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"original_study": {
"claim": {
"hypothesis": "Individuals’ concerns about immigration is positively associated with distrust in their country’s parliament.",
"hypothesis_location": "p. 205 Proposition 1; also discussed in the introduction and section Concern about Immigration and Political Trust.",
"statement": "even after controlling for other predictors of trust in the political system, concerns about the effect of immigration on the national community have an impact on trust in politics, that higher concern about immigration is associated with higher distrust in politics.",
"statement_location": "Table 3, parliament column.",
"study_type": "Observational"
},
"data": {
"source": "European Social Survey (ESS)",
"wave_or_subset": "rounds 1-4 (Fieldwork for round 1 was conducted in 2002–3, for round 2, in 2004–5 (except in Italy, where it was conducted in early 2006), for round 3, in 2006–7, and for round 4, in 2008–9.).",
"sample_size": "110732",
"unit_of_analysis": "individual",
"access_details": "the article states: Available at http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/. no further access details are provided.",
"notes": "the analysis excludes the newer democracies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE ); also, minorities and noncitizens have been omitted."
},
"method": {
"description": "The study used a three-level hierarchical linear model to test whether higher concern about immigration is associated with higher distrust in politics.",
"steps": "1.Combine ESS data into one dataset.\n2. Exclude newer democracies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), minorities, and noncitizens.\n3.Construct the DV measuring distrust in parliament by reversing coding of the 0–10 trust item (0 = no trust, 10 = complete trust) so that higher values indicate higher distrust.\n4. Construct the key predictor “concern about immigration” as an index averaging three reversed-coded items (economic effect, cultural effect, overall effect on country).\n5.Add individual-level control variables: \n-Unhappiness: reversed 0–10 scale.\n-Dissatisfaction with life: reversed 0–10 scale.\n-Frequency of meeting friends: reversed 1–7 scale (such that high values represent rarely meeting with friends).\n-Interpersonal distrust: reversed 0–10 scale, index of three items (questions about general trust, fairness, and helpfulness of people).\n-Dissatisfied with country’s economy: reversed 0–10 scale.\n-Dissatisfied with personal income: reversed 0–10 scale.\n-Dissatisfied with health and education system: reversed 0–10 scales.\n-Winner effect: 1 if voted for governing party, 0 otherwise.\n-Vote for far-right party: 1 if respondent voted for anti-immigration party, 0 otherwise.\n-Left-right scale.\n-Household income (standardized across rounds).\n-Age.\n-Education.\n-Gender (0 = male, 1 = female).\n7.Estimate a three-level hierarchical linear model with individuals nested within country-rounds and countries using HLM software.",
"models": "multilevel modeling (three-level, linear)",
"outcome_variable": "political distrust",
"independent_variables": "Concern about immigration",
"control_variables": "Unhappiness, Dissatisfaction with life, Frequency of meeting friends, Interpersonal distrust, Dissatisfied with country’s economy, Dissatisfied with personal income, Dissatisfied with health system, Dissatisfied with education system, Winner effect, Voted for far-right party in last general election, Left-right scale, HH income, Age, Education, Female",
"tools_software": "HLM"
},
"results": {
"summary": "Higher concern about immigration is associated with higher distrust in politics (b=0.17 SE=0.00 p=0.00).",
"numerical_results": [
{
"outcome_name": "distrust parliament",
"value": "0.17",
"unit": "NA",
"effect_size": "not stated",
"confidence_interval": {
"lower": "not stated",
"upper": "not stated",
"level": "not stated"
},
"p_value": "0.000",
"statistical_significance": "true",
"direction": "positive"
}
]
},
"metadata": {
"original_paper_id": "S0043887112000032",
"original_paper_title": "The Cultural Divide in Europe Migration, Multiculturalism, and Political Trust.",
"original_paper_code": "not stated",
"original_paper_data": "not stated"
}
}
}
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