to apply all possible precautions to prevent their mixing with the air we breathe. To prevent Traps. their access to our houses, traps are used. To a certain ex- tent, and in certain places, they are essential, but there may be too many traps. Every trap in the line of a waste or soil pipe is necessarily a place for sewage to be arrested tempo- rarily, and, if the use of the pipe be not very frequent, de- composition occurs, evolving gases. In all houses draining into sewers, the place where a trap is most essential is outside of the house walls, on the main house-drain, after it has collected all the branches which are tributary to it, and between this point and the sewer. Prof. Edmund Parkes, in his treatise on practical hygiene, says, page 343 : "It is hardly possible to insist too much on the importance of this rule of disconnection between the house- pipes and outside drains. Late eveats [supposed to be the illness of the Prince of Wales] have shown what a risk the richer classes of this country now run, who not only bring the sewers into their houses, but multiply water-closets, and even put them close to bedrooms. The simple plan of disconnec- tion, if properly done, would insure them against the other- wise certain danger of sewer air entering the house. Houses which have for years been a nuisance from persistent smells, have been purified and become healthy by this means." The medical officer of the Privy Council, London, says: "This condition ought to be insisted on : that every private drain be properly trapped and ventilated in relation to the common sewers," etc. (Report of 1874, p. 32.) In England and other places having a mild climate, it is Traps be. usual to disconnect the house-drains from the street sewers by and sewers. providing that the former should discharge their contents into a chamber or tank, open at the top, just outside the house walls, into which the rain-water spouts are often turned. The rigor of our New England winter prevents our people from following many of the devices which in Old England are quite efficient, and this one among others. All out-of-door drains are here of necessity kept deep in the ground, with as little 430 STATE BOAKD OF HEALTH. [Jan. Vents for outside Iraps. exposure as possible to a temperature of 40° Fahrenheit below freezing, which sometimes prevails for several successive days.* The best sort of disconnec- tion we can apply, is to introduce a pipe-trap between the house and the sewer. This should not be a built chamber with square corners, which might collect solid matter, but a mere depression in the pipe itself, having the same sectional area as the pipe, and therefore containing the minimum of matter for decomposition. (See fig. 3.) Such traps may sometimes be forced by the compression of air in the street sewers, especially if these are tide-locked Fig. 3. — Trap for Drain. Fig. 4. at high water, like many of those in Boston. To provide against this, a vent-pipe, of four inches diameter at least, should in cities be led from the hole in the trap directly up the side of the house, like a water conductor, and above all dormer windows. The water conductor itself will not answer for this purpose, for the compression of air in the sewer is most likely to occur during a heavy rain, when the water- spouts are fully occupied as such, and are, therefore, incap- able of giving vent to the gas, for which special outlet must * At the moment of writing this, November 30, 1875, the thermometer has averaged only two degrees above zero, Fahrenheit, for the past twenty-fonr hours, with a gale of wind from the north-west, forcing the air into every crack and cranny of our houses. 1876.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 30. 431 be given. In suburban districts, a vent into a pile of loose stones, or a man-hole chamber under ground will answer. (See fig. 4.) During the winter this chamber may be filled with dry leaves, etc., and the vent covered with wire netting, in order to prevent freezing. A i)erfectly ventilated system of sewers would doubtless Sewer.ven- . . ™ ^ . -, Illation gen- render this vent-pipe needless ; but few of our towns, if any, eraiiyim. have attained this stage of perfection in this respect. The method of sewer- ventilation advocated by Baldwin Latham, and largely practised in England, and by J. H. Shedd in this country, consists of small holes in the man-hole covers in the streets. In our climate, such vents are completely sealed by ice or frozen mud for six months, and perhaps by liquid mud and dust for a large part of the other six, unless cared for by men kept for the purpose. The subject of cesspools has been alluded to above. Even where no street sewers exist, the cesspool may sometimes be dispensed with. Col. George E. Waring, Jr., in a series of excellent articles lately published in the "Atlantic Monthly," tells of his own experience in distributing his sewage through the soil of his lawn by porous pipes, serving to utilize the material in the simplest and cheapest manner. The writer has pursued a similar plan for over twenty years successfully. But many people have too little land about their houses to provide even this small " sewage farm " within their own limits. The cesspool, then, in the absence of sewers, becomes a iiecessit}'-, and large numbers of our people are thus driven, by the increase of poulation, to live on quarter-acre lots, and even smaller ones, with their old privy-vaults, cesspools and wells for drinking-water within one or two rods of one another ! The habits of our people demand all " modern con- veniences " inside their houses. They ask for water-supply and waste-pipes in all directions, and upon every floor ; but if dependent upon wells for their drinking-water, these Poisoning sources are sure to become sinks in the course of time. ^^ ^* Neither can they expect any warning, appreciable by the senses. The change is insensible and invisible. The well-. water may look as pare as ever, and taste as cool and re- freshing, and yet contain the seeds of disease. Some argue 432 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. [Jan. Sewerage Imperative with an abundant water- supply. that because their cesspool is on lower ground than the well, the latter cannot be affected, for, say they, "the dirty water can't run up hill." They forget that the contents of the cess- pool may be twenty or thirty feet higher than the bottom of their well, from which they generally get their supply, and that although underground drainage, which supplies the well, generally runs in a direction indicated by the slope of the surface, there is no certainty about its always being so. There are times when the well-springs are low, and but little water is found in them. How do they know, then, that the cesspool, though in ground lower than the top of the well, may not soak in the direction of the well, whose bottom, nearly empty, is many feet below it? If the soil be once polluted about the house below the absorbing powers of sur- face vegetation, whose roots seldom go deeper than one or two feet, it never can be relied upon again with safety for the filtration of water for drinking. The accumulation of filth in the soil around these porous cesspools is just as certain as the annual rise of the streams after the winter rains, and such accumulation is as certain to be followed by injurious effects upon the health of people whose houses are near such influences, as is any other viola- tion of sanitary laws. It is said to be the invention of the shirt that brought us immunity from the plague, through the improved cleanliness of the skin. But if our people go on as they have done to pollute the soil about their houses by using water, as they now do, to dissolve their filth, rinse it out of their houses, and soak it down into their soil, the most frequent changes of linen will not save them. They must invent some other source for their drinking-water, than to pump it up again from the same soil, or the plagues of the East will visit us again in some form or other. Sewerage should follow immediately, or be provided simultaneously with water-supply. For, if wells are aban- doned, and aqueduct water is to be substituted, the consump- tion of water is multiplied at once, and cesspools become quite inadequate to dispose of the house-washings. If sew- erage is not provided simultaneously with a water-supply, the surroundings of our houses soon become saturated with water as well as filth, and steam up, under our July suns, to infect 1876.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 30. 433 our systems, through the lungs instead of the stomach, with consequences quite as fatal, and probably more speedy. The details of the construction of sewers, and the ultimate disposition of the sewage, are subjects demanding a separate study for each new locality, and their investigation would be beyond the limits of this paper. No branch of civil engineer- ing is more important, or more fraught with difficulties de- manding skill and a careful study of the experience of others. It is, in fact, one of the most important questions connected with the growth of our modern civilization. No community can afford to ignore it. Trouble often arises from the settling and breaking of Drains laid house-drains, when laid upon filled land. The books say that land. they must be laid in "virgin soil." It might puzzle the wisest to find any soil to answer that description among the many thousand houses built upon pile foundations in Boston and its suburbs. The occupants of such houses at the South End of the city, and in the fine mansions on the "Back Bay" have had a good deal of trouble from this source. In fact, it must exist, in some degree, over the greater part of wards 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 (old divisions). The houses being built and occupied long before the mud bottom under the filled streets has become thoroughly settled, this process of settling continues in some places for years, carrying down with it the house-drains, which are inevitably sheared off near the outside of the house walls, for these are built on rigid foundations. The immediate consequence is a leak in the drain close to the outside of the cellar wall, and in some cases, ejitire breach of continuity. If leaking alone, the only warning received by the occu- Broken pant of the house is in the percolation of the sewage through the wall or up through the cellar floor, for there is not one wall in five hundred that will stop it. Neither will con- creting cellar bottoms stop it. The more resistance there is offered to the influx by such walls and floors, the more the filth is accumulated in the surrounding soil by lapse of time and constant leakage from the cracked drain, till the clean, porous gravel with which the street was once filled becomes saturated with the sewage, a sponge of an uncertain extent, filled with the foulest of matter, which it is next to impossible 65 434 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. [Jan. to shut out of the cellars, for it is both fluid and gaseous, and penetrates the minutest pores. Remedies. Tho remedy for this nuisance is by no means simple. Wooden boxes are slightly pliable, and, if made with care, and well clamped, may answer sometimes for temporary house-drains, till the material under the street has ceased settlinsf ; but even wooden boxes cannot be bent far without opening joints and becoming leaky. If houses must be built and occupied in such places, the only sure way of construct- ing a permanently tight house-drain would be to drive a row of piles for its foundation, between the house and the sewer. Even then, if the sewer is not built upon piles, — and they rarely are, — the break would occur where the piles cease, for nothing else is rigid over the compressible mud of these regions. This evil is so widely prevalent, that great com- plaint has arisen about the drainage of those districts, the source of which is more likely to be traceable to cracked house-drains, than to any defects in the sewers themselves. It is certainly a serious matter for any one who contemplates living upon newly-filled lands. The use of cast-iron drain- pipe all the way to the sewer, with calked lead joints, is recommended by some authorities, in soils subject to settling. But even iron pipes will break, if rigidly connected, about as soon as stoneware, though, having fewer joints, they may break in fewer places. They are certainly no sure remedy for this evil. If a tight, flexible pipe could be made, it might answer the purpose for awhile, but such a thing is yet to be invented in a permanent form.* Man.hoies A cpmmissiou recently appointed by the city government of lor 3.CCGSS ^ 1 -\ • /•!• T recommend- Bostou to cousidcr the drainage of that city, recommend makins: a man-hole for access to the house-drain close to the outside of the house wall, so as to allow of ready inspection for detection and mending of leaks, caused by settlement of newly-filled lands. This is an excellent suggestion, and if the leaks were confined to this point, would help the case materially. This point is the one where settlement is most likely to occur, and it may cover the whole trouble in a ^ A flexible draiu-pipe, made by coupling short joints of ii'on with rubber gaskets, if carefully i>ut together, might answer for a number of years, but any packing of such organic matter is subject to decay, and then leakage occurs. ed. 1876.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 30. 435 majority of cases, if well watched. Of course, it would need protection from frost in exposed situations. This could readily be given by filling the man-hole chamber with straw or litter. Where a "virgin soil" exists, there is, of course, no excuse for the breaking of drains. Yet they sometimes do break, from the want of care in the laying or in packing the earth around or under them, especially where passing across the ■ earth newly filled around the outside of a cellar wall. Such places should always be puddled with water when filling, both under and over the drains. Of course, every leak is a source of great risk, contaminating the soil in its vicinity to an ex- tent dependent on its permeability. In short, no workman- Good work- ship can be too good to be employed in laying house-drains, essential. They are out of sight, and, therefore, out of mind. More- over, a defect can only be detected after months, if not years, during which time the soil may have become polluted to an incurable extent, rendering a home a mere pest-house which might otherwise have been healthy. The increased use of water in our houses is iusth^ regarded increased •^ "^ ° use of water as one of the most valuable agents in raising the standard of bringsgreat- a ~ er risks. cleanliness among the poor, and in contributing to the com- fort and luxury of the more wealthy. But it must not be forgotten that it brings with it these increased risks, and demands the most careful attention ; for the more water we dilute our sewage with, the further will it penetrate through pores and dijBTuse itself through the soil, unless securely led off in proper channels to proper places. Drains Within the House Walls. The above remarks apply chiefly to the drains outside of Drains ■'■•' ^ ... inside the houses. But that portion of the drain which is within the bouse. walls deserves still more rigid scrutiny. The soil outside has certain absorbent powers, combining chemically with the poi- sonous gases, or holding air in its pores for their partial oxi- dation. Moreover, the poisonous influences within the walls, are much more likely to be absorbed by and act upon our systems through the lungs, than those which are partially shut out by the walls, or partially diluted by the open air. A New England climate does not admit of much "fresh air" 436 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. [Jan. The poor cannot af- ford fresli air in win- ter. " Modern improve- ments ' cheap houses, in inside the homes of those who cannot afford to heat it during six mouths of the year. The suffering from frost is immedi- ate, leading the poor man to calk every crack, while bad air is a slow poison, warning us perhaps by the sense of smell, in some degree, yet not in the urgent manner which would lead to an appreciation of its importance. If not immediately attended to and changed, the bad air soon ceases to attract our attention through the sense of smell, and is never thought of as a serious matter by a large part of our population. In fact, they might perish with the frost if they failed to shut out the pure air, and so choose the chance of living by shut- ting out both frost and air together. We must therefore expect to find poorly ventilated houses among the poor in winter. The exhalations from the skin and lungs are, unfor- tunately, not so easily collected and got rid of as the fluid and solid excretions of the body. But in getting rid of the lat- ter, if we do not take great care, they, too, become gaseous, and return to plague us in the air, already heavy with the vapors from the lungs and skin in badly ventilated houses. The introduction of water-closets and slop-sinks into tene- ment houses should therefore be guarded with peculiar atten- tion, or the benefits to be derived from their use will be more than cancelled by the evils which may arise from their defect- ive construction. A great number of houses have been built within a few years upon speculation in the vicinity of Boston and other large towns by a class of professional builders who erect long blocks with borrowed money, reducing the cost to a minimum by doing the work in a wholesale way, building by the dozen as it were. Every part of the work is subjected to competi- tion and the lowest bids taken, regardless of the reputation of the builder. The drainage and plumbing of such houses is generally calculated to please the eye by a display of marble slabs and plated mountings in convenient places ; but there being no reward offered for good workmanship or good plan- ning, neither is to be expected. It is here we find a combina- tion of bad designs, defective work, and poor materials, with a display to catch the eye, making a sort of man-trap or whited sepulchre ; for no sooner does a family attempt to use such a house as a home, and to turn its drainage into the 1876.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 30. 437 receptacles conveniently provided for the purpose, than we find sewer-gas diffused everywhere. The occupants of such a house would be safer, in many cases, if all their sewage were thrown into the middle of the street, or even on the side- walks, to decompose in the sunshine, or to be eaten by the dogs and rats in true Oriental style ; for the products of its decomposition would then at least be diluted and scattered by the winds, and would not be carried about their houses in concentrated form by pipes and passages, to poison the air of the bed-chamber and nursery. Menzies says (page 13) : "The gas which arises in foul drains is of a singularly light character, and has a tendency to ascend or draw towards any heated part of a house. Hence it often arises that houses in towns situated on the Lightness of • 1 n sewer-gases. highest ground are more unhealthy than those in the valleys, — the foul air rises to them through the drains ! As during the greater part of the year the internal temperature of an inhab- ited dwelling, and especially of some parts of it, is much higher than the surrounding atmosphere, it is obvious that the gas naturally ascends to the living-rooms, especially if during the winter and autumn they are warm and comfort- able. These water-closets are also generally on the bedroom floor, and it is more injurious to health to sleep in foul air than to be in it during the day-time." In planning house-drains, they should be got outside the Drains to be walls of the house as directly as possible. In public institu- thewaiis. tions, or other large buildings, where a large number of recep- tacles of sewage is provided, the main drain for the collection of the whole should be outside the walls, wherever practica- ble, for the reason that fewer joints of pipe, and fewer chances of leakage from imperfect work, would thus occur within the walls. The material for drains within the walls should be metal in Material for all cases. It is often customary to lead a drain across under inside of houses. a basement floor by stoneware pipes, which, though much better than the old-fashioned brick drain , is far inferior to iron. The writer has seen such a drain, well laid with Scotch cement is pipe and full cement joints, and covered with concrete of gas. hydraulic cement on the cellar floor, giving off through this cement an amount of stench that made the cellar nauseous, 438 STATE BOARD OF HEALTH. [Jan. even though the soil-pipe above was ventilated. The sewer in the street may have been in fault, but this ease serves to show how penetrating are these gases, and that good hydraulic cement mortar, though impervious to water, is not impervious to them. A ventilated trap outside the house afterwards stopped this nuisance in the case referred to, but even this may not be enough in all cases, for a certain amount of slime inevitably collects upon the insides of house-drains themselves, which, by its decomposition, evolves gases requiring metal Sewer-gas n'oints to hold them. Menzies says (p. 14), "I have known very pene- '' .. trating. ^his gas pass through floors and through chinks in two-feet walls. It will find out the smallest opening in any pipe that will give it a chance of getting to the heat or the open air." This same gas, if escaping from a slight leak in a drain buried in the soil outside the house, would doubtless be absorbed and rendered innocuous by the soil and by the air within its pores, but under a house the case is widely differ- iron pipes, cut. Cast-irou pipcs, with leaded joints, well calked, and painted, are safe ; and unless subjected to such great changes of temperature as might loosen the joints by expansion and contraction of length, will prove satisfactory for a long term Should be of ycars. If iron is used inside the walls, there is seldom above floors i • • i i 1 1 i in base- anything to be gained by burymg it under the cellar or base- ment floor. Such pipes should be readily accessible for in- spection. If a little attention be devoted to the subject, they can generally be placed along some wall or partition, or hung from the ceiling, where their joints can all be readily seen to be recalked and painted whenever necessary. If a water- closet be placed in the basement, it should be near the wall, where the soil-pipe leaves the house, so that this pipe, pass- ing just above the floor, can serve for its drainage. If neces- sary to this end, the floor of the closet can be raised one or two steps above the rest of the basement floor. Prof.	9,976
in.ernet.dli.2015.44581_17	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,873	The Bill Tracts Between Assam And Burmah	Not Available	English	Spoken	6,916	9,485	( 198 ) This is the Duffa Gam’s residence, but is no better in any repect than the other villages I have aeon. It is divided into two stockades : the larger includes fifteen houses, and the smaller six, containing together about 200 people. The Dulla Gam’s house is a long barrack-looking place raised on jiosts three feet high, with a roof reaching to within three feet of the ground. It is divided into five or six compartments on each side, separated by a j)assage down the centre ; each compartment is, or may be occupied by its respec- tive family, and in this manner 30 vor 40 people are sometimes lodged under one roof® Each division is furnished with a fire-place, above which a safe is suspended, where meat is diued and kept. The lowness of the roof oftectually excludes the daylight, except at the doorways, and the whole interior appears as if blaeli painted and var- nished, the effect of the smoko, w'hich when the doors are closed has no lueans of exit. A description of one is a description of all : the only difference being in size. On my arrival the village boats were busily employed ferrying over men, women, and children, loaded with elephant’s flesh, of which one of my coolies bartered four Chinese needles for a large mass of five or six pounds. The Singphos are very fond of this delicacy, and the Burmans, reasoning from the size of the animal, imagine it to be a very wholesome and strengthening food. Near Lamoung I saw a herd of 25 buffaloes ; and liere wore pigs, goats and fowls in abundance. Those animals are never killed, except to propitiate a “ nat” ora “spirit’ on commencing an expedition, an attack of1U^oss, a birth, funeral^ or some extraordinary occasion. Alinost all the men of the village wer^ absent cither with the Duffa Gam, or calling together his relations from their different hill resi- dences, but during the afternoon the rest of the village visited me as well as some of the Duffa’s relations, who had collected here upon the occasion of his return. One of the latter, a Tsanbwa, informed me that last year the Mogoung Governor demanded a sum of five viss of silver from his village, which he says he paid. This man, after some coaxing, gave me a list of villages which he said wcio subject to the Duffa Gam and pay him a revenue of three vi.es per annum ; they were his relations. Ho also informed me that the Ivhanti country is reached from this village in eight nights, and that once in two or three j'ears the Khaiitis bring knives and spears, superior to any other they can obtain, and take in exchange coarse cotton cloths and silver. Every man, many of the women, and even some of the scholars at the monastery at Main-khwou carry dhas, the majority of which are. .manufacttired by the ►Shans of Maiutha, but they are pf inferior quality to the Khanti dhas. In the CA’ening the Burmese officer, who with a force of 100 men had been despatched from Main-khwon to examine into and report upon the feud between the Golone and Waprong Tsanbwas, and afterwards to cut the road f«r us, arrived hero with fifty men, the rest having halted at sheds built for us near the mouth of the Monhyen-kha, in which a few baskets (six or eight) of rice, the whole nearly of their collection during their trip, has been deposited. I shall therefore bo compelled to halt to-morrow, as the road has not been cut from this, and my road- cutters return. ( 190 ) 15^/. — During the night a heavy shower of rain fell. This morning all th# women of tlio village visited me in form, headed by the Duffa Gam’s wife, who brought a nuzzur of a fowl, and about two teacupfuls of rice. They were delighted with, my musical boxes, and I gave the chief’s lady a goung-boung, and an empty eau-do-cologne bottle, with which she was much pleased, and some paper to two or three of the principal women for earrings, and they dei)arted. They all appear to have bathed on this important occasion. I mention this circumstance, because frequent bathing is not their custom. They are as dirty a people both in pei;son and house as any 1 have ever seen. About 9 A. M. the pioneers started, the officer having, after much trouble, succeeded in persuading the Dufia’s wife to give him a small party as a guide, and to quicken the work of clearing. I am to follow him to-morrow morning. In the course of the morning I took a second stroll into the village, if edging between the eaves of houses, and picking one’s way through all kinds of dirt and filth, pigs, fowls, dogs, &c., may bo called a stroll. The course of tho Nam-ta-nai River is hero nearly north — if any- thing, a little to tho east of north, and at the distance of about 1 J miles it winds round rather suddenly to the westward, and is no longer visible. The nearest hills to the east are Pe-kwe-bhoom ; on the west the Lassa and Wan-look-bhooius ; and north, at a eonsidei’able distance, the Nan-tseng-bhoom. IQth . — Started at 7 a. m. "Wenbw leave the Nam-ta-uai course at first over a small cultivated plain i^early east ; and at 7-4o,c'S»ne out on the Monhyen-kha at Tsin-lon ^imphwot, the site of an old village of this name and tho former residence f)f the Duffir Gam. The nullah is lioro fifty yards broad, and runs from the eastern range of hills. Our course still much to the east at north along a winding pathway through dense jungle, and at 8-20 came to a tr.ack leading to the Mii'ip village of liaiuoung on the bank of tho Monhyen-kha. At 8-50 we halted to breakfast at a village of the same name, a portion of tho foregoing, and also on the hank of the nullah. This part of the village consists of six wretched dirty houses built as before mentioned, long, and partitioned oif into stalls like a stable, only not a tittle so whole- some. Although it was a delightfully clear and mild morning, not a sold in tho village was stirring ; and as no one came at our call, and we wore uncertain whether the place wore inhabited or not, I walked up to the door of the largest house, and knocked loudly until it was opened. I found the inmateg»thieo men, a woman nd a child, squat- ting round a fire in the furthermost stall, ^liscoloxxrod with smoke and dirt, in rags, and looking the very personifications of sloth. They civilly offered me a seat, and I sat down and entei'od into conversation with them, while my breakfast was being prepared outside. This village is not stockaded, and the only thing that seemed to flourish in it is a poppy garden. The Duffa is connected with it by marriage. We had not been here many minutes before a party from the lower portion of the village came to see us. These were a little cleaner, and better dressed than their neighbours, and most of tho women wore amber eai’-drops. One, the oldest and by far tho gayest dressed, who was decked ( 200 ) out with, neoklaoes of various colored beads and sliolls, liad a very, fine pair of ambor ear-drops, which I wished to purchase of her. She said she had given ten tickals for them, but on my expressing a doubt as to the correctness of lier memory, and tlie bystanders ^ tittering at the old lady’s fib, she came down at once to five tickals, which I offered, but she refused. One of my followers referring to her ago, ungallautly remarked that “ she could not possibly livo more than another year to use them ; she would take them witlx her,” Started at 10 ; coxirso at first north; road good, though alternate small jxlains, admirably suited for paddy groixnds, and tliin jungle. At 11 -do we came to the village of Ka-li-yaug, ten houses, of the Aom-koom-tshung tribe of Singphos, situated on the left bank of the I’rong-prong-kha, a stream fronx the eastefn hills, thii’ty yards broad, knee-deep, and empties itself into the Nam-ta-nai below tlie village of Tsin-lon. At this village we observed two recent graves, a body lying in state under a shed by the roadside, in the hollowed-out trunk of a tree, and the remains — that is, ashes aixd bones — of another just burnt and not yet collected. The Tsanbwa’s house was a house of mourning : the door was closed and himself sick. He however came out to see us : an emaciated, dirty, smoke-dried little man. Ho gave mo some information about his tribe, which is not numerous. lie had been sick for many months, and within the last year has sacrificed no less than ten buffaloes to the “ nats” or guai’dian spirits, but has derived no assistance from them. I persuaded him to try English medicine, and gave him a packet, for which he st-emed very tliankful. At Ekii-li-yang some silkwonus are bred ; their breeding is not general. They were originally introdntod here some twenty years ago by the Mogoung Shans, wdio at this period mixed with the fcJingphos throughout Hoo-koom in considerable numbers, but were driven away by their constant quarrelling and fighting on the prevalence of the use of opium aixd spirits. The worms are fed on the mulberry ti-ee, indigenous here, and attain a very fair size. The cocoon is put into a chatty of water over a slow fire aud wound off on a common i-oel. The animal is of course killed. 'I’he breeding worms ax’o kept separate, aud the eggs collected on cloth. ’I'ho boiling of the silk seems to make it very coarse aud rough. At this village L)r. Griffith found the peach-tree. It is melancholy to see the wretched depravity and utter intellec- tual darkness of this i)eoplo : the war of extermination in which some of them are constantly engaged, not only tribe against tribe, but somo- times villages of the same race against each other, the strong against the weak, brother against brother; the ties of consanguinity, of affection, of friend^ip, seem bo either unkown or unrespected by them. In a conversation with two rather intelligent Singphos, ono of the Tisan and the other of Mirip tribe, the evil was attributed to the brutalizing effects of opium and spirits, the introduction of which, particularly the former, they attribute to us, it having been introduced originally from As.sam. I do not of courso»vouch for the truth of this statement ; but they are not singular in tlxeir opinions, as I heard the same from others wliilst at Main-khnown ; and as the lower orders of Assamese are much addicted to the use of opium, it was probably introduced by the Assamese caixtives, but many years prior to our { 201 ) occupation of Assam. But from whatever source derived, the cultiva- tion of -the peppy is now universal ; every village has its plantation carefully fenced round, and with the exception of sufficient rice for their own consumption, some cotton and a coarse kind of pumpkin, it seems to be the only cultivation of the country. Having taken a meridian altitude, at 12-10 we started again, and crossed the Prong-prong-kha. The road for some little distance beyond the village is lined with citron trees loaded with fruit, of which no use is made. We soon cs^me to a patch of half cleared ground, where paddy and cotton had i)een, and the poppy was. At a short distance, from^the village we met a party of the village women return- ing, laden with firewood and the leaves of the mustard plant gathered in the jungle. Our road nbw lay through a bamboo forest, until 1 20, when we rested at the village of Shilliuf^-khyet, five or six houses, on a branch of the Prong-prong-kha. 1 obtained about two seers of rice in exchange for a couple of coarse handkerchiefs and some paper presented to the ladies of the village, who had never before seen a white face. There are but five Assamese slaves here. At 2-10 we resumed our march over alternate plains and forest, and at 3 10 reached the village of Shilling- khyet on the right bank of the same nullah, and of which the former village is an olf-shoot. Distance per- formed, 14 miles; course, about north-west. This village consists of 14 or 1.5 house.s divided into two portions, which are not stockaded probably from an inability to maintain them- selves against an attack even witlPsuch protection, for the population here is not so numerous as elsewhere. Perha])3 thore^.as.'n not more than one hundred people iu^jJucling all classes and ages. The tea tree is found close at hand in the plains, as well as in the distant hills. I obtained a specimen of it. The poppy is cultivated in three or four gardens, and seems to thrive well ; stem six feet high, and large flower. The method of procuring the opium is by incisions in the green capsule, and as the juice exudes it is wiped off with a slip of coarse cloth, which when saturated is placed in the sun to dry, and is sold in this manner at the rate of about 15 or 16 inches of the cloth two fingers broad for Ks. 3-4. In this form it is smoked. The leaves of the plant are eaten as a vegetable, and possess no narcotic principle. Here I had several applications for medicine, which I com- plied with, and at parting gave the 'Psanbwa a small present. \.7th . — The Mengala-bo and his pioneers were taking it very easily here when I arrived yesterday, but I made him foi’thwith send on a party to open the road, and we started this gnorning at 6-45. Course to the west of nortn, across a p^in in the rear of tlie village. We soon entered the jungle, and arriving at the end of the opened road, had to make our way through shrubs and strong reeds which rendered our passage very difficult and slow. At 8-10 we came to th:^e or four posts in a narrow slip of plain, marking the boundary between Shilling- khyet aini the village of Ma-gwe-goun of the M’je-m’ja tribe, where w© halted at 0-10, having passed by the way a foot-path leading east to the Mirip village Koom-kha Ma-gwe-goun is a stockaded village of twelve houses on the mank of a small nullah. Here I found a couple of Shan pedlars from 2 c ( 202 ) Mogoung, travelling, as they said, for their own amusement, but com- bining business and pleasure by selling tobacco and opium ; the latter obtained from the Chinese. I endeavoured to persuade them to accompany me to A.ssam, and lay in an assortment of Snglish cloths, &o., promising to afford them protection, and feed them by the way ; but they started two insuperable obstacles to the success of my plan. The first was that they themselves had no money to lay in stock with, and the second, that the Singphos had none wherewith to buy. I therefore gave up the point. At; this village there were more than the ordinary number of Assamosp slaves, and a good many pigs, fowls, dogs, &o. The Tsanbwa^s wife and others brought me some eggs, and a plate or two of rice, for which I gave them a few small presents, with which they were much plehsed. Having breakfasted outside the stockade under the shade of a jack- tree, surrounded by all the “ beauty and fashion” of the place, 1 started again at half past ten, and after an hour’s walk through jungle came out upon the bed of the 'I’sack-tsai-kha, from 1 00 to 1 50 yards broad, with a shallow stream fifty yards broad at this season, but full in the rains. This nullah is said to have its rise in the Pekoi hills about 38 miles north- east hence, and to be fed by numerous smaller streams before it reaches this. There are twenty houses in this village, and many Assamese slaves. At noon I tools an observation for latitude, and before starting gave the Tsanbwa a goung-boung. Here also I saw a few silk-worms fed on the mulberry leaf. At 12-30 wo pursued our journey along the bed of the nullah, still nearly west, until 12-45, when we crossed it at its mouth, where it falls into the Nara-ta-ron or Taronkha. The stream of this fine river is from 80 to 1 50 yards broad at this season ; the main banks on an averageare 250 to 350 yards, varying in height from 1 2 to 20 feet. It is overflown in J tdy, when it must throw an immense body of water in the Kyen-dwen. Its general course here is N. 25 E. and S. 25 W., but it is tortuous, and soqp winds round much to the west, in which direc- tion it continues with little ^variation u'ntil just below the village of Tabong, whence to the village of Nauphyoii, three-quarters of a mile, it runs nearly north and south. Above the village of Nanphyen, after running for a short distance to the east of north, it winds round to the westward t^ong the foot of the Kan-kan and Nwe-nhen Mils through an opening in which it passes,* and then runs up directly north as far as between the villages of Poor and Ulim Pashi, when it runs off to the north-eastward hills, whence its source is derived. At • This is said to be a subterraneous passage through the mountains. ( 203 ) the point where it runs to the east, it is joined by a stream of equal size called !Kaufling-kha, coming due north from a hmh mountain said to be covered with snow. It is not navigable above Willope Timphwot, and dwindles away into a mere mountain stream obstructed by ropks. Its course the whole way after passing the hills abovementioned is exceedingly tortuous. For a more full description see draft. From the point where the Tsack-tsai penetrates the Nam-ta-ron, the Wan-tuk-bhoom bears south-west, distant five or six miles, and the village of Tsin-lon in a straight line cannot be more than a day’s journey hence ; we have therefore had.at least a day’s march to no purpose. We continued along the left bank, or rather along the left side of the pebbly bed of the river (which is tortuous and runs nearly west until below Tabong village), making very little way until 2-20, when we crossed over to the village of Tabong and halted for the night. The stream is here from 1 00 to 150 yards broad, waist-deep, and runs with considerable force ; so that a weakly man with a load cannot ford it with safety. Distance performed, about twelve miles ; general direction, about North 65 West. About 200 yards above the village, I found a very good house built for my friend the Myo-woon, and a set of barracks for his immense escort, but nothing for myself ; I therefore pitched my tent, and located some of my followers in the huts that were intended for the van-guard of our little army and their chief the Meugala-bo, who arrived at the same time as myself. In the evening I was visited by the Tsanbwa of Nanpliyen, a village three-quarter’s oi a mile higher up the river on the same side. , ^ » — During the morning T have had many visitors, mest of them bringing some trifles — yams, salt, greens, fowl, or a little rice. Among the number was the Tsanbwa of Nanpliyen and his father, the latter of whom brought mo a spear In the coin-so of our conver- sations I learned that the village of Willope near the Lock-lai-kha was destroyed last year, and that some of the villagers were here begging subsistence ; the Assamese slaves having fled into Assam. One of the refugees, who was present during the conversation, confirmed the report, and pathetically inveighed against the use of the opium to which he attributed the disaster- Abstinence however was not one of his virtues, for he was an opium smoker, and one of that numerous class who find it easier to preach abstinence than to practise it. My cook, who had been for.tging about, reported having seen a European infant in the village ; he had seen it in its mother’s arms. The Tsadhma, who was still ;(vith me, admitted that •there was a white child in the village, and pointed to an .Assamese slave .of the very darkest hue as its papa. The child was sent for, and turned out to be as 1 expected, after seeing its father, an Albino. It is a healthy boy, nqarly a year old, perfectly fair, with red eyes, and coarse snow-white hair, very like the hair of a Scotch terrier. The mofjier is an Assamese, about 23 years of age, fair and healthy, and one of the finest women I have seen in this port of the country. This is her second child ; the first was also an Albino, and died at two mouths. I gave the mother a goung-boung, and the child a rupee for a necklace, and they departed well pleased. No news of the Myo-woon. ( 304 ) — This morning I walked to the Nhen-pyen village, distant hence about three-fourths of a mile, and although 1 did fiot reach it till near 8 o’clock, one-half of the houses were still shutup. It is a stockaded .village of eleven houses, three large, the rest small, differing in nothing that I could see from others already described. About a mile north-west of this village is the site of the old village of Beesaf. The course of the river from Tahouiig to this as already mentioned, is north and south, but here it runs oft a little to the eastward, and then winds round directly we3t. The curiosities of the village took but little time to seo? and I returned .to my tent. After breakfast the villagers came en masse — men, womeif, and children — to return my call, bringing a fowl, some gi'eens, a little sidt, and two or three sticks of sugarcane. The latter seemed very good and juicy, and was of good size. They grow but a few sticks of it for eating, aixd know nothing of the manufacture of sugar. The salt was in largo crystals of a re idish brown or chocolate color ; it is made from a salt spring at a hill called Thibackthop. two days’ journey hence. The following is the proce.s8. The water is boiled in bamboos, which are replenished as evapora- tion takes place, and the bamboo in this manner is gradually filled. 100 contain 2,000 tickals weight of salt. Being anxious to facilitate the intercourse wdth Assam, I tried hard to persuade some of the men to accompany me to learn the sugar manufacture, and held out strong inducements for them to make the experiment. I promised to feed and protect them ; but all to no purpose. In the afternoon the xsaubwa brought me a basket of rice and akw'srd-k uifo, and 1 renf^wed the subject of my morning’s conv6rsation. lie wished “much to to Assam, but feared that in his absence his village would be attacked, and his wife and child and property carried off. I then recommended him to collect elejihants teeth and gold dust, and promised to endeavour to persuade some Assamese merchauts to make a tour to these villages. This plan ho liked much better ; in fact, gave his hearty agreement to it. I gave him a juece of red broad-cloth, five cubits long, which he, to my sur- prize, accepted very unwillingly, and not without repeated B(.)licitations. 1 may remark that although the 8ingphos and their Assamese slaves have no learning, they have a.s keen an idea of, and look as sharp after self as any peojde I know. I regret to say that the Myo-woon has not yet come up, nor have I heard anything of him. The expected supplies are alsf) wanting. This afternoon a Singpho youth came to my tent with an old copper cooking-pot tied to tlio end of •a stick, and slung over his shoulder, and enquired for one of my servants who he said had borrowed a new one of his master the DulFa Gam, at Mogoung, and forgot to return it. His master had sent him to make a ])re.sent of the old one and get the new one back. 1 enquired into the affair, and was glad J,o find my own peopte were not concerned. The lad therefore returned with the old pot as he came, having had a ilseless w.alk of four days in search of an article which when now cost lesS th.an two rupees. After the boy had gone, it occurred to mo that one of the four jogyihs who accompanied me, might be the person sought for, and my surmise was correct. He, however, says that the Dufla Gam gave him the pot to ( 205 ) use as long as he required it, which, literally interpreted into fukeer language, meant, he said, as long as it had a bottom to it, I mention this trifling anecdote not for his own sake, but as one of many meanesses which I have known the Duffa Gam to be guilty of. My opinion of his veracity as well as of his “ highland chief” spirit and generosity of' nature, has very much fallen since I have had the means of be- coming better acquainted with him. I forgot to mention that during my march of the 17 th, two Assamese slaves joined mo and asked rny protection to Assam. They had run away from the village of Shilling-khyot, fftid wished to return to their own country. One, a ‘descent looking man, said he was scion of the ancient Assam roya\|, blood. I gave them both protection and food, and each a chatta to carry, so that if caught in Jlagrante delicto the blame might fall upon myself. This evening, however, they re- quested permission to return ; each had a wife and family, and repented of his step. I t' ld them to please themselves, and to go and think over the matter once more, and come to me again in the morning. 20//i. — This morning I walked into the Tabong village close by, ten houses, enclosed in the usual bamboo stockade. The houses were small and in wretched repair. In the centre of the village is an old mausoleum of some long-since departed chief, so far respected that they do not build over it. but not kept in repair, and occupies the best part of the enclosure. Although the sun had long since risen, one- half of the village was still wrapt iq sleep .and smoke. The people and whole place were dirtier if possible than usual : their hair uncombed and full of dirt and wood ashes. 1 recommended the Tsanbwa, much to the amusement of the ladie^ to drive them all down to the nver daily to b .the, and to make every man repair his house, and destroy his i>oppy garden. Merely talking to people so overwhelmed in igno- rance is of course of U'l use, but 1 am satisfied that a very great im- provement in their present state might be easily effected by a resident Englishman or even by occasionally visiting them. The two Witha-lis finally made up their minds to return, and came early this morning to take leave. They are much to be pitied. Freedom in Assam, which is but a few days* distant, inclining them one way, and an unprotected wife and family and slavery the other. They chose the latter. 1 gave them a small supply of rice for the road, and permission to say that I had taken them as coolies, and liaving no further occasion for them, they had returned. Their case is that of the majority. During the day the Nheu-pyon Tsanbwa called and introduced several of his relations to me. They are from Ningdhing Ninggung on the east of the Irrawaddy, distant hence ten days’ journey nearly east. They spoke very respectfully of our officers in Assam, and woyldbe glad to facilitate a friendly intercourse. The subjects of trade and sending them English school-masters, were feadily embraced by them, and as far as they afe concerned, 1 feel assured any Europeiin visiting them would be kindly received. This being the third day of my halt and no news of the Myo-woon, I wrote him a letter complaining against his delay and urging him, if he could hot come himself, to send the Dutfa Gam and a confidential ( 206 ) person of his own to me, that we might proceed at onoe on our mission. After the despatch of the letter some men arrived here from Tsiu-lon, and reported that the DuflFa had reached that village, and was propi- tiating the nats by a sacrifice of six buffaloes, but that the Myo-woon had not yet left Main-khwon. This is provoking enough, but I know not how to prevent or remedy it. In my letter I promised to wait two days for a reply. 21s^. — As usual, many visitors to see me, my dog, and musical boxes. It is reported commonly amonirt the Siugphos, and therefore probably true, that formerly there were a great many Shans intermixed with them ; but since the introduction bf spirits and opium, and the increase of warfare and consequent insecjarity of life and property, they have removed to Mogoung and the lower country. The Wo-thoo Tsanbwa brought me a present of a little rice just that he might not come empty-handed. The whole of the rice yet received does not amount to two baskets. He likewise was anxious to cultivate the favor of the Assam authorities ; he would treat Assamese merchants kindly and cheerfully ; promised to send the whole of the children of his village to school if I would send a school-master. I gave him a muslin head-dress, and assured him that any of his people going to Assam will meet with kindness and protection. Indeed, this assurance 1 have taken much pains to impress on all classes of people. At noon the messengers returned with an answer from Major White both to the Myo-woon and myself. I immediately wrote to the Myd-wcon a letter informing, him^ of the contents of the Major’s reply, and urging him to speed. 2'Znd . — Heard two guns this morning, said to be the Myo-woon’s at Tsin-lon. At half past 2 p.m. the Mengala-bo brought mo the Myo- woon’s answer to my letter of the 20th, which was a tissue of untruths and frivolous excuses, and the messengers who waited to see what impression it would make, laughed heartily when they saw I did not believe it. I have, however, nothing to do but wait his arrival ; for although I might go on as I have come, without him, it would answer no good purpose. I hear that 1 ,000 baskets of rice have arrived above Kyouk-tsae, but from the difficulty of finding small canoes it cannot be here under a month, unless brought by coolies overland. 2Zrd. — 1 learn from a Burmese officer who arrived here with the Mengala-bo, that the Myo-woon has demanded 500 baskets of rice from the surrounding villages, but at present only seventy baskets have been brought in. At noon an officer arrived with intelligence that the Myo-woon was close at hand, and at 1-20 he made his appear- ance and came in a few minutes to see me. The Duffa did not accompany him. I remonstrated with him in strong terms against such unnecessary delay, and also against his allowing the Duffa Qam to renaain behind, and again informed him that the responsibility of the failtire of the mission would rest tvith himself ; that I should write out a full account of his conduct,* and forward it to Colonel Burney for presentation to the King, &c. I urged him to send at onoe for the Dvffia Gam, which he promised to do. He them inquired why Major White had come to the Lwe-pet-kai or pet-kai mountains ( 207 ) instead of waiting near the Tapan-keng-khyoung, which he said was the ancient boundary of As\|am. I replied shortly that this was not the proper time to enter into that discussion, and that Major White had come to what he considered to be the boundary of the two countries. Referring to Major White’s letter, I enquired if he would reduce his force and accompany me with 25 men, and stated that it was my intention to leave half my baggage and tent behind, and start the day after to-morrow by the road by which the Sepoy Sudeen Sing returned last year, an4 produced Captain Hannay’s map to show him that it was but four marches from ttiis to the place where the Major had agreed to meet .us. lie objected to the situation of the Lwe-pet-kai range as therein laid down. I told him that this was not the map by which the (piestion of boundary would be settled ; that Captain Hannay, not having been to the Lwe-pet-kai, had placed it where it was according to the best of his information. He then pro- posed to send for his own Burmese map, and on comparing them they were exactly similar ; the coincidence was remarkable. After dinner hxB factotum and right-hand man came to see me, and I suppose to ascertain in a quiet way what my intentions were. He is a cunning old man, and I think without exception has less respect for truth than any Burman I ever met with, although a strict observer of the external forms of his religion, and eternally counting his beads. By his own account he has had a “vow in heaven” for twenty years to live righteously, and eschew wordly vanities. I think from the tone of his conversation, he wished to sel^ aside the Duffa Gam’s business, and make theboundary question the sole object of the mission ; indeed, he spoke of the Duffa’s attack as between two subjects of Burmah. But this notion, if he had it, I crushed by stating that the boundary question would not be opened until the former affair was^ac^usted, and it is not unlikely that this is the /eason why the Duffa Gam has been permitted to remain behind. I gave him a message for the Myo-woon, gnd a dose of medicine for himself, and he returned. In the evening I went over to the Myo-woon to ascertain what had been done. He was in consultation with his offioers and people ( 208 ) as to the best route to the appointed place of meeting. By this route, which was vid Thek-ke-toung, we shoijld have a march of thirteen days. I then gave him a copy of the sepoy's route which reduced it, including one day’s retrograde march, to four days at least ; the dis- tance was performed by him in three days from Kasanaga to liamlang near the Nara-ta-ron, biit would probably take six or seven. The headman who accompanied the sepoy has been sent for from Main- khwon, and will with the DuflPa, I hope, arrive to-morrow, and until then I must wait for his reply. The Mj'o-woon has made up his mind to leave half of his men here, and proceed with the other half. I objected to this number as being much too great, and to-morrow must endeavour to accomplish a still further reduction. ' 24:th . — After breakfast I went to the Myo-woon, and endeavoured to persuade him to start to-morrow morning witli twenty-five or thirty men as recommended by Major White, and to take the route by which the sepoy^eturned from Assam last year. The account of this route by which we should have to make a retrograde march being unfavorable, we shall not take it. It will make but little difference, perhaps not more than a day, as it is the same from Thek-ke-toung, which is but three or four marches hence : I proposed writing to inform Major White of our near approach, and letters were accordingly sent both by the Myo-woon and myself. In the course of conversation I informed him that Major White’s letter was written by his (tlie Myo-woon’s) own messenger, the Major’s interpreter not having come up ; aiid casually ^:’ked if he had it by hini. He produced the letter, to which was affixed* a most . improper ana sew/ile postscript. I informed the Myo-woon that Major White, who was an officer of an equal rank with himself, never could have dictated such a P. S., and not under- standing the Burmese language, the rogue had written anything he thought would please his master. The P. S. was cut off and burned. Since the Myo-woon’s arrival, I have scarcely had a single visitor. The Tsanbwas having been required to furnish a certain quantity of rice, have despatched nearly all their disposable force, with 500 of the Burmese troops, to the adjacent villages for it. Our party now, including followers, amounts to upwards of 2,000 men, and there is not at present 100 baskets of rice amongst us all. Although news of a part of the 8,000 baskets from Woon-tsoo, having ascended the Kyouk-tsai or waterfall, reached us at Main- khwon twenty days ago, the Myo-woon is so provokingly deficient of management, th^t not a grain of it has as yet been brought in ; and instead of despatching the greater part of his immense escort to bring it up, which would have enabled us to start at once from Main-khwon, he employed them in collecting driblets from the petty villages, which were consumed as soon as collected, and never furnished at one time above half a mesil per man. This evening an officer of the Woohtho force, a poor old man, 6 1 years of age, applied to me for some cough medicine. He complained bitterly against the Myo-woon who had struck him for presuming to intercede for his men against a demand for two tickals per man. which the Myo-woon had this day ordered to be assessed. This is the third demand that has been made upon them, { 209 ) aud considering the excessive price of provisions (four and five ticals per basket) it does* seem even for Burmah somewhat unjust. At Mo- goung three ticals, at Main-khwon two, and here two, making from the whole force, say 1,600, who pay, outof the 2,000 men, 10,500 ticals. It is true that with the money thus collected the troops are furnished with rice, but it is probably at the rate of 500 per cent, above what they could themselves buy it at, and above what the Myo-woon actually pays for it. The peculiar beauty and refinement of the trans- action is that the money is paid out of the sum each man received for his services on the present jnission, and although they were paid in silver varying from 25 to 66 per cent, alloy, the Myo-woon's assess- ment must be made in ruetnee, nearly equal to rupee silver ! The party sent last year to Assam by Maha-the-lawa, and who accompanied Captain Ilannay as far as Main-khwon, arrived yesterday at Nhen-pyen on its return to Ava, having partly succeeded in the object for which they were sent. Business with the Myo-woon pre- vented me from going to them to-day, but I sent my writer, and they appear full of complaints against the Assam Bajah, a statement of which they have laid before the Myo-woon. 25 — For several days past I have been endeavouring to exchange a musket and silk putsho with the Nen-pyeu Tsanbwa for rice, having failed to purchase it with money. I was anxious to get a sufficient supply for my followers and servants previous to the arrival of the Myo-woon, so as to be independent of him, and this morning I went again making a last effort, which, although I required but ten baskets for the musket and putsho, not a quarter of their value, was ineffectual. •'!' saw the party from Assam, and took do^n a statement of their complaints, and invited the headman to accompany me to Major White, that, if real, they might be settled without delay. lie refused to go, but promised to show me the statement he had laid before the Myo-woon as soon as the latter returned it, that being essentially the same as mine, but having the advantage of dates to the transactions. The Tsanbwa of Ning-ding-Ning-gung brought me a pre- sent of one and a half ticals of golddust, and gave information regarding the situation of his village, and confirmed other information previously obtained. He was very importunate for a musket, which I gave him.	15,307
vermontrecordsg05unkngoog_22	English-PD	Open Culture	Public Domain	1,873	Vermont. Records of the governor and Council of the state of Vermont ..	None	English	Spoken	7,468	10,247	Rec^ from the house the following engrossed bills sent up for revision k concurrence &c. '^An act appointing a committee to survey a road firom the south line of Waitsfleld in the County of Washington to Rox- bury in the Count}r of Orange ; An act in addition to an act entitled an act relating to actions of account ; An act directing the Treasurer to pay Samnel Jewell the sum therein mentioned ; An act for the relief of the town of Somerset ; An act for the relief of David Page ; An act lay- ing a tax of 2 cents per acre on the town of Sterling ; An act in addition to an act incorporating certain turnpike Companies in the western Counties of this State ; An act granting relief to Jonathan Smith ; " which were severally read & Resolved to concur in passing the same into Laws. Adjourned to 9 O'C. A. M. to morrow. Oovemar and Council — November 1819. 281 Thursday, November, 11 1819. 9 O'C. A. M. Governor & Council met agreeably to adjournment Rec^ resolution of Gen^ Assembly instructing the Committee of Ways & Means to enquire how much Tea, Cofiee, Sugar &c has been used in the Staters prison, which was read & Resolved to concur in said resolution. The engrossed bill entitled an act regulating the practice of Physic & Surgery was read & Resolved to nonconcur in passing the same & the bill was returned to the Gen^ Assembly with the reasons of the Gov- ernor & Council for the nonconcurrence. Rec^ from the House the following resolution — " In Gen^ Assembly Nov. 10, 1819. Resolved the Governor & Council be respectfully requested to attend the heariug of the petition of Stephen Boorn & Jesse ^orn, under sen- tence of death, praying for a pardon, in the representatives' room on friday 12^ day or November instant at 10 O^C. forenoon. Attest W. D. Smith, Clerk:' Mr Leland on motion & leave introduced the following resolution : In Council l^ov. 11, 1819. Resolved that the Governor & Council do respectfVilly accept of the invi- tation of the Hon. the Gen^ Assembly contamed in their resolution of the 10 of Nov. instant to attend in the representatives' room on friday the 12^ instant Nov. at 10 O'C. A. M. for the purpose of hearing the petition of Stephen Boorn & Jesse Boorn under sentence of Death, pray- ing for a pardon, [which was ado[)ted. ^] The resolution appointing a time for both houses to meet & elect Warden & Superintendent of State's prison &c. which had been returned by the House with their nonconcurrence to the proposals of amendment made by the Governor & Council, was now taken up & passed with pro- posals of amendment — erase ' tuesday " & insert ^^ Saturday, '^ & rescind the former proposals of amendment Rec'^ from the House the following engrossed bills sent up for revision & concurrence &c. ^^An act assessing a tax on the County of Windsor ; An act for the relief of Daniel Douglass; An act for the benefit of Apol- los Austin & John Kellogg adm^ to the estate of Josiah Austin deceased; An act to incorporate the Poultney female academy ; An act dircctinff the Treasurer to pay Joshua Sawyer the sum therein mentioned;" which were severally read & Resolved to concur in passing the same into laws. Adjourned to 2 O'C. P. M. ^ This is one of the most remarkable cases in the history of criminal Jurisprudence. The testimony was so strong that the Jury in one hour agreed upon a verdict that the respondents were guilty of the murder of Russel Colvin of Manchester in 1812 : indeed Stephen Boorn confessed the crime, with many circumstances corroborated by the testimony. Jesse Boorn's sentence to death was commuted to imprisonment for life ; but in Dec. 1819, about a month before Stephen Boorn was to have been executed, the man Colvin, who was supposed to have been murdered, returned to Manchester from New Jersey, where he had been living subsequent to April 1813. — For the testimony in this re- markable case, see printed Assembly Journal of 1819, pp. 185-196. A complete history of it has recently been published by Hon. Leonard Saroeant of Manchester, who was one of the counsel for the respond- ents. In 1820 the Booms petitioned the General Assembly for com- pensation for their imprisonment and trial, which was refbsed. 282 Governor and Council — November 1819. 2 O'C. P. M.—Governor & CouDcil met agreeably to adjournment Rec^ from the House the Ibl lowing emrrossed bills sent op for revision & concurrence &c. ^An act to regulate the choice of Council of Censors; An act granting relief to the overseers of the poor of Clarendon; An act for the relief of James Johnson ; An act authorizing the Auditor of Ac- counts against this State to audit certain accounts therein mentioned ; An act airecting the Treasurer to pay Daniel Adams the sum therein mentioned ; An act lor the relief of Peter Bishop ; An act laying a tax of 4 cents pr acre on the town of Elmore ; An act to preserve nsh in the Streams in Bennington &c.; An act for the relief of certain militia of this State," which were severally read & Resolved to concur in passing the same into Laws. Adjourned to 9 O'C. A. M. to morrow. Friday Nov. 12, 1819. 9 O'C. A. M. Governor & Council met agreeably to adjournment. Rec^ a bill repealing all acts exempting the property of the Ministers of the Gospel from the list with an order of the house to refer the same to the Committee of Ways & Means. Concurred. Mr Pierpoint of the Gen^ Assembly came into the Council Chamber & gave notice that the house had postponed the hearing of the petitions of Stephen & Jesse Boorn until tomorrow morning at 10 O'C. A. M. Rec^ from the house the engrossed bill entitled ^^ an act appointing an agent to defend a lawsuit therein mentioned, '' sent up for revision & concurrence &c. which was read & Resolved to concur in passing the same into a law. A^ourned to 2 O'C. P. M. 2 O'C. P. M. — Governor & Council met agreeably to adjournment Rec^ from the house a bill in addition to an act providing for the reg- ulation of the State's prison & alterini^ the punishment of crimes, with an order to refer the same to the Judiciary Committee, which was read & Resolved to concur in said reference. Adjourned to 9 O'C. A. M. to morrow. Saturday Nov. 13, 1819. 9 O'C. A. M, Governor & Council met agreeably to adjournment. Rec' resolution appointing 10 O'clock A. M. this day for both houses to meet & elect County Officers, which was read & Resolved to concur in said reference [resolution.] Rec'^ resolution appointing the opening of the house this day for both houses to meet in joint committee to elect a person to preach the election sermon at the next meeting of the Legislature in the room of Elder Palmer who declined that service, which was read & Resolved to concur in said resolution. ^ Rec^ a resolution instructing the Judiciary Committee to enquire into the expediency of causing to be recorded in the Secretarv of State's office the charters of lands within this State granted by the Grovernments of New York & New Hampshire, which was read & Resolved to concur in said resolution. Rec<> from the House the following engrossed bills sent up for revision & concurence &c. An act directing the Treasurer to pay the sum therein \ Rev. George Leonard was elected, and Rev. Robinson Smilie his sub- stitute. Qavenwr and Council — November 1819. 283 mentioned; An act making the necessary appropriations for the Sup- port of Government for the present year A for otner purposes; An act tor the relief of Levi Fulium & Joel Tinker;— which were read & Re* solved to concur in passing the same into Laws. Adjourned to 2 O^C. P. M. 2 O'C. P. M. — Grovernor & Council met agreeably to adjournment Rec^ from the House the following enerossed bills sent up for revision & concurrence &c.: An act for the relief of David Dickinson; An act to prevent the Sale or Lottery tickets in this State; An act laying a tax of 2 cents pr. acre on the town of Craflsbury; An act in addition to an act to revive an act entitled an act granting a tax of 4 cents pr. acre on the town of Canaan; An act ftreeing the body of Henry Hill from arrest & im- prisonment: An act in addition to an act for the punishment of certain capital & otner high crimes & misdemeanors; An act in addition to & in amendment of an act for the probate of Wills &c.; An act in addition to an act incorporating a company of Artillery in the town of Miller, which were read & Resolved to concur in passing the same into Laws. Adjourned to Monday next 9 O'C. forenoon. Monday November 15, 1819. 9 O'C. A. M. Governor & Council met agreeably to adjournment. Rec^ an engrossed bill entitled '^ an actgranting the waste water of the aquaduct of the State's prison to the Windsor Bre Society," sent up for revision & concurrence &c. which was read & Resolved to concur in said bill with the following proposals of amendment — after the words ^^Jire Society " insert ^^ on condition tfiat they pay annually into the Treae- ury of this State fifty dollars.^^ Mr. Leland appointed to assign the rea- sons to the house. Rec^ from the House the following engrossed bill entitled ^' an act in addition to an act for the probate of wills & the settlement of testate k intestate estates," & on the question Shall the Governor & Council non- concur in passing the same, the yeas [and nays] were called for & taken as follows — Teas, Gov. Brigham, Messrs. Fay, Crawford, Leland, Chittenden, Cahoon, & Butler. Ifays, Messrs. Hammond, Stanley, Cot- ton, & Berry. So the bill was nonconcurred & the reasons were sent down to the Gen^ Assembly in writing with the Bill. Adjourned to 2 O'C. P. M. 2 O'C. P. M. — Governor & Council met agreeably to adjournment Heed from the House the following engrossed bills sent up for revision & concurrence &c. An act in addition to an act for the probate of wills & settlement of testate & intestate estates, &c. & An act for the relief of John Atwood, which were severally read & Resolved to concur in pass- ing the same into laws. Reed from the house the engrossed bill entitled ^'An act repealing the first section of an act therein mentioned," sent up for revision & con- currence &c. which was read & Resolved to nonconcur in passing of the same, & the reasons for nonconcurrence were sent to the House with the bill. Adjourned to 9 O'C. A. M. to morrow. Tuesday November 16, 1819. 9 O'C. A. M. Governor & Council met agreeably to adjournment "Reed from the House the following engrossed bills, sent up for re- vision & concurrence &c. ^^ An act laying a tax on all the lands in 284 Chvemot and Council — November 1819. Averill; An act to revive an act entitled an act appointing a committee to lay out a road from Stowe &c to Waterbury, & An act to provide for the procuring &. distribution of the military System &c.; An act laying a tax on the County of Essex; An act in alteration of an act entitled an act ascertaining the principles on which the list of this State shall be made," & which were read & Concurred. Rec<i fVom the House a resolution appointing — to make apprai- sal of the property of State's prison & to take an inventory of the same Ac., & with an order of the house to refer the same to a committee of 4 to ^oin, which was read & Resolved to concur in said reference & Mr Le- and appointed. Adjourned to 2 O'C. P. M. 2 O'C. P. M. — Governor A Council met agreeably to adjournment. Bec<i from the House thefollowing engrossed bills, sent up for revision 6t concurrence &c An act in amendment of an act relating to lails & jail- ers & for the relief of persons confined therein, passed March 9^ 1797; An act in addition to & in alteration of an act defining the powers of Justices of the peace; An act in amendment of an act entitled an act constituting the Supreme Court of Judicature & County Courts; An act repealing an act therein mentioned; An act directing the Treasurer to pay Hon. Dudley Chase the sum therein mentioned: An act relating to ()ardon8; An act authorizing & empowering the Auaitor of Accounts against this State to examine & adjust certain claims therein mentioned; An act re- pealing parts of certain acts therein mentioned; An act in addition to an act relating to fences & defining the duty of fence viewers; An act repealing all acts exempting the property of Ministers of the Gospel firom heme set in the list; An act in amendment of an act entitled an act regulating & Governing the militia of this State, which were seve- rally read & Resolved to concur in passing the same into Laws. Rec^ the engrossed bill ^^An act for the relief of Jesse Boom," sent up for revision & concurrence &c. which was read and Concurred with proposals of amendment. Mr Butler appointed to assign the reasons to ttie House. Rec<> the engrossed bill entitled " An act in addition to an act entitled an act directing the levying & serving executions," sent up for revision ^ concurrence &c. which was read & Resolved to concur with proposals of amendment. Mr. Butler was appointed to assign the reasons to the House. Rec<i a resolution authorizing Abner Forbes, Aaron Leland & Jede- diah [H.] Harris on the 1** of December & October next to take an in- ventory & make appraisal of all moveable property belonging to the State's prison & make report to the next session of the Legislature; read & concurred. Rec^ from the house a resolution appointing Wednesday next at 7 O'C. A. M. a time for both houses to meet & adjourn the Legislature without day, which was read & Resolved to concur in said resolution. Adjourned to 7 O'C. A. M. to morrow. Wednesday November 17, 1819. 7 O'C. A. M. Governor & Council met agreeably to adjournment. Rec^ from the House the iollowing engrossed bills sent up for revision & concurrence &c. An act directing the Treasurer of this State to stay proceedings against the town of Canaan ; An act providing for the State printing, which were read, [and] Resolved to concur in passing the same into Laws. Governor and Council — November 1819. 285 Mr Buck came into Council Chamber from the House & ^ve notice that the General Assembly had on their part finished the business of the Session. Ordered that the Secretary inform the House of Representa- tives that the Governor & Council had completed the business of the session on their part & would immediatelv attend in the representatives' room for the purpose of adjourning the Legislature. Agreeably to the concurrent resolution of both houses the Governor & Council met the house in the representatives' room, and after an address was made to the throne of Grace by the Reverend Chaplain, the Legis- lature was adjourned without day. State of Vermont ss. — I herebv certify that the foregoing from page 83 to page 161 inclusive [of Vol. 8 of manuscript Council Journals^] IS a true Journal of the proceedings of the Governor & Council at their session for the year 1819. R. C. Mallary, Secretary. FORTY-FOURTH COUNCIL OCTOBER 1820 TO OCTOBER 1821. Richard Skinneb, Manchester, Oovemor, William Cahoon, Lyndon, Lieut, Governor. CouneiUorB : Ezra Butler, Waterbury, Trumak Chittenden, Williston, Timothy Stanley, Greensboro', David Fay, Bennington, Aaron Leland, Chester, John H. Cotton, Bradford, Seth Wetmore, St. Albans, Joseph Berry, Guildhall, Henry Olin, Leicester, Joseph Warner, Sudbury, Charles Phelps, Townshend, John H. Andrub, Danby. ROLLIN C. Mallary, Poultney, Secretary until Oct 16, 1820. Robert Temple, Rutland, Secretary from Oct 16, 1820. John Peck, Waterbury, Sheriff, BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES. Richard Skinner, LL.D., born in Litchfield, Conn., May 30, 1778, son of Gen. Timothy Skinner, was educated at the Litchfield Law School, and admitted to the bar of Litchfield County in 1800. He came imme- diately to Vermont, settling in Manchester, where he spent the remainder of his life. He commenced public service in 1801, and was almost con- stantly in office until he voluntarily retired in 1829. The offices held by him were as follows : Staters Attorney for Bennington County 1801 until 1813, and 1819 ; Judge of Probate 1806 until 1813 ; Representative in the General Assembly 1815 and 1818, and Speaker of the House in 1818 ; Member of Congress 1813 until 1815 ; Assistant Judge of the Supreme Court 1815 and '16, and in 1817 he was elected Chief Justice but declined the office. He was Chief Justice 1823 until 1829 ; and Governor 1820 (yy^^ i!i^,!<^ aOf^f/-^ y, tf^ Biographical Notices. 287 antil 1824. He died May 23, 1833, from injuries received by being thrown from his carriage. " Intellectually his qualities were of that kind which gain the respect and confidence of mankind rather than immediate ad- miration ; as a lawyer and a judge he was noted for the clearness and force with which he presented his cases. He filled the highest places in the State with ability and dignity, and left a reputation of which the town and State may well be proud." — VU HiaU Magazine^ Vol. i, title Manchester ; Drake^s Diet of Am. Biography ; Vt Legislative Directory for 1876-7 ; and Deming's Catalogue. Henry Olin was born in Shaftsbury May 7 1768, son of Justice Olin and nephew of Hon. Gideon Olin, both of Shaftsbury. He was also great giandson of John Olin, who was the first of the name in America and settled in East Greenwich, R. I., in 1678. Judge Olin settled in Leicester about 1788 and commenced his public services in 1799 as Representative in the General Assembly, which ofiice he bore twenty- two years out of twenty-six. He was Assistant Judge of Addison County Court eight years, and Chief Judge fifteen years, making twenty-three years of continuous judicial service ; Delegate in the Constitutional Conventions of 1814, 1822, and 1828 ; Councillor in 1820 and '21; Mem- ber of Congress from Dec. 1824 to March 4 1825, to supply the vacancy occasioned by the death of Hon. Charles Rich ; and Lieut. Governor 1827 until 1830. In physical proportions he wat; almost gigantic, but in temper genial, abounding in wit and sound Judgment He was an ex- ceedingly useful man in his town, county, and the State ; in religion a zealous and consistent Methodist ; in politics a Jefiersonian Democrat, and at last a Whig. He was the father of Stephen Olin, D. D. and L. L. D. Removing to Salisbury in the spring of 1837, he died there on the 18th of the succeeding August — VU Hist. Magazine, Vol. i, title Leicester ; Lanman's Diet, of Congress; Drake's Diet of Am. Biography; and Deming's Catalogue. Joseph Warner represented Sudbury in the Constitutional Con- ventions of 1791 and 1822; and in the General Assembly 1805 until 1818, 1825, and 1828 until 1832. He was Assistant Judge of Rutland County Court 1821 until 1824; and Councillor in 1820 and '21. Charles Phklps of Townshend was born Sept 13 1781, son of Col. Timothy, and grandson of Charles Phelps of Marlborough, both of whom were quite troublesome to the Vermont government during the contro- versy with New York. Hon. Charles Phelps was Judge of Probate in 1821, '22, and '24 ; Assistant Judge of Windham County Court in 1832, '33 and '34 ; and Councillor in 1820, '21, and '22. He removed to Ohio, and died in Cincinnati Nov. 19 1854. — B. H. Hall's Eastern Vermont^ pp. 693>4 ; and Deming's Catalogue. John H. Andrus came from Colchester Conn., to Danby in 1780t and represented that town in the General Assembly nine years, 1805- 288 Governor and Oauneil — October 1820. 1813, and 1816; also in the Constitutional Convention of 1814. He was Assistant Judge of Rutland County Court in 1811 and 1814 ; and Coun- cillor in 1820 and '21. He removed to Pawlet in 1822, and died there in 1841, aged seventy-three years. — VU Hist Magazintj Vol. iii, title Danby ; Hollister's History of Pawlet ; and Deming's Catahgut, RECORD OF THE GOVERNOR AND COUNCIL AT THE SESSION WITH THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY AT MONTFELIER, October 1820. Statb of Vbrmont 88. — A Journal of the proceedings of the Gov- ernor and Council of the State of Vermont, begun & held at Montpelier in said State, on the second thursdav of October in the year of Our Lord Christ one thousand eight hundrea and twenty, being the 12^ day of said month, and in the forty fifth year of the Independence of the United States — Present His Excellency Jonas Galusha Grovernor, His Honor Paul Brieham Lieut. Governor, the Hon. David Fay, William Cahoon, Joseph Berry, Seth Wetmore, Truman Chittenden, Aaron Leland, Tim- othy Stanley, John H. Cotton & Ezra Butler of the Council ; Rollin C. Mailarv Esq. Secretary; John Peck Esq. Sheriff of Washington County. Mr Fletcher, of the House of Representatives, came into the Council Chamber and informed the Governor & Council that the house had or- ganized by choosing Mr Buck Speaker and Mr Smith clerk prot tempore, and were ready to receive any communication that the Governor and Coancil might be pleased to make. And he withdrew. Ordered, that the Secretfuy inform the General Assembly that the Grovernor and Council have convened and formed a quorum, and are ready to receive any communication from the House of Representatives which they may be pleased to make. nuolvtd that the Governor & Council will now proceed to the ap- pointment of a committee to receive, sort and count the votes for Gov- ernor, Lieut Governor, Treasurer & Councillors for the year ensuing — Whereupon Messrs. Fay, Leland, Cotton, Wetmore & Berry were duly appointed a committee on the part of the Gov. 8c Council for the pur- poses aforesaid ; and were duly sworn to the faithfVil discharge of their duty. Mr Sheldon, of the House of Representatives, came into the Council Chamber and informed the Governor and Council that the General As- sembly had on their part appointed a committee to receive, sort and count the votes for Governor, Lt Gov., Treasurer, and Councillors for the year ensuing. And he withdrew. Ordertd^ that the Secretary in- form the House of Representatives that the Governor & Council have, on their part, appointed the canvassing committee. . Adjourned to 4 O'clock P. M. ^ * The election sermon was preached by the Rev. George Leonard. Governor and Couneit — October 1820. 289 4 O'CLOCK P. M.— The Governor & CoudcU met pursuant to at^oum- mcnt. Mr Haight of the House of Representatives came into the Council Chamber and informed the Governor & Council that the General Assem- bly had convened, and were ready to meet the Governor & Council to receive the report of the canvassing committee, and requested their attendance in the Representatives' room. Ordered, that the Secretary inform the Gen^- Assembly that the Governor & Council will immediately attend in the Representatives' room to hear the report of the canvassing committee, whicn service was performed, and thereupon the Governor & Council attended in the Representatives' room agreeably to the above notice, when the following report of the canvassing committee was read, to wit : ''To the Hon. General Assembly now in session. — The committee to re- ceive, sort and count the votes for Governor, Treasurer and Councillors for the year ensuing, having attended to the business of their appoint- ment, do report that the Honorable Richard Skinner is elected Governor, the Hon. William Cahoou, Lieutenant Governor, and Benjamin Swan Esq. Treasurer— and that the Hon. David Fay, John H. Andrus, Aaron Leland, John H. Cotton, Ezra Butler, Seth Wetmore, Charles Phelps, Joseph Warner, Henry Olin, Truman Chittenden, Timothy Stanley, and Joseph Berry are elected Councillors for the year ensuing. Which is respectfully submitted. Aakon Leland, Chairman. John H. Cotton, Clerk, Oct. 12, 1820." Whereupon the Sheriff of Washington County made proclamation of said elections, and the Governor & Council returned to their chamber. Adjourned to 9 o'clock tomorrow morn.* Friday October 13, 1820. 9 O'clock A. M. The Lt. Governor & Council met pursuant to adjournment. Present Lieut. Gov. William Cahoon, the Hon. David Fay, Truman Chittenden, Timothy Stanley, Aaron Leland, Joseph Berry, Henry Olin, Joseph Warner, Charles Phelps, Seth Wetmore, John H. Cotton, & John H. Andrus, Councillors, who immediately' attended in the Representatives' room and after the [an] address to the throne of grace, the oath of office was administered to them, respectively, by the JHon. William Brayton, one of the Judges of the Supreme Court, and they returned to their Chamber & subscribed the same. M'- Langdon of the House of Representatives came into the Council Chamber and gave notice that a quorum of the house have assembled, and have appointed the Hon. D. Azro A. Buck, Representative from Chelsea, their Speaker, the Hon. William Slade Jr. Secretary of State, William D. Smith Esq. Clerk, and Timothy Merrill Esq. engrossing Clerk, and are ready to proceed to business. Ordered^ that the Secretary inform the General Assembly that His Excellency the Governor will attend in the Representatives' room at two o'clock this afternoon, to take the oaths of otfice, and make the ex- ecutive communication. The House of Representatives sent up a resolution, appointing two o'clock this day P. M. for both houses to meet to elect a chaplain for the * * The votes for Governor were for Richard Skinner 13,152, scattering 934. 19 2SjO Chvernor and Cauneil— October 1820. present session, which was read, and the Governor & Council concurred therein, and Ordered that the Secretary notify the House of Represent- atives accordingly. Adjourned to 2 o'clock F. M. 2 O'clock P. M. — The Governor ft Council met agreeably to adjourn- ment His Excellency the Governor, attended by the Lieut Governor & Councillors, proceeded to the Representatives' room & there, in the gresence of both branches of the Liegislature, took the oaths of office efore the Hon. W"»- Bravton, ©ne of the Judges of the Supreme Court, and His Excellency the Governor delivered to l>oth houses the following Speech.^ The Governor & Council withdrew to their Chamber. The petition of John Brown & others was read & referred to Lt. Gov. Cahoon & M'- Olin. Adjourned to 9 O'Clock to morrow. Saturday Oct 14, 1820. 9 O'Clock A. M. The Grovernor & Council met agreeably to adjournment. A message was received from tne House of Representatives, inform- ing that agreeably to the rules of the House, the following committees had been appointed on their part, to wit, A committee of four, denom- inated the Military Committee; A committee of four denominated the Judiciary Committee; A Committee of lour, denominated the committee of Claims; A committee of four, denominated the Turnpike Commit- tee; A committee of four, denominated the Committee of Insolvency; A committee of four, denominated the Committee on Manufactures; A committee of four, denominated Committee of Agriculture; A commit- tee of four, denominated the Land tax Com; A committee of four, de- nominated the Com of New Trials, & A committee of four, denomin- ated the Com of Ways & Means, and requesting the Gov. & Council to join said Committees; whereupon, Besolved to join with the above com- mittees, and the Lt Gov. was appointed on the Military Com, M^- Fay was appointed on the Judiciary Com*, M' Butler was appointed on the Com of Claims, M'- Cotton was appointed on the Turnpike Com, M^- Olin was appointed on the Com of Insolvencv, M'- Chittenden was ap- pointed on the Com of Manufactures; M"- Leiand was appointed on the Cora* of Agriculture; M'- Berry was appointed on the Land tax Com, M'- Wetmore was appointed on the Com of New Trials, M^- Warner was appointed on the Com of Ways & Means. Received from the House of Representatives the petition of Solomon Mason, and of sundry officers of the 1 Co. of Artillery, 1 Brig. 2^ Div. with an order of the House that the same be referred * to the Military committee, whereupon Resolved to concur in said order of reference. Received from the House of Representatives the petitions of Oliver Abel, Josiah Croi'oot 2<i* Henry Kirkum, creditors of John Gleason, Benja- min Quimby, Martin Brooks, Jasper Southworth, Joshua [Josiah] Cutler, Joseph At wood, creditors of Jared Sears, Daniel Wilson, Elisha B. Pratt, William Burt Jr. Josiah Nichols, Joseph Lamb, Elijah Buardman, William Trescolt RuI'uh Graves, W°»- Ilix, Joseph Elli8,an(l ot Asa Brown; with an order of the House that the said several netitions be referred to the Committee of Insolvency — whereupon, lieeolved to concur in said orders of reference. ^ For speech see Appendix A, ' Written '^refered " generally by Secretary Temple. Qovemar and Council — October 1820. 291 Received from the House of Representatives the Petitions of Azariah Hall Jr. Asaph Severance, Aaron Mosher, Daniel Hazelton Jr. Samuel Allen & Samuel Wood, Gideon Barrett, Josiah Willard, Samuel Maynard, Shiverick Holmes, and of John Alvord, with orders of the House that the said several petitions be referred to the Committee of Claims, where- upon Resolved to concur in said orders of reference. Received from the House of Representatives the Petitions of the towns of Somersett, West Fairlee, Fairlee, Woodbury, and of Warren for land taxes, with an order of the House on each that the same be referred to the Land tax Committee, whereupon Besolved to concur in said orders of reference. Received from the House of Representatives the Petitions of the In- habitants of Greensboro', of the Inhabitants of Hardwick, and of Daniel Pierce i^f others, with an order of the House on each to refer the same to the Turnpike Committee, whereupon BeaAved to concur in said orders of reference. The petition of Stebbins Walbridge was received from the House of Representatives with an order of the House therein to refer the same to the Committee of Insolvency, which was read, whereupon Besolved to concur in said order of reference, with an amendment erasing the word ''Insolvency''^ and inserting in the place thereof the words a seUet committee to join from CoundV^ Adjourned to 2 O'Clock P. M. , 2 O'CLOCK P. M. — The Governor & Council met pursuant to adjourn- ment. Received from the Hotise of Representatives the Petition of Miio L. Bennett, with an order of the House thereon, that the same be referred to the Judiciary Committee, whereupon Besolved to concur in said order of reference. Received from the House of Representatives the Petitions of Ezra Everts & others, Timothy Hall, William Barton, and of Solomon Simp- son & others, with orders of the House thereon respectively that the same be referred to the Committee of Insolvency, whereupon Besolved to concur in said orders of reference. Received from the House of Representatives the Petition of Samuel Renne, with an order of the House thereon to refer the same to a Com of four to join from Council, whereupon Besolved to concur in said order of reference, and M^* Phelps was appointed on said committee from Council. Received from the House of Representatives the Petitions of Elias Bad- cock, of Alinda Wells and of John Rogers, with an order of the House on each to refer the same to the committee on the petition of Samuel Renne. whereupon Resolved to concur in said orders of reference. Received from the House of Representatives the petitions of Calvin Seaver, of Alvah Heatoii, & of Conrad Sax, with an order of the House on each referring the same to the Committee of Claims, whereupon Re- solved to concur in said orders of reference. Received from the House of Representatives the Petition of the in- habitants of Montgomery with an order of the House thereon to refer the same to the Turnpike Committee, whereupon Resolved to concur in said order of reference. Received from the House of Representatives the Petitions of the in- habitants of Wolcott, & of Joel Bassett, for tax on Granby, with an order of the House on each that the same be referred to the land tax Commit- tee, whereupon Besolved to concur in said orders of reference. Received from the House of Representatives the Petition of JameB Andrews Jr. with an order of the House to refer the same to a commit- 292 Governor and Council — October 1820. tee of four to join from Council, whereupon Risolved to concur in said order of reference and M'* Stanley was appointed on the part of the Council. On motion of M'* Olin, Reeolved^ that a committee of three be ap- pointed from Council to prepare & report an address to the late Gov- ernor and Lieut. Governor, expressive of the sentiments of the Governor & Council towards them for their long and faithful services in the vari- ous offices they have sustained in this State. Ordered that Messrs. Wet- more, Olin & f helps be the committee. His Excellency the Governor was pleased to appoint Robert Temple Secretary to the Governor & Council for the year ensuing. M'- Temple came into the Council Chamber and was duly sworn to the faithful ais- charge of the duties of the office of Secretary to the Governor & Council. R C. Mallary, Sed^ Adjourned to 9 o'clock on Monday morn. next. Monday October 16, 1820. 9 o'clock A. M. The Governor & Council met pursuant to adjournment. Present His Excellency Richard Skinner, Governor; His Honor William Cahoon, Lt. Gov. and of the Honorable Couucil, Messrs David Fay, Charles Fhelpa, John H. Andrus, Joseph Warner, Aaron Leland, Henry Olin, John H. Cotton, Truman Chittenden, Seth Wetmore, Joseph Berry & Timothy Stanley. Received from the House of Representatives a resolution instructing the Judiciarjr Committee to revise the several laws for the punishment of inferior crimes, whereupon, Besolved to concur in said resolution. Received from the House of Representatives a resolution instructing the Judiciary Committee on the subject of recording the charters of lands within this State, whereupon Besolved to concur m saiil resolution. Received from the House of Representatives a bill entitled ^^an act in addition to an act entitled an act directing the proceedings against the trustees of concealed or absconding debtors" — also, A bill entitled 'an act to provide for the reports of the decisions of the Supreme Court" — also, A bill to repeal the act directing the mode of passing laws — also, A bill entitled ^^ an act in addition to an act entitled an act for the pro- bate of wills, and the settlement of testate and intestate estates " — also, Three bills in addition &c. to an act entitled ^ an act constitut- ing the Supreme Court of Judicature and County Courts, defining their powers and regulating judicial proceedings " — also, A bill entitled *an act in addition to an act therein mentioned" — also, A bill enti- tled ^an act to repeal a part of the ninth section of an act entitled an act for settling disputes respecting landed property" — also, A bill entitled ' an act lo prevent the purchase & unlawful procurement of choses in action for the purpose of commencing suits thereon " — with an order of the House on each tliat the same bo referred to the Judiciary Committee, whereupon Beaolved to concur in said reference. Received from the House of Representatives the Petition of Benjamin Alvord, with an order of the House thereon that the same be referred to the Judiciary Committee, whereupon, Beaolved to concur in said order of reference. Received from the House of Representatives a resolution referring that part of the Governor's speech which relates to courts of justice & a court of chancery, to the judiciary Committee, whereupon Beaolved to concur in passing said resolution. Governor and Council— October 1820. 293 Received from the House of BepreseDtatives a resolution referring that part of the Governor's speech which recommends an attention to the laws r^ulatiug the settlement of testate & intestate estates, to the Judiciary Committee, whereupon Besolved to concur in passing said resolution. Received fVom the House a resolution relative to granting a second trial in certain criminal cases, referred to the Judiciary Committee, whereupon Besolvtd to concur in said reference. Received from the House of Representatives the Petition of Elias Eeyes v. Throop & Morgan, with an order of the House thereon, that the same he referred to the committee of New trials, whereupon Be- solved to concur in said order of reference. Received from the House a resolution referring that part of the Gov- ernor's speech which relates to the pursuing and apprehending offenders, to the Committee of Claims, whereupon, Besolved to concur in passsing said resolution. Received from the House of Representatives the petition of Jonathan Taylor, also the petition of Samuel wheeler for compensation for services as a soldier in the late war. also the petition of Frye Bayley — also, A bill entitled an act directing the Treasurer of this State to pay Thomas Richards the sum therein mentioned " — with an order of the House on each referring the same to the Committee of Claims, whereupon Bisolved to concur in said several orders of reference. Received from the House of Representatives the petition of Elijah Herrick, and thepetition of Enoch Rollins, with an order of the House on each that the same be referred to the Committee of Insolvency, where- upon Besolved to concur in said orders of reference. Received from the House of Representatives petitions from sundry inhabitants of Grafton & Rockingham, of Andovcr & Western, and of Rockingham, Westminster & Putney, with an order of the House on each that the same be referred to the Turnpike Committee, whereupon Besolved to concur in said orders of reference. Received from the House of Representative^ petitions for land tax on Berk8hire,Minehead[BIoomfield,] Kelly vale grant No.2, of John Kimball & Roger Enos for land tax on Barton, of inhabitants of Woodbury, of sundry inhabitants of Enosburgh, of sundry inhabitants of Starksboro' for land tax, & remonstrance of sundry inhabitants of Starksboro^ against land tax, petition of inhabitants of Troy for land tax, petition of Inhabit- ants of Underbill, & of the selectmen of Belvidere, also a bill entitled ^an act laying a tax on the town of Braintree,'' also a bill entitled '^an act layinor a tax on Coventrv," with an order of the House on each of said petitions & bills, referring the same to the Land Tax Committee, whereupon, Besolved to concur in said orders of reference. Received from the House of Representatives a bill entitled ^^ an act appropriating the property of the Vermont State bank for the use of schools,^' also a Resolution introduced into the House for the appropria- tion of the same for the improvement of Agriculture, with an order of the House on each that the same be referred to the Committee of Agri- culture, whereupon Besolved to concur in said order of reference. Petitions for pardon were received fVom the following named convicts now confined in the State Prison, to wit, William Ames, Simeon Allen, John F. Bradley, John Brown, John Buckstone, Samuel Blackington, Daniel Butler, Elijah W. Bennet, Jacob Brown, Elijah Brown Jr., Jesse Brooks, William Chase, John Cullev, Lewis Cambridge, Asa Chamberlin, W°»- F. Cooper, William Cilly, Richard Davis, Stephen Davis, Jeremiah Downey, Charles Ellis, James Fitch, Roswell Ford, John Flanagan, Elijah Grooms, Samuel Gould, Ira Hajrington, Selah Hickcoz, Thomas 294 ffavemar and Cauneil — October 1820. Hendlen, William Johnson, Joab Jennes, Hiram Kirzan, Horace Kim- ball, Thomas Levett, Isaac Locke, John Laravier, Bohan S. Monroe, Robert Martial, Bradley Phelps, John B. Putvah, Hugh Piatt, William M. Parker, Alfred Prentice, Stephen Prentiss, Daniel Robinson, Lewis Smith, George Simmons, George Shepard, Jesse Spra^ue, Joshua Sever, Amos Stafford, John Smith, George Wheeler, Daniel Welch, Lyman Wheeler, Peter Wheeler, Thomas Waters, Thomas Williams, John Wil- son, and Richard Watson. Adjourned to 2 O'clock P. M. 2 O'CLOCK P. M. — The Governor & Council met agreeably to adjourn- ment. Received from the House of Representatives the petition of Lyman Leach & others, with an order of the House thereon that the same be referred to a committee of four to join from Council, whereupon Be- 9olved to concur in said reference; and M'- Andrus was appointed on the part of the Council. Received the petition of the select men of Whiting, with an order of the House thereon that the same be referred to a committee of four to Join from Council, whereupon, Besolved to concur in said order of refer- ence; and M' Berr^r was appointed on the part of Council. Received the petition of Daniel Wilkins & others, with an order of the House that the same be referred to a committee of two, to join from Council, whereupon Besolved to concur in said order of reference — and M'* Warner was appointed on the part of the Council. Received from tne House of Representatives the petition of the Select men of Duxbury with an order of the House thereon that the same be referred to a committee of two to join from Council, whereupon, Be- solved to concur in said order of reference, and M'* Stanley was ap- pointed on the part of the Council. Received the petition of Stebbins Walbridge, with an order of the House thereon that the same be referred, agreeably to the proposed amendment of the Council, to a select committee to join, whereupon, Besolved that M'- Fay be^appointed on said committee from Council. Received the petitions of sundrv inhabitants of Manchester, with an order of the House thereon that the same be referred to a committee of three to join from Council, whereupon, Besolved to concur in said order of reference, and M'- Fay was appointed on the part of the Council. Received the petition of sundry inhabitants of Windham, with an order of the House thereon that the same be referred to a committee of four to join from Council, whereupon, Besolved to concur in said order of reference, and M'* Phelps was appointed on the part of the Council. Received from the House the petition of the Episcopal Society of Fairfield, with an order of the House thereon that the same be referred to a committee of four to Join from Council, whereupon, Besolved to concur in said order of reference, and M^* Leland was appointed on the part of the Council. Received the petition of Jonathan Fassett, with an order of the House thereon, that the same be referred to a committee of three to join from Council, whereupon, Besolved to concur in said order of reference, and M'- Wetmore was appointed on the part of Council. Received the petition of Jonathan Hunt Jr. & others for a Bank, with an order of the House thereon that the same be referred to a committee ef seven to join from Council, whereupon, Besolved to concur in said order of reference, and Messrs. Olin & Warner were appointed on the part of the Council. Received from the House a proposed resolution relative to the Univer- sity of Yermont, with accompanying papers, with an order of the House Governor and Council — October 1820. 295 thereon that the same be referred to a committee of seven to join from Council, whereupon, BtBolvtd to concur in said order of reference, and the Lt. Governor & M'- Cotton were appointed from Council. Received from the House of Representatives a resolution referring that part of the Governor's speech which relates to instructing our Senators & advising our representatives in Congress from this State &c, to a select Committee to join from Council, whereupon, Besolvtd to concur in said order of reference, and M'- Plielps was appointed on the part of Council.	21,953

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