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symtable Access to the compiler s symbol tables Source code Lib symtable py Symbol tables are generated by the compiler from AST just before bytecode is generated The symbol table is responsible for calculating the scope of every identifier in the code symtable provides an interface to examine these tables Generating S...
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me If more than one or no namespace is bound to this name a ValueError is raised
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lzma Compression using the LZMA algorithm New in version 3 3 Source code Lib lzma py This module provides classes and convenience functions for compressing and decompressing data using the LZMA compression algorithm Also included is a file interface supporting the xz and legacy lzma file formats used by the xz utility ...
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n memory class lzma LZMACompressor format FORMAT_XZ check 1 preset None filters None Create a compressor object which can be used to compress data incrementally For a more convenient way of compressing a single chunk of data see compress The format argument specifies what container format should be used Possible values...
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Some of data may be buffered internally for use in later calls to decompress The returned data should be concatenated with the output of any previous calls to decompress If max_length is nonnegative returns at most max_length bytes of decompressed data If this limit is reached and further output can be produced the ne...
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nvert relative branches calls and jumps in the code to use absolute addressing with the aim of increasing the redundancy that can be exploited by the compressor These filters support one option start_offset This specifies the address that should be mapped to the beginning of the input data The default is 0 Examples Rea...
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keyword Testing for Python keywords Source code Lib keyword py This module allows a Python program to determine if a string is a keyword or soft keyword keyword iskeyword s Return True if s is a Python keyword keyword kwlist Sequence containing all the keywords defined for the interpreter If any keywords are defined to...
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Design and History FAQ Why does Python use indentation for grouping of statements Guido van Rossum believes that using indentation for grouping is extremely elegant and contributes a lot to the clarity of the average Python program Most people learn to love this feature after a while Since there are no begin end bracke...
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up the class definition to be sure Some C and Java coding standards call for instance attributes to have an m_ prefix so this explicitness is still useful in those languages too Second it means that no special syntax is necessary if you want to explicitly reference or call the method from a particular class In C if yo...
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mited by the given separator or by default arbitrary runs of white space join is a string method because in using it you are telling the separator string to iterate over a sequence of strings and insert itself between adjacent elements This method can be used with any argument which obeys the rules for sequence objects...
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The gc module provides functions to perform a garbage collection obtain debugging statistics and tune the collector s parameters Other implementations such as Jython or PyPy however can rely on a different mechanism such as a full blown garbage collector This difference can cause some subtle porting problems if your P...
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ems repeatedly when the array must be grown some extra space is allocated so the next few times don t require an actual resize How are dictionaries implemented in CPython CPython s dictionaries are implemented as resizable hash tables Compared to B trees this gives better performance for lookup the most common operatio...
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ary or not If you fail to meet these restrictions dictionaries and other hash based structures will misbehave In the case of ListWrapper whenever the wrapper object is in a dictionary the wrapped list must not change to avoid anomalies Don t do this unless you are prepared to think hard about the requirements and the c...
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mber of backslashes the unpaired backslash at the end escapes the closing quote character leaving an unterminated string Raw strings were designed to ease creating input for processors chiefly regular expression engines that want to do their own backslash escape processing Such processors consider an unmatched trailing...
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l value for a list tuple or dictionary spread across multiple lines it s easier to add more elements because you don t have to remember to add a comma to the previous line The lines can also be reordered without creating a syntax error Accidentally omitting the comma can lead to errors that are hard to diagnose For exa...
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plistlib Generate and parse Apple plist files Source code Lib plistlib py This module provides an interface for reading and writing the property list files used by Apple primarily on macOS and iOS This module supports both binary and XML plist files The property list plist file format is a simple serialization supporti...
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shelve Python object persistence Source code Lib shelve py A shelf is a persistent dictionary like object The difference with dbm databases is that the values not the keys in a shelf can be essentially arbitrary Python objects anything that the pickle module can handle This includes most class instances recursive data ...
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kle DEFAULT_PROTOCOL are used to serialize values The version of the pickle protocol can be specified with the protocol parameter See the pickle documentation for a discussion of the pickle protocols If the writeback parameter is True the object will hold a cache of all entries accessed and write them back to the dict ...
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dis Disassembler for Python bytecode Source code Lib dis py The dis module supports the analysis of CPython bytecode by disassembling it The CPython bytecode which this module takes as an input is defined in the file Include opcode h and used by the compiler and the interpreter CPython implementation detail Bytecode is...
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ode myfunc for instr in bytecode print instr opname RESUME LOAD_GLOBAL LOAD_FAST CALL RETURN_VALUE Analysis functions The dis module also defines the following analysis functions that convert the input directly to the desired output They can be useful if only a single operation is being performed so the intermediate an...
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show_caches False adaptive False Return an iterator over the instructions in the supplied function method source code string or code object The iterator generates a series of Instruction named tuples giving the details of each operation in the supplied code If first_line is not None it indicates the line number that s...
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tions so great care should be taken when reading or modifying raw adaptive bytecode containing quickened data New in version 3 11 Unary operations Unary operations take the top of the stack apply the operation and push the result back on the stack UNARY_NEGATIVE Implements STACK 1 STACK 1 UNARY_NOT Implements STACK 1 n...
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3 12 oparg set to be the exception block depth for efficient closing of generators SETUP_ANNOTATIONS Checks whether __annotations__ is defined in locals if not it is set up to an empty dict This opcode is only emitted if a class or module body contains variable annotations statically New in version 3 6 POP_EXCEPT Pops ...
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s The number of values before and after the list value is limited to 255 The number of values before the list value is encoded in the argument of the opcode The number of values after the list if any is encoded using an EXTENDED_ARG As a consequence the argument can be seen as a two bytes values where the low byte of c...
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ent it works similarly to LOAD_ATTR except that namei is shifted left by 2 bits instead of 1 The low bit of namei signals to attempt a method load as with LOAD_ATTR which results in pushing None and the loaded method When it is unset a single value is pushed to the stack The second low bit of namei if set means that th...
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ty then that value is stored into the new cell New in version 3 11 LOAD_CLOSURE i Pushes a reference to the cell contained in slot i of the fast locals storage The name of the variable is co_fastlocalnames i Note that LOAD_CLOSURE is effectively an alias for LOAD_FAST It exists to keep bytecode a little more readable C...
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tack argc must be 2 or 3 If it is 2 implements end STACK pop start STACK pop STACK append slice start stop if it is 3 implements step STACK pop end STACK pop start STACK pop STACK append slice start end step See the slice built in function for more information EXTENDED_ARG ext Prefixes any opcode which has an argument ...
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arameters and value New in version 3 12 CALL_INTRINSIC_2 Calls an intrinsic function with two arguments Used to implement functionality that is not performance critical arg2 STACK pop arg1 STACK pop result intrinsic2 arg1 arg2 STACK push result The operand determines which intrinsic function is called Operand Descripti...
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typing Support for type hints New in version 3 5 Source code Lib typing py Note The Python runtime does not enforce function and variable type annotations They can be used by third party tools such as type checkers IDEs linters etc This module provides runtime support for type hints For the original specification of th...
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e statement is new in Python 3 12 For backwards compatibility type aliases can also be created through simple assignment Vector list float Or marked with TypeAlias to make it explicit that this is a type alias not a normal variable assignment from typing import TypeAlias Vector TypeAlias list float NewType Use the NewT...
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ing import Protocol class Combiner Protocol def __call__ self vals bytes maxlen int None None list bytes def batch_proc data Iterable bytes cb_results Combiner bytes for item in data def good_cb vals bytes maxlen int None None list bytes def bad_cb vals bytes maxitems int None list bytes batch_proc good_cb OK batch_pro...
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bject of C For example a 3 Has type int b int Has type type int c type a Also has type type int Note that type C is covariant class User class ProUser User class TeamUser User def make_new_user user_class type User User return user_class make_new_user User OK make_new_user ProUser Also OK type ProUser is a subtype of t...
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ter specification variables are treated by the typing module as a specialized type variable The one exception to this is that a list of types can be used to substitute a ParamSpec class Z T P T is a TypeVar P is a ParamSpec Z int dict float __main__ Z int dict float Classes generic over a ParamSpec can also be created ...
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definition allowing Bucket to be implicitly considered a subtype of both Sized and Iterable int by static type checkers This is known as structural subtyping or static duck typing from collections abc import Iterator Iterable class Bucket Note no base classes def __len__ self int def __iter__ self Iterator int def coll...
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"Wy0wLjA2OTczNjU0Nzc2ODExNiwwLjAwMjg0NzcxMjcxOTgxMjk4OTIsMC4wMDUyNzY4NzA0NDgxNDIyOSwtMC4wMjgzNjA4NTQ4MzQzMTgxNiwtMC4wMzA0OTMxMTQxNDM2MSwtMC4wMzc3NDgzMjU2MTYxMjEyOSwwLjA3MDE1MzMxMDg5NDk2NjEzLDAuMDM2NDA0NDUzMjE3OTgzMjQ2LC0wLjA1NjU0Nzk3NzAzMDI3NzI1LC0wLjAzMTk3ODg3NTM5ODYzNTg2NCwtMC4wNTY5NzQ3MDUzMDg2NzU3NjYsMC4wMDA3NTU4NTM...
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ivalent to the following albeit in a more succinct fashion from typing import TypeVar Self TypeVar Self bound Foo class Foo def return_self self Self Self return self In general if something returns self as in the above examples you should use Self as the return annotation If Foo return_self was annotated as returning ...
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Callable The last parameter to Concatenate must be a ParamSpec or ellipsis For example to annotate a decorator with_lock which provides a threading Lock to the decorated function Concatenate can be used to indicate that with_lock expects a callable which takes in a Lock as the first argument and returns a callable with...
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in a __metadata__ attribute If a library or tool encounters an annotation Annotated T x and has no special logic for the metadata it should ignore the metadata and simply treat the annotation as T As such Annotated can be useful for code that wants to use annotations for purposes outside Python s static typing system ...
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f isinstance val str Type of val is narrowed to str else Else type of val is narrowed to float Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user defined boolean function as a type guard Such a function should use TypeGuard as its return type to alert static type checkers to this intention Using TypeGuard tells the static ...
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ases class Sequence T T is a TypeVar This syntax can also be used to create bound and constrained type variables class StrSequence S str S is a TypeVar bound to str class StrOrBytesSequence A str bytes A is a TypeVar constrained to str or bytes However if desired reusable type variables can also be constructed manually...
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T TypeVar T Ts TypeVarTuple Ts def move_first_element_to_last tup tuple T Ts tuple Ts T return tup 1 tup 0 A normal type variable enables parameterization with a single type A type variable tuple in contrast allows parameterization with an arbitrary number of types by acting like an arbitrary number of type variables ...
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__name__ was called return f args kwargs return inner add_logging def add_two x float y float float Add two numbers together return x y Without ParamSpec the simplest way to annotate this previously was to use a TypeVar with bound Callable Any However this causes two problems 1 The type checker can t type check the in...
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ods class Employee NamedTuple Represents an employee name str id int 3 def __repr__ self str return f Employee self name id self id NamedTuple subclasses can be generic class Group T NamedTuple key T group list T Backward compatible usage For creating a generic NamedTuple on Python 3 11 or lower class Group NamedTuple ...
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created Monkey patching attributes onto a runtime checkable protocol will still work but will have no impact on isinstance checks comparing objects to the protocol See What s new in Python 3 12 for more details class typing TypedDict dict Special construct to add type hints to a dictionary At runtime it is a plain dic...
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43
enerally better to use __required_keys__ and __optional_keys__ for introspection __required_keys__ New in version 3 9 __optional_keys__ Point2D __required_keys__ and Point2D __optional_keys__ return frozenset objects containing required and non required keys respectively Keys marked with Required will always appear in ...
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pointing out that unreachable is of type float For a call to assert_never to pass type checking the inferred type of the argument passed in must be the bottom type Never and nothing else At runtime this throws an exception when called See also Unreachable Code and Exhaustiveness Checking has more information about exha...
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ault_factory Provides a runtime callback that returns the default value for the field If neither default nor default_factory are specified the field is assumed to have no default value and must be provided a value when the class is instantiated factory An alias for the default_factory parameter on field specifiers kw_o...
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bject in place typing no_type_check_decorator Decorator to give another decorator the no_type_check effect This wraps the decorator with something that wraps the decorated function in no_type_check typing override Decorator to indicate that a method in a subclass is intended to override a method or attribute in a super...
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pedDict For example class Film TypedDict title str year int assert is_typeddict Film assert not is_typeddict list str TypedDict is a factory for creating typed dicts not a typed dict itself assert not is_typeddict TypedDict New in version 3 10 class typing ForwardRef Class used for internal typing representation of str...
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3 9 builtins tuple now supports subscripting See PEP 585 and Generic Alias Type class typing Type Generic CT_co Deprecated alias to type See The type of class objects for details on using type or typing Type in type annotations New in version 3 5 2 Deprecated since version 3 9 builtins type now supports subscripting Se...
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Alias Type class typing KeysView MappingView AbstractSet KT_co Deprecated alias to collections abc KeysView Deprecated since version 3 9 collections abc KeysView now supports subscripting See PEP 585 and Generic Alias Type class typing Mapping Collection KT Generic KT VT_co Deprecated alias to collections abc Mapping T...
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supports subscripting See PEP 585 and Generic Alias Type Aliases to other ABCs in collections abc class typing Iterable Generic T_co Deprecated alias to collections abc Iterable Deprecated since version 3 9 collections abc Iterable now supports subscripting See PEP 585 and Generic Alias Type class typing Iterator Itera...
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warnings Warning control Source code Lib warnings py Warning messages are typically issued in situations where it is useful to alert the user of some condition in a program where that condition normally doesn t warrant raising an exception and terminating the program For example one might want to issue a warning when a...
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here action is one of the following strings Value Disposition default print the first occurrence of matching warnings for each location module line number where the warning is issued error turn matching warnings into exceptions ignore never print matching warnings always always print matching warnings module print the ...
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he sys warnoptions attribute used to pass filter configurations to the interpreter can be used as a marker to indicate whether or not warnings should be disabled import sys if not sys warnoptions import warnings warnings simplefilter ignore Developers of test runners for Python code are advised to instead ensure that a...
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the standard library or third party packages In the ideal case the code will have a suitable test suite and the test runner will take care of implicitly enabling all warnings when running tests the test runner provided by the unittest module does this In less ideal cases applications can be checked for use of deprecate...
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warning message if line is not supplied showwarning will try to read the line specified by filename and lineno warnings formatwarning message category filename lineno line None Format a warning the standard way This returns a string which may contain embedded newlines and ends in a newline line is a line of source cod...
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urllib parse Parse URLs into components Source code Lib urllib parse py This module defines a standard interface to break Uniform Resource Locator URL strings up in components addressing scheme network location path etc to combine the components back into a URL string and to convert a relative URL to an absolute URL gi...
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will be raised As is the case with all named tuples the subclass has a few additional methods and attributes that are particularly useful One such method is _replace The _replace method will return a new ParseResult object replacing specified fields with new values from urllib parse import urlparse u urlparse www cwi ...
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e urlencode function to convert such lists of pairs into query strings Changed in version 3 2 Add encoding and errors parameters Changed in version 3 8 Added max_num_fields parameter Changed in version 3 10 Added separator parameter with the default value of Python versions earlier than Python 3 10 allowed using both a...
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ged in version 3 5 Behavior updated to match the semantics defined in RFC 3986 urllib parse urldefrag url If url contains a fragment identifier return a modified version of url with no fragment identifier and the fragment identifier as a separate string If there is no fragment identifier in url return url unmodified an...
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le type These subclasses add the attributes listed in the documentation for those functions the encoding and decoding support described in the previous section as well as an additional method urllib parse SplitResult geturl Return the re combined version of the original URL as a string This may differ from the original...
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ther than a str and does not perform string to bytes encoding Example quote_from_bytes b a xef yields a 26 EF urllib parse unquote string encoding utf 8 errors replace Replace xx escapes with their single character equivalent The optional encoding and errors parameters specify how to decode percent encoded sequences in...
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joining an absolute and a relative URL including a fair number of Abnormal Examples which govern the treatment of border cases RFC 1738 Uniform Resource Locators URL This specifies the formal syntax and semantics of absolute URLs
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spwd The shadow password database Deprecated since version 3 11 will be removed in version 3 13 The spwd module is deprecated see PEP 594 for details and alternatives This module provides access to the Unix shadow password database It is available on various Unix versions Availability not Emscripten not WASI This modul...
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logging handlers Logging handlers Source code Lib logging handlers py Important This page contains only reference information For tutorials please see Basic Tutorial Advanced Tutorial Logging Cookbook The following useful handlers are provided in the package Note that three of the handlers StreamHandler FileHandler and...
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s open log files cannot be moved or renamed logging opens the files with exclusive locks and so there is no need for such a handler Furthermore ST_INO is not supported under Windows stat always returns zero for this value class logging handlers WatchedFileHandler filename mode a encoding None delay False errors None Re...
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tatingFileHandler If either the namer or rotator callable raises an exception this will be handled in the same way as any other exception during an emit call i e via the handleError method of the handler If you need to make more significant changes to rotation processing you can override the methods For an example see ...
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files lying around If delay is true then file opening is deferred until the first call to emit If atTime is not None it must be a datetime time instance which specifies the time of day when rollover occurs for the cases where rollover is set to happen at midnight or on a particular weekday Note that in these cases the ...
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ed The default parameters are such that the initial delay is one second and if after that delay the connection still can t be made the handler will double the delay each time up to a maximum of 30 seconds This behaviour is controlled by the following handler attributes retryStart initial delay defaulting to 1 0 seconds...
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vent if there is no socket at that point New in version 3 11 emit record The record is formatted and then sent to the syslog server If exception information is present it is not sent to the server Changed in version 3 2 1 See bpo 12168 In earlier versions the message sent to the syslog daemons was always terminated wit...
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eeds to be able to access the registry to get the dll name The current version does not do this emit record Determines the message ID event category and event type and then logs the message in the NT event log getEventCategory record Returns the event category for the record Override this if you want to specify your ow...
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t flushed when the handler is closed If not specified or specified as True the previous behaviour of flushing the buffer will occur when the handler is closed Changed in version 3 6 The flushOnClose parameter was added close Calls flush sets the target to None and clears the buffer flush For a MemoryHandler instance fl...
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on if present It also removes unpickleable items from the record in place Specifically it overwrites the record s msg and message attributes with the merged message obtained by calling the handler s format method and sets the args exc_info and exc_text attributes to None You might want to override this method if you wa...
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queue for LogRecords to process stop Stops the listener This asks the thread to terminate and then waits for it to do so Note that if you don t call this before your application exits there may be some records still left on the queue which won t be processed enqueue_sentinel Writes a sentinel to the queue to tell the l...
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shutil High level file operations Source code Lib shutil py The shutil module offers a number of high level operations on files and collections of files In particular functions are provided which support file copying and removal For operations on individual files see also the os module Warning Even the higher level fil...
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True copystat can modify the permission bits of a symbolic link If os utime in os supports_follow_symlinks is True copystat can modify the last access and modification times of a symbolic link If os chflags in os supports_follow_symlinks is True copystat can modify the flags of a symbolic link os chflags is not availa...
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of errors raised in an Error exception at the end of the copy process You can set the optional ignore_dangling_symlinks flag to true if you want to silence this exception Notice that this option has no effect on platforms that don t support os symlink If ignore is given it must be a callable that will receive as its a...
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supporting fd based directory access functions New in version 3 3 shutil move src dst copy_function copy2 Recursively move a file or directory src to another location and return the destination If dst is an existing directory or a symlink to a directory then src is moved inside that directory The destination path in th...
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"Wy0wLjA5MjUxODA2MTM5OTQ1OTg0LC0wLjA4MDA2ODk2MDc4NTg2NTc4LDAuMDA4MTUxOTUzMTA4NjA4NzIzLC0wLjAwMjM4NTk3NDE2MzE4OTUzMDQsMC4wNzkzODQxMTA4Njc5NzcxNCwtMC4wOTQyNTAwMzgyNjYxODE5NSwwLjAwMDUwMjc4NjgzMTkzMDI3OTcsMC4wMjY1NDE2NTk2MDg0ODMzMTUsMC4wNjQwMDA0MjAyNzIzNTAzMSwwLjAzNjcwMDY0NzMyNDMyMzY1NCwwLjA4MTQ2NDg2NDMxMzYwMjQ1LDAuMDI5Mzc...
78
urrent directory is prepended even if it is already in the search path PATHEXT is used now even when cmd includes a directory component or ends with an extension that is in PATHEXT and filenames that have no extension can now be found Changed in version 3 12 1 On Windows if mode includes os X_OK executables with an ext...
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79
red with register_archive_format do not support the root_dir argument In this case it temporarily changes the current working directory of the process to root_dir to perform archiving Changed in version 3 8 The modern pax POSIX 1 2001 format is now used instead of the legacy GNU format for archives created with format ...
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"Wy0wLjA5NzAwODk3MzM2MDA2MTY1LDAuMDY2MzYzMDM2NjMyNTM3ODQsLTAuMDg1MTY0NzI1NzgwNDg3MDYsLTAuMDI4MDE5OTQ5NzkzODE1NjEzLDAuMDcxMDkzNjc4NDc0NDI2MjcsLTAuMDEzMDI1NjQ1MTY2NjM1NTEzLC0wLjAyODM2NDIzNTUzNTI2NDAxNSwwLjAzMTE3ODcwNTM5NDI2ODAzNiwtMC4wMDU2NzUxNzMzNjQ1Nzk2NzgsMC4wMDc3ODA1OTk0MDc4NTE2OTYsLTAuMDEzNTMyMDE0NTYzNjc5Njk1LDAuMDc...
80
uples description can be provided to describe the format and will be returned by the get_unpack_formats function shutil unregister_unpack_format name Unregister an unpack format name is the name of the format shutil get_unpack_formats Return a list of all registered formats for unpacking Each element of the returned se...
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datetime Basic date and time types Source code Lib datetime py The datetime module supplies classes for manipulating dates and times While date and time arithmetic is supported the focus of the implementation is on efficient attribute extraction for output formatting and manipulation Tip Skip to the format codes See al...
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bjects of these types support efficient pickling via the pickle module Determining if an Object is Aware or Naive Objects of the date type are always naive An object of type time or datetime may be aware or naive A datetime object d is aware if both of the following hold 1 d tzinfo is not None 2 d tzinfo utcoffset d do...
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83
t to t when t days 0 and to t when t days 0 2 str t Returns a string in the form D day s H H MM SS UUUUUU where D is negative for negative t 5 repr t Returns a string representation of the timedelta object as a constructor call with canonical attribute values Notes 1 This is exact but may overflow 2 This is exact and c...
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isoformat date_string Return a date corresponding to a date_string given in any valid ISO 8601 format with the following exceptions 1 Reduced precision dates are not currently supported YYYY MM YYYY 2 Extended date representations are not currently supported YYYYYY MM DD 3 Ordinal dates are not currently supported YYYY...
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85
ek 1 weekday 1 date 2004 1 4 isocalendar datetime IsoCalendarDate year 2004 week 1 weekday 7 Changed in version 3 9 Result changed from a tuple to a named tuple date isoformat Return a string representing the date in ISO 8601 format YYYY MM DD from datetime import date date 2002 12 4 isoformat 2002 12 04 date __str__ F...
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86
d by calling datetime now timezone utc See also now Warning Because naive datetime objects are treated by many datetime methods as local times it is preferred to use aware datetimes to represent times in UTC As such the recommended way to create an object representing the current time in UTC is by calling datetime now ...
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87
e unicode character 3 Fractional hours and minutes are not supported 4 Reduced precision dates are not currently supported YYYY MM YYYY 5 Extended date representations are not currently supported YYYYYY MM DD 6 Ordinal dates are not currently supported YYYY OOO Examples from datetime import datetime datetime fromisofor...
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"Wy0wLjAzMDg2NDAyMDgwOTUzMTIxMiwwLjAxMzUwMDMyMjU4Nzc4ODEwNSwwLjAwNDkzNTkzMzc0MjY3MjIwNSwwLjAyOTMzMTcxNTc3NzUxNjM2NSwtMC4wMDc0NjkxMzExNDU2MjYzMDY1LC0wLjAyNzUwNzg5Mzc0MTEzMDgzLC0wLjA0NjYxNjIxMTUzMzU0NjQ1LC0wLjAzNDQ3NTgxODI3NjQwNTMzNCwtMC4wMzM3NTU1NTU3NDg5Mzk1MTQsLTAuMDI3ODI4NDMwNzU2OTI2NTM3LDAuMDE4ODYzMDUwMjY3MTAwMzM0LC0...
88
f a datetime from a datetime is defined only if both operands are naive or if both are aware If one is aware and the other is naive TypeError is raised If both are naive or both are aware and have the same tzinfo attribute the tzinfo attributes are ignored and the result is a timedelta object t such that datetime2 t da...
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89
bject from an aware datetime dt without conversion of date and time data use dt replace tzinfo None Note that the default tzinfo fromutc method can be overridden in a tzinfo subclass to affect the result returned by astimezone Ignoring error cases astimezone acts like def astimezone self tz if self tzinfo is tz return ...
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90
also isoweekday datetime isoweekday Return the day of the week as an integer where Monday is 1 and Sunday is 7 The same as self date isoweekday See also weekday isocalendar datetime isocalendar Return a named tuple with three components year week and weekday The same as self date isocalendar datetime isoformat sep T t...
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"Wy0wLjAwNjg2Mjg0OTkyODQzODY2MzUsMC4wMjczMzY5NjQzODM3MjEzNSwwLjAwMzE1MDA1MTY5MjUwMDcxMDUsMC4wMzE3MjUyNzk5ODY4NTgzNywwLjAxOTY4NjE4MTA5ODIyMjczMywwLjAwNDgxNzIwNDA4NDI0NzM1MSwtMC4wMTMzOTYzODk3ODI0Mjg3NDEsLTAuMDQ5ODIxNDYyNDgyMjEzOTc0LC0wLjEwNjA2MDQ1Mjc1OTI2NTksLTAuMDYxMTU0MTY4MDk5MTY0OTYsMC4wMTkwMTA3NTA1NzY4NTM3NTIsLTAuMTM...
91
ay 21 November 2006 04 30PM The 1 is 0 d the 2 is 0 B the 3 is 0 I M p format dt day month time The day is 21 the month is November the time is 04 30PM The example below defines a tzinfo subclass capturing time zone information for Kabul Afghanistan which used 4 UTC until 1945 and then 4 30 UTC thereafter from datetime...
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considered to be true Changed in version 3 5 Before Python 3 5 a time object was considered to be false if it represented midnight in UTC This behavior was considered obscure and error prone and has been removed in Python 3 5 See bpo 13936 for full details Other constructor classmethod time fromisoformat time_string R...
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to a whole number of minutes time tzname If tzinfo is None returns None else returns self tzinfo tzname None or raises an exception if the latter doesn t return None or a string object Examples of Usage time Examples of working with a time object from datetime import time tzinfo timedelta class TZ1 tzinfo def utcoffse...
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94
t may be able to override the default implementation of tzinfo fromutc to work correctly with astimezone regardless Most implementations of dst will probably look like one of these two def dst self dt a fixed offset class doesn t account for DST return timedelta 0 or def dst self dt Code to set dston and dstoff to the ...
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95
in the past import time as _time STDOFFSET timedelta seconds _time timezone if _time daylight DSTOFFSET timedelta seconds _time altzone else DSTOFFSET STDOFFSET DSTDIFF DSTOFFSET STDOFFSET class LocalTimezone tzinfo def fromutc self dt assert dt tzinfo is self stamp dt datetime 1970 1 1 tzinfo self SECOND args _time lo...
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96
USTimeZone 6 Central CST CDT Mountain USTimeZone 7 Mountain MST MDT Pacific USTimeZone 8 Pacific PST PDT Note that there are unavoidable subtleties twice per year in a tzinfo subclass accounting for both standard and daylight time at the DST transition points For concreteness consider US Eastern UTC 0500 where EDT beg...
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97
zone utcoffset dt Return the fixed value specified when the timezone instance is constructed The dt argument is ignored The return value is a timedelta instance equal to the difference between the local time and UTC Changed in version 3 7 The UTC offset is not restricted to a whole number of minutes timezone tzname dt ...
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98
21 30 00 de_DE A literal character Several additional directives not required by the C89 standard are included for convenience These parameters all correspond to ISO 8601 date values Directive Meaning Example Notes G ISO 8601 year with century 0001 0002 2013 8 representing the year that 2014 9998 9999 contains the gre...
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99
microseconds The ffffff part is omitted when the offset is a whole number of seconds and both the ffffff and the SS part is omitted when the offset is a whole number of minutes For example if utcoffset returns timedelta hours 3 minutes 30 z is replaced with the string 0330 Changed in version 3 7 The UTC offset is not r...
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