{
    "original_study": {
        "claim": {
            "hypothesis": "Given these historical patterns, we may well expect lower castes to fair better in villages where no upper castes are present.",
            "hypothesis_location": "Section: Introduction; p. 240",
            "statement": "...lower castes fair significantly better, in terms of household income, if they reside in villages where a lower caste is dominant.",
            "statement_location": "Section 2: Household Outcomes by Caste Dominance; p.247",
            "study_type": "Observational" 
        },

        "data": {
            "source": "World Bank survey data on Uttar Pradesh and Bihar in India",
            "wave_or_subset": "NA",
            "sample_size": "2,250",
            "unit_of_analysis": "household",
            "access_details": "Access details (e.g., restrictions, request process)",
            "notes": "not stated"
        },

        "method": {
            "description": "The author uses fixed effects regression analysis to explore the effect of being a low caste member in a village dominated by the lower caste on crop income.",
            "steps": "(1) Clean the data; (2) construct the Caste Dominance measure by landownership percentage for the castes; (3) Estimate the effects using regression analysis.",
            "models": "Fixed effects regression",
            "outcome_variable": "crop income per acre of total land",
            "independent_variables": "Caste Dominance",
            "control_variables": "Exogenous household characteristics (such as education, land ownership, and caste identity); district fixed effects; state fixed effects.",
            "tools_software": "not stated"
        },
        "results": {
            "summary": "...lower castes fair significantly better, in terms of household income, if they reside in villages where a lower caste is dominant…The estimation results…confirm the robustness of the positive relationship between agricultural income and residing in a low-caste dominated village.",
        "numerical_results": [
                {
                    "outcome_name": "Household Crop Income",
                    "value": "566.5",
                    "unit": "",
                    "effect_size": "",
                    "confidence_interval": {
                        "lower": "not stated",
                        "upper": "not stated",
                        "level": "not stated"
                    },
                    "p_value": "<0.01",
                    "statistical_significance": "1% level",
                    "direction": "Positive",
"notes": "No confidence intervals, but robust standard errors are reported (209.0)."
                }
            ]
        },
       
        "metadata": {
            "original_paper_id": "10.1257/app.3.1.239",
            "original_paper_title": "Caste as an Impediment to Trade",
            "original_paper_code": "http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/app.3.1.239",
            "original_paper_data": "http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/app.3.1.239"
        }
    }
}