Datasets:

electricsheepafrica
/

global-findex-database-2025

+# Global Findex Database 2025 - Enhanced Data Dictionary
+## About This Dataset
+The **Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database** is the world's most comprehensive demand-side dataset on how adults save, borrow, make payments, and manage risk. Produced by the World Bank with support from the Gates Foundation and Mastercard Foundation, it is based on nationally representative surveys of ~148,000 adults (age 15+) across 141 economies.
+**Survey Years:** 2011, 2014, 2017, 2021, 2022, 2024
+**Citation:** Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli, Leora Klapper, Dorothe Singer, and Saniya Ansar. 2025. The Global Findex Database 2025. World Bank, Washington, DC.
+---
+## Data Structure
+- **Rows:** 8,564 country-year-demographic group observations
+- **Columns:** 437 indicators
+- **Countries:** 174 economies
+- **Unit of measurement:** All indicator values are **proportions (0-1)** representing the share of adults meeting each criterion
+---
+## Metadata Columns
+| Column | Type | Description | Values |
+|--------|------|-------------|--------|
+| `country` | string | Country or economy name | e.g., "Afghanistan", "United States" |
+| `country_code` | string | ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code | e.g., "AFG", "USA" |
+| `year` | integer | Survey year | 2011, 2014, 2017, 2021, 2022, 2024 |
+| `pop_adult` | integer | Adult population (age 15+) | Population count |
+| `region` | string | World Bank regional classification | See below |
+| `income_group` | string | World Bank income classification | Low income, Lower middle income, Upper middle income, High income |
+| `group` | string | Primary demographic grouping variable | all, gender, income, age_cat, urbanicity, laborforce, education |
+| `group2` | string | Demographic subgroup value | all, men, women, richest 60%, poorest 40%, age 25+, ages 15-24, rural, urban, in laborforce, out of laborforce, primary or less, secondary or more |
+### World Bank Regions
+- East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income)
+- Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)
+- High income
+- Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income)
+- Middle East & North Africa (excluding high income)
+- South Asia (excluding high income)
+- Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income)
+---
+## Core Financial Inclusion Indicators
+### Account Ownership
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `account_t_d` | **Has any financial account** (bank, mobile money, or other financial institution) | Core headline indicator combining FIN2 + FIN3 |
+| `fiaccount_t_d` | **Has account at a financial institution** (bank, credit union, MFI, post office) | FIN2: "Do you, either by yourself or together with someone else, currently have an account at a bank or another type of financial institution?" |
+| `mobileaccount_t_d` | **Has mobile money account** | FIN3: "Do you, either by yourself or together with someone else, currently have a mobile money account?" |
+| `dig_acc` | **Has digitally-enabled account** (made/received digital payment in past year) | Derived indicator |
+| `inactive_t_d` | **Has inactive account** (account not used in past 12 months) | |
+### Account Usage & Digital Payments
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `fin2_t_d` | Has financial institution account (time-disaggregated) | |
+| `fin3` | Has mobile money account | Mobile money services like M-PESA, GCash, bKash |
+| `fin4_d` | Made or received digital payment | Composite digital payment indicator |
+| `fin5w` | Uses account weekly | Account usage frequency |
+| `fin5m` | Uses account monthly | |
+| `fin5lm` | Uses account less than monthly | |
+| `fin5n` | Never uses account | |
+| `fin6w` | Made withdrawal weekly | |
+| `fin6m` | Made withdrawal monthly | |
+| `fin6lm` | Made withdrawal less than monthly | |
+| `fin6n` | Never made withdrawal | |
+| `fin7` | Has debit card | |
+| `fin8` | Has credit card | |
+### Saving Behavior
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `save_any_t_d` | **Saved any money in the past year** | FIN11: "In the past 12 months, have you, by yourself or together with someone else, saved or set aside any money?" |
+| `fin9a` | Saved at a financial institution | |
+| `fin9b` | Saved using mobile money | |
+| `fin10` | Saved using a savings club or person outside family | Informal savings (ROSCAs, chit funds, etc.) |
+| `fin11_0` | Did not save | |
+| `fin11_1` | Saved but not at financial institution | |
+| `fin11_2a` | Saved at financial institution | |
+| `fin11a` | Saved for old age | Purpose of saving |
+| `fin11b` | Saved for education/school fees | |
+| `fin11c` | Saved for business/farm | |
+| `fin11d` | Saved for emergencies | |
+| `fin11e` | Saved for a future purchase | |
+| `fin11f` | Saved for other purposes | |
+### Borrowing Behavior
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `borrow_any_t_d` | **Borrowed any money in the past year** | FIN22: "In the past 12 months, have you, by yourself or together with someone else, borrowed any money?" |
+| `fin22a` | Borrowed from a financial institution | Formal credit |
+| `fin22a_1` | Borrowed using a credit card | |
+| `fin22b` | Borrowed from family or friends | Informal borrowing |
+| `fin22c` | Borrowed from an employer | |
+| `fin22d` | Borrowed from a private informal lender | |
+| `fin22e` | Borrowed from a savings club | |
+| `fin22f` | Borrowed from a store (buy on credit) | |
+| `fin22g` | Borrowed from a microfinance institution | |
+| `fin22h` | Borrowed using mobile money | |
+| `fin22a_22a1_22g_d` | Borrowed formally (bank, MFI, or credit card) | |
+### Payments - Wages & Transfers
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `fin13_1a` | Received wages into account in past year | FIN13: "In the past 12 months, have you personally received money for work or from selling goods?" |
+| `fin13_1b` | Received wages in cash only | |
+| `fin13aw` | Received wages weekly | Frequency of wage receipt |
+| `fin13am` | Received wages monthly | |
+| `fin13alm` | Received wages less than monthly | |
+| `fin13an` | Never received wages | |
+| `fin14a` | Government transfer into account | FIN14: "In the past 12 months, have you received any money or payments from the government?" |
+| `fin14b` | Government transfer via mobile money | |
+| `fin14c` | Government transfer in cash | |
+| `fin14d` | Received government transfer (any method) | |
+### Payments - Agricultural
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `fin17a` | Received payment for agricultural products into account | FIN17: "In the past 12 months, have you received any payment for the sale of agricultural products, crops, livestock, or food?" |
+| `fin17a_17a1_d` | Received agricultural payments (time-disaggregated) | |
+| `fin17b` | Received agricultural payment via mobile money | |
+| `fin17c` | Received agricultural payment in cash | |
+| `fin17dw` | Sold agricultural products weekly | |
+| `fin17dm` | Sold agricultural products monthly | |
+| `fin17dlm` | Sold agricultural products less than monthly | |
+| `fin17e` | Sold agricultural products but did not receive payment | |
+| `fin17f` | Did not sell agricultural products | |
+### Domestic Remittances
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `fin26a` | Sent domestic remittances in past year | FIN26: "In the past 12 months, have you, personally, sent money to a relative or friend living in a different area of [COUNTRY]?" |
+| `fin26b` | Received domestic remittances in past year | |
+| `fin27a` | Sent domestic remittance via account | Method of sending |
+| `fin27b` | Sent domestic remittance via mobile money | |
+| `g20_made` | Made any payment digitally | |
+| `g20_received` | Received any payment digitally | |
+| `g20_any` | Made or received digital payment | |
+| `merchant_pay` | Made merchant payment from account | |
+### Emergency & Resilience
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `fin24ap` | Could access emergency funds (any source) | FIN24: "If you needed to come up with [1/20 of GNI per capita] within the next month, would you be able to do so?" |
+| `fin24an` | Could NOT access emergency funds | |
+| `fin24avd` | Could access emergency funds - very difficult | |
+| `fin24asd` | Could access emergency funds - somewhat difficult | |
+| `fin24and` | Could access emergency funds - not at all difficult | |
+| `fin24sav` | Would use savings for emergency | Source of emergency funds |
+| `fin24fam` | Would borrow from family/friends for emergency | |
+| `fin24work` | Would work more for emergency funds | |
+| `fin24bor` | Would borrow from lender for emergency | |
+| `fin24sell` | Would sell assets for emergency | |
+| `fin24other` | Would use other source for emergency | |
+### Financial Health & Worry
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `fh1` | Worried about not having enough money for old age | Financial worry indicators |
+| `fh2` | Worried about paying for medical costs | |
+| `fh2a` | Worried about paying monthly expenses | |
+| `fin28` | Could not pay medical expenses in past year | Financial stress experienced |
+| `fin29` | Could not pay school fees in past year | |
+| `fin28_29` | Could not pay medical OR school fees | |
+| `fh1_fh2` | Worried about old age OR medical costs | |
+### Bill Payments & Utilities
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `fin30` | Paid utility bills in past year | FIN30: "In the past 12 months, have you, personally, paid any bills such as electricity, water, garbage, telephone?" |
+| `fin31a` | Paid utility bills from account | Method of payment |
+| `fin31b` | Paid utility bills via mobile money | |
+| `fin31c` | Paid utility bills online from account | |
+| `fin31d` | Paid utility bills using cash | |
+| `fin31a_31b` | Paid utility bills digitally (account or mobile) | |
+### Online/Digital Transactions
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `fin32` | Made or received payment online/using phone | FIN32: "In the past 12 months, have you, personally, used the internet or a mobile phone app to do any of the following?" |
+| `fin32_acc` | Online payment from account | |
+| `fin32_33` | Online purchase or bill payment | |
+| `fin32_33_acc` | Online transaction from account | |
+| `fin32_33_34a` | Made online purchase using account | |
+| `fin32_n33` | Online payment (excluding bill pay) | |
+| `fin32_n33_acc` | Online payment from account (excluding bill pay) | |
+| `fin34a` | Purchased something online | Online shopping |
+| `fin34b` | Paid for online service (streaming, etc.) | |
+| `fin34c` | Paid bill online | |
+| `fin34d` | Other online transaction | |
+### Government Payments (G2P & P2G)
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `fing2p` | Received any government payment | Government-to-person payments |
+| `fing2p_acc` | Received government payment into account | |
+| `fing2p_card` | Received government payment via card | |
+| `fing2p_cash` | Received government payment in cash | |
+| `fing2p_fin` | Received government payment at financial institution | |
+| `fing2p_mob` | Received government payment via mobile money | |
+| `fin37` | Made payment to government in past year | Person-to-government payments |
+| `fin37_38` | Made payment to government (tax or fee) | |
+| `fin37_38_39a` | Paid government via account | |
+| `fin37_38_39b` | Paid government via mobile money | |
+| `fin37_38_39c` | Paid government in cash | |
+| `fin37_39_acc` | Paid government digitally | |
+| `fin38` | Paid taxes | |
+| `fin38_39a` | Paid taxes via account | |
+### Insurance & Risk Management
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `fin42` | Has any type of insurance | FIN42: "Are you, personally, currently covered by any type of insurance?" |
+| `fin42_acc` | Has insurance and account | |
+| `fin43a` | Has health insurance from employer | Types of insurance |
+| `fin43b` | Has health insurance purchased privately | |
+| `fin43c` | Has government/social health insurance | |
+| `fin43d` | Has agricultural/crop insurance | |
+| `fin44` | Has livestock or other insurance | |
+| `fin45a` | Paid out of pocket for medical care | |
+| `fin45b` | Used insurance for medical care | |
+| `fin45c` | Government paid for medical care | |
+| `fin45d` | Did not pay for medical care (free) | |
+| `fin45e` | Did not seek medical care due to cost | |
+### Barriers to Account Ownership
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `fin24ba` | No account: too far away | Reasons for not having an account |
+| `fin24bb` | No account: too expensive | |
+| `fin24bc` | No account: lack documentation | |
+| `fin24bd` | No account: lack trust | |
+| `fin24c` | No account: family member has one | |
+| `fin24d1` | No account: religious reasons | |
+| `fin24d2` | No account: don't need one | |
+| `fin24d3` | No account: other reason | |
+### Education Payments
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `fin25e1` | Paid school fees in past year | |
+| `fin25e2` | Paid school fees from account | |
+| `fin25e2b` | Paid school fees via mobile money | |
+| `fin25e3w` | Paid school fees weekly | |
+| `fin25e3m` | Paid school fees monthly | |
+| `fin25e3lm` | Paid school fees less than monthly | |
+| `fin25e4a` | School fees paid by scholarship | |
+| `fin25e4d` | School fees paid in cash | |
+---
+## Digital Connectivity Indicators (con* variables)
+*New in 2025: The Digital Connectivity Tracker measures mobile and internet access*
+### Device & Internet Access
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `con1` | Owns a mobile phone | CON1: "Do you personally own a mobile phone?" |
+| `internet` | Has used the internet (past 30 days) | |
+| `con9a` | Has smartphone | |
+| `con9b` | Has feature phone only | |
+| `con11` | Has internet access on phone | |
+### Mobile Phone Usage
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `con2a` | Uses phone for calls | Phone usage types |
+| `con2b` | Uses phone for SMS/text | |
+| `con2c` | Uses phone for social media | |
+| `con2d` | Uses phone for internet browsing | |
+| `con2e` | Uses phone for email | |
+| `con2f` | Uses phone for mobile banking | |
+| `con2g` | Uses phone for mobile money | |
+### Internet Usage Frequency
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `con12d` | Uses internet daily | Internet usage frequency |
+| `con12w` | Uses internet weekly | |
+| `con12m` | Uses internet monthly | |
+| `con12lm` | Uses internet less than monthly | |
+### Internet Activities
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `con14` | Uses internet for social media | |
+| `con16` | Uses internet for news/information | |
+| `con17a` | Uses internet for shopping | |
+| `con17b` | Uses internet for financial services | |
+| `con17c` | Uses internet for government services | |
+| `con17d` | Uses internet for education | |
+| `con18` | Uses internet for work/business | |
+| `con19` | Uses internet for communication | |
+### Internet Access Barriers
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `con20` | No internet: too expensive | Barriers to internet use |
+| `con21` | No internet: lack of skills | |
+| `con22` | No internet: privacy concerns | |
+| `con23` | No internet: content not useful | |
+| `con26d` | Has mobile data plan | |
+| `con27` | Has WiFi access at home | |
+### Digital Financial Services
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `con28d` | Made online purchase (past 30 days) | |
+| `con28w` | Made online purchase weekly | |
+| `con28m` | Made online purchase monthly | |
+| `con29` | Used mobile app for banking | |
+| `con30a` | Trusts online banking | Digital trust indicators |
+| `con30b` | Trusts mobile money | |
+| `con30c` | Trusts online shopping | |
+| `con30d` | Trusts digital payments | |
+| `con30e` | Trusts sharing data online | |
+### Digital Skills & Literacy
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `con31a` | Can send email | Digital skills |
+| `con31b` | Can use search engine | |
+| `con31c` | Can use social media | |
+| `con31d` | Can download/install apps | |
+| `con31e` | Can create document | |
+| `con31f` | Can use spreadsheet | |
+| `con31g` | Can write code | |
+| `con31h` | Can protect privacy online | |
+### Digital Safety & Security
+| Variable | Description | Survey Question Context |
+|----------|-------------|------------------------|
+| `con32a` | Experienced online fraud attempt | Digital safety |
+| `con32b` | Lost money to online fraud | |
+| `con32c` | Had account hacked | |
+| `con32d` | Had personal info stolen | |
+---
+## Variable Naming Conventions
+### Suffixes
+| Suffix | Meaning | Example |
+|--------|---------|---------|
+| `_t_d` | Time-disaggregated (available across all waves) | `account_t_d` |
+| `_d` | Derived/composite indicator | `fin4_d` |
+| `_s` | Share among account holders | `fin31d_s` |
+| `_acc` | Conditional on having account | `fin32_acc` |
+| `w` | Weekly frequency | `fin5w` |
+| `m` | Monthly frequency | `fin5m` |
+| `lm` | Less than monthly | `fin5lm` |
+| `n` | Never | `fin5n` |
+### Variable Prefixes
+| Prefix | Category | Example |
+|--------|----------|---------|
+| `fin2-fin9` | Account ownership & usage | `fin2`, `fin7` |
+| `fin10-fin11` | Saving behavior | `fin10`, `fin11a` |
+| `fin13-fin17` | Payments received (wages, transfers, agriculture) | `fin14a` |
+| `fin22` | Borrowing sources | `fin22a`, `fin22b` |
+| `fin24` | Emergency funds & barriers | `fin24sav` |
+| `fin25` | Education payments | `fin25e2` |
+| `fin26-fin27` | Domestic remittances | `fin26a` |
+| `fin28-fin29` | Financial stress | `fin28` |
+| `fin30-fin36` | Bill payments & online transactions | `fin31a` |
+| `fin37-fin41` | Government payments | `fin37` |
+| `fin42-fin45` | Insurance | `fin42` |
+| `fh1-fh2` | Financial health/worry | `fh1` |
+| `g20` | Digital payment indicators | `g20_any` |
+| `fing2p` | Government-to-person payments | `fing2p_acc` |
+| `con1-con32` | Digital connectivity | `con1` |
+---
+## Data Quality Notes
+### Coverage by Survey Wave
+- **2011:** First wave, limited indicator coverage
+- **2014:** Expanded mobile money questions
+- **2017:** Added digital payment indicators
+- **2021:** COVID-19 impact questions added
+- **2024:** Digital Connectivity Tracker added
+### Missing Data Patterns
+Many variables show high missing rates (>70%) because:
+1. **Skip logic:** Questions only asked to relevant subgroups (e.g., saving purposes only asked to those who saved)
+2. **Wave availability:** Some questions only added in recent waves
+3. **Country coverage:** Some questions only asked in specific countries/regions
+### Recommended Core Indicators
+For most analyses, these well-populated indicators provide comprehensive coverage:
+- `account_t_d` - Account ownership (99% complete)
+- `fiaccount_t_d` - Bank account (98% complete)
+- `mobileaccount_t_d` - Mobile money (30% complete, concentrated in SSA)
+- `save_any_t_d` - Saved money (75% complete)
+- `borrow_any_t_d` - Borrowed money (75% complete)
+- `fin30` - Paid utility bills (73% complete)
+- `fin32` - Made online payment (73% complete)
+---
+## References
+- World Bank Global Findex: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/globalfindex
+- Global Findex DataBank: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/global-findex-database
+- Microdata Catalog: https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/global-findex
+- Methodology: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/globalfindex/about
+---
+*Last updated: December 2024*
+*Data source: World Bank Global Findex Database 2025*