{
  "original_study": {
    "claim": {
      "hypothesis": "If individuals perceive newcomers as a threat to that community, then the \ngoverning institutions are likely to be called into question: those most worried about the effects of newcomers in the multicultural state may question the extent to which national political institutions will continue to represent a national citizenry.",
      "hypothesis_location": "Section: Concern about immigration and  \npolitical trust; p. 205",
      "statement": "...the effect of concern about immigration on political trust remains—even after taking into account this potential automatic correspondence via voting for the far right and via left-right self-placement, as well as pessimism, attitudes to the economy, and attitudes to government provision of health and educational services.",
      "statement_location": "Section:Multivariate Analyses ; p. 220",
      "study_type": "Observational"
    },
    "data": {
      "source": "European Social Survey",
      "wave_or_subset": "1-4",
      "sample_size": "not stated",
      "unit_of_analysis": "respondent",
      "access_details": "Available at http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/",
      "notes": "It is aggregated to the country level for the analysis."
    },
    "method": {
      "description": "The authors use a multivariate analysis, which adjusts the standard errors for control variables at different levels of aggregation, to estimate the effect of immigration concerns on three measures of political distrust: politicians, parliament, and the legal system.",
      "steps": "(1) Reverse the coding of the political trust variable; (2) clean the sample by removing the excluded countries; (3) Run bivariate correlations between variables; (3) Run multilevel, multivariate analysis",
      "models": "Multivariate analysis",
      "outcome_variable": "political distrust (politicians, parliament, legal system)",
      "independent_variables": "concern about immigration",
      "control_variables": "far-right popularity;level of spending on social protection; long-term country of migration; governance quality; gdp per capita; unemployment rate",
      "tools_software": "not stated"
    },
    "results": {
      "summary": "These results indicate that after controlling for fairly powerful predictors of distrust in politics, concern about immigration has a statistically significant effect on distrust in politics, with maximum effects of 1.7 on the 11-point measure of distrust in parliament, 1.3 on distrust in politicians, and 1.4 on distrust of the legal system.",
      "numerical_results": [
        {
          "outcome_name": "distrust in parliament",
          "value": "0.17",
          "unit": "not stated",
          "effect_size": "not stated",
          "confidence_interval": {
            "lower": "not stated",
            "upper": "not stated",
            "level": "not stated"
          },
          "p_value": "0.00",
          "statistical_significance": "5% level",
          "direction": "Positive",
          "notes": "They also report standard errors = 0.000."
        },
        {
          "outcome_name": "distrust in politicians",
          "value": "0.13",
          "unit": "not stated",
          "effect_size": "not stated",
          "confidence_interval": {
            "lower": "not stated",
            "upper": "not stated",
            "level": "not stated"
          },
          "p_value": "0.00",
          "statistical_significance": "5% level",
          "direction": "Positive",
          "notes": "They also report standard errors = 0.000."
        },
        {
          "outcome_name": "distrust in legal system",
          "value": "0.14",
          "unit": "not stated",
          "effect_size": "not stated",
          "confidence_interval": {
            "lower": "not stated",
            "upper": "not stated",
            "level": "not stated"
          },
          "p_value": "0.00",
          "statistical_significance": "5% level",
          "direction": "Positive",
          "notes": "They also report standard errors = 0.000."
        }
      ]
    },
    "metadata": {
      "original_paper_id": "S0043887112000032.",
      "original_paper_title": "The Cultural Divide in Europe: Migration, Multiculturalism, and  Political Trust",
      "original_paper_code": "not stated",
      "original_paper_data": "http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/; http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?DataSetCode=naG; http://titania.sourceoecd.org/vl =3262696/cl=11/nw=1/rpsv/factbook2009/06/02/01/index.htm"
    }
  }
}