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"original_study": {
"claim": {
"hypothesis": "... this factor [the advantages of youth] has a positive effect on entrepreneurship and the importance of that factor declines with age.",
"hypothesis_location": "Section: Introduction: ; p. 142",
"statement": "The estimates imply that a median age that is one standard deviation lower is associated with a 2.5 percentage point higher country rate of entrepreneurship, which is about 40 percent of the mean rate.",
"statement_location": "Section: Introduction; p.144 ",
"study_type": "Observational"
},
"data":
[
{
"source": "Global Entrepreneurship Monitor",
"wave_or_subset": "2001–2010",
"sample_size": "1.3 million",
"unit_of_analysis": "individual level who are 15 to 60 years of age",
"access_details": "http://www.gemconsortium.org",
"notes": "The authors aggregate the data up to the country level."
},
{
"source": "Penn World Table",
"wave_or_subset": "version 7.1",
"sample_size": "over 200",
"unit_of_analysis": "country level",
"access_details": "Available at http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/index.php.",
"notes": "Used for population data to construct sampling weights."
},
{
"source": "Education attainment data set",
"wave_or_subset": "NA",
"sample_size": "not stated",
"unit_of_analysis": "country-year level",
"access_details": "constructed by Barro and Lee (2010)",
"notes": "Limited details as it is only used for control variable."
},
{
"source": "World Bank database",
"wave_or_subset": "not stated",
"sample_size": "not stated",
"unit_of_analysis": "country level",
"access_details": "Available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS.",
"notes": "Limited details as it is only used for control variable."
},
{
"source": "international property rights index from the Property Rights Alliance",
"wave_or_subset": "NA",
"sample_size": "not stated",
"unit_of_analysis": "country level",
"access_details": "not stated",
"notes": "Limited details as it is only used for control variable. Access is not discussed, but a reference is included (Strokova and Mitra 2010). Data is for 2010 only."
},
{
"source": "Wikipedia",
"wave_or_subset": "NA",
"sample_size": "not stated",
"unit_of_analysis": "country level",
"access_details": "Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_service.",
"notes": "Limited details as it is only used for control variable."
}
]
,
"method": {
"description": "The authors use reduced-form regressions at the country level of aggregation to estimate the effect that the age distribution in a country has on the rate of entrepreneurship.",
"steps": "(1) Construct sampling weights to aggregate data; (2) Clean data and aggregate to the country level using sampling weights; (3) run reduced-form, country-level regressions.",
"models": "reduced-form regressions at the country level of aggregation",
"outcome_variable": "entrepreneurship rate",
"independent_variables": "age of the particular group; share of population younger",
"control_variables": "year dummies, log of per capita GDP, the 5-year per capita average growth rate, the share of agriculture sector in GDP, the tertiary education completion rate, an estimate of start-up costs as a percentage of gross national income, an index of intellectual property, and a dummy for whether the country has more than 1 year of compulsory military service.",
"tools_software": "not stated"
},
"results": {
"summary": "The estimates imply that a median age that is one standard deviation lower is associated with a 2.5 percentage point higher country rate of entrepreneurship, which is about 40 percent of the mean rate.",
"numerical_results": [
{
"outcome_name": "Entrepreneurship Rate",
"value": "0.007",
"unit": "standard deviation",
"effect_size": "2.5 percentage point increase",
"confidence_interval": {
"lower": "not stated",
"upper": "not stated",
"level": "not stated"
},
"p_value": "<0.01",
"statistical_significance": "at 1% level",
"direction": "negative",
"notes" : "Confidence intervals are not presented, but standard errors are (0.001). Discussed positively but written negatively because these results are discussed in terms of a decrease in median age."
}
]
},
"metadata": {
"original_paper_id": "0022-3808/2018/126S1-0007",
"original_paper_title": "Demographics and Entrepreneurship",
"original_paper_code": "not stated",
"original_paper_data": "not stated"
}
}
}
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