Beverly Hills Cop (film series) Beverly Hills Cop is a series of American action comedy films and an unaired television pilot based on characters created by Daniel Petrie , Jr. and Danilo Bach . The films star Eddie Murphy as Axel Foley , a street - smart Detroit cop who travels to Beverly Hills , California to investigate crimes , even though it is out of his jurisdiction . There , he meets Detective Billy Rosewood ( Judge Reinhold ) , Sergeant John Taggart ( John Ashton ) , and Lieutenant Andrew Bogomil ( Ronny Cox ) . Ashton and Cox do not appear in Beverly Hills Cop III . Murphy , Reinhold , and Gil Hill , who plays Axel 's boss , Inspector Todd , are the only actors who appear in all three films . Harold Faltermeyer produced the now famous `` Axel F '' theme song heard throughout the series . The series as a whole have been distributed by Paramount Pictures . The films have made a total of $ 735,534,503 at the worldwide box office . Following a failed attempt at a television series based on the films , Paramount decided to produce another film with a currently unknown release date . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 Overview 1.2 Unaired television pilot 1.3 Cast and characters 1.4 Music 1.5 Future 2 Crew 3 Reception 3.1 Box office performance 3.2 Critical and public reaction 3.3 Accolades 4 References 5 External links Films ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Axel Foley ( Eddie Murphy ) is introduced as a Detroit cop who , after the murder of his friend , travels to California to investigate and track down the killer ( s ) , who he believes operate an arts dealership as a cover in Beverly Hills . He teams up with two reluctant detectives , Billy Rosewood ( Judge Reinhold ) and John Taggart ( John Ashton ) , from the Beverly Hills police department who were supposed to keep a watch on him , especially after seeing Foley 's different approach to tackling the situations which were considered unacceptable by the chief of police . Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Axel returns to Beverly Hills , after finding out that Captain Andrew Bogomil ( Ronny Cox ) was shot . He once again teams up with Detective Billy Rosewood and Sgt . John Taggart , who , reluctantly and against incompetent and verbally abusive Police Chief Harold Lutz 's ( Allen Garfield ) orders , help Foley to find out the person responsible for Bogomil 's shooting . Axel , Billy , and John soon discover that the alphabet crimes , a series of felonies ( robberies and Bogomil 's shooting ) that have been going on in the area , are masterminded by weapons kingpin Maxwell Dent ( Jürgen Prochnow ) . With this information , Axel , Billy , and Taggart try to find Dent and his lover , Karla Fry ( Brigitte Nielsen ) , ( who had shot Bogomil ) . Beverly Hills Cop III ( 1994 ) Axel returns to Beverly Hills once again . During an assignment , his boss , Inspector Todd ( Gil Hill ) is killed , and certain evidence points towards an amusement park called `` Wonderworld '' . Upon arriving in Beverly Hills , Axel looks up his old friend Billy Rosewood who has attained the title of DDOJSIOC ( Deputy Director of Joint Special Inter Operational Command ) . Bogomil and Taggart have retired and a new detective called Jon Flint ( Hector Elizondo ) is Rosewood 's new partner . Unaired television pilot ( edit ) CBS ordered a pilot with Brandon T. Jackson starring as Axel Foley 's son , Aaron . The hour long crime drama was produced by the critically acclaimed writer Shawn Ryan who created The Shield and The Chicago Code . In January 2013 , Ryan stated , `` It 's going to be a CBS procedural . We 're going to solve a case every week , but we 're going to do it with a lot of humor and a lot of fun . And I would say the stealth thing I would like to get in is , in a day and age when income inequality and class inequities dominate a lot of the country , this is going to be an opportunity to put a young working - class kid in Detroit in the middle of Beverly Hills , you can do a lot of stealth social commentary . My approach is to update it and make it feel modern and 2013 . The pilot opens with a 4 - 5 minute sequence which I think is really harrowing and really dangerous , that would be something that you might have seen on Chicago Code or The Shield . I want it to feel grounded in that way . There 'll be some opportunities for laughs after that . It 's not a laughs come first show . '' In February 2013 , Kevin Pollak was cast as Rodney Daloof , an irritating and incredibly risk - averse in - house attorney for the Beverly Hills Police Department . David Denman was cast as Brad , an honest and likable but socially awkward detective , formerly a baseball player and a musician . Director Barry Sonnenfeld agreed to both direct the Beverly Hills Cop pilot and serve as an executive producer . In May 2013 , CBS decided to pass on the Beverly Hills Cop TV series . In August 2013 , Brandon T. Jackson give his reason about the pass : I think we were very edgy for CBS . I think we were the edgiest as you could 've went for CBS . It would have been like a ' Fresh Prince ' thing on CBS , like the edgiest you can go on network TV . But it does n't agree to our franchise man . '' In February 2015 , Eddie Murphy stated that his cameo appearance in the pilot ironically doomed the show 's chances : `` I was gon na be in the pilot , and they thought I should be recurring . I 'm not gon na do Beverly Hills Cop on TV . I remember when they tested it -- they had this little knob that you turn if you like it or you do n't like it . So when Axel shows up in the pilot , some people turned the knob so much , they broke it . So the network decided ' if he is n't recurring , then this is n't gon na happen . ' So it did n't happen . '' In a January 2016 interview , Shawn Ryan blamed personality clashes with the network : `` The official answer is they decided they liked other pilots better . If you look at what pilots they picked up that year , I think that 's kind of incredible . I would say there were a lot of 400 lb . gorillas involved in the show and sometimes the gorillas do n't always get along . '' . He also said that he was very proud of the pilot and loved working with Murphy . During late Summer 2013 , after CBS decided to pass on the TV series , Paramount decided to move forward with the fourth film . Cast and characters ( edit ) Character Films Beverly Hills Cop Beverly Hills Cop II Beverly Hills Cop III Axel Foley Eddie Murphy Billy Rosewood Judge Reinhold Jenny Summers Lisa Eilbacher John Taggart John Ashton Andrew Bogomil Ronny Cox G. Douglas Todd Gil Hill Serge Bronson Pinchot Bronson Pinchot Jeffrey Friedman Paul Reiser Jon Flint Héctor Elizondo Music ( edit ) There is a recurring instrumental theme throughout the film series called `` Axel F '' , which was composed by Harold Faltermeyer . The theme became popular with audiences , and has been remixed by Crazy Frog . A new version of the theme was created for Beverly Hills Cop III , with Faltermeyer not returning for the film . Future ( edit ) A fourth entry in the series was initially announced for release in the mid-1990s , under the production of Eddie Murphy 's own production company `` Eddie Murphy Productions '' , though production later fizzled out . It was re-announced in 2006 , when producer Jerry Bruckheimer announced his intention to resurrect the film series , though he eventually gave up his option to produce the film , instead passing production duties to Lorenzo di Bonaventura . In September 2006 a script , an amalgamation of several earlier drafts , was presented to Murphy who was reported to be `` very happy '' with the outline which was described as an attempt to recapture the `` feel of the original '' . Murphy admitted one of his motivations for making a fourth Beverly Hills Cop film was to make up for the fact that the third film was `` horrible '' and that `` he did n't want to leave ( the series ) like that '' . In May 2008 , Rush Hour director Brett Ratner was officially named director , who promised the film would return under the series ' standard `` R '' rating , rather than as a rumored watered down PG - 13 . Michael Brandt and Derek Haas were hired as screenwriters to improve on the existing script in July 2008 and completed a new script , under the working title Beverly Hills Cop 2009 , which would see Foley return to Beverly Hills to investigate the murder of his friend Billy Rosewood . The script was eventually rejected , leaving Ratner to work on a new idea . In an interview with Empire magazine , Ratner stated `` I 'm working very hard on the fourth . It 's very difficult , especially since there were three before . We 're trying to figure out some important things , like where do we start ? Is Axel retired ? Is he in Beverly Hills ? Is he on vacation ? Does Judge Reinhold return as the loveable Billy Rosewood ? Many questions to figure out , but I 'm hoping to have a script before film disappears from our existence . '' Although Murphy himself committed to the project , it was unconfirmed whether the series ' other principal actors , Judge Reinhold , John Ashton , Ronny Cox or Bronson Pinchot would also return , though Ratner stated in late 2009 that he was trying to convince Reinhold and Ashton to reprise their roles . Harold Faltermeyer 's `` Axel F '' , however , would definitely be returning for the proposed fourth installment , with Ratner quoted as saying `` It 'll be back but it 'll be a whole new interpretation . '' On November 15 , 2010 , Ratner stated in an interview with MTV that there was still a possibility that they will make a fourth film , but that it would n't be `` anytime soon . '' In October 2011 , Murphy discussed a possible fourth film , stating , `` They 're not doing it . What I 'm trying to do now is produce a TV show starring Axel Foley 's son , and Axel is the chief of police now in Detroit . I 'd do the pilot , show up here and there . None of the movie scripts were right ; it was trying to force the premise . If you have to force something , you should n't be doing it . It was always a rehash of the old thing . It was always wrong . '' During late Summer 2013 , after CBS decided to pass on the TV series , Paramount decided to move forward with the fourth film . On September 13 , 2013 , Jerry Bruckheimer , stated he was in talks to produce . On December 6 , 2013 , it was announced that Eddie Murphy will again reprise the role of Axel Foley and Brett Ratner will direct . On May 2 , 2014 , Deadline announced that screenwriters Josh Appelbaum and Andre Nemec would be penning the screenplay . On June 27 , 2014 , in an interview with Rolling Stone , Murphy discussed returning to the edgier type character of Axel Foley after years of making family friendly films . `` I have n't done a street guy , working class , blue - collar character in ages so maybe it 's like , ' Oh , wow , I did n't remember he was able to do that , ' '' Murphy said . According to studio reports on the film 's plot , Foley will return to Detroit after leaving his job in Beverly Hills and he will be faced with the coldest winter on record to navigate the new rules and old enemies of one of America 's most tenacious cities . The state of Michigan approved $13.5 million in film incentives , based on an estimated $56.6 million of filmmaker spending in the state . The film will be shot in and around Detroit and is estimated to provide jobs for 352 workers . The film was originally scheduled for a March 25 , 2016 release , but on May 6 , 2015 , Paramount Pictures pulled Beverly Hills Cop IV from its release schedule , due to script concerns . On June 14 , 2016 , Deadline.com reported that Adil El Arbi and Bilall Fallah , directors of the Belgian drama Black , would direct the film . In January 2017 , it was revealed that a new entry in the franchise will commence filming in June 2017 with Eddie Murphy reprising his role as Axel Foley , and Adil El Arbi and Bilall Fallah as directors . Crew ( edit ) Film Director Producer Writer ( s ) Composer Editor Cinematographer Beverly Hills Cop Martin Brest Don Simpson Jerry Bruckheimer screenplay : Daniel Petrie , Jr . story : Danilo Bach Daniel Petrie , Jr . Harold Faltermeyer Arthur Coburn Billy Weber Bruce Surtees Beverly Hills Cop II Tony Scott screenplay : Larry Ferguson story : Eddie Murphy Robert D. Wachs Chris Lebenzon Michael Tronick Billy Weber Jeffrey L. Kimball Beverly Hills Cop III John Landis Mace Neufeld Robert Rehme Steven E. de Souza Nile Rodgers Dale Beldin Mac Ahlberg Beverly Hills Cop IV Adil El Arbi Bilall Fallah Jerry Bruckheimer Eddie Murphy Josh Appelbaum André Nemec Dante Spinotti Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office revenue Box office ranking Budget Reference United States Foreign Worldwide All time domestic All time worldwide Beverly Hills Cop December 5 , 1984 $234,760,478 $80,600,000 $316,360,478 # 61 # 39 # 193 $15,000,000 Beverly Hills Cop II May 20 , 1987 $153,665,036 $146,300,000 $299,965,036 # 178 # 157 # 216 $20,000,000 Beverly Hills Cop III May 25 , 1994 $42,614,912 $76,594,077 $119,208,989 # 1,305 $50,000,000 Total $431,040,426 $304,494,077 $735,534,503 $85,000,000 List indicator ( s ) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices ( by Box Office Mojo ) . Critical and public reaction ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metascore CinemaScore Beverly Hills Cop 83 % ( 42 reviews ) 64 ( 10 reviews ) N / A Beverly Hills Cop II 46 % ( 26 reviews ) 48 ( 11 reviews ) A - Beverly Hills Cop III 10 % ( 49 reviews ) 16 ( 15 reviews ) Accolades ( edit ) Beverly Hills Cop Academy Awards nominated for Best Writing ( Original Screenplay ) - Danilo Bach and Daniel Petrie , Jr . British Academy Film Awards Nominated for Best Score - Harold Faltermeyer Golden Globe Awards Nominated for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Nominated for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy - Eddie Murphy Beverly Hills Cop II Academy Awards Nominated for Best Original Song for `` Shakedown '' - Harold Faltermeyer , Keith Forsey and Bob Seger Golden Globe Awards Nominated for Best Original Song for `` Shakedown '' - Harold Faltermeyer , Keith Forsey , and Bob Seger Golden Raspberry Awards Winner for Worst Original Song for `` I Want Your Sex '' - George Michael Beverly Hills Cop III Golden Raspberry Awards Nominated for Worst Director - John Landis Nominated for Worst Remake or Sequel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BEVERLY HILLS COP ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 10 , 1984 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BEVERLY HILLS COP II ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 4 , 1987 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BEVERLY HILLS COP III ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 13 , 1994 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Murphy Resurrects Classic Character '' . The Huffington Post . 2013 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Ditzian , THE DEADLINE TEAM ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` Paramount Sets ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Starring Eddie Murphy For Spring 2016 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` Brandon T. Jackson to Play Eddie Murphy 's Son in CBS ' ' Beverly Hills Cop ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` CBS Lands Shawn Ryan and Eddie Murphy 's ' Beverly Hills Cop ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) . `` ' Last Resort ' co-creator Shawn Ryan on the series finale , ' Beverly Hills Cop ' and more '' . Hitfix . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin Pollak to Co-Star in CBS ' ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Pilot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` David Denman Cast In ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Pilot , Donal Logue Joins ' Copper ' Season 2 '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2013 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Barry Sonnenfeld To Direct CBS ' ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Pilot '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ; Goldberg , Lesley ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) . `` CBS Rejects ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Pilot as Producers Explore Options '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Duncan , JJ ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Zimbio Exclusive Interview : Brandon T. Jackson Talks ' Percy Jackson , ' Stand - Up , and Working with Eddie Murphy '' . Zimbio . Livingly Media . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Repanich , Jeremy ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) . `` The Playboy Conversation : Eddie Murphy '' . Playboy . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Jester McGree ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Shawn Ryan on Remaking the Best Show You 've Never Heard Of < < Movie & TV News and Interviews -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Editorial.rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beverly Hills Cop'soundtrack '' . Soundtrack Collector . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Frog `` Axel F '' `` . Fetchfido . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop III ( 1994 ) Soundtrack '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brett Ratner offers Beverly Hills Cop 4 Update '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Murphy Back for Beverly Hills Cop IV '' . Coming Soon . November 30 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ; McClintock , Pamela ( November 29 , 2006 ) . `` Murphy back for more ' Beverly Hills Cop ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( November 30 , 2006 ) . `` Beverly Hills Cop IV ! '' . Cinematical . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Morris , Clint ( May 2 , 2006 ) . `` Beverly Hills Cop 4 finally underway ? '' . Moviehole . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Adler , Shawn ( July 1 , 2008 ) . `` Eddie Murphy Quashes Retirement Rumours '' . MTV Movies . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Third ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Was So Horrible ' '' . MTV . July 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Morris , Clint ( July 1 , 2008 ) . `` Axel to keep it real ! '' . Moviehole . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Adler , Shawn ( June 3 , 2008 ) . `` ' Beverly Hills Cop 4 ' May Be Geared Towards Kids , Says Brett Ratner '' . MTV Movies . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jamie ( July 31 , 2008 ) . `` Writers Attached To Beverly Hills Cop 4 '' . Screenrant . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Morris , Clint ( May 29 , 2008 ) . `` Axel Foley smells a rat '' . Moviehole . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Morris , Clint ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : Ashton in Cop 4 ! ? '' . Moviehole . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Axel F Tune Will Be Back For Beverly Hills Cop IV '' . Internet Movie Database . September 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Eddie Murphy , Brett Ratner Still Hoping For Fourth ' Beverly Hills Cop ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Grossberg , Josh ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` Shrek 's Donkey Done For ? The Klumps Killed Off ? Eddie Murphy Ready to Get Raw Again '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` UPDATE : Jerry Bruckheimer And Paramount Ink First - Look Deal ; Brett Ratner Attached To Direct ' Beverly Hills Cop ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ; Goldberg , Lesley ( 2014 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Eddie Murphy Will Be Back in Detroit for ' Beverly Hills Cop 4 ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount postpones ' Beverly Hills Cop 4 ' '' . Detroit Free - Press . Gannett Company . May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` BEVERLY HILLS COP 4 Pulled From Paramount 's Release Schedule '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Lands Adil El Arbi & Bilall Fallah To Direct Eddie Murphy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Guglielmi , Luca ( 2017 - 01 - 15 ) . `` A New Beverly Hills Cop Film Is Going Into Production This Summer '' . All The Stuff You Care About . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beverly Hills Cop 4 ' moves forward with Eddie Murphy '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop Production Budget '' . The - Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II Production Budget '' . The - Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop III ( 1994 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop '' . metacritic.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II '' . metacritic.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop III '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop III '' . metacritic.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Awards '' . Internet Movie Database. 2009 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Films in Close Race for Globe Awards '' . Wilmington Morning Star . Associated Press . 1988 - 01 - 06 . p. 6D . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Archive '' . Razzies.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Beverly Hills Cop series Films Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Beverly Hills Cop III ( 1994 ) Characters Axel Foley Music Beverly Hills Cop `` Axel F '' `` The Heat Is On '' `` Neutron Dance '' `` New Attitude '' `` Stir It Up '' Beverly Hills Cop II `` Cross My Broken Heart '' `` I Want Your Sex '' `` Shakedown '' Beverly Hills Cop III `` Luv 4 Dem Gangsta'z '' `` The Right Kinda Lover '' Other Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beverly_Hills_Cop_(film_series)&oldid=823262000 '' Categories : English - language films Action films by series American action comedy films Beverly Hills Cop Comedy films by series Fictional portrayals of the Detroit Police Department Film series introduced in 1984 Films set in Beverly Hills , California Paramount franchises American film series Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 05 : 09 . 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List of Wimbledon ladies' singles champions The Championships , Wimbledon is an annual tennis tournament first contested in 1877 and played on outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club ( AELTC ) in the Wimbledon suburb of London , United Kingdom . The Ladies ' Singles was started in 1884 . Contents 1 History 2 Champions 2.1 Amateur Era 2.2 Open Era 3 Statistics 3.1 Multiple champions 3.2 Championships by country 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Wimbledon has historically been played in the last week of June and the first week of July ( though changed to the first two weeks of July in 2017 ) , and has been chronologically the third of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis season since 1987 . The event was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I and again from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II . The Ladies ' Singles ' rules have undergone several changes since the first edition . From 1886 until 1921 , the event started with a knockout phase , the All Comers ' Singles , whose winner then faced the defending champion in a challenge round . The All Comers ' winner was automatically awarded the title six times ( 1887 , 1891 , 1895 , 1907 , 1908 ) in the absence of the previous year 's champion . The challenge round system was abolished with the 1922 edition . Since the first championships , all matches have been played at the best - of - three sets . Between 1877 and 1883 , the winner of the next game at five games - all took the set in every match except the All Comers ' final , and the challenge round , which were won with six games and a two games advantage . All sets were decided in two - game advantage format from 1884 to 1970 . The lingering death best - of - 12 points tie - break was introduced in 1971 for the first two sets , played at eight games - all until 1978 and at six games - all since 1979 . The Ladies ' Singles champion receives a sterling silver salver commonly known as the `` Venus Rosewater Dish '' , or simply the `` Rosewater Dish '' . The salver , which is 18.75 inches ( about 48 cm ) in diameter , is decorated with figures from mythology . New singles champions are traditionally elected honorary members of the AELTC by the club 's committee . In 2012 , the Ladies ' Singles winner received prize money of £ 1,150,000 . These records include the Amateur Era only , Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 1903 -- 1904 , 1906 , 1910 -- 1911 , 1913 -- 1914 ) holds the record for most titles , with seven , and Lottie Dod ( 1891 -- 1893 ) and Suzanne Lenglen ( 1919 -- 1921 ) holds the record for most consecutive wins in the Ladies ' Singles during the challenge round era , with three victories each . The record for most consecutive and most wins post challenge round during the Amateur Era is Helen Wills Moody ( 1927 -- 1930 ) , with four straight wins , and Moody holds the record for most victories in this era with eight ( 1927 -- 1930 , 1932 -- 1933 , 1935 , 1938 ) . These records only include the Open Era , since the inclusion of the professional tennis players , Martina Navratilova ( 1978 -- 1979 , 1982 -- 1987 , 1990 ) holds the record for most victories with nine . Navratilova holds the record for most consecutive victories with six ( 1982 -- 1987 ) . This event has been won without the loss of a set , during the Open Era of Tennis , by the following players : Billie Jean King in 1968 , 1972 , 1973 and 1975 , Margaret Court in 1970 , Evonne Goolagong Cawley in 1971 and 1980 , Chris Evert in 1974 and 1981 , Martina Navratilova in 1979 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , and 1990 , Steffi Graf in 1992 and 1996 , Jana Novotná in 1998 , Lindsay Davenport in 1999 , Venus Williams in 2000 , 2007 and 2008 , Serena Williams in 2002 , 2009 , 2010 , 2015 and 2016 , Maria Sharapova in 2004 , Petra Kvitová in 2011 and 2014 and Marion Bartoli in 2013 . Champions ( edit ) Regular competition All Comers ' winner , Challenge round winner ‡ Defending champion , Challenge round winner † All Comers ' winner , no Challenge round ◊ Amateur Era ( edit ) Lottie Dod was a five - time champion and is the youngest ever winner of the ladies ' singles championships ( 15 years and 285 days ) . Charlotte Cooper Sterry was a five - time champion and is the oldest ladies ' singles champion ( 37 year and 282 days ) . Dorothea Lambert Chambers was a seven - time champion between 1903 and 1914 . Suzanne Lenglen was a six - time champion . Helen Wills Moody was an eight - time champion between 1927 and 1938 . Maureen Connolly competed in 1952 , 1953 and 1954 and won the title on all three occasions . Althea Gibson won the title in 1957 , the first tennis player of colour to do so , and successfully defended her title in 1958 . Year Country Champion Country Runner - up Score in the final 1884 BRI Maud Watson BRI Lillian Watson 6 -- 8 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1885 BRI Maud Watson BRI Blanche Bingley 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 1886 BRI Blanche Bingley ‡ BRI Maud Watson 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1887 BRI Lottie Dod ‡ BRI Blanche Bingley 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 1888 BRI Lottie Dod † BRI Blanche Hillyard 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1889 BRI Blanche Hillyard ◊ BRI Lena Rice 4 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1890 BRI Lena Rice ◊ BRI May Jacks 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 1891 BRI Lottie Dod ◊ BRI Blanche Hillyard 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 1892 BRI Lottie Dod † BRI Blanche Hillyard 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 1893 BRI Lottie Dod † BRI Blanche Hillyard 6 -- 8 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1894 BRI Blanche Hillyard ◊ BRI Edith Austin 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 1895 BRI Charlotte Cooper ◊ BRI Helen Jackson 7 -- 5 , 8 -- 6 1896 BRI Charlotte Cooper † BRI Alice Pickering 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1897 BRI Blanche Hillyard ‡ BRI Charlotte Cooper 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 1898 BRI Charlotte Cooper ◊ BRI Louisa Martin 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1899 BRI Blanche Hillyard ‡ BRI Charlotte Cooper 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1900 BRI Blanche Hillyard † BRI Charlotte Cooper 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1901 BRI Charlotte Sterry ‡ BRI Blanche Hillyard 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1902 BRI Muriel Robb ‡ BRI Charlotte Sterry 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 1903 BRI Dorothea Douglass ◊ BRI Ethel Larcombe 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1904 BRI Dorothea Douglass † BRI Charlotte Sterry 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 1905 USA May Sutton ‡ BRI Dorothea Douglass 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1906 BRI Dorothea Douglass ‡ USA May Sutton 6 -- 3 , 9 -- 7 1907 USA May Sutton ‡ BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1908 BRI Charlotte Sterry ◊ BRI Agnes Morton 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1909 BRI Dora Boothby ◊ BRI Agnes Morton 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 1910 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers ‡ BRI Dora Boothby 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1911 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers † BRI Dora Boothby 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 0 1912 BRI Ethel Larcombe ◊ BRI Charlotte Sterry 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1913 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers ◊ BRI Winifred McNair 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 4 1914 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers † BRI Ethel Larcombe 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 1915 No competition ( due to World War I ) 1916 1917 1918 1919 FRA Suzanne Lenglen ‡ BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers 10 -- 8 , 4 -- 6 , 9 -- 7 1920 FRA Suzanne Lenglen † BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 1921 FRA Suzanne Lenglen † USA Elizabeth Ryan 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 1922 FRA Suzanne Lenglen USA Molla Mallory 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 1923 FRA Suzanne Lenglen GBR Kitty McKane 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1924 GBR Kitty McKane USA Helen Wills 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1925 FRA Suzanne Lenglen GBR Joan Fry 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 1926 GBR Kitty Godfree ESP Lilí Álvarez 6 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1927 USA Helen Wills ESP Lilí Álvarez 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1928 USA Helen Wills ESP Lilí Álvarez 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1929 USA Helen Wills USA Helen Jacobs 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 1930 USA Helen Moody USA Elizabeth Ryan 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1931 GER Cilly Aussem GER Hilde Krahwinkel 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 1932 USA Helen Moody USA Helen Jacobs 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1933 USA Helen Moody GBR Dorothy Round 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 8 , 6 -- 3 1934 GBR Dorothy Round USA Helen Jacobs 6 -- 2 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 1935 USA Helen Moody USA Helen Jacobs 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1936 USA Helen Jacobs DEN Hilde Sperling 6 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1937 GBR Dorothy Round POL Jadwiga Jędrzejowska 6 -- 2 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1938 USA Helen Moody USA Helen Jacobs 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 0 1939 USA Alice Marble GBR Kay Stammers 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 1940 No competition ( due to World War II ) 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 USA Pauline Betz USA Louise Brough 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1947 USA Margaret Osborne USA Doris Hart 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1948 USA Louise Brough USA Doris Hart 6 -- 3 , 8 -- 6 1949 USA Louise Brough USA Margaret duPont 10 -- 8 , 1 -- 6 , 10 -- 8 1950 USA Louise Brough USA Margaret duPont 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1951 USA Doris Hart USA Shirley Fry 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 0 1952 USA Maureen Connolly USA Louise Brough 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 1953 USA Maureen Connolly USA Doris Hart 8 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1954 USA Maureen Connolly USA Louise Brough 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 1955 USA Louise Brough USA Beverly Fleitz 7 -- 5 , 8 -- 6 1956 USA Shirley Fry GBR Angela Buxton 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1957 USA Althea Gibson USA Darlene Hard 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1958 USA Althea Gibson GBR Angela Mortimer 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1959 BRA Maria Bueno USA Darlene Hard 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 1960 BRA Maria Bueno RSA Sandra Reynolds 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 1961 GBR Angela Mortimer GBR Christine Truman 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 1962 USA Karen Susman TCH Věra Suková 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1963 AUS Margaret Smith USA Billie Jean Moffitt 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1964 BRA Maria Bueno AUS Margaret Smith 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 9 , 6 -- 3 1965 AUS Margaret Smith BRA Maria Bueno 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 1966 USA Billie Jean King BRA Maria Bueno 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1967 USA Billie Jean King GBR Ann Jones 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 Open Era ( edit ) Billie Jean King is a six - time champion overall and a four - time champion in the open era . Martina Navratilova is a nine - time singles champion , an all - time Grand Slam record in the Open Era for women ( Margaret Court won the Australian 11 times ) . She won six consecutive titles from 1982 to 1987 . Steffi Graf is a seven - time champion over a nine - year period from 1988 to 1996 . Serena Williams is a seven - time champion . Venus Williams is a five - time champion . Year Country Champion Country Runner - up Score in the final 1968 USA Billie Jean King AUS Judy Tegart 9 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 1969 GBR Ann Jones USA Billie Jean King 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1970 AUS Margaret Court USA Billie Jean King 14 -- 12 , 11 -- 9 1971 AUS Evonne Goolagong AUS Margaret Court 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 1972 USA Billie Jean King AUS Evonne Goolagong 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1973 USA Billie Jean King USA Chris Evert 6 -- 0 , 7 -- 5 USA Chris Evert URS Olga Morozova 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 4 USA Billie Jean King AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 1 1976 USA Chris Evert AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 1977 GBR Virginia Wade NED Betty Stöve 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1978 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 1979 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1980 AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley USA Chris Evert Lloyd 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 6 1981 USA Chris Evert Lloyd TCH Hana Mandlíková 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1982 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 USA Martina Navratilova USA Andrea Jaeger 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 1984 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1985 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1986 USA Martina Navratilova TCH Hana Mandlíková 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 USA Martina Navratilova FRG Steffi Graf 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 1988 FRG Steffi Graf USA Martina Navratilova 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 1989 FRG Steffi Graf USA Martina Navratilova 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 1990 USA Martina Navratilova USA Zina Garrison 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 1991 GER Steffi Graf ARG Gabriela Sabatini 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 1992 GER Steffi Graf YUG Monica Seles 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 1993 GER Steffi Graf CZE Jana Novotná 7 -- 6 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1994 ESP Conchita Martínez USA Martina Navratilova 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1995 GER Steffi Graf ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 GER Steffi Graf ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 1997 SUI Martina Hingis CZE Jana Novotná 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1998 CZE Jana Novotná FRA Nathalie Tauziat 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 1999 USA Lindsay Davenport GER Steffi Graf 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 2000 USA Venus Williams USA Lindsay Davenport 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 2001 USA Venus Williams BEL Justine Henin 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 2002 USA Serena Williams USA Venus Williams 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 2003 USA Serena Williams USA Venus Williams 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 RUS Maria Sharapova USA Serena Williams 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 2005 USA Venus Williams USA Lindsay Davenport 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 9 -- 7 2006 FRA Amélie Mauresmo BEL Justine Henin 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 2007 USA Venus Williams FRA Marion Bartoli 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 2008 USA Venus Williams USA Serena Williams 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 2009 USA Serena Williams USA Venus Williams 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 USA Serena Williams RUS Vera Zvonareva 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 2011 CZE Petra Kvitová RUS Maria Sharapova 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 2012 USA Serena Williams POL Agnieszka Radwańska 6 -- 1 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 2013 FRA Marion Bartoli GER Sabine Lisicki 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 2014 CZE Petra Kvitová CAN Eugenie Bouchard 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 2015 USA Serena Williams ESP Garbiñe Muguruza 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 2016 USA Serena Williams GER Angelique Kerber 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 2017 ESP Garbiñe Muguruza USA Venus Williams 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 0 2018 GER Angelique Kerber USA Serena Williams 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 Statistics ( edit ) Multiple champions ( edit ) Title defended in the challenge round Player Amateur Era Open Era All - time Years Martina Navratilova ( USA ) 0 9 9 1978 , 1979 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1990 Helen Wills Moody ( USA ) 8 0 8 1927 , 1928 , 1929 , 1930 , 1932 , 1933 , 1935 , 1938 Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( UK ) 7 0 7 1903 , 1904 , 1906 , 1910 , 1911 , 1913 , 1914 Steffi Graf ( GER ) 0 7 7 1988 , 1989 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 , 1996 Serena Williams ( USA ) 0 7 7 2002 , 2003 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 Blanche Bingley ( UK ) 6 0 6 1886 , 1889 , 1894 , 1897 , 1899 , 1900 Suzanne Lenglen ( FRA ) 6 0 6 1919 , 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1925 Billie Jean King ( USA ) 6 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 Charlotte Cooper Sterry ( UK ) 5 0 5 1895 , 1896 , 1898 , 1901 , 1908 Lottie Dod ( UK ) 5 0 5 1887 , 1888 , 1891 , 1892 , 1893 Venus Williams ( USA ) 0 5 5 2000 , 2001 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 Louise Brough Clapp ( USA ) 0 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1955 Maureen Connolly ( USA ) 0 1952 , 1953 , 1954 Maria Bueno ( BRA ) 0 1959 , 1960 , 1964 Margaret Court ( AUS ) 1963 , 1965 , 1970 Chris Evert ( USA ) 0 1974 , 1976 , 1981 Althea Gibson ( USA ) 0 1957 , 1958 Dorothy Round ( UK ) 0 1934 , 1937 Kitty McKane Godfree ( UK ) 0 1924 , 1926 May Sutton Bundy ( USA ) 0 1905 , 1907 Maud Watson ( UK ) 0 1884 , 1885 Evonne Goolagong Cawley ( AUS ) 0 1971 , 1980 Petra Kvitová ( CZE ) 0 2011 , 2014 Championships by Country ( edit ) The Ladies ' Singles plate ( right ) with the Gentlemen 's Singles trophy ( left ) . Country Amateur Era Open Era All - time First title Last title United States ( USA ) 28 29 57 1905 2016 United Kingdom ( UK ) 34 36 1884 1977 Germany ( GER ) 8 9 1931 2018 France ( FRA ) 6 8 1919 2013 Australia ( AUS ) 5 1963 1980 Brazil ( BRA ) 0 1959 1964 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 0 1998 2014 Spain ( ESP ) 0 1994 2017 Switzerland ( SUI ) 0 1997 1997 Russia ( RUS ) 0 See also ( edit ) Wimbledon Open other competitions List of Wimbledon gentlemen 's singles champions List of Wimbledon gentlemen 's doubles champions List of Wimbledon ladies ' doubles champions List of Wimbledon mixed doubles champions Grand Slam women 's singles List of Australian Open women 's singles champions List of French Open women 's singles champions List of US Open women 's singles champions List of Grand Slam women 's singles champions Notes ( edit ) Since 2009 , Centre Court features a retractable roof , allowing indoor and night - time play . Wimbledon entered the Open Era with the 1968 edition , allowing professional players to compete alongside amateurs . John McEnroe is the only player to have been denied membership in 1981 , because of his on - court behaviour during the championships . Each year is linked to an article about that particular year 's draws , but pre-1922 they did not have draws due to the challenge round system . In 1922 till the present they do have draws , but the years of 1925 -- 1939 do not have draw pages with links , so it is linked to the year 's articles instead . `` British Isles '' ( BRI ) is used for players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1801 -- 1922 ) , distinct from `` Great Britain '' ( GBR ) used for players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( 1922 -- present ) . The tournament was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I . The tournament was not held from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II . Czechoslovakia ( TCH , 1918 -- 1992 ) split into the Czech Republic ( CZE , 1992 -- present ) and Slovakia ( SVK , 1992 -- present ) . Martina Navratilova was born in Czechoslovakia , but was stripped of her citizenship in 1975 when she defected to the United States . She became a US citizen in 1981 . FRG is West Germany , but after unification became just Germany ( GER ) after 1990 . References ( edit ) General `` Ladies ' Singles Finals '' . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . `` Grand Slam Tournaments - Wimbledon '' ( PDF ) . usta.com . United States Tennis Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Specific Jump up ^ `` FAQ - Grass Courts '' ( PDF ) . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tournament profile - Wimbledon '' . atpworldtour.com . ATP Tour , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Wimbledon - History : History '' . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ladies ' Singles Finals '' . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Barrett , John ( 1986 ) . 100 Wimbledon Championships : A Celebration . Collins Willow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 218220 - 1 . Jump up ^ Roberts , John ( 1998 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Tennis : Fast , fan friendly - but full of faults '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking with tradition '' . The Age . The Age Company Ltd. 2004 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` About Wimbledon - History : The trophies '' . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` About Wimbledon - Behind the scenes : The All England Lawn Tennis Club '' . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Prize Money '' ( PDF ) . wimbledon.org . All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Ladies ' Singles Finals 1884 - 2017 '' . wimbledon.com . Wimbledon Championships . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Harman , Neil ( 2009 - 04 - 22 ) . `` No more soaked strawberries - Centre Court , Wimbledon , gets a roof '' . The Times . Times Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Jolly snub for McEnroe ; he 's refused All - England '' . St. Petersburg Times . United Press International . 1981 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Zenilman , Avi ( 2009 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Back Issues : McEnroe vs. Thatcher '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` History - Rolls of Honour : Country abbreviations '' . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ McCurry , Justin ( 11 March 2008 ) . `` ' Ashamed ' Navratilove regains Czech nationality '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wimbledon Championships . The Championships , Wimbledon official website Tennis portal Wimbledon women 's singles drawsheets Pre Open Era 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 -- 1918 ( WWI ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 -- 1945 ( WWII ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Wimbledon Championships Pre Open Era 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Grand Slam tournament champions Australian Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) French Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) Wimbledon Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) US Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) All tournaments Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Grand Slam overall records Pre Open Era Wimbledon ladies ' singles champions ( 1884 ) Maud Watson ( 1885 ) Maud Watson ( 1886 ) Blanche Bingley ( 1887 ) Lottie Dod ( 1888 ) Lottie Dod ( 1889 ) Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 1890 ) Lena Rice ( 1891 ) Lottie Dod ( 1892 ) Lottie Dod ( 1893 ) Lottie Dod ( 1894 ) Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 1895 ) Charlotte Cooper ( 1896 ) Charlotte Cooper ( 1897 ) Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 1898 ) Charlotte Cooper ( 1899 ) Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 1900 ) Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 1901 ) Charlotte Sterry ( 1902 ) Muriel Robb ( 1903 ) Dorothea Douglass ( 1904 ) Dorothea Douglass ( 1905 ) May Sutton ( 1906 ) Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 1907 ) May Sutton ( 1908 ) Charlotte Sterry ( 1909 ) Dora Boothby ( 1910 ) Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 1912 ) Dorethea Lambert Chambers ( 1913 ) Ethel Thomson Larcombe ( 1914 ) Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 1915 ) Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 1915 - 18 ) No competition ( due to World War I ) ( 1919 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1920 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1921 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1922 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1923 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1924 ) Kathleen McKane ( 1925 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1926 ) Kathleen McKane Godfree ( 1927 ) Helen Wills ( 1928 ) Helen Wills ( 1929 ) Helen Wills ( 1930 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 1931 ) Cilly Aussem ( 1932 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 1933 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 1934 ) Dorothy Round ( 1935 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 1936 ) Helen Jacobs ( 1937 ) Dorothy Round ( 1938 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 1939 ) Alice Marble ( 1940 -- 45 ) No competition ( due to World War II ) ( 1946 ) Pauline Addie ( 1947 ) Margaret Osborne ( 1948 ) Louise Brough ( 1949 ) Louise Brough ( 1950 ) Louise Brough ( 1951 ) Doris Hart ( 1952 ) Maureen Connolly ( 1953 ) Maureen Connolly ( 1954 ) Maureen Connolly ( 1955 ) Louise Brough ( 1956 ) Shirley Fry ( 1957 ) Althea Gibson ( 1958 ) Althea Gibson ( 1959 ) Maria Bueno ( 1960 ) Maria Bueno ( 1961 ) Angela Mortimer ( 1962 ) Karen Hantze Susman ( 1963 ) Margaret Smith ( 1964 ) Maria Bueno ( 1965 ) Margaret Smith ( 1966 ) Billie Jean King ( 1967 ) Billie Jean King Wimbledon ( Open era ) ladies ' singles champions ( 1968 ) Billie Jean King ( 1969 ) Ann Haydon - Jones ( 1970 ) Margaret Court ( 1971 ) Evonne Goolagong ( 1972 ) Billie Jean King ( 1973 ) Billie Jean King ( 1974 ) Chris Evert ( 1975 ) Billie Jean King ( 1976 ) Chris Evert ( 1977 ) Virginia Wade ( 1978 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1979 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1980 ) Evonne Goolagong ( 1981 ) Chris Evert ( 1982 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1983 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1984 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1985 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1986 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1987 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1988 ) Steffi Graf ( 1989 ) Steffi Graf ( 1990 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1991 ) Steffi Graf ( 1992 ) Steffi Graf ( 1993 ) Steffi Graf ( 1994 ) Conchita Martínez ( 1995 ) Steffi Graf ( 1996 ) Steffi Graf ( 1997 ) Martina Hingis ( 1998 ) Jana Novotná ( 1999 ) Lindsay Davenport ( 2000 ) Venus Williams ( 2001 ) Venus Williams ( 2002 ) Serena Williams ( 2003 ) Serena Williams ( 2004 ) Maria Sharapova ( 2005 ) Venus Williams ( 2006 ) Amélie Mauresmo ( 2007 ) Venus Williams ( 2008 ) Venus Williams ( 2009 ) Serena Williams ( 2010 ) Serena Williams ( 2011 ) Petra Kvitová ( 2012 ) Serena Williams ( 2013 ) Marion Bartoli ( 2014 ) Petra Kvitová ( 2015 ) Serena Williams ( 2016 ) Serena Williams ( 2017 ) Garbiñe Muguruza ( 2018 ) Angelique Kerber Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Wimbledon_ladies%27_singles_champions&oldid=850241275 '' Categories : Lists of Wimbledon champions Women 's tennis in the United Kingdom Lists of female tennis players Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano Lietuvių Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 17 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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Dualism Dualism ( from the Latin word duo meaning `` two '' ) denotes the state of two parts . The term dualism was originally coined to denote co-eternal binary opposition , a meaning that is preserved in metaphysical and philosophical duality discourse but has been more generalized in other usages to indicate a system which contains two essential parts . Moral dualism is the belief of the great complement of or conflict between the benevolent and the malevolent . It simply implies that there are two moral opposites at work , independent of any interpretation of what might be `` moral '' and independent of how these may be represented . Moral opposites might , for example , exist in a worldview which has one god , more than one god , or none . By contrast , ditheism or bi-theism implies ( at least ) two gods . While bi-theism implies harmony , ditheism implies rivalry and opposition , such as between good and evil , or light and dark , or summer and winter . For example , a ditheistic system would be one in which one god is a creator , and the other a destroyer . Alternatively , in ontological dualism , the world is divided into two overarching categories . The opposition and combination of the universe 's two basic principles of yin and yang is a large part of Chinese philosophy , and is an important feature of Taoism . It is also discussed in Confucianism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Moral dualism 1.1 History 2 Duotheism , bitheism , ditheism 3 Theistic dualism 3.1 In Christianity 3.2 In Hinduism 4 Ontological dualism 4.1 In Chinese philosophy 5 Soul dualism 6 In Indian philosophy 6.1 Buddhist philosophy 6.2 Samkhya and Yogic philosophy 7 In philosophy of mind 7.1 History 8 In other areas of philosophy 9 In physics 10 In cybernetics 11 Political dualism 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Moral dualism ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Moral dualism is the belief of the great complement or conflict between the benevolent and the malevolent . Like ditheism / bitheism ( see below ) , moral dualism does not imply the absence of monist or monotheistic principles . Moral dualism simply implies that there are two moral opposites at work , independent of any interpretation of what might be `` moral '' and - unlike ditheism / bitheism - independent of how these may be represented . For example , Mazdaism ( Mazdean Zoroastrianism ) is both dualistic and monotheistic ( but not monist by definition ) since in that philosophy God -- the Creator -- is purely good , and the antithesis -- which is also uncreated -- is an absolute one . Zurvanism ( Zurvanite Zoroastrianism ) , Manichaeism , and Mandaeism are representative of dualistic and monist philosophies since each has a supreme and transcendental First Principle from which the two equal - but - opposite entities then emanate . This is also true for the lesser - known Christian gnostic religions , such as Bogomils , Catharism , and so on . More complex forms of monist dualism also exist , for instance in Hermeticism , where Nous `` thought '' -- that is described to have created man -- brings forth both good and evil , dependent on interpretation , whether it receives prompting from the God or from the Demon . Duality with pluralism is considered a logical fallacy . History ( edit ) Moral dualism began as a theological belief . Dualism was first seen implicitly in Egyptian religious beliefs by the contrast of the gods Set ( disorder , death ) and Osiris ( order , life ) . The first explicit conception of dualism came from the Ancient Persian religion of Zoroastrianism around the mid-fifth century BC . Zoroastrianism is a monotheistic religion that believes that Ahura Mazda is the eternal creator of all good things . Any violations of Ahura Mazda 's order arise from druj , which is everything uncreated . From this comes a significant choice for humans to make . Either they fully participate in human life for Ahura Mazda or they do not and give druj power . Personal dualism is even more distinct in the beliefs of later religions . The religious dualism of Christianity between good and evil is not a perfect dualism as God ( good ) will inevitably destroy Satan ( evil ) . Early Christian dualism is largely based on Platonic Dualism ( See : Neoplatonism and Christianity ) . There is also a personal dualism in Christianity with a soul - body distinction based on the idea of an immaterial Christian soul . Duotheism , bitheism , ditheism ( edit ) See also : Dualistic cosmology In theology , dualism may refer to duotheism , bitheism , or ditheism . Although ditheism / bitheism imply moral dualism , they are not equivalent : ditheism / bitheism implies ( at least ) two gods , while moral dualism does not necessarily imply theism ( theos = god ) at all . Both bitheism and ditheism imply a belief in two equally powerful gods with complementary or antonymous properties ; however , while bitheism implies harmony , ditheism implies rivalry and opposition , such as between good and evil , bright and dark , or summer and winter . For example , a ditheistic system would be one in which one god is creative , the other is destructive ( cf . theodicy ) . In the original conception of Zoroastrianism , for example , Ahura Mazda was the spirit of ultimate good , while Ahriman ( Angra Mainyu ) was the spirit of ultimate evil . In a bitheistic system , by contrast , where the two deities are not in conflict or opposition , one could be male and the other female ( cf . duotheism ) . One well - known example of a bitheistic or duotheistic theology based on gender polarity is found in the neopagan religion of Wicca . In Wicca , dualism is represented in the belief of a god and a goddess as a dual partnership in ruling the universe . This is centered on the worship of a divine couple , the Moon Goddess and the Horned God , who are regarded as lovers . However , there is also a ditheistic theme within traditional Wicca , as the Horned God has dual aspects of bright and dark - relating to day / night , summer / winter - expressed as the Oak King and the Holly King , who in Wiccan myth and ritual are said to engage in battle twice a year for the hand of the Goddess , resulting in the changing seasons . ( Within Wicca , bright and dark do not correspond to notions of `` good '' and `` evil '' but are aspects of the natural world , much like yin and yang in Taoism . ) However , bitheistic and ditheistic principles are not always so easily contrastable , for instance in a system where one god is the representative of summer and drought and the other of winter and rain / fertility ( cf . the mythology of Persephone ) . Marcionism , an early Christian sect , held that the Old and New Testaments were the work of two opposing gods : both were First Principles , but of different religions . Theistic dualism ( edit ) In theology , dualism can refer to the relationship between God and creation or God and the universe . This form of dualism is a belief shared in certain traditions of Christianity and Hinduism . In Christianity ( edit ) The Cathars being expelled from Carcassonne in 1209 . The Cathars were denounced as heretics by the Roman Catholic Church for their dualist beliefs . The dualism between God and Creation has existed as a central belief in multiple historical sects and traditions of Christianity , including Marcionism , Catharism , Paulicianism , and Gnostic Christianity . Christian dualism refers to the belief that God and creation are distinct , but interrelated through an indivisible bond . In sects like the Cathars and the Paulicians , this is a dualism between the material world , created by an evil god , and a moral god . Historians divide Christian dualism into absolute dualism , which held that the good and evil gods were equally powerful , and mitigated dualism , which held that material evil was subordinate to the spiritual good . The belief , by Christian theologians who adhere to a libertarian or compatibilist view of free will , that free will separates humankind from God has also been characterized as a form of dualism . The theologian Leroy Stephens Rouner compares the dualism of Christianity with the dualism that exists in Zoroastrianism and the Samkhya tradition of Hinduism . The theological use of the word dualism dates back to 1700 , in a book that describes the dualism between good and evil . The tolerance of dualism ranges widely among the different Christian traditions . As a monotheistic religion , the conflict between dualism and monism has existed in Christianity since its inception . The 1912 Catholic Encyclopedia describes that , in the Catholic Church , `` the dualistic hypothesis of an eternal world existing side by side with God was of course rejected '' by the thirteenth century , but mind -- body dualism was not . The problem of evil is difficult to reconcile with absolute monism , and has prompted some Christian sects to veer towards dualism . Gnostic forms of Christianity were more dualistic , and some Gnostic traditions posited that the Devil was separate from God as an independent deity . The Christian dualists of the Byzantine Empire , the Paulicians , were seen as Manichean heretics by Byzantine theologians . This tradition of Christian dualism , founded by Constantine - Silvanus , argued that the universe was created through evil and separate from a moral God . The Cathars , a Christian sect in southern France , believed that there was a dualism between two gods , one representing good and the other representing evil . The Roman Catholic Church denounced the Cathars as heretics , and sought to crush the movement in the 13th century . The Albigensian Crusade was initiated by Pope Innocent III in 1208 to remove the Cathars from Languedoc in France , where they were known as Albigesians . The Inquisition , which began in 1233 under Pope Gregory IX , also targeted the Cathars . In Hinduism ( edit ) The Dvaita Vedanta school of Indian philosophy espouses a dualism between God and the universe by theorizing the existence of two separate realities . The first and the more important reality is that of Shiva or Sakthi or Vishnu or Brahman . Shiva or Sakthi or Vishnu is the supreme Self , God , the absolute truth of the universe , the independent reality . The second reality is that of dependent but equally real universe that exists with its own separate essence . Everything that is composed of the second reality , such as individual soul ( Jiva ) , matter , etc. exist with their own separate reality . The distinguishing factor of this philosophy as opposed to Advaita Vedanta ( monistic conclusion of Vedas ) is that God takes on a personal role and is seen as a real eternal entity that governs and controls the universe . Because the existence of individuals is grounded in the divine , they are depicted as reflections , images or even shadows of the divine , but never in any way identical with the divine . Salvation therefore is described as the realization that all finite reality is essentially dependent on the Supreme . Ontological dualism ( edit ) The yin and yang symbolizes the duality in nature and all things in the Taoist religion . Alternatively , dualism can mean the tendency of humans to perceive and understand the world as being divided into two overarching categories . In this sense , it is dualistic when one perceives a tree as a thing separate from everything surrounding it . This form of ontological dualism exists in Taoism and Confucianism , beliefs that divide the universe into the complementary oppositions of yin and yang . In traditions such as classical Hinduism , Zen Buddhism or Islamic Sufism , a key to enlightenment is `` transcending '' this sort of dualistic thinking , without merely substituting dualism with monism or pluralism . In Chinese philosophy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The opposition and combination of the universe 's two basic principles of yin and yang is a large part of Chinese philosophy , and is an important feature of Taoism , both as a philosophy and as a religion , although the concept developed much earlier . Some argue that yin and yang were originally an earth and sky god , respectively . As one of the oldest principles in Chinese philosophy , yin and yang are also discussed in Confucianism , but to a lesser extent . Some of the common associations with yang and yin , respectively , are : male and female , light and dark , active and passive , motion and stillness . Some scholars recognize that the two ideas may have originally referred to two opposite sides of a mountain , facing towards and away from the sun . The yin and yang symbol in actuality has very little to do with Western dualism ; instead it represents the philosophy of balance , where two opposites co-exist in harmony and are able to transmute into each other . In the yin - yang symbol there is a dot of yin in yang and a dot of yang in yin . In Taoism , this symbolizes the inter-connectedness of the opposite forces as different aspects of Tao , the First Principle . Contrast is needed to create a distinguishable reality , without which we would experience nothingness . Therefore , the independent principles of yin and yang are actually dependent on one another for each other 's distinguishable existence . The complementary dualistic concept seen in yin and yang represent the reciprocal interaction throughout nature , related to a feedback loop , where opposing forces do not exchange in opposition but instead exchange reciprocally to promote stabilization similar to homeostasis . An underlying principle in Taoism states that within every independent entity lies a part of its opposite . Within sickness lies health and vice versa . This is because all opposites are manifestations of the single Tao , and are therefore not independent from one another , but rather a variation of the same unifying force throughout all of nature . Soul dualism ( edit ) Main article : Soul dualism In some cultures , people ( or also other beings ) are believed to have two or more kinds of soul . In several cases , one of these souls is associated with body functions ( and is sometimes thought to disappear after death , but not always ) , and the other one is able to leave the body ( for example , a shaman 's free - soul may be held to be able to undertake a spirit journey ) . The plethora of soul types may be even more complex . The Bipartite view of theology recognizes the existence of both material and immaterial aspects of human life , typically body and soul . This is distinct from the Tripartite view that holds soul and spirit to be separate aspects of a person along with the body . In Indian philosophy ( edit ) Buddhist philosophy ( edit ) During the classical era of Buddhist philosophy in India , philosophers such as Dharmakirti argue for a dualism between states of consciousness and Buddhist atoms ( the basic building blocks that make up reality ) , according to `` the standard interpretation '' of Dharmakirti 's Buddhist metaphysics . Typically in Western philosophy , dualism is considered to be a dualism between mind ( nonphysical ) and brain ( physical ) , which ultimately involves mind interacting with the physical brain , and therefore also interacting with the micro-particles ( basic building blocks ) that make up the brain tissue . Buddhist dualism , in Dharmakirti 's sense , is different in that it is not a dualism between the mind and brain , but rather between states of consciousness ( nonphysical ) and basic building blocks ( according to the Buddhist atomism of Dharmakirti , Buddhist atoms are also nonphysical : they are unstructured points of energy ) . Like many Buddhists from 600 - 1000 CE , Dharmakirti 's philosophy involved mereological nihilism , meaning that other than states of consciousness , the only things that exist are momentary quantum particles , much like the particles of quantum physics ( quarks , electrons , etc . ) . Samkhya and yogic philosophy ( edit ) While Western philosophical traditions , as exemplified by Descartes , equate mind with the conscious self and theorize on consciousness on the basis of mind / body dualism ; some Eastern philosophies provide an alternate viewpoint , intimately related to substance dualism , by drawing a metaphysical line between consciousness and matter -- where matter includes both body and mind . In Samkhya and Yoga schools of Indian philosophy , `` there are two irreducible , innate and independent realities 1 ) consciousness itself ( Purusha ) 2 ) primordial materiality ( Prakriti ) '' . The unconscious primordial materiality , Prakriti , contains 23 components including intellect ( buddhi , mahat ) , ego ( ahamkara ) and mind ( manas ) . Therefore , the intellect , mind and ego are all seen as forms of unconscious matter . Thought processes and mental events are conscious only to the extent they receive illumination from Purusha . Consciousness is compared to light which illuminates the material configurations or ' shapes ' assumed by the mind . So intellect after receiving cognitive structures form the mind and illumination from pure consciousness creates thought structures that appear to be conscious . Ahamkara , the ego or the phenomenal self , appropriates all mental experiences to itself and thus , personalizes the objective activities of mind and intellect by assuming possession of them . But consciousness is itself independent of the thought structures it illuminates . By including mind in the realm of matter , Samkhya - Yoga avoids one of the most serious pitfalls of Cartesian dualism , the violation of physical conservation laws . Because mind is an evolute of matter , mental events are granted causal efficacy and are therefore able to initiate bodily motions . In philosophy of mind ( edit ) Main articles : Mind -- body dualism and Epiphenomenalism In philosophy of mind , dualism is any of a narrow variety of views about the relationship between mind and matter , which claims that mind and matter are two ontologically separate categories . In particular , mind - body dualism claims that neither the mind nor matter can be reduced to each other in any way , and thus is opposed to materialism in general , and reductive materialism in particular . Mind - body dualism can exist as substance dualism which claims that the mind and the body are composed of a distinct substance , and as property dualism which claims that there may not be a distinction in substance , but that mental and physical properties are still categorically distinct , and not reducible to each other . This type of dualism is sometimes referred to as `` mind and body '' and stands in contrast to philosophical monism , which views mind and matter as being ultimately the same kind of thing . History ( edit ) The first significant argument against dualism came from Thomas Hobbes 's ( 1588 -- 1679 ) materialist critique of the human person . Hobbes argues that all of human experience comes from biological processes contained within the body ( see : The Leviathan ) . In response to Hobbes , the French philosopher René Descartes ( 1596 -- 1650 ) developed Cartesian dualism , which posits that there is a divisible , mechanical body and an indivisible , immaterial mind which interact with one another . The body perceives external inputs and the awareness of them comes from the soul . The point of interaction between the two is at the pineal gland in the brain . During the 19th and 20th centuries , materialistic monism became the norm . Still , in addition to already discussed theories of dualism ( particularly the Christian and Cartesian models ) there are new theories in the defense of dualism . Naturalistic dualism comes from Australian philosopher , David Chalmers ( born 1966 ) who argues there is an explanatory gap between objective and subjective experience that can not be bridged by reductionism because consciousness is , at least , logically autonomous of the physical properties upon which it supervenes . According to Chalmers , a naturalistic account of property dualism requires a new fundamental category of properties described by new laws of supervenience ; the challenge being analogous to that of understanding electricity based on the mechanistic and Newtonian models of materialism prior to Maxwell 's equations . A similar defense comes from Australian philosopher Frank Jackson ( born 1943 ) who revived the theory of epiphenomenalism which argues that mental states do not play a role in physical states . Jackson argues that there are two kinds of dualism . The first is substance dualism that assumes there is second , non-corporeal form of reality . In this form , body and soul are two different substances . The second form is property dualism that says that body and soul are different properties of the same body . He claims that functions of the mind / soul are internal , very private experiences that are not accessible to observation by others , and therefore not accessible by science ( at least not yet ) . We can know everything , for example , about a bat 's facility for echolocation , but we will never know how the bat experiences that phenomenon . In Jackson 's mind experiment , he imagines a girl who grows up in a black - and - white room . She may grow up learning all about the scientific facts of colors , but has no way of experiencing colors other than black or white . When someone brings a red tomato into her room , she is stunned . She discovers a new fact : the experience of red is ' like this . ' That experience is not a physical fact but a conscious one . In other areas of philosophy ( edit ) Main article : Epistemological dualism See also : New realism ( philosophy ) In the philosophy of science , dualism often refers to the dichotomy between the `` subject '' ( the observer ) and the `` object '' ( the observed ) . Another dualism , in Popperian philosophy of science refers to `` hypothesis '' and `` refutation '' ( for example , experimental refutation ) . This notion also carried to Popper 's political philosophy . The American philosopher Arthur Oncken Lovejoy in his The Revolt Against Dualism ( 1960 ) develops a critique of the modern new realism , reproposing a form of dualism based on a `` fork of human experience . '' In physics ( edit ) See also : Duality § Physics In physics , dualism refers to media with properties that can be associated with the mechanics of two different phenomena . Because these two phenomena 's mechanics are mutually exclusive , both are needed in order to describe the possible behaviors . All matter , for example , has wave -- particle duality . In cybernetics ( edit ) In cybernetics , Norbert Wiener described `` Manicheaen devils '' ( dualistic adversarial systems ) as those systems or problems in which an intelligent adversary is attempting to exploit weaknesses of the investigator ( such as in a game - playing opponent , adversarial law , evolutionary systems of predator / parasite and prey / host , politics / enslavement attempts , etc . ) . Wiener 's `` Cybernetics '' contrasted such systems with `` Augustinian devils '' that were systems or problems that , though very complex and difficult to figure out , did not feature an adversary with contrary intent . Victories or `` expansions of knowledge '' in such systems were able to be built upon incrementally , through science ( experimentation expanding empirical knowledge bases ) . Wiener noted that temporary weaknesses ( such as errors to perceive all components of a system ) were not fatal in attempts to defeat `` Augustinian devils '' because another experiment could simply be pursued ( and he noted that he had personally defeated many `` Augustinian devils '' with his contributions to science and engineering ) . Wiener further noted that temporary lapses in judgment against `` Manicheaen devils '' were more often fatal or destructive , due to the desire of the opponent to `` win / survive at all costs , '' even going so far as to introduce any level of deception into the system ( and he noted that he had been defeated by many `` Manicheaen devils , '' such as on occasions when he was temporarily careless in chess ) . Although this `` duality '' between `` complexity '' and `` opposition '' may seem obvious , there are deep implications in many areas of science , such as game theory , political science , computer science , network science , security science , military science , evolutionary biology , and cryptography . Political dualism ( edit ) Main article : Dualism ( politics ) In politics , dualism refers to the separation of powers between the legislature and executive . In the context of the history of the Austro - Hungarian Empire , `` dualism '' refers to the political doctrine of Austria 's and Hungary 's co-equality . The phrase `` during dualism '' ( Hungarian : dualizmus alatt ) is used in Hungarian historiography as shorthand for `` during the dual monarchy . '' See also ( edit ) Philosophy portal Atheism Dialectic Didache -- The Two Ways Duality False dilemma Monism and dualism in international law Legal pluralism Nondualism Pluralism ( philosophy ) Reductionism Rhizome ( philosophy ) Table of Opposites Yanantin ( complementary dualism in Native South American culture ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The term dualism is recorded in English since 1785 -- 95 ( Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary , 2001 , `` dualism '' ) . Jump up ^ `` Egypt and Mesopotamia '' Jump up ^ `` soul '' Jump up ^ Enrico Riparelli , Il volto del Cristo dualista . Da Marcione ai catari , Peter Lang , Bern - Berlin - Bruxelles - Frankfurt am Main - New York - Oxford - Wien 2008 , 368 pp. ISBN 978 - 3 - 03911 - 490 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Rouner , Leroy ( 1983 ) . The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology . Westminster John Knox Press . p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22748 - 7 . Jump up ^ Peters , Edward ( 2011 ) . Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 0680 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Russell , Jeffrey ( 1998 ) . A History of Heaven : The Singing Silence . Princeton University Press . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00684 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia : An International Work of Reference on the Constitution , Doctrine , Discipline , and History of the Catholic Church . Robert Appleton Company . 1912 . p. 170 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Janet ; Hamilton , Bernard ; Stoyanov , Yuri ( 1998 ) . Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World , C. 650 - c. 1450 : Selected Sources . Manchester University Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 4765 - 7 . Jump up ^ Chidester , David ( 2001 ) . Christianity : A Global History . HarperCollins . pp. 266 -- 268 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 251770 - 8 . Jump up ^ Etter , Christopher . A Study of Qualitative Non-Pluralism . iUniverse Inc . P. 59 - 60 . ISBN 0 - 595 - 39312 - 8 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Jeaneane D. Perspectives of Reality : An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism . Sussex Academic Press . P. 340 - 344 . ISBN 1 - 898723 - 93 - 1 . Jump up ^ Girardot , N.J. ( 1988 ) . Myth and Meaning in Early Taoism : The Theme of Chaos ( hun - tun ) . University of California Press . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 06460 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Jeremy . `` Yin and Yang '' . Ancient and Medieval History . Facts on File . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Georges B.J. Dreyfus , Recognizing Reality , SUNY Press 1996 ( ISBN 978 - 0791430989 ) Jump up ^ Haney , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Isaac , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Haney , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Isaac , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Leaman , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Leaman , p. 248 . Jump up ^ `` Leviathan -- Introduction '' Archived July 9 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... oregonstate.edu . Jump up ^ `` Cartesian Dualism : Mind and Brain Interaction Jump up ^ `` Materialism '' Jump up ^ Jackson , Frank . 1990. `` Epiphenomenal Qualia , '' in ' Mind and Cognition , ' W. Lycan ( ed . ) . Oxford : Blackwell . References ( edit ) Haney , William S. Culture and Consciousness : Literature Regained . Bucknell University Press ( August 1 , 2002 ) . ISBN 1611481724 . Isaac , J.R. ; Dangwal , Ritu ; Chakraborty , C. Proceedings . International conference on cognitive systems ( 1997 ) . Allied Publishers Ltd . ISBN 81 - 7023 - 746 - 7 . Leaman , Oliver . Eastern Philosophy : Key Readings . Routledge , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 17357 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Look up dualism in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dualism Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Dualism . Duality entry in the UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology Dualism at PhilPapers `` Dualism '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . 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Jinx (children's game) Jinx is a children 's game with varying rules and penalties that occur when two people unintentionally speak the same word or phrase simultaneously . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rules 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Rules ( edit ) A jinx can be initiated when at least two people say any same word or phrase at the same time . One of them then calls `` jinx '' on the other . The game ends when someone speaks the jinxee 's name or the jinxee speaks . In the latter case , the jinxee loses the game , and often a penalty is exacted , typically a punch on the arm . An alternative penalty is the individual who initiates the jinx begins counting , and the individual who was jinxed is required to provide a coke for every additional number added to the count , prior to the jinx ending . In America , if there are two people that say something at the same time , then one person can say `` Jinx , you owe me a coke '' The person who says it first gets a free coke from the other person . Some variations include ' boundaries ' , such as no jinxing under a roof or on top of a cloud . See also ( edit ) Games portal Punch buggy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roud , Steve ( 2010 ) . The Lore of the Playground : One Hundred Years of Children 's Games , Rhymes & Traditions . Random House UK . p. 379 . ISBN 1905211511 . Jump up ^ Oremland , Jerome D. ( 1973 ) . `` The Jinx game : A ritualized expression of separation - individuation '' . The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child . 28 : 419 -- 431 . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Rapoport , Judith ( 1989 ) . Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents . Amer Psychiatric Pub Incorporated . p. 292 . ISBN 0880482826 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Henrietta L. ; Goldberger , Erica A. ; Rapoport , Judith L. ; Cheslow , Deborah L. ; Swedo , Susan E. ( 1990 ) . `` Childhood Rituals : Normal Development or Obsessive - Compulsive Symptoms ? '' . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 29 ( 1 ) : 18 . doi : 10.1097 / 00004583 - 199001000 - 00004 . External links ( edit ) Barrett , Grant ( April 16 , 2008 ) . `` Jinx and padiddle '' . The Star . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . McSpaden , Cheri ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Even Johnny Depp got jinxed '' . The Holland Sentinel . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . December 17 , 2006 comic strip from Big Nate in which the characters play a game of Jinx Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jinx_(children%27s_game)&oldid=812299843 '' Categories : Children 's games Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 04 : 02 . About Wikipedia