{
    "original_study": {
        "claim": {
            "hypothesis": "... this factor [the advantages of youth] has a positive effect on entrepreneurship and the importance of that factor declines with age.",
            "hypothesis_location": "Section: Introduction: ; p. 142",
            "statement": "The estimates imply that a median age that is one standard deviation lower is associated with a 2.5 percentage point higher country rate of entrepreneurship, which is about 40 percent of the mean rate.",
            "statement_location": "Section: Introduction; p.144 ",
            "study_type": "Observational" 
        },

        "data": 
            [
{
            "source": "Global Entrepreneurship Monitor",
            "wave_or_subset": "2001–2010",
            "sample_size": "1.3 million",
            "unit_of_analysis": "individual level who are 15 to 60 years of age",
            "access_details": "http://www.gemconsortium.org",
            "notes": "The authors aggregate the data up to the country level."
        },
{
            "source": "Penn World Table",
            "wave_or_subset": "version 7.1",
            "sample_size": "over 200",
            "unit_of_analysis": "country level",
            "access_details": "Available at http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/index.php.",
            "notes": "Used for population data to construct sampling weights."
        },
{
            "source": "Education attainment data set",
            "wave_or_subset": "NA",
            "sample_size": "not stated",
            "unit_of_analysis": "country-year level",
            "access_details": "constructed by Barro and Lee (2010)",
            "notes": "Limited details as it is only used for control variable."
        },
{
            "source": "World Bank database",
            "wave_or_subset": "not stated",
            "sample_size": "not stated",
            "unit_of_analysis": "country level",
            "access_details": "Available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS.",
            "notes": "Limited details as it is only used for control variable."
        },
{
            "source": "international property rights index from the Property Rights Alliance",
            "wave_or_subset": "NA",
            "sample_size": "not stated",
            "unit_of_analysis": "country level",
            "access_details": "not stated",
            "notes": "Limited details as it is only used for control variable. Access is not discussed, but a reference is included (Strokova and Mitra 2010). Data is for 2010 only."
        },
{
            "source": "Wikipedia",
            "wave_or_subset": "NA",
            "sample_size": "not stated",
            "unit_of_analysis": "country level",
            "access_details": "Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_service.",
            "notes": "Limited details as it is only used for control variable."
        }
]
,

        "method": {
            "description": "The authors use reduced-form regressions at the country level of aggregation to estimate the effect that the age distribution in a country has on the rate of entrepreneurship.",
            "steps": "(1) Construct sampling weights to aggregate data; (2) Clean data and aggregate to the country level using sampling weights; (3) run reduced-form, country-level regressions.",
            "models": "reduced-form regressions at the country level of aggregation",
            "outcome_variable": "entrepreneurship rate",
            "independent_variables": "age of the particular group; share of population younger",
            "control_variables": "year dummies, log of per capita GDP, the 5-year per capita average growth rate, the share of agriculture sector in GDP, the tertiary education completion rate, an estimate of start-up costs as a percentage of gross national income, an index of intellectual property, and a dummy for whether the country has more than 1 year of compulsory military service.",
            "tools_software": "not stated"
        },
        "results": {
            "summary": "The estimates imply that a median age that is one standard deviation lower is associated with a 2.5 percentage point higher country rate of entrepreneurship, which is about 40 percent of the mean rate.",
            "numerical_results": [
                {
                    "outcome_name": "Entrepreneurship Rate",
                    "value": "0.007",
                    "unit": "standard deviation",
                    "effect_size": "2.5 percentage point increase",
                    "confidence_interval": {
                        "lower": "not stated",
                        "upper": "not stated",
                        "level": "not stated"
                    },
                    "p_value": "<0.01",
                    "statistical_significance": "at 1% level",
                    "direction": "negative",
"notes" : "Confidence intervals are not presented, but standard errors are (0.001). Discussed positively but written negatively because these results are discussed in terms of a decrease in median age."
                }
            ]
        },
       
        "metadata": {
            "original_paper_id": "0022-3808/2018/126S1-0007",
            "original_paper_title": "Demographics and Entrepreneurship",
            "original_paper_code": "not stated",
            "original_paper_data": "not stated"
        }
    }
}