{
    "original_study": {
        "claim": {
            "hypothesis": "The entrepreneurship rate in a country is negatively associated with the country’s median age.",
            "hypothesis_location": "p. 154 Corollary 3; p.157 empirical implications: implication 5; also discussed in the abstract.",
            "statement": "A  one standard deviation decrease in median age (equal to 3.5 years in 2010) results in a 2.5 percentage point increase in the entrepreneurship rate, which is over 40 percent of the mean entrepreneurship rate across countries (equal to 0.061 in 2010).",
            "statement_location": "p. S167, section V. Empirical Implementation (B. Country-Level Analysis); also discussed in the abstract.",
            "study_type": "Observational" 
        },

        "data": {
            "source": "entrepreneurship: Global Entrepreneurship Monitor; the GEM data is checked against: Flash Eurobarometer Survey on Entrepreneurship.\ndemographics: US Census Bureau’s International Data Base",
            "wave_or_subset": "2001-2010",
            "sample_size": "393",
            "unit_of_analysis": "country-year",
            "access_details": "GEM: Bosma, Niels, Alicia Coduras, Yana Litovsky, and Jeff Seaman. 2012. “Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Manual.” Version 2012-9 (May). Global Entrepreneurship Res. Assoc., London. no further access details are provided; \nFESE: https://dbk.gesis.org\nIDB: http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/index.php",
            "notes": "The total number of observations is 1.3 million, the number of country-year cells is 393, and the number of country-age-year cells is 17,554. The entrepreneurship rate can be constructed at each cell level. China was excluded from the study."
        },

        "method": {
            "description": "The study examines how demographic structure influences entrepreneurship, regressing country-level entrepreneurship rates on median age",
            "steps": "1.Get entrepreneurship data defined as managing and owning a business up to 42 months old that pays wages. Aggregate the data to construct entrepreneurship rates at the country-year level.\n2.Get population data and calculate median age for each country-year.\n3.Estimate a regression and weight observations are weighted by the number of individuals who make up each country-year cell. Include year dummies as controls. Standard errors clustered at the country level are in brackets.",
            "models": "ordinary least squares regression",
            "outcome_variable": "Entrepreneurship Rate (Early Stage, Pays Wages)",
            "independent_variables": "Median age (ages 20–64)",
            "control_variables": "year dummies",
            "tools_software": "not stated"
        },
        "results": {
            "summary": "A one–standard deviation (3.5-year) reduction in median age raises the entrepreneurship rate by 2.5 percentage points, equivalent to roughly 40% of the sample mean (0.061) across countries.",
            "numerical_results": [ 
                {
                    "outcome_name": "Entrepreneurship Rate (Early Stage, Pays Wages)",
                    "value": "2.5",
                    "unit": "percentage point",
                    "effect_size": "not stated",
                    "confidence_interval": {
                        "lower": "not stated",
                        "upper": "not stated",
                        "level": "not stated"
                    },
                    "p_value": "not stated; p was not stated explicitly, but the result is calculated using the estimates from column 3 of table 2, and regression coefficients on median age there are significant at 1 percent level",
                    "statistical_significance": "not stated; p was not stated explicitly, but the result is calculated using the estimates from column 3 of table 2, and regression coefficients on median age there are significant at 1 percent level",
                    "direction": "negative"
                }
            ]
        },
       
        "metadata": {
            "original_paper_id": "0022-3808/2018/126S1-0007",
            "original_paper_title": "Demographics and Entrepreneurship.",
            "original_paper_code": "not stated",
            "original_paper_data": "not stated"
        }
    }
}