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"original_study": {
"claim": {
"hypothesis": "The entrepreneurship rate in a country is negatively associated with the country’s median age.",
"hypothesis_location": "p. 154 Corollary 3; p.157 empirical implications: implication 5; also discussed in the abstract.",
"statement": "A one standard deviation decrease in median age (equal to 3.5 years in 2010) results in a 2.5 percentage point increase in the entrepreneurship rate, which is over 40 percent of the mean entrepreneurship rate across countries (equal to 0.061 in 2010).",
"statement_location": "p. S167, section V. Empirical Implementation (B. Country-Level Analysis); also discussed in the abstract.",
"study_type": "Observational"
},
"data": {
"source": "entrepreneurship: Global Entrepreneurship Monitor; the GEM data is checked against: Flash Eurobarometer Survey on Entrepreneurship.\ndemographics: US Census Bureau’s International Data Base",
"wave_or_subset": "2001-2010",
"sample_size": "393",
"unit_of_analysis": "country-year",
"access_details": "GEM: Bosma, Niels, Alicia Coduras, Yana Litovsky, and Jeff Seaman. 2012. “Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Manual.” Version 2012-9 (May). Global Entrepreneurship Res. Assoc., London. no further access details are provided; \nFESE: https://dbk.gesis.org\nIDB: http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/index.php",
"notes": "The total number of observations is 1.3 million, the number of country-year cells is 393, and the number of country-age-year cells is 17,554. The entrepreneurship rate can be constructed at each cell level. China was excluded from the study."
},
"method": {
"description": "The study examines how demographic structure influences entrepreneurship, regressing country-level entrepreneurship rates on median age",
"steps": "1.Get entrepreneurship data defined as managing and owning a business up to 42 months old that pays wages. Aggregate the data to construct entrepreneurship rates at the country-year level.\n2.Get population data and calculate median age for each country-year.\n3.Estimate a regression and weight observations are weighted by the number of individuals who make up each country-year cell. Include year dummies as controls. Standard errors clustered at the country level are in brackets.",
"models": "ordinary least squares regression",
"outcome_variable": "Entrepreneurship Rate (Early Stage, Pays Wages)",
"independent_variables": "Median age (ages 20–64)",
"control_variables": "year dummies",
"tools_software": "not stated"
},
"results": {
"summary": "A one–standard deviation (3.5-year) reduction in median age raises the entrepreneurship rate by 2.5 percentage points, equivalent to roughly 40% of the sample mean (0.061) across countries.",
"numerical_results": [
{
"outcome_name": "Entrepreneurship Rate (Early Stage, Pays Wages)",
"value": "2.5",
"unit": "percentage point",
"effect_size": "not stated",
"confidence_interval": {
"lower": "not stated",
"upper": "not stated",
"level": "not stated"
},
"p_value": "not stated; p was not stated explicitly, but the result is calculated using the estimates from column 3 of table 2, and regression coefficients on median age there are significant at 1 percent level",
"statistical_significance": "not stated; p was not stated explicitly, but the result is calculated using the estimates from column 3 of table 2, and regression coefficients on median age there are significant at 1 percent level",
"direction": "negative"
}
]
},
"metadata": {
"original_paper_id": "0022-3808/2018/126S1-0007",
"original_paper_title": "Demographics and Entrepreneurship.",
"original_paper_code": "not stated",
"original_paper_data": "not stated"
}
}
}
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