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"original_study": {
"claim": {
"hypothesis": "Countries with younger populations tend to exhibit higher rates of entrepreneurial activity, implying an inverse relationship between median age and entrepreneurship.",
"hypothesis_location": "The Effect of Age on Entrepreneurship & Country-Level Aggregation and Summary of Empirical Predictions sections, where the authors argue that population age structure shapes aggregate entrepreneurship.",
"statement": "The empirical estimates indicate that countries with lower median ages have higher entrepreneurship rates. A decline in median age is associated with a sizable increase in entrepreneurship.",
"statement_location": "Results (Table 2) section discussing the baseline cross-country regressions and the standardized effect of median age on entrepreneurship rates.",
"study_type": "Observational"
},
"":{
"data": {
"source": "Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) individual-level survey data collected by the Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA); Flash Eurobarometer Survey on Entrepreneurship (FESE) for robustness checks; population statistics from the US Census Bureau’s International Data Base (IDB); macroeconomic and institutional controls from the Penn World Table (version 7.1), World Bank databases, Barro and Lee (2010) education attainment data, and the Property Rights Alliance.",
"wave_or_subset": "GEM surveys conducted in multiple waves between 2001 and 2010 across 82 countries; FESE surveys conducted in overlapping years starting in 2002; demographic data matched annually to country-year observations.",
"sample_size": "More than 1.3 million individuals aged 15–60 from the GEM; 82 countries; 393 country-year cells; and 17,554 country-age-year cells. FESE sample sizes vary by country-year and are reported separately in the appendix.",
"unit_of_analysis": "Individual respondents in the GEM and FESE surveys, aggregated to country-year or country-age-year cells for analysis.",
"access_details": "not stated",
"notes": "Entrepreneurship is primarily defined as owning and managing a business up to 42 months old that pays wages. Alternative definitions include all new businesses (including recent failures), start-ups without paid wages, and total early-stage entrepreneurship; results are robust across definitions."
}
},
"method": {
"description": "The study estimates cross-country regression models to assess how demographic structure, particularly median age, is associated with national entrepreneurship rates.",
"steps": [
"Assemble country-level measures of entrepreneurship rates.",
"Collect demographic indicators including median age.",
"Standardize median age in selected specifications.",
"Estimate regression models relating entrepreneurship rates to median age.",
"Interpret coefficients in both raw and standardized terms to assess economic magnitude."
],
"models": "Linear regression models estimated at the country level.",
"outcome_variable": "Entrepreneurship rate.",
"independent_variables": "Median age of the population.",
"control_variables": "GDP growth rate, college enrolment rate, start-up cost, property rights index, military service, percentage of agriculture in GDP.",
"tools_software": "not stated"
},
"results": {
"summary": "Countries with younger median ages have higher entrepreneurship rates. The magnitude of the association implies that demographic differences can account for a substantial share of cross-country variation in entrepreneurship.",
"numerical_results": [
{
"outcome_name": "Entrepreneurship rate",
"value": "2.5",
"unit": "percentage-point change in entrepreneurship rate associated with a one-standard-deviation decrease in median age",
"effect_size": "standardized regression effect",
"confidence_interval": {
"lower": "not stated",
"upper": "not stated",
"level": "not stated"
},
"p_value": "<0.01",
"statistical_significance": 1,
"direction": "negative"
}
]
},
"metadata": {
"original_paper_id": "not stated",
"original_paper_title": "Demographics and Entrepreneurship",
"original_paper_code": "not stated",
"original_paper_data": "not stated"
}
}
} |