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Hydration numbers aren't that meaningful by themselves -- whether an 80% hydration level can produce a high-rising free-form loaf will depend on a lot on the types of flours or grains that are used. (Usually, 80% hydration is most appropriate for flatter or roughly shaped breads: ciabatta, focaccia, pizza dough, rustic baguettes, etc.) With the specific mixture of spelt and "strong white flour" (high protein) you mention, it should be possible to get a loaf with a little more lift. But it's hard to say for certain -- the flour itself will affect whether it's actually possible to do what you want.
Frankly, there are a lot of variables that could be creating problems beyond the ingredients. A sourdough culture that produces a lot of acid quickly can make it quite difficult to get a tall loaf. Or, if your sourdough yeast is weak and takes more than a couple hours for each rise, you might be producing too much acid. The acidic environment will tend to weaken the gluten, and you'll inevitably get a loaf that spreads. If this is the problem, you'll need to refresh the starter with a few closely spaced builds that really dilute the starter (e.g., dilute your starter 1:4 or even more with new flour/water in each build). That will strengthen the yeast but cut down on the early development of acidity. Unless you're a sourdough expert, I might actually suggest trying to get good results with regular baker's yeast in your recipe before doing the sourdough conversion, since the sourdough may be contributing more than anything else to the spreading.
If the starter isn't the problem and the ingredients can hold up the loaf, the next options are alterations to technique. The best suggestion I can give is to introduce "stretch-and-fold" maneuvers into the first rise. After you mix the final dough (which doesn't necessarily need to be heavily kneaded), come back every 30-45 minutes or so and stretch the dough from each side at a time. Pull out, lift up, and fold on top of the rest of the dough. Do this from each of the four sides of the dough. Let rest for 30-45 minutes again and repeat as often as you need until you feel the dough strengthen significantly.
If you adopt stretch-and-folds, you may not see the same amount of rise you saw without them, so you need to just keep your eye on the clock and use the same amount of time you did before for the first rise. By the time you reach the shaping phase, the dough should be much more taught and elastic.
The other significant issue is shaping. Do you do a pre-shape and bench rest before the final shaping? That can also help. Preshape by pulling the dough taught, folding in upon itself a number of times, then let rest for 15 minutes or so before doing final shaping. Basically, the more times you stretch the gluten and let it rest, the stronger the dough will get -- whether you do that in folding during the first rise or in a preshaping before bench rest, it will help. The shaping technique itself can also significantly affect the stability of the final loaf (but that's hard to explain in a text response).
Also, you may be waiting too long in the final proof if you wait to fully double in size. Unless the sourdough culture is very strong, you might have better results by waiting for only a 1.5 or 1.75 rise. If you do that, you may want to be somewhat gentle during the final shaping to preserve some of the gas from the first proof.
In fact -- if all of this sounds way too fussy for you, another option may be to skip all the stretching, folding, shaping, etc. and avoid the final rise almost altogether. Let the dough roughly double in size during the first rise, then shape very gently into a rough ball, rest just a short time until it starts to expand again (no more than an hour or so), and then throw it in to bake.
Lastly, the baking method could change things. If you're baking on a flat stone, the dough can just spread significantly during baking itself. I've sometimes seen this with high hydration sourdough -- I load it on a peel, and it looks okay before it goes in the oven, but during the oven spring phase, it just becomes wider instead of taller. Baking in a pot or round pan could help to restrain that spreading a bit without making it look too much like bread from a pan. And, if you cover a pre-heated pot for the first 15 minutes or so of the bake, it will help the oven spring and crust development.
It's hard to know which of these options will work best for you, since there are a large number of issues that could be at fault in this case. In my experience, however, the two most likely causes for spreading are a weak sourdough starter or inadequate strengthening of the gluten during shaping. | <urn:uuid:6277277c-d4c4-4976-b70b-b740404a488c> | 2013-05-18T07:24:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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These signs are available at 6939 West Q Ave. Kalamazoo, MI 49009
Wednesday, October 24, 2012
Thursday, October 18, 2012
- Evergreen Solar ($24 million)*
- SpectraWatt ($500,000)*
- Solyndra ($535 million)*
- Beacon Power ($69 million)*
- AES’s subsidiary Eastern Energy ($17.1 million)
- Nevada Geothermal ($98.5 million)
- SunPower ($1.5 billion)
- First Solar ($1.46 billion)
- Babcock and Brown ($178 million)
- EnerDel’s subsidiary Ener1 ($118.5 million)*
- Amonix ($5.9 million)
- National Renewable Energy Lab ($200 million)
- Fisker Automotive ($528 million)
- Abound Solar ($374 million)*
- A123 Systems ($279 million)*
- Willard and Kelsey Solar Group ($6 million)
- Johnson Controls ($299 million)
- Schneider Electric ($86 million)
- Brightsource ($1.6 billion)
- ECOtality ($126.2 million)
- Raser Technologies ($33 million)*
- Energy Conversion Devices ($13.3 million)*
- Mountain Plaza, Inc. ($2 million)*
- Olsen’s Crop Service and Olsen’s Mills Acquisition Company ($10 million)*
- Range Fuels ($80 million)*
- Thompson River Power ($6.4 million)*
- Stirling Energy Systems ($7 million)*
- LSP Energy ($2.1 billion)*
- UniSolar ($100 million)*
- Azure Dynamics ($120 million)*
- GreenVolts ($500,000)
- Vestas ($50 million)
- LG Chem’s subsidiary Compact Power ($150 million)
- Nordic Windpower ($16 million)*
- Navistar ($10 million)
- Satcon ($3 million)*
Posted by Jack Hoogendyk at 10:37 PM
Posted by Jack Hoogendyk at 9:44 PM
Posted by Jack Hoogendyk at 4:42 PM
Tuesday, October 16, 2012
"Fathom the hypocrisy of a government that requires every citizen to prove they are insured... but not everyone must prove they are a citizen."
"Many of those who refuse, or are unable, to prove they are citizens will receive free insurance paid for by those who are forced to buy insurance because they are citizens."
Posted by Jack Hoogendyk at 10:38 AM
Tuesday, October 9, 2012
We have 28 days. Twenty-eight days. We are closing in on victory in Michigan. You can help put us over the top. Please let us know when you would like to stop in and make phone calls, get a list and knock on doors, or address some post cards. We need you. Call 269-806-4626 or email us at email@example.com.
Posted by Jack Hoogendyk at 5:51 PM
Friday, October 5, 2012
The 5-week "Rebuild America" bus tour is traveling all across this great nation holding rallies and running TV ads in the most critical swing states in this election.
Please join them as they come to Kalamazoo, Sunday morning, 9:30 a.m. until 11:00 a.m. at 6939 West Q Ave, Kalamazoo, map. Join us before or after church as we pray for our country and inspire you to work hard to elect those candidates who support conservative principles. Bring a photograph of something you built. They will collect these photos along the tour then construct them in to a giant sign at Obama campaign headquarters that says, "Yes we DID build it!"
Where: Core Principles Call Center, 6939 West Q Ave. map
When: Sunday, October 7, 2012 9:30 a.m. - 11:00 a.m.
What: Prayer Service and Rally for Conservative Principles
The bus tour will be travelling throughout Michigan from October 3rd through 10th. Stops in Houghton, Marquette, Ste. Sault Marie, Cheboygan, Alpena, Traverse City, Grand Rapids, Benton Harbor, Lansing, Grosse Pointe and Brighton. Click here for a full schedule.
Posted by Jack Hoogendyk at 1:02 PM
Thursday, October 4, 2012
Come to our Grand Opening Saturday, October 6, at 9:30 a.m. until 2:00 p.m. We will be sending out volunteers to knock on doors, we will be making phone calls, sending out literature, putting up yard signs...all we need is YOU! If we can educate and engage enough conservative voters, we will win up and down the ballot.. See you Saturday!
Posted by Jack Hoogendyk at 12:32 PM
What is trickle down government? It is a system where more and more money comes from job creators through an ever-increasing tax burden, which is then used to benefit the enormous bureaucracy in Washington. What is left is "shared" with the taxpayers in the form of services, most of which the taxpayers don't want or need. Meanwhile, those who do not pay federal taxes become dependent on those bureaucrats for "benefits" and entitlements which keeps them voting for the politicians who continue to hire more and more bureaucrats.
Well, last night, Mr. Romney stated in three words, what is wrong with this country. He made quite clear that what is coming from Washington is exactly the opposite of what our founders intended. Rather than government depending on the taxpayers to keep them employed, providing security, safety and the rule of law, we have 330 million people who too many politicians in Washington see as nothing more than subjects whose primary purpose is to provide a comfortable lifestyle for them. Hopefully, by seeing the curtain pulled back on trickle down government, the voters are taking a fresh look at Washington and deciding it is time to return the power and the money back to "we the people" just as the Constitution intended.
Posted by Jack Hoogendyk at 10:34 AM | <urn:uuid:50674f09-be8a-404f-9bf7-abd6aa064418> | 2013-05-18T05:01:29Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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STOCK SUBSCRIPTION AGREEMENT
THIS AGREEMENT is effective this 3rd day of September, 1996, between Legal
Research Center, Inc., a Minnesota corporation (the 'Company') and James R.
Seidl, an officer and director of the Company ('Seidl').
WHEREAS, Seidl desires to purchase 500,000 additional shares of the
Company's Common Stock (the 'Shares') pursuant to the provisions of this
Agreement and The Board of Directors of the Company has determined that it is in
the best interests of the Company to provide Seidl with an opportunity to
increase his ownership of the Company.
NOW, THEREFORE, the parties agree as follows:
1. ISSUANCE AND SALE OF THE SHARES. In consideration of the execution of
a promissory note for $945,312.50 (or $1.890625 per share, the closing asked
price of the Common Stock on September 4, 1996) in the form attached hereto as
Exhibit A (the 'Promissory Note'), the Company shall issue the Shares to Seidl.
The Promissory Note shall be secured by a pledge of the Shares to the Company
pursuant to a stock pledge agreement in the form attached hereto as Exhibit B,
but shall be otherwise non-recourse to Seidl.
2. REPRESENTATIONS OF SEIDL. Seidl hereby represents and warrants to the
Company that he is purchasing the Shares for investment purposes and not with a
view to their redistribution or resale. He has the full power, right, legal
capacity, and authority to enter into and perform his obligations under this
Agreement, and no approval or consent of any third parties is necessary in
connection herewith. He has had the opportunity to review the merits of the
purchase of the Shares contemplated hereby with tax and legal counsel and
financial advisors as deemed appropriate. Seidl understands that the Shares
acquired pursuant to this Agreement have not been registered under the
Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the 'Act'), and have not been registered
under the blue sky laws of the State of Minnesota or any other state. Seidl
understands that without such registration, the Shares may not be sold, pledged,
hypothecated or otherwise transferred, except pursuant to an exemption from
registration or such registration. The Shares are therefore, what is commonly
referred to as 'restricted stock.'
3. ENTIRE AGREEMENT; MODIFICATION; WAIVER. This Agreement constitutes
the entire agreement between the parties pertaining to the subject matter
contained herein and supersedes all prior and contemporaneous agreements,
representations, and understandings of the parties. No supplement,
modification, or amendment of this Agreement shall be binding unless executed in
writing by both of the parties. No waiver of any of the provisions of this
Agreement shall be deemed, or shall constitute, a waiver of any other provision,
whether or not similar, nor shall any waiver constitute a continuing waiver. No
waiver shall be binding unless executed in writing by the party making the
4. REGISTRATION RIGHTS. If at any time (and each time) for a period of
five years from the date of repayment of the Promissory Note, the Company files
a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to
the Securities Act of 1933 (the 'Securities Act'), or pursuant to any other act
passed after the date of this Agreement (a 'Registration Statement'), which
filing provides for the sale of securities of the Company to the public, or
files a Regulation A Offering Statement under the Securities Act, the Company
shall, subject to the provisions hereof, offer to Seidl the opportunity to
register or qualify the Shares; provided, however, that in the case of a
Regulation A Offering, the opportunity to qualify shall be limited to the amount
of the available exemption after taking into account the securities that the
Company wishes to qualify; and provided further that if in the good faith
judgment of the managing underwriter of such offering, the inclusion of all of
the Shares covered by Seidl's request for registration would reduce the number
of shares to be offered by the Company or interfere with the successful
marketing of the shares by the Company, the number of shares otherwise to be
included in the Registration Statement shall be reduced pro rata among the
selling shareholders in such offering participating in such registration.
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary, the registration rights set forth
herein shall not be applicable to a registration statement on Forms S-4, S-8 or
their successors or any other inappropriate forms filed by the Company with the
SEC. The Company shall bear all expenses of the registration of the Shares.
5. GOVERNING LAW. this Agreement shall be construed in accordance with
and governed by the laws of the State of Minnesota.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement the day
and year first above written.
/s/ James R. Seidl
James R. Seidl
LEGAL RESEARCH CENTER, INC.
$945,312.50 SEPTEMBER 3, 1996
FOR VALUE RECEIVED, JAMES R. SEIDL, hereinafter the 'Obligor,' promises to
pay to LEGAL RESEARCH CENTER, INC., a Minnesota corporation ('LRC'), on
September 2, 2003 (the 'Due Date'), the principal sum of Nine Hundred Forty-Five
Thousand Three Hundred Twelve and 50/100 Dollars ($945,312.50) together with
interest accruing on the principal balance hereof at the rate of eight and one-
half percent (8.5%) per annum. No payments of principal or interest shall be
due prior to the Due Date. All payments pursuant to this Note shall be paid in
lawful money of the United States at the principal office of LRC or at such
other place as LRC may designate in writing.
This Promissory Note is given as payment for the purchase, pursuant to a
Stock Subscription Agreement dated of even date herewith, of 500,000 shares of
Common Stock of LRC. This Note is secured by a pledge of the Shares, but is
otherwise non-recourse against the Obligor. This Note may not be prepaid except
in connection with a merger or acquisition of LRC or a sale of substantially all
of its assets.
This Note may not be assigned, nor the securities underlying this Note
transferred, by LRC.
Without affecting the liability of any maker, endorser or guarantor, LRC may,
without notice, renew or extend the time for payment or accept partial payments.
Any maker, endorser or guarantor hereby waives presentment, demand, protest or
notice of intention to accelerate.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Obligor has caused this Note to be executed effective
as of the date and year first above written.
James R. Seidl
STOCK PLEDGE AGREEMENT
THIS AGREEMENT is made as of this 3rd day of September, 1996, by and
between Legal Research Center, Inc., hereinafter referred to as 'Secured Party'
and James R. Seidl, hereinafter referred to as 'Debtor'.
IN CONSIDERATION of the mutual covenants and promises herein contained, the
Secured Party and Debtor agree:
1) SECURITY INTEREST. For value received, Debtor hereby grants Secured
Party a security interest in 500,000 of his shares of Common Stock of Secured
Party, (the shares hereinafter referred to as the 'Shares'), together with all
rights related thereto.
2) OBLIGATION SECURED. The Shares shall secure payment of the
indebtedness and obligations of Debtor (the 'Indebtedness') under the certain
Stock Subscription Agreement of the 3rd day of September, 1996, by and between
the parties hereto (the 'Agreement') and the certain Note (the 'Note') of the
3rd day of September, 1996, issued by Debtor to Secured Party.
3) REPRESENTATIONS, WARRANTIES AND AGREEMENTS. Debtor represents,
warrants and agrees that:
(a) Debtor will deliver to Secured Party such certificate(s) representing
the Shares, along with duly executed stock powers, in blank.
(b) Debtor is the owner of the Shares free and clear of all liens,
encumbrances, security interests, restrictions on transfer and other
restrictions, except this security interest.
(c) Debtor will keep the Shares free and clear of all liens, encumbrances,
security interests and restrictions, except this security interest,
will defend the Shares against all claims and demands of anyone other
than Secured Party, and will not sell or otherwise dispose of the
Shares or any interest therein.
(d) Debtor will pay, when due, all taxes and other governmental charges
levied or assessed upon or against any Shares.
(e) Debtor will deliver to Secured Party in pledge as additional security
any securities distributed on account of the Shares such as stock
dividends or securities arising from stock splits, reorganizations or
recapitalizations. This subparagraph shall not be construed to
authorize distributions if such distributions are prohibited by any
other agreement between the parties.
4) EVENTS OF DEFAULT. The occurrence of any of the following events
shall constitute an Event of Default:
(a) Failure by Debtor to honor or perform any of the terms and conditions
of this Stock Pledge Agreement, the Agreement or the Note between the
(b) Default by Debtor in the payment when due of the principal of the
Indebtedness, any installment thereto, or any interest thereon,
whether at maturity, by acceleration, or otherwise.
5) REMEDIES UPON EVENT OF DEFAULT. Upon the occurrence of an Event of
Default and at any time thereafter, Secured Party may give notice of Event of
Default to Debtor. If said Event of Default is not cured within ten (10) days
after said notice is given, the entire Indebtedness shall, at Secured Party's
option, become immediately due and payable; and Secured Party may exercise and
enforce with respect to the Shares any or all rights and remedies available upon
default to a secured party under the Uniform Commercial Code, including the
right to offer and sell the Shares privately to purchasers who will agree to
take the Shares for investment and not with a view to distribution and who will
agree to the imposition of restrictive legends on the certificates representing
the Shares, and the right to arrange for a sale which would otherwise qualify as
exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1933. If notice to Debtor
of any intended disposition of the Shares or any other intended action is
required by law in a particular instance, such notice shall be deemed
commercially reasonable if given at least ten (10) calendar days prior to the
date of intended disposition or other action. Nothing in this Agreement shall
abridge Secured Party's right to exercise or enforce any or all other rights or
remedies available to Secured party by law or agreement against the Shares,
against Debtor or against any other person or property.
6) MISCELLANEOUS. Any disposition of the Shares in the manner provided
in Paragraph 5 shall be deemed commercially reasonable. This Agreement can be
waived, modified, amended, terminated or discharged, and this security interest
can be released, only explicitly in a writing signed by Secured Party. A waiver
signed by Secured Party shall be effective only in the specific instance and for
the specific purpose given. Mere delay or failure to act shall not preclude the
exercise or enforcement of any of Secured Party's rights or remedies. All
rights and remedies of Secured Party shall be cumulative and may be exercised
singularly or concurrently, at Secured Party's option, and the exercise or
enforcement of any one such right or remedy shall neither be a condition to nor
bar the exercise or enforcement of any other. All notices to be given to Debtor
shall be deemed sufficiently given if delivered or mailed by registered or
certified mail, postage prepaid, to Debtor at the most recent address shown on
Secured Party's records. Secured Party's duty of care with respect to the Shares
in its possession (as imposed by law) shall be deemed fulfilled if Secured Party
exercises reasonable care in physically safekeeping the Shares or exercises
reasonable care in the selection of the bailee or other third person as
custodian of the Shares, and Secured Party need not otherwise preserve, protect,
insure or care for the Shares. Secured Party is not obligated to preserve any
rights Debtor may have against prior parties, to realize on the Shares at all or
in any particular manner or order, or to apply any cash proceeds of the Shares
in any particular order of application. This
Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of Debtor and Secured
Party and their respective successors and assigns. Except to the extent
otherwise required by law, this Agreement shall be governed by the internal laws
of the State of Minnesota, and, unless the context otherwise requires, all terms
used herein which are defined in Articles 1 and 9 of the Uniform Commercial
Code, as in effect in said State, shall have the meanings therein stated. If
any provision or application of this Agreement is held unlawful or unenforceable
in any respect, such illegality or unenforceability provision or application had
never been contained herein or prescribed hereby. All representations and
warranties contained in this Agreement shall survive the execution, delivery and
performance of this Agreement and the creation and payment of the Indebtedness.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement on the
date first above written.
LEGAL RESEARCH CENTER, INC., SECURED PARTY
James R. Seidl, Debtor | <urn:uuid:841c168f-1d21-49b2-ab6c-5986a98dd24c> | 2013-05-18T06:26:33Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Gunman severely wounds Swedish woman in Pakistan
A gunman on a motorcycle shot and severely wounded an elderly Swedish woman who worked at a church in eastern Pakistan on Monday, officials said.
The woman, who was identified by Pakistani police as Bargetta Emmi, was getting out of her car in front of her home in the city of Lahore when she was shot in the neck by an unknown assailant. Her servants reported the incident to police, said Pakistani police officer Malik Awais.
She was a director of FGA Church (Full Gospel Assemblies of Pakistan), Awais said.
Swedish Foreign Ministry spokesman Teo Zetterman confirmed en elderly Swedish woman was shot and severely wounded in Lahore. He said she was a volunteer worker in her 70s, but did not provide her name or where she worked.
The woman is a Swedish citizen but has lived and worked in Pakistan for several years, said Zetterman.
The gunman who shot Emmi escaped, and the motive was unclear.
Also in Lahore, gunmen on Monday desecrated over 100 graves of Ahmadis, members of a persecuted religious sect in Pakistan, said Awais, the police officer. More than a dozen gunmen held the caretakers of the graveyard hostage while they defaced the graves.
"You can't inscribe verses from the holy Quran on the graves. You are Ahmadis. You are not Muslims," one of the attackers told the caretakers, according to Awais.
Parliament amended Pakistan's constitution in 1974 to declare that Ahmadis were not considered Muslims under the law.
Ahmadis believe their spiritual leader, Hadrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, who died in 1908, was a messiah - a position rejected by the government in response to a mass movement led by Pakistan's major Islamic parties.
The Ahmadis' plight - along with that of Pakistan's other religious minorities, such as Shiite Muslims, Christians and Hindus - has deepened in recent years as hard-line interpretations of Islam have gained ground and militants have stepped up attacks against groups they oppose. Most Pakistanis are Sunni Muslims.
Also Monday, a roadside bomb ripped through a police van as it was patrolling on the outskirts of the northwestern city of Peshawar, killing two officers and wounding two others, said senior police officer Javed Khan.
Peshwar is on the edge of Pakistan's tribal region, the main sanctuary for Taliban militants in the country, and has been hit by frequent bombings over the past few years.
In the southern city of Karachi, a gunman riding on a motorcycle killed the leader of an Islamic seminary, sparking a riot by hundreds of seminary students, who stoned shops and set vehicles on fire, said police officer Azhar Iqbal.
Karachi has a long history of political, sectarian and ethnic strife, which has been on the rise this year.
Associated Press writers Louise Nordstrom in Stockholm, Adil Jawad in Karachi, Pakistan and Sebastian Abbot in Islamabad contributed to this report. | <urn:uuid:a8e8112a-0857-4571-a852-e858a1c09026> | 2013-05-18T06:56:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Lecture 12: Flexible polyhedra, Bellows Theorem; folding polygons into polyhedra, gluings, convex polyhedral metrics, Aleksandrov's Theorem, Sabitov's algorithm, ungluable polygons
Page 4: Algorithms for Aleksandrov's Theorem: Sabitov's (highly exponential) algorithm
You can view the Fedorchuk and Pak paper on volume polynomials and algorithms for Aleksandrov's Theorem, which also summarizes Sabitov's work.
These are rough, personal lecture notes handwritten by Erik Demaine used during lecture. Their primary purpose is for reading/review by students of the class. | <urn:uuid:18b4d1e9-51d1-4b24-adfc-bd887b01b8f5> | 2013-05-18T05:59:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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C'mon people. We need less than $400 to send ten kids to camp. We need 100 people to give $4. That's less than a drink and extra large fries at Mickie Ds.
Did you know there are only 5000 Snow Leopards in the wild now and they are confined to Central Asia? However, the effective global population (those likely to reproduce) is less than half that number. | <urn:uuid:c3d98c0f-e2be-4ed5-aa22-e2b9ace3936d> | 2013-05-18T05:59:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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No Longer an Enemy
the days of the American Revolutionary War there lived in Ephrata,
Pennsylvania, a preacher by the name of Peter Miller who enjoyed the
friendship of General George Washington.
There also dwelt in that town one Michael Wittman, an evil-minded
man who did all in his power to abuse and oppose this preacher.
day Michael Wittman was involved in treason and was arrested and sentenced
to death. When the old
preacher heard this news, he started out on foot and walked the whole
seventy miles to Philadelphia to plead for this man's life.
He was admitted into Washington's presence and at once begged for
the life of the traitor.
said, "No, Peter, I cannot grant you the life of your
preacher exclaimed, "My FRIEND?? Why, this man is the bitterest ENEMY
cried, "What? You've walked seventy miles to save the life of an
ENEMY? Now that puts the matter in a different light. I will
grant the pardon."
so he did. And Peter Miller
took Michael Wittman from the very shadow of death back to his own home in
Ephrata -- no longer as an enemy, but as a friend.*
to our sins, you and I have been found guilty and sentenced to death.
"For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God," and
"the wages of sin is death" (Romans 3:23; 6:23). However, Christ
walked the road to Calvary to seek reconciliation to God for US (His
enemies) Romans 5:10. But unlike Peter Miller, Christ did not just enter
"the very shadow of death" to save us; He actually gave His life so
that we might be reconciled to God.
see, at just the right time, when we were still powerless, Christ died for
the ungodly. Very rarely
will anyone die for a RIGHTEOUS
someone might possibly dare to die. But
his own love for us in this: While we were still SINNERS,
Christ died for us! Since we have now been justified by his
blood, how much more shall we be saved from God's wrath through him!
For IF, when we were God's enemies, we were reconciled to him
through the DEATH of his Son, HOW MUCH MORE, having been
reconciled, shall we be saved through his LIFE!" (Romans 5:6-10).
Christ you and I can be reconciled to God, IF… we will respond to Him in faith
(Hebrews 11:6), repentance
(2 Corinthians 7:9-10), confession
(Romans 10:9-10), and baptism (immersion) for
the forgiveness of sins (Acts 2:38; 22:16).
Then, as we CONTINUE to walk in the light of His Word, the
cleansing blood of Jesus will CONTINUE to wash our sins away (1 John 1:7).
VALUE of something is often determined by the PRICE one is
willing to pay for it! Consider the GREAT price that was paid for OUR
OUR response should be to walk with Him now, not as an ENEMY, but as a
Church of Christ at Creekwood
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Mobile, Alabama 36695
Subscribe to "Living Water"
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Archived issues of "Living Water" can be accessed from our website | <urn:uuid:4c45ea89-5c79-496b-bd59-72f8a2eef9bd> | 2013-05-18T07:12:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Despite the star power of Denzel Washington and Ryan Reynolds, "Safe House" is earning lackluster reviews from critics.
The action thriller features Washington as a rogue CIA agent and Reynolds as the rookie tasked with watching him. AP Movie Critic Christy Lemire gave the movie just one and a half stars out of four, saying: "This is a frenetically paced jumble of shaky-cam tricks and quick edits, dizzying car chases and deafening shootouts."
Receiving even weaker reviews is "The Vow," starring Rachel McAdams as a woman who loses her memory after a serious car accident and Channing Tatum as her husband, who tries to remind her of the life they shared. Lemire also gave this one and a half stars, saying: "'The Vow' serves as a series of precise if obvious moments and emotional cues we must endure en route to the inevitable reconciliation, complete with an intrusively heart-tugging score and too much explanatory voiceover from Tatum."
Here's a look at how these movies and others fared on the top review websites as of Friday afternoon. Each score is the percentage of positive reviews for the film:
-- "Rampart": Metacritic, 70; Movie Review Intelligence, 64.8; Rotten Tomatoes, 75. Average: 69.9.
-- "Safe House": Metacritic, 52; Movie Review Intelligence, 59.2; Rotten Tomatoes, 53. Average: 54.7.
-- "Journey 2: The Mysterious Island": Metacritic, 40; Movie Review Intelligence, 46.4; Rotten Tomatoes, 44. Average: 43.5.
-- "The Vow": Metacritic, 45; Movie Review Intelligence, 45.3; Rotten Tomatoes, 29. Average: 39.8. | <urn:uuid:12fcde29-2b0a-417c-a7b9-d0efa5225b64> | 2013-05-18T06:30:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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CROSSVILLE — The North junior varsity girls won the Upperman Invitational at Upperman High School the week of Oct. 22. In the first round, they defeated Monroe County, KY 36-15. They defeated Sparta in the semi-finals 23-22. For the championship, they won over Macon County 24-17. The team members include Reece Stover, Paige Selby, Skylar Lewis, Emery Smith, Emma Capps, Katie Coudriet, Lauren Tabor, Bailey Hicks, Kelli Carroll, Katelyn Tabor and Chloe Reagan. | <urn:uuid:9c5c2b21-af3b-44ad-9aca-f94dc953584a> | 2013-05-18T05:25:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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w-0nderlaand-deactivated2012082 asked: You are actually so pretty! I'm so jealous ur so damn gorgeous!!xx
Anonymous asked: holly you are so gorgeous! i would kill to look like you omg xoxox
Anonymous asked: haha don't you snack?? i snack like crazy i eat my whole house down after school omg.
Anonymous asked: Why so pretty:3
Anonymous asked: What have you eaten for today?(:
Anonymous asked: How do you curl your hair? It's so lush x
Anonymous asked: HOLLY I LOVE YOU AND YOU ARE AWESOME(: yeah ignore those who doesn't treasure you xxx you're so pretty and hot any guy who doesn't want you is a blind ass haha. | <urn:uuid:99d12ba5-1351-42e4-a472-28f8c4e1ff4f> | 2013-05-18T06:56:24Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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No conflict among state institutions: PM Ashraf
KARACHI: Prime Minister Raja Pervez Ashraf on Friday said Pakistan’s institutions were undergoing a process of evolution and that there was no conflict between them, DawnNews reported.
Speaking at the launch of the developmental projects in Gwadar, Prime Minister Ashraf emphasised upon the need to prevent conflict from occurring between the state institutions.
PM Ashraf said conflict between the institutions should be prevented at any cost because it could only result in destruction.
He further said that democracy was peaking in Pakistan and the first democratically elected government in Pakistan was finishing its full term in power.
Moreover, he said that the Pakistani media has more freedom as compared to the developed countries. However, the media must demonstrate its ability to behave responsibly.
He also added that the judiciary had gained its freedom after many sacrifices.
Furthermore, the prime minister added that the army had given everlasting sacrifices that every Pakistani was proud of. He also said that the Baloch people were a patriotic and amiable nation.
The prime minister also announced a number of development projects in Gwadar. Ashraf said that Balochistan was rich in mineral resources and it was important to utilise those resources together.
Prime Minister Ashraf also issued of permanent employment letters to the temporary employees of the Gwadar Port Authority.
He also announced the integration of the Gwadar Fish Harbour into the Gwadar Port Authority, as well as laid down the foundation for East Bay Express Way and launched the Gwadar Port Civil Centre. | <urn:uuid:b2530db8-93c4-41fc-8f58-4483641761a6> | 2013-05-18T05:50:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Jeff Novitzki was an IRS agent. Not an avenging angel sent from above, nor an earthly crusader for all that is good and pure in America, but a bureaucrat. Somewhere along the way he got it into his mind that it was his job and his job alone (and his only job) to eradicate the peril of steroids in sports. He's with the FDA now, but he continues his myopic, monomaniacal quest to bring down the users.
With today's mistrial in the Roger Clemens case, let's take a look at some of Novitzki's targets and what came of the copious amounts of man-hours and taxpayer money that went into securing justice.
• Marion Jones pleaded guilty to making false statements. She was sentenced to six months in prison.
• Track coach Trevor Graham was convicted for making false statements; a mistrial was declared on two other counts. He was sentenced to a year of house arrest.
• Cyclist Tammy Thomas was found guilty for perjury and obstruction. The jury rejected two other perjury counts. She was sentenced to six months house arrest.
• Dana Stubblefield pleaded guilty to a count of making false statements. He was sentenced to probation.
• Barry Bonds was convicted for obstruction. A mistrial was declared on three other counts.
• The case against Roger Clemens was declared a mistrial. The government will have to decide whether to re-pursue charges, if a judge even allows it.
• Since 2008, Novitzky has been investigating Lance Armstrong. It remains to be seen if charges will be brought.
In summary, Jeff Novitzky is not very good at punishing people for using steroids, but he's great at punishing people for saying they didn't use them.
In Les Miserables, the similarly obsessed Javert could not reconcile the fact that laws and morals were not one and the same. He removed himself from the case (permanently) and the entire menace disappeared — it had never been an actual menace beyond what the investigator made it. | <urn:uuid:9633d567-9064-4b17-a316-4c92ccb99f9d> | 2013-05-18T07:22:24Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Frozen in Time - Terracotta Warrior
One of Qin Shi Huangdi's Terracotta Warriors. Thousands of slightly larger than life-size warriors have been unearthed near the tomb of the First Emperor of China. Archeologists are painstakingly piecing these warriors together. The site, near Xian, China, is a fascinating place to visit. | <urn:uuid:d7d3befe-4ecd-44b7-bb44-cbdbdfa29218> | 2013-05-18T06:56:18Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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an extraordinary or unusual thing, person, or event; an exceptional example or instance.
an arrangement of five objects, as trees, in a square or rectangle, one at each corner and one in the middle.
a screen or mat covered with a dark material for shielding a camera lens from excess light or glare.
a printed punctuation mark (‽), available only in some typefaces, designed to combine the question mark (?) and the exclamation point (!), indicating a mixture of query and interjection, as after a rhetorical question.
1590s, anomy, "disregard of law," from Gk. a-, privative prefix, "without" + nomos "law" (see numismatics). The modern use, with Fr. spelling (from Durkheim's "Suicide," 1897), is first attested in English 1933 and means "absence of accepted social values." | <urn:uuid:ee62e20f-c0a8-49c2-b885-11b7ad4089e2> | 2013-05-18T06:47:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|reference frame (rěf'ər-əns) Pronunciation Key
A basis of a four-dimensional coordinate system in which the first coordinate is understood as a time coordinate, while the other three coordinates represent spatial dimensions. Inertial frames and non-inertial frames are both examples of reference frames. Also called frame of reference. See also General Relativity, space-time, Special Relativity.
|a gadget; dingus; thingumbob.|
|a stew of meat, vegetables, potatoes, etc.| | <urn:uuid:e9b2e40c-a8e4-4636-8dbc-6463e06784e5> | 2013-05-18T04:59:15Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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tumor marker n.
A substance, released into the circulation by tumor tissue, whose detection in the serum indicates the presence of a specific type of tumor.
|an extraordinary or unusual thing, person, or event; an exceptional example or instance.|
|a gadget; dingus; thingumbob.|
Dictionary.com presents 366 FAQs, incorporating some of the frequently asked questions from the past with newer queries. | <urn:uuid:8e00f1e1-3630-4f06-8f90-d0e3dad74479> | 2013-05-18T08:04:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I will only point out two caveats:
- We cannot assume that click speakers of the African Southwest are necessarily indigenous to that region, and
- It is possible that, the greater phonemic diversity is due to ancient admixture between quite divergent peoples who possessed two different types of phonemic inventories, while most Africans inherited only the phonemic inventory of one of these peoples, which then decayed as per the author's theory away from Africa.
Science 15 April 2011:
Vol. 332 no. 6027 pp. 346-349
Phonemic Diversity Supports a Serial Founder Effect Model of Language Expansion from Africa
Quentin D. Atkinson
Human genetic and phenotypic diversity declines with distance from Africa, as predicted by a serial founder effect in which successive population bottlenecks during range expansion progressively reduce diversity, underpinning support for an African origin of modern humans. Recent work suggests that a similar founder effect may operate on human culture and language. Here I show that the number of phonemes used in a global sample of 504 languages is also clinal and fits a serial founder–effect model of expansion from an inferred origin in Africa. This result, which is not explained by more recent demographic history, local language diversity, or statistical non-independence within language families, points to parallel mechanisms shaping genetic and linguistic diversity and supports an African origin of modern human languages. | <urn:uuid:af093004-a8aa-4f38-b0df-c09a73298010> | 2013-05-18T06:55:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Xantusiidae is a clade of viviparous (live bearing) lizards that ranges from southwestern North America and Baja California (Xantusia) into Central America (Lepidophyma) and Cuba (Cricosaura). Xantusia magdalena occurs in Baja California. Xantusiidae is a relatively small clade, with 3 genera and approximately 30 living species. Lepidophyma is the most speciose (~17 species), whereas Cricosaura is monotypic. Xantusiids have a reasonably good fossil record extending from the mid-Paleocene onward in western North America.
Xantusiids are fascinating lizards for several reasons. First, although they are almost uniformly diminuitive (Xantusia magdalena measures less than 4 cm snout-vent length, and the largest xantusiid species measure about 10 cm snout-vent length), xantusiids generally take several years to reach sexual maturity, and several species give birth to just 1 or 2 offspring. It is a more usual reproductive strategy for small lizards to mature quickly and produce large numbers of offspring, to increase their chances of survival. Despite this low reproductive potential, xantusiid neonates actually have a high life expectancy; this can be attributed at least in part to their secretive lifestyle, which leads to the second reason why xantusiids are particularly interesting -- microhabitat specialization.
Microhabitat specialization is an ecological hallmark of Xantusiidae. Many populations are narrowly restricted to specific niches -- crevices (e.g., Xantusia henshawi in exfoliating granitic cap rocks), interstices in agaves and yuccas in dry climates (e.g., X. magdalena), decaying logs in wet climates (e.g., Lepidophyma flavimaculatum) -- and individuals may be found under the same patch of cover throughout their lives!
These microhabitat restrictions result in extremely disjunct geographical distributions, and also may be responsible for some morphological convergence within the group (e.g., flattened skulls for crevice dwelling). Xantusiidae also includes two insular endemics: the Cuban Cricosaura typica is the only xantusiid found in the West Indies and is interpreted as one of the Caribbean's few ancient endemic vertebrate lineages; and Xantusia riversiana (formerly Klauberina riversiana) is limited to three of the Channel Islands off the coast of California.
The phylogenetic relationships of Xantusiidae are problematic. Morphology and molecules produce different topologies within the clade: morphology recovers a Cricosaura + Lepidophyma clade, while mitochondrial genes recover a Lepidophyma + Xantusia clade. Lack of resolution of relationships within Xantusiidae has hindered the placement of this clade within the squamate tree. Xantusiidae is a "tree-changing" taxon: it causes homoplasy wherever it is placed, and its placement can tip the balance between the two primary competing hypotheses of scleroglossan relationships. Xantusiidae is traditionally placed within Scincomorpha, but some analyses have placed it near Gekkota. Thus, Xantusiidae is either a highly derived, or extremely basal, scleroglossan clade. Previous analyses of squamate phylogeny have almost certainly suffered in relying on species of the readily available -- but relatively derived -- genus Xantusia as exemplars for Xantusiidae. Cricosaura or a species of Lepidophyma would be more appropriate, but both are exceedingly rare in collections; indeed, some species of Lepidophyma are known from only 1 or 2 specimens.
Whatever the placement of Xantusiidae within squamates, there is no doubt that xantusiids are monophyletic. The following are some of the hypothesized synapomorphies of the lineage (from Estes et al., 1988), most of which can be seen in the skull reconstructions above: supratemporal fenestra closed primarily by postorbital; parietals paired well into postembryonic ontogeny; parietal table extensive posteriorly, largely obscuring braincase in dorsal view, supratemporal process short; vomers fused; ectopterygoid contacts palatine anterolaterally, excluding maxilla from suborbital fenestra; ectopterygoid enlarged medially, restricting suborbital fenestra.
About the Species
This specimen was collected in Baja California Sur, Mexico. It was made available to the University of Texas High-Resolution X-ray CT Facility for scanning by Dr. Jessie Maisano of The University of Texas and Dr. Jacques Gauthier of Yale University. Funding for scanning was provided by an NSF grant (DEB-0132227) to Dr. Jack Sites of Brigham Young University. Funding for image processing was provided by a National Science Foundation Digital Libraries Initiative grant to Dr. Timothy Rowe of The University of Texas at Austin.
About this Specimen
The specimen was scanned by Matthew Colbert on 18 May 2005 along the coronal axis for a total of 615 1024x1024 pixel slices. Each slice is 0.0152 mm thick, with an interslice spacing of 0.0152 mm and a field of reconstruction of 7 mm.
Bezy, R. L. 1982. Xantusia vigilis. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 302.1-302.4.
Bezy, R. L. 1988. The natural history of the night lizards, family Xantusiidae, p. 1-12. In H. F. DeLisle et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the Conference on California Herpetology. Southwest Herpetological Society Special Publication 4.
Bezy, R. L. 1989. Night lizards: the evolution of habitat specialists. Terra 28:29-34.
Bezy, R. L., and J. L. Camarillo. 2002. Systematics of xantusiid lizards of the genus Lepidophyma. Los Angeles County Museum Contributions in Science 493:1-41.
Crother, B. I., M. M. Miyamoto, and W. F. Presch. 1986. Phylogeny and biogeography of the lizard family Xantusiidae. Systematic Zoology 35:37-45.
Estes, R. 1983. Sauria Terrestria, Amphisbaenia. Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie, Part 10A. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.
Estes, R., K. de Queiroz, and J. Gauthier. 1988. Phylogenetic relationships within Squamata, p. 119-281. In R. G. Estes and G. K. Pregill (eds.), Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families: Essays Commemorating Charles L. Camp. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
Fellers, G. M., and C. A. Drost. 1991. Ecology of the island night lizard, Xantusia riversiana, on Santa Barbara Island, California. Herpetological Monographs 5:28-78.
Hedges, S. B., R. L. Bezy, and L. B. Maxson. 1991. Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of xantusiid lizards, inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 8:767-780.
Lee, M. S. Y. 1998. Convergent evolution and character correlation in burrowing reptiles: towards a resolution of squamte relationships. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 63:369-453.
Macey, J. R., A. Larson, N. B. Ananjeva, and T. J. Papenfuss. 1997. Evolutionary shifts in three major structural features of the mitochondrial genome among iguanian lizards. Journal of Molecular Evolution 44:660-674.
Savage, J. M. 1955. The lizard family Xantusiidae: an evolutionary study. Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University.
Savage, J. M. 1963. Studies on the lizard family Xantusiidae. IV. The genera. Los Angeles County Museum Contributions in Science 71:3-38.
Sinclair, E. A., Bezy, R. L., Bolles, K., Camarillo R., J. L., Crandall, K. A. and J. W. Sites Jr. 2004. Testing species boundaries in an ancient species complex with deep phylogeographic history: Genus Xantusia (Squamata: Xantusiidae). The American Naturalist 164:396-414.
Van Denburgh, J. 1895. The species of the genus Xantusia
. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) 5:523-534.
Zweifel, R. G., and C. H. Lowe. 1966. The ecology of a population of Xantusia vigilis
, the desert night lizard. American Museum Novitates 2247:1-57.
Xantusiidae page on the EMBL Reptile Database
Three-dimensional volumetric renderings of the skull with the scleral ossicles, hyoid and jaw removed, and of the isolated left mandible. All are 2mb or less. | <urn:uuid:d2d88a75-c769-4548-aa0c-a3c3aafba348> | 2013-05-18T07:19:25Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Date: August 2010
Creator: Allen, Evette L.
Description: Family communication has the potential to affect a variety of youth behavioral outcomes including adolescent sexual risk behavior. Within chapter 1, I present past literature on adolescent sexual risk behaviors, family communication patterns, and the gaps associated with those areas. In chapter 2, I review previous literature on adolescent sexual risk behavior, parent-child communication and family communication patterns. In chapter 3, I present the method which includes a description of the participants, procedures, measures, and data analysis used. In Chapter 4, I present the results of the study. According to the results of the study, father-child communication is not a better predictor of adolescent sexual risk behavior. A higher quantity of parent-child communication does not lead to less adolescent sexual risk behavior. Participants with a pluralistic family type do significantly differ from laissez-faire and protective family types in regards to levels of parent-child communication. Participants with a consensual family type do have significantly higher levels of parent-child communication in comparison to laissez-faire family types, but not protective family types. Finally, in chapter 5, I present the discussion with a review of previous research (consistent or inconsistent with the current findings), limitations and conclusions for the current study.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries | <urn:uuid:eeed63e4-ccb3-480f-bd77-7d8de8b6555e> | 2013-05-18T06:00:37Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Michael Williams disputes
an atheist who suggests that Christianity morality has "evolved":
What you see as the evolution of morality among Christians is actually a different phenomenon. Most of Christian history was dominated and warped by the Catholic Church, which propounded purposefully incorrect teachings about God's revelation to man (the Bible) to sustain its political power. With the Reformation, Christians as a whole reclaimed the gift God gave them and resumed interpreting the Bible in the correct manner rather than as a tool for social control.
I don't agree. I think one can say that Christianity evolved, but not by Darwinian or any other sort of blind evolution, rather it has evolved towards an ideal, much as each healthy Christian life is constantly evolving towards an ideal. This is teleological, not natural evolution. It is growth, a striving towards a goal, that goal being, of course perfect harmony with God.
When people look at the cruelty and barbarity of the early Christians, they often forget that these Christians lived in a cruel and barbaric world. Take the Inquisition, a common example of Christian cruelty: Christians didn't invent religious persecution, they grew up in it. From the first Christians persecuted by the Jews, to later Christians persecuted by the Romans, to even later Christians persecuted by Muslims, religious persecution was just they way things were. Christians did not first invent a new form of evil and then "grow out of it", rather, Christians came into a world in which that evil already existed and they had to grow out of it. Yes, they were wrong to do the evil even if it was common in their day, but they were imperfect human beings and could not become perfect immediately.
The same can be said for other things that Christians are chastised for , things such as witch-burning, religious wars, conquest, slavery, and forced conversion: in the days when Christians did such things, they were just doing what was typical in the day. When Christians stopped doing such things, only then was there anything remarkable about their behavior.
This incidentally, is why the humanist idea that mankind makes moral progress is so ridiculous. The idea of moral progress comes from a brief segment of human history --the West from about 300AD to about 1900AD. Nowhere else is this sort of progress seen except for short periods in isolated areas. And in fact it doesn't even hold in regards to the West, as Communism and Fascism were clearly backward steps in "moral evolution", backward steps that we have yet to recover. Even more ridiculously, most people who believe in moral evolution despise the primary factor that led to this moral progress: Christianity.
But all know that the world is badly broken and all feel the need for faith in some sort of redemption. If it isn't God's Blood Sacrifice, then it is moral evolution or science or Marxist theory or solipsism or space aliens that will come and save us from ourselves. Each person knows that he needs to be saved. Everyone has faith in something.
Ink Magic 12
Ink Magic (part 12)
"You have a lot to say for a dead person."
"The demons have magic, Steven. When they found out that I had invented a way to spy on the Dark World, they captured me and brought me here. They killed my body to prevent any chance of escape, but they had a use for my knowledge, so they kept my soul imprisoned to serve them. That's why I can be dead and still be here to tell you my story."
"Who did this?"
"The demons who serve Baal. That is the name of the Dark Power that holds dominion over this area."
"What are you doing for them?"
"Mostly, I work on setting up and maintaining a high-tech infrastructure: communications, computing, surveillance."
"Why are you helping them, Dad? Can they hurt you even though you are dead?"
"Well, I was
serving them because they held you and your mother hostage. They offered me a pact, that as long as I served them and as long as you were no danger to them, the two of you would be left alone to live your lives. By entering my old lab, you gained a way to spy on them and you became a danger to them just as I had been."
"Then why are you still helping them?"
"They don't know that I know that the pact is broken so I was buying time for you to get away. As soon as they find out that I know, they will put all of their resources into capturing you, and you will not stand a chance. That's why I'm pleading with you, Steven: get out. Go back to the bright world and get away from the West Coast. The Dark Powers are territorial so Baal won't be able to get to you once you are out of its principality."
I checked the battery on my cell phone and then sat down to think about that for a moment. If my father had sacrificed so much to get me out, maybe I should go. But … I raised the phone back to my ear, "What will happen to you once mom and I are safe?"
"Don't worry about it, Steven. I've made plans for this."
"What are your plans?"
"I can't tell you, you might be captured and they would find out."
That could only mean one thing, "You have some sort of sabotage in mind."
"I guess it's pretty obvious, isn't it?" There was a pause, "OK, Steven, I didn't want to tell you this until you were out of the picture, but there is something very big going on. Baal is planning to cross over."
"That sounds like a bad thing."
"It's a very bad thing, Steven. Baal is a vile, hideous creature that takes pleasure in the suffering and death of others."
"What happens when it crosses over?"
"Well, we can only go by history, but there have been many periods in the past when the Dark Powers had major influence on Earth --think genocide and human sacrifice. The orbits and rotations of the Dark Earth and the Bright Earth make communication across the Gulf between the two worlds more difficult or less difficult over time. When masses are similar in both worlds, the Dark Powers and other demons can see into the Bright Earth and can cast mental influences over humans and other animals. The demons have often influenced history with these powers, usually for the worse.
"When the masses correspond even more closely and over a very large area, the most powerful demons can create Passages that allow physical movement across the Gulf. These times have typically been times of great horror for the Bright World. But until now, only lesser demons have dared to cross over and risk being cut off from their territory. The Powers never had enough to gain that they would take the risk … until now.
"But now, there is a whole host of new technologies for mapping the terrain and the geology with great accuracy and there are computers to do modeling. The servants of Baal can predict with great accuracy when and where it will be possible to open gates and how long they will stay open, and California is set to be very close in mass to the Dark World for the few next dozen years. Baal is planning to take advantage of this long period of stable Passages to establish a principality in the Bright World. In fact, Baal intends to conquer all of the West Coast over the next few years."
I sat stunned for a moment after my father finished speaking. He hadn't said what Baal might do, but it wasn't hard to come up with times of human history that were candidates for this close interaction between the Worlds. Genocide and human sacrifice. "Can it be stopped?" I asked.
"No," he said, "But it can be resisted. I will ensure that the communications doesn't work as well as Baal expects it to. And Baal is relying on ignorance; people will not understand what his happening and so will be less able to resist. That's why I've arranged for you and thousands of other people to receive an email detailing everything I know about the Dark World. But no one will believe until it is too late. There is no stopping this. For you there is only escape."
My shoulders slumped. A man has to know his limitations, and my limitations were well south of taking on an army. Besides, I had the information that I had come for and I had no idea how to rescue someone who was already dead. "OK, dad, I'll get out of here. Any message for mom?"
"No, I don't want her to worry. Leave me dead and gone."
"Have a good life someplace far from here, Steven. Good bye." There was a click and my phone was dead.
I turned back toward the Passage walking quickly until near the end, but slowing to a crawl as I approached place where I had left the troll corpse. My eyes and ears strained for any sign that there were other trolls about because something was wrong. It eluded me but something just didn't smell right. I eased up to a scrub pine from which I could view the head of the stairs and as I carefully pushed the brush aside, it suddenly hit me what was wrong: something really did smell wrong, and my tattoo buddy was trying to make me aware of it. The faint animal smell had been bothering me for a short time, the smell of the troll I had killed. But why should I pay attention to that smell when I knew the creature was nearby? My tattoo had been trying to tell me that the wind wasn't blowing from the dead troll to me, it was blowing from behind me.
The hairs on my neck stood on end. I put my hands into the pockets of my trench coat and casually turned around.
There, about twenty feet away, the air shimmered like a heat wave in in the form of three humanoid figures, a man-sized one flanked on both sides by larger shades. With a concentrated stare, I was able to pare away the distortion. A moment later I could see the three clearly: two trolls and tall, thin man with sharp features.
When he saw my eyes focus on his the man smiled widely, "Well, Steven, you are full of surprises, aren't you? It is very rare for a human to be able to pierce an Encloudment."
"I'm a prodigy." I answered shortly.
"So it seems," the man laughed. "And shortly to be a dead prodigy."
Republican privacy and Democrat privacy
and others have pointed out, it is a bit rich for these leftists to be screaming and moaning and beating their breasts over privacy violations by the federal government when they are the ones who constantly want to give the government more power to invade our privacy. It is because of the left that the government knows where you work, where you invest, where you bank, how much you make, what your mortgage payment is, what political organizations you support, what church you attend (assuming you donate), and when and where you are traveling if you go by plane.
If the leftists had their way, the government would also have all your private medical records and know all the guns that you own. Similarly, there are many other privacy-invading programs and proposals that if not quite leftists, are only opposed by those on the right: national ID cards, requirements for cell phone and cars to broadcast their location, red-light cameras, invasive airport security, security cameras everywhere.
So how about a little thought experiment? Suppose it were revealed that during the Clinton administration, these exact same kinds of records were being collected in order to track down violent abortion protestors. How many of these outraged leftists would be outraged about it then? How about: almost none. | <urn:uuid:e3f4fbaa-d184-40b8-a793-491a31f8d1c0> | 2013-05-18T06:43:50Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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2011 - 2012 LEGISLATURE
ASSEMBLY AMENDMENT 4,
TO 2011 SENATE BILL 466
March 15, 2012 - Offered by Representative Hebl.
At the locations indicated, amend the bill
, as shown by senate substitute 2
amendment 1, as follows:
74. Page 5, line 8
: delete "After that time," and substitute "If the personal 8
property that the tenant leaves behind is furniture, the landlord shall hold the 9
property for 2 days from the date on which the landlord discovers the property. | <urn:uuid:1c494ad5-5938-4480-a02b-dddecfd87679> | 2013-05-18T06:28:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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What Should Be Our Response?
What is the state of the Church today (at least here in the west) that we have this, allow this, or put up with this from our pulpits or in our sanctuaries?
Are we - should we? - be saddened by this, ashamed of this, or sickened by it? And if so, what should be done about it?
What would the Puritans of old have said to this? How about John Owen? John Edwards? John Newton? Or more recent - A.W. Tozer, J. Gresham Machen, or Martyn Lloyd Jones?
First. A move of the Spirit, or the flesh? (1 Corinthians 14:33, 40 - For God is not a God of confusion but of peace . . . But all things should be done decently and in order.)
Or how about Mr. John "Oing, Oing, Okey Dokey Lord" Crowder? The first 1:50 minutes is all you need endure in order to get a taste of this "minister" of the gospel.
A sickening display by Mr. Crowder may also be seen here. (Matthew 12:31-32, Therefore I tell you, every sin and blasphemy will be forgiven people, but the blasphemy against the Spirit will not be forgiven. And whoever speaks a word against the Son of Man will be forgiven, but whoever speaks against the Holy Spirit will not be forgiven, either in this age or in the age to come.)
And then there's this feigned (and he should be ashamed!) attempt/ploy of appearing to move the people into a time of worship when all he wants is for them to get their shoes and sock off so they can spin them around in the air. Unbelievable!
For those of you around in the `80's, you may recognize that song from the group Dead or Alive, You Spin Me Round (Like a Record). And all this "worship" leader did was replace the word "baby" with "Jesus," saying, "you spin me right round Jesus, right round like a record, Jesus." What in the world does that mean? How does this song bring us any closer to an understanding of the Gospel?, of Christ and Him crucified?, of who Christ is and how He should be worshiped and adored?
Simple answer - IT DOESN'T!
UGH!, I could go on, but I'd rather hear from you. | <urn:uuid:84d27a74-9732-4e8c-a53d-ab284aeb1864> | 2013-05-18T07:21:20Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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It seems that Cam's assessment that training camp opens at noon on Friday bought Jr *just enough* time to not be considered a holdout by the team. But, in our estimation, he his a holdout, and can not play this year.
So, how about that? $13 million in guaranteed money for a kick returner? Un-freakin-believable. | <urn:uuid:29622e84-04b8-47be-9beb-727fdf8b928d> | 2013-05-18T05:19:24Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Originally Posted by nepg
Could very easily end up being the best DT in this draft class. Should be fun to watch him run and jump.
I presume you mean once they hit the field, and not when it comes to draft day? I can agree that the former is certainly possible, the latter almost certainly not. | <urn:uuid:5e15c231-a0d8-480b-89cd-714884e31dc1> | 2013-05-18T06:22:28Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Although uncommon, an entirely different group of factors plays a role when an athlete suffers a stroke.
Head and neck trauma are often factors in stroke during athletic competitions. Direct head trauma can result in leakage from blood vessels, depriving large regions of the brain of necessary nutrients.
Violent forward and backward movement of the head can result in tearing the inner lining of vital arteries responsible for directing blood to the brain. This condition, known as arterial dissection, can form a clot within the affected blood vessel or become a source of small clots. These smaller clots often move toward the brain as emboli and block other arteries.
Treatment for arterial dissection involves the use of blood thinning medications and avoiding violent collision sports.
Another common risk factor for stroke in athletes is the existence of a patent foramen ovale (PFO). A PFO is a hole between the upper chambers of the heart, the right and left atria. The foramen ovale forms in the fourth week of embryonic development and should close in the first three months after birth. When it does not close, it is considered patent or open.
This abnormal channel allows direct passage of blood clots to the brain. These clots often originate in the legs and may result from immobilized lower extremities.
PFOs can be treated with equal success by surgical closure or blood thinning medications. Athletes appear to do better with surgical closure and usually make a full recovery to return to sports.
While considered rare, strokes do occur in athletes and treatment requires a different approach. | <urn:uuid:42e960c1-33b4-4f11-8d2f-5ec7df76d856> | 2013-05-18T07:19:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Under the figure of a linen girdle is foretold the destruction of the Jews. Their obstinacy in sin brings all miseries upon them.
Thus saith the Lord to me: Go, and get thee a linen girdle, and thou shalt put it about thy loins, and shalt not put it into water.
And I got a girdle accoding to the word of the Lord, and put it about my loins.
And the word of the Lord came to me the second time, saying:
Take the girdle which thou hast got, which is about thy loins, and arise, and go to the Euphrates, and hide it there in a hole of the rock.
And I went, and hid it by the Euphrates, as the Lord had commanded me.
And it came to pass after many days, that the Lord said to me: Arise, go to the Euphrates, and take from thence the girdle, which I commanded thee to hide there.
And I went to the Euphrates, and digged, and took the girdle out of the place where I had hid it: and behold the girdle was rotten, so that it was fit for no use.
And the word of the Lord came to me, saying:
Thus saith the Lord: after this manner will I make the pride of Juda, and the great pride of Jerusalem to rot.
This wicked people, that will not hear my words, and that walk in the perverseness of their heart, and have gone after strange gods to serve them, and to adore them: and they shall be as this girdle which is fit for no use.
For as the girdle sticketh close to the loins of a man, so have I brought close to me all of the house of Israel, and all the house of Juda, saith the Lord: that they might be my people, and for a name, and for a praise, and for a glory: but they would not hear.
Thou shalt speak therefore to them this word: Thus saith the Lord God of Israel: Every bottle shall be filled with wine, and they shall say to thee: Do we not know that every bottle shall be filled with wine?
And thou shalt say to them: Thus saith the Lord: Behold I will fill all the inhabitants of this land, and the kings of the race of David that sit upon his throne, and the priests, and the prophets, and all the inhabitants of Jerusalem. with drunkenness.
And I will scatter them every man from his brother, and fathers and sons in like manner, saith the Lord: I will not spare, and I will not pardon: nor will I have mercy, but to destroy them.
Hear ye, and give ear: Be not proud, for the Lord hath spoken.
Give ye glory to the Lord your God, before it be dark, and before your feet stumble upon the dark mountains: you shall look for light, and he will turn it into the shadow of death, and into darkness.
But if you will not hear this, my soul shall weep in secret for your pride: weeping it shall weep, and my eyes shall run down the tears, because the flock of the Lord is carried away captive.
Say to the king, and to the queen: Humble yourselves, sit down: for the crown of your glory is come down from your head.
The cities of the south are shut up, and there is none to open them: all Juda is carried away captive with an entire captivity.
Lift up your eyes, and see, you that come from the north: where is the flock that is given thee, thy beautiful cattle?
What wilt thou say when he shall visit thee? for thou hast taught them against thee, and instructed them against thy own head: shall not sorrows lay hold on thee, as a woman in labour?
And if thou shalt say in thy heart: Why are these things come upon me? For the greatness of thy iniquity, thy nakedness is discovered, the soles of thy feet are defiled.
If the Ethiopian can change his skin, or the leopard his spots: you may also do well, when you have learned evil.
And I will scatter them as stubble, which is carried away by the wind in the desert.
This is thy lot, and the portion of thy measure from me, saith the Lord, because thou hast forgotten me, and hast trusted in falsehood.
Wherefore I have also bared my thighs against thy face, and thy shame hath appeared.
I have seen thy adulteries, and thy neighing, the wickedness of thy fornication: and thy abominations, upon the hills in the field. Woe to thee, Jerusalem, wilt thou not be made clean after me: how long yet? | <urn:uuid:3c816c5c-fe3b-4454-93c8-c57882983347> | 2013-05-18T06:31:02Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Tables with many operations feel cluttered and focus is lost on the most common operation(s). For example, in the Views interface there are 4 possible operations, but "enable" is the most commonly used.
Used to group related operations, most commonly used in tables. Other interfaces where there are multiple operations with one clear primary operation may also benefit from the drop button pattern.
- Choose a sensible primary operation, the 80% operation. Often this is "edit".
- Keep the task link text short; preferably 1 to 3 words.
- Avoid similar labels such as "Edit menu" and "Edit menu links". | <urn:uuid:d9135e4b-7ff4-4c94-8bb4-faaed700eefb> | 2013-05-18T06:30:18Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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On this day in 1951, more than six years after the end of World War II in Europe, President Harry S. Truman signed a proclamation officially ending U.S. hostilities with Germany.
The official end to the war came nine years, 10 months and 13 days after Congress had declared war on Nazi Germany. The lawmakers had responded to a declaration of war issued by the Third Reich in the aftermath of the Dec. 7, 1941, Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and other U.S. bases in the Pacific.
The president explained why he had waited so long after the fighting had ended to act: It had always been America’s hope, Truman wrote, to create a treaty of peace with the government of a united and free Germany, but the postwar policies pursued by the Soviet Union “made it impossible.”
After the war, the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union divided Germany into four zones of occupation. Berlin, while located wholly within the Soviet zone, was jointly occupied by the wartime allies and also subdivided into four sectors because of its symbolic importance as the nation’s historic capital and seat of the former Nazi government.
The three western zones were merged to form the Federal Republic of Germany in May 1949, and the Soviets followed suit in October 1949 with the establishment of the German Democratic Republic.
The East German regime began to falter in May 1989, when the removal of Hungary’s border fences punched a hole in the Iron Curtain, allowing tens of thousands of East Germans to flee to the West. Despite the grants of general sovereignty to both German states in 1955, neither of the two German governments held unrestricted sovereignty under international law until after they were reunified in October 1990. | <urn:uuid:802d6d3f-73ff-4476-973b-a3c618ed8f7a> | 2013-05-18T05:50:56Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Members starting with letter G
Generative Software offers services and products in the field of model-driven software development. Genuitec - the power behind MyEclipse - is dramatically changing the way companies derive value and utility from their investment in software tools. The company redefining online code collaboration. Google's mission is to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful. | <urn:uuid:3d5d5594-459c-4e45-903a-5391c0383577> | 2013-05-18T08:02:18Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Significant lack of attendance in a course of study might reasonably be expected to negatively affect academic performance and, ultimately, a student's grade in that course. Grade reduction may result from absences in the following situations:
- Failure of the student to attend make-up sessions as assigned for the completion of make-up work.
- Failure to complete make-up assignments satisfactorily within a reasonable time.
- If points or percentages for attendance and/or participation are given, the denial of those points or percentages for absenteeism is a reasonable practice. | <urn:uuid:c8bf2e5d-d3b3-42e3-9595-33a8f83d6bca> | 2013-05-18T07:13:05Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Fredo's Chanson is a movement in my Courtly Suite. Fredo is a young man of the court. However, no tournaments and battles for him: he hangs out with the musicians and dreams of playing with them, traveling from town to town.
This text will be replacedDownload link
While this composition may sound authentic to some, it's really a very liberal interpretation of renaissance music, and it features some rather "poppy" chords. Don't let anachronisms bother you.
The recording features my G alto, a lovely instrument, but you can play it on a regular alto too. Find the score on the Werner Icking archive. | <urn:uuid:41e6f198-c55a-4e04-9659-4460cebb6894> | 2013-05-18T08:03:21Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Jackson, who leads the W's in points, assists and minutes, "says his new-and-improved physique is behind his sustained surge, and he's giving credit to the Warriors' strength and conditioning gurus Mark Grabow and John Murray."
It was Murray who pointed out that Jackson's lack of strength was causing him to get pushed around without getting his share of foul calls, so the nine-year veteran hit the weight room to bulk up. Jackson now lifts for 30 to 40 minutes after every Warriors shootaround to jump start his game-day routine. He's also using meal-replacement shakes to boost nutrition.
The added strength is helping Jackson get "in better spots for shots and rebounds and figuring out how to hold his position down low." It's also helped his stamina.
"This is the most I've lifted and the most I've been in the weight room my whole career, and it's starting to pay off," says Jackson. "I was thinking that I didn't need it, but as I see now, it's the most I've ever weighed in my life and I still have my speed, so it's definitely helped my game a lot." | <urn:uuid:155cfa92-4862-4cc0-a594-9b906cbff4dd> | 2013-05-18T05:55:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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- Fernando Alonso
- Jules Bianchi
- Valtteri Bottas
- Jenson Button
- Max Chilton
- Paul di Resta
- Romain Grosjean
- Esteban Gutiérrez
- Lewis Hamilton
- Nico Hülkenberg
- Pastor Maldonado
- Felipe Massa
- Sergio Perez
- Charles Pic
- Kimi Räikkönen
- Daniel Ricciardo
- Nico Rosberg
- Adrian Sutil
- Giedo van der Garde
- Jean-Éric Vergne
- Sebastian Vettel
- Mark Webber
- Full name Jaime Alguersuari Escudero
- Birth date March 23, 1990
- Birthplace Barcelona, Spain
- Current age 23 years 56 days
- Teams Toro Rosso
|First race||Hungarian Grand Prix||Hungaroring||July 26, 2009||Race results|
|Last race||Brazilian Grand Prix||Interlagos||November 27, 2011||Race results|
Despite being thrown into the F1 limelight at a very young age - and midway through the 2009 season to boot - Jaime Alguersuari has defied his critics and learnt fast.
The Spaniard, who's father was a successful motorcycle racer, started racing in karts at the age of eight and made his single seater debut in 2005. The following season he won the Italian Formula Renault winter series and was runner up in the main championship in 2006.
He moved to the British F3 championship in 2008 with the highly regarded Carlin Motorsport team, and after a season-long battle - mostly with his team-mates - he became the youngest winner of the championship at 18 years and 203 days. The same year he was called up by Red Bull to deputise for the injured Mark Webber in the Race of Champions but was knocked out in the first round.
He moved on to the World Series by Renault in 2009 and at the time of his call up to the Toro Rosso team he was eighth in the championship with one podium result to his credit. Despite his new F1 duties he decided to continue contesting the championship in order to get as much track time as possible.
His debut at the Hungarian Grand Prix, where he replaced the sacked Sebastien Bourdais, made him the youngest F1 driver ever at just 19 years 125 days old. He retired from five of the eight races in his debut season, but Toro Rosso kept faith in him and offered him a contract renewal for 2010.
In his second season he picked up five points and fared well towards the end of the year compared to team-mate Sebastien Buemi. He improved in his third season after a slow start and was expected to retain a seat for 2012 but was the more surprising name when Toro Rosso axed both drivers at the end of 2011.
Strengths and Weaknesses
He has won several big championships at a young age and despite his lack of experience in F1 acquitted himself admirably his first full season.
Winning the prestigious British F3 championship in 2008 - former champions include Ayrton Senna (1983), Mika Hakkinen (1990), Rubens Barrichello (1991), and Takuma Sato (2001)
Faced tough criticism after he was thrown in at the deep end of F1 - with no real testing he struggled to show pace and had a huge crash at Suzuka.
"I am aware that I'm facing a very tough challenge, because coming into Formula 1 is never easy, coming into Formula 1 in the middle of a season is even harder and doing so without any testing is really difficult. But already I feel that I am getting great support from the team, who have quite a reputation for looking after rookie drivers."
"If you get a drive in Formula One it's because you deserve it. It's because you're good enough to drive a Formula One car. And he's been given time this year to gain experience; there's no pressure on him and hopefully he can learn step by step. Is he ready? We'll see. I'm sure he'll be fine. I wish him the best." Fernando Alonso
As a teenager Alguersuari spent a year at a boarding school in Ipswich to improve his English - it was his Dad's idea to help him cope with press conferences after winning races.
Unhappy Alguersuari slams F1 auction (February 16, 2013)
Alguersuari 'sure' he will return to F1 next year (September 26, 2012)
Pole-less champions (August 3, 2012)
Pirelli hints at fifth compound in 2013 (June 12, 2012)
- Pirelli signs Alguersuari and di Grassi as test drivers (March 30, 2012)
July 27, 2012
© Sutton Images
March 17, 2012
© Sutton Images
February 21, 2012
© Sutton Images | <urn:uuid:ae03ece3-e328-47eb-87a8-47339aa8750e> | 2013-05-18T07:26:10Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Azerbaijani President urges bp to fulfill its commitments
Harsh mistakes of the bp-operated international consortium [the Azerbaijan International Operating Company] have led to a sharp decline in oil production on the Azeri and Chirag fields, Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev said at a meeting of the Cabinet of Ministers on the results of the country's socio-economic development in the first nine months of 2012.
President Aliyev noted that reaching the peak in oil production and its subsequent decline is a natural process, but the problem itself is in failure to fulfill the presented forecasts.
According to the President, a production sharing agreement (PSA) was signed under the Azeri and Chirag field development project.
"Big investments were made in the first stage, and the share of foreign investors was higher - 75 to 25 percent in favor of foreigners. After the investments were returned to their investors, share distribution began to change and comprised 50 to 50 percent," the president said.
President Aliyev noted that given the effectiveness of Azeri and Chirag and the terms of the contract, the share distribution changed in mid-2008 and since then it has comprised 75 to 25 percent in favor of Azerbaijan. That is, 75 percent of the profit oil produced here is the share of Azerbaijan.
"I want to reiterate that oil production in Azeri and Chirag fields for some reason began to decline after the share distribution was changed in accordance with the terms of the contract," the president said.
The Head of State underscored that big investments have been put in the Azeri and Chirag oil fields and Azerbaijan is grateful to all investors for it.
"I believe that all promises and presented forecasts should be fulfilled. I should note that this unexpected drop occurred only due to harsh mistakes by bp, which leads the consortium that operates the Azeri and Chirag fields. We have cooperated with bp for many years. At all times we have supported their activity. We supported them in their most difficult days. We expected adequate treatment. These erroneous forecasts given to us are unacceptable. The false promises given to the State Oil Company are unacceptable. In the business world, there is no place for such relationship, it is impossible," the President said.
Last month bp has officially promised the Azerbaijani leader that these negative facts will be eliminated in a short time.
"All mistakes were admitted. It was admitted that the situation is not so encouraging. The promises given to me were that in a short period, significant changes would be made, working program would be amended, specific measures would be taken to maintain production at a stable level, and, most importantly, the people who have committed these mistakes would be replaced. Almost a month has passed from that time, but I do not see the implementation of these commitments.
On the contrary, I believe, there is a process of playing for time. Therefore, I believe that this is totally unacceptable. The State Oil Company has been instructed to raise the issue officially and to take the necessary measures. Investors who are unable to perform their duties and the terms of the contract should draw conclusions, the strict measures should be and will be taken," the Head of State underscored.
Azerbaijan reconsiders oil price forecast for 2013
The Azerbaijani government increased its price forecast up to $100 amid the global processes and variability in the world oil prices. The forecasts of the state budget and the consolidated budget for 2013 have been formed on its basis, the government said. At present macro-economic parameters and indices of the state budget for 2013 are adjusted according to this oil price forecast.
The budget package for 2013 and the next three years will be submitted to parliament up till October 15.
According to the situation on the world markets, the oil price as a result of adjustments to the forecast for 2012 was increased from $80 to $100. The Economic Development Ministry originally fixed the oil price at $80 within the macroeconomic forecasts for the next year.
Nabucco West negotiating with Shah Deniz partners on equity participation in project
Nabucco West is in close and frequent negotiations with Shah Deniz consortium on a cooperation agreement, the Managing Director of the Nabucco Gas Pipeline International GmbH, Reinhard Mitschek said.
Mitschek noted that this agreement foresees an equity participation of certain Shah Deniz partners in Nabucco West.
"We have already opened a data room some weeks ago. Shah Deniz consortium started its due diligence process," he said.
BP works with SOCAR to address Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli production issues as quickly as possible
The company BP is fully committed to Azerbaijan and working with the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan (SOCAR) to address Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli production issues as quickly as possible, BP Azerbaijan said.
Addressing a meeting of the Cabinet of Ministers to discuss the results of the country's socio-economic development in nine months of 2012, and outline further priorities, President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev said that serious mistakes of international consortium (Azerbaijan International Operating Company), operator of which is the company BP, led to a sharp decline in oil production on the Azeri and Chirag fields.
The Head of State said the oil production forecast from the Azeri and Chirag fields presented to Azerbaijan, was 46.8 million tons in 2009, whilst only 40.3 million tons were extracted.
South Caucasus gas pipeline to be expanded for new gas volumes
The capacity of the South Caucasus gas pipeline can be increased to 60 billion cubic meters a year in case of necessity, SOCAR's high ranking representative said.
At present, Azerbaijan is in the process of choosing a route of gas supplies to the European market. The partners developing Azerbaijani gas condensate field "Shah Deniz" consider two possible projects of transporting Azerbaijani gas to Europe - Nabucco West and Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP)
Around 6 billion cubic meters of gas will be exported to Turkey and 10 billion cubic meters to Europe within the second stage of "Shah Deniz" development.
The source said that South Caucasus gas pipeline capacity will be increased by 16 billion cubic meters. At present, the real capacity of the pipeline is 8.8 billion cubic meters.
"Then it will be expanded by 16 billion cubic meters, and if necessary, up to 60 billion cubic meters," a source said. "The pipeline will be more expanded with each additional volume of gas."
The source said that the expansion of the capacity of the South Caucasus gas pipeline will be made by means of looping, which involves laying of parallel pipes connected with the main pipeline.
Work volume revealed in new agreement between SOCAR and BP
Geological models of reservoirs on separate research districts will be established within the framework of an agreement signed between SOCAR (State Oil Company of Azerbaijan) Geophysics and Geology Administration and BP, the report published on the official website of the administration says.
Recurring processing and interpretation of two and three dimensional seismic data, specification of the geological structure of researched territories and construction of three dimension models, construction of geological models of structures lying deep in the Caspian Sea and conduction of research to estimate their oil reserves will be carried out within the agreement.
Implementation of engineering and geological work to research the relief, physical and mechanical features of rocks covering the districts, where hydro technical installations and communications are going to be constructed.
Iran's ICOFC to invest $1.2 billion in oil and gas projects
The Iranian Central Oil Fields Company (ICOFC) will draw out $1.2 billion from the energy fund to invest in related oil and gas projects by the end of the current calendar year (March 20, 2013), the ICOFC managing director stated.
Last year, $1 billion was invested in the projects, Mehdi Fakour told IRIB News.
Four Iranian oilfields, namely Cheshmeh Khosh, Sarvestan, Khesht, and Saa'databad, located in central parts of the country are in the final stages of development and will start production by the end of the current (Iranian) year, Fakour said on September 25.
Some $660 million needed to reverse Kazakhstan's pipeline
According to preliminary data, some 100 billion tenge ($664.5 million) will be required to reverse operations of the "Kenkiyak Atirau" pipeline, the director general of "KazTransOil" Kayrgeldi Kabildin said during an exclusive interview.
"The basic engineering phase is nearing completion. The decision to invest will be made following the presentation of documents. According to preliminary data, the project cost for organizing the reversal of the "Kenkiyak Atirau" pipeline will amount to approximately 100 billion tenge," Kabildin said.
In his words, this volume of investments will be required for construction of new pump stations to increase pipeline capacity.
The general director said that the final decision will be made after consideration of all risks and responsibilities of parties.
Kabildin said the reverse will also operate outside the "Kenkiyak Atirau"area to provide the Chinese market access to Western Kazakh oil.
In his words, the project capacity will be 12 billion tons. The reverse must be completed in 2014.
Romania supports Turkmen gas delivery to European markets
A joint document signed by Turkmen and Romanian presidents Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov and Traian Basescu in Ashgabat, testifies to the importance of supplying Turkmen energy resources to Europe, the Turkmen government said.
Basescu has paid an official visit to Turkmenistan (Oct. 11-12).
According to the document, the parties agreed to contribute to intensifying the bilateral dialogue on energy security and the projects of natural gas supplies from Turkmenistan to Europe.
According to the government report, the Romanian president said that significant progress has been recently achieved in the Turkmen-Romanian relations, which confirms the mutual willingness to accelerate partnership, as well as within the dialogue with the EU.
The Romanian president appreciated Turkmenistan's readiness to accelerate a constructive dialogue with the European Union and Turkmenistan's initiatives in energy supplies to the European market.
President Basescu has also confirmed Romania's support to speed up ratification of the cooperation treaty between Turkmenistan and the European Union.
Moreover, according to the document, the parties expressed interest in cooperation in the following areas: joint oil operations, purchase of natural gas on the Turkmen market, joint rendering specialized services in the oil and gas sector. | <urn:uuid:3499d04b-f041-4505-a208-f165b9dc5dc7> | 2013-05-18T08:01:50Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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|This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the French Wikipedia. (December 2008)|
|— Department —|
|• President of the General Council||Augustin Bonrepaux (PS)|
|• Total||4,890 km2 (1,890 sq mi)|
|• Density||30/km2 ( 79/sq mi)|
|Time zone||CET (UTC+1)|
|• Summer (DST)||CEST (UTC+2)|
|^1 French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2|
Foix is the administrative capital of the Ariège. It is an ancient medieval town with a fortress Chateau de Foix perched on a hill overlooking it. The fortress has been attacked many times without capture, including an attempt by Simon de Montfort. It has also been used as a prison, and the names of English prisoners of war can still be seen on the cell walls. Another famous chateau in the Ariège is Montségur, located on a rocky outcrop at a height of 1200 metres (3,900 ft). During the Albigensian Crusade and siege of 1244 AD the chateau was largely destroyed, with more than two hundred Cathar priests burnt at the stake as heretics. The chateau was gradually rebuilt by Royalists over a period of the next three hundred years.
The start of the seventeenth century saw the area ravaged by wars between Protestants and Catholics. In 1621 Huguenot forces ruined the church at La Tour-du-Crieu. In 1629 Pamiers was sacked by Henry of Condé following uprisings that left several hundred dead in the city. This was also the period during which the abbeys at Foix, Tarascon-sur-Ariège, Saint-Girons, Saverdun and Le Mas-d'Azil were torched and destroyed.
The nineteenth century was a time of strong industrial growth, supported in Ariège by an abundant supply of water power. The department also benefitted from its significant reserves of iron ore. The growth of iron based industries were a feature of the period, with the establishment in 1817 of a steel manufacturing plant at Pamiers which has been a principal driver of the local economy ever since. Other representative examples of the iron based industry that developed in Ariège during the nineteenth century include the forges at Montgaillard and the blast furnaces at Tarascon-sur-Ariège.
Description of the department's industrial development during the nineteenth century should also include mention of the paper industry at Saint-Girons and the textile industry in the Pays d'Olmes.
Towns of particular historical interest in the département include Pamiers, host to a large commercial centre and three churches. Mirepoix is a medieval town, as is Saint-Lizier situated on a hilltop with winding streets, fine views and a church with cloisters that are noteworthy. Saint-Girons is an agricultural centre with a Saturday market.
The geography is dominated by the Pyrenees mountains, which form the border between France and Spain. There are hundreds of miles of well-marked paths which allow exploration of the magnificent Pyrenees mountains. The high mountains are easily accessible via good roads, cable cars or by foot. There are a number of lodges providing high level mountain accommodation that are comfortable, warm and with good meals.
There are also a number of fresh water lakes which provide a variety of activities including, walking, swimming, fishing, canoeing, sailboarding and picnicking.
The Ariege has several of its own downhill ski resorts, the three largest being Ax-Bonascre, Les Monts D'Olmes and Guzet-Neige. There are many cross country ski-ing resorts, one of the best being at Plateau de Beille, near Les Cabannes.
The Pyrenees mountain range forms a fantastic backdrop to the entire Ariège Department, rising some 10,000 feet (3000m) in the Montcalm Massif, along the border with Andorra and Spain. The highest peaks are clearly visible visible from Toulouse in the Haute Garonne. It is one of the least populated and most unspoiled regions of France. The locals enjoy keeping traditions alive, especially old farming techniques. Consequently, as fewer insecticides, for example, have been used, the flora and fauna of the area continue to be rich in both diversity and numbers. Butterflies are common and birds are numerous; particularly noticeable are large birds of prey, including the magnificent Griffon vultures.
There are also many unspoiled villages and hamlets tucked away in the valleys close to the department's border with Spain – Seix, Cominac and Aulus Les Bain are examples – together with picturesque mountain villages, most notably Aleu which comes alive in the holiday season.
Ariège stands on the eastern limit of oceanic dominance over rainfall, but other influences are felt:
- Mediterranean – particularly visible in the vegetation of the foothills and of the valley of the Ariège river towards Tarascon, and in the Pays de Sault;
- Continental – in the Pyrenean valleys, with many storms and big differences of temperature between day and night.
There is no great tendency to summer drought as the flow of air from the north-west brings rain throughout the year. Rainfall is moderate on the foothills and in some sheltered valleys, measuring 700 to 1,000 mm per year, but increases significantly in the higher valleys with levels between 1,000 mm and 1,800 mm. The slopes exposed to the north-west, such as Aulus and Orlu, are, as one would expect, the wettest, together with the frontal ridges that meet air flow from the southwest (giving rise to the Foehn effect). Snow cover is common over 1,000 metres, lasting several months above 1,500 to 2,000 metres. Some periglacial areas exist over 2,500 m but the only true glacier in Ariège is that of Mont Valier, near Castillon-en-Couserans.
Temperatures are mild in the foothills, e.g. at the city of Foix (400 metres) the average is 5 °C in January and 19 °C in July. However, they decline rapidly with elevation, e.g. at l'Hospitalet-près-l'Andorre (1,430 m) it is 0 °C in January and 14 °C in July.
The inhabitants of the department are called Ariégeois.
The department has 151,477 inhabitants, or 146,289 as the population without double counting.
The populations of the arrondissements (double-counting) are :
- Foix – 53,595
- Pamiers – 69,664
- Saint Girons – 28,218
The populations of the principal towns (double-counting) are :
- Pamiers – 15,702
- Foix – 9,994
- Lavelanet – 7,068
- Saint Girons – 7,019
The Ariege department is a largely unknown department which is situated next to the Aude in the most southern part of the Midi-Pyrenees region and shares its borders with the Aude, Andorra, Haute Garonne and the Pyrenees Orientales. This is predominantly a farming area as the soil is rich and fertile and yet more than 50% of the Ariège is mountainous, with 490 965 hectares being covered by forests.
|Number of businesses||19 750||15 November 2006|
|Rate of business creation||10.4% (Ariège) 9.3% (Midi-Pyrénées) 9.3% (France)||2003|
|Unemployment rate||10.4% (Ariège) 9.1% (Midi-Pyrénées) 9% (France)||September 2006|
|Value of Exports||450 M€||2005|
|Value of Imports||368 M€||2005|
|source : Ariège Expansion|
The Ariège Chamber of Commerce and Industry is situated at Foix. The department’s Economic Development Agency (ARIEGE EXPANSION) is at Verniolle. The department has established three ‘business incubators’ to support enterprise in Ariège.
The department has two parliamentary constituencies and twenty-two cantons. Broadly speaking, Ariège has been firmly held by the Socialist Party since the days of the Third Republic, although in recent years the right has managed to make some inroads.
Nevertheless, the department remains one of the most left-wing departments in France, and the left holds all but three of the department's 22 cantons.
The President of the General Council is Augustin Bonrepaux of the Socialist Party.
|Union for a Popular Movement||2|
Ariégeois gastronomy is based on the cooking of Pyrenean regional food, such as cheese or charcuterie from the mountain country. The Azinat is the local and typical dish of Ariege. The department is also well advanced in the field of organic farming.
The castle of Foix
Cathedral of Saint-Antonin at Pamiers
Cathedral de Saint-Lizier
Covered shopfronts at Mirepoix
According to the general census of the population of 8 March 1999, 26.5% of available housing in the department consists of second homes.
|Year||Town||Population without double-counting||Number of dwellings||Second homes||% of dwellings being second homes|
Famous people
- Fabien Barthez, football player, winner of the World Football Cup 1998 and born at Lavelanet
- Pierre Bayle (1647–1706), philosopher and writer, born at Carla-Bayle (then known as Carla-le-Comte; the commune changed its name in his honour)
- Théophile Delcassé (1852–1923), politician, minister, ambassador, born at Pamiers
- Jacques Dupont (born in 1928), cyclist, holder of the Olympic record, born at Lézat-sur-Lèze
- Gabriel Fauré (1845–1924), composer, born at Pamiers
- Jacques Fournier (1285–1342), bishop of Pamiers then of Mirepoix, pope under the name Benedict XII from 1336 to 1342 (Avignon), born at Canté near Saverdun
- Claude Piquemal (born in 1939), athlete and sprinter, Olympic medalist, born at Siguer
- Marie Laforêt, born Maïténa Marie Brigitte Doumenach (in 1939), actress and singer.
See also
- Cantons of the Ariège department
- Communes of the Ariège department
- Arrondissements of the Ariège department
- Census 2009, French National Institute of Statistics
- http://www.atlaspol.com/MDPY/ariege.htm Political atlas of Ariège (in French), consulted 30 June 2009
- Census site, INSEE, figures as at 8 March 1999
- Estimates of the intermediate census, INSEE, figures as at 1 July 2005
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ariège|
- (French)Conseil general website
- (French)Prefecture website
- (French)Trekking in Ariege Pyrenees website
- (French)Photography Panoramics 360° website
- (French)Photography Panoramics 360° website 2 | <urn:uuid:b98380f2-eaad-43d8-ae14-b78b1fa71c30> | 2013-05-18T06:57:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Cee Lo Green
|Cee Lo Green|
Cee Lo Green at a Gnarls Barkley concert in July 2010.
|Birth name||Thomas DeCarlo Callaway|
|Also known as||Cee Lo Green, Cee Lo|
May 30, 1974 |
Atlanta, Georgia, United States
|Genres||Soul, hip hop, R&B|
|Occupations||Singer-songwriter, rapper, record producer, actor|
|Associated acts||Gnarls Barkley, Goodie Mob, TLC, Kid Cudi, OutKast, Jazze Pha, Bruno Mars, slaughterhouse, Christina Aguilera, Maroon 5, Blake Shelton|
Thomas DeCarlo Callaway (born May 30, 1974), better known by his stage name Cee Lo Green, is an American singer-songwriter, rapper, record producer, and actor. Initially, he came to prominence as a member of the southern hip hop group Goodie Mob, and as part of the soul duo Gnarls Barkley with Danger Mouse. Subsequently he embarked on a solo career, partially spurred by YouTube popularity. His work has earned numerous awards and accolades, including five Grammys.
Internationally, Cee Lo is best known for his soul work: his most popular was Gnarls Barkley's 2006 worldwide hit "Crazy", which reached number one in various singles charts worldwide, including the UK. In the United States, "Crazy" reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100. Parent album St. Elsewhere was also a hit, reaching number one on the UK Albums Chart and number four on the US Billboard 200 album charts. Gnarls Barkley's second album is The Odd Couple (2008), which charted at number 12 on the Billboard 200.
In 2010, Cee Lo took a break from working with Gnarls Barkley and released the single "Fuck You!" on August 19 as a solo artist. The song was an instant hit, with the radio-edit version "Forget You" reaching the top spot in the UK and the Netherlands and charted at number two on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. The parent album, The Lady Killer (2010) saw similar success, peaking within the top five of the UK Albums Chart and debuting within the top ten on the Billboard 200 album charts, and received a Gold certification from the BPI in the UK shortly after its release. His second single "It's OK" was a hit in Europe and the third single, "Bright Lights Bigger City" has also seen similar charting success.
Early life
Cee Lo Green was born on May 30, 1974, in Atlanta, Georgia. He graduated high school from Riverside Military Academy, a boarding school for boys in Gainesville, Georgia. Both of his parents were ordained ministers and he started his music career in his church. His father died in 1976 when he was two years old. His mother, Sheila J. Tyler-Callaway, was also a volunteer firefighter. She was involved in a car crash in 1990 when he was 16 , leaving her paralyzed, and died two years after the accident. At the time, Cee Lo's career with Goodie Mob had just begun taking off. His mother's death in 1992 led Cee Lo into depression, as is reflected in various songs throughout his career, including "Free" by Goodie Mob, songs on St. Elsewhere, and on The Odd Couple ("She Knows", "A Little Better"). Cee Lo also expresses his love for his mother in the song "Guess Who" from Goodie Mob's Soul Food album. In an excerpt of "Cee Lo Distilled", a mini documentary produced by Absolut and The Fader released on YouTube, Cee Lo explained that his mother's death was a defining moment to "crossing that threshold over into a career".
Music career
Goodie Mob
Along with Big Gipp, T-Mo, and Khujo, Cee Lo was an original member of the Atlanta hip hop group Goodie Mob. He is the youngest of the four. The Goodie Mob were a part of the Atlanta rap collective the Dungeon Family, which also included OutKast. Goodie Mob appeared on two tracks on OutKast's 1994 debut album Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik, with Cee Lo providing vocals for both Call of da Wild and Git Up, Git Out.
The group released their debut album, Soul Food in 1995. The album received much critical praise as a pioneering record for the then emerging Southern rap scene. It featured a distinctive soulful southern sound by production team Organized Noize, who had also produced OutKast's debut Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik. Cee Lo got considerable praise for his rapping and singing of hooks, particularly on the hit singles "Cell Therapy" and "Soul Food".
The group's second album, Still Standing came out in 1998 and also received much critical praise. Its commercial performance was slightly lower than the group's previous effort however. At this time, Cee Lo focused primarily on rapping over singing. While he did frequently sing hooks and did some singing, at this point he was a rapper first and foremost. Cee Lo took more creative control on the group's next album, World Party. Released in 1999, this album was more of a party record than the group's previous output, getting away somewhat from their socially conscious lyricism.
During the making of the album World Party, Cee Lo left the group to pursue a solo career under Arista and the remaining members continued to perform together under the Goodie Mob name with Koch Records. They did however collaborate in combinations in the Dungeon Family album Even in Darkness. Although the next Goodie Mob album seemed to mock Cee Lo with its title, One Monkey Don't Stop No Show, the group expressed that it was more of a jab at Arista and the music industry as a whole.
The song "Hold On" from Big Boi of OutKast's Got Purp? Vol. 2 album was the first newly recorded Goodie Mob song with all four members since World Party. (Khujo later revealed to fans at an album signing[original research?] for his new album "Mercury", that the song "Hold On" was originally recorded in 1995 before Soul Food was released.)
Gnarls Barkley
Along with DJ Danger Mouse, Cee Lo was part of a duo called Gnarls Barkley. They first met when Danger Mouse took second in a talent contest and opened for OutKast and Goodie Mob at a University of Georgia concert in 1998. Afterwards, Danger Mouse gave Cee Lo an instrumental demo tape and told him to call him if he was interested. They did not make contact again until Cee Lo was contacted to be featured in a remix of the Danger Mouse and Jemini song "What U Sittin' On?" from the album Ghetto Pop Life. They worked together again on the 2005 Danger Doom (Danger Mouse and MF Doom collaboration) album The Mouse and The Mask on the song "Benzi Box" where Cee Lo sings the chorus.
Gnarls Barkley's first collaborative album, St. Elsewhere, was released on April 24, 2006, in the UK and May 2, 2006, in the United States. St. Elsewhere entered the charts at No.1 in the UK, as did the first single "Crazy". "Crazy" is the first single to go straight to No.1 in the UK based on digital download sales alone and is ranked by Rolling Stone as the No.1 song of the decade. The album is Cee Lo's greatest selling venture yet, having shipped over 3 million copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan. A second album by Gnarls Barkley, titled The Odd Couple, was released in March 2008. Its first single was released in January called "Run (I'm a Natural Disaster)".
Solo career
Cee Lo's Arista career was short lived, as he was dropped after only two albums due to low record sales. His first album, Cee-Lo Green and His Perfect Imperfections, was heavily in the vein of various other Dungeon Family releases, with southern soul/funk/jazz backings produced solely by himself and boasting appearances by fellow Dungeon Fam members Big Gipp and Backbone. The album explored his departure from Goodie Mob and his solo growth in the song "El Dorado Sunrise (Super Chicken)", as well as socio-political issues, and showcased his singing. The album did not sell very well, but Cee Lo achieved some airplay with the single "Closet Freak".
His second Artist album, Cee-Lo Green... Is the Soul Machine brought a more branched-out sound and more deeply explored southern rap music. This is evidenced by collaborations with Ludacris, T.I., and Pharrell Williams, as well as production from Timbaland, The Neptunes and Jazze Pha, among others. The only other Dungeon Family member that appeared on his second release was Big Rube. This album saw Cee Lo delve into other styles besides traditional rap. Timbaland proved to be Cee Lo's single producer as their song "I'll Be Around" received mild airplay. They performed the single on an episode in the second season of Chappelle's Show. "The One" featuring Jazze Pha and T.I. was also released as a single. On the heels of the success of Gnarls Barkley, Arista released a 17-track greatest hits collection of Cee Lo songs, Closet Freak: The Best of Cee-Lo Green the Soul Machine. It features predominantly Cee Lo solo tracks and several Goodie Mob songs. His new song "What Part of Forever" has been included in The Twilight Saga: Eclipse Original Motion Picture Soundtrack.
After his second solo album, Cee Lo joined the group Gnarls Barkley (see below) with Danger Mouse, temporarily putting his solo career on hold. He would release two albums with that group, before again releasing solo material in 2010.
On August 14, 2010, Cee Lo released the single "Fuck You!" to YouTube ahead of his planned solo album release, due to its partial leak on April 13. "Fuck You!" was an instant viral smash hit, registering over two million plays in less than a week. Two weeks later on September 1, Cee Lo released to YouTube an official music video of the song. "Fuck You" made a debut at No.1 on the UK charts, notably beating out "Shame" from the recently reunited Robbie Williams and Gary Barlow. On December 1, 2010, Cee Lo received five Grammy nominations for "Fuck You!", which has been certified Gold in the United States and Denmark. The single achieved platinum status in Canada, New Zealand, and the UK; and multi-platinum status in Australia.
When discussing his most recent album, The Lady Killer (released on November 9, 2010, by Elektra Records and Roadrunner Records), Cee Lo said: "I suppose this is a more clear, concise, consistent, conceptual, entire album. It's a complete thought, because it's written to be like a score. The album's meant to be a motion picture, you know? I've never taken that approach to doing an album before." The album was certified Gold in the UK on December 6, 2010.
Green toured during 2010, his highlight was meeting Jason Brooks in London, and 2011 with an all-female backing band named "Scarlet Fever" (made up of Sharon Aguilar, Brittany Brooks, Theresa Flaminio, and Regina Zernay Roberts), performing for Taratata, the BBC, Late Show with David Letterman, W's Symmetry Live Concert Series, Saturday Night Live, the Jimmy Kimmel Live! special show following the Academy Awards, and many other venues. Green also performed "Forget You", a sanitized version of his hit "Fuck You", with Gwyneth Paltrow and several puppets provided by The Jim Henson Company at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards on February 13, 2011, a shoutout to Elton John, who wore a very similar costume in a Muppet show performance in 1977. At the 2011 BRIT Awards two days later, he was joined by British vocalist Joelle Bennett in another duet of "Fuck You". Shortly thereafter, it was announced that Green will be joining Rihanna and J. Cole on the North American leg of Rihanna Loud Tour in the summer of 2011. However, he later dropped out of the tour citing that his busy work schedule which includes his commitment to judging “The Voice”, writing a new book and recording a new album as the reason for his withdrawal.
On August 14, 2011, Green performed at WWE SummerSlam performing "Forget You" and the event's theme, "Bright Lights, Bigger City". His 2011 Billboard Music Awards performance was also notable, particularly for a stage stunt whereby he and his piano began to rise up in the air and turn upside down, as he was playing his solo number Bright Lights Bigger City.
Cee Lo rereleased his album The Lady Killer as a Platinum Edition on November 28, 2011. The repackaged album contained the original 16 tracks (including remixed versions of Bright Lights Bigger City (feat. Wiz Khalifa) and I Want You (Hold On To Love) plus one extra track, written by Ross golan, Anyway. The new track, Anyway, served as the album's sixth overall single and first Platinum Edition single.
Future projects
Green is collaborating with producer Jazze Pha to release an album called Happy Hour on Jazze’s record label. The songs "Happy Hour" (as well as the remix with Bun B, Snoop Dogg & Tone Tone), "Man of the Hour", and "Disco Bitch" (featuring The Pussycat Dolls) from the album have already been released as singles and B-sides. Jazze Pha has produced numerous hit singles with many artists, but this project is his rapping and singing debut. Cee Lo is co-producing the album with him, so both artist and producer share equal roles in vocals and production. Also, Melody Thornton confirmed that she is currently in the studio with Cee Lo working on her solo album. In 2010, he recorded a song for the Sex and the City 2 soundtrack which reached number 9 in the charts and was written by him and produced by T-Pain which is called "Language of Love". He along with The Red Hot Chili Peppers and OneRepublic frontman Ryan Tedder were rumored to be appearing on British DJ Paul Oakenfold's upcoming album. Also, Cee-Lo has recorded a song with Alien Ant Farm that is expected to be released on their upcoming 2012 album. In March 2012, Green performed at a fundraiser for President Barack Obama with the president present. He began singing "Fuck You" with the original profane lyrics, but then switched to the non-profane lyrics.
On February 5, 2013, Green released a new song titled "Only You." The song features Lauriana Mae who was a contestant on P. Diddy's Starmaker. It is set to be on Green's upcoming fourth album, titled Girl Power, slated for a 2013 release.
He has announced an upcoming production called "Cee Lo Green Presents Loberace" (or simply "Loberace"). Supposed to be unveiled at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on February 21, 2013, the event was rescheduled to a later unspecified date due to a fatal shooting along the Las Vegas Strip where the resort is situated.
Television and film career
Green, along with the rest of the Goodie Mob, had a cameo in the 1999 film Mystery Men as a member of the Not So Goodie Mob, in which he was credited as "Thomas Burton aka Cee lo". He also has done voice acting work, voicing Prime Cut Miggity-Mo' Macdaddy Gizzabang Doggy Dog Dog on the Brak Show episode "Brakstreet" in 2002, Frank and Buddy Z Class of 3000's Christmas special and as Godzilla in the Robot Chicken episode "Squaw Bury Shortcake" in 2007, and Rev. Rollo Goodlove in the Boondocks episodes "The S-Word" and "The Hunger Strike" in 2008. In 2010, he appeared in T-Pain's Freaknik: The Musical as Light Skin.
On February 5, 2012, Green appeared in the Super Bowl halftime show with Madonna.
On March 31, 2012, Green appeared in the 2012 Kids' Choice Awards. Near the end of the show, he was revealed to be the evil mastermind that was trying to ruin the show, and the only reason he was evil was because he wanted to get slimed. However, the show's host, Will Smith, refused to slime him, and he "ice cream sundaed" him instead, claiming it was the "second-best thing" compared to sliming.
On August 8, 2012, he played "J.C. Carpenter" on the TV-Land sitcom "The Soul Man" episode "J.C. Carpenter's Gospel Show".
On August 18, 2012, he guest starred in the Nickelodeon show How To Rock in an episode called "How to Rock Cee Lo".
On September 6, 2012, Green is starring and executive producing his own family comedy on NBC.
On February 28, 2013, he appeared as himself in the sitcom Anger Management, season 2 episode 8, "Charlie & Cee Lo".
Green is slated to perform at the Singapore Social Star Awards from May 23, 2013 to May 24, 2013.
Personal life
Cee Lo has described himself as having been a "goon" in his youth. In 1990 at age 16 years old, Cee Lo's mother was pulled to safety from an almost fatal car accident by local volunteer firefighters. His mother also served as a volunteer firefighter herself, and these two things inspired Cee Lo's 2011 song "Thank You" (a reworking of "Forget You"), which pays tribute to firefighters.
Cee Lo was married to Christina Johnson until they divorced in 2005. Together they have a son Kingston (born 2000); and Cee Lo was a stepfather to Christina's daughters, Sierra and Kalah. Sierra appeared on the MTV show My Super Sweet 16.
On October 30, 2012, Cee Lo was accused of sexual battery and is being investigated by the LAPD. The woman who accused Cee Lo of sexual battery said the assault happened in a popular sushi restaurant in L.A.
At the April 2011 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, Cee Lo had his set cut off while performing, he then stormed off stage. Cee Lo had arrived 25 minutes late, performed five songs, including "Forget You" and a cover of Journey's "Don't Stop Believin'". His set was scheduled to end at 5:40 pm. At 5:44 - while apologizing for being late (saying it wasn't his fault because his plane had just landed) the audio from his microphone was abruptly cut. He then stormed off stage amid boos.
On June 16, 2011, journalist Andrea Swensson of City Pages negatively reviewed one of Green's performances, writing that it "failed to measure up to the fun factor of his recorded material. Green spent most of the set stationed in front of a microphone at the center of the stage, barely moving an inch while he sang and flanked by two forgettable back-up singers and a DJ that was all but hidden behind a giant LCD display”. In response, the following day Green tweeted "I respect your criticism but be fair! People enjoyed last night! I'm guessing ur gay? And my masculinity offended u? well fuck U!”. Green promptly received angered responses from some of his followers on Twitter, to which he replied "Apologies gay community! what was homophobic about that?" In a subsequent interview with magazine Us Weekly, Green stated that his comments were in good fun, adding that "I am not harboring any sort of negative feeling toward the gay community" and that "I am one of the most liberal artists that I think you will ever meet, and I pride myself on that".
On December 31, 2011, Green sang John Lennon's "Imagine" just prior to the ball drop for New Year's Eve at New York City's Times Square. In his rendition, Green replaced the line "and no religion, too" with the words "and all religion's true". Many saw this as a substantial revision of the meaning behind Lennon's original lyrics. Shortly after the performance, Green responded via Twitter: "Yo I meant no disrespect by changing the lyric guys! I was trying to say a world where u could believe what u wanted that's all" [sic] Green deleted a series of tweets pertaining to this event shortly thereafter.
- Cee-Lo Green and His Perfect Imperfections (2002)
- Cee-Lo Green... Is the Soul Machine (2004)
- The Lady Killer (2010)
- Cee Lo's Magic Moment (2012)
- Girl Power (2013)
Awards and nominations
BET Awards
|2011||Himself||Best Male R&B Artist||Nominated|
Billboard Music Awards
|2010||Himself||Viral Innovator of the Year||Won|
Brit Awards
|2011||The Lady Killer||Best International Album||Nominated|
|Himself||Best International Male||Won|
Grammy Awards
|2000||Supernatural||Album of the Year (featured artist)||Won|
|2007||"Crazy"||Record of the Year||Nominated|
|Best Urban/Alternative Performance||Won|
|St. Elsewhere||Album of the Year||Nominated|
|Best Alternative Music Album||Won|
|2009||"Going On"||Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals||Nominated|
|The Odd Couple||Best Alternative Music Album||Nominated|
|2010||"Fuck You"||Record of the Year||Nominated|
|Song of the Year||Nominated|
|Best Urban/Alternative Performance||Won|
|Best Short Form Music Video||Nominated|
|2012||"Fool for You"||Best Traditional R&B Performance||Won|
|Best R&B Song||Won|
|The Lady Killer||Best Pop Vocal Album||Nominated|
|Doo-Wops & Hooligans (as featured artist)||Album of the Year||Nominated|
Soul Train Music Awards
|2011||Himself||Best Male R&B/Soul Artist
CORECH Music Awards Best Male Artist of the Year himself won
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- "Cee Lo Green Takes Flight With Gwyneth Paltrow and The Muppets". Celebrity Circuit (CBS News). February 13, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
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- "Cee-Lo added to Rihanna's 'Loud' tour". MSN News. Microsoft Corporation. February 18, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
- Date: 6/25/2011 8:32:36 AM (2011-06-25). "Cee-Lo Green Drops Out of Rihanna's LOUD Tour". Singersroom.com. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- "Cee Lo's Flying Piano Explained". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
- Cee Lo Green - The LadyKiller - CD. "Cee Lo Green - The Lady Killer (Platinum Edition) CD". TheHut.com. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- "Information Not Found". Billboard. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
- "Carla Caldwell, "Obama in Atl. Friday; Tyler Perry to host, Cee Lo to perform", March 16, 2012". Bizjournals.com. 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
- ""Cee Lo Green Sings ‘F*** You’ at Obama Fundraiser", ''ABC News'', March 16, 2012". Abcnews.go.com. 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
- "Rachel Burkons, "TY KU: Saké's Warrior Brand", May 9, 2012". Tastingpanelmag.com. Retrieved 2012-12-19.
- "Cee Lo Green Wants In On The Football Anthem Action - News - American Top 40 With Ryan Seacrest". At40.com. 2012-08-17. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
- "Cee Lo Green Professes Love to Lauriana Mae in 'Only You' Song Premiere - Music News - Rolling Stone". RollingStone.com. 2013-01-29. Retrieved 2013-01-30.
- Lipshutz, Jason (March 15, 2013). "CeeLo Green Talks Las Vegas Residency, 'Girl Power' Solo Album". Billboard.
- Munn, Eboni (April 30, 2013). "Cee Lo Green, Rod Stewart, Lady Antebellum to Perform on 'The Voice' (VIDEO)". Headlines & Global News.
- Weatherford, Mike (February 22, 2013). "CeeLo Green unveiling 'Loberace'". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved February 23, 2013.
- "Cee Lo postpones Vegas arrival amid Strip closure". Las Vegas Sun. February 21, 2013.
- Ken Tucker (JAN 16, 2011). "'Saturday Night Live' recap: Gwyneth Paltrow was country weak and comedy strong". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- "Cee Lo Green, Adam Levine Named Coaches of ‘The Voice'". Broadcastingcable.com. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- "Usher, Shakira To Join NBC's 'Voice' in Spring". Associated Press. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
- Dos Santos, Kristin (August 29, 2011). "Find Out Which Voice Coach Is Coming to Parenthood!". E! Online. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
- Tucker, Ken (October 18, 2011). "'Parenthood' review: Cee Lo Green stole the spotlight from baby Nora". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
- "Fox Primetime". Fox Flash. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- "The Soul Man". TV Land. Retrieved 2012-08-12.
- "Cee Lo Green Set For NBC Family Comedy". Deadline. September 6, 2012. Retrieved September 7, 2012.
- Yang, June (April 23, 2013). "Aerosmith, PSY headline social media awards and concerts in Singapore". TODAY.
- "Cee-Lo Green: Has Something To Tell You!!". Visionary Artistry. United States. November 15, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2011.
- Parvizi, Lauren. "Cee Lo Green developed 'thick skin' from tough teen years". Sfgate.com. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- Comments (2011-05-06). "Cee Lo Green Gives a Big 'Thank You' to Volunteer Firefighters". PopEater.com. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
- "Cee Lo Accused of Sexual Battery Singer Calls BS". TMZ. October 30, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
- "Cee Lo Accuser Claims He Sexually Assaulted Her in Sushi Joint". TMZ. November 1, 2012. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
- LALATE (April 17, 2011). "Cee Lo Green Coachella Performance Cut Short, Leaves Stage".
- "04:08 PM ET Coachella Day 1: Cee Lo gets unplugged – and not by choice". CNN. 16 April 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
- Alison Maxwell, USA TODAY (April 17, 2011). "Cee Lo Green's set cut short at Coachella". USA Today.
- Swensson, Andrea (2011-06-17). "Rihanna and Cee Lo Green at the Target Center, 6/16/11 - Minneapolis Music - Gimme Noise". Blogs.citypages.com. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- "Pictures of 20 funniest music feuds of 2011 - Photos". Nme.Com. 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- LGBTQ Nation (2011-06-19). "Cee Lo Green’s homophobic tweet: ‘I shouldn’t have to apologize’ – LGBTQ Nation". Lgbtqnation.com. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- "The Voice's Cee Lo Green Addresses "Homophobic" Tweet Controversy". UsMagazine.com. 2011-06-18. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- Sung at 11:57 p.m. as per video at Serpe, Gina (January 3, 2012). "Imagine All the Scandal: Cee Lo Tweets, Then Deletes, Apology After Changing John Lennon Lyrics". E! Online. Retrieved January 3, 2012.
- Hemant Mehta. "That’s Not How the Song Goes, Cee Lo…".
- Huffington Post (January 1, 2012). "Cee Lo Green Changes 'Imagine' Lyrics To 'All Religions' From John Lennon's 'No Religion'".
- Official website
- Cee-Lo discography at Discogs
- Cee Lo Green at the Internet Movie Database
- Cee Lo Green on BBC Music
- Official Jazze Pha & Cee Lo website
- Cee Lo Green Storytellers on VH1
- Cee-Lo Documentary on Youtube Part 1
- Cee-Lo Documentary on Youtube Part 2 | <urn:uuid:ccbb56b2-4cd9-49a2-85c7-bdc33cb639e2> | 2013-05-18T07:17:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A jack-o'-lantern, one of the symbols of Halloween
|Also called||All Hallows' Eve
All Saints' Eve
|Observed by||Western Christians & many non-Christians around the world|
|Celebrations||Trick-or-treating/guising, costume parties, making jack-o'-lanterns, lighting bonfires, divination, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions, fireworks displays|
|Observances||Church services, prayer, fasting, and vigils|
|Related to||Samhain, Hop-tu-Naa, Calan Gaeaf, Kalan Gwav, Day of the Dead, All Saints' Day (cf. vigils)|
Halloween or Hallowe'en (a contraction of "All Hallows' Evening"), also known as All Hallows' Eve, is a yearly celebration observed in a number of countries on October 31, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Hallows (or All Saints) and the day initiating the triduum of Hallowmas.
According to many scholars, All Hallows' Eve is a Christianised feast originally influenced by western European harvest festivals, and festivals of the dead with possible pagan roots, particularly the Celtic Samhain. Other scholars maintain that it originated independently of Samhain and has solely Christian roots.
Typical festive Halloween activities include trick-or-treating (also known as "guising"), attending costume parties, carving pumpkins into jack-o'-lanterns, lighting bonfires, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions, playing pranks, telling scary stories, and watching horror films.
The word Halloween was first used in the 16th century and represents a Scottish variant of the fuller All Hallows' Eve ('evening'), that is, the night before All Hallows' Day. Although the phrase All Hallows' is found in Old English (ealra hālgena mæssedæg, mass-day of all saints), All Hallows' Eve is itself not seen until 1556.
Celtic influences
Though the origin of the word Halloween is Christian, the holiday is commonly thought to have pagan roots. Historian Nicholas Rogers, exploring the origins of Halloween, notes that while "some folklorists have detected its origins in the Roman feast of Pomona, the goddess of fruits and seeds, or in the festival of the dead called Parentalia, it is more typically linked to the Celtic festival of Samhain", which comes from the Old Irish for "summer's end". Samhain (pronounced SAH-win or SOW-in) was the first and most important of the four quarter days in the medieval Gaelic (Irish, Scottish and Manx) calendar. It was held on or about October 31 – November 1 and kindred festivals were held at the same time of year in other Celtic lands; for example the Brythonic Calan Gaeaf (in Wales), Kalan Gwav (in Cornwall) and Kalan Goañv (in Brittany). Samhain is mentioned in some of the earliest Irish literature and many important events in Irish mythology happen or begin on Samhain. It marked the end of the harvest season and the beginning of winter or the 'darker half' of the year. This was a time for stock-taking and preparing for the cold winter ahead; cattle were brought back down from the summer pastures and livestock were slaughtered. In much of the Gaelic world, bonfires were lit and there were rituals involving them. Some of these rituals hint that they may once have involved human sacrifice. Divination games or rituals were also done at Samhain.
Samhain (like Beltane) was seen as a time when the 'door' to the Otherworld opened enough for the souls of the dead, and other beings such as fairies, to come into our world. The souls of the dead were said to revisit their homes on Samhain. Feasts were had, at which the souls of dead kin were beckoned to attend and a place set at the table for them. Lewis Spence described it as a "feast of the dead" and "festival of the fairies". However, harmful spirits and fairies were also thought to be active at Samhain. People took steps to allay or ward-off these harmful spirits/fairies, which is thought to have influenced today's Halloween customs. Before the 20th century, wearing costumes at Samhain was done in parts of Ireland, Mann, the Scottish Highlands and islands, and Wales. Wearing costumes may have originated as a means of disguising oneself from these harmful spirits/fairies, although some suggest that the custom comes from a Christian or Christianized belief (see below). In Ireland, people went about before nightfall collecting for Samhain feasts and sometimes wore costumes while doing so. In the 19th century on Ireland's southern coast, a man dressed as a white mare would lead youths door-to-door collecting food; by giving them food, the household could expect good fortune from the 'Muck Olla'. In Moray during the 18th century, boys called at each house in their village asking for fuel for the Samhain bonfire. The modern custom of trick-or-treating may have come from these practices. Alternatively, it may come from the Christian custom of souling (see below).
Making jack-o'-lanterns at Halloween may also have sprung from Samhain and Celtic beliefs. Turnip lanterns, sometimes with faces carved into them, were made on Samhain in the 19th century in parts of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands. As well as being used to light one's way while outside on Samhain night, they may also have been used to represent the spirits/fairies and/or to protect oneself and one's home from them. Another legend is that a trickster named Jack decided one day to trick the Devil. He trapped the Devil in a pumpkin and paraded him around town. Eventually, Jack let the Devil out and the Devil put a curse on Jack and forever made him a spirit in hell. On Halloween, Jack is released to terrorize the country all night. To protect themselves, the Irish would place a pumpkin with a face outside to scare Jack into believing it was the Devil. However, a Christian origin has also been proposed.
Christian influences
Halloween is also thought to have been influenced by the Christian holy days of All Saints' Day (also known as All Hallows, Hallowmas or Hallowtide) on November 1 and All Souls' Day on November 2. They are a time for honoring the saints and praying for the recently departed who had yet to reach Heaven. All Saints was introduced in the year 609, but was originally celebrated on May 13. In 835, it was switched to November 1 (the same date as Samhain) at the behest of Pope Gregory IV. Some have suggested this was due to Celtic influence, while others suggest it was a Germanic idea.
By the end of the 12th century they had become holy days of obligation across Europe and involved such traditions as ringing bells for the souls in purgatory. "Souling", the custom of baking and sharing soul cakes for "all crysten christened souls", has been suggested as the origin of trick-or-treating. Groups of poor people, often children, would go door-to-door on All Saints/All Souls collecting soul cakes, originally as a means of praying for souls in purgatory. Similar practices for the souls of the dead were found as far south as Italy. Shakespeare mentions the practice in his comedy The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1593), when Speed accuses his master of "puling [whimpering or whining] like a beggar at Hallowmas." The custom of wearing costumes has been linked to All Saints/All Souls by Prince Sorie Conteh, who wrote: "It was traditionally believed that the souls of the departed wandered the earth until All Saints' Day, and All Hallows' Eve provided one last chance for the dead to gain vengeance on their enemies before moving to the next world. In order to avoid being recognised by any soul that might be seeking such vengeance, people would don masks or costumes to disguise their identities". In Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, Nicholas Rogers explained Halloween jack-o'-lanterns as originally being representations of souls in purgatory. In Brittany children would set candles in skulls in graveyards.
In Britain, these customs came under attack during the Reformation as Protestants berated purgatory as a "popish" doctrine incompatible with the notion of predestination. The rising popularity of Guy Fawkes Night (5 November) from 1605 onward, saw many Halloween traditions appropriated by that holiday instead, and Halloween's popularity waned in Britain, with the noteworthy exception of Scotland. There and in Ireland, the rebellious Guy Fawkes was not viewed with the same criminality as in England, and they had been celebrating Samhain and Halloween since at least the early Middle Ages, and the Scottish kirk took a more pragmatic approach to Halloween, seeing it as important to the life cycle and rites of passage of communities and thus ensuring its survival in the country.
Spread to North America
North American almanacs of the late 18th and early 19th century give no indication that Halloween was celebrated there. The Puritans of New England, for example, maintained strong opposition to Halloween and it was not until the mass Irish and Scottish immigration during the 19th century that it was brought to North America in earnest. Confined to the immigrant communities during the mid-19th century, it was gradually assimilated into mainstream society and by the first decade of the 20th century it was being celebrated coast to coast by people of all social, racial and religious backgrounds.
Development of artifacts and symbols associated with Halloween formed over time. The turnip has traditionally been used in Ireland and Scotland at Halloween, but immigrants to North America used the native pumpkin, which is both much softer and much larger – making it easier to carve than a turnip. Subsequently, the mass marketing of various size pumpkins in autumn, in both the corporate and local markets, has made pumpkins universally available for this purpose. The American tradition of carving pumpkins is recorded in 1837 and was originally associated with harvest time in general, not becoming specifically associated with Halloween until the mid-to-late 19th century.
The modern imagery of Halloween comes from many sources, including national customs, works of Gothic and horror literature (such as the novels Frankenstein and Dracula) and classic horror films (such as Frankenstein and The Mummy). One of the earliest works on the subject of Halloween is from Scottish poet John Mayne, who, in 1780, made note of pranks at Halloween; "What fearfu' pranks ensue!", as well as the supernatural associated with the night, "Bogies" (ghosts), influencing Robert Burns' Halloween 1785. Elements of the autumn season, such as pumpkins, corn husks and scarecrows, are also prevalent. Homes are often decorated with these types of symbols around Halloween.
Trick-or-treating and guising
Trick-or-treating is a customary celebration for children on Halloween. Children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question, "Trick or treat?" The word "trick" refers to "threat" to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given.
In Scotland and Ireland, guising – children disguised in costume going from door to door for food or coins – is a traditional Halloween custom, and is recorded in Scotland at Halloween in 1895 where masqueraders in disguise carrying lanterns made out of scooped out turnips, visit homes to be rewarded with cakes, fruit and money. The practice of Guising at Halloween in North America is first recorded in 1911, where a newspaper in Kingston, Ontario reported children going "guising" around the neighborhood.
American historian and author Ruth Edna Kelley of Massachusetts wrote the first book length history of Halloween in the US; The Book of Hallowe'en (1919), and references souling in the chapter "Hallowe'en in America":
The taste in Hallowe'en festivities now is to study old traditions, and hold a Scotch party, using Burn's poem Hallowe'en as a guide; or to go a-souling as the English used. In short, no custom that was once honored at Hallowe'en is out of fashion now.
In her book, Kelley touches on customs that arrived from across the Atlantic; "Americans have fostered them, and are making this an occasion something like what it must have been in its best days overseas. All Halloween customs in the United States are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries". While the first reference to "guising" in North America occurs in 1911, another reference to ritual begging on Halloween appears, place unknown, in 1915, with a third reference in Chicago in 1920.
The earliest known use in print of the term "trick or treat" appears in 1927, from Blackie, Alberta, Canada:
Hallowe'en provided an opportunity for real strenuous fun. No real damage was done except to the temper of some who had to hunt for wagon wheels, gates, wagons, barrels, etc., much of which decorated the front street. The youthful tormentors were at back door and front demanding edible plunder by the word “trick or treat” to which the inmates gladly responded and sent the robbers away rejoicing.
The thousands of Halloween postcards produced between the turn of the 20th century and the 1920s commonly show children but not trick-or-treating. The editor of a collection of over 3,000 vintage Halloween postcards writes, "There are cards which mention the custom [of trick-or-treating] or show children in costumes at the doors, but as far as we can tell they were printed later than the 1920s and more than likely even the 1930s. Tricksters of various sorts are shown on the early postcards, but not the means of appeasing them". Trick-or-treating does not seem to have become a widespread practice until the 1930s, with the first U.S. appearances of the term in 1934, and the first use in a national publication occurring in 1939.
Halloween costumes are traditionally modeled after supernatural figures such as monsters, ghosts, skeletons, witches, and devils. Over time, in the United States the costume selection extended to include popular characters from fiction, celebrities, and generic archetypes such as ninjas and princesses.
Dressing up in costumes and going "guising" was prevalent in Ireland and Scotland at Halloween by the late 19th century. Costuming became popular for Halloween parties in the US in the early 20th century, as often for adults as for children. The first mass-produced Halloween costumes appeared in stores in the 1930s when trick-or-treating was becoming popular in the United States.
Halloween costume parties generally fall on or around October 31, often on the Friday or Saturday before Halloween.
"Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF" is a fundraising program to support UNICEF, a United Nations Programme that provides humanitarian aid to children in developing countries. Started as a local event in a Northeast Philadelphia neighborhood in 1950 and expanded nationally in 1952, the program involves the distribution of small boxes by schools (or in modern times, corporate sponsors like Hallmark, at their licensed stores) to trick-or-treaters, in which they can solicit small-change donations from the houses they visit. It is estimated that children have collected more than $118 million for UNICEF since its inception. In Canada, in 2006, UNICEF decided to discontinue their Halloween collection boxes, citing safety and administrative concerns; after consultation with schools, they instead redesigned the program.
Games and other activities
There are several games traditionally associated with Halloween parties. One common game is dunking or apple bobbing, which may be called "dooking" in Scotland in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participants must use their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. The practice is thought by some to have derived from the Roman practices in celebration of Pomona. A variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drop the fork into an apple. Another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup-coated scones by strings; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a very sticky face.
Some games traditionally played at Halloween are forms of divination. A traditional Scottish form of divining one's future spouse is to carve an apple in one long strip, then toss the peel over one's shoulder. The peel is believed to land in the shape of the first letter of the future spouse's name. Unmarried women were told that if they sat in a darkened room and gazed into a mirror on Halloween night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror. However, if they were destined to die before marriage, a skull would appear. The custom was widespread enough to be commemorated on greeting cards from the late 19th century and early 20th century.
Another game/superstition that was enjoyed in the early 1900s involved walnut shells. People would write fortunes in milk on white paper. After drying, the paper was folded and placed in walnut shells. When the shell was warmed, milk would turn brown therefore the writing would appear on what looked like blank paper. Folks would also play fortune teller. In order to play this game, symbols were cut out of paper and placed on a platter. Someone would enter a dark room and was ordered to put her hand on a piece of ice then lay it on a platter. Her "fortune" would stick to the hand. Paper symbols included: dollar sign-wealth, button-bachelorhood, thimble-spinsterhood, clothespin- poverty, rice-wedding, umbrella- journey, caldron-trouble, 4-leaf clover- good luck, penny-fortune, ring-early marriage, and key-fame.
The telling of ghost stories and viewing of horror films are common fixtures of Halloween parties. Episodes of television series and Halloween-themed specials (with the specials usually aimed at children) are commonly aired on or before Halloween, while new horror films are often released theatrically before Halloween to take advantage of the atmosphere.
Haunted attractions
Haunted attractions are entertainment venues designed to thrill and scare patrons. Most attractions are seasonal Halloween businesses. Origins of these paid scare venues are difficult to pinpoint, but it is generally accepted that they were first commonly used by the Junior Chamber International (Jaycees) for fundraising. They include haunted houses, corn mazes, and hayrides, and the level of sophistication of the effects has risen as the industry has grown. Haunted attractions in the United States bring in an estimate $300–500 million each year, and draw some 400,000 customers, although press sources writing in 2005 speculated that the industry had reached its peak at that time. This maturing and growth within the industry has led to technically more advanced special effects and costuming, comparable with that of Hollywood films.
Because Halloween comes in the wake of the yearly apple harvest, candy apples (known as toffee apples outside North America), caramel or taffy apples are common Halloween treats made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, sometimes followed by rolling them in nuts.
At one time, candy apples were commonly given to children, but the practice rapidly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in the apples in the United States. While there is evidence of such incidents, they are quite rare and have never resulted in serious injury. Nonetheless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant because of the mass media. At the peak of the hysteria, some hospitals offered free X-rays of children's Halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. Virtually all of the few known candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poisoned their own children's candy.
One custom that persists in modern-day Ireland is the baking (or more often nowadays, the purchase) of a barmbrack (Irish: báirín breac), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin and other charms are placed before baking. It is said that those who get a ring will find their true love in the ensuing year. This is similar to the tradition of king cake at the festival of Epiphany.
List of foods associated with Halloween:
- Barmbrack (Ireland)
- Bonfire toffee (Great Britain)
- Candy apples/toffee apples (Great Britain & Ireland)
- Candy corn, candy pumpkins (North America)
- Caramel apples
- Caramel corn
- Colcannon (Ireland)
- Novelty candy shaped like skulls, pumpkins, bats, worms, etc.
- Pumpkin, pumpkin pie, pumpkin bread
- Roasted pumpkin seeds
- Roasted sweet corn
- Soul cakes
- Scary Faced Pizza
Religious observances
On Hallowe'en (All Hallows' Eve), in Poland, believers are taught to pray out loud as they walk through the forests in order that the souls of the dead might find comfort; in Spain, Christian priests toll their church bells in order to allow their congregants to remember the dead on All Hallows' Eve. The Christian Church traditionally observed Hallowe'en through a vigil "when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself." This church service is known as the Vigil of All Hallows or the Vigil of All Saints; an initiative known as Night of Light seeks to further spread the Vigil of All Hallows throughout Christendom. After the service, "suitable festivities and entertainments" often follow, as well as a visit to the graveyard or cemetery, where flowers and candles are often placed in preparation for All Hallows' Day.
Christian attitudes towards Halloween are diverse. In the Anglican Church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize the Christian traditions associated with All Hallow's Eve. Some of these practises include praying, fasting and attending worship services.
Father, All-Powerful and Ever-Living God, today we rejoice in the holy men and women of every time and place. May their prayers bring us your forgiveness and love. We ask this through Christ our Lord. Amen. —All Hallow's Eve Prayer from the Liturgy of the Hours
Other Protestant Christians also celebrate All Hallows' Eve as Reformation Day, a day to remember the Protestant Reformation, alongside All Hallow's Eve or independently from it. Often, "Harvest Festivals" or "Reformation Festivals" are held as well, in which children dress up as Bible characters or Reformers.
Father Gabriele Amorth, an exorcist in Rome, has said, "if English and American children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that is not a problem. If it is just a game, there is no harm in that." In more recent years, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston has organized a "Saint Fest" on Halloween. Similarly, many contemporary Protestant churches view Halloween as a fun event for children, holding events in their churches where children and their parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free. Many Christians ascribe no negative significance to Halloween, treating it as a fun event devoted to "imaginary spooks" and handing out candy. To these Christians, Halloween holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children: being taught about death and mortality, and the ways of the Celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of their parishioners' heritage. In the Roman Catholic Church, Halloween's Christian connection is sometimes cited, and Halloween celebrations are common in Catholic parochial schools throughout North America and in Ireland.
Some Christians feel concerned about the modern celebration of Halloween, and reject it because they feel it trivializes – or celebrates – paganism, the occult, or other practices and cultural phenomena deemed incompatible with their beliefs. A response among some fundamentalist and conservative evangelical churches in recent years has been the use of "Hell houses", themed pamphlets, or comic-style tracts such as those created by Jack T. Chick in order to make use of Halloween's popularity as an opportunity for evangelism. Some consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with the Christian faith, believing it to have originated as a pagan "Festival of the Dead".
According to Alfred J. Kolatch in the Second Jewish Book of Why Halloween is not technically permitted by Jewish Halakha because it violate Leviticus 18:3 forbidding Jews from partaking in gentile customs. Nevertheless many American Jews celebrate it as a secular holiday, disconnected from its pagan and Christian origins. Reform Rabbi Jeffrey Goldwasser, of the Central Conference of American Rabbis has said that “There is no religious reason why contemporary Jews should not celebrate Halloween as it is commonly observed" while Orthodox Rabbi Michael Broyde has argued against Jews sending their children trick or treating or otherwise observing the holiday.
Around the world
The traditions and importance of Halloween vary greatly among countries that observe it. In Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going "guising", holding parties, while other practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays. Mass transatlantic immigration in the 19th century popularized Halloween in North America, and celebration in the United States and Canada has had a significant impact on how the event is observed in other nations. This larger North American influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as South America, Australia, New Zealand, (most) continental Europe, Japan, and other parts of East Asia.
See also
- "BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows' Eve". British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2011. "All Hallows' Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows' Day, also known as All Saints' Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows' Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. The name derives from the Old English 'hallowed' meaning holy or sanctified and is now usually contracted to the more familiar word Hallowe'en."
- The Book of Occasional Services 2003. Church Publishing, Inc. 2004. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Service for All Hallows' Eve: This service may be used on the evening of October 31, known as All Hallows' Eve. Suitable festivities and entertainments may take place before or after this service, and a visit may be made to a cemetery or burial place."
- Anne E. Kitch (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Church Publishing, Inc. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "All Hallow's Eve, which later became known as Halloween, is celebrated on the night before All Saints' Day, November 1. Use this simple prayer service in conjunction with Halloween festivities to mark the Christian roots of this festival."
- The Paulist Liturgy Planning Guide. Paulist Press. 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Rather than compete, liturgy planners would do well to consider ways of including children in the celebration of these vigil Masses. For example, children might be encouraged to wear Halloween costumes representing their patron saint or their favorite saint, clearly adding a new level of meaning to the Halloween celebrations and the celebration of All Saints' Day."
- Thomas Thomson, Charles Annandale (1896). A History of the Scottish People from the Earliest Times: From the Union of the kingdoms, 1706, to the present time. Blackie. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Of the stated rustic festivals peculiar to Scotland the most important was Hallowe'en, a contraction for All-hallow Evening, or the evening of All-Saints Day, the annual return of which was a season for joy and festivity."
- Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. 1999. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Halloween, also called All Hallows' Eve, holy or hallowed evening observed on October 31, the eve of All Saints' Day. The pre-Christian observances influenced the Christian festival of All Hallows' Eve, celebrated on the same date."
- "BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows' Eve". British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2011. "It is widely believed that many Hallowe'en traditions have evolved from an ancient Celtic festival called Samhain which was Christianised by the early Church."
- Nicholas Rogers (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Halloween and the Day of the Dead share a common origin in the Christian commemoration of the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day. But both are thought to embody strong pre-Christian beliefs. In the case of Halloween, the Celtic celebration of Samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new-age enthusiasts and the evangelical Right."
- Austrian information. 1965. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "The feasts of Hallowe'en, or All Hallows Eve and the devotions to the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day are both mixtures of old Celtic, Druid and other heathen customs intertwined with Christian practice."
- "BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows' Eve". British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2011. "The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions also claims that Hallowe'en "absorbed and adopted the Celtic new year festival, the eve and day of Samhain". However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe'en, as the eve of All Saints' Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain and some question the existence of a specific pan-Celtic religious festival which took place on 31st October/1st November."
- The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. 1989. ISBN 0-19-861186-2.
- Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Samhain and the Celtic Origins of Halloween". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 11–21. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
- Hutton, Ronald. The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996)
- A Pocket Guide To Superstitions Of The British Isles (Publisher: Penguin Books Ltd; Reprint edition: 4 November 2004) ISBN 0-14-051549-6
- All Hallows' Eve BBC. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- Monaghan, Patricia. The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase Publishing, 2004. p.407
- Frazer, Sir James George. The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion. Forgotten Books, 2008. pp.663–664
- Monaghan, p.41
- O'Halpin, Andy. Ireland: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. Oxford University Press, 2006. p.236
- "Halloween". Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2009. Credo Reference. Web. 21 September 2012.
- McNeill, F. Marian. The Silver Bough, Vol. 3. William MacLellan. pp.11–46
- Spence, Lewis (1945). The Magic Arts in Celtic Britain. p.88. ISBN 0-09-474300-2
- Hutton, pp.380–382
- MacLeod, Sharon. Celtic Myth and Religion. McFarland, 2011. pp.61, 175
- Hutton, pp.365–368
- Hutton, p.382
- Hill, Christopher. Holidays and Holy Nights. Quest Books, 2003. p.56
- Rogers, p.57
- Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 22, 27. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
- Hutton, p.364
- Rogers, Nicholas (2001). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–30. ISBN 0-19-514691-3.
- "Halloween". Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
- Hutton, pp.374–375
- "Ask Anne", Washington Post, 21 November 1948, p. S11.
- The Two Gentlemen of Verona Act 2, Scene 1.
- Prince Sorie Conteh (2009). Traditionalists, Muslims, and Christians in Africa: Interreligious Encounters and Dialogue. Cambria Press. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- "Kalan -Goañv ha Marv". Tartanplace.com. 12 July 2001. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
- Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 37–38. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
- Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 49–50. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
- Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, p. 74. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
- The Oxford companion to American food and drink p.269. Oxford University Press, 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2011
- Frank Leslie's popular monthly, Volume 40, November 1895, p. 540-543. Books.google.com. 5 February 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
- Nathaniel Hawthorne, "The Great Carbuncle," in "Twice-Told Tales", 1837: Hide it [the great carbuncle] under thy cloak, say'st thou? Why, it will gleam through the holes, and make thee look like a jack-o'-lantern!
- As late as 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack-o'-lantern as part of the festivities. "The Day We Celebrate: Thanksgiving Treated Gastronomically and Socially," The New York Times, 24 November 1895, p. 27. "Odd Ornaments for Table," The New York Times, 21 October 1900, p. 12.
- Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Halloween Goes to Hollywood". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 103–124. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
- Thomas Crawford Burns: a study of the poems and songs Stanford University Press, 1960
- Simpson, Jacqueline All Saints' Day in Encyclopedia of Death and Dying, Howarth, G. and Leeman, O. (2001)London Routledge ISBN 0-415-18825-3, p.14 Halloween is closely associated in folklore with death and the supernatural.
- Rogers, Nicholas. (2002) "Coming Over:Halloween in North America". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. p.76. Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-514691-3
- Ruth Edna Kelley, The Book of Hallowe'en, Boston: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard Co., 1919, chapter 15, p.127. "Hallowe'en in America."
- Kelley, Ruth Edna. "Hallowe'en in America".
- Theo. E. Wright, "A Halloween Story," St. Nicholas, October 1915, p. 1144. Mae McGuire Telford, "What Shall We Do Halloween?" Ladies Home Journal, October 1920, p. 135.
- "'Trick or Treat' Is Demand," Herald (Lethbridge, Alberta), November 4, 1927, p. 5, dateline Blackie, Alberta, Nov. 3.
- For examples, see the websites Postcard & Greeting Card Museum: Halloween Gallery, Antique Hallowe'en Postcards, Vintage Halloween Postcards, and Morticia's Morgue Antique Halloween Postcards[dead link].
- E-mail from Louise and Gary Carpentier, 29 May 2007, editors of Halloween Postcards Catalog (CD-ROM), G & L Postcards.
- "Halloween Pranks Keep Police on Hop," Oregon Journal (Portland, Oregon), 1 November 1934:
Other young goblins and ghosts, employing modern shakedown methods, successfully worked the "trick or treat" system in all parts of the city.
Pretty Boy John Doe rang the door bells and his gang waited his signal. It was his plan to proceed cautiously at first and give a citizen every opportunity to comply with his demands before pulling any rough stuff. "Madam, we are here for the usual purpose, 'trick or treat.'" This is the old demand of the little people who go out to have some innocent fun. Many women have some apples, cookies or doughnuts for them, but they call rather early and the "treat" is given out gladly.
- Doris Hudson Moss, "A Victim of the Window-Soaping Brigade?" The American Home, November 1939, p. 48. Moss was a California-based writer.
- Beauchemin, Genevieve; CTV.ca News Staff (31 May 2006). "UNICEF to end Halloween 'orange box' program". CTV. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2006.
- "History of the Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF Campaign". UNICEF Canada. 2008. Archived from the original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
- Apple dookers make record attempt, BBC News, 2 October 2008
- McNeill, F. Marian (1961, 1990) The Silver Bough, Vol. 3. William MacLellan, Glasgow ISBN 0-948474-04-1 pp.11–46
- "Vintage Halloween Cards". Vintage Holiday Crafts. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
- Green Bay Press Gazette, 27 October 1916
- Associated Press (30 October 2005). "Haunted house business getting frightfully hard". MSNBC.com. MSNBC. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
- Greg Ryan (17 September 2008). "A Model of Mayhem". Hudson Valley Magazine. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- Wilson, Craig (12 October 2006). "Haunted houses get really scary". USAToday.com.
- Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Razor in the Apple: Struggle for Safe and Sane Halloween, c. 1920–1990," Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 78–102. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
- "Urban Legends Reference Pages: Pins and Needles in Halloween Candy". Snopes.com. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
- Nixon, Robin (27 October 2010). "Poisoned Halloween Candy: Trick, Treat or Myth? – LiveScience". LiveScience.com. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
- "Halloween Food:Scary Faced Pizza".
- Bannatyne, Lesley Pratt (1 August 1998). Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 1565543467. Retrieved 1 November 2012. "Polish Catholics taught their children to pray out loud as they walked through the woods so that the souls of the dead could hear them and be comforted. Priests in tiny Spanish villages still ring their church bells to remind parishioners to honor the dead on All Hallows Eve."
- "BBC - Religions - Christianity: All Hallows' Eve". British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2011. "All Hallows' Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows' Day, also known as All Saints' Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows' Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself."
- Dr. Andrew James Harvey (31 October 2012). "'All Hallows' Eve'". The Patriot Post. Retrieved 1 November 2011. ""The vigil of the hallows" refers to the prayer service the evening before the celebration of All Hallows or Saints Day. Or "Halloween" for short -- a fixture on the liturgical calendar of the Christian West since the seventh century."
- "Vigil of All Saints". Catholic News Agency. 31 October 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2011. "The Vigil is based on the monastic office of Vigils (or Matins), when the monks would arise in the middle of the night to pray. On major feast days, they would have an extended service of readings (scriptural, patristic, and from lives of the saints) in addition to chanting the psalms. This all would be done in the dark, of course, and was an opportunity to listen carefully to the Word of God as well as the words of the Church Fathers and great saints. The Vigil of All Saints is an adaptation of this ancient practice, using the canonical office of Compline at the end."
- "Night of Light Beginnings". Cor et Lumen Christi Community. Retrieved 2 November 2012. "In its first year - 2000 AD - over 1000 people participated from several countries. This included special All Saints Vigil masses, extended periods of Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament and parties for children. In our second year 10,000 participated. Since these modest beginnings, the Night of Light has been adopted in many countries around the world with vast numbers involved each year from a Cathedral in India to a convent in New Zealand; from Churches in the USA and Europe to Africa; in Schools, churches, homes and church halls all ages have got involved. Although it began in the Catholic Church it has been taken up be other Christians who while keeping it's essentials have adapted it to suit their own traditions."
- "Here's to the Soulcakers going about their mysterious mummery". The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 November 2012. "One that has grown over the past decade is the so-called Night of Light, on All Hallows’ Eve, October 31. It was invented in 2000, in leafy Chertsey, Surrey, when perhaps 1,000 people took part. Now it is a worldwide movement, popular in Africa and the United States. The heart of the Night of Light is an all-night vigil of prayer, but there is room for children’s fun too: sweets, perhaps a bonfire and dressing up as St George or St Lucy. The minimum gesture is to put a lighted candle in the window, which is in itself too exciting for some proponents of health and safety. The inventor of the Night of Light is Damian Stayne, the founder of a year-round religious community called Cor et Lumen Christi – heart and light of Christ. This new movement is Catholic, orthodox and charismatic – emphasising the work of the Holy Spirit."
- Armentrout, Donald S.; Slocum, Robert Boak (1999). An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 7. ISBN 0898692113. Retrieved 1 November 2012. "The BOS notes that "suitable festivities and entertainments" may precede of follow the service, and there may be a visit to a cemetery or burial place."
- Infeld, Joanna (1 December 2008). In-Formation. D & J Holdings LLC. p. 150. ISBN 0976051249. Retrieved 1 November 2012. "My folks are Polish and they celebrate Halloween in a different way. It is time to remember your dead and visit the cemetery and graves of your loved ones."
- "Bishop Challenges Supermarkets to Lighten up Halloween". The Church of England. Retrieved 28 October 2009. "Christianity needs to make clear its positive message for young people. It's high time we reclaimed the Christian aspects of Halloween," says the Bishop, explaining the background to his letter."
- "Halloween and All Saints Day". newadvent.org. n.d. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
- "Halloween Prayers: Prayers and Collects for All Hallows Eve". Ancient and Future Catholics. 2001. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Father, All-Powerful and Ever-Living God, today we rejoice in the holy men and women of every time and place. May their prayers bring us your forgiveness and love. We ask this through Christ our Lord. Amen."
- "Reformation Day". Retrieved 22 October 2009
- "Reformation Day: What, Why, and Resources for Worship". The General Board of Discipleship of The United Methodist Church. 21 October 2005. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
- Travis Allen (2011). "Christians and Halloween". John F. MacArthur. Retrieved 31 October 2011. "Other Christians will opt for Halloween alternatives called "Harvest Festivals", "Hallelujah Night" or "Reformation Festivals"--the kids dress up as farmers, Bible characters, or Reformation heroes."
- Gyles Brandreth, "The Devil is gaining ground" Sunday Telegraph (London), 11 March 2000.
- "Salem 'Saint Fest' restores Christian message to Halloween". www.rcab.org. n.d. Archived from the original on 29 September 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
- "Feast of Samhain/Celtic New Year/Celebration of All Celtic Saints 1 November". All Saints Parish. n.d. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
- Halloween's Christian Roots AmericanCatholic.org. Retrieved on 24 October 2007.
- Halloween: What's a Christian to Do? (1998) by Steve Russo.
- "'Trick?' or 'Treat?' – Unmasking Halloween". The Restored Church of God. n.d. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
- "Jews and Halloween". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2013-03-05.
- Name (required) (2011-10-30). "Halloween and Judaism: a contradiction or a coalition?". Haamnews.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2013-03-05.
- Halloween fire calls 'every 90 seconds' UTV News Retrieved 22 November 2010
- McCann, Chris (28 October 2010). "Halloween firework injuries are on the increase". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
- Paul Kent (27 October 2010). "Calls for Halloween holiday in Australia". The Herald Sun.
- Denton, Hannah (30 October 2010). "Safe treats for kids on year's scariest night". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
- Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, p.164. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8
Further reading
- Diane C. Arkins, Halloween: Romantic Art and Customs of Yesteryear, Pelican Publishing Company (2000). 96 pages. ISBN 1-56554-712-8
- Diane C. Arkins, Halloween Merrymaking: An Illustrated Celebration Of Fun, Food, And Frolics From Halloweens Past, Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 112 pages. ISBN 1-58980-113-X
- Lesley Bannatyne, Halloween: An American Holiday, An American History, Facts on File (1990, Pelican Publishing Company, 1998). 180 pages. ISBN 1-56554-346-7
- Lesley Bannatyne, A Halloween Reader. Stories, Poems and Plays from Halloweens Past, Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 272 pages. ISBN 1-58980-176-8
- Phyllis Galembo, Dressed for Thrills: 100 Years of Halloween Costumes and Masquerade, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. (2002). 128 pages. ISBN 0-8109-3291-1
- Editha Hörandner (ed.), Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo, Volkskunde (Münster in Westfalen), LIT Verlag Münster (2005). 308 pages. ISBN 3-8258-8889-4
- Lisa Morton, The Halloween Encyclopedia, McFarland & Company (2003). 240 pages. ISBN 0-7864-1524-X
- Nicholas Rogers, Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, Oxford University Press, USA (2002). ISBN 0-19-514691-3
- Jack Santino (ed.), Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life, University of Tennessee Press (1994). 280 pages. ISBN 0-87049-813-4
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||This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2012)|
|— 2nd District of Vienna —|
|• District Director||Gerhard Kubik (SPÖ)|
|• First Deputy||Rudolf Kauba (SPÖ)|
|• Second Deputy||Adolf Hasch (Green)|
| • Representation
|SPÖ 26, FPÖ 13, Green 13,
ÖVP 7, KPÖ 1
|• Total||19.27 km2 (7.44 sq mi)|
|• Density||5,100/km2 ( 13,000/sq mi)|
Leopoldstadt (Austro-Bavarian: Leopoidstod, "Leopold-Town") is the 2nd municipal District of Vienna (German: 2. Bezirk). There are 97,677 inhabitants (as of 2012-01-01) over 19.27 km2 (7 sq mi). It is situated in the heart of the city and, together with Brigittenau (20th district), forms a large island surrounded by the Danube Canal and, to the north, the Danube. It is named after Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. Due to its relatively high percentage of Jewish inhabitants (38.5 per cent in 1923, i.e. before the Holocaust), Leopoldstadt gained the nickname Mazzesinsel ("Matzoh Island"). This context was a significant aspect for the district twinning with the New York City borough Brooklyn in 2007.
Places of interest include the Wiener Prater (from Latin pratum "meadow"), former imperial hunting grounds to which the public was denied access until 1766. The area of the Prater closest to the city centre contains a large amusement park, known as the Volksprater ("People's Prater") or Wurstelprater (after the Harlequin-type figure of Hanswurst), and at its entrance there is the giant Wiener Riesenrad Ferris wheel opened in 1897 which features prominently in the movie The Third Man and which has become one of Vienna's trademarks. There is also a miniature steam railway ("Liliputbahn") which, on its track through the woodland parallel to the Hauptallee, passes Vienna's Ernst-Happel-Stadion. The Schweizerhaus ("Swiss Hut"), an establishment boasting a huge beer garden, sells the original Czech Budweiser draught beer. The owners claim that, back in the 1920s, the potato crisp was invented there. Nearby you can find the "Republic of Kugelmugel", a micronation proclaimed in 1984 that became a landmark of the area.
Another, smaller, park in Leopoldstadt is the topiary-type Augarten, which is the home of the Vienna Boys' Choir and of a porcelain manufactory ("Augarten-Porzellan"). Sadly, its distinguishing marks are two disused Flak towers built towards the end of the Second World War. For features of this versatile district not listed here, see the bottom-linked Leopoldstadt Category page.
Jewish Leopoldstadt
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (September 2012)|
In 1625 Rabbi Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller became the rabbi of Vienna. At the time the Jews of Vienna were scattered throughout the city, not having a central community. Heller obtained for the Jews the right to establish a central Jewish community in Leopoldstadt, which was already then a suburb of Vienna. He was instrumental in reorganizing the community, and he drew up its constitution.
By the mid-17th century, part of the built-up area was the Jewish ghetto. At that time the area was called "Im Werd", with the Jewish population living in an area called "Unterer Werd". The hatred that Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor held for the Jews led to the forceful expulsion and destruction of the Jewish community (gesera), with the popular support of the local non-Jewish population. As a thanksgiving for the expulsion, the inhabitants renamed the area Leopoldstadt ("Leopold's city"), after the emperor. During the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Jewish immigrants from eastern parts of the realm again flocked to Leopoldstadt, owing to the proximity of the Nordbahnhof railway station, which was one of the main train stations at which migrants from other parts of the empire arrived in Vienna. The high number of Jewish inhabitants led to the area being called Mazzesinsel ("Island of Matzo", a type of unleavened bread). Several important synagogues were located there, including the Schiff Shul, the Leopoldstädter Tempel, the Türkischer Tempel, the Polnische Schul, and the Pazmanitentempel, as well as yeshivas.
None of the synagogues escaped the destruction during the Kristallnacht pogroms of November 1938 following the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany. The Jewish population was increasingly isolated and terrorised and was finally deported and exterminated in concentration camps such as Auschwitz. The once thriving communal life was completely destroyed. Only a handful of survivors were able to hide until the end of the war, from an original population of several thousands.
With the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989 and renewed immigration from Eastern Europe, especially the former Soviet Union, the Jewish population of Leopoldstadt was able to grow again. Today, many members of Vienna's Jewish community live there again, and there are a number of shops selling kosher food. Several parts of the old residential areas have been gentrified, resulting in a gentle shift from Leopoldstadt's traditional, predominantly working class roots towards a somewhat wealthier population.
Coat of Arms (Crest)
The arms of the Leopoldstadt district, since the retirement of Brigittenau from the 2nd District, contains three parts, symbolizing the former independent communities:
- Saint Leopold in the upper left part (heraldic: upper right) part, symbolizes the historical Leopoldstadt, the former Lower Werd, the area between Augarten, Taborstraße and the Danube Canal. He is in a blue skirt and a red sheath dress; on his head, he wears the Austrian Herzogshut hat. In his hands, he holds the banner of Erzherzogtums Austria below the Enns, and also a church model that symbolizes the patronage of the parish church.
- The upper right (heraldic: upper left) part of the crest represents the district section Jägerzeile, the area around today's Praterstraße. It shows the silver Hubertusallee deer on a green meadow. The deer wears 12-point golden antlers, with a golden cross standing out in the middle. As a symbol of the hunt, the deer gives the earlier meaning of the Prater and the Danube as a hunting area.
- The lower part of the coat of arms stands for the district section Zwischenbrücken. It shows a red tongue on a blue background, surrounded by a golden halo, which has five gold stars. The emblem symbolizes St. John of Nepomuk, the patron saint of bridges, and stands for the original among several poor Danube and its bridges, the area extending from the Danube 1870-1875 regulators around bridge between rich and extends north bridge (and since 1900 became part of the 20th district).
Arts and culture
- Wiener Prater
- Johann Strauss residence (Vienna Museum)
- Augarten Bridge
- Agricultural products market, today Odeon (see below)
- Leopold Church
- "Mexico Church"
- Tegetthoff Monument
- Vienna Crime Museum
- District Museum Leopoldstadt
Leopoldstadt is devoted to the museum district, in particular the arts. The focus is on, inter alia, the Theater in Leopoldstadt, the Carl-Theater, the Leopoldstädter Theater, the Prater and the Jewish Ghetto. The Museum für Unterhaltungskunst covers the history of clowns, artists and circuses; whereas the Museum des Blindenwesens in his exhibition shows the development of teaching and lessons for the blind and Braille. The Wiener Kriminalmuseum ("Vienna Crime Museum"), connected with the Museum of the Vienna Federal Police Directorate, brings the visitor the history of the judiciary and the police and crime from the late Middle Ages forward.
Two major museums in Vienna have branch offices in Leopoldstadt. The Vienna Museum (formerly the Museum of the City of Vienna) operates the Prater Museum (next to the Ferris wheel) on the history of the Wurstelprater amusement park and also allows visits to the home of the "Waltz King" Johann Strauss the Younger in the Praterstraße. The Belvedere has also two branch offices in the 2nd District: Augarten Contemporary (contemporary art) and the neighboring Gustinus-Ambrosi Museum. The Augarten porcelain factory is in the foyer of the castle, for regular porcelain.
In the great hall of the former Agricultural Products Exchange (Taborstraße 10), the team of Serapions Ensembles to Erwin Piplits and Ulrike Kaufmann with the assistance of the City Council until 1988, created the "Odeon", a flexible theater recordable space of considerable proportions. Here are the Serapionsensemble and other artists. The name is reminiscent of the 1845 opened, in 1848 spent "Odeon", which was the largest, several thousand people making ballroom of Vienna (4641 square meters of floor space); in the present, in the quarter after the stock market is located.
Outdoor cinema & former cinemas
As a traditional theater district, Leopoldstadt had, in the middle of the 20th Century, numerous cinemas. As a result of the spread of television in Austria from the late 1950s, cinemas began to close in the 1960s, by which the 2nd District was severely affected. By and by, Leopold townspeople cinemas were closed, and now there is no single regular cinema in the district area. Even the UCI opened in 1999, at the Mehrsälekino Lassallestraße, was already closed three years later because of poor attendance.
The former cinemas, in the order of closure, are:
- Stern (Rotensterngasse 7a), –1962
- Adria (Am Tabor 22), –1964
- Diana (Praterstraße 25), –1968
- Luna (Taborstraße 69), –1971
- Planetarium Studio 2 (Oswald Thomas Platz 1, at the Planetarium), –1972
- Augarten (Malzgasse 2), –1973
- Nestroy (Nestroyplatz, im Nestroyhof), –1975
- Wohlmuth (Wohlmuthstraße 15–17), –1979
- Filmpalast (Prater, near Wiener Riesenrad), –1981 (abgebrannt); aka Lustspieltheater, Lustspielkino, Leopoldstädter Volkskino und Tegethoff
- Helios (Taborstraße 36), –1983
- Münstedt Kino Palast (Prater), –1984
- Panorama Center 1-3 (Praterstern, in Schnellbahnviadukt), –1993; first Mehrsälekino of Vienna.
- Tabor (Taborstraße 8), –1996
- Prater Nonstop (Prater), –1997; Sexkino
- UCI (Lassallestraße 7a), –2002; 1999 opened as Mehrsälekino
This development is however an increasing demand for outdoor summer cinema, since the early 1990s, before the Vienna City Hall every summer, the Film Festival at the Vienna City Hall Square takes place. In the 2nd District, there are currently four summer open-air cinemas:
- Kino unter Sternen ("Cinema under the stars") - Augarten, beim Flakturm
- Kino wie noch nie ("Cinema as never before") - Augartenspitz, Obere Augartenstraße 1
- Prater Film Festival (Kaiserweise, before the Wiener Riesenrad)
- Sommerkino Tribüne Krieau ("Summer movie gallery") - Trabrennplatz Krieau
In Augarten (Obere Augartenstraße 1), the Austrian film archive established here and at the Metro Cinema (1st district) shows historical films and scientific research.
District partnership
Notable residents
- Basilio Calafati (1800–1878), magician in Vienna Wurstelprater
- Otto Erich Deutsch (1883–1967), musicologist
- Carl Djerassi
- Brigitte Ederer (1956-), Austrian politician (SPÖ)
- Bernd Fasching
- Viktor Frankl (1905–1997), Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist, Holocaust survivor
- Sigmund Freud, psychoanalist
- Bernhard Gál, artist, composer
- Jazz Gitti (1946-), Austrian musician and singer
- Karl Goldmark (1830–1915), composer
- Clemens Haipl (1969-)
- Theodor Herzl
- Andreas Mailath-Pokorny (1959-), Austrian politician (SPÖ)
- Lise Meitner, scientist
- Johann Nestroy
- Klaus Nüchtern (1961-), Austrian journalist
- Arthur Schnitzler
- Arnold Schönberg, composer
- Jura Soyfer
- Marie Langer, psychoanalist
- Max Steiner, film composer
- Melissa Dines, philanthropist
- Ursula Stenzel
- Johann Strauss I, composer
- Johann Strauss II, composer
- Hannes Swoboda (1946-), Austrian politician (SPÖ)
- Klaus Werner-Lobo (1967-), Austrian author and politician (Greens)
- Billy Wilder (1906–2002), American film director and producer
- Alexander von Zemlinsky, composer
See also
- "Statistik Austria – Bevölkerung zu Jahresbeginn seit 2002 nach Politischen Bezirken", Statistik Austria.
- Partnership with Brooklyn: scroll down to New York City, then proceed to Brooklyn on the list of sister cities in New York.
- Office for Theatre - in the 2nd cinema District.
- [Parts of this article were translated from German Wikipedia.]
- "Wien - 2. Bezirk/Leopoldstadt", Wien.gv.at, 2008, webpage (15 subpages): Wien.gv.at-leopoldstadt (in German).
- Ruth Beckermann: Die Mazzesinsel – Juden in der Wiener Leopoldstadt 1918-38 ("Matzoh Island - Jews in the Viennese Leopoldstadt 1918-38"). Löcker Verlag, Vienna 1984, ISBN 978-3-85409-068-7.
- Gertrude Brinek (Hg.): Leopoldstadt: Geschichten einer widersprüchlichen Liebe ("Leopoldstadt: Tales of a Contradictory Love"). Science Press, Vienna 1999, ISBN 3-900574-13-8.
- Felix Czeike: Wiener Bezirkskulturführer: II. Leopoldstadt ("Viennese District Culture: II. Leopoldstadt"). Jugend und Volk, Vienna 1980, ISBN 3-7141-6225-9
- Werner Hanak, Mechtild Widrich (Hg.): Wien II. Leopoldstadt. Die andere Heimatkunde ("Vienna II. Leopoldstadt: The Other Local Lore"). Brandstätter, Vienna 1999, ISBN 3-85447-684-1.
- Christine Klusacek, Kurt Wimmer: Leopoldstadt. Eine Insel mitten in der Stadt ("Leopoldstadt: An Island Amidst the City"). Mohl, Vienna 1978, ISBN 3-900272-29-8.
Media related to Leopoldstadt at Wikimedia Commons
- An entry from the aeiou Encyclopedia (in English)
- Leopoldstadt Online — a private online project (in German)
- Zwi Perez Chajes School — homepage of the Jewish gymnasium
- The Schweizerhaus homepage (includes an English translation) | <urn:uuid:ccc69b19-8293-47bc-99db-949b65c045bd> | 2013-05-18T08:03:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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List of earthquakes in Haiti
This is a list of earthquakes in Haiti. Some of them have been very destructive to the country.
List of major earthquakes
- 1564 quake destroyed of Concepción de la Vega and Santiago de los Caballeros.
- 1701: On November 9, severe destruction occurred and "[p]art of the area along the north shore of the Tiburon Peninsula from Logane to Petit Goave sank into the sea".
- 1751 Port-au-Prince earthquake (18 October): According to French historian Moreau de Saint-Méry, "only one masonry building had not collapsed" in Port-au-Prince, Haiti's capital city.
- 1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake (3 June): The city was leveled in this magnitude 7.5 quake, which killed over 200 people.
- 1783: A strong quake partially destroyed the church in Santiago.
- 1842 Cap-Haitien earthquake (7 May): An earthquake destroyed the city of Cap-Haïtien and other towns in the north of Haiti and the Dominican Republic; this earthquake also destroyed the Sans-Souci Palace. 10,000 people were killed. It has been estimated that its magnitude was 8.1.
- 1946 Dominican Republic earthquake (4 August): This 8.0-magnitude quake in Samaná also shook Haiti horrifically, producing a tsunami that killed 1,600 people.
- 2010 Haiti earthquake (12 January):. The epicentre of this magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake was near Léogâne, approximately 25 km (16 miles) west of Port-au-Prince. at a depth of 13 km (8.1 miles). The United States Geological Survey recorded a series of at least 33 aftershocks, 14 of which were between magnitudes 5.0 and 5.9. The International Red Cross estimated that about three million people were affected by the quake; the Haitian Government reports that over 316,000 people had been identified as dead, an estimated 300,000 injured, and an estimated 1,000,000 homeless.
12 January 2010 earthquake
Eric Calais, a geophysicist at Purdue University who has researched in the area for years, and Ross Stein of the United States Geological Survey in Menlo Park, California, and colleagues have independently calculated that the earthquake has increased the risk on other segments of the Enriquillo fault and perhaps on other faults, although the quake probably did not increase the risk (which is already known to be high) of a major tremor on the Septentrional fault. Stein suggests that if the calculations are right—noting that they may well not be—something may be "fundamentally locked in some fashion, on pretty much all scales, and might be capable of popping off something large". Historical accounts, although not precise, suggest that there has been a sequence of quakes progressing westwards along the fault, starting with an earthquake in the Dominican Republic in 2010. There are concerns that the 12 January earthquake could be the beginning of a new long-term sequence of both earthquakes and tsunamis: "the whole region is fearful".
See also
- Enriquillo – Plantain Garden fault zone
- List of earthquakes
- Map of 'Earthquakes in Haiti', compiled from the list above.
- Prepetit, Claude (9 October 2008), "Tremblements de terre en Haïti, mythe ou réalité ?[[Category:Articles containing French language text]]", Le Matin, N° 33082 Wikilink embedded in URL title (help), quoting Moreau de Saint-Méry, Médéric Louis Élie, Description topographique, physique, civile, politique et historique de la partie française de l'Ile Saint Domingue and J. M. Jan, bishop of Cap-Haïtien (1972), Documentation religieuse, Éditions Henri Deschamps. http://haitimega.com/Cap_Haitien-Cap_Haitian_Earthquake_of_May_7_1842/84144788150681600/article_84481504601309194.jsp
- "What caused the devastating Haiti earthquake?". LiveScience.com. 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-12.
- "Major Caribbean Earthquakes And Tsunamis A Real Risk". Science Daily. Feb. 8, 2005. Retrieved 2010-09-12.
- "USGS Magnitude 7.0 – HAITI REGION". Retrieved 13 January 2010.
- Millar, Lisa (2010-01-17). "Tens of thousands isolated at quake epicentre". ABC News. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
- Earthquake Center, USGS. "Latest Earthquakes M5.0+ in the World – Past 7 days". Earthquake Hazards Program. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
- "Red Cross: 3M Haitians Affected by Quake". CBS News. 13 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
- "Haitians recall 2010 quake "hell" as death toll raised. Many survivors of the earthquake were left with permanent disabilities including limb amputation, spinal cord injury and severe fractures. Traditionally disability was not well received in Haiti. [[Team Zaryen]], a Haitian Amputee Soccer Team has been challenging that negative association by showing their success on the pitch.". Rueters. 2011-01-12. Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
- New York Times: A Deadly Quake in a Seismic Hot Zone | <urn:uuid:776fac11-e4ff-47a1-9b1e-250fad8a24ea> | 2013-05-18T08:05:01Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Her Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition (United Kingdom)
|This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
the United Kingdom
Her Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition, or the Official Opposition, in the United Kingdom is led by the Leader of the Opposition. This is usually the political party with the second-largest number of seats in the House of Commons, as the largest party will usually form Her Majesty's Government. Since May 2010, the Official Opposition has been the Labour Party.
The phrase His Majesty's Opposition was coined in 1826, before the advent of the modern two-party system, when Parliament consisted more of interests, relationships and factions rather than the highly coherent political parties of today (although the Whigs and Tories were the two main parties). Attacking the Foreign Secretary, George Canning, in the House of Commons, John Hobhouse said, "It is said to be hard on His Majesty's Ministers to raise objections of this character but it is more hard on His Majesty's Opposition to compel them to take this course."
The phrase was widely welcomed and has been in use ever since.
Opposition days
Whilst most days in the House of Commons are set aside for government business, twenty days in each session are set aside for opposition debates. Of these days, seventeen are at the disposal of the Leader of the Opposition and three can be used by the leader of the smaller, or Tertiary, opposition party (for most recent history this has been the Liberal Democrats).
Leader of the Opposition
The Leader of Her Majesty's Most Loyal Opposition is often seen as the Prime Minister-in-waiting; as well as his salary as an MP, he or she receives a statutory salary and perquisites like those of a cabinet minister, including appointment as a Privy Councillor. Since 1915, the Leader of the Opposition has, like the Prime Minister, always been a member of the House of Commons. Before that a member of the House of Lords sometimes took on the role, although often there was no overall Leader of the Opposition.
Although there has never been a dispute as to who holds the position, under the Ministerial and other Salaries Act 1975, the Speaker’s decision on the identity of the Leader of the Opposition is final. The current Leader of the Opposition is Ed Miliband, elected leader of the Labour Party on 25 September 2010.
Ministers' Questions
Prime Minister's Questions
The most public parliamentary function of the Leader of the Opposition is Prime Minister's Questions (PMQs), currently a 30-minute session held on Wednesday at 12 PM when Parliament is sitting. The Leader of the Opposition has six questions, which he usually splits into two sets. Other backbench opposition MPs also have the right to question the Prime Minister; they are selected either through a ballot, or by "catching the Speaker's eye". By convention, other Shadow Cabinet members do not question the Prime Minister at PMQs, except when standing-in for the Leader.
Other Ministers' Questions
Every government department is subjected to questions in the House of Commons and the House of Lords. As with PMQs, the official opposition spokesmen are allocated a number of questions, and in addition backbench MPs are free to ask questions. In the House of Lords, opposition spokespeople also question the government. This is one of the reasons why every government department (and opposition shadow department) has at least one member of parliament and one peer in it.
As is usual with Westminster systems, and other statutory assemblies and councils in the UK, the government and its supporters sit to the Speaker's right, whilst the Opposition parties sit to his/her left. Currently, members from the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties (which form the Government in coalition) sit to the Speaker's right, and members from the Labour Party and other minor parties sit to the Speaker's left.
See also
- Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
- Official Opposition frontbench
- Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)
- Parliamentary opposition
- List of British shadow cabinets | <urn:uuid:952c93db-eb08-4a90-8b5e-971c08ea14b1> | 2013-05-18T08:03:32Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Sabermetrics is the specialized analysis of baseball through objective evidence, especially baseball statistics that measure in-game activity. The term is derived from the acronym SABR, which stands for the Society for American Baseball Research. It was coined by Bill James, who is one of its pioneers and is often considered its most prominent advocate and public face.
General principles
The Sabermetric Manifesto by David Grabiner (1994) begins:
Bill James defined sabermetrics as "the search for objective knowledge about baseball." Thus, sabermetrics attempts to answer objective questions about baseball, such as "which player on the Red Sox contributed the most to the team's offense?" or "How many home runs will Ken Griffey hit next year?" It cannot deal with the subjective judgments which are also important to the game, such as "Who is your favorite player?" or "That was a great game."
It may, however, attempt to settle questions such as "Was Willie Mays faster than Mickey Mantle?" by establishing several possible parameters for examining speed in objective studies (how many triples each man hit, how many bases each man stole, how many times he was caught stealing) and then reaching a tentative conclusion on the basis of these individual studies.
Sabermetricians frequently question traditional measures of baseball skill. For instance, they doubt that batting average is as useful as conventional wisdom says it is because team batting average provides a relatively poor fit for team runs scored. Sabermetric reasoning would say that runs win ballgames, and that a good measure of a player's worth is his ability to help his team score more runs than the opposing team. This may imply that the traditional RBI (runs batted in) is an effective metric; however, sabermetricians also reject RBI, for a number of reasons. Rather, sabermetric measures are usually phrased in terms of either runs or team wins. For example, a player might be described as being worth 54 offensive runs more than a replacement-level player at the same position over the course of a full season, as the sabermetric statistic VORP can indicate.
Sabermetrics is concerned both with determining the value of a player or team in current or past seasons and with attempting to predict the value of a player or team in the future. Many areas of study are still in development, specifically in the area of performance measurement.
Early history
Sabermetrics research began in the middle of the 20th century. Earnshaw Cook was one of the earliest researchers of sabermetrics. Cook gathered the majority of his research in his 1964 book, Percentage Baseball. The book was the first of its kind to gain national media attention, although it was widely criticized and not accepted by most baseball organizations.
- Base runs (BsR)
- Batting average on balls in play (BABIP)
- Defense independent pitching statistics (DIPS)
- Defensive Runs Saved (DRS)
- Equivalent average (EQA)
- Fantasy batter value (FBV)
- Late-inning pressure situations (LIPS)
- On-base plus slugging (OPS)
- PECOTA (Player empirical comparison and optimization test algorithm)
- Peripheral ERA (PERA)
- Pythagorean expectation
- Range factor
- Runs created
- Secondary average
- Similarity score
- Speed Score
- Super linear weights
- Total player rating, or Batter-Fielder Wins (TPR, BFW); Total Pitcher Index, or Pitcher Wins (TPI, PW)
- Ultimate zone rating (UZR)
- Value over replacement player (VORP)
- Win shares
- Wins above replacement (WAR)
Notable proponents
- Russ Brandon: Team President and CEO of the Buffalo Bills is going to incorporate Sabermetrics to contracts, and use in conjunction with scouting and player analysis beginning in 2013.
- Sandy Alderson: Former General Manager of the Oakland Athletics, Alderson began focusing on sabermetric principles toward obtaining relatively undervalued players in 1995. He became GM of the New York Mets in late 2010.
- Billy Beane: Athletics' General Manager since 1997. Although not a public proponent of sabermetrics, it has been widely noted that Beane has steered the team during his tenure according to sabermetric principles. In 2003, Michael Lewis published Moneyball about Billy Beane's use of a more quantitative approach. In 2011, a film based on Lewis' book which dramatised Beane's use of sabermetrics was released, starring Brad Pitt in the role of Beane.
- Carson Cistulli: Senior editor of FanGraphs, member of the BBWAA
- Earnshaw Cook: Early researcher and proponent of statistical baseball research. His 1964 book Percentage Baseball was the first book of baseball statistics studies to gain national media attention.
- Paul DePodesta: A key figure in Michael Lewis' book Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game as Beane's assistant in Oakland.
- Theo Epstein: President of Baseball Operations for the Chicago Cubs. As GM of the Red Sox, Epstein hired sabermetrician Bill James.
- Bill James: Widely considered the father of sabermetrics due to his extensive series of books, although a number of less well known SABR researchers in the early 1970s provided a foundation for his work. He began publishing his Baseball Abstracts in 1977 to study some questions about baseball he found interesting, and their eclectic mix of essays based on new kinds of statistics soon became popular with a generation of thinking baseball fans. He discontinued the Abstracts after the 1988 edition, but continued to be active in the field. His two Historical Baseball Abstract editions and Win Shares book have continued to advance the field of sabermetrics, 25 years after he began. In 2002 James was hired as a special advisor to the Boston Red Sox.
- Christina Kahrl: Co-founder of Baseball Prospectus and current ESPN columnist, Kahrl puts an emphasis on advanced baseball analytics.
- Sean Lahman: Created a database of baseball statistics from existing sources and in the mid-1990s made it available for free download on the Internet, providing access to statistical data in electronic form for the first time.
- Voros McCracken: Developed a system called Defense Independent Pitching Statistics (DIPS) to evaluate a pitcher based purely on his ability.
- Rob Neyer: Senior writer at ESPN.com and national baseball editor of SBNation and former assistant to Bill James, he has worked to popularize sabermetrics since the mid-1980s. Neyer has authored or co-authored several books about baseball, and his journalistic writing focuses on sabermetric methods for looking at baseball players' and teams' performance.
- Joe Posnanski: A popular baseball writer and a proponent of sabermetrics.
- Nate Silver: Writer and former managing partner of Baseball Prospectus, inventor of PECOTA. Later applied sabermetric statistical models to the study of politics, particularly elections, and published the results on his blog FiveThirtyEight (later affiliated with The New York Times).
- David Smith: Founded Retrosheet in 1989, with the objective of computerizing the box score of every major league baseball game ever played, in order to more accurately collect and compare the statistics of the game.
- Tom Tango: Runs the Tango on Baseball sabermetrics website. In particular, he has worked in the area of defense independent pitching statistics.
- Eric Walker: Former aerospace engineer turned baseball writer, who played an important part in the early acceptance of sabermetrics within the Oakland Athletics organization. GM Sandy Alderson hired Walker in order to get "some Bill James-like stuff that was proprietary to us."
- Keith Woolner: Creator of VORP, or Value over Replacement Player, is a former writer for sabermetric group/website Baseball Prospectus. He was hired in 2007 by the Cleveland Indians as their Manager of Baseball Research & Analytics.
- Craig R. Wright: A statistician for the Texas Rangers, was the first front office employee in Major League Baseball to work under the title "Sabermetrician."
- Baseball Prospectus is an annual publication and web site produced by a group of sabermetricians who originally met over the Internet. Several Baseball Prospectus authors have invented or improved upon widely relied upon sabermetric measures and techniques. The website publishes analytical articles as well as advanced statistics and projections for individuals and teams. This group also publishes other books that use and seek to popularize sabermetric techniques, including Baseball Between the Numbers and It Ain't Over 'til It's Over.
- The Hardball Times is a website as well as an annual volume that evaluates the preceding major league season and presents original research articles on various sabermetric topics. The website also publishes original research on baseball.
- FanGraphs is a website that publishes advanced baseball statistics as well as graphics that evaluate and track the performance of players and teams. The site also favors the analysis of play-by-play data and PITCHf/x. It draws on some of the advanced baseball metrics developed by well-known sabermetricians such as Tom Tango and Mitchel Lichtman.
- Beyond the Boxscore is a part of SB Nation and specializes in sabermetric analysis and research. It has also launched the careers of many successful sabermetricians.
- SABR is the Society for American Baseball Research, founded in 1971, and the root of the term sabermetrics. Statistical study, however, is only a small component of SABR members' research, which also focuses on diverse issues including ballparks, the Negro Leagues, rules changes, and the desegregation of baseball as a mirror of American culture.
- Fielding Bible Awards are voted on by a panel of sabermetically inclined writers to recognize the best defensive player for each fielding position. It provides an alternative to the Gold Glove Awards, the traditional measurement of fielding excellence.
- Baseball Think Factory is a web forum that includes extensive coverage of and commentary on baseball, usually from the perspective of sabermetrics.
Popular culture
- Moneyball, the 2011 film about Billy Beane's use of sabermetrics to build the Oakland Athletics. The film is based on Michael Lewis' book of the same name.
- The season 3 Numb3rs episode "Hardball" focuses on sabermetrics, and the season 1 episode "Sacrifice" also covers the subject.
- "MoneyBART", the third episode of The Simpsons' 22nd season, in which Lisa utilizes sabermetrics to coach Bart's Little League Baseball team.
See also
- Fielding Bible Award
- Win Shares by Bill James
- Whatever Happened to the Hall of Fame? by Bill James
- Total Baseball by John Thorn and Pete Palmer
- The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract
- Moneyball, by Michael Lewis
- APBRmetrics, the basketball equivalent
- Lewis, Michael M. (2003). Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-05765-8.
- Grabiner, David J. "The Sabermetric Manifesto". The Baseball Archive.
- Jarvis, J. (2003-09-29). "A Survey of Baseball Player Performance Evaluation Measures". Retrieved 2007-11-02.
- Albert, James; Jay M. Bennett (2001). Curve Ball: Baseball, Statistics, and the Role of Chance in the Game. Springer. pp. 170–171. ISBN 0-387-98816-5.
- Kipen, D. (June 1, 2003). "Billy Beane's brand-new ballgame". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 2, 2007.
- Neyer, Rob (November 5, 2002). "Red Sox hire James in advisory capacity". ESPN.com. Retrieved March 7, 2009.
- Shanahan, M. (May 23, 2005). Retrieved November 2, 2007 His numbers are in the ballpark The Boston Globe
- "Bill James, Beyond Baseball". Think Tank with Ben Wattenberg. PBS. June 28, 2005. Retrieved November 2, 2007.
- Ackman, D. (May 20, 2007). "Sultan of Stats". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 2, 2007.
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- Goldman, Steven (2007). It Ain't Over 'til It's Over. ISBN 0-465-00285-4. | <urn:uuid:21efdf4c-01ca-41af-b9b9-59ca33377189> | 2013-05-18T06:43:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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South Africa national rugby union team
|Union||South African Rugby Union|
|Nickname(s)||Springboks, Springbokke, Boks, Bokke, Amabokoboko|
|Emblem(s)||the Springbok and the Protea|
|Captain(s)||Jean De Villiers|
|Most caps||John Smit (111)|
|Top scorer||Percy Montgomery (893)|
|Most tries||Bryan Habana (47)
(correct as at 25 November 2012)
|South Africa 0 – 4 British Isles
(30 July 1891)
| South Africa 134 – 3 Uruguay
(11 June 2005)
| England 53 – 3 South Africa
(23 November 2002)
|Appearances||5/7 (First in 1995)|
|Best result||Champions, 1995 & 2007|
The South Africa national rugby union team (known as the Springboks) represents South Africa in rugby union. They compete in the annual Rugby Championship, along with southern-hemisphere counterparts Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. They have won this championship on three occasions in sixteen years. They are currently ranked second in the world by the International Rugby Board, and were named 2008 World Team of the Year at the Laureus World Sports Awards.
Although South Africa was instrumental in the creation of the Rugby World Cup competition, the Springboks did not compete in the first two World Cups in 1987 and 1991 because of anti-apartheid sporting boycotts of South Africa. The team made its World Cup debut in 1995, when the newly democratic South Africa hosted the tournament. The Springboks then defeated the All Blacks 15–12 in the final, which is now remembered as one of the greatest moments in South Africa's sporting history, and a watershed moment in the post-Apartheid nation-building process. South Africa regained their title as champions 12 years later, when they defeated England 15–6 in the 2007 final. As a result of the 2007 World Cup tournament the Springboks were promoted to first place in the IRB World Rankings, a position they held until July the following year when New Zealand regained the top spot.
The Springboks play in green and gold jerseys, and their emblems are the Springbok and the Protea. The side has been playing international rugby since 1891, when a British Isles side toured the nation, playing South Africa in their first Test on 30 July. South Africa was coached by Jake White, who led the Boks to the 2007 World Cup title, announcing his resignation effectively from the end of 2007. His replacement's (Peter de Villiers) contract expired in 2011, following a 11–9 defeat to Australia in the Rugby World Cup quarter-final, who then stated he would not be signing a new deal. The previous captain was John Smit, who before he retired in 2011 played hooker for most of his career, although he has also been a prop, mainly in 2008 and 2009. Due to Smit being unavailable for the November 2010 Tests after surgery, lock Victor Matfield took Smit's place as captain for that tour. The current captain is Jean de Villiers.
Early years
First internationals
The first British Isles tour took place in 1891, with the trip financially underwritten by Cape Colony Prime Minister Cecil Rhodes. These were the first representative games played by South African sides, who were still learning the game. The tourists played and won a total of twenty matches, conceding only one point in the process. South Africa's first Tests were played, although South Africa did not exist as political unit until 1910. In a notable event of the tour, the British side presented the Currie Cup to Griqualand West, the province they thought produced the best performance on the tour.
The British Isles' success continued on their 21 game tour of 1896. The British Isles won three out of the four Tests against South Africa. South Africa's play improved markedly from 1891. Their forwards were particularly impressive, and their first Test win in the final game was a pointer to the future. For the first time South Africa had worn myrtle green shirts, which their captain, Barry Heatlie, borrowed from his Old Diocesans club. Rugby was given a huge boost by the early Lions tours, which created great interest in the South African press.
Rugby was so popular that in 1902 there was a temporary ceasefire in the Second Boer War so that a game could be played between British and Boer forces. The game had spread among the Afrikaner population through POW games during the Boer War, and afterwards Stellenbosch University became a training ground for future players and administrators.
In 1903 the British Isles lost a series for the first time in South Africa, drawing the opening two Tests before losing the last 8–0. In all, the tourists won just 11 of their 22 tour games. By contrast, South Africa would not lose another series—home or away—until 1956.
Paul Roos was the captain of the first South African team to tour the British Isles and France. The team was largely dominated by players from Western Province, and took place over 1906–07. The team played 29 matches; including Tests against all four Home Nations. England managed a draw, but Scotland was the only one of the Home unions to gain a victory.
During this tour the nickname Springboks was first used. There is often confusion as to the springbok symbol being worn before the name was invented, but this may be down to the fact the tour manager, J.C. Carden, spoke of having no 'uniforms or blazers' with the icon, though he did not appear to mean the jerseys. It was reported in the Daily Mail on 20 September 1906, seven days before the first match, that 'The team's colours will be myrtle green with gold collar... and will have embroidered in mouse-coloured silk on the left breast a Springbok'. Carden later stated:
|“||...No uniforms or blazers had been provided... That night I spoke to Roos and Carolin and pointed out that the witty London Press would invent some funny name for us if we did not invent one ourselves. We thereupon agreed to call ourselves Springboks and to tell Pressmen that we desired to be so named. I remember this distinctly, for Paul (Roos) reminded us that "Springbokken" was the correct plural. However, the Daily Mail, after our first practice, called us the Springboks and the name stuck. I at once ordered the dark green, gold-edged blazers...||”|
Newspaper reporters were to call the team "De Springbokken", and later The Daily Mail printed an article referring to the "Springboks". The team thereafter wore blazers with a springbok on the left breast pocket. Historically the term 'Springbok' was applied to any team or individual representing South Africa in international competition regardless of sporting discipline. This tradition was abandoned with the advent of South Africa's new democratic government in 1994. The trip helped heal wounds after the Boer War and instilled a sense of national pride among South Africans.
The South Africans crossed the channel to play an unofficial match against a 'France' team drawn from the two Parisian clubs: Stade Français and Racing Club de France. The official French team were in England at the time. The Springboks won 55–6 and scored 13 tries in the process.
The 1910 British Isles tour of South Africa was the first to include representatives from all four Home unions. The team performed moderately against the non-test parties, claiming victories in just over half their matches. The tourists won just one of their three Tests.
Inter war
By the first World War New Zealand and South Africa had established themselves as rugby's two greatest powers. A New Zealand Army match tour of South Africa in 1919 paved the way for a Springbok tour to New Zealand and Australia in 1921. The tour was billed as "The World Championship of Rugby". The All Blacks won the first Test 13–5, which included a try by All Blacks winger Jack Steel who had sprinted 50 metres with the ball trapped between his right hand and back to score. The Springboks recovered to win the second Test 9–5 thanks to a Gerhard Morkel drop-goal. The final Test was drawn 0–0 after being played in terrible conditions—resulting in a series draw.
The 1924 British and Irish Lions team to South Africa struggled with injuries and won only nine of 21 games. They lost all four Tests to the Springboks, but despite the results, the tour produced some attractive rugby. This was the first side to pick up the name Lions, apparently picked up from the Lions embroidered on their ties.
The All Blacks first toured South Africa in 1928, and again the Test series finished level. Despite playing most of the second half with only 14 men, with a dominant scrum and fly-half Bennie Osler, the Springboks won the first Test 17–0 to inflict the All Blacks' heaviest defeat since 1893. The All Blacks rebounded to win the second Test 7–6. After a Springbok win in the third Test, the Springboks needed to win the fourth to secure a series victory. The New Zealanders bought back Mark Nicholls for his only Test of the series, and their captain Maurice Brownlie told the team a week before the Test that "Under no circumstances whatever is anyone of you so much as to touch a rugby ball until we play the Springboks in the last test." Their tactics were successful and the All Blacks won 13–5 to draw the series.
Despite winning South Africa's second Grand Slam, the Springbok tourists of 1931–32 were an unloved team. They had a jumbo pack and a kicking fly-half in captain Bennie Osler. Their tactics of kicking for territory earned them criticism both in South Africa and abroad. It was successful however, the team winning against England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, as well as defeating all their Welsh opponents for the first time.
In 1937 South Africa toured New Zealand and Australia and broke the deadlock with a series win in New Zealand. Their 2–1 series win prompted them to be called "the best team to ever leave New Zealand". Despite the All Blacks winning the first Test, the Springboks' won in the third Test 17–6 and scored five tries to none. The All Blacks' loss was considered a humiliation in New Zealand.
The British Isles toured South Africa again in 1938, winning more than half of their normal matches. The Springboks easily claimed the first two tests. But the tourists recorded a surprise win in the third Test, the first Lions win in South Africa since 1910.
Post-war era
Danie Craven was appointed coach in 1949, and started his coaching career with a bang. The Springboks won ten matches in a row, including a 4–0 whitewash of New Zealand on their 1949 tour to South Africa. Prop Okey Geffin helped kick the Springboks to victory—they won all four Tests despite the All Blacks scoring more tries in three of them. The 1951–52 team that toured Europe was considered amongst the finest Springbok sides to tour. The team won the Grand Slam as well as defeating France. Hennie Muller captained the side after original captain Basil Kenyon suffered a serious eye injury. The South African highlight of the tour was a 44–0 defeat of Scotland. The defeat of Scotland included nine tries, and was a record at the time. The team finished with only one loss, to London Counties, from 31 matches. In 1954, Australia toured South Africa for the second time and although they lost the series they were given a standing ovation after defeating South Africa 18–14 in a thrilling 2nd Test at Newlands. Wallaby Captain John Solomon was chaired off the field by two South African players. This was the first Springbok defeat for 15 years. During their 1955 tour to South Africa, the Lions won 19 and drew one from the 25 fixtures. The four-test series ended in a draw. In 1956 the All Blacks won its first series over the Springboks, in what Chris Hewett called "in the most bitterly fought series in history." Surprise selection Don Clarke from Waikato—nicknamed the Boot—kicked the decisive penalties in the final Tests.
South Africa had defeated France 25–3 at Colombes Stadium in 1952, and when France toured South Africa in 1958 they were not expected to compete. Georges Duthen described the mood of the French players before their first Test in 1958: "They were going into battle. A Battle for France. And they hadn't a hope..." France exceeded expectations and drew 3–3 with after a drop goal to French scrum-half Pierre Danos and unconverted try to South Africa's Butch Lochner. The French then secured a Test series victory in South Africa with their 9–5 victory in front of 90,000 spectators in Johannesburg. The French feared the South African forwards, especially their scrum, and focused much of their training before the series on improving the "South African" style of their forwards. The decisive moment of the match was French forward Jean Barthe's tackle on Jan Prinsloo near the French try-line prevented a certain try. The momentum then swung to France who scored drop-goals—one each to Pierre Lacaze and Roger Martine—to secure the historic victory.
Even before the apartheid laws were passed after 1948, sporting teams going to South Africa had felt it necessary to exclude non-white players. New Zealand rugby teams in particular had done this, and the exclusion of George Nepia and Jimmy Mill from the 1928 All Blacks tour, and the dropping of Ranji Wilson from the New Zealand Army team nine years before that, had attracted little comment at the time. However, in 1960 international criticism of apartheid grew in the wake of the The Wind of Change speech and the Sharpeville massacre.
From this point onward, the Springboks were increasingly the target of international controversy and protest. The All Blacks toured in 1960, despite a campaign based on the slogan of "No Maoris, No Tour", and a 150,000 signature petition opposing it. The Springboks avenged their 1956 series defeat by winning the Test series 2–1 with a Test drawn. The first match was won 13–0 by the Springboks with two tries to Hennie van Zyl. New Zealand journalist Noel Holmes said after the match "I hang my head in shame for having suggested that your forwards might be slow, even unfit." The All Blacks won the second Test 11–3 which they did so with a dominant forward pack and the tactical kicking of Don Clarke. The players selected for the third and fourth Tests formed the core of Springboks side for the next three seasons. The third Test was drawn 11–11 after a last minute sideline conversion from All Black Don Clarke. The deciding Test was won 8–3 by the Springboks with the decisive try scored by Martin Pelser.
Later that same year the Springboks themselves toured, and led by Avril Malan they defeated all four Home unions for their fourth Grand Slam. On a four-month, 34 game sweep through Europe they played a ruthless, forward-oriented game in which intimidation was a key part, and opposition players suffered a string of controversial injuries. However, they lost their final game 6–0 against the Barbarians in Cardiff, beaten when perhaps the Barbarians' pack played an uncharacteristically pragmatic game.
In 1962 the British Isles, won 16 of their 25 games on their tour to South Africa, but did not do so well in the Tests—losing all three. In 1963 the touring Wallabies beat the Springboks in consecutive Tests, the first team to do so since the 1896 British team.
Wales toured South Africa and played several games and one Test in 1964—their first overseas tour. They lost the Test against South Africa in Durban 24–3, their biggest defeat in 40 years. At the Welsh Rugby Union (WRU) annual general meeting that year, the outgoing WRU President D. Ewart Davies declared that "it was evident from the experience of the South African Tour that a much more positive attitude to the game was required in Wales... Players must be prepared to learn, and indeed re-learn, to the absolute point of mastery, the basic principles of Rugby Union football."
South Africa had a disastrous year in 1965, losing on tour to Ireland, Scotland, Australia (twice) and New Zealand (three times) while winning just once against New Zealand. The planned 1967 tour by the All Blacks was cancelled by the New Zealand Rugby Football Union after the South African government refused to allow Maori players.
In 1968 the Lions toured and won 15 of their 16 provincial matches, but lost three Tests and drew one. Next year the 1969 Springbok tour to Britain and Ireland found a new spirit and confidence had developed in Home nations rugby, and the tourists lost two of their seven games in Wales—against Newport and a composite side from Monmouthshire. Wales nearly claimed their first win against the Springboks as the game ended 6–6. The Springboks lost the Test matches against England and Scotland, drawing the one against Ireland. Throughout the tour however, large anti-apartheid demonstrations were a feature, and many matches had to be played behind barbed wire fences.
In 1970 the All Blacks toured South Africa once again—after the 1967 stand-off, the South African government now agreed to treat Maoris in the team, and Maori spectators, as 'honorary whites'. The Springboks won the test series 3–1.
The Springbok tour of Australia in 1971 began with matches in Perth, then Adelaide and Melbourne. The Springboks won all three Tests, scoring 18–6, 14–6, and 19–11. As in Britain three years before however, massive anti-apartheid demonstrations greeted the team, and they had to be transported by the Royal Australian Air Force after the trade unions refused to service planes or trains transporting them. Although a tour of New Zealand had been planned for 1973, it was blocked by New Zealand Prime Minister Norman Kirk on the grounds of public safety.
The Lions team that toured South Africa in 1974 led by Willie John McBride was unbeaten over 22 games, and triumphed 3–0 (with one drawn) in the Test series. A key feature was the Lions' infamous '99 call'. Lions management had decided that the Springboks dominated their opponents with physical aggression, so decided "to get their retaliation in first". At the call of '99' each Lions player would attack their nearest rival player. The idea was that a South African referee would be unlikely to send off all of the Lions. At the "battle of Boet Erasmus Stadium"—one of the most violent matches in rugby history—JPR Williams famously ran over half of the pitch and launched himself at 'Moaner' van Heerden after such a call.
The 1976 All Blacks tour of South Africa went ahead, and the Springboks won by three Tests to one, but coming shortly after the Soweto riots the tour attracted international condemnation and 28 countries boycotted the 1976 Summer Olympics in protest, and the next year, in 1977, the Commonwealth signed the Gleneagles Agreement, which discouraged any sporting contact with South Africa. In response to the growing pressure the segregated South African rugby unions merged in 1977. Four years later Errol Tobias would became the first non-white South African to represent his country when he took the field against Ireland. A planned 1979 Springbok tour of France was stopped by the French government, who announced that it was inappropriate for South African teams to tour France.
The Lions toured South Africa in 1980. The team completed a flawless non-Test record, winning 14 out of 14 non-Test matches on the tour. But they lost the first three Tests before winning the last one.
The 1981 tour of New Zealand went ahead in defiance of the Gleneagles Agreement. South Africa lost the series 2–1, but the tour and the massive civil disruption in New Zealand had ramifications far beyond rugby.
South Africa sought to counteract its sporting isolation by inviting the South American Jaguars to tour. The team contained mainly Argentinian players, whose national team had struggled to attract strong international opposition. Eight matches were played between the two teams in the early 1980s—all awarded Test status.
In 1985, a planned All Black tour of South Africa was stopped by the New Zealand High Court. A rebel tour took place the next year by a team known as the Cavaliers. The team was not sanctioned by the New Zealand Rugby Football Union, yet consisted of all but two of the original squad that had been selected. For some of the tests, the team was advertised, inside South Africa as the All Blacks whilst at the others they were advertised as the New Zealand Cavaliers. The Springboks won the series 3–1.
In 1989, a World XV sanctioned by the International Rugby Board went on a mini-tour of South Africa. All traditional rugby nations bar New Zealand supplied players to the team with ten Welshmen, eight Frenchmen, six Australians, four Englishmen, one Scot and one Irishman.
From 1990 to 1991 the legal apparatus of apartheid was abolished, and the Springboks were readmitted to international rugby in 1992. They struggled to return to their pre-isolation standards, and in their first games after readmission the Springboks were defeated 27–24 by New Zealand on 15 August 1992 and also suffered a 26–3 loss to Australia the following month. Ian McIntosh was sacked as national coach following a series defeat to the All Blacks in New Zealand in mid-1994. In October of that year, Kitch Christie accepted an offer to take over from McIntosh.
South Africa was selected to host the 1995 Rugby World Cup, and there was a remarkable surge of support for the Springboks among the white and black communities in the lead-up to the tournament. This was the first major event to be held in what Archbishop Desmond Tutu had dubbed "the Rainbow Nation." South Africans of all colours got behind the slogan coined by Edward Griffiths, then CEO of the rugby federation: "one team, one country".
Wearing a Springbok shirt, Nelson Mandela presented the trophy to captain Francois Pienaar, a white Afrikaner. The gesture was widely seen as a major step towards the reconciliation of white and black South Africans. Mandela's enthusiasm and support for the Springboks is portrayed in the 2009 film Invictus. SARFU President Louis Luyt caused controversy at the post-match dinner by declaring that the Springboks would have won the previous two World Cups if they had been allowed to compete. The day after the World Cup victory, the Xhosa word for Springbok, Amabokoboko! appeared as the headline of The Sowetan's sports page.
A series of crises followed in 1995 through 1997 as it became clear that South African rugby was an unreformed element of the new Rainbow Nation. The team was also struck by tragedy, as Christie, who had led them to victory in all 14 Tests he coached, was forced to resign in 1996 after battling leukaemia for more than a decade. An on-field slump saw South African sides struggle in the new Super 12 and Tri-Nations competitions. Under new coach John Hart and the captaincy of Sean Fitzpatrick, the All Blacks won a Test series in South Africa for the first time in 1996. Fitzpatrick even rated the series win higher than the 1987 World Cup victory in which he had participated. The 1997 Lions completed their South African tour with only two losses in total, winning the Test series two games to one.
Coach Andre Markgraaff was fired in 1997 over a racial comment he made. Despite a successful career as a player, Markgraaff's replacement Carel du Plessis led the team to successive defeats in the British and Irish Lions 1997 tour and the 1997 Tri Nations Series. He was replaced later in 1997 by Nick Mallett, who went on to coach the unbeaten 1997 South Africa rugby union tour of Britain and France in late 1997. In 1998 Mallett and new captain Gary Teichmann tied the then-existing record of the 1965–69 All Blacks for longest Test winning streak, winning 17 consecutive Tests, including the 1998 Tri-Nations. In the same year, South Africa mourned as Christie's illness claimed his life. The Springboks entered the 1999 Rugby World Cup competition with little hope. Reverting to a kicking game and forward strength, they showed they were still a force to be reckoned with, losing to eventual champions Australia in a tense semi-final at Twickenham.
New millennium
At Twickenham in November 2002 England defeated South Africa 53–3, which was their worst ever loss, after Springbok Jannes Labuschagne was red-carded after 23 minutes and the Boks played three quarters of the match one man short. An increasingly frustrated South African side began physically targeting England players during the match, with footage showing captain Corné Krige as a leader. In the 2002 and 2003 seasons, the Springboks also lost by record margins to France, Scotland and New Zealand. They defeated Argentina by only one point, and were eliminated from the 2003 World Cup in the quarter final round – their worst ever showing in a World Cup record of two gold and one bronze from five appearances.
During a pre-World Cup training camp, there was a highly publicised dispute between Geo Cronjé (an Afrikaner) and Quinton Davids (a coloured). Both were dropped from the team, and Cronjé was called before a tribunal to answer charges that his actions in the dispute were racially motivated. Cronjé was eventually cleared. Later, the Boks were sent to a military-style boot camp in the South African bush called Kamp Staaldraad (literal English translation "Camp Steel-wire", idiomatically "Camp Barbed Wire"). After the World Cup, then- coach Rudolph Straeuli was under fire, not only because of the team's poor results, but because of his role in organising Kamp Staaldraad. He eventually resigned, and in February 2004 Jake White was named as new national coach.
The Springboks then swept Ireland in a two-Test series and defeated Wales during their opponents' June 2004 tours of the Southern Hemisphere. Next came a win in the most closely contested Tri Nations in history—their only Tri Nations trophy since 1998. In November 2004, the Springboks went on a Grand Slam tour of the Home Nations. They were decisively defeated by England, and lost controversially to Ireland. They then won a hard-fought match against Wales, and prevailed comfortably against Scotland. The Springbok resurgence was honoured with a sweep of the major International Rugby Board awards. The Boks were named Team of the Year, White Coach of the Year, and flanker Schalk Burger Player of the Year.
In 2005 the Springboks defeated an embarrassed Uruguay by a world record margin. Zimbabwean-born new cap, Tonderai Chavanga, scored a record six tries in the match, surpassing Stefan Terblanche's previous record of five. The side finished second in the Tri-Nations that year, losing their final match to New Zealand. The springboks thought they had the match before Keven Mealamu scored the match winning try for the All Blacks in the 27–31 loss. The year ended positively with close victories away from home against Argentina, among others.
With several new players aboard, the 2006 Springboks defeated Scotland twice in South Africa, before a loss in a closely contested match to France ended their long undefeated home record. A very bad start to the 2006 Tri Nations Series saw them lose 49–0 to the Wallabies. The Springboks put together better games in the following two matches, losing in the final minutes in the second test against Australia. Answering the call from many South African supporters to play a more expansive style of rugby, coach Jake White fielded a far more adventurous team. They broke South Africa's five game losing streak by beating the All Blacks 21–20 at Royal Bafokeng Stadium—the first time a Test match had been played at this rural venue near Rustenburg. The All Blacks' defeat to the South Africans was their only loss of the year. The highlight of South Africa's tour to Europe was the 24–15 win over England at Twickenham, after a loss to Ireland and one to England the previous week. A South Africa XV also played a World XV on this tour at the Walkers Stadium in Leicester.
In July 2006, Springbok coach Jake White told the press he had been unable to pick some white players for his squad "because of transformation"—a reference to the ANC government’s policies attempting to redress the racial imbalances in national sport.
Rugby World Cup 2007
Grouped in Pool A at the 2007 Rugby World Cup in France, they opened their campaign in Paris with a 59–7 victory over Samoa. Next up was England at the Stade de France, where the Springboks triumphed 36–-0. The third pool game against Tonga in Lens was more competitive and they narrowly won 30–25. The final pool game against the USA in Montpellier produced a 64–15 win.
Having won all their pool games, they advanced to the quarter finals to defeat Fiji 37–20 before accounting for Argentina 37–13 in the semi-finals. They prevailed 15–6 over England to lift the Webb Ellis Cup for a second time on 20 October 2007. Some members of the English media claimed that the match was controversial because they felt that an England try was disallowed by the Australian fourth official. The Springboks won the match joining Australia as the only other national team to have won the trophy twice.
After the World Cup
2008 was a mixed year for the Springboks. Going into the year as world champions, they were under pressure to perform. In January 2008, history was made when Peter de Villiers was appointed as the first non-white coach of the Springboks. De Villiers's first squad included ten of colour and managed two victories against Wales (43–17 and 37–21) and one against Italy (26–0) in Incoming Tours. They had an ultimately disappointing Tri Nations ending up last with only two wins. They did manage a historic triumph in Dunedin, a city in which they had never tasted victory in over 100 years. The Springboks did enough to beat Wales and Scotland before thrashing England on the end of year tour . This was good preparation for the upcoming British and Irish Lions Tour.
2009: A full trophy cabinet and a disappointing tour
The 2009 season began as one of the more successful in the post-apartheid history of South African rugby. The Boks' 2009 international campaign began with a closely fought 2–1 series win over the Lions. They followed it up with a convincing win in the Tri Nations, sweeping the All Blacks and losing only to the Wallabies in Brisbane. In the process, they added the Freedom Cup (against New Zealand) and the Mandela Challenge Plate (against Australia) to their trophy cabinet.
However, the Boks' busy year finally took its toll when they toured Europe in the November Test window. They lost their top spot in the IRB rankings with a loss to France, while a midweek side lost two non-Tests to Leicester Tigers and Saracens. The first-string Boks returned to defeat Italy, but were beaten by Ireland to close out the year.
On 6 November 2010, the Springboks had the honour of being the first Test team to play Ireland at their new home of Aviva Stadium. Because of the historic significance of this match, the Boks had agreed to wear their change strip to allow Ireland to wear their regular green. (Normally, the home team changes in case of a colour clash.) The match was the opener of their first attempted Grand Slam tour since 2004, with the Ireland match followed by encounters with Wales, Scotland and England. The Boks followed the tour up with a match against the Barbarians.
The Boks began their 2010 Test campaign on 5 June, defeating Wales 34–31 at Kings Park Stadium, Durban. Controversy arose prior to the game as Bath-based Butch James was withdrawn from the team at the last minute due to the refusal of Premier Rugby, which runs England's Premiership, to grant James permission on the grounds that the match fell outside the IRB-recognised June Test window. The victory over Wales was achieved without some of the regular Springbok stalwarts such as Fourie du Preez, Bakkies Botha, Schalk Burger, Pierre Spies, Bryan Habana and JP Pietersen.
Afer defeating Wales, the Springboks headed back to Cape Town to play against France on 12 June for their second international in 2010, which they won 42–17. The Springbok victory over the French was their first since 2005. Victor Matfield believes the victory will give the Springboks a psychological advantage over the French as they may meet in the knock out stages of the Rugby World Cup 2011. The crushing victory over the French was achieved through five tries with Pierre Spies, Guthro Steenkamp, and Francois Louw each scoring one try and Gio Aplon, the 75 kg wing, scoring two tries. Their final preparations for the 2010 Tri-Nations tournament includes two internationals against Italy. In the first test a lacklustre Springbok team beat Italy by 29–13. The Springboks acquitted themselves much better in the second test crushing the Azzuri 55–11.
The Boks were widely fancied to beat the All Blacks at Eden Park in Auckland in the first Tri-Nations test of 2010. The Boks had only previously won twice at Eden park, the last time being in 1937. However, the first test of the 2010 Tri Nations campaign turned out to be a nightmare for the Boks. They went down 32–12 and in the process conceded four tries. Since then, the Boks lost consecutive tests to again succeed both the Tri-Nations trophy and Freedom Cup to the world number one ranked All Blacks, as well as lose the Mandela Plate and second place IRB World Ranking to Australia.
2011 and the Rugby World Cup
The Springboks kicked off their 2011 test season with controversy, with 21 high-profile players omitted from the away leg of the 2011 Tri Nations, leaving only captain John Smit and Morné Steyn as regular members of the starting XV amongst a largely second-string side. Media sources claimed that the Boks players were simply being rested in preparation for the upcoming World Cup, thus creating outcry that the 2011 Tri Nations was being turned into a farce by the Springboks. The Boks subsequently lost both of their away games. The home leg saw the return of the first-choice players, and the Boks went on to lose to Australia in Durban, but win 18–5 against New Zealand in Port Elizabeth. The Springboks finished the 2011 Tri Nations with just a single win.
The South Africans entered the 2011 Rugby World Cup with a quiet confidence, even though they were drawn in the "Pool of Death" against Wales, Samoa, Fiji and Namibia. Despite a very close opening encounter against Wales, which was won 17–16, the Springboks went on to top their group, registering convincing wins against Fiji and Namibia before winning another close match against Samoa 13–5.
The Springboks then went on to face Australia in a highly controversial quarter-final match, ultimately losing 11–9. The South African fans and pundits went on to criticise referee Bryce Lawrence for "one-sided" refereeing, claiming that Australian openside David Pocock was allowed to "reduce the breakdown to a farce". Regardless, the defending champions were knocked-out at the quarter-finals.
Following the World Cup exit, several stalwarts of the 2007 World Cup-winning side and the 2011 squad went on to announce retirements or moves abroad. This included captain John Smit, influential lock pairing Victor Matfield and Bakkies Botha, and scrum-half Fourie du Preez.
Apartheid and transformation
Even before the apartheid laws were introduced to South Africa in 1948 the Springboks had been an all white team. The team became a symbol of racial division within South Africa, and following the first open elections in 1994, the ruling African National Congress (ANC) instituted a policy of transformation in South African sport. In this context transformation can be defined as "a complete alternation of the appearance or character of South African rugby", and one aim is to transform the Springboks into a team more representative of South Africa's race and class.
South Africa's World Cup winning side of 1995 fielded only one non-white player (Chester Williams). This continued in the team's biggest matches of the 1999 and 2003 World Cups, and in the 2007 World Cup final the team fielded two non-white players (Bryan Habana and JP Pietersen). South African Rugby Union president Oregan Hoskins considered the number of non-white players in the 2007 World Cup squad too low, and in 2008 the first non-white coach of the side was appointed. The political pressure on rugby coaches and administrators to select non-white players is strong; 16 of the 35 new Springboks appointed by former coach Jake White were non-white. ANC Minister of Parliament Butana Komphela expressed a view held by many politicians in the country when he said "Sport cannot be excluded from imperatives of empowerment and transformation." Currently, 15 of the 49 players in training for the World Cup are non-white.
Controversy over the emblem
Since the demise of apartheid the ruling African National Congress has wanted to replace the Springbok across all national teams, as emblem of the racially segregated sporting codes, with a neutral symbol that would represent a decisive break with a repressive past. The king protea as South Africa's national flower was chosen for this purpose, so that the national cricket team became known as the Proteas, for example. A similar change was envisioned for the national rugby squad's springbok emblem. Paul Roos's team had first introduced the Springbok in 1906, and it had promoted a measure of unity among white English and Afrikaans-speaking players after the two Anglo-Boer Wars of the late 19th century.
The Springbok was regarded as representing both the exclusion of players who were not designated white under apartheid legislation and, by extension, of apartheid itself. Although the Springbok was adopted briefly by the first coloured national rugby team in 1939 and by their first black counterparts in 1950, it became exclusively associated with segregated sporting codes afterwards. South African rugby officials in particular, and the national rugby team itself, have an historical association with racism from 1906 on. The first rugby Springboks initially refused to play against a Devon side that included Jimmy Peters, the first black player to represent England. Legendary official, national coach, and Springbok scrumhalf Danie Craven had acquiesced with government officials who had demanded that Māori players be excluded from visiting All Black teams. Craven had also indicated that the Springbok was exclusively tied to the white identity of the national rugby team.
As a result of political pressure the national rugby team jersey from 1992 on featured a king protea alongside the springbok. As portrayed in the film Invictus, pressure to replace the Springbok as emblem for the rugby team came to a head in 1994, just before the Rugby World Cup that would take place in South Africa. As a result of Nelson Mandela's direct interference, the ANC's executive decided not to do away with the emblem at the time, but to reappropriate it. After the national team won the 1995 Rugby World Cup, black rugby pioneer Dan Qeqe said that "The Springboks play for all of us".
In March 2004 the South African Sports Commission ratified a decision that the protea be the official rugby emblem on blazers and caps, with the concession that the springbok could remain on the team jersey. And in November 2007 the ANC's special conference at Polokwane again endorsed the need for a single symbol for all sporting codes. While detractors like Qondisa Ngwenya foresaw a loss of revenue from dumping the springbok emblem, others like Cheeky Watson urged the need for an alternative, unifying symbol.
South Africa play in green jerseys, white shorts and green socks. Their jersey is embroidered with the SA Rugby logo on the upper left corner and the flag of South Africa on the sleeve and traditionally has a gold collar. The strip is made by Canterbury of New Zealand and their current shirt sponsor is South African banking giant ABSA. The green jersey was first adopted when the British Isles toured South Africa in 1896. On their first tour to Great Britain and Ireland in 1906–07 the South Africa wore a green jersey with white collar, blue shorts, and blue socks. A replica shirt was worn in 2006 against Ireland in Dublin to mark the centenary of the tour. When Australia first toured South Africa in 1933, the visitors wore sky blue jerseys to avoid confusion, as at the time, both wore dark green strips. In 1953, when Australia toured again, the Springboks wore white jerseys for the test matches. In 1961 Australia changed their jersey to gold to avoid further colour clashes.
The Springbok nickname and logo also dates from the 1906–7 tour of Britain. The springbok was chosen to represent the team by tour captain Paul Roos in an attempt to prevent the British press from inventing their own name. The logo was not restricted to the white team alone, the first coloured national team used the springbok in 1939 and the first black team in 1950. After the fall of apartheid in 1992 a wreath of proteas was added to the logo. When the ANC was elected in 1994 the team's name was not changed to the Proteas like that of other South African sporting teams only because of the intervention of President Nelson Mandela. The movie Invictus starring Morgan Freeman and Matt Damon depicts this story.
In December 2008, the SARU decided to place the protea on the left side of the Boks' jersey, in line with other South African national teams, and move the springbok to the right of the jersey. The new jersey was worn for the first time during the British and Irish Lions' 2009 tour of South Africa.
Home grounds
The Springboks do not use a national stadium as their home, but play out of a number of venues throughout South Africa. The 60,000 seat Ellis Park Stadium in Johannesburg (known commercially as Coca-Cola Park) was the main venue for the 1995 World Cup, where the Springboks defeated the All Blacks in the final. Other regular venues for tests include Pretoria's Loftus Versfeld Stadium, DHL Newlands in Cape Town, Mr Price Kings Park in Durban, Vodacom Park in Bloemfontein, and the EPRU Stadium in Port Elizabeth. The Springboks played their first test match at Soccer City on 21 August 2010, a Tri Nations match against New Zealand.
The first South African international took place at Port Elizabeth's St George’s Park Cricket Ground in 1891. Ellis Park was built in 1928, and in 1955 hosted a record 100,000 people in a Test between South Africa and the British and Irish Lions.
The Springboks are said to have a notable advantage over touring sides when playing at high altitude on the Highveld. Games at Ellis Park, Loftus Versfeld, or Vodacom Park are said to present physical problems, and to influence a match in a number of other ways, such as the ball travelling further when kicked. Experts disagree on whether touring team's traditionally poor performances at altitude are more due to a state of mind rather than an actual physical challenge.
|Top 25 Rankings as of 15 April 2013|
|*Change from the previous week|
|South Africa's Historical Rankings|
|Source: IRB - Graph updated to 15 April 2013|
Rugby Championship
South Africa's only annual tournament is The Rugby Championship (formerly Tri-Nations) competed against Argentina, Australia, New Zealand since 1996. South Africa has won the tournament three times; in 1998 and 2004 and 2009. South Africa also participates in the Mandela Challenge Plate with Australia, and the Freedom Cup with New Zealand as part of the Rugby Championship.
|Tri Nations (1996 — 2011)|
|Rugby Championship (2012 — )|
Updated: 7 Oct 2012
World Cup
South Africa did not participate in the 1987 and 1991 World Cups because of the sporting boycott that apartheid brought against them. South Africa's introduction to the event was as hosts. They defeated defending champions Australia 27–18 in the opening match, and went on to defeat the All Blacks 15–12 after extra time in the 1995 Rugby World Cup Final, with a drop goal from 40 metres by Joel Stransky.
In 1999 South Africa suffered their first World Cup loss when they were defeated 21–27 by Australia in their semi-final; they went on to defeat the All Blacks 22–18 in the third-fourth play-off match. The worst ever South African performance at a World Cup was in 2003 when they lost a pool game to England, and then were knocked out of the tournament by the All Blacks in their quarter-final. In 2007 the Springboks defeated Fiji in the quarter-finals and Argentina in the semi-finals. They then defeated England in the final 15–6 to win the tournament for a second time. In 2011 the Springboks were defeated by Australia 9–11 in the quarter-finals after winning all four their pool games.
Until the 1990s South Africa were considered one of the most successful rugby nations in Test match history, with a positive win-loss ratio against every Test playing nation including their traditional rivals, New Zealand. However, for the last twenty years whilst the Springboks have managed to maintain their positive win-loss ratio, they have failed to do so against New Zealand. South Africa are currently ranked number two in the world rankings. When the ranking system was introduced in October 2003 South Africa were ranked sixth. Their ranking fluctuated until victory in the 2007 Rugby World Cup briefly sent them to the top of the rankings. Since then, the top two rankings changed ultimately remaining with the All Blacks since November 2009 when the Boks lost to France on their end-of-year tour and most recently regained second position after defeating Australia in Pretoria.
|British and Irish Lions||46||23||17||6||50.00%|
|South American Jaguars||8||7||1||0||87.50%|
See List of South Africa national rugby union players for a complete list of every player to have represented the Springboks.
Current squad
On 24 April 2013, the following players were awarded Springbok contracts for 2013:
- Caps updated 24 November 2012
Recent Call Ups
The following players have been part of the Springbok squad during 2012 but are not part of the current squad due to either injury or non-selection.
Note: Flags indicate national union for the club/province as defined by the International Rugby Board.
Individual records
South Africa's most capped player is John Smit with 111 caps, placing him joint-sixth with Philippe Sella of France on the all-time list in international rugby. Victor Matfield is the most-capped lock for any nation in rugby history, with all of his 110 appearances at that position; although Fabien Pelous of France retired with 118 caps, only 100 were as a lock. The most-capped back is Percy Montgomery, whose 102 caps made him the country's leader until first being equalled by John Smit and later surpassed by Matfield, but was regained by Smit. Montgomery also holds the South African record for Test points with 893, which at the time of his international retirement placed him sixth on the all-time list of Test point scorers (he now stands ninth). The most points Montgomery ever scored in a single international was 35 against Namibia in 2007—this is also a South African record.
Fly-half Jannie de Beer holds the world record for dropped goals in a Test match (5, during the 44–21 quarter-final win over England in the 1999 Rugby World Cup)
On 1 August during the 2009 Tri Nations tournament, Morné Steyn set a number of records during the second Test between the Springboks and the All Blacks. The Springboks won 31–19, with Steyn scoring all South Africa's points – 1 try, 1 conversion, 8 penalties. This gave him records for:
- Most points scored by any player in a Tri Nations match, surpassing Andrew Mehrtens (All Blacks vs. Australia, 1999).
- Most points ever scored by an individual in a Test against the All Blacks, passing Christophe Lamaison's 29 (France, 1999).
- World record for most points scored by a player who has scored all their team's points.
- South African record for penalties in a test (8) – beating the seven achieved twice by Montgomery.
- Steyn also holds the Springbok record for the fastest 100 points (8 Test matches)
Although statistics on the success rate of kicks at goal were not kept until the late 1980s, it is believed that Steyn also holds the record for most consecutive successful kicks at goal in Tests. He had a streak of 41 successful kicks at goal, which started during the Boks' Test against Italy on 19 June 2010 and ended on 6 November 2010 against Ireland.
The world's most-capped captain is John Smit, who has captained South Africa in 82 of his 110 Tests. The world's most-capped lock pairing is that of Victor Matfield and Bakkies Botha, who have started together in 62 Tests. Smit also played 46 consecutive matches for South Africa, which is a record.
Notable players
Eleven former South African international players have been inducted into either the International Rugby Hall of Fame or the IRB Hall of Fame. Six are members of the International Rugby Hall of Fame only; two are members of the IRB Hall of Fame only, and four are members of both Halls of Fame.
Barry "Fairy" Heatlie, who played in the late 19th century and into the early 20th, was one of the early greats of South African rugby. He appeared for Western Province 34 times between 1890 and 1904, with 28 of them being Currie Cup wins. He also played six Tests for South Africa against the Lions in 1891, 1896, and 1903, and also captained the side to their only two Test wins of the 1890s. Arguably his greatest legacy to South African rugby is the green jersey; he is credited with introducing the colour for South Africa's 1903 Test against the Lions at Newlands. He was inducted into the IRB Hall of Fame in 2009.
Bennie Osler played 17 consecutive Tests between 1924 and 1933. Playing at fly-half, his first Test was against the touring British team in 1924. He also played in the series against the All Blacks in 1928, but most notably captained the Springboks on their Grand Slam tour of 1931–32 when they defeated all four Home Nations. His last Tests were the five played against Australia when they toured to South Africa in 1933. Osler was inducted to the International Rugby Hall of Fame in 2007 and the IRB Hall of Fame in 2009.
Making his Test debut in Olser's Grand Slam winning team in 1931 was scrum-half Danie Craven. Craven played several positions including fly-half, scrum-half, centre and even number eight. However Craven was most famous for popularising the dive pass. As well as winning a Grand Slam with Osler's team, Craven toured with 1937 Springboks to New Zealand where they achieved their first series victory over New Zealand. His last act as player was captaining South Africa in a Test series against the Lions. Craven's involvement with the Springboks continued after his playing retirement, and he coached them to a 4–0 series win over the touring All Blacks in 1949. He was elected President of the South African Rugby Board in 1956, a position he held until the post-apartheid South African Rugby Union was formed in 1991. Craven was instrumental in the formation of the South African Rugby Union and became its first Executive President. Such was Craven's influence in South African rugby he became known as "Mr Rugby", was inducted into the International Hall of Fame in 1997, and was in the second class of inductees into the IRB Hall of Fame in 2007; behind Rugby School and William Webb Ellis.
The man most credited with inventing modern number 8 play was Hennie Muller, inducted into the International Hall of Fame in 2001. He played 13 Tests between 1949 and 1953, and in the process won a 4–0 series victory over the All Blacks and a Grand Slam tour of Britain and Ireland. He was nicknamed Windhond (greyhound) for his speed around the field. When writing about the 1949 series against the All Blacks, Harding and Williams wrote: "(Okey) Geffin won the series, perhaps, but Muller made it possible." Of Muller's 13 Tests, he only lost one—against Australia in 1953.
Named South Africa's player of the 20th Century in 2000, Frik du Preez played 38 Tests between 1961 and 1971. Du Preez could play both flanker or lock and was one of the most dominant forwards of the 1960s, but was especially well known for his all round skills. Danie Craven said of du Preez, "To my mind he could have played any position on a rugby field with equal brilliance." He was inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame in 1997 and the IRB Hall of Fame in 2009.
Morne du Plessis played 22 Tests for South Africa between 1971 and 1980. His debut was at Number 8 in South Africa's series win over Australia in 1971. He went on to captain South Africa and became part of the only father-son pair to captain South Africa—his father had captained South Africa in 1949. He led South Africa to a 3–1 series win over the All Blacks in 1976 and a series win over the British and Irish Lions in 1980 by the same margin. Du Plessis would be inducted into the International Hall of Fame in 1999.
International Hall of Fame inductees Naas Botha, inducted in 2005, and Danie Gerber, inducted in 2007, both had careers interrupted by South Africa's sporting isolation in the 1980s and early 1990s. Botha made his Test debut against the South American Jaguars in 1980. Playing at fly-half, Botha played 28 Tests and scored 312 Test points before his international retirement in 1992. Botha contributed significantly to the Springboks 1980 series win over the Lions, and also played for the World XV in the IRB Centenary Match at Twickenham. Gerber also made his debut in 1980, and scored 19 tries in his 24 Tests before retiring in 1992. He scored a hat-trick against England in 1984, and played alongside Botha in the World XV team in 1986. In South Africa's first Test since the fall of apartheid, against the All Blacks in 1992, he scored twice.
Two players that straddled the amateur and professional eras were Francois Pienaar and Joost van der Westhuizen. Both first played for the Springboks in 1993. Pienaar was named captain in his first Test against France, and went on to captain the side to the 1995 World Cup. It was there he captained South Africa to the World Cup title, and received the trophy from Nelson Mandela who was wearing his number 6 jersey. Nelson Mandela later wrote "It was under Francois Pienaar's inspiring leadership that rugby became the pride of the entire country. Francois brought the nation together." Pienaar entered the International Hall of Fame in 2005, and was inducted into the IRB Hall in 2011 alongside all other World Cup-winning captains from the inaugural event in 1987 through 2007 (minus the previously inducted Australian John Eales). Joost van der Westhuizen also participated in the 1995 World cup victory, but went on to play in two more World Cups. Playing at scrum-half, van der Westhuizen played 89 Tests for South Africa and scored 38 tries. At the time of his retirement following the 2003 World Cup he was South Africa's leading try scorer and most capped player. He entered the International Hall of Fame two years after Pienaar, in 2007.
The newest Springbok player to enter the IRB Hall is John Smit, inducted in 2011 alongside Pienaar. The captain of the 2007 World Cup winners, Smit (as noted earlier) ended his international career as the most-capped Springbok in history.
The role and definition of the South Africa coach has varied significantly over the team's history. Hence a comprehensive list of coaches, or head selectors, is impossible. The following table is a list of coaches since the 1949 All Blacks tour to South Africa:
|Hennie Muller||1960–1961, 1963, 1965||44%|
|Boy Louw||1960–1961, 1965||67%|
|Izak van Heerden||1962||75%|
|Felix du Plessis||1964||100%|
|Ian Kirkpatrick||1967, 1974||60%|
|Johan Claassen||1964, 1970–1974||50%|
|Carel du Plessis||1997||37%|
|Peter de Villiers||2008–2011||62%|
|Heyneke Meyer||2012–||58.33% (as at 24 November 2012)|
Both World Cup-winning coaches, Christie and White, were inducted into the IRB Hall of Fame in 2011 alongside all other World Cup-winning head coaches through the 2007 edition.
See also
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: South Africa national rugby union team|
- List of Springboks
- Rugby union in South Africa
- South Africa national sevens team
- South African rugby union captains
- South Africa vs Argentina
- South Africa vs Australia
- South Africa vs England
- South Africa vs France
- South Africa vs Ireland
- South Africa vs Italy
- South Africa vs New Zealand
- South Africa vs Scotland
- South Africa vs Wales
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|Regions with significant populations|
|New York, Massachusetts, Michigan, Louisiana, Ohio, Iowa, Texas|
|Related ethnic groups|
Syrian Americans are residents of the United States of Syrian ancestry or nationality. This group includes Americans of Syrian ancestry, Syrian first generation immigrants, or descendants of Syrians who emigrated to the United States. Syrian Americans may be members of a number of differing ethnicities, including Arabs, Assyrians/Syriacs, Antiochian Greeks, Kurds, Armenians and Circassians. It is believed that the first significant wave of Syrian immigrants to arrive in the United States was in 1880. Many of the earliest Syrian Americans settled in New York, Boston, and Detroit. Immigration from Syria to the United States suffered a long hiatus after the United States Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1924, which restricted immigration. More than 40 years later, the Immigration Act of 1965, abolished the quotas and immigration from Syria to the United States saw a surge. An estimated 64,600 Syrians emigrated to the United States between 1961 and 2000.
The overwhelming majority of Syrian immigrants to the US from 1880 to 1960 were Christian, a minority were Jewish, whereas Muslim Syrians arrived in the United States chiefly after 1965. According to the United States 2000 Census, there were 142,897 Americans of Syrian ancestry, about 12% of the Arab population in the United States.
The first Syrian immigrants arrived in the United States from Ottoman Syria. Most of them came from Christian villages around Mount Lebanon, while around 5-10% were Muslims of different sects. A small number were also Palestinians. According to historian Philip Hitti, approximately 90,000 "Syrians" arrived in the United States between 1899 and 1919. An estimated 1,000 official entries per year came from the governorates of Damascus and Aleppo, which are governorates in modern-day Syria, in the period between 1900 and 1916. Early immigrants settled mainly in Eastern United States, in the cities of New York, Boston and Detroit and the Paterson, New Jersey area. In the 1920s, the majority of immigrants from Mount Lebanon began to refer themselves as "Lebanese" instead of "Syrians".
Syrians, like most immigrants to the United States, were motivated to immigrate to the United States to pursue the American Dream of economic success. Many Christian Syrians had immigrated to the United States seeking religious freedom and an escape from Ottoman hegemony. Thousands of immigrants returned to Syria after making money in the United States; these immigrants told tales which inspired further waves of immigrants. Many settlers also sent for their relatives.
Although the number of Syrian immigrants was not sizable, the Ottoman government set constraints on emigration in order to maintain its populace in Greater Syria. The United States Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1924, which greatly reduced Syrian immigration to the United States. However, the quotas were annulled by the Immigration Act of 1965, which opened the doors again to Syrian immigrants. 4,600 Syrians immigrated to the United States in the mid-1960s. Due to the Arab-Israeli and religious conflicts in Syria during this period, many Syrians immigrated to the United States seeking a democratic haven, where they could live in freedom without political suppression. An estimated 64,600 Syrians immigrated to the United States in the period between 1961 and 2000, of which ten percent have been admitted under the refugee acts.
According to the United States 2000 Census, there are 142,897 Americans of Syrian ancestry living in the United States. New York City has the biggest concentration of Syrian Americans in the United States. Other urban areas, including Boston, Dearborn, New Orleans, Toledo, Cedar Rapids, and Houston have large Syrian populations. Syrian Americans are also numerous in Southern California (i.e. the Los Angeles and San Diego areas) and Arizona, many are descendants of farm laborers invited with their farm skills to irrigate the deserts in the early 20th century.. Many recent Syrian immigrants are medical doctors who studied at Damascus and Aleppo Universities and pursued their residencies and fellowships in the United States.
The traditional clothing of the first Syrian immigrants in the United States, along with their occupation as peddlers, led to some xenophobia. Dr. A. J. McLaughlin, the United States health officer at Marine Hospital, described Syrians as "parasites in their peddling habits." However, Syrians reacted quickly to assimilate fully into their new culture. Immigrants Anglicized their names, adopted the English language and common Christian denominations. Syrians did not congregate in urban enclaves; many of the immigrants who had worked as peddlers were able to interact with Americans on a daily basis. This helped them to absorb and learn the language and customs of their new homeland. Additionally, military service during World War I and World War II helped accelerate assimilation. Assimilation of early Syrian immigrants was so successful that it has become difficult to recognize the ancestors of many families which have become completely Americanized.
Post 1965 Immigration was mostly Muslim, and unlike their Christian counterparts they faced a somewhat greater difficulty in assimilating because of their Islamic faith and the "back to the roots" trend that gripped America in the 1960s and 1970s. Generally, they are not overly desirous of giving up their identity as Arabs, which might be a result of the bloom in multiculturalism to respect their Islamic religious customs and traditions in the United States.
Christian Syrian Americans arrived in the United States in the late 19th century. Most Christian Syrian Americans are Greek Orthodox. There are also many Catholic Syrian Americans; most branches of Catholicism are of the Eastern rite, such as Maronite Catholics, Melkite Greek Catholics, Armenian Catholics, Syrian Catholics, and Assyrian Chaldean Catholics. There are only few minor differences between the different branches of Catholicism; such differences include the language/s church services are conducted, and the belief in papal infallibility. A few Christian Syrian Americans are Protestant. There are also members of the Assyrian Church of the East and Ancient Church of the East. The first Syrian American church was founded in Brooklyn, New York in 1895 by Saint Raphael of Brooklyn. There are currently hundreds of Eastern Orthodox churches and missions in the United States. Saint Nicholas and Saint George are popular saints for the Orthodox.
Muslim Syrian Americans arrived chiefly after 1965. The largest sect in Islam is the Sunni sect, forming 74% of the Muslim Syrian population. The second largest sect in Islam in Syria is the Alawite sect, a religious sect that originated in Shia Islam but separated from other Shiite Islam groups in the ninth and tenth centuries. Most, if not all, Alawi Syrians come from the rural areas of Latakia Governorate. Muslim Syrian Americans have often found it difficult practicing their religion in the United States; For example, some Muslims, who are required to pray five times a day as part of Muslim rite, argue that there aren't enough mosques in the United States.
Druzes form the third largest sect in Syria, which is a relatively small esoteric monotheistic religious sect. Early Syrian immigrants included Druze peddlers. Muslim Syrian Americans have often found it difficult practicing their religion in the United States;
Syrian Jews first immigrated to the United States around 1908 and settled mostly in New York. Initially they lived on the Lower East Side; later settlements were in Bensonhurst and Ocean Parkway in Flatbush, Brooklyn. The Syrian Jewish community estimates its population at around 50,000.
Early Syrian Americans were not involved politically. Business owners were usually Republican, meanwhile labor workers were usually Democrats. Second generation Syrian Americans were the first to be elected for political roles. In light of the Arab-Israeli conflict, many Syrian Americans tried to affect American foreign policy by joining Arab political groups in the United States. In the early 1970s, the National Association of Arab-Americans was formed to negate the stereotypes commonly associated with Arabs in American media. Syrian Americans were also part of the Arab American Institute, established in 1985, which supports and promotes Arab American candidates, or candidates commiserative with Arabs and Arab Americans, for office. Mitch Daniels, the current Governor of Indiana, is a descendant of Syrian immigrants with relatives in Homs.
The majority of the early Syrian immigrants arrived in the United States seeking better jobs; they usually engaged in basic commerce, especially peddling. Syrian American peddlers found their jobs comfortable since peddling required little training and mediocre vocabulary. Syrian American peddlers served as the distribution medium for the products of small manufacturers. Syrian peddlers traded mostly in dry goods, primarily clothing. Networks of Syrian traders and peddlers across the United States aided the distribution of Syrian settlements; by 1902, Syrians could be found working in Seattle, Washington. Most of these peddlers were successful, and, with time, and after raising enough capital, some became importers and wholesalers, recruiting newcomers and supplying them with merchandise. By 1908, there were 3,000 Syrian-owned businesses in the United States. By 1910, the first Syrian millionaires had emerged.
Syrian Americans gradually started to work in various métiers; many worked as physicians, lawyers, and engineers. Many Syrian Americans also worked in the bustling auto industry, bringing about large Syrian American gatherings in areas like Dearborn, Michigan. Later Syrian emigrants served in fields like banking, medicine, and computer science. Syrian Americans have a different occupational distribution than all Americans. According to the 2000 census, 42% of the Syrian Americans worked in management and professional occupations, compared with 34% of their counterparts in the total population; additionally, more Syrian Americans worked in sales than all American workers. However, Syrian Americans worked less in the other work domains like farming, transportation, construction, etc. than all American workers. According to the American Medical Association (AMA) and the Syrian American Medical Society (SAMS) which represents the American health care provoiders of Syrian descent www.sams-usa.net there are estimated 4000 Syrian physicians practicing in the United States representing 0.4% of the health workforce and 1.6% of international medical graduates. However the reported number of Syrian American phyicians does not include the second and third generation of Syrian descent, therefore it is estimated that there are 10,000 Syrian American physicians practice in the United States. Arabi M, Sankri-Tarbichi AG. The metrics of Syrian physicians' brain drain to the United States. Avicenna J Med [serial online] 2012 [cited 2012 Oct 27];2:1-2. Available from: http://www.avicennajmed.com/text.asp?2012/2/1/1/94802.
The median level of earnings for Syrian men and women is higher than the national earning median; employed Syrian men earned an average $46,058 per year, compared with $37,057 for all Americans and $41,687 for Arab Americans. Syrian American families also had a higher median income than all families and lower poverty rates than those of the general population.
Syrians value strong family ties. Unlike young Americans, young Syrians find leaving their family unnecessary to set up their independence; the reason being, is that Syrian society just like Southwest Asia, North Africa and the wider Eastern world, places great emphasis on the group rather than the individual. In the West the individual is key and the group is secondary. Respect and social status are important in Syrian societies. Men are respected for their financial success or their honesty and sincerity. Syrians are characterized by their magnanimity and graciousness, ethics which are integral to Syrian life." However, much of the Syrian traditions have diminished with time, mainly due to the fast pace of life in America which encourages individual independence.
Syrians consider eating an important aspect of social life. There are many Syrian dishes which have become popular in the United States. Unlike many Western foods, Syrian foods take more time to cook, are less expensive and usually more healthy. Pita bread (khubz), which is round flat bread, and hummus, a dip made of ground chickpeas, sesame tahini, lemon juice, and garlic, are two popular Syrian foods. Baba ghanoush, or eggplant spreads, is also a dish made by Syrians. Popular Syrian salads include tabbouleh and fattoush. The Syrian cuisine includes other dishes like stuffed zucchini (mahshe), dolma, kebab, kibbeh, kibbeh nayyeh, mujaddara, shawarma, and shanklish. Syrians often serve selections of appetizers, known as meze, before the main course. Za'atar, minced beef, and cheese manakish are popular hors d'œuvre. Syrians are also well known for their cheese. A popular Syrian drink is the arak beverage. One of the popular desserts made by Syrians is the baklava, which is made of filo pastry filled with chopped nuts and soaked in honey.
Syrian music includes several genres and styles of music ranging from Arab classical to Arabic pop music and from secular to sacred music. Syrian music is characterized by an emphasis on melody and rhythm, as opposed to harmony. There are some genres of Syrian music that are polyphonic, but typically, most Syrian and Arabic music is homophonic. Syrian music is also characterized by the predominance of vocal music. The prototypical Arabic music ensemble in Egypt and Syria is known as the takht, and relies on a number of musical instruments that represent a standardized tone system, and are played with generally standardized performance techniques, thus displaying similar details in construction and design. Such musical instruments include the oud, kanun, rabab, ney, violin, riq and tableh. The Jews of Syria sang pizmonim.
Modern Syrian music has incorporated instruments from the West, including the electric guitar, cello, double bass and oboe, and incorporated influences from jazz and other foreign musical styles.
Traditional clothing
Traditional dress is not very common with Syrian Americans, and even native Syrians; modern Western clothing is conventional in both Syria and the United States. Ethnic dance performers wear a shirwal, which are loose, baggy pants with an elastic waist. Some Muslim Syrian women wear a hijab, which is a headscarf worn by Muslim women to cover their hair. There are various styles of hijab.
Syrian Americans celebrate many religious holidays. Christian Syrian Americans celebrate most Christian holidays usually celebrated in the United States. They celebrate Christmas and Easter, but since most Syrians are Eastern Orthodox, they celebrate Easter on a different Sunday than most other Americans. Some Christians celebrate various Saints' days. Syrian American Jews celebrate the Jewish holidays, such as Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Sukkot, Purim, Passover and Shavuot. Few Syrians celebrate Syria's independence day, April 17. As American citizens, many Syrians celebrate American holidays like Memorial Day, Independence Day, and Thanksgiving Day.
Muslim Syrian Americans celebrate three main Muslim holidays: Ramadan, Eid ul-Fitr (Lesser Bairam), and Eid ul-Adha (Greater Bairam). Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic year, during which Muslims fast from dawn to sunset; Muslims resort to self-discipline to cleanse themselves spiritually. After Ramadan is over, Muslims celebrate Eid ul-Fitr, when Muslims break their fasting and revel exuberantly. Muslims also celebrate Eid ul-Adha (which means The Festival of Sacrifice) 70 days after at the end of the Islamic year, a holiday which is held along with the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, Hajj.
Dating and marriage
Syrian Americans prefer traditional relationships and disfavor casual dating. Muslims can only date after completing their marriage contact, kitabt al-kitab (Arabic: كتابة الكتاب, which means "writing the book"), a period that ranges from a few months to a year or more to get used to living with one another. After this time period, a wedding takes place and fulfills the marriage. Muslims tend to marry other Muslims only. Unable to find other suitable Muslim Syrian Americans, many Muslim Syrian American have married other Muslim Americans.
Syrian American marriages are usually very strong; this is reflected by the low divorce rates among Syrian Americans, which are below the average rates in the United States. Generally, Syrian American partners tend to have more children than average American partners; Syrian American partners also tend to have children at early stages of their marriages. According to the United States 2000 Census, almost 62% of Syrian American households were married-couple households.
Syrian Americans, including the earliest immigrants, have always placed a high premium on education. Like many other Americans, Syrian Americans view education as a necessity. Generally, Syrian and other Arab Americans are more highly educated than the average American. In the 2000 census it was reported that the proportion of Syrian Americans to achieve a bachelor's degree or higher is one and a half times that of the total American population. Many Syrian Americans now work as engineers, scientists, pharmacists, and physicians.
Syrians are mainly Arabic speakers. While some may speak the formal literary Arabic, many Syrians speak Syrian Arabic, a dialect which belongs to the Levantine Arabic family of dialects. There are also sub-dialects in Syrian Arabic; for example, people from Aleppo have a distinct and distinguishable accent, one that differs considerably from that of people from Homs or Al-Hasakah. Syrians can usually comprehend and understand the dialects of most Arabs, especially those who speak any form of Levantine Arabic.
Many old Syrian American families have lost their linguistic traditions because many parents do not teach their children Arabic. Newer immigrants, however, maintain their language traditions. The 2000 census shows that 79.9% of Syrian Americans speak English "very well". Throughout the United States, there are schools which offer Arabic language classes; there are also some Eastern Orthodox churches which hold Arabic services.
Notable people and contributions
Sometimes some confusion occurs between Greater Syria and the modern Syria when determining the place of origin of the earliest Syrian Americans. However, the following list comprises notable Americans who are originally people of modern Syrian heritage.
- Paula Abdul (born June 19, 1962), is a television personality, jewelry designer, multi-platinum Grammy-winning singer, and Emmy Award-winning choreographer. According to Abdul, she has sold over 53 million records to date. Abdul found renewed fame as a judge on the highly rated television series American Idol.
- F. Murray Abraham (born October 24, 1939), is an actor who won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Antonio Salieri in the 1984 film Amadeus. His career after Amadeus inspired the name of the phenomenon dubbed "F. Murray Abraham syndrome", attributed to actors who, after winning an Oscar, have difficulty obtaining comparable success and recognition despite having recognizable talent.
- Moustapha Akkad (July 1, 1930 – November 11, 2005), was a film director and producer originally from Aleppo; Akkad is best known for producing the series of Halloween films, and for directing the Lion of the Desert and Mohammad, Messenger of God films.
- Malek Jandali (born December 25, 1972), is an award-winning composer and pianist originally from Homs; Jandali is best known for arranging the oldest music notation in the world of Ugarit in his album Echoes from Ugarit.
- Tige Andrews (March 19, 1920 – January 27, 2007), was an Emmy-nominated character actor who was best known for his role as "Captain Adam Greer" on the television series The Mod Squad.
- Paul Anka (born July 30, 1941), is a singer and song writer. Anka rose to fame after many successful 1950s songs, earning him the status of a teen idol. (Some sources, such as The Canadian Encyclopedia and Time magazine, suggest that Anka is of Syrian descent, while other sources, including Anka's official website, suggest that he is of Lebanese descent.)
- Michael Ansara (born April 15, 1922), is a stage, screen and voice actor.
- Rosemary Barkett (born 1939), was the first woman to serve on the Florida Supreme Court, and the first woman Chief Justice of that court. She currently serves as a federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit.
- Mitch Daniels (born April 7, 1949), is the current Governor of the U.S. state of Indiana.
- Hala Gorani (born March 1, 1970), is a news anchor and correspondent for CNN International.
- Dan Hedaya (born July 24, 1940), is a prolific character actor notable for his many Italian American film roles.
- Robert M. Isaac (born January 27, 1928), is the former Republican Mayor of Colorado Springs, Colorado. Elected in 1979, he was the first elected Mayor of the history of Colorado Springs, serving through 1997.
- Alan Jabbour (born 1942), is a folklorist and a musician.
- Steve Jobs (February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011), was the co-founder and former CEO of Apple, the largest Disney shareholder, and a member of Disney's Board of Directors. Jobs is considered a leading figure in both the computer and entertainment industries.
- Mohja Kahf (born 1967), poet and author
- Peter Lupus (born June 17, 1932), is a bodybuilder and actor, known primarily for "Mission: Impossible".
- Kurtis Mantronik (born September 4, 1965), is a hip-hop, electro funk, and dance music artist, DJ, remixer, and producer. Mantronik was the leader of the old-school band Mantronix.
- Jack Marshall (born 1936), is an author and poet.
- Louay M. Safi (born September 15, 1955), is a scholar and Human Rights activist, and a vocal critic of the Far Right. Author of numerous books and articles, Safi is active in the debate on nuclear race, social and political development, and Islam-West issues. He is the chairman of the Syrian American Congress.
- Jerry Seinfeld (born April 29, 1954), is a comedian, actor, and writer, best known for playing a semi-fictional version of himself in the long-running sitcom Seinfeld, which he co-created and executively produced.
- Teri Hatcher (born December 8, 1964), is an actress known for her television roles as Susan Mayer on the ABC comedy-drama series Desperate Housewives, and Lois Lane on Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman. Hatcher is Syrian from her mother's side.
- Yasser Seirawan (born March 24, 1960), is a chess grandmaster and 4-time US-champion. Seirawan is the 69th best chess player in the world and the 2nd in the United States.
- Mona Simpson (born June 14, 1957), is a novelist and essayist; Simpson is also a sister of Steve Jobs.
- Kelly Slater (born February 11, 1972), is a successful professional surfer and an 11 time world champion.
- Wafa Sultan (born 1958), is a well-known secular activist and vocal critic of Islam. In 2006, Sultan was chosen by Time Magazine to be on the Time 100 list of the 100 most influential people in 2006.
- Vic Tayback (January 6, 1930 – May 25, 1990), was an actor who won two Golden Globe Awards for his role in the television series Alice.
- Fawwaz Ulaby, is the R. Jamieson and Betty Williams Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Michigan, and the former vice president for research.
- M.Safwan Badr, is a Professor of Internal Medicine and Chief of Pulmonary/Critical Care and Sleep Medicine at the Wayne State University, and the president elect of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM).
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- The Arab Americans: a history by Gregory Orfalea, pg 224
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- Abu-Laban, Baha; Suleiman, Michael (1989). Arab Americans: Continuity and Change. AAUG monograph series. Belmont, Massachusetts: Association of Arab-American University Graduates. ISBN 978-0-937694-82-4.
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- Naff, Alixa (1985). Becoming American: The Early Arab Immigrant Experience. Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-585-10809-4.
- Saliba, Najib (1992). Emigration from Syria and the Syrian-Lebanese Community of Worcester, MA. Ligonier, Pennsylvania: Antakya Press. ISBN 0-9624190-1-X.
- Saliba Jerry Seinfeld Ticketsinventory.com Retrieved 2006-05-20. Missing or empty
- Samovar, L. A.; Porter, R. E. (1994). Intercultural Communication: A Reader. Thomson Wadsworth. ISBN 0-534-64440-6.
- Suleiman, Michael (1999). Arabs in America: Building a New Future. NetLibrary. ISBN 0-585-36553-9.
- Younis, Adele L. (1989). The Coming of the Arabic-Speaking People to the United States. Staten Island, New York: Center for Migration Studies. ISBN 978-0-934733-40-3. OCLC 31516579. | <urn:uuid:8d7550a6-be12-4b4a-85f7-09f5a23b9afb> | 2013-05-18T08:12:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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United Nations Special Commission
United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) was an inspection regime created by the United Nations to ensure Iraq's compliance with policies concerning Iraqi production and use of weapons of mass destruction after the Gulf War. Between 1991 and 1997 its director was Rolf Ekéus; from 1997 to 1999 its director was Richard Butler.
United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) was an inspection regime created with the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 in April 1991 to oversee Iraq's compliance with the destruction of Iraqi chemical, biological, and missile weapons facilities and to cooperate with the International Atomic Energy Agency’s efforts to eliminate nuclear weapon facilities all in the aftermath of the Gulf War. The UNSCOM inspection regime was packaged with several other UN Security Council requirements, namely, that Iraq’s ruling regime formally recognize Kuwait as an independent state and pay out war reparations for the destruction inflicted in the Gulf War, including the firing of Kuwaiti oil supplies and destruction of public infrastructure. Until the UN Security Council saw that Iraq’s weapons programs had been aborted and Iraqi leaders had allowed monitoring systems to be installed, the UN’s aforementioned sanctions would continue to be imposed on Iraq.
The commission found corroborating evidence that Rihab Rashid Taha, an Iraqi microbiologist educated in England, had produced biological weapons for Iraq in the 1980s. The destruction of proscribed weapons and the associated facilities was carried out mainly by Iraq, under constant supervision by UNSCOM.
Inspectors withdrew in 1998, and disbanded the following year amid allegations that the United States had used the commission's resources to spy on the Iraqi military. Weapons inspector Scott Ritter later stated that Operation Rockingham had cherry-picked evidence found by the United Nations Special Commission; evidence, he says, that was later used as part of the casus belli for the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
The successor of the United Nations Special Commission was the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission.
The United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) was headed by Rolf Ekéus and later Richard Butler. During several visits to Iraq by the United Nations Special Committee (UNSCOM), set up after the 1990 invasion of Kuwait to inspect Iraqi weapons facilities, weapons inspectors were told by Rihab Rashid Taha that the al-Hakam germ warfare center was a chicken-feed plant. "There were a few things that were peculiar about this animal-feed production plant," Charles Duelfer, UNSCOM's deputy executive chairman, later told reporters, "beginning with the extensive air defenses surrounding it."
The powers given to UNSCOM inspectors in Iraq were: “unrestricted freedom of movement without advance notice in Iraq”; the “right to unimpeded access to any site or facility for the purpose of the on-site inspection...whether such site or facility be above or below ground”; “the right to request, receive, examine, and copy any record data, or information...relevant to” UNSCOM’s activities; and the “right to take and analyze samples of any kind as well as to remove and export samples for off-site analysis.
Acceptance of the intrusion of the UNSCOM’s inspectors on the part of the Iraqi regime was slow coming. But with the threat of punitive military action looming from the international community, and particularly the U.S., Saddam Husain begrudgingly allowed UNSCOM’s inspectors into the country to begin their work.
Between 1991 and 1995, UN inspectors uncovered a massive program to develop biological and nuclear weapons. A large amount of equipment was confiscated and destroyed. Iraq by and large refused to cooperate with UNSCOM and its inspections as mandated by UN SC Res. 687 until June 1992, ten months after deadline, at which time the Iraqi government submitted “full, final and complete reports” on all of its weapons of mass destruction programs. These reports, however, were found to be incomplete and deficient, and at the same time UN inspectors were subjected to harassment and threats on the part of the Iraqi regime.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 699 was also passed in 1991, declaring that Iraq was responsible for all funding of UNSCOM’s inspections in Iraq.
In 1995, UNSCOM's principal weapons inspector Dr. Rod Barton showed Taha documents obtained by UNSCOM from Israel that showed the Iraqi government had just purchased 10 tons of growth media from a British company called Oxoid. Growth media is a mixture of sugar, proteins and minerals that allows microscopic life to grow. It is used in hospitals, where swabs from patients are placed in dishes containing growth media for diagnostic purposes. Iraq's hospital consumption of growth media was just 200 kg a year; yet in 1988, Iraq imported 39 tons of it.
Shown this evidence by UNSCOM, Taha admitted to inspectors that she had grown 19,000 litres of botulism toxin; 8,000 litres of anthrax; 2,000 litres of aflatoxins, which can cause liver cancer; clostridium perfringens, a bacterium that can cause gas gangrene; and ricin, a castor bean derivative which can kill by inhibiting protein synthesis. She also admitted conducting research into cholera, salmonella, foot and mouth disease, and camel pox, a disease that uses the same growth techniques as smallpox, but which is safer for researchers to work with. It was because of the discovery of Taha's work with camel pox that the US and British intelligence services feared Saddam Hussein may have been planning to weaponize the smallpox virus. Iraq had a smallpox outbreak in the 1970s and UNSCOM scientists believe the government would have retained contaminated material.
UNSCOM learned that, in August 1990, after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, Taha's team was ordered to set up a program to weaponize the biological agents. By January 1991, a team of 100 scientists and support staff had filled 157 bombs and 16 missile warheads with botulin toxin, and 50 bombs and five missile warheads with anthrax. In an interview with the BBC, Taha denied the Iraqi government had weaponized the bacteria. "We never intended to use it," she told journalist Jane Corbin of the BBC's Panorama program. "We never wanted to cause harm or damage to anybody." UNSCOM found the munitions dumped in a river near al-Hakam. UNSCOM also discovered that Taha's team had conducted inhalation experiments on donkeys from England and on beagles from Germany. The inspectors seized photographs showing beagles having convulsions inside sealed containers.
The al-Hakam germ warfare center, headed by the British-educated Iraqi biologist Dr. Rihab Rashid Taha, was blown up by UNSCOM in 1996. According to a 1999 report from the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency, the normally mild-mannered Taha exploded into violent rages whenever UNSCOM questioned her about al-Hakam, shouting, screaming and, on one occasion, smashing a chair, while insisting that al-Hakam was a chicken-feed plant.
Iraq charged that the commission was a cover for US espionage and refused UNSCOM access to certain sites, such as Baath Party headquarters. Although Ekéus has said that he resisted attempts at such espionage, many allegations have since been made against the agency commission under Butler, charges which Butler has denied. Within the UN establishment in Iraq, UNSCOM was not without its critics, with the UN's humanitarian staff informally calling the inspectors 'UN-Scum'. In return, the UN's humanitarian staff were called "bunny-huggers".
Also in 1996, the Iraqi ruling regime agreed to the terms of United Security Council Resolution 986, an oil-for-supplies agreement in which Iraq was allowed to sell $2 billion worth of oil every six months as a ways to purchase supplies for its increasingly impoverished and malnourished population. This agreement also allowed the UN to oversee the use and management of oil revenues, and to see that some of the funds went to pay war reparations and for the work of UNSCOM in Iraq during this period. The distribution of supplies purchased with oil revenues was also to be supervised by UN inspectors to ensure fair and equal distribution throughout the Iraqi population.
1998 Airstrikes
Security Council Meeting On the evening of 15 December 1998 the Security Council convened to consider two letters from weapons inspectors. The IAEA report by Mohamed El Baradei stated that Iraq "has provided the necessary level of cooperation to enable... [our] activities to be completed efficiently and effectively". The UNSCOM report, authored by Richard Butler, deplored the restrictions, lack of disclosure, and concealment. While conceding that "[i]n statistical terms, the majority of the inspections of facilities and sites under the ongoing monitoring system were carried out with Iraq's cooperation," his letter listed a number of instances where unspecificed "undeclared dual-capable items" had been discovered, and where inspections had been held up so that buildings could be cleared of sensitive material.
Since Operation Desert Fox had already begun at the time of the meeting (just hours after the inspectors had been evacuated), the Security Council debated about who was to blame for the military action, rather than whether they should authorize it. The Iraqi representative said:
|“||I speak to you now while rockets and bombs are falling on the cities and the villages of Iraq... At a time when the Security Council... was discussing [the] reports..., and before the Council reached any conclusion on this subject, the United States and Britain launched their attack against Iraq. The two Powers requested a suspension of the informal meeting of the Security Council and their pretext for aggression was that one of the two reports -- the UNSCOM report -- emphasized the lack of full cooperation by Iraq with UNSCOM... Time and again we have warned against the partiality and lack of objectivity of the United Nations Special Commission... The UNSCOM Executive Chairman singled out in his report yesterday five incidents out of a total of 300 inspection operations... The exaggerated uproar about Iraqi weapons of mass destruction is nothing but a great lie.||”|
The Russian ambassador added:
|“||We believe that although there are certain problems..., the current crisis was created artificially... On the night of 15 December this year, [Butler] presented a report that gave a distorted picture of the real state of affairs and concluded that there was a lack of full cooperation on the part of Iraq. That conclusion was not borne out by the facts. Without any consultations with the Security Council, Richard Butler then evacuated the entire Special Commission staff from Iraq. At the same time, there was an absolutely unacceptable leak of the report to the communications media, which received the text before the members of the Security Council themselves... It is symbolic that precisely at the time when Richard Butler... was attempting to defend the conclusions reached in his report, we were informed about the strike against Iraq, and the justification for that unilateral act was precisely the report which had been presented by the Executive Chairman of the Special Commission.||”|
The view of the Council was split, with several countries placing the responsibility on Iraq. The United States declared that "Iraq's policy of unremitting defiance and non-compliance necessitated the resort to military force". The United Kingdom stated that the objectives of the action were "to degrade Iraq's capability to build and use weapons of mass destruction, and to diminish the military threat Iraq poses to its neighbours. The targets chosen, therefore, are targets connected with his military capability, his weapons of mass destruction and his ability to threaten his neighbours."
1999: End of UNSCOM
In December 1999, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 1284, replacing UNSCOM with the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission. Four countries — among them Russia, France and China — abstained from voting on Res. 1284, which led the Iraqi regime to reject the resolution because they saw the resolution as a way for the UN to claim Iraq as a “protectorate.”
UNSCOM’s intention of identifying and eliminating Iraqi weapons programs resulted in numerous successes, illustrating the “value of a system approach to biological arms verification,” as former UNSCOM Historian Stephen Black has written. But the overall effect of the UN sanctions on Iraqi in the 1990s proved devastating to an already crumbling country. Malnutrition rates among Iraqis increased and infant mortality rates soared, exacting a heavy toll on the people of Iraq not part of the ruling regime’s patrimonial “shadow state.”
Allegations of CIA infiltration of UNSCOM
Evidence that UNSCOM had been used by US intelligence to penetrate Iraqi security and track President Saddam Hussein's movements emerged in January 1999. An investigation by the Washington Post claimed that CIA engineers, working as UN technicians, installed equipment to spy on Iraqi sites without Butler's knowledge, and that this explained the unidentified "burst transmissions" that had been noted by the inspectors.
Former UN weapons inspector Scott Ritter later accused some UNSCOM personnel of spying, and also alleged that the purpose of the spying was to target Saddam in the bombing. Butler, on the other hand, denied allegations that foreign intelligence agencies "piggybacked" UNSCOM and questioned the factual accuracy of several of Ritter's statements.
On 31 August 1998, Ritter said: "Iraq still has proscribed weapons capability. There needs to be a careful distinction here. Iraq today is challenging the special commission to come up with a weapon and say where is the weapon in Iraq, and yet part of their efforts to conceal their capabilities, I believe, have been to disassemble weapons into various components and to hide these components throughout Iraq. I think the danger right now is that without effective inspections, without effective monitoring, Iraq can in a very short period of time measure the months, reconstitute chemical biological weapons, long-range ballistic missiles to deliver these weapons, and even certain aspects of their nuclear weaponization program."
Almost a year later, in June 1999, Ritter responded to an interviewer saying: "When you ask the question, 'Does Iraq possess militarily viable biological or chemical weapons?' the answer is no! It is a resounding NO. Can Iraq produce today chemical weapons on a meaningful scale? No! Can Iraq produce biological weapons on a meaningful scale? No! Ballistic missiles? No! It is 'no' across the board. So from a qualitative standpoint, Iraq has been disarmed. Iraq today possesses no meaningful weapons of mass destruction capability.
Butler resigned from UNSCOM on 30 June 1999.
See also
- In Shifting Sands: The Truth About Unscom and the Disarming of Iraq - documentary film directed by Scott Ritter
- Iraq disarmament crisis and Iraq disarmament timeline 1990–2003
- UNSCOM personnel: Rolf Ekéus, Richard Butler (diplomat), Charles A. Duelfer, Scott Ritter, Corinne Heraud, Alexander Coker
- United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 S-RES-687(1991) page 3 on 3 April 1991 (retrieved 2008-04-10)
- Zilinskas, Raymond A., “UNSCOM and the UNSCOM Experience in Iraq,” Politics and the Life Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Aug., 1995), 230-231
- Tripp, Charles, “A History of Iraq,” (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 250
- What Happened to Saddam's WMD? Arms Control Today September, 2003
- Chief U.N. weapons inspector rejects spying allegations CNN January 6, 1999
- US silence on new Iraq spying allegations BBC News January 7, 1999
- Black, Stephen, “UNSCOM and the Iraqi Biological Weapons Program: Implications for Arms Control,” Politics and the Life Sciences,” Vol. 18, No. 1 (Mar., 1999), pp. 62-63
- Tripp, 250-251
- Zilinskas, 230
- "The Inspections Maze". Christian Science Monitor. 2002. Retrieved 2006-04-28.[dead link]
- "Baghdad prevents inspections at Baath party headquarters". Arabic News.com. 12/11/1998. Retrieved 2006-04-28.
- Wright, Susan (2002). Biological Warfare and Disarmament. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 272. ISBN 0-7425-2469-8.
- Varadarajan, Siddharth (26 February 1998). "'UNSCUM' versus 'Bunny-huggers' in Iraq". The Times of India.
- Tripp, 252
- United Nations Security Council PV S-PV-3955 on 1998-12-16 (retrieved 2007-04-04)
- "LETTER DATED 15 DECEMBER 1998 FROM THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ADDRESSED TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL". Un.org. Retrieved 2011-06-19.
- United Nations Security Council S-1998-1172 on 1998-12-15 (retrieved 2007-04-04)
- Julian Borger (17 December 1998). "Missile blitz on Iraq". The Guardian.
- United Nations Security Council PV S-PV-3955 page 2 on 1998-12-16 (retrieved 2007-04-04)
- United Nations Security Council PV S-PV-3955 page 3 on 1998-12-16 (retrieved 2007-04-04)
- United Nations Security Council PV S-PV-3955 page 8 on 1998-12-16 (retrieved 2007-04-04)
- United Nations Security Council PV S-PV-3955 page 5 on 1998-12-16 (retrieved 2007-04-04)
- Tripp, 269
- Black, 68
- Graham-Brown, Sarah, “Sanctioning Iraq: A Failed Policy, Middle East Report, No. 215 (Summer, 2000), pp. 8-10
- Halliday, Denis J., “The Impact of the UN Sanctions on the People of Iraq,” Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Winter, 1999), pp. 29-33
- Mark Tran (7 January 1999). "UN 'spied on Iraq'". The Guardian.
- Barton Gellman (2 March 1999). "U.S. Spied On Iraq Via U.N". Washington Post.
- Julian Borger (3 March 1999). "UN 'kept in dark' about US spying in Iraq". The Guardian.
- "Unscom 'infiltrated by spies'". BBC News. March 23, 1999. Retrieved 2006-04-28.
- "The Lessons and Legacy of UNSCOM, an Interview with Ambassador Richard Butler". Arms Control Today. June 1999.
- Arons, Nicholas (June 24, 1999). "Interview with Scot Ritter". Federation of American Scientists, June 24, 1999. Retrieved 2008-09-06. | <urn:uuid:33a84d84-31b8-48b1-b1fd-ec91710fe8fe> | 2013-05-18T06:22:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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We have 8 completed crocodile games
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Games: crocodile, animal, water, food,
You are a little hungry crocodile. You are traveling around the world looking for juicy flies. However, you will face many dangers and enemies, so you have to be careful. Good luck!
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You are surfing an endless wave where you find lots of obstacles which do not allow you to do your best movements. Now, you have to avoid them if you want to arrive to the goal.
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Game based on the 'Animal Planet' series. You're Archie, The explorer. Your goal is to cross the river carrying first aid kits. Do it fast and show your skills.
Games: kids, adventure, animal, animal planet,
In this game you play the late Steve Irwin, the famous adventurer. The food supplies at the zoo have run low and your favourite crocodile is hungry; you'll have to feed it babies.
Games: crocodile, blood, celebrities, sadists,
In this game you have to help Kiara save Kovu from the crocodiles which are passing underneath the branch which she's hanging from. You'll have to jump on their backs in order to get to her.
Games: kids, animal, water, jump,
Miepie wants to eat a pie but it has a little problem: Droevie has sent his crocodiles to kill him! Help Miepie to eat that pie and survive to all attacks from the crocodiles.
Games: cakes, kids, food, simple,
Arnold is an electrician who works in underground pipes. One day he was working when suddenly he got trapped in a frightining place. It is full of crocodiles and dangers. Help him to escape from that place.
Games: platforms, crocodile, dinosaur, pipes, | <urn:uuid:ec44a9a9-3a76-4aba-9da0-f25998daa82c> | 2013-05-18T05:58:37Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The significance of Alabama Unionists during the Civil War and Reconstruction has long been a subject of study among scholars. Largely centered in northern Alabama and to a lesser degree in the southeast region and in Montgomery and Mobile, Unionists were important both militarily and politically. Until recently, however, the details of this phenomenon have remained less well known, largely because the term Unionist (both then and now) has been used to refer to a range of different individuals and positions.
In the broadest sense, Unionist has meant any white person who opposed secession (including those who later supported the Confederacy) and those who came to support the Union during the war despite having originally supported the Confederacy. This broad definition includes a very wide range of Alabamians—from the most well-to-do planters who ultimately become officers in the Confederate Army to the subsistence farmer who deserted the southern cause midway through the war. It is also possible to define Unionism more narrowly, confining the label to those individuals who resisted both secession and the Confederacy during the war. Such unconditional loyalists probably represented no more than 15 percent of Alabama's adult white population. They were mostly nonslaveholding farmers (though a small minority owned slaves) living in the northern third of the state. A few Unionists also lived in the piney woods and coastal plain further south. In many respects, these men and women were very much like their neighbors who supported the Confederate cause. The reasons they remained loyal to the Union were also quite diverse. Many saw secession as illegal, whereas others felt that it would dishonor the American Revolution and their own ancestors. Still others were certain that secession would end in political or military disaster. Many were influenced by the respected figures in their families or neighborhoods.
Unionism in Alabama arose under the pressures of the presidential election of 1860. Nine months before, the state legislature had directed that, in the event of a Republican's election, a state secession convention would be called. By directly linking the presidential election to secession, the legislature fostered a political atmosphere that was particularly hostile to Unionists. Newspaper editorials and participants at community meetings condemned as traitors those who canvassed for Illinois senator Stephen Douglas, the nominee of the regular Democratic Party, rather than the southern-rights Democratic nominee, John Breckinridge. In the election, fully 80 percent of Alabama's eligible voters participated, giving Breckinridge a substantial victory, with 54 percent of the vote. John Bell, the Constitutional Union candidate who was supported by a number of Alabamians hostile to secession, received 31 percent of the vote. Douglas, the candidate most associated with a strongly Unionist position, polled slightly more than 15 percent. Republican Abraham Lincoln was not even on the ballot in Alabama.
As promised, Alabama secessionists called a convention in the wake of Lincoln's election. The campaign for convention delegates provoked heated and sometimes violent debates among neighbors, forcing many to defend their positions in public. Of the 100 delegates elected, 53 were secessionists and 47 were cooperationists, a term that refers to the delegates' desire to secede only in "cooperation" with other southern states. In fact, the men elected on this platform represented a wide range of ideas about if, when, and under what circumstances to cooperate with secession and included a minority faction—probably less than one-third (the vast majority of them from the northern third of the state)—of unconditional Unionists who opposed secession outright.
These delegates convened in Montgomery on January 7, 1861, and debated secession for four days. On January 11, 1861, the convention passed Alabama's Ordinance of Secession by a vote of 61 to 39. Many of those who voted against the ordinance, however, ultimately did support secession, and four immediately reversed themselves and signed with the majority. Among the opposition, 33 delegates subsequently signed the "Address to the People of Alabama," in which they pledged to consult with their supporters and then act on their wishes. Ten signatories of the address signed the ordinance to satisfy their constituents. Other delegates who rejected the ordinance eventually took active part in the war. Only three signers—Henry C. Sanford of Cherokee County, Elliot P. Jones of Fayette County, and Robert Guttery of Walker County—never signed the ordinance and maintained their Unionism throughout the war. Only two wartime Unionists—R. S. Watkins of Franklin County and Christopher C. Sheats of Winston County—signed neither the "Address" nor the Ordinance of Secession.
Most of the men and women who supported the Union after Alabama's secession faced great difficulties. Many were ostracized and ridiculed by neighbors, called before community vigilance committees for questioning and intimidation, or actually harmed for endorsing the Union. Such treatment was most commonly meted out to those who publicly asserted their views; those who kept quiet and did not interfere with volunteering were often left alone during the first year of the war. After Confederate conscription began in April 1862, however, community tolerance of Unionists waned. Individuals who resisted the draft, for whatever reason, were subject to arrest and imprisonment. Family members who supported resisters were frequently threatened with violence or exile by conscript cavalry who hoped to pressure men to come in from the woods or mountains and surrender. In addition, it was not at all uncommon for the families of Unionists to be targeted for punitive foraging or arson by Confederate forces or local conscript cavalry.
After the Union Army invaded Alabama in early 1862, Unionists had more opportunities to flee behind Union lines for safety and the possibility of employment as soldiers, spies, or laborers. Most well known of Alabama's Union troops was the First Alabama Cavalry, U.S.A., organized in late 1862 by Brig. Gen. Grenville M. Dodge, stationed at Corinth, Mississippi. The regiment served mostly in northern Alabama, western Tennessee, and northeastern Mississippi, though it marched with Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman to Savannah in 1864. Alabama Unionists also joined other federal regiments, particularly those from Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio. Those who remained at home, both within Union-occupied territory and behind Confederate lines, also actively assisted Union forces as spies and guides. In some cases, they collaborated with local African Americans (most often their own slaves) to aid and abet the Union Army or pro-Union men in their neighborhoods. Moreover, African Americans from Alabama also crossed the Union lines to serve as laborers and soldiers, and after the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect in 1863, many were inducted into United States Colored Troops regiments. Almost 5,000 African Americans, or 6 percent of Alabama's black male population between the ages of 18 and 45, volunteered in the Union ranks.
As was the case throughout the South, by the midpoint of the war Alabama's original Unionists were increasingly joined in their dissent by deserters from the Confederate Army, mostly men whose families were struggling at home without their labor. Disillusioned by the realities of warfare, angered by the inequities of service under laws exempting slaveowners and selected professionals, such Alabamians generally wanted the war to end more than they desired Union victory, though some did cross lines and join the Union army rather than desert and avoid service altogether. A small peace movement also emerged at this time among men who had originally opposed secession but later supported the state.
After the war, Unionists continued to struggle politically and socially, for their wartime activities had alienated them from
their now-defeated neighbors. Most eagerly joined the Union League and the Republican Party. Some wartime Unionists helped reintroduce the Methodist-Episcopal Church (as contrasted with the Methodist-Episcopal Church, South) to northern Alabama, finding there a more hospitable environment
for worship. Many campaigned strenuously to convince the president and Congress to limit the political rights of former Confederates.
They also sought positions of local and state authority for others who had supported the Union during the war. At this point,
a number of men who had originally opposed secession but supported the state in 1861, as well as citizens who had become disillusioned
with the war, also moved to the fore of political life in Alabama. These moderates were, in general, encouraged by Pres. Andrew Johnson, who appointed such men to
positions of political authority in the immediate post-war provisional governments he established. The Republican Party in
Alabama was populated by such individuals, as well as core Unionists who had served in the Union Army or otherwise actively
resisted the Confederacy. Both groups were referred to by their Democratic opponents as sc alawags.
Under Congressional Reconstruction (1867-74) wartime loyalists gained greater political power than they had under Presidential Reconstruction, taking leading roles in the constitutional convention of 1867, the Freedmen's Bureau, and the Republican-dominated state legislature. Most also supported, though sometimes reluctantly, voting rights for African Americans as a means to gain political power over former Confederates. For their continued association with northern Republicans and support for African American equality, white Unionists were targeted for intimidation and physical violence by the Ku Klux Klan and other anti-Reconstruction vigilantes. As elsewhere in the South, Alabama Unionists and their Republican allies (white and black, northern and southern) received little in the way of federal assistance to defend against the onslaught of violence. As their party was overwhelmed by the Democratic opposition, Unionists retreated from the forefront of state politics, though those in communities with substantial loyalist populations continued in positions of local political leadership well into the late nineteenth century.
Barney, William L. The Secessionist Impulse: Alabama and Mississippi in 1860. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974.
Fitzgerald, Michael W. The Union League Movement in the Deep South: Politics and Agri cultural Change During Reconstruction. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989.
Mills, Gary B. Southern Loyalists in the Civil War: The Southern Claims Commission. A Composite Directory of Case Files Created by the U.S. Commissioner of Claims, 1871-1880, including those appealed to the War Claims Committee of the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Court of Claims. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, Inc. 1994.
Rogers, William Warren, Jr. The Confederate Home Front: Montgomery During the Civil War. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 1999.
Storey, Margaret M. Loyalty and Loss: Alabama's Unionists in the Civil War and Reconstruction. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004.
Margaret M. Storey
Published December 14, 2007
Last updated October 3, 2011 | <urn:uuid:dcf6578e-71df-4e20-904c-5952df38fb9c> | 2013-05-18T06:19:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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An Egyptian court handed on Tuesday dead sentences to 14 Islamist militants for involvement in a 2011 attack that killed seven people at a bank and a police station in the Sinai Peninsula, scene of mounting violence near the border with Israel.
The court in the Suez Canal city of Ismailiya convicted the 14 of carrying out the attacks in June and July last year on behalf of the hardline group Tawhid wal Jihad (Monotheism and Holy War).
One civilian was among the dead.
The court ruling came as Egyptian security forces continue to hunt militants in Sinai following an August 5 attack on an army outpost which killed 16 soldiers.
The army has strengthened its presence in Sinai, sending helicopters and tanks in pursuit of Islamist extremists believed to be behind the August 5 attack.
On Sunday, Egyptian security forces killed six gunmen in a raid on a north Sinai village, witnesses said.
Security officials said they found chemicals used to make explosives, rocket-propelled grenades and machineguns with the militants in El-Jurah village. One of the gunmen was seriously wounded, they said.
In the wake of the attack on the army outpost, President Mohamed Morsi dismissed his powerful defence minister, replaced his spy chief and sacked top security and political officials in the Sinai.
He also scrapped a constitutional document that gave the military legislative and other powers. | <urn:uuid:54b5ffe5-fc0e-4f74-9915-a5924a0bea20> | 2013-05-18T07:20:26Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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One could consult a grammar or style book, but let's take a different look at this question.
The other day, I was out for a walk when I noticed the following sign hanging in a store window:
We sell t-shirts and CD's!
Adding an apostrophe to CD but not to t-shirt seems strange. (Well, adding one to t-shirt is wrong in the first place!) The store needs to standardize their apostrophe use here. And since writing t-shirt's is wrong, the correct thing to do is to change CD's to CDs.
Whether this example can be generalized is another matter; nonetheless, it seems to me that writing CDs or ATMs or the 1930s is simpler, shorter and more visually pleasing. This rule also makes more sense when used with other plurals, as detailed in my example. So my vote is for ATMs.
(N.B.: many style books agree that ATM's is also correct, and I don't wish to imply that it's wrong. All the same, ATMs seems somehow more correct.) | <urn:uuid:d8b8570e-0f26-43d3-984c-54870667f238> | 2013-05-18T04:58:03Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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It's a shockingly graphic scene: "Pulp Fiction" character Marsellus Wallace (Ving Rhames) is raped over a pommel horse by creepy Zed, while a leather-clad Gimp keeps an eye on Butch (Bruce Willis). (Butch eventually breaks free and kills one of the rapists, while the other faces the unimaginable threat of some of Marsellus' pals "getting medieval" on him.)
Andrew Kelly / REUTERS file
Uma Thurman worked with Quentin Tarantino in his 1994 hit "Pulp Fiction," and attended the premiere of his latest film, "Django Unchained," in 2012.
And that scene almost kept star Uma Thurman, then just 23, from acting in the 1994 film, she tells Vanity Fair in an upcoming issue.
"I wasn’t sure I wanted to do it, because I was worried about the Gimp stuff," she says in the article. "We had very memorable, long discussions about male rape versus female rape. No one could believe I even hesitated in any way. Neither can I, in hindsight."
The rape scene may have been hard to watch, but Thurman also told the magazine that it was her famous dance with John Travolta that made her the most nervous, "because I was so awkward and embarrassed and shy."
Director Quentin Tarantino wanted the couple to do the Twist, but dance fiend Travolta suggested they work the moves of other novelty dances into the scene.
The article also discusses how every major studio passed on the film, which of course became a huge hit, and how once it was picked up, Miramax studio head Harvey Weinstein didn't want John Travolta cast. (Can you imagine the film with Daniel Day-Lewis in the Vincent Vega role?)
Of course, hindsight is 20/20. The film is credited with reviving Travolta's career, and the article notes that Weinstein later jokingly said, "I’m so glad I had the idea to cast John Travolta.”
The full article appears in Vanity Fair's February issue. | <urn:uuid:32ada7b4-96a6-42f5-bd91-f44a6f092464> | 2013-05-18T05:49:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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THE GOOD SHEPHERD Story
The Good Shepherd is a spy film directed by Robert De Niro and starring Matt Damon and Angelina Jolie. Laconic and self-contained, Edward Wilson heads CIA covert operations during the Bay of Pigs. The agency suspects that Castro was tipped, so Wilson looks for the leak.
As he investigates, he recalls, in a series of flashbacks, his father's death, student days at Yale (poetry; Skull and Bones), recruitment into the fledgling OSS, truncated affairs, a shotgun marriage, cutting his teeth on spy craft in London, distance from his son, the emergence of the Cold War, and relationships with agency, British, and Soviet counterparts.
We watch his idealism give way to something else: disclosing the nature of that something else is at the heart of the film's narration as he closes in on the leak.
Edward Wilson, the only witness to his father's suicide and member of the Skull and Bones Society while a student at Yale, is a morally upright young man who values honor and discretion, qualities that help him to be recruited for a career in the newly founded Office of Strategic Services (OSS, the predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency).
While working there, his ideals gradually turn to suspicion influenced by the Cold War paranoia present within the office. Eventually, he becomes an influential veteran operative, while his distrust of everyone around him increases to no end. His dedication to his work does not come without a price though, leading him to sacrifice his ideals and eventually his family. | <urn:uuid:4fb6da96-c730-430a-80da-ba2d6dc1cfd2> | 2013-05-18T06:47:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Scientists aim to describe a single 'tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. However, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. EOL reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific 'classifications'. Some species have been named more than once. Such duplicates are listed under synonyms. EOL also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages.
marks the preferred classification for this taxon.
EOL content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. As a result, from time to time you may find pages on EOL that are confusing.
To request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. Thank you! | <urn:uuid:614e0ffc-36b0-4e0e-b26f-82ed54da29db> | 2013-05-18T06:34:25Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Tom Kamin (2012) Remote Central Heating Control. EngD thesis.
Modern microcontroller technology allows for easy communication with a remote location over the Internet. In our thesis, we designed an embedded system, which allows the user to remotely control the central heating system through a web interface. The embedded system consists of a microcontroller development board Arduino Mega 2560, a network- based microcontroller module Wiznet W5100 and a DS1621 digital temperature sensor. The user interface consists of a matrix keyboard and a LCD character display. For the embedded system, we have developed software that allows the user to control and display the current ambient temperature on the LCD screen. Central heating is controlled by a power relay. We have developed a complementary information system in the form of a web interface that allows the user to monitor and adjust the ambient temperature and also monitor various embedded system's status data from a remote location. The web interface has been developed on ASP.NET platform. Administration pages have been added for the purpose of user and embedded system's data manipulation and storing. As a conclusion, we have designed a printed circuit board of our embedded system, but the circuit has not yet been etched. For the purposes of designing the printed circuit, CadSoft EAGLE PCB development tool has been used.
Actions (login required) | <urn:uuid:d54f42c7-a32d-4f3f-8f2f-4c66e488cc0f> | 2013-05-18T06:51:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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- Wind Sprint 7: Using an Oxygen Tank While Exercising
- Wind Sprint 6: Using a Percussor for Airway Clearance
Wind Sprint 15: Stretching Before Exercise
Episode 15 of the CF Wind Sprint series demonstrates a series of stretches to be done before exercising. Stretching gets the blood flowing and helps prevent injuries. Stretching also can help people with cystic fibrosis get in some breathing exercises before they lift weights, run or do other types of exercise.
This CF Wind Sprint is made possible by an unrestricted educational grant from Genentech to the Boomer Esiason Foundation. | <urn:uuid:e69f9f09-6ace-40e7-b3e6-02ce813c256c> | 2013-05-18T07:20:05Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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292. Bowdoin Snead was born before 1784 in Accomack County, Va.. He died on 1 Jul 1841 in Accomack County, Va..
He was married to Mary Unknown.
Bowdoin Snead and Mary Unknown had the following children:
+465 i. Betsy Snead.
+466 ii. Ann Snead.
Return to Table of Contents | <urn:uuid:d624f2af-ffdd-4cde-aa53-036b38025d95> | 2013-05-18T05:49:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Wenger: We have no need for Sahin
August 25, 2012
By ESPN staff
• Liverpool announce Sahin deal
Liverpool confirmed they had reached a deal to sign the Turkey international on a season-long loan, appearing to have beaten their Premier League rivals in the race to sign the playmaker.
However, while Wenger will not be tempted to bring Wilshere back before he is ready, he believes Sahin would be surplus ... | <urn:uuid:35f2d7db-5cd6-47f9-b5a5-098fb048e56b> | 2013-05-18T07:26:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Feyenoord defeat leaders PSV
February 24, 2013
Tim Matavz went close before Jeremain Lens gave PSV the lead in the 34th minute, rounding off a fluent counter-attack.
But Ruben Schaken equalised after an exchange of passes with Marcelo (47) and Graziano Pelle's shot on the turn (68) earned three points for the hosts.
The result saw Feyenoord close to within a point of ... | <urn:uuid:5a0f7e5b-bf50-44ca-90e9-d1328a7420ea> | 2013-05-18T08:11:02Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Barton set for domestic return
Marseille midfielder Joey Barton is set to make his maiden Ligue 1 appearance against Lille on Sunday, following the end of his 12-game ban.
Barton, 30, arrived on loan from Queens Park Rangers in the summer carrying the suspension after clashing with Manchester City players on the final day of last season.
However, the former Newcastle man has made five appearances for the French club in the Europa League with the ban not extending to European competition.
And sporting director Jose Anigo believes his game time in Europe's second-tier competition means he is more than ready for a return to domestic football.
"He is ready and physically well. His state of mind will help us," Anigo told Le 10 Sport. "I'm curious as to what he can do but from what we saw in the European games, he will help us.
"He brings creativity to the team. It's important for us to have players like him. Especially now as we have a limited squad."
Elsewhere, Mathieu Valbuena and Loic Remy, who both sat out Thursday's 1-0 defeat to Fenerbahce with injuries, are expected to be fit for the Lille clash. | <urn:uuid:c4160c36-25b7-4226-999c-d49aee120bb7> | 2013-05-18T06:51:36Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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testosterone print version
Low Testosterone - The Unsuspected
by Rick Cohen MD
There are more than forty million
men in the U.S. suffering from low levels of testosterone. But the vast majority
of them don't even know it. As the tremendous popularity of Viagra suggests, many
of these men are experiencing symptoms of male sexual dysfunction. Others find
themselves fighting more subtle battles against obesity, fatigue, depression and
insomnia-common symptoms of low testosterone that most doctors overlook or attribute
to the natural process of aging or stress. (1-2)
Why is modern medicine
missing the low testosterone mark?
Standard laboratory tests have failed
to pinpoint the problem. While medical science has determined that while a man's
total (protein-bound) testosterone levels remain relatively stable over time,
his bio-available (free) levels gradually decline at an alarming rate of two percent
each year beginning at age thirty. This means that a man in his sixties is functioning
with only about forty percent of the testosterone he had in his twenties. However,
when standard laboratory tests are performed, most men typically have only their
total levels of testosterone evaluated. Their more important bio-available levels
go unchecked. (3-4)
To make matters worse, most physicians require a
diagnosis of hypogonadism (a medical term used to classify total testosterone
levels that fall below a specified laboratory limit) prior to prescribing any
testosterone replacement medication. As a result, millions of American men who
are suffering from symptoms of low testosterone are walking around undiagnosed
and untreated. (5)
Detection: A Necessary First Step.
it comes to treating and eliminating the symptoms of low testosterone, detecting
the problem is a fundamental first step. Are your testosterone levels low? Take
the 10-point quiz below to and find out.
1. Are you over the age of 35?
2. Do you have poor muscle tone?
3. Are you prone to weight gain, particularly
around the midsection?
4. Do you frequently feel weak and tired without any
5. Is your recovery from exercise slow?
6. Do you have
a low sex drive or symptoms of sexual dysfunction?
7. Do you feel depressed,
irritable or unmotivated?
8. Do you have difficulty coping with stress?
9. Do you have trouble getting a good night's sleep?
10. Do you smoke cigarettes,
drink alcohol regularly or take prescription medicines?
If you answered
"yes" to any two of these ten questions, chances are your testosterone
levels are less than optimal. How can you know?
The answer is simple:
Test yourself in the comfort and privacy of your very own home.
to being more convenient and less costly than standard laboratory serum tests,
recent medical research has proven salivary hormone testing to be far more accurate
when it comes to measuring bio-available testosterone and a number of other key,
male hormones. (6)
Prohormones - A Better Option for Men with Reduced
or Borderline Levels of Testosterone.
While the soon-to-be-released topical
testosterone medication, AndroGel (7), will eliminate the need for painful injections
and irritating patches for the few men who have been diagnosed with hypogonadism,
but there is a kinder (and smarter) alternative for men who do not need or do
not qualify for testosterone replacement therapy. That alternative is ProMale.
Based on innovative European technology, ProMale is an all-natural, non-prescription
product developed several years ago by an U.S. physician for use in his own medical
What does ProMale do? It provides for the effective application
of prohormones (steroid hormone precursors)-the basic, raw materials a man's body
needs to produce testosterone.
While ProMale is not intended as a treatment
for hypogonadism, it offers a safe, effective and accessible treatment option
to the millions of men who are interested in maximizing their physical, mental
and sexual potential. The more specific benefits associated with the use of ProMale
and high levels of testosterone in include: (8-13)
o Improved mood and
overall sense of well-being.
o Increased muscle mass and strength.
An enhanced sex drive and function.
o Better memory, concentration and visual
o Improved cardiac health through the natural reduction of cholesterol,
blood pressure and blood sugar.
o Increased tolerance to stress.
As an all-natural topical prohormone formula, ProMale differs
from testosterone replacement medications in several important ways. First, it
does not replace testosterone directly. As a result, ProMale does not suppress
the body's own ability to produce testosterone and is far less likely to promote
the onset of testicular atrophy (a common side effect linked to the use of prescription
Second, prohormone formulas like ProMale can
never push a man's testosterone levels too high because the important 17 and 3
beta hydroxysteroid enzymes that are used to convert prohormones into testosterone
are "rate limited." This means that regardless of the quantity of prohormones
delivered to the body, only a fixed amount of these will ever be converted to
In addition, prohormones can always be synergistically
used in conjunction with any other natural or pharmaceutical therapies to stimulate
the body's own ability to produce testosterone. And last, but certainly not least,
prohormones cross the blood/brain barrier more quickly than testosterone does.
As a result, they may be more effective in enhancing cognitive and sexual functions
than testosterone itself. (14-19)
A Prohormone Primer:
in the testes, testosterone is the end result of a series of biochemical steps
that all start and fundamentally depend on cholesterol (the primary material from
which all steroid hormones are created). Before it can become testosterone, however
cholesterol must be chemically converted into several different prohormones in
the following order-progesterone, DHEA, androstenedione and androstenediol. (20)
Like estrogen, progesterone is also considered a
female hormone. Still, the male body requires it to create a variety of important
stress hormones such as cortisol and DHEA.
Like testosterone, progesterone
levels decline with age and as a result of stress. In addition, laboratory studies
and clinical evidence show that progesterone plays an important role in buffering
the hormonal effects of high estrogen by opposing the activity of estrogens on
a cellular level. This particular prohormone may also inhibit the abnormal growth
of prostate cells by interfering with the 5-alpha reductase enzyme, which converts
testosterone to DHT. (21)
Produced in the adrenal glands,
DHEA plays an important role in male hormone production. Like testosterone and
progesterone, DHEA levels significantly decline over time-and in response to chronic
This particular prohormone has many well-documented benefits, the
most notable of which is to boost immune function, mood and libido. In clinical
practice, DHEA has proven to be very effective in supporting and restoring healthy
adrenal function, improving energy and enhancing overall health and well being.
Androstenedione and 4-Androstenediol
prohormones, androstenedione (AD) and 4-androstenediol (4AD), are effective in
enhancing testosterone production because they are only one, small biochemical
step away from testosterone. And it is for this reason that AD and 4-AD can have
such a strong and positive effect on male health and well-being. While the hormones
progesterone and DHEA are necessary in the testosterone production cycle, they
cannot be used reliably to support testosterone production. (23-24)
(andro-4-ene,3,17 dione) and (4AD) (4-androstene-3beta, 17 beta-diol) are naturally-occurring
steroid hormones found in some plants and in all animals. In mammals, they are
produced in the gonads and adrenal glands and can be directly measured in the
blood stream. Based on the most recent research, 4AD is considered the preferred
andro prohormone for use by men. 4AD is not only more readily converted to testosterone
than AD, it is not directly converted to estrogen, which in high amounts can adversely
effect male health. [Widely-recognized as a female hormone, most men are surprised
to learn that estrogen is also present in their bodies. Produced in very small
amounts as a by-product of the testosterone conversion process, normal levels
of male estrogen encourage a strong libido and healthy brain function. High estrogen
levels, on the other hand, can lead to the suppression of testosterone production
and a reduced testosterone supply. High estrogen levels can also contribute to
fatty weight gain, prostate enlargement and a higher incidence of heart disease.]
Prohormones in Olympic History - The Birth of a "Secret
First synthesized in the 1930's, androstenedione was first
studied by Dr. Charles Kochian (a world-renowned expert in steroid hormones) who
discovered its anabolic and androgenic properties. Dr. Kochian's findings remained
relatively unrecognized, however, until the Berlin Wall fell and many of East
Germany's highly-advanced athletic training and nutrition secrets were revealed.
What was determined? That during the 1970's and 1980's, the country's most
victorious Olympians were using an AD nasal spray to boost their testosterone
levels and, as a result, their athletic performance. The effects of this nasal
spray included large, fleeting-and virtually undetectable-elevations in testosterone.
And it was these significant and sudden increases in serum testosterone that served
to enhance the athlete's muscle strength prior to a competitive event. (29)
Because it plays a key role in determining energy, mood, libido, muscular
and sexual development, testosterone is the most important hormone in the male
body. But as part of the natural metabolic process, testosterone can be readily
converted into the end hormones estrogen and DHT. The production of these two
hormone by-products can sometimes cause side effects (such as increased body fat,
an enlarged prostate or increased hair loss.)
Chemically very similar
to AD and 4-AD, norandrostenedione and norandrostenediol convert to nortestosterone.
While the range of nortestosterone's benefits are somewhat more limited than those
of testosterone, this hormone does not convert to DHT or estrogen and is therefore
a better option for androgen-sensitive men. Nortestosterone is also a better choice
for men who specifically seek the anabolic effects of testosterone such as increased
muscle size, strength, quicker recovery from training and injury.
- Making the Right Choices
When it comes to deciding on which kind of
prohormone product you should be using, there are a few basic rules to follow:
If you choose to use an oral product avoid the use of Androstenedione
opting instead for Androstenediol.
A study published in the February 9,
2000 issue of The Journal of the American Medical Association provided interesting
data on the effectiveness of oral androstenedione. Study results showed no increase
in testosterone levels and a moderate increase in estrogen levels among subjects
taking 100mg dose of androstenedione. After being given a relatively large (300mg)
dose of androstenedione, a short (two-hour) but measurable (34%) increase in testosterone
resulted (30). Unfortunately, this increase was accompanied by an even more significant
rise in estrogen. As previously mentioned, sustained high levels of estrogen can
increase a man's risk of obesity, prostate disorders and cardiovascular disease.
Because the use of oral androstenedione appears to promote increased levels
of estrogen and has only short-term effects on testosterone, it is a less than
optimal choice for restoring healthy testosterone balance. In comparison, research
studies have shown that androstenediol is much more effectively converted to testosterone
and does not elevate estrogen. (31)
The Oral Dosing of Prohormones
is Costly, Inefficient and Potentially Unhealthy.
Before any oral prohormone
can enter into the blood stream, it must first be metabolized in the liver where
enzymes such as aromatase (which converts androstenedione and testosterone to
estrogen) destroy a full 95% of the prohormone dose. For this reason, large doses
of androstenedione are needed to elevate testosterone. And even small doses cause
significant estrogen increases. (32)
High doses of oral prohormones can
also reduce levels of good (HDL) cholesterol. And the extremely high amounts of
steroid metabolites found in the urine after a small (50mg) oral dose of androstenedione,
suggest that oral prohormones may be damaging to the liver. (33)
because oral prohormones are so rapidly metabolized, they offer only small and
fleeting (two to three hour) increases in testosterone-even when large doses are
taken. In order to achieve the desired effects, repetitive (three to four times
daily) high dosing is required.
The Advantages of Sublingual Delivery
New delivery systems such as cyclodextrin tablets and liposomal sprays enhance
the transport of prohormones through the mucus membranes of the mouth. This sublingual
approach to prohormone delivery by-passes liver metabolism, allowing for their
rapid absorption, directly into the blood stream. Consequently, prohormones delivered
sublingually are safer and more effective than those taken orally. Recent studies
have shown that at a 25mg dose cyclodextrin-based androstenediol raises testosterone
300% more effectively than a 300mg dose of oral androstenedione. In addition,
the low dose cyclodextrins have no effect on estrogen levels. (34-37)
the rapid and short-acting effects (two-three hours) of sublingual prohormones
make them an impractical choice for long-term testosterone restoration. (Ed.-
See section after references called IAS notes).
For Optimum Absorption and Results.
Using the skin as a natural reservoir
for delivering a continuous flow of prohormones to the body, a next generation
of topical products have quickly become the delivery system of choice. In addition
to maintaining their original potency, by-passing entirely the destructive effects
of the liver, transdermal prohormones are absorbed evenly and quickly (within
forty-five minutes of application) into the skin. Perhaps more importantly, their
effects are not fast or fleeting, transdermal prohormones enter the bloodstream
slowly and consistently. In addition, transdermal delivery offers several other
significant advantages over both oral and sublingual products.
advantages include: (38-40)
single, morning application is simply all that is required.
Because they are applied to the skin and not swallowed, transdermal
prohormones do not pass through the liver; they therefore provide for higher potency
at a lower (and ultimately more economical) dose.
Continuous Support of Healthy
Because transdermal prohormones are absorbed evenly over time,
topical delivery provides continuous support for the testosterone production process.
It is this "steady-state" approach to testosterone enhancement has been
shown most clinically effective in maximizing the overall benefits of prohormone
use. Transdermal delivery does not create the unnatural hormone "spikes"
that typically accompany the use of oral and sublingual products.
As well as negatively influencing a man's overall
health and well-being, low testosterone has also been linked to the onset of diabetes,
osteoporosis, prostate disorders, Alzheimer's and cardiovascular disease. As a
result, millions of men around the world have been safely undergoing testosterone-related
treatment for more than fifty years. And with the vast amount of scientific data
that has been compiled over the past decade alone, the benefits of testosterone
restoration can no longer be scientifically questioned. (41-42)
there is virtually no scientific evidence to suggest that testosterone restoration
causes prostate cancer, testosterone and prohormone therapies remain controversial
due to their possible role in worsening an undiagnosed prostate cancer. (43-47)
Some controversy has also been created by a few members of the media, medical
profession and government who question the ethics and safety of prohormone use.
Unfortunately, the vast majority of these individuals do not know-or understand-the
significant differences between prohormones and anabolic steroids. (Ed. We recommend
reading Dr. Wright's article in this Bulletin regarding lowering hormone related
Anabolic steroids are synthetically derived, frequently-abused
and used with great health risks to artificially enhance athletic performance
and strength. Prohormones are naturally present in the body, abuse-proof and can
be safely used to restore healthy levels of testosterone. (48-50)
A Transdermal, Multi-Prohormone Formula for Men.
ProMaleTM is a rejuvenative
topical prohormone formula specifically designed for the aging male. Formulated
according to the same standards of purity and quality found in prescription medications,
ProMale uses a percutaneous (through the skin) gel matrix to deliver these important
o Androstenediol-to enhance the androgenic effects
of testosterone (increased libido, sexual function and improved mood)
and norandrostenedione-to enhance the anabolic effects of nortestosterone (increased
strength and lean mass)
o DHEA-as a buffer against stress
its estrogen and prostate protecting effects.
ProMale is most effective
when used by [men who suffer from symptoms related to reduced or borderline levels
of testosterone]. The product is for [those who want to restore their youthful
vigor and vitality] as well as those who simply have an [interest in building
lean mass and enhancing their overall athletic performance]. ProMale should not
used by men be with pre-existing, hormone-dependent cancers (such as a prostate),
those with unstable blood pressure or those under the age of twenty-five. Any
man over fifty years of age should have a baseline prostate exam and PSA measurement
prior to using ProMale for the first time.
Enhancing the Effects of
In order to maximize the effects of ProMale-or any other testosterone-enhancing
product-it is important to follow a hormonally-balancing dietary plan and to adhere
to an appropriate fitness program. For additional information on diet and exercise,
please read the Anti-Aging Zone by Dr. Barry Sears (51) and
refer to the Spring 2000 issue of the IAS Anti-Aging Bulletin. Outlined below
are a few fundamental suggestions that can help you restore and maintain healthy
levels of testosterone: (52-60)
o Take steps to buffer and release mental
o Get at least one hour of exposure to sunlight daily (especially
during winter). Sunlight plays an important role in regulating testosterone release
in the brain.
o Support your body's natural, hormonal circadian rhythms by
going to bed and waking up early.
o Limit your alcohol intake to one glass
of red wine daily.
o Reduce or eliminate your use of testosterone-reducing
medications, especially diuretics, anti-fungals and cholesterol lowering drugs.
o Slim down. Excess body fat raises estrogen and inhibits testosterone production.
A Basic Dietary Strategy:
As the saying goes, "You are
what you eat!" If you want to maintain high level of testosterone, don't
forget to pay attention to these important dietary rules:
amounts of protein.
"Protein" in Latin means "above all
else." Know that adequate protein is a dietary necessity as it stimulates
testosterone release. And it's the fundamental building block for muscle repair
Eat more vegetables.
Especially green, leafy
and cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower, kale, Swiss chard, Brussels
sprouts and cabbage. These vegetables contain phytochemicals essential for healthy
metabolism of estrogen (Ed.- For further information see Jonathan Wright MD's
article in this same issue).
Limit your intake of refined, high-carbohydrate
These include simple sugars such as cookies, candy and ice cream;
and starches such as breads, potatoes and pasta. Excess intake of these carbohydrates
raise blood sugar rapidly, creating chronically elevated levels of the hormones
insulin and cortisol. These two hormones oppose the action of testosterone and
diminish its production.
Eat healthy fats.
such as (the Omega 3 fatty acids found in fish and flaxseed) and saturated fats
are essential for normal testosterone production. All steroid hormones are produced
from cholesterol and when fats are deficient in the diet, this process will be
inhibited. Studies clearly indicate that low fat diets result in lower testosterone
levels. Those higher in protein, lower in carbohydrate, and moderate in fat cause
the greatest sustained levels of testosterone. (Ed.- An interesting tip was given
to me recently, how can you tell if a fat will be good or bad for you? Well- it'll
probably be bad if it congeals at room temperature).
Take a high-quality,
multi-vitamin mineral supplement.
Vitamins A, E, C and B6 and zinc are
all used by the body in converting prohormones to testosterone. In fact, of all
the minerals found in the body, zinc is the most crucial for testosterone production.
Zinc deficiency is very common in the U.S. population, especially among athletes
and the aged. Not only is zinc absent in most commercially-processed foods, it
can be depleted from the body by alcohol and many prescription medications including
Notes on Exercise:
Adequate exercise helps keep
men feeling and looking fit by naturally stimulating testosterone release-and
by preventing its' breakdown. The duration, intensity and frequency of exercise
all determine a man's levels of testosterone. Be aware that testosterone levels
increase most with short, periodic, more intense activity. They decrease with
prolonged, frequent activity. Studies show testosterone levels increase with forty-five
to sixty minutes of exercise. After this time, however, testosterone levels begin
to decline. (61-65). Healthy levels of testosterone are necessary for muscle growth
and repair. Since frequent, extended training doesn't allow sufficient time for
testosterone levels to recover, symptoms of over-training may develop. These symptoms
include muscle soreness, diminished performance, fatigue, immune suppression and
Guidelines for Increasing Muscle and Maximizing the Effects
of Exercise on Testosterone:
o Focus on low-volume, high-intensity strength
o Limit your exercise sessions to sixty minutes or less.
Exercise at high-intensity no more than two-three times weekly.
o Do all
aerobic exercise (except for warm-ups and cool-downs) on separate days (or at
least separate times during the day) from strength training.
o For optimum
fitness, change your exercise regimen every eight to twelve weeks.
Testosterone levels reach a peak during a man's early twenties.
Aging and lifestyle factors such as stress, improper diet, physical inactivity,
smoking, drinking and the use of prescription medications can significantly reduce
these levels. While most physicians have not yet recognized the wide spread incidence
of low testosterone, millions of men are suffering from a variety of debilitating
symptoms which range from sexual dysfunction to depression and fatigue. Currently,
the more subtle symptoms of low testosterone are commonly attributed to stress
or the natural process of aging.
As a result, many symptomatic men are
walking around undiagnosed and untreated. However, thanks to recent innovation
in hormone testing and prohormone delivery techniques, the incidence of low testosterone
can now be significantly reduced- without the use of prescription medications.
We thank Dr. Cohen for his first article in the IAS Anti-Aging
Bulletin, maintaining "healthy" levels of testosterone may be the single
most important factor an aging man can do (it's also important for women too!).
IAS's introduction of ProMale cream allows for transdermal use and provides
an excellent base for regular delivery of the prohormones mentioned in Dr. Cohen's
article. Doses for ProMale cream are 2ml daily for a maximum period of 8-weeks,
after that period an equal period of discontinued use should be applied. This
allows each bottle of ProMale to supply 72-days of Prohormone delivery. Occasional
use of AndroSpray, the sublingual spray that provides androstenedione and androstenediol
can be considered as a way of boosting energy levels through short bursts of testosterone
levels, this could be in addition to the regular base use of ProMale.
Be aware that certain countries have made DHEA, androstenedione and androstenediol
controlled substances, and even though they exist in small quantities in the ProMale
cream this could be problematic. The usual IAS terms and conditions apply and
IAS will always inform you if it knows of any countries that have taken these
steps. To the best of our knowledge DHEA is a controlled substance in Australia,
Canada, EU, New Zealand and Norway. Androstenediol and Androstenedione is a controlled
substance in Norway, and may be a controlled substance in Australia and Canada.
We look forward to further transdermal prohormone delivery systems and indeed
further articles from Dr. Cohen.
going to expand the possibility of both saliva and blood testing laboratory services
to its members. This not only can allow for accurate and regular examinations
for "complete" anti-aging packages but at a simple level can provide
you with a reference point. I.E. Are my testosterone levels increasing, declining
Currently, an "at-home" saliva test kit is available
that can test for testosterone levels. This can also test for estradiol, cortisol
or DHEA. (Please see back page for further details). Basically, you buy a kit,
follow the simple instructions and send the salvia stick off to the laboratory
(there is nothing else to pay!). The lab will then analyze your sample and send
you a report of your hormone level. Such results should be kept and over a period
of time you can see the changes for yourself!
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Weightlifting Conference, Nov. 1998. 38) US Patent 51925157 Transdermal administration
of testosterone across non-scrotal skin. 39) Transdermal testosterone therapy
in the treatment of male hypogonadism. Ahmed SR, Boucher AE, Manni A, Santen RJ,
Bartholomew M, Demers LM; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988 Mar;66(3):546-51. 40) Pharmacokinetics,
efficacy and safety of a permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system.
A. Wayne Meikle, N. Mazer, et. al.; J Clin Endoc and Metab. 1992, 4(3):623-628.
41) The Testosterone Syndrome. Shippen and Fryer; 1998 M. Evans and Company New
York, NY 42) Acute anti-ischemic effect of testosterone in men with coronary artery
disease. Rosano GM, Leonardo F, et. al.; Circulation 1999 Apr 6;99(13):1666-70.
43) Low serum testosterone and a younger age predict for a poor outcome in metastatic
prostate cancer. Ribeiro M, Ruff P, Falkson G; Am J Clin Oncol 1997 Dec;20(6):605-8.
44) Effect of exogenous testosterone replacement on prostate-specific antigen
and prostate-specific membrane antigen levels in hypogonadal men. Douglas TH,
Connelly R; J Surg Oncol 1995 Aug;59(4):246-50. 45. Serum testosterone and sex
hormone-binding globulin concentrations and the risk of prostate carcinoma: a
longitudinal study. Heikkila R, Aho K; Cancer 1999 Jul 15;86(2):312-5. 46) Prostate
size in hypogonadal men treated with a nonscrotal permeation-enhanced testosterone
transdermal system. Meikle AW, Arver S; Urology 1997 Feb;49(2):191-6. 47) The
effect of exogenous testosterone on total and free prostate specific antigen levels
in healthy young men. Cooper CS, MacIndoe JH; J Urol 1996 Aug;156(2 Pt 1):438-41;
discussion 441-2. 48) Testicular Steroidogenesis and androgen use and abuse. F.C.WU;
Bailliere Clinical Endocinology and Metabolism Chapter 7. 1992. 49) Medical, legal,
and societal implications of androstenedione use. Yesalis, C.E.; JAMA, June 2,
1999, 281: 21, 2043-2045. 50) Androgen use by athletes: a reevaluation of the
health risks. Street C, Antonio A, Cudlipp, D. Can J Appl Phys. 1996;21(6):421-440.
51) The Anti-Aging Zone. Barry Sears; Harper Collins, 1999. 52) Circadian rhythm
of hormones extinguished during prolonged physical stress, sleep and energy deficiency.
V. Opstad; Eur J endocrinology 1994;131:46. 53) Type A behavior speeds testosterone
decline. Joseph M. Zmuda . Oct 15th Am. J. Epidemiology. 54) Increased estrogen
production in obese men. Schneider G; Kirschner M A; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 48
(4). 1979. 633-638. 55) Androgens and abdominal obesity. Marin P, Arver S. Baillieres
Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998 Oct;12(3):441-51. 56) Testosterone and cortisol in
relationship to dietary nutrients and resistance exercise. Volek JS; J App Physio
1997;82:49. 57) Effects of acute hyperinsulinemia on testosterone serum concentrations
in adult obese and normal-weight men. Pasquali R, Macor C; Metabolism 1997 May;46(5):526-9.
58) Dietary zinc deficiency alters 5-alpha-reduction and aromatization of testosterone
and androgen and estrogen receptors in rat liver. Om Ae-Son; Chung Kyung-Won(a).
Journal of Nutrition 126 ( 4 ): p 842-848 1996. 59) Effects of dietary zinc depletion
on seminal volume and zinc loss, serum testosterone concentrations, and sperm
morphology in young men. Hunt CD, Johnson PE, Herbel J, Mullen LK; Am J Clin Nutr
1992 Jul;56(1):148-57. 60) The influence of age, alcohol consumption, and body
build on gonadal function in men. Sparrow D, Bosse R, Rowe JW; J Clin Endocrinol
Metab 1980 Sep;51(3):508-12. 61)Testosterone administration to elderly men increases
skeletal muscle strength and protein synthesis. Urban RJ; Bodenburg YH; et. al.;
Am J Physiol 1995 Nov;269(5 Pt 1):E820-6. 62) Effect of testosterone treatment
on body composition and muscle strength in men over 65 years of age. Snyder PJ,
Peachey H; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999 Aug;84(8):2647-53. 63) Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular
axis function In endurance-trained males. Hackney Ac, Sinning We; Int. J Sports
Med 1990 Aug;11(4):298-303. 64) Reduced serum testosterone and prolactin levels
in male distance runners. Wheeler GD, et al.; JAMA 1985;252:514. 65) The effect
of weightlifting on serum testosterone and androstenedione in adult men and woman.
Weiss LW, Cureton KJ. Med Sci Sports 1980;12:
DISCLAIMER: ALL INFORMATION
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NOT, REPLACE THE ADVICE OF YOUR PHYSICIAN.
Last Updated: Wednesday, March
© 2002 International Antiaging Systems
Precursors Article-Low Testosterone-The Unsuspected Epidemic
Ingredients and Applications
SUMMARY ABOUT SELECT TESTOSTERONE PRECURSORS (PDF Format)
note that it is required that you have Acrobat Reader installed on your system
to view the above documents.
You can download the latest version by clicking | <urn:uuid:90f8e3ce-bce7-465d-bbf5-0d654c243a48> | 2013-05-18T06:31:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Windows cannot open ETF files?
When Windows cannot determine which application to use to open this file format type, the cause could be:
We strongly recommend that you run a Instant Scan for related errors.
The ETF file extension is used in ENIGMA - Environment for Notation using Intelligent Graphic Music Algorithms - to signify transportable files. ENIGMA transportable files are text-based and can be exported by different music composition applications. ETF files are similar to the MUS music notation files used in the Finale music program, but ETF files use encoded data rather than binary code. ETF files are used to transmit music data by email or via the Internet. ETF files can be edited with the appropriate software.The ETF extension is also used to identify Enriched Text Format files that are primarily used in email text messages. HTM - the files extension used for files created in the HTML language - have now largely replaced EFT email and Internet files.
Windows and the Windows logo are trademarks of the Microsoft group of companies.
Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.
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or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries.
"To the developer gents over at FileCure: Thank you! I've been looking for a way to open my file, and this found the solution. Great stuff." | <urn:uuid:9bd422a7-ae2c-4188-bd2a-f8393cda14de> | 2013-05-18T06:29:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Exodus 1.23 / 1.24 / 1.25 | Top scenes from the beginning of the episode to the end
WALT: I think you should take Vincent.
SHANNON: Are you serious?
WALT: He’ll take care of you.
SHANNON: What makes you think I need a dog to take care of me?
WALT: Vincent took care of me when my mom died — and nobody would talk to me. They pretended like nothing happened. So I had to talk to Vincent. He’s a good listener. You could talk to him about Boone if you want.
SHANNON: Alright, but only until you get us rescued, okay. | <urn:uuid:b6f93198-eb60-42a5-952f-aa84166d85ca> | 2013-05-18T06:19:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Johannes Brahms was the son of a double-bass player in the Hamburg orchestra. Brahms’s talent was recognized very early. The famous violinist, Joachim, soon introduced Brahms to Robert Schumann who, together with his wife Clara played a major role in establishing Brahms as a major composer. Brahms spent most of his life in Vienna, where he was generally considered the Beethoven’s successor. Brahms’s compositions combine the best of the traditional classical form with the innovative romantic harmonic ideas.
More Johannes Brahms sheet music download on EveryNote.com | <urn:uuid:15cdf9a3-a020-4795-952f-d13530139bfe> | 2013-05-18T06:50:18Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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"I can't help feeling wary when I hear anything said about the masses. First you take their faces from 'em by calling 'em the masses and then you accuse 'em of not having any faces."
Social commentator, playwright, essayist, novelist, politician. J. B. Priestley was all of these things, and his legacy remains with us to this day. He was born John Boynton Priestley in Bradford, England to a schoolmaster and a mother who died when he was still young. A promising student, he attended Bradford Grammar School, but left at 16 to pursue a career as a writer. He began by working as a junior clerk, where he began to write poetry and letters for leisure. He was encouraged by other workers at the firm to continue writing.
Like so many other 20th Century writers, the wars made their mark on Priestley. In 1914, he was called up and served in the Duke of Wellington's and Devon regiments, surviving the trenches, but just barely - a friend standing next to him at one point in the war was killed, while he survived.
After the Great War, Priestley studied literature, history and political science at Bradford and Cambridge, attaining an M.A. in 1921. From 1922, he worked as a journalist in London, writing essays for various journals, including the New Statesman. In the 1920s, he also wrote some novels, but it was not until his offering of 1929, The Good Companions, that he acheived great success. He followed this with Angel Pavement, probably his most famous novel.
Not content with success as a novelist, Priestley began in the 1930s to write plays, beginning with light comedies such as Dangerous Corner and Laburnum Grove. During the war, he gained the reputation, through his weekly radio broadcasts, as the voice of the populace. In these he aired his political opinions, which were largely left-wing. At the end of the war, Priestley wrote his best-known stage work, An Inspector Calls, a social fable and morality play with a strong warning at the end:
"I tell you the truth, unless men can learn this lesson now, the time will come when it will be taught to them in fire and blood and anguish."
This warning is made all the stronger when one realises that the play was set at the turn of the century, and Priestley had just seen the dropping of two atomic bombs on Japan.
After the war, Priestley stood for Parliament, but was not elected. He was, however, made UK delegate to UNESCO from 1946 to 1947, and was well-known for his vocal support of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. He wrote many essays at the early stages of the Cold War on various topics, but in particular, socialism and nuclear disarmament. He aimed his essays at the middle brow audience he had become so popular with through his plays and novels.
Priestley married Emily Tempest in 1919, but she died in 1925. After her death, he married Mary Wyndham Lewis (commonly known as Jane), with whom he wrote Angel Pavement. In 1953, he married Jacquetta Hawkes, an archaeologist and writer with whom he wrote Down A Rainbow, a travel book about New Mexico. He refused both a knighthood and peerage, but accepted the Order of Merit in 1977. He published over 120 books and numerous plays. He died on August 14, 1984. | <urn:uuid:3e8a0749-2905-4649-a2dd-1900cdb24725> | 2013-05-18T07:28:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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He was an old farmer. The days of making war were over, yet he knew that he could still wield his great-grandfather's sword with more pure, exquisite
skill than any of the young men who'd been styling themselves "knights" these days. He was old, that was true, but he'd been anointed by the King himself, and he still knew - no, he was absolutely certain!
- he could still swing his sword with more assured grace than that with which he tilled his soy
His modestly complicitous sons simultaneously praised and berated him whever they would tell stories of the zealous, legendary knight he was. He did not know if he was being served a backhanded compliment some days, or if the praise he received was for true.
His weapons and armor were kept inside, near a warm fire, easy to notice even from the front door. Travellers stopping in for a meal (of these there were many; the old knight's hospitality had also weaved its way into the legends that the old man scarcely believed) would always notice his great-grandfather's sword above the mantel, its place of honour. The traveller would ask him, by all the gods, is that the greatsword Caliban, Slayer of the Scarlet Prince, and he would be forced to affirm it, indeed, that is the sword. In truth, he would much sooner avoid reliving tales of king and country, preferring instead to regale his guests with tales he'd heard as a boy, tales of dragons and kingdoms of beauty.
Nevertheless, he was a gracious host, and would call his sons in from the field to recount his own stories of warring and whoring and thrones. It never failed - he would nod in the right places, laugh at a friendly jape, or laugh at the tendency his sons had to embellish small details to tell the stories in a more positive, more interesting light. As always, he would say, Aye, that was me, and that is the very sword you see above my mantel.
After sufficient wine, and only after etiquette allowed, he would close the door on his suit and armor, and gaze emptily upon his soy fields. It was a fulfilling life. Still, not a day passed that he did not long for living: the clatter of hoof, the clash of steel, and the trumpeting of warhorns appealed to him. He knew that he enjoyed almost nothing more than preparing a good table for good friends, but his sons always molested the proceedings, deeming it necessary to bring in strange, outlandish foods to supper. His eldest son had taken a liking to a strange dish from the far lands called "pizza", and was of a mind to eat it once a week. The same son would find the same uneaten pizza in his father's place in the morning, when he rose to break his fast. The old man had nothing to do with new foods.
But when the summer days grew so long that there was scarcely three hours of night, he would stand as straight as an arrow, gazing without seeing his fields, his mind hearkening back to the days of glory. Pizza would never do - great hunks of meat and cheese and bread, and large, stinking jugs of dark, eye-watering ale. Now there was food! And what better food to have after a day of hard work, be it cutting down fields, or cutting down men! Embittered by such thoughts, the old man glanced over his shoulder at the heavy oaken door of his modestly palatial house. His soy fields fled from his mind: all that remained was the urge to fly through the forests atop a horse, any horse, with only his sword and armor as company. There were inns and taverns along any and all roads, and he was well-known. He could still command. He knew it in his heart. Perhaps the days of being in the midst of battle were done - but that did not mean he had to relegate himself to a life of emptiness and small talk. Why do that, when he could just as easily command a force of freeriders into battle, and be so close to the battle that he could smell the blood and sweat of men?
He did not want to dishonor the importance and fierce beauty of his great-grandfather's sword by leaving it to become a relic, a souvenir from times long past. Gods be damned, he was a knight, and though he was old, his mind was still as sharp as his blade, and he was strong enough of voice and body to wear his armor and become the knight he once was. Seeing the old farmer, his sons would call it lunacy that he would show a desire to wear his armor, and to sheathe his sword again.
He shoved open the door, and went inside to stare at his sword. Taking it down from the mantel was like coming home after a long journey in a strange land. He closed the door on his soy fields, and began to search his house for his armor. | <urn:uuid:308997a2-6f04-4ee3-b207-b629909e1c94> | 2013-05-18T06:02:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Science -- Asher et al. 307 (5712): 1091:
We describe several fossils referable to Gomphos elkema from deposits close to the Paleocene-Eocene boundary at Tsagan Khushu, Mongolia. Gomphos shares a suite of cranioskeletal characters with extant rabbits, hares, and pikas but retains a primitive dentition and jaw compared to its modern relatives. Phylogenetic analysis supports the position of Gomphos as a stem lagomorph and excludes Cretaceous taxa from the crown radiation of placental mammals. Our results support the hypothesis that rodents and lagomorphs radiated during the Cenozoic and diverged from other placental mammals close to the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary.
Lagomorphs are rabbits, hares, and pikas. This might be referred to as a "missing link" of the rodents. Why do we care? Most mammals are rodents, and this tells us about the evolution of the most successful group of mammals. Cool! | <urn:uuid:fa9d11c3-ad57-40a6-8915-a8b1cd687729> | 2013-05-18T06:26:02Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Uveitis is inflammation of the uvea, which is made up of the iris, ciliary body and choroid. Together, these form the middle layer of the eye between the retina and the sclera (white of the eye).
The eye is shaped like a tennis ball, with three different layers of tissue surrounding the central gel-filled cavity, which is called the vitreous. The innermost layer is the retina, which senses light and helps to send images to your brain. The outermost layer is the sclera, the strong white wall of the eye. The middle layer between the sclera and retina is called the uvea.
The uvea contains many blood vessels — the veins, arteries and capillaries — that carry blood to and from the eye. Because the uvea nourishes many important parts of the eye (such as the retina), inflammation of the uvea can damage your sight.
There are several types of uveitis, defined by the part of the eye where it occurs.
- Iritis affects the front of your eye. Also called anterior uveitis, this is the most common type of uveitis. Iritis usually develops suddenly and may last six to eight weeks. Some types of anterior uveitis can be chronic or recurrent.
- If the uvea is inflamed in the middle or intermediate region of the eye, it is called pars planitis (or intermediate uveitis). Episodes of pars planitis can last between a few weeks to years. The disease goes through cycles of getting better, then worse.
- Posterior uveitis affects the back parts of your eye. Posterior uveitis can develop slowly and often lasts for many years.
- Panuveitis occurs when all layers of the uvea are inflamed.
Next Page: Uveitis Causes | <urn:uuid:33687e0d-90f9-4e53-ac31-257283325d4f> | 2013-05-18T05:18:05Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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In this section of your account you can set your preferences for the various automated email notifications that Fabulous.com sends you.
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What does the "Whois Privacy Default" setting do? | <urn:uuid:3162d080-3e84-4ea1-b805-eb09b6900ad7> | 2013-05-18T08:08:48Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I am using xsl-fo to render a PDF. I need to create a table header for my TOC that has one element("Chapter Contents") on the left and the other element("Page") on the right, and the two elements appear on the same line.
Currently, I create two fo:inline elements to wrap the text, which are then be wrapper under a fo:block element. I have my xslfo code looks like:
<fo:block text-align="left"> <fo:inline color="#0082C8" font-size="8pt" font-family="serif" font-weight="normal" >Chapter Contents: </fo:inline> <fo:inline font-size="8pt" font-family="serif" font-weight="normal" alignment-adjust="alphabetic" >Page </fo:inline> </fo:block>
This code will simply put both two elements on the left-hand side. If I did make two in-line elements into two separate blocks, they will be on different lines! Also, adding in text-align="right" into the second will have no effect.
Could experts offer some help? I want both elements appear on the same line and one on the very right while other on the left. Thanks! | <urn:uuid:219a94a2-05b0-4db1-99cd-b2bd8c57323b> | 2013-05-18T07:19:21Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I have noticed a number of video online (YouTube, etc) where people appear to have taken a MIDI file (ie: instrumental music in a note form, not raw audio), and managed to use a sound-font such that they can use a sound effect as a specific note, and then have the song use that same sound at various pitches to play the WAV file as an instrument.
One example of this in action is here, where the Inspector Gadget theme is played, but the word "BONK" from a WAV file is used in place of a bass guitar (Inspector Bonk):
Here is another example, "Kirby Falcon Punch Remix":
A friend told me the type of software is called a "tracker", but I can't find anything that fits the build. Any help is appreciated.
EDIT: I could possibly just tear apart a MIDI file, parse it with MATLAB, and then create a script to rebuild the song, but given the number of these types of remixes on Youtube, I'm guessing there is a simpler way to do this. | <urn:uuid:1d39826f-3111-435e-bd22-b55cf0cd0eb5> | 2013-05-18T06:46:37Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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When Saints Die, The World Stops Spinning
Hope, loyalty, love, despair, and tragedy. Through it all, Lily discovers the...
The Seven Potters
Harry is about to leave the Burrow for the final time when his six doppelgangers...
In the midst of the war, the Marauders and Lily have joined the Order, resolute...
Rest In The Bed
"This is the last night I will spend in our flat. I have spent sixty-nine nights...
Marriage and Other Matters
by Acacia Carter
All Augusta wanted to do was apologise, but the minute she opened her mouth...
Chased by Daylight
In the morning, she knows he'll never be there.
This is for Maple, as a...
When You Think of Umbridge
How Umbridge sees herself and wants to be seen - a speculation in prose poem...
Empty Chairs at Empty Tables
In November 1981, Remus Lupin returns to the headquarters of the Order of the... | <urn:uuid:a7e2adbf-f7c3-48cf-9ad4-af24027f7566> | 2013-05-18T08:09:08Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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0.0... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90083 | 211 | http://fanfiction.mugglenet.com/viewuser.php?action=favau&uid=54111 | 0.257106 |
Summary: 6th year (Pre-HBP) Harry, Ron, Hermione and Ginny are happy to be staying at Hogwarts over Christmas. However they are forced into hiding when Harry's deadly enemy comes after him. Secrets are shared, the past is retold and a foe is fought.
Summary: Harry just coming to terms with the death of Sirius on the train ride home, can't deal with the new attacks on his friends. Ginny, bound by her love won't give up on him.
Summary: Just three words… by themselves they were perfectly harmless. But put together a deadly combination. Completed
Summary: Times are getting too dark for taking chances and friendships are either strengthened or broken. James approaches Sirius with a favor to ask for him and his family.
Summary: Song fic based on Take That's "Pray". Draco knows that they're over, but he still can't forget the girl who helped him see the light for the first time... | <urn:uuid:82927bd4-b0df-4e52-89b3-97334c6bda21> | 2013-05-18T06:52:47Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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In the meantime, I thought I'd share this little passage from a letter Williamson wrote about the appropriateness of women wearing trousers, which is from the SSPX website:
Girls, be mothers, and in order to be mothers, let not wild horses drag you into shorts or trousers. When activities are proposed to you requiring trousers, if it is something your great-grandmother did, then find a way of doing it, like her, in a skirt. And if your great-grandmother did not do it, then forget it! Her generation created your country, your generation is destroying it. Of course not all women who wear trousers abort the fruit of their womb, but all help to create the abortive society. Old-fashioned is good, modern is suicidal. You wish to stop abortion? Do it by example. Never wear trousers or shorts. [source]Not his most serious problem, but it is revealing.
Williamson's recent comments denying the Holocaust on Swedish television are being well-publicised. Less is being made of previous things he has said and/or written, which show that this is not coming out of the blue. This is from John L. Allen at the National Catholic Reporter:
In 1989, for example, police in Canada briefly considered filing charges against Williamson under that country’s hate speech laws after he gave an address in Quebec charging that Jews were responsible for "changes and corruption" in the Catholic church, that “not one Jew” perished in Nazi gas chambers, and that the Holocaust was a myth created so that the West would "approve the state of Israel."Incidentally, Ernst Zundel should no longer be called a "Canadian immigrant," as he has been deported (and imprisoned) in Germany. Also, he did not write Did Six Million Really Die?, though he did publish it. Which takes nothing away from Allen's point, I just wanted to be accurate.
Williamson also praised the writings of Ernst Zundel, a German-born Canadian immigrant whose works include Did Six Million Really Die? and The Hitler We Loved and Why, both considered mainstays of Holocaust denial literature.
In 1991, Williamson issued a letter from Winona, Minn., where he served as rector of a Lefebvrite seminary, stating, "Until [Jews] rediscover their true Messianic vocation, they may be expected to continue fanatically agitating, in accordance with their false messianic vocation of Jewish world dominion, to prepare the Antichrist’s throne in Jerusalem." [source] | <urn:uuid:88f816f8-18c1-4597-a7f4-13dfc8fcd090> | 2013-05-18T06:02:05Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Basic Use To make a new number, a simple initialization suffices:
var foo = 0; // or whatever number you want
foo = 1; //foo = 1 foo += 2; //foo = 3 (the two gets added on) foo -= 2; //foo = 1 (the two gets removed)
Number literals define the number value. In particular: They appear as a set of digits of varying length. Negative literal numbers have a minus sign before the set of digits. Floating point literal numbers contain one decimal point, and may optionally use the E notation with the character e. An integer literal may be prepended with "0", to indicate that a number is in base-8. (8 and 9 are not octal digits, and if found, cause the integer to be read in the normal base-10). An integer literal may also be found with "0x", to indicate a hexadecimal number. The Math Object Unlike strings, arrays, and dates, the numbers aren't objects. The Math object provides numeric functions and constants as methods and properties. The methods and properties of the Math object are referenced using the dot operator in the usual way, for example:
var varOne = Math.ceil(8.5); var varPi = Math.PI; var sqrt3 = Math.sqrt(3);
Methods random() Generates a pseudo-random number.
var myInt = Math.random();
max(int1, int2) Returns the highest number from the two numbers passed as arguments.
var myInt = Math.max(8, 9); document.write(myInt); //9
min(int1, int2) Returns the lowest number from the two numbers passed as arguments.
var myInt = Math.min(8, 9); document.write(myInt); //8
floor(float) Returns the greatest integer less than the number passed as an argument.
var myInt = Math.floor(90.8); document.write(myInt); //90;
ceil(float) Returns the least integer greater than the number passed as an argument.
var myInt = Math.ceil(90.8); document.write(myInt); //91;
round(float) Returns the closest integer to the number passed as an argument.
var myInt = Math.round(90.8); document.write(myInt); //91; | <urn:uuid:eecdd55e-49d8-40e4-9834-6f3dce28fa4c> | 2013-05-18T05:25:48Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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0.020263671875,... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.76974 | 508 | http://fatalweb.com/tutorials/12/48/javascript-numbers | 0.571793 |
|Final Fantasy Tactics Character|
- "I am a machinist. Do you know the history of my trade?"
- —Mustadio Bunansa
Mustadio Bunansa, also known as Mustadio Bunanza, is a character from Final Fantasy Tactics whom Ramza Beoulve and Agrias Oaks must rescue from Baert Trading Company. He is the first unit available in the game that can wield a gun. His birthday is October 15.
Trouble With Baert Trading CompanyEdit
Mustadio and his father Besrudio Bunansa come into possession of the Taurus Zodiac Stone which Cardinal Alphonse Delacroix is seeking. Delacroix hires Ludovich Baert, leader of Baert Trading Company to obtain the stone by force. Baert's minions capture Besrudio, but Mustadio escapes. He is later cornered by the mercenaries, but rescued by Ramza and Agrias on their way to Lionel Castle. After fighting their way to Lionel, the three meet with Delacroix, unaware of what he is up to. Agrias stays behind to guard Princess Ovelia, while Ramza accompanies Mustadio back to his hometown of the Clockwork City of Goug to rescue his father. Mustadio separates from Ramza, and gets captured.
Ramza is then accosted by Baert himself, who has both Mustadio and Besrudio brought before them. Baert threatens to kill Besrudio if Mustadio does not divulge the location of the Taurus Stone. Mustadio tells him that it is in the chimney near Ramza, and Baert forces Ramza to retrieve it for him. After revealing that the Cardinal is complicit, Baert leaves with the stone, and his minions attack Ramza. A completely disarmed Mustadio struggles to hold his own, but is rescued by Ramza and his forces.
Back to LionelEdit
Upon regrouping, Besrudio bemoans the loss of the stone, but Mustadio reveals that the stone in Baert's hands is actually a fake, and that he has the real stone. As Ramza and Mustadio make their way back toward Lionel by an alternate route, Baert returns to Lionel with the fake stone, unaware that he goes to his own death at the hands of the Cardinal. Agrias escapes from Lionel and rejoins Ramza and Mustadio, but the trio run into trouble with mercenary Goffard Gaffgarion. Finally, Ramza defeats Gaffgarion in a one-on-one battle at the gate of Lionel, allowing the trio to finally confront the Cardinal.
Cardinal Delacroix pulls out the Scorpio stone and changes into Cúchulainn, one of the Lucavi demons. Cúchulainn proves to be a formidable opponent with powerful moves like Nightmare and Biora, but Ramza and Mustadio prevail, defeating the monster and recovering the Scorpio Zodiac Stone. Mustadio remains with Ramza throughout his quest to defeat the Lucavi.
Two New GadgetsEdit
After defeating Belias, Ramza and Mustadio return to the Clockwork City of Goug and learn that Besrudio has discovered an unusual-looking device, with a strange symbol on it. After helping a warrior named Beowulf Cadmus rescue Reis Duelar from the Mining Town of Gollund, they are rewarded with a Zodiac Stone, which they use to power up the device, which is actually Construct 8.
Construct-8 tells Ramza to give it an order, and Ramza, wanting to test out his new ally, tells Construct-8 to attack Mustadio. Construct-8 attacks Mustadio, and Ramza is forced to scramble to resurrect him with a Phoenix Down. This is a rare instance of comedy in the otherwise grim story of Final Fantasy Tactics.
After the fight with Zalmour Lucianada, they once again return to Goug, where Besrudio has come up with another unusual device. Once again, a Zodiac Stone is required to activate it. At Nelveska Temple, Ramza and Mustadio defeat another bot, Construct-7-New and gain another Zodiac Stone. Taking it to Besrudio, they manage to activate the device, which causes Cloud Strife to appear. He immediately runs off, but Ramza and Mustadio later catch up with him after defeating Adrammelech, when he runs into trouble at the Trade City of Sal Ghidos, where Ramza had previously bought a flower from an unusual girl.
Equipment and StatisticsEdit
Mustadio first appears as a guest in Chapter 2, starting at level 10 with 60 Bravery, 62 Faith, and equipped with the Romandian Pistol, Headgear, Mythril Vest, and Battle Boots. He will always start with the Aimed Shot ability, while his other abilities are always randomized.
When fought in Rendezvous Missions #11: All-Star Melee, he is 2 levels higher than the highest level deployed character, and starts with 60 Bravery and 62 Faith. He is still in his Machinist class, and is equipped with the Blaster, Thief's Cap, Black Garb, and Japa Mala. He has access to the commands Aimed Shot and Arts of War, as well as the abilities Soulbind, Defense Boost, and Move +3.
When fought in Rendezvous Missions #14: Brave Story, he is level 99 and starts with 68 Bravery and 65 Faith. He uses his default job and comes equipped with the Blaze Gun, Thief's Cap, Luminous Robe, and a random accessory. He has access to Aimed Shot, Arts of War, Soulbind, Defense Boost, and a random movement ability.
- With the release of Final Fantasy Tactics: War of the Lions, Mustadio and his father share the last name of "Bunansa" with the Final Fantasy XII character Cidolfus Demen Bunansa and his son Balthier. | <urn:uuid:540ed80d-03fe-4480-bca1-f8612b07bc9f> | 2013-05-18T06:55:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The long running industrial dispute was resolved in June 2001 when a collective agreement was signed with the Professional Firefighters Union.
Firewise, the flagship fire education programme was launched in the same year. The programme was targeted at year one and two primary school students and years seven and eight intermediate students and has continued (with some changes) since.
In 2002, a spate of fatal house fires in Northland lead to the establishment of Te Kotahitanga, an interagency programme with Work and Income New Zealand, Housing New Zealand, ACC and People Potential. Northlanders under the Taskforce Green programme were trained to become ‘fire safety advisors’ and visited ‘at risk’ communities providing fire safety advice, installing smoke alarms and completing escape plans for households.
In 2003, the ‘Speed of Fire’ advertisement was launched. This ad was used to show people how quickly fire spread. The success of the ad is still felt today. The ad won numerous awards including a Gold Award at the Cannes International Advertising Awards.
In 2006, the National Training Centre was opened in Rotorua. The centre has the latest state of the art training tools and is the international benchmark for fire training facilities.
In 2008 the Fire Service took part in the 50 year celebration of the 111 Emergency phone number. You can check out the website
to read more about the history of 111.
March 2008 saw the launch of the new television campaign to raise fire safety awareness in New Zealand. These ads feature firefighters giving 15 second safety messages that help prevent fires in the home. | <urn:uuid:278936b9-4872-4188-8427-89b873226906> | 2013-05-18T05:55:10Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Artwork of Nailah from Fire Emblem: Radiant Dawn.
“I am Nailah, Queen of Hatari, and this is Volug, my loyal servant. Our kingdom lies far east of here.”
Nailah (ニケ, Nike) is a playable character in Fire Emblem: Radiant Dawn. She is the ruler of the lost nation of Hatari, located to the east of Daein. She is a white wolf and through the skill Formshift has the ability to transform (and keep her wolf form) whenever she wants. She first becomes playable in Part I, Chapter 8: Glory Unwanted and helps Micaiah along with Volug and Rafiel. She is required in that chapter. After the end of Part I, she goes with Tormod, Muarim, and Vika to Gallia. After the last battle, she returned to Hatari with recent events graven in her heart; she hoped to migrate her people across the desert.
Nailah truly has the pride, air, and manners of a Queen. She can be distant, serious, and blunt.
Despite this, however, she is very quick to form bonds with others, be they Laguz, Beorc, or even Branded, forming a lasting friendship with the elegant Heron Prince Rafiel and a fast friendship with Micaiah. She refuses to ever let Rafiel go anywhere alone and orders her trusted vassal, Volug, to pose as a 'pet dog' for Micaiah during and after their adventures together.
She puts great trust in her vassal Volug, though she can be quite blunt with him, likening him to a mere dog when he is in his unique "half-transformed" state.
In battle, she is virtually unstoppable, able to kill almost anything in one strike of her Great Fang. She has incredible attack speed, skill, and avoid. It won't be until Part 4 Endgame until certain enemies are even capable of landing hits.
She adores Rafiel as he is, and grows quite angry at Ike when he suggests that he be more like his brother Reyson and emulate the Hawk King Tibarn, a suggestion that Rafiel is certainly willing to try.
|Part 1||Part 2||Part 3||Part 4||Endgame|
◎=Forced ○=Available □=Available for selected △=Reinforcement
|Starting Class||Aff||Lv||HP||Str||Mag||Skl||Spd||Luk||Def||Res||Con||Wt||Mov||Weapon||Skill||Starting Items|
|Strike - SS|| Glare|
| Great Fang|
In Part I of Radiant Dawn, Nailah is very powerful, but already trained. She can kill the entire enemy army, but doing so will drain your other characters of valuable EXP opportunities. However, she can be used during emergencies or for rescue and protection of weaker units.
- Rafiel: 10%
Part 4, Chapter 4
Nailah: I... overestimated my limits...
Rafiel: Your Majesty, fall back. Don't fight any longer. I will take care of you, as you have done for me. Please... You must stop fighting.
Nailah: Rafiel... I will do as you say. I wouldn't want you out there dying without me.
Nailah: ...Maybe...I should not have been so cocky...
Nailah: Stop squawking, Rafiel, I'll be all right. ...It makes me happy that you worry for me as you do. But I'll have to retreat for now.
Nailah: I am...defeated... ...Rafiel. Forgive me...
Nailah: Betrayal is the coin of the gods. I was aware of this. All things... are predestined... ...Rafiel. Forgive me...
Nailah: I've been defeated? Here? Gah, the vagaries of war... Rafiel... Forgive me. Some promises cannot be kept...
Rafiel: ...My queen... Please wait... Please permit me... to...accompany you.
Mistress of the Evil Eye (邪眼の主)
Returning to Hatari with recent events engraven in her heart, Nailah hoped to migrate her people across the desert.
Nailah's only left eye has been similar to the historic one-eyed dragon of Oshu, Date Masamune.
'Nailah' is the feminine version of the Arabic name 'Nail,' meaning 'attainer.' Nailah was a queen of the Rashidun Caliphate. During a rebellion against her husband, Caliph Uthman, rebels broke into the palace and attacked him; Naila attempted to stop the blow, but merely had her fingers cut off. She remained politically active after her husband's death. Naila is also a city in Bavaria, whose original name was 'Neulins' and probably meant 'small new settlement.' Nila is a Creek name meaning "victor", which relates to her Japanese name.
Nike is the Greek goddess of victory. | <urn:uuid:c5473026-7fdd-4c12-8033-3f43aa02c100> | 2013-05-18T06:56:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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From NBC's Ken Strickland
In a speech on the Senate floor, Sen. Hillary Clinton says if President Bush has any plans for military action against Iran, he must first get new authorization from Congress. Her speech responded to all the recent developments with Iran, including evidence presented by the Administration last weekend suggesting that the Iranian government is supplying insurgents with bomb-making materials.
She said the evidence was "by no means conclusive," and later added that Congress needs "a steady stream of real verifiable" intelligence, while recalling the ramp-up to the war four years ago was based on "faulty" intel. "It appears the Bush Administration still doesn't "understand the facts on the ground," she said.
Clinton's language was strong, but echoed remarks made by others on Iran. She called for direct talks with Iran, but insisted "no option be taken off the table." She added that the Administration needed to "deliver a strong message ... and not tolerate this behavior" from Iran. | <urn:uuid:f991f3d9-468c-42f1-aa7b-7c9db8973a9c> | 2013-05-18T06:43:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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From NBC's Ken Strickland
Some details of what occured in the Senate chamber during and after today's vote:
-- During the roll call vote, Senator Majority Leader Harry Reid stood up and first voted "no" before instantly realizing he meant to say "aye." Laughter erupted in the chamber... Reid dropped his head on his podium and then finally said, "Aye." He sat down looking red-faced and embarrassed.
-- While every other senator responded to the roll call vote with a simple "aye" or "no", Sen. Robert Byrd (D) lifted his finger in the air an said in a booming voice: "This is for my friend Ted Kennedy. Aye"
-- Bernie Sanders (I) was late for the vote and wasn't in his chair when the clerk called his name. A few minutes after all the names had been called, Sanders burst through to chamber doors and quickly walked the distance of the room giving a thumbs up to indicate his "aye" vote. When he finally got to his desk, the clerk called his name. He stood up and loudly pronounced "YES!" The chamber laughed and applauded.
-- Vicki Kennedy, the wife of the late Ted Kennedy, sat in the front row of the visitor's gallery one floor above the Senate floor. She cried during the vote. And when the vote tally was read, she shock her head with her hands over her face as in disbelief.
-- Republican Sen. Jim Bunning was a no-show and didn't vote.
*** UPDATE *** Per NBC's Lauren Selsky, Ben Nelson (D) spoke on the Senate floor this morning defending his health-care vote. He mentioned multiple times that he "stuck to his guns" and in no way compromised his pro-life principles. He stated that he did not look for weaker language, rather he looked for clearer language in the bill.
Nelson also stressed that the bill does NOT cover abortion, and that in order to have abortion covered a rider must be purchased with own funds, not federal money. He stated that both in the Stupak and Senate language, no federal funds can be used to purchase a plan that covers abortion saying "in short, the Senate bill assures that no federal funds be used for abortion." | <urn:uuid:0b18004d-5412-49fa-8619-aa63810e8688> | 2013-05-18T08:03:07Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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1/4 cup bottled vinaigrette salad dressing, at room temperature
4 cups fresh spinach leaves
1 clove garlic, minced
1 tablespoon olive oil
1/2 cup crumbled feta cheese (substitute this with soy or rice cheese if vegan or lactose intolerant )
4 hamburger buns
For onion topping, cut onions into 1/2-inch-thick slices. On the rack of an uncovered grill, grill onions directly over medium coals for 15 to 20 minutes or until tender, turning once. Grill burger patties directly over the coals alongside the onions for 4 to 5 minutes per side or until heated through. Brush grilled onions with the salad dressing.
Meanwhile, for spinach topping, in a large skillet cook and stir the spinach and garlic in hot olive oil over medium-high heat for 30 seconds or until spinach is just wilted. Remove from heat. Stir in feta cheese.
To serve, place onion slices on bottom of buns. Top with grilled burger patties, spinach mixture, and bun tops. Makes 4 servings. | <urn:uuid:a67990d4-324f-48d9-a1e3-5d660b0ea801> | 2013-05-18T06:00:47Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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This is my third blog post, and I am happy to say that my Directed Study report has been submitted. All that remains now is a presentation and poster, which are well on the way, thankfully.
My report has evolved since my last blog post. I began researching the ten oldest buildings in Melrose Park, and was eventually able to find construction dates for the buildings I was investigating. I ended up with eleven buildings in total, and another property is briefly highlighted in my report, as it was impossible to find a construction date. Judging by the architectural reading and analysis undertaken as part of this project I was able to give a broad date range for the construction of this building based on its design.
The oldest building found during this research is an old stable building, which is now used as a storage facility. The stables are thought to have been constructed during the 1860s or 1870s, I was unable to find a secure date for their construction. This building is the oldest one of the suburb found in this study. The next oldest building is the original building of the Edwardstown Primary School, which was built in 1898. There were six buildings identified all along the same road, which were built in 1900, these buildings are very similar in their design and construction. Today, three of these properties are privately owned, while the other three are business premises. The last three buildings identified were built in 1905. They are also of a similar design, although they vary in the construction materials. | <urn:uuid:0114c945-b37e-4569-aba1-94c8d66d9c95> | 2013-05-18T06:26:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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LANs to WANs(c) The Complete Management Guide
Authors: Muller N.J.
Published year: 2003
|< Day Day Up >|
Depending on the situation facing network managers, bridges can be used to either extend or segment LANs. At one level, bridges can be used for segmenting LANs into smaller subnets to improve performance, control access, and facilitate fault isolation and testing without impacting the overall user population. At another level, they are used to create an extended network that greatly expands the number of devices that can be supported and the services available to each user . Bridges may even offer additional features such as data compression, which has the effect of providing greater throughput over low-speed lines. Compression ratios of 2:1 all the way down to 6:1 may be selected by the network manager, depending on what the vendor offers with a specific product.
As noted, bridging occurs at the data link layer (see Figure 5.1), which provides physical addressing, manages access to the physical medium, controls data flow, and handles transmission errors. Bridges analyze incoming frames, make forwarding decisions based on the source and destination addresses of those frames, and then forward the frames to their destinations. Sometimes, as in source-route bridging, the frame contains the entire path to the destination. In other cases, as in transparent bridging, frames are forwarded one hop at a time toward the destination.
Figure 5.1: Bridge functionality in reference to the OSI model.
Bridges can be either local or remote. Local bridges provide direct connections between many LAN segments in the same area. Remote bridges connect LAN segments in different areas, usually over telecommunication lines. There are several kinds of bridging and all may be supported in the same device:
Transparent bridging —used mostly in Ethernet environments that have the same media types, these bridges keep a table of destination addresses and outbound interfaces.
Source-route bridging —used mostly in token-ring environments, these bridges only forward frames based on the routing indicator contained in the frame. End stations are responsible for determining and maintaining the table of destination addresses and routing indicators.
Translation bridging —used to bridge data between different media types, these devices typically go between Ethernet and FDDI or token ring to Ethernet.
Source-route translation bridging —this is a combination of source-route bridging and transparent bridging that allows communication in mixed Ethernet and token-ring environments. (Translation bridging without routing indicators between token ring and Ethernet is also called source-route transparent bridging.)
The engine for transparent bridging is the spanning tree algorithm (STA), which dynamically discovers a loop-free subset of the network’s topology. The STA accomplishes this by placing active bridge ports that create loops into a standby or blocked condition. A blocked port can provide redundancy in that if the primary port fails, it can be activated to take the traffic load.
The spanning tree calculation is triggered when the bridge is powered up and whenever a change in topology is detected . A topology change might occur when a forwarding port is going down (blocking) or when a port transitions to forwarding and the bridge has a designated port, which also indicates that the bridge is not standalone. Configuration messages known as bridge protocol data units (BPDUs) actually trigger the spanning tree calculation. These messages are exchanged between bridges at regular intervals set by the network manager, usually 1 to 4 seconds.
Once a change in topology is detected, this information must be shared with all bridges on the network. This is a two-step process that starts when a bridge notifies the root bridge of the spanning tree by sending it a special BPDU known as a topology change notification (TCN). The bridge sends the TCN out over its root port. The root bridge acknowledges the message by sending back a normal configuration BPDU with the topology change acknowledgment (TCA) bit set. The second step in the topology update process entails the root bridge sending out configuration BPDUs with the topology change (TC) bit set. These BPDUs are relayed by every bridge, so they can become aware of the changed topology.
There are some problems associated with spanning tree. The more hosts on the network, the higher the probability of topology changes. For example, a directly attached host, such as a client or server, will trigger a topology change when powered off, then go on to clear an operating system problem. In a large, flat network, the point can be reached when it is continually in topology change status. The resulting high level of flooding can lead to an unstable STP environment. To deal with this problem, vendors have come up with ways to avoid TCN generation for certain events. For example, the network manager can configure the bridge so that it issues a TCN when a server is power cycled, but not when client devices are power cycled. If a bridge port going up or down is not deemed an important event, this event too can be programmed not to issue a TCN.
Source-route bridging (SRB) is used in the token-ring environment as the method by which a station establishes a route through a multiple-ring network to its destination. The first step for a station to reach another is to create a packet called an explorer. This packet is copied by all bridges in the network, with each of them adding information about itself before passing it on. The explorer packet’s routing information field (RIF) contains the information of where it has traversed through the network and within the RIF; a route descriptor stores the path it has taken through the network.
As the explorer packet is constructed on its way through the network, the destination station will start receiving data packets from the originating station. Based on the contents of the explorer packet, the destination station will then decide which route to use to send data packets back to the originating station. Or it will send its own explorer packet so that the originating station can determine its own route.
The explorer packet is limited in terms of how many rings it can hold in the routing information field. Although the RIF can hold a total of 14 rings, IBM long ago limited this to seven. Other vendors also adopted this limitation. Consequently, an explorer packet that has traversed seven rings will be dropped in the network. To control traffic in the network with more precision, parameters can be set in the bridge to decrease this number even further, so that packets that reach X number of rings (any number below seven) will be dropped.
While explorers are limited to traversing only seven rings, in a meshed ring environment, one explorer can finish being copied by many bridges, which can cause too many explorers. Explorer storms can be prevented in redundant network topologies by setting the bridge to filter out explorers that have already been forwarded once. Since explorer traffic can be distinguished from regular source route traffic, the network manager can issue commands that check the bridge for various parameters, such as the number of explorers that were dropped outbound on that interface.
While Ethernet has become the network of choice for new installations, there is still a good amount of token ring in use, making it necessary to mix the two environments for data exchange. Doing so is complicated because some very fundamental differences between Ethernet and token ring must be reconciled. Token ring has functional addresses, while Ethernet primarily relies on broadcasts.
Furthermore, MAC addresses on the Ethernet are different from MAC addresses on the token ring. Ethernet does not have a source-route bridging capability and token ring has a routing information field. Finally, token ring and Ethernet use different methods to read the bits into their adapters.
To unify the two environments, vendors have come up with various methods such as translation bridging. This is a type of bridging that is implemented on networks that use different MAC sublayer protocols, providing a method of resolving differences in header formats and protocol specifications. Since there are no real standards in how communication between two media types should occur, however, no single translation implementation can be called correct. The only consideration for network managers is to select a method of translation and implement it uniformly throughout the network.
Essentially, the bridges reorder source and destination address bits when translating between Ethernet and token-ring frame formats. The problem of embedded MAC-addresses can be resolved by programming the bridge to look for various types of MAC addresses. Some translation-bridges simply check for the most popular embedded addresses. If others are used, the bridge must be programmed to look for them as well. But if translation-bridging software runs in a multi-protocol router, which is very common today, these protocols can be routed and the problem avoided entirely.
Token ring’s RIF field has a component that indicates the largest frame size that can be accepted by a particular source-route bridging implementation. Translation bridges that send frames from the transparent-bridging domain to the SRB domain usually set the maximum transfer unit (MTU) field to 1,500 bytes to limit the size of token-ring frames entering the transparent-bridging domain, because this is the maximum size of Ethernet frames. Some hosts cannot process this field correctly, in which case translation bridges are forced to drop the frames that exceed Ethernet’s MTU size.
Bits representing token-ring functions that are absent in Ethernet are discarded by translation bridges. For example, token ring’s priority, reservation, and monitor bits are discarded during translation. And token ring’s frame status bits are treated differently, depending on the bridge manufacturer; the products of some manufacturers may even ignore these bits.
Sometimes, the bridge will have the C bit set, indicating that the frame has been copied, but not the A bit set, indicating that the destination station recognizes the address. In the former case, a token-ring source node determines if the frame it sent has become lost. Advocates of this approach claim that reliability mechanisms, such as the tracking of lost frames, are better left for implementation in Layer 4 of the OSI model. Advocates of setting the C bit argue that this bit must be set to track lost frames, but that the A bit cannot be set because the bridge is not the final destination.
Translation bridges also can be used to create a software gateway between the token ring and Ethernet domains. To the SRB end stations, the translation bridge has a ring number and a bridge number associated with it, so it looks like a standard source-route bridge. In this case, the ring number reflects the entire transparent-bridging domain. To the transparent-bridging domain, the translation bridge is just another transparent bridge.
When bridging from the SRB domain to the transparent-bridging domain, SRB information is removed. Token ring’s routing information fields usually are cached for use by any subsequent return traffic. When bridging from the transparent bridging to the SRB domain, the translation bridge checks the frame to see if it has a multicast or unicast destination. If the frame has a multicast or broadcast destination, it is sent into the SRB domain as a spanning-tree explorer. If the frame has a unicast address, the translation bridge looks up the destination in the RIF cache. If a path is found, it is used and the RIF information is added to the frame; otherwise , the frame is sent as a spanning-tree explorer.
Another solution to unify the Ethernet and token-ring environments is source-route translation bridging (SRTLB). This entails the addition of bridge groups to the interfaces of both the token ring and Ethernet bridges to create a transparent bridge domain between the two environments. The bridges at each end are responsible for establishing the path through the network. When a bridge on a token ring receives a packet from an Ethernet, for example, path establishment is handled as follows (see Figure 5.2):
Figure 5.2: Source-route translation bridging, from token ring to Ethernet.
Bridge-1 receives a packet from the Ethernet. This is from PC-1 to the host.
Bridge-1 needs a RIF to reach the host, so it creates an explorer to learn the path to reach the host.
After Bridge-1 receives the response, it sends the response (without a RIF) to the Ethernet station.
PC-1 sends an exchange identifier (XID) to the host MAC address.
Bridge-1 gets the Ethernet packet, attaches the RIF to the host, and sends the packet on its way.
As far as the host is concerned , the Ethernet is sitting on a pseudo ring. This is configured with the source-bridge transparent command on the bridge. The pseudo ring makes the host treat the Ethernet as if it were a token ring.
|< Day Day Up >|
LANs to WANs(c) The Complete Management Guide
Authors: Muller N.J.
Published year: 2003 | <urn:uuid:e16b4240-d208-4ee2-8272-ce223fa2146e> | 2013-05-18T05:57:48Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Marion Levine teaches English, Literature and Film Production at Los Angeles Center for Enriched Studies, Los Angeles, CA
Measure for Measure, Act 4 or 5
What's On for Today and Why
Students will choose a character from Measure for Measure and create a "back story" for that character. This will encourage students to read the text closely looking for clues regarding a specific character's history. Students will re-read a portion of the text and then write about what has happened to the character before the play begins. They will then create an artifact, such as a diary or journal entry, written by the charcacter they have selected. This will allow them the opportunity to think like the character and to view the events of the play from a specific point of view.
This lesson will take two 40 minute class periods.
What You Need
Measure for Measure, Folger Edition
What To Do
1. Explain the concept of a "back story" as the important events that occur to a character before the play begins. You may need to prompt students with questions such as:
What was the character like as a child?
In what situation did he/she grow up?
Students will need to show how the script supports their choices.
2. Have the students write a one or two page back story in either the first or third person.
3. Divide students into small groups of 4 or 5 and have them re-read Act 4 or Act 5, combing throught the text for character details.
4. Have students write a letter, diary or journal entry from their selected characters point of view (first person). This artifact should concern one or more characters in the play.
5. For increased authenticity, appropriate for an "Extra-Extended" book, students could write their letter, diary entry using calligraphy, a handwriting font or on a piece of yellowed paper.
6. Allow students time to read their pieces and share their artifacts with the class.
How Did It Go?
Were students able to justify their choices with reference to the text? Did their artifacts accurately portray character traits that can be interpreted from the text? Were students able to convey a sense of the character's perspective through this activity?
This lesson could be applied to any fictional text that the students read in class. Through close reading and attention to a specific character, students are able to identify with, and understand the concerns of a character on a deeper level. Possible choices could include Jay Gatsby, Hester Prynne,and Atticus Finch.
If you used this lesson, we would like to hear how it went and about any adaptations you made to suit the needs of YOUR students. | <urn:uuid:86849ab7-4070-40ee-9f28-f23c0e6d4e97> | 2013-05-18T06:49:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I am enjoying my first look at Sabayon 7 and would like to stay with it, but inability to set up my Canon MP640 printer might curtail my experience. The printer runs in Linux Mint Debian Edition and Fedora 15, but neither the source or rpm drivers will install in Sabayon. If I run the source install script I get "Error! The appropriate package is not found in the appropriate directory." I tried the source install in /home and /usr/local/src. I installed rpm and get a mile of unresolved dependencies, but the dependencies are in the source package, if only it would compile. So, I can get the Debian driver to work as well as the rpm in Fedora. Can anyone please suggest a cure for the compile problems in Sabayon, please?
Edit: The printer is a wireless network device. I have read the Gentoo guide without seeing any solution.
Last edited by den_car
on Sun Oct 16, 2011 22:21, edited 1 time in total. | <urn:uuid:db560fb8-b6ce-4d89-a04d-f943e649e5d2> | 2013-05-18T05:55:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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(2012-02-27 02:12)Deano316 Wrote: This seems like an interesting add on. Two quick questions, 1) can you add extras to your movie sets? 2) would it be possible to add something similar to tvtunes to it?
(2012-03-02 17:45)Deano316 Wrote: Took the leap and started using movie sets Now I know that tmdb can be used to scrape synopsis but can you add your own info to the movie sets (plot of trilogy/saga etc.) and if so where is the info locally stored so I can edit it manually if necessary?
Also would it be possible to create a two-tiered set. For example:
The Underworld Collection>
Making of Underworld
Just wondering as I have a bunch of movie extras that I would like to group together with their respective movies. Ideally having a theme (mp3) running whilst browsing said movie set.
I'm running Aeon Nox on Vista. Great work by the way really helps tidy up my movie collection
Deano been reading your thread about how you used the TV set up to create an extras series and when I added this addon last night I had the very same thought as above re using it for extras. I assume to do this though we'd need to tweak the nfo files yes? in order to create the extras as movie titles (I dont believe these can be scrapped from TMDB unless someone is adding?)
As for your other point, I'd second that - great idea - to separate the movies and extras - a big thumbs up. | <urn:uuid:1bbc553f-1393-4b08-9e0d-ecb0ea6a6a9b> | 2013-05-18T04:58:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I am currently studying on gaining ACE status in a few Adobe programs. Perhaps I'm special, but as I'm reviewing the ACE checklists (or practice exams), I'm trying to understand what it means when the choices open up as: "Given an option . . . describe that option". What exactly am I being asked to do?
That's it? Maybe I'm confused because I'm going along the ACE Certification Checklist and I'm assuming that each numbered section is an individual question. But I read your post in another discussion saying that each question is multiple choice. It's just so hard to believe because it is of a really technical software. Am I being duped?
That's correct Kevin ALL questions are multiple choice. In my experience the majority of questions ask you to choose 1 option from 4 possible answers, but there are also questions that ask you to make 2 choices from a list of 6 - 8 options.
Some questions are based on a visual, ie, click to see Exibit A (an image appears) and there will be a question related to it but most questions are written out with no visual.
Hope that helps
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Does anyone know a way to update a property set definition programatically?
Or via a toolpalette tool.... I see there is with schedules for instance a right-click option to import a schedule style to update it... but I can't find a way to do this with property set definitions.
This would be in AutoCAD Arch (or MEP) 2012 or 2013...
I don't know how to do this programmaticcally but as a workaround in Style Manager, if you have the source file open together with the destination file(s) it is easy to copy and paste the PSD form source to destination.
I assume by update you mean attach to an object automatically?
There is a whole sample file in the VB.net or C#.net Samples Directiory that deals with property sets and how to attach them to objects. You would just need to create an event handler that will fire off whenever an object is created so you could programmatically attach the property set.
I am not sure if this is available using LISP or not. Maybe looking at the .NET code could get you started in the right direction though.
This functionality is also availble for ObjectARX.
No ... The set is already attached to the object. I mean if the property set was modified in a standards 'library' dwg and it needed to be redefined / updated in the dwg where it is being used.
I ran across this command... AecApplyToolPSD
when attempt to run it... I get 'This command can only be run from the tool system.'
I tried putting it in a command tool on a tool palette... and I got the same.
I think this might hold a possible way to import a revised property set definition.
Any idease how this can get into the 'tool system' in a way I might be able to experiment with it?
A Tag Tool has properties that allow you to specify one or more Property Sets (from a source file) and have them applied to an object (whether or not a Tag is added, and, if a Tag is added, whether or not the Tag references the Property Set(s)). Perhaps the AecApplyToolPSD command is what is behind this action (I do not know for certain).
I would think that this would follow the usual rules and would only import a Property Set from the source file if the target file did not already have a Property Set of the same name already defined, otherwise, the local definition would be used. So it would not appear likely that this could be used to update a Property Set definition. Right clicking on a Tag Tool offers the option to just attach the Property Sets, but it does not have a choice to re-import the Property Sets. Sounds like that would be a good wish - assuming that the response from Autodesk would not be to use Project Navigator and Project Standards. | <urn:uuid:fb993e93-84c3-45a9-b4e4-2573aeb6f320> | 2013-05-18T06:52:19Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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wow so many reaplies
@algenpfleger - Thanks dude,I appreciate your visitation,and "You lazy"? I can't believe that
@Chermilla - nice to see you around,I'm glad you like my panda Cheers
@windlee - Thanks for droping by dude! cu around!
@Windmake - Hello my old fella nice to see you here again.Thanks for your coments buddy,I appreciate it!
@flamable - Thanks for the encouraging buddy!
@Reika - "art-creature" hm I like that ;D Thanks sweet neighbour!
@Nadiamoon - You'r always welcome here my friend,nice to see you around too!
@B-Man - Thank you,thank you ,thank you dear B-great-man Thank for these advices Cheers buddy!
Ok I've been busy the last days,but I've stealed some time for studies and doodling.
and some t-shirt design | <urn:uuid:81c04587-158b-460e-957d-76367c3dd2a4> | 2013-05-18T06:26:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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^but she doens't fit the description Theimagist gave a few weeks ago. She is a fresh face but not a fresh face who will make her US Vogue debut on that cover...
"I'm not sorry... I'm sorry that I didn't make it clear that it was a joke. But I can't be sorry for what I said—it's against my nature." Lars von Trier | <urn:uuid:f4cdc13c-b6aa-4ff9-bdbd-61a0cf6d7fbb> | 2013-05-18T08:08:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I've tried the say, player_say, and hudtext, but nothing seems to work. I'm just trying to display some text from a script or a button.
bind BLACK say "Hello World!"
This binds the say command to the Black button, but it doesn''t work.
Is there a variable that enables text display, or a hud panel that needs to be enabled?
Any help is appreciated. | <urn:uuid:2c60bb6f-f3f4-4cc8-be91-a092c99bca82> | 2013-05-18T06:52:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Please fill out the form below and press submit.
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Powered by ©
All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:13f2a846-5ef4-490e-86db-a47273a65a73> | 2013-05-18T06:55:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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ZF-3513: The "remove" family of methods in Zend_Form et al should not return Boolean
The "remove" method family (Zend_Form::removeElement(), Zend_Form_DisplayGroup::removeDecorator(), Zend_Form_Element::removeValidator(), etc) should not return a Boolean but an Object. Either these methods should return the Object they remove or the Object on which the method is called, which is fairly standard behavior for pushing and popping Stack Objects. In languages where garbage collection is an issue, the Stack returns the object popped, so that it can be explicitly destroyed. In a language such as PHP where garbage collection isn't as much of an issue, the Stack should return itself, to allow additional method chaining on itself.
In the case of Zend_Form, this latter approach would be invaluable, as a developer could then perform an action such as:
$Form = new Zend_Form; $Form->removeDecorator('FormElements')->addDecorator('Fieldset')->addDecorator('FormElements'); echo $Form; | <urn:uuid:a951845f-f5d3-4f3f-9375-9e2794b71903> | 2013-05-18T06:32:26Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Release Notes: This release corrects a few bugs relating to compatibility with PostgreSQL 8.0, printing purchase orders, and generating sales orders. All testers are urged to upgrade before reporting bugs.
Release Notes: This release corrects some errors in the install documentation. Template support for embedded Perl code was dropped.
Release Notes: This release corrects a number of data access bugs, including those that prevent the database from being created on remote database servers.
Release Notes: This release fixes one data access bug in the reconcilliation feature.
Release Notes: This release corrects a number of database access bugs and a bug in the redirection logic. The bcc and cc fields are omitted from deletion when an order is converted into an invoice.
Release Notes: Large numbers of bugs in database access calls were corrected. A bug in the redirect logic was also fixed. The RPM was changed to only require the PostgreSQL client libraries rather than the whole server.
Release Notes: This release fixes a large number of bugs in database access, user creation, password handling, and more.
Release Notes: This release corrects a number of problematic error handling issues. These include the internal server error when the database connection fails, better error handling when creating databases, and so forth. Several other software bugs have been fixed. This is the first release to include an RPM package.
Release Notes: Several major bugs have been fixed since the last release, and the install/upgrade process is now fully documented (though not yet automated). The software now runs properly under vanilla Perl on the Win32 platform. User info now is stored in the database, meaning that the software no longer needs Web- server-writable files.
Release Notes: This release includes enhancements to the invoice and POS screens, a new logging module, and rewritten localization handling that uses gettext. However, it is not intended for production use and may not work as advertised. | <urn:uuid:716165d4-7c4f-459a-9df0-bcc4c187e0fb> | 2013-05-18T05:32:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Netdiscover is a network address discovering tool
that was developed mainly for those wireless
networks without DHCP servers, though it also
works on wired networks. It sends ARP requests and
sniffs for replies.
A Java library for reporting.
A CentOS based server virtualization solution supporting both OpenVZ and KVM hypervisors. | <urn:uuid:faac45e6-c3ca-469e-898f-129ef0610368> | 2013-05-18T07:26:08Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Those of you with multiple blogs or private blogs...if you could add a link to your blog when you comment, that would be GREAT!
And...here we go!
1. Follow the _____________.
2. _________ is something I always take with me on vacation.
3. To achieve your goals, you must __________.
4. _____________ is something I'd like you to know about me.
5. I have a ______________.
6. ________ floats.
7. And as for the weekend, tonight I'm looking forward to _____, tomorrow my plans include _____ and Sunday, I want to _____! | <urn:uuid:12639d4b-f56c-4e68-b3ee-124a5b5865ae> | 2013-05-18T05:49:18Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Sun is to incorporate key pieces of rival Linux software
under the bonnet of its Solaris operating system.
Sun has been attempting to work closer with Linux and other open-source developers with mixed success. However according to Sun's Website a revamped Solaris, Linux Hybrid will be easier to use.
According to EarthTimes, the hyrbid will keep the Solaris kernel but have Linix based off-shoots.
Sun is refusing to comment at this point as it plans to release the project next week. | <urn:uuid:97226361-a535-4904-a868-ee20183f580a> | 2013-05-18T07:00:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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In late December, the Turkish Chess Federation, which had been awarded the right to organize the European Women’s Championship, withdrew as the host.
The reason given for Turkey’s withdrawal was a conflict between the federation and the European Chess Union, which has jurisdiction over the championship.
Last week, Ali Nihat Yazici, the president of the Turkish Chess Federation, wrote to Silvio Danailov, the president of the E.C.U., and said that Turkey was again ready to organize the event, but he said that he did not want to communicate with Sava Stoisavljevic, the general secretary of the E.C.U., who mostly dealt with Mr. Yazici in the earlier negotiations over the contract. Mr. Yazici also asked for an apology from Mr. Danailov.
(Some background, Mr. Yazici and Mr. Danailov were opponents last fall in the election for the presidency of the E.C.U. Obviously, Mr. Danailov won.)
In his letter, Mr. Yazici gave Mr. Danailov a deadline of Monday, January 24, to accept his offer to again host the tournament.
Mr. Danailov did respond in time, but did not accept because it would set a bad precedent. Read more… | <urn:uuid:9d6791c2-9c03-47d5-95fc-4dfbce9a704e> | 2013-05-18T07:20:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I did something similiar several years ago for a mockup demo of cyberpunk-themed "Jagged Alliance" clone which was supposed to have large maps filled with skyscrapers. It was a stupid idea, apparently maps for tactical combat should be tidy and easily understandable :)
In order to have a quicker pathfinding one global map was divided into several discrete square-shaped areas. Once we have a criteria for areas, it's time to find possible "entrances" between each pair of adjacent areas. "Entrance" is a transition point which shows that this agent can enter this area at this point.
In your example with building of several floors, each floor would be an area with borders defined by floor, ceiling and outer walls; and varius holes in wall or floor, or ladders would be entrances, there could be a lot of them. So entrances basically link path nodes from one area to path nodes in the other area.
Once you identified entrances, you'll need to find all possible ways to traverse each area resulting in a "map of area entrances to adjacent area entrances" with edges between entrances showing length of this path through area.
If everything went right, your agent standing on the 1-st floor will be able to find its way to that special box on the 4-th floor quickly. Maybe something similiar could be used in your problem of multiple maps, so hope it helps. | <urn:uuid:8ab28111-ee1a-437f-bd3e-1def4d58edc3> | 2013-05-18T05:49:33Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I'm making a camera which tracks the player. I am using a basic algorithm to calculate a position for the camera relative to the player. Then I am taking an average of this over the last x number of frames. This creates a nice chase camera which always slightly lags and evens out the players movements.
Where I am running into trouble is with delta Time. How can I weight each entry in my list of previous positions so that delta time is taken into account. Currently I'm having an issue where, when the frame rate is particularly slow, the camera lags really far behind the player.
I should also mention that currently I am adding each entry ElapsedTimeInSeconds/0.01f times to give the weight. So the average is effectively over fewer frames if the frame rate is slow. I also tried entering values as Value * DeltaTime, then keeping an average of delta time to divide the values by when I get them back out of my average tracking class but that didn't work.
What I think I really want is an average over the last n seconds rather than the last n frames. | <urn:uuid:412748a3-c2a6-4566-9afd-3947c4314bdb> | 2013-05-18T07:14:02Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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In my setup there is a box with a hole on one side, and a freely movable "stick" (or bar, tube). This stick can be inserted/moved through the hole into the box. This hole is exactly as wide as the ...
What all do I need to learn or work on before creating a 3D virtual environment to simulate a welding process in order to train workers? Any books or tutorials that might help me begin? I have a basic ...
I'm seeking advice, suggestions, and ideas on how to handle the updating of large amounts of data in OpenGL and c++. My partner and I have gone through two methods. The first is vertex by vertex ...
I want to study water simulation, with a a demo with source code which using physically-based methods(Eulerian approaches or Lagrangian approaches). How can I get some examples? | <urn:uuid:10549bb4-9960-4ee7-a1ad-118d7fbef7b0> | 2013-05-18T06:43:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Fresh Roasted Food description: A young girl is running a restaurant. Prepare and serve different kind of foods to the customers. Make money by serving the food before customer waiting time exceeds. The faster you complete your orders, the better compliment you will get.
Game Instructions: Mouse to play.
Play all these RPG games for free. | <urn:uuid:eafa1040-3579-4b8f-a158-1909b8fbed08> | 2013-05-18T08:02:18Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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There's information that there's a secret level in Diablo III, similar to Diablo II's "Secret Cow Level".
How can I reach that secret area in Diablo III?
|show 1 more comment|
According to sources on the Blizzard forum, the secret level is called Whimsyshire:
Whimsyshire is essentially a single-level dungeon, much like the dungeons you find randomly while exploring the wilderness. Just like these random dungeons, it has chests and other lootable objects, plus a plethora of monsters, including some champion and unique monsters.
Level-wise, it contains monsters and loot that are roughly on par with the first act of Nightmare (if you're visiting the Normal variant - I assume that it is roughly on par with the first act of the difficulty one harder than the difficulty you enter the portal in) - nothing super difficult or super awesome. It may be worth visiting/farming if you've cleared the difficulty you're on, but are having trouble with the first act of the next difficulty. Otherwise, it's probably likely to be underwhelming.
In order to visit Whimsyshire, you must craft a Staff of Herding, and take it to a specific area in Act 1.
The Staff of Herding
Unlocking Whimsyshire requires a Staff of Herding, which can be crafted at the blacksmith for 50,000 gold and requires the following items:
Black Mushroom - Cathedral Level 1
The mushroom in a patch of mushrooms that occasionally spawn on level 1 of the Cathedral (screenshot). When you enter the room, your hero will remark about the unusual mushrooms. The room it spawns in always looks the same so you can look for it in the minimap. (minimap screenshot).
If you're past this point in the story, go to Act 1, Mission 4: Reign of the Black King. Travel from the New Tristram waypoint to the Cathedral Garden, and then walk out the gate and back around to the front of the Cathedral. Open the door and descend to Cathedral Level 1.
Leoric's Shinbone - Leoric's Manor
The shinbone is found occasionally in the fireplace of Leoric's Manor. From the entrance to the manor, walk forward to the staircase, and hang a right. The room with the fireplace is on the first floor on the right side. A large painting of an old man hangs over the fireplace. If the shinbone is present, there will be logs in the fireplace. Click the logs to get the bone. (screenshot).
If you're past this point in the story, return to Act 1, Mission 9: The Imprisoned Angel. Take the waypoint to Leoric's Manor. Backtrack through the manor into the room with the large statue overlooking a double staircase, and then head into the room to the northeast on your minimap.
Wirt's Bell - Caldeum Bazaar
Squirt the Peddler sells this item at the Hidden Camp in Act 2. This vendor was moved in patch 1.0.4 to stand just up and to the right of the waypoint in the Hidden Camp. The item is on the "Miscellaneous" tab. The cost for the bell is 100,000 gold.
Liquid Rainbow - Mysterious Cave in Dahlgur Oasis
From the Act 2 waypoint "Path to the Oasis," travel southeast. Zaven the Alchemist may be here, and if so you can save him to access the cave. (screenshot) The item is in a the "Mysterious Chest" which also may not spawn, even if you're in the right dungeon.
If you're past this point, load Act 2, Mission 7: Blood and Sand. Take the "Path to Oasis" waypoint, as noted above.
Gibbering Gemstone - Caverns of Frost in Fields of Slaughter
This item drops from a "purple" class monster named Chiltara that has a chance of spawning in the second level of Caverns of Frost, a random dungeon that may or may not appear in the Fields of Slaughter. Other dungeons may appear here, but you can only find this item in the Caverns of Frost.
From the waypoint "The Bridge of Korsikk" travel almost due east. You should see a small cluster of debris that has a small, U-shaped indentation in it. (screenshot) The dungeon may spawn northwest, or southeast of this debris. (There are other potential locations, but these are the fastest 2 to check) Ensure this is the Caverns of Frost before clearing it!
If you've passed this point, load Act 3, Mission 6: Siegebreaker. Take the waypoint to "The Bridge of Korsikk" as noted above.
Plans for the Staff of Herding - Great Span
This item is a random drop from Izual, who is a midboss on the Great Spire. Unfortunately, there's not a "fast" quest checkpoint for this one - you're going to have to start Act 4, Mission 4: Prime Evil, and then fight through the Silver Spire Level 1 in order to get to the Great Span.
Izual tends to favor attacks that freeze you in place, so bring any skills you know which can break his freezing spell. Many of the "movement" skills (ie, Spirit Walk) can do this. If you kill Izual and he does not drop the plans, you'll have to exit out, reset the quest to "Quest Start" and start over again, fighting through Silver Spire Level 1.
For this reason, I'd suggest being overleveled before you attempt this - fighting this area repeatedly is likely to be time consuming and frustrating if you can't just obliterate everything quickly.
A few additional notes:
The Staff of Herding you create from this recipe only unlocks the Normal difficulty variant of Whimsyshire. To unlock Whimsyshire on higher difficulties, you'll need to upgrade the staff. You can find more information about how to find the plans for these upgrades in this question:
Once you have the staff, travel to New Tristram by choosing any of the quests in Act 1 past the point where the road to Old Tristram is open. From the New Tristram waypoint, follow the road towards Old Tristram. When the path turns to the right past the abandoned houses, you will find a fissure in the ground along the southern edge of the path. Nearby will be the Ghost of the Cow King. (screenshot) With the Staff of Herding in your inventory, clicking on the Ghost will trigger a few lines of dialog, and then the fissure will open.
Other related questions:
Can I enter Whimsyshire if I follow someone in my party with the Staff of Herding?
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