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The Battle of Noyon-Montdidier, 9-13 June 1918, was the fourth of General Erich von Ludendorff’s great offensives of the spring and summer of 1918 that came close to breaking the Allied lines on the western front, but instead critically damaged the fighting capacity of the German army.
The first and third of those offensives (Second Battle of the Somme and Third Battle of the Aisne) had created two giant salients in the Allied lines. The Noyon-Montdidier offensive was designed to link these two saliants. This would straighten out the line and potentially threaten Paris. Two German armies – the Eighteenth under General Oskar von Hutier and the Seventh under General Max von Boehn were allocated to the attack. They were opposed by two French armies – the Third under General Georges Humbert and the Tenth under General Charles Mangin. The French also had access to American troops, who would play a part in defeating the offensive.
The French had sufficient warning of the German attack. On 9 June the German Eighteenth Army attacked the French Third Army from the north. Its attack was disrupted by a French counter-bombardment, but was still able to make some progress, although not on the same scale as in the earlier offensives.
The German Seventh Army joined the offensive on 10 June, attacking the French Tenth Army from the east. This attack failed to make any significant progress. The two armies were meant to meet at Compiègne, but only Hutier made any progress towards the rendezvous.
On 11 June the French and Americans launched a counter attack which pushed the Germans back from their most advanced positions. On 13 June the battle came to an end. It was a clear German failure, and was a clear sign that the German army was wearing down. It would launch one more offensive, on the Marne in mid July, but that would soon be followed by the great Allied counterattacks that would push the German armies back towards the French border.
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|Browse Archives at groups.google.co.uk| | <urn:uuid:d4efb640-9fec-4f9d-84a5-f0b301694707> | 2013-05-21T10:07:15Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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This tasty pesto is versatile. Serve it tossed with hot pasta or spread on toasted baguette slices and topped with feta. It makes a great stuffing for chicken breasts, too.
- 1 cup dried tomatoes (home-dried, not in oil)
- Boiling water
- 1/2 cup extra-virgin olive oil
- 1/2 cup fresh grated parmesan or asiago cheese
- 2 T. pine nuts
- 1/4 cup packed fresh basil leaves
- 2 to 3 garlic cloves
- salt and pepper to taste
Cover the dried tomatoes with boiling water and let sit 10 minutes or until soft. Drain.
Combine soaked, drained tomatoes and olive oil in the work bowl of a food processor fitted with a sharp metal blade. Pulse several times to chop tomatoes. Add parmesan, pine nuts, basil, and garlic. Process until the mixture forms a paste. Taste purée and add salt and pepper if desired.
Store pesto in a glass jar in the refrigerator for up to one week.
<<More Dried Food Recipes>> | <urn:uuid:da6caa40-c482-45df-b3d6-67d69795a7cd> | 2013-05-21T10:27:18Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Lohan is set to be arraigned Wednesday for allegedly lying to authorities when she said she wasn't driving last June on the day when her Porsche hit an 18-wheeler on the Pacific Coast Highway. Law enforcement sources tell the website that the judge plans to revoke Lohan's probation for the jewelry theft case, as well as set a hearing to formally rule whether Lohan violated the terms of her probation by breaking the law again.
Even if Lohan is found not guilty on criminal charges, her probation could still be revoked, meaning Lohan could face up to 8 months in jail, not including additional jail time if she's convicted of lying to police.
Lohan is currently on "informal" probation until May 2014 for pleading no contest to stealing a necklace from a Venice jewelry store in January 2011. She completed her supervised probation this past March after finishing her community service and required therapy.
Related Articles on TVGuide.com
Other Links From TVGuide.com | <urn:uuid:19e640a2-82b7-4b9d-b2c6-9237e4e726ea> | 2013-05-21T10:22:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The address/link you followed is unavailable.
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- Make sure the address is spelled correctly.
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- Visit our Interact page, for more ways to reach us. | <urn:uuid:582c3e98-d513-4c82-969b-759ca8d5aed2> | 2013-05-21T10:07:54Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Don't blame PowerPoint for a bad business presentation
It's tempting, especially among older businesspeople, to gripe about PowerPoint "ruining" or dumbing-down the business presentation
However, fundamentally, PowerPoint is just a presentation tool, and your use of it is really only going to be as good or bad as your overall presentation strategy.
If you go into a PowerPoint project with the goal of allowing it to aid and enhance a business presentation that has solid ideas and data behind it, PowerPoint will help you succeed. If the ideas or data are poor, or poorly-organized, it won't.
Making a Good Business Presentation With PowerPoint
Organize your data logically. In any presentation, you are trying to convince people of something, and building up to an ultimate conclusion. Think carefully about how to organize your information so that each element clearly and logically builds on what came before, moving towards that goal. Avoid digressions.
Forego large blocks of text. This feels like "PowerPoint 101" but it's still such a common mistake. Don't ever put full paragraphs of text onto a slide, and don't use more than 3 or 4 bullet points on a single slide. Too much text distracts the audience, causing them to read rather than listen to what you're saying.
Show restraint in using animations. Please, please, do not put a fancy animated transition between every slide. There are cases where something like a simple dissolve can be used effectively (such as transitioning between two closely related graphs), but on the whole, just treat it like a static slideshow. And there's never a good reason to use sound effects. It just feels gimmicky.
Ensure you are the true focus. In our opinion, the #1 reason for PowerPoint contributing to a bad business presentation is if you allow the PowerPoint to grab more attention than you get. YOU should always be the focus of your presentations, not your tools. Use good public speaking methods to keep control of your audience's attention.
Key Takeaway: For a good PowerPoint business presentation, plan your slides logically and with purpose. Ensure that the presentation tools never distract the audience from you and the message you're communicating. | <urn:uuid:e157544a-73d8-4e58-bf70-36aa35e44c44> | 2013-05-21T10:14:10Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Cooking Show Wontons
Title: Cooking Show Wontons
Description: Cooking Show Wontons - This is - girls cooking game! This is - cooking show game where you are cooking wontons. Wantons are some part of dumplings that are of Chinese origin. The basics of this game are similar that of the other cooking show games. This means you will have to follow instructions, mixings, frying, cutting and doing the similar things. You will have to do these things quicker and the more precisely, if you want to get higher final score! Enjoy! | <urn:uuid:b76648fc-8637-4708-b0d5-8651d5dd84f5> | 2013-05-21T10:08:18Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Herzelya Green House by Sharon Neuman Architects
This amazing modern green house is located in Herzelya, Israel. It was designed by Sharon Neuman Architects. Enjoy the gallery!
The Herzelya house is located on a long and narrow plot and does therefore present a difficult design task. One of the problems, for example, is that the adjacent house in the west blocks light and airflow. The solution consists of a series of protruding segments breaking out of the contour in the east to generate south and north light and air access. The eastern wall is left with only a few openings.
The house is planned with energy efficiency as one of the leading goals. A number of design details are utilised, among them: efficient insulating materials, southern walls have extra thickness, Adobe blocks i n s e r ted in s e l e c ted places for extra thermal mass; Also, rainwater and dew are collected and stored, water recycled where possible, and solar water heater is installed as well as a composting device. | <urn:uuid:1cd6e981-2e29-48d1-844a-e3f36ec4e935> | 2013-05-21T10:20:01Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Community Comment Guidelines:
Home Energy magazine's mission is to disseminate objective and practical information on residential energy efficiency, performance, comfort, and affordability for energy and related trade professionals. By allowing comments on our articles, we are opening up our website as a forum for sharing educational responses, best practices, and professional insights.
The following are guidelines for blog posts or commenting on Home Energy articles:
- Share your ideas and join conversations.
- Treat others with respect.
- When possible, back up your opinions with verifiable facts and details.
- Speak from your own first-hand experience.
- Write concise sentences. Short, straightforward, and to the point.
- Post interesting, informative, and useful information.
- Sell your personal services or company.
- Excessively criticize otherís organizations, opinions, or ideas.
- Use offensive or obscene language.
In all cases, Home Energy reserves the right to edit or remove content that does not meet our standards and guidelines. | <urn:uuid:f17fc4f0-d9b0-4260-9e34-e2da9ced3573> | 2013-05-21T10:20:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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New research published in the journal Endocrinology highlights a possible safe, future treatment for postmenopausal women. The research, which was conducted by doctors at Laval University in Quebec, Canada, found that EM-652, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) given in association with an estrogen, may be effective at controlling hot flashes and preventing breast, uterine and ovarian cancer as well as osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
Additionally, the combination shows promise in potentially helping with brain function and preventing Alzheimer's disease with no risk or negative effect.
Over the past year, millions of women have become afraid and confused about the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy following the results of the Women's Health Initiative Study (WHI), which found that women on the combination replacement estrogen and progestin have an increased risk (26 percent) of developing breast cancer.
In light of these findings, the medical community has worked to determine the best way to treat the symptoms and risks of menopause, while researchers search for alternative therapies for the millions of women who used combination hormones to treat their menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes.
Dr. Fernand Labrie and his colleagues in Quebec, Canada have now demonstrated that the next generation of menopausal therapy may lie in a combination of SERMs and estrogen, with the SERM preventing the potential risk of breast cancer caused by the estrogen.
Through three separate studies on rats, Labrie and his team sought to validate the promise of EM-652 as a postmenopausal treatment. The researchers treated different groups of rats with EM-652 and estrogen and measured the impact on the mammary gland and uterus. One study examined the effects of 17beta-estradiol, an estrogen and EM-652 alone and in combination.
The findings showed that when administered together, the estrogen was blocked in the mammary gland and uterus, while EM-652 protected bone and decreased serum lipids. Since EM-652 has little or no access to the brain, it should not prevent estrogen from exerting its beneficial effects on hot flashes, memory and cognition and potentially preventing Alzheimer's disease. At the same time, EM-652 blocks the negative effects of estrogen in the peripheral tissues, including the mammary gland and uterus.
"EM-652 in combination with estrogen may offer a novel approach to treating postmenopausal women," explained Labrie. "If our findings in rats are duplicated in women, this tissue-specific hormone replacement therapy could meet the most important needs of women at menopause, which include control of hot flashes, improvement of cognitive function and memory, decreased risk of Alzheimer's disease and, most importantly, the prevention of three serious cancers - breast, ovarian and uterine - as well as bone loss."
Endocrinology, November 2003
The Endocrine Society (http://www.endo-society.org) | <urn:uuid:638af7c0-774d-41be-84ca-3ad164b0198c> | 2013-05-21T09:58:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Rihanna's Single Cover For "Stay" Has Someone Familiar On It! [PHOTO]
Pop princess Rihanna released the cover art for “Pour It Up “ and “Stay” yesterday and the cover for "Stay" is showing her hugging a male figure and it appears to look like Chris Brown!
Check it out:
That is definitely him, I don't want to hear it lol. | <urn:uuid:a50a0913-9a12-4370-8a67-52817f3e9a81> | 2013-05-21T10:13:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Pricing is only one factor to consider when reviewing an offer on your home. It's important to review the entire offer - with all of its terms and conditions - when making a decision.
Consider these areas when evalutaing any offers you receive from interested purchasers.
Obviously, price is a major consideration. How close is the offer to your asking price? Is the market strong - do you have a good chance of getting more if you wait?
Virtually all home purchase contracts have some contingencies - and many of these are extremely reasonable. But it's important to consider the potential of these conditions to affect or terminate the transaction. It may be advisable to accept a lower price with few contingencies over a higher figure with a large list of conditions.
Buyers who are pre-approved for mortgage financing are among the strongest purchasers. Not only do these buyers already have funding in place - they are also typically among the most credit-worthy buyers.
Beware the Home Sale Contingency
Offers are sometimes conditioned upon the sale of the buyer's current home prior to the closing. This is an extremely onerous condition. You simply trade the risk of selling one home for that of selling a different one - and you have far less control over the marketing of the buyer's house.
Some offers are contingent upon the seller taking back financing. The exact terms can vary considerably, however it is usually not advisable to accept this type of deal unless there are no alternatives. Apart from the fact that most sellers want to cash out in order to buy a new home, holding a mortgage can be risky, involving costly legal enforcement actions if the borrower defaults. With the number of mortgage programs available from lenders, a buyer who demands financing from the seller is probably a high-risk borrower.
What Does the Buyer Want You to Do?
Few homes are in perfect condition, yet a buyer may expect to receive yours in pristine form. A purchaser who expects to buy a 50-year-old house in flawless condition is unrealistic - and could turn out to be a difficult buyer. While you should expect to repair any major problems, beware of a purchaser who seems excessive in his or her demands.
Handling Multiple Offers
If you are fortunate enough to receive multiple offers, make sure to review each one carefully. If one party is significantly stronger than the other(s), or one offer has fewer conditions you may want to try work with that buyer first. After reviewing the terms of the offers - and discussing them with your agent - you can submit a counter-offer to all of the parties.
Counter-Offers and Negotiation
Negotiation is very common in the real estate markets. When you receive an offer for less than the asking price you have three choices - accept it, reject it out of hand, or make a counter-offer.
No matter how carefully you research the market and how fairly you price your home, there's a decent chance you'll get at least one offer that is well below the market value of your home.
While many people get upset or angry by these offers, the proper way to handle them is unemotionally. Simply send a polite refusal to the buyer. If the buyer cannot or will not come up to your price level you've lost nothing. If he or she is simply fishing to see how low you will go you haven't lost any negotiating ground at all.
Whatever you do, don't take it personally. Selling your home and moving is stressful enough - don't drive yourself crazy over a bottom fisher trying to get a deal. | <urn:uuid:0d9fe8ed-6d48-4f07-ac4d-4227e18d196f> | 2013-05-21T10:12:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Tim Mathieson, the partner of Australian prime minister Julia Gillard, has inexplicably responded to a question no-one ever asked with an answer no-one ever expected.
What type of doctor should you look for if you are going to get your prostate checked?
Asides from a professional one, Mathieson also suggests ensuring the medical practitioner is a "small Asian female doctor".
In just a few words, Mathieson managed to potentially offend a huge majority of the world's population in just three words.
In his defence, the poorly conceived comments were in the context of promoting awareness of prostate cancer.
At a reception for the West Indies cricket team at Gillard's official residence in Canberra, he said: "We can get a blood test for it, but the digital examination is the only true way to get a correct reading on your prostate so make sure you go and do that, and perhaps look for a small Asian female doctor is probably the best way."
Gillard, who became in internet hit last year with an anti-sexism rant against an opposition MP, can be seen in the background, her face practically turning to granite.
She told ABC radio after the gaffe: "Obviously, there's various ways of getting that message across, but he's certainly acknowledged that the joke cracked last night was in poor taste."
Mathieson later said in a statement: “It was meant as a joke and on reflection I accept it was in poor taste,” he said in a brief statement issued by the Prime Minister's office.
“I apologise for any offence caused.” | <urn:uuid:a9c9670f-1fa7-46f0-9e7c-97f8d6d0a056> | 2013-05-21T10:02:10Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Turtles Invade JFK Airport Tarmac
NEW YORK (AP) -- A runway at John F. Kennedy International Airport was shut down briefly Wednesday morning after at least 78 turtles emerged from a nearby bay and crawled onto the tarmac.
Ground crews eventually rounded up the wayward reptiles and deposited them back in the brackish water farther from airport property, but not before the incident disrupted JFK's flight schedule and contributed to delays that reached nearly 1 1/2 hours.
"Apparently, this is something the tower has experienced before," said Federal Aviation Administration spokesman Jim Peters. "I guess it's the season for spawning."
The invasion began unfolding, slowly, at around 8:30 a.m., when an American Eagle flight crew reported seeing three turtles while taxiing out for departure. Before long, a chorus of pilots was radioing the tower to report turtles either on the end of a runway that juts out into the water, or approaching on the grass.
The FAA halted flights for about 12 minutes shortly before 9 a.m. while some of the turtles were cleared away, then quit using the runway entirely after getting new reports of "massive numbers" of turtles on the tarmac, Peters said.
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey spokesman John Kelly said airport crews gathered up the turtles in about 35 minutes.
He identified the turtles as Diamondback terrapins, a species common to Jamaica Bay, which surrounds the airport. The turtles appeared to be about 8 inches (20 centimeters) long and weigh 2 pounds (90 grams) to 3 pounds (1.36 kilograms) each.
Jets hit turtles a few times each year at JFK, usually in the final days of June or earliest days in July, according to the FAA's wildlife strike database. There have been no recent reports of the strikes causing any damage to an airplane. | <urn:uuid:891cc061-c095-44ef-a54f-d63752d3306e> | 2013-05-21T10:29:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Monsanto Canada recently reported that the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) has granted approval for its latest GM offering, the intriguingly named "refuge in a bag" Bt corn. With all the hype surrounding GM crops, it would be easy to dismiss this announcement as just another piece of press puff from the GM giant. But unfortunately this new development is actually something we need to keep a close eye on. As we have come to expect, the government has let the GM community police itself, leaving the companies that are peddling the new technology to regulate its use.
First, it is important to understand what a "refuge" is when it comes to GM crops. Despite the fact that Animal Welfare Approved has blogged extensively on the many drawbacks and dangers of GM technology, the concept of "refuge" actually relates to a problem that we haven't covered in detail before -- namely the inevitable development of pest resistance to GM crops.
The requirement for a "refuge" arose because it is widely accepted that pest insects will, over time, develop resistance to the crops that have been genetically modified to poison them. One would logically expect that if you expose a large number of pests to a single pesticide year after year, the survivors will eventually breed, leading in time to the emergence of a resistant population. This same process happens with GM crops -- it's simply that the GM crop has been genetically modified to express the thuringiensis (Bt) insecticide within its plant tissues, rather than the farmer spraying it on to the crops to control the pests.
Indeed, the GM companies themselves admit that the development of resistance to their GM crops is inevitable, and the requirement for a "refuge" is promoted as an attempt to preserve the efficacy of the GM technology for as long as possible. So how does this "refuge" system work?
Whenever farmers sow a field with GM crops they are required to plant a certain proportion of non-GM seeds of the same crop type in order to provide a safe place -- a so-called "refuge" -- so that some insects which are still susceptible to the insecticide can survive and breed. The idea is that these susceptible insects will breed with resistant insects, thereby slowing down the development of resistance among the pest population. If you don't plant the refuge area then the only insects that survive are those which have developed some resistance to the GM toxin expressed by the crops. If those resistant insects are the only ones that breed, then the entire population will quickly become resistant and the insect-resistant genetic modification will be worthless.
Initially, farmers were required to sow 20 percent non-GM seed alongside 80 percent GM seed. But once the GM companies began "stacking" GM traits -- that is, incorporating more than one mode of insect protection and herbicide resistance together in the same crop -- the requirement dropped to 5 percent of non-GM crop to be grown with 95 percent GM. However, farmers were expected to follow strict guidelines on how the non-GM component was to be incorporated in their cropping plans. Farmers had the option of growing blocks of non-GM corn either within a particular field of GM crops or in an adjacent field. Alternatively, farmers could plant strips of non-GM seed within the GM crop, but the strips had to be at least four -- and preferably six -- rows wide. These blocks or strips then provided a clear non-GM "refuge" area.
So what's the problem with Monsanto's "refuge in a bag" system? Well, the requirement for 5 percent non-GM corn is still there. But instead of the farmer having to buy different bags of GM and non-GM seed, and sow them separately, Monsanto has mixed the 5 percent non-GM seed in with the GM seed -- hence the "refuge in a bag." On the plus side, this means the farmer can't get out of planting the non-GM portion (which has been a problem in some states). But what happened to the block or strip of non-GM seed? Well, as the seeds are mixed up together, the non-GM plants now grow scattered throughout the crop, rather than in dedicated areas. So how will a significant population of non-resistant insects survive and breed over time on random single non-GM plants, rather than in dedicated areas?
These thoughts have crossed the minds of others, too. Christian Krupke, an entomologist from the University of Purdue, has real concerns about Monsanto's "refuge in a bag" technology, namely that using such seed mixes can actually promote greater pest resistance. In a press release from Purdue Krupke says that:
"The concern with refuge-in-a-bag, or seed mixes, has always been sub-lethal exposure with toxic plants and non-toxic plants standing side-by-side. You could have a young corn rootworm beetle larva emerge, feed on a toxic plant but not die, and then move over to a non-toxic plant and feed until reaching adulthood. The larva now has sub-lethal exposure to Bt. That's one of the ways that resistance can develop in an insect population more rapidly... It's that old adage that whatever doesn't kill you makes you stronger. We could be giving those larvae selective advantage in the long term. That was one of the reasons this technology wasn't embraced initially."
Sub-lethal exposure works the other way, as well, Krupke explains. Larvae could feed on a refuge corn plant and become larger, then move to a Bt plant to continue eating. Because the larvae are larger, and it takes more Bt toxin to kill bigger insects, the larvae might not ingest enough toxin to die.
Aside from Krupke, other published papers, such as Agi et al (2001) and Onstad et al (2011), also express reservations at the efficacy of "refuge in a bag" to ensure the survival of susceptible insects. Even the Environmental Protection Agency has released a report stating that it expects resistance to occur within 8.1 years for a 5 percent blended refuge, 11.3 years for a 10 percent blended refuge and 20.2 years for the 20 percent block refuge.
So it would seem that Monsanto's "refuge in a bag" is also a "shot in the foot," as it will actually hasten the spread of resistance to Bt among the insect population. This obviously has huge implications for both GM and non-GM growers. Bt (or Bacillus thuringiensis) is a naturally occurring bacterium that produces proteins called endotoxins that act as a natural insecticide. As Bt is not a synthetic chemical product and it is very selective (it's only toxic to a very specific range of target pests) it is often used by organic growers. The spread of resistance to this natural pesticide -- a product that is selectively fatal to certain insects and non-toxic to just about everything else -- could cause real problems for growers who have never embraced GM technology, and certainly had no part in promoting resistance.
So why would Monsanto promote a product that could actively reduce the efficacy of one of its GM seed lines? We've seen this time and again with other insecticide and pesticide products. Rather than encourage the sustainable use of pesticides, too often agrochemical companies seek only to maximize short-term sales and profits. Once insect or weed resistance begin to cause problems in the fields, the company can simply abandon it and roll out another "improved" product range -- and the whole process starts again.
You can bet your bottom dollar that Monsanto will have the next GM crop with a built-in insecticide already in development. Besides, do you really think that Monsanto and the other Biotech companies are worried about creating problems for organic and other responsible growers, who rank among the most vociferous opponents of GM technology? Me neither.
Agi, A. L., Mahaffey, J. S., Bradley, Jr. J. R., and Van Duyn, J.W. (2001) Efficacy of Seed Mixes of Transgenic Bt and Nontransgenic Cotton Against Bollworm, Helicoverpa zea Boddie. The Journal of Cotton Science 5:74-80
Onstad, D. W., Mitchell, P. D., Hurley, T. M., Lundgren, J. G., Porter, R. P., Krupke, C. H., Spencer, J. L., Difonzo, C. D., Baute, T. S., Hellmich, R. L., Buschman, L. L., Hutchison, W. D., and Tooker, J. F. (2011) Seeds of Change: Corn Seed Mixtures for Resistance Management and Integrated Pest Management. Journal of Economic Entomology 104(2) | <urn:uuid:a15bcfb2-3f05-4bf7-a818-b568c4c33a39> | 2013-05-21T10:20:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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As an Arab American, I can empathize with Shirley Sherrod, In the midst of this crisis, I wrote a number of short pieces on a few websites charging that she had been "lynched" and was a victim of a hysterical mob spurred on by lies and cowards in authority who, out of fear or political calculation, had sacrificed her to a mob refusing her right to a fair hearing.
I understood her plight because I, and many other Arab Americans and American Muslims, had endured similar treatment. Over the years a veritable industry has developed of anti-Arab groups and individuals whose job it has been to track our progress and to challenge our every advance with smear campaigns. Taking our quotes out of context, making patently false and sometimes bizarre claims that fabricate connections with terror groups and extremists, these characters and the websites and right-wing publications who use their work have directed their attacks against many prominent Arab and Muslim Americans and those in government or business who work with us.
This is what happened to my son more than a decade ago, when he worked for a time at the Department of State. The same types of attacks have followed my every move for decades. When in 1993, Vice President Al Gore asked me to head up a project he was launching to support economic development in the West Bank and Gaza, one of the professional Arab bashers wrote a piece suggesting I had been supportive of terrorists. Using this material, a prominent liberal magazine editorialized that Gore should remove me from the post. To his credit, Gore defended me and arranged a meeting with the magazine's editor. When the editor produced the quote I was alleged to have made and I shared with him the full text of what I had said, he recognized his error and apologized. But the attacks never stopped. When I was invited last year to deliver the closing remarks at a Department of Justice conference, a right wing researcher published an article describing me as "[Attorney General Eric] Holder's Hizbollah Buddy" and when I addressed last year's Pentagon Iftar dinner, another of these anti-Arab hatchet men wrote a piece in a conservative magazine noting that a "well known Wahhabi supporter" spoke at the Pentagon.
Much the same has been experienced by others in my community. An Arab American state legislator in Michigan, and even the newly crowned Miss USA were falsely accused of Hizbollah ties. Young attorney Mazin Asbahi was forced to resign from the Obama campaign over similar fabricated charges.
And even now a new storm is brewing. A new mosque is being planned in an area near Ground Zero, the site of the terrorist attack that killed 3,000 innocents on September 11, 2001. Some local groups have objected and have been supported by the likes of 2012 presidential aspirants Sarah Palin, who called the mosque a "stab to the heart," and Newt Gingrich, who saw the mosque as part of a larger challenge arguing that "America is experiencing an Islamist cultural-political offensive designed to undermine and destroy our civilization."
A conservative magazine accelerated the assault with a personal attack on the mosque project's leader, Imam Faisal Abdul Raouf -- a truly honorable man with a long record of promoting peace and reconciliation. Using the now familiar tools of half quotes, fabricated connections (described by another writer as: "his wife has an uncle who used to be "a leader" of a mosque that now has a Web site that links to the Web site of an allegedly radical organization"), and innuendo, the article attempts to portray Imam Faisal as a suspicious and even dangerous threat. And now Congressman Peter King, the Republican ranking member of House Homeland Security Committee has called for an investigation into Faisal Abdul Raouf.
And so I understand Shirley Sherrod. I know what she has endured and while I celebrate her vindication, I know we, as Americans, are not yet out of the woods. Something is fundamentally rotten in our political culture -- where groups seeking political advantage can so easily make victims of innocents and cowards will let good people pay a price rather than defend their rights to a fair hearing. | <urn:uuid:077b8ef5-7263-4e9c-84e1-ff7e82c8adb5> | 2013-05-21T10:01:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The age-old question of "What makes a good leader?" is making its latest debut on the education front in New York City. With all the recent developments regarding teacher evaluations, the discussion of principal evaluations has emerged. In order to improve education, every aspect of a school must be addressed -- including the principal. Principals, like any other type of leader, have a lot of responsibilities. The main job of a principal is to ensure that the students in their school are receiving an effective education, and they must do whatever it takes to ensure that that happens -- no excuses.
What are the qualities of a great principal?
1) Providing constructive feedback to teachers
At an event hosted by teacher group Educators 4 Excellence, 64 percent of teachers in the room said that their principals do not provide meaningful feedback. This is a scary statistic. As a student, I am constantly being evaluated and given feedback -- this is how I know where my weaknesses are, and how I can improve. Teachers need the same type of support from principals.
2) Accepting feedback from teachers, administrators, and students
An effective leader must receive feedback from those they are leading -- and respect it. Being a principal should not be a solo job -- every part of the school community needs to speak up, and be heard. A principal needs to take both praise and criticism constructively. If something is going right, build on it. If something is going wrong, find out why, and fix it.
3) Being accessible and consistent
A principal needs to be available to teachers, parents, and students as often as possible. A principal can't spend all their time cooped up in an office, or outside the school building, rather a balance of in the classrooms and in an office. A principal needs to be present to ensure that what is supposed to be happening is happening, and ready to address any concerns that may arise.
4) Facilitating meaningful communication and collaboration between teachers
Communication is a fundamental concept across the board -- from personal things such as relationships to worldwide issues. A school is no exception -- the teachers and administrators must work together to improve classes, and the school as a whole. Students working together is no foreign concept. Group projects, peer tutoring, and other methods of student collaboration have existed for quite a while, and research has shown that this is beneficial for the students. Teachers can learn a lot from each other, even across the disciplines. Mr. Dimitri Saliani, principal of Eleanor Roosevelt High School, recognizes the importance of continued learning, even as an educator: "I pride myself on being a learner, not just an educator. Every teacher is a learner and has obviously enjoyed learning in their lifetime, hence their career choice, so I wondered how else we can learn from one another at ERHS." Mr. Saliani implemented a system that allowed teachers from all disciplines to attend his classroom visits with him -- regardless of the subject. I saw math teachers in my history class, history teachers in my science class, and so on. He concluded by stating, "It has invigorated the faculty and myself to learn from one another, to think about employing new teaching and learning strategies, and opened the door to new opportunities for collaboration." A great principal goes beyond the simple teacher meetings, and creatively develops innovative ways for teachers to collaborate.
5) A constant effort to innovate and improve
A great principal knows that there is always room for improvement. A principal should wake up every morning and ask "How can I make my school better?" Principals need to be creative, and develop unique ways to engage the teachers and students. Principals must be willing to take risks sometimes -- a school cannot be run the same tried-and-true way forever. Evaluators: keep this in mind -- measure a principal not just using pre-established rubrics and methods -- but on creativity and innovation, two things that don't always end up on paper.
A short, numbered list doesn't cover all the qualities of an effective principal -- a principal should have years of experience to complement the qualities I highlighted. In a release by Educators 4 Excellence, Evan Stone, Co-Founder and Co-CEO states, "As school leaders, principals play a key role in evaluating and supporting teachers and we need to make sure that they get fair and useful feedback that will ultimately benefit teachers and students." The bottom line is that in a school, everyone has a job to do, and everyone needs useful feedback in order to create the best learning environment possible. Principals are no exception.
Everybody, speak up! Share your thoughts on what makes a great principal, and how principals should be evaluated. | <urn:uuid:34a2f5cd-4071-4213-83b3-6718254ac15d> | 2013-05-21T10:34:01Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Monday, May 18, 2009 2:36:35 PM
Jane Eyre was good girlfriend material! Rosemary Cross? Seriously? She was very pretty and intelligent but good girlfriend material? No. Margaret Yang was an awesome girlfriend.
Monday, May 18, 2009 2:34:43 PM
Aww, Clementine did have emotional baggage but she was lovely! Her spontaneity had no bounds! I mean it was frustrating but also endearing, I really loved her character. | <urn:uuid:bb8ae661-310e-4561-ba6d-72d1d380abf9> | 2013-05-21T10:34:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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No Results Found
I'm sorry, but your search returned no results.
Looking for studies/datasets? Use the search on the front page of the Find & Analyze Data site.
Didn't find what you were looking for? Suggest a data collection that ICPSR should acquire and archive.
Looking for a citation? Check the Bibliography of Data-Related Literature.
If you're looking for some other Web page, try using the Web site search on the bottom of the page. | <urn:uuid:671f9551-c280-495b-be66-905f144e9724> | 2013-05-21T09:59:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The tomato sector in Ghana has failed to reach its potential, in terms of attaining yields comparable to other countries, in terms of the ability to sustain processing plants, and in terms of improving the livelihoods of those households involved in tomato production and the tomato commodity chain. Despite government interventions that include the establishment of a number of tomato processing factories, tomatoes of the right quality and quantity for commercial agroprocessing are not being grown. Many farmers still prefer to plant local varieties, typically with a high water content, many seeds, poor color, and low brix. Land husbandry practices are often suboptimal. Average yields remain low, typically under ten tons per hectare. Because of production seasonality, high perishability, poor market access, and competition from imports, some farmers are unable to sell their tomatoes, which are left to rot in their fields. Yet other farmers in Ghana have achieved higher tomato yields, production is profitable, and many farmers in Ghana continue to choose to grow tomatoes over other crops.
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | <urn:uuid:e6700599-b27b-4a33-857c-ee2c536c658c> | 2013-05-21T09:59:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Five Questions to Ask Customers
To ensure your customer service is reaching the higher echelons of quality, it is wise to seek advice and feedback from those most familiar with your service: your customers. By asking your customers the right questions, you can learn much about how satisfied they are with your service and what they would change if they could.
Five simple questions can make all the difference in whether your customer service is outstanding, or barely making the grade.
What do you expect from our company?
It all boils down to setting accurate customer expectations, which is at the core of any effective customer service strategy. The large majority of conflicts that occur between businesses and their clients stems from customer expectations that are not met. By setting realistic expectations from the start, you are more likely to meet, and even exceed, the expectations customers have for your company.
What do you like about our company?
This will give you an idea of what you are doing right, which means you can continue to provide you customers with the products or services they enjoy. You may be surprised to find that your customers appreciate being called by name much more than those free cookies you give on Friday mornings. You may also learn that those follow-up phone calls your customer service reps make are actually the highlight of a customer's day.
What could we do better?
While some suggestions might be unrealistic, many may be easy to implement and provide great customer service value. You may find customers would appreciate more information about your product or easier contact with technical support. You may discover that your customer service habits are not what they should be and that you need a serious sprucing in this area to keep your customers happy.
What products or services would you like to see us add?
While you may not be able to realistically accommodate all your customers' requests in this area, the information you receive may be enlightening indeed. In fact, you may find that your business has been moving in a wrong direction completely; and that by slightly shifting your focus, you can meet the needs of your customer base much more effectively.
Would you recommend others to our company?
Ah yes, the crowning glory of customer service input! When customers refer others to you, you can rest assured they are satisfied with both your products and your service. If not, you need to rev-up your customer service a notch to attract new customers and keep your current client base delighted.
Customer service is all about taking care of those individuals who build your sales and boost your profits. Find out what they want from your company, and you may collect the information you need to take your business to a whole new level. | <urn:uuid:2e14f3f8-14e9-42a0-bc0d-c1e837155086> | 2013-05-21T10:20:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Not all psychics are the same. This is because some psychics are more proficient at certain areas than others. Also, experience could play a role in the overall abilities that a psychic may have. A psychic abilities test or quiz is often taken by psychics to determine their psychic ability and power. These tests and quizzes will be effective at determining what level of psychic ability and power that a psychic is actually at.
It is expected that many individuals will be a little bit illusive to the idea of a psychic abilities test. It may seem fishy that a test or quiz can really determine one’s psychic abilities. This is understandable but if you are willing to put a little effort into believing that the test is effective then you will get some dependable results. These tests are not just thrown together as a scheme to make money and fool psychics into believing that they really do show your psychic abilities. The information that you obtain about your psychic abilities from the results of a psychic abilities test will actually play a major role in how well you can utilize your psychic abilities and powers in the future.
Online Quizzes to Determine Psychic Abilities and Powers
There are many quizzes that can be found online to determine your psychic abilities and powers. This is not necessarily the best way to really gauge your psychic levels though. Many of these quizzes are just ways for non-psychic individuals to spend some time on something interesting. If you actually posses psychic powers then you will want a much more reliable test. However, some online quizzes may still be effective at determining roughly what your level of psychic abilities and powers is at.
If you are unsure if you have any psychic abilities or powers at all then you may want to start off with an online quiz. The results that you get from these tests are effective at determine a very general range of your psychic abilities. Some individuals will be able to determine whether they are psychic or not from these tests. However, if you know that you have psychic abilities and powers then you will not want to bother with an online quiz, as it cannot effectively gauge your psychic level.
Professional Tests to Determine Psychic Abilities and Powers
If you are serious about finding out how strong your psychic abilities and powers are then you will want to find a professional test that you can complete. These tests will be done in a quiet and relaxed environment where you are able to tune into your psychic abilities and powers completely. You will be completing the test with other professional individuals in the room. These individuals will also have a great deal of psychic experience.
If you complete the professional test in a controlled environment then you will be able to determine where your strong points and weak points are with your psychic abilities and powers. The results of this type of psychic abilities test will also be very accurate. You will not get incorrect results but rather the results will always be productive and help you gauge what your psychic level is really at. You may end up finding out that your psychic levels are not as strong as you had believed them to be. You may also find out that they are stronger than you believed them to be as they are being tested in a relaxed environment for the test.
If you want to determine how strong your psychic abilities and powers are then you will need to perform a psychic abilities test. You could do so online but the results will not be very accurate at all. The online tests will just give you a general idea and may only be effective at determining if you have any psychic abilities or not. If you were to perform a professional test in a controlled environment then you would get accurate results that can effectively gauge your psychic abilities. To close, if you are a psychic and want to get a better idea on where your skills rank at then you should definitely look into taking a psychic abilities test. | <urn:uuid:8c2aa2fd-7eec-4429-aca2-15ddd2880c3f> | 2013-05-21T10:06:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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In progressive rock circles, Magna Carta are a bit like the Little Engine That Could -- from relatively modest beginnings in 1969, they've endured across 36 years and counting, even as their louder, more heavily amplified rivals from the same era have long since been consigned to history. Acts such as King Crimson and Emerson, Lake & Palmer may be better (and much more widely) known, but Magna Carta have stayed together, making music decades longer. The group was founded in 1969 by Chris Simpson (who also sang) and Lyell Tranter on acoustic Gibson guitars and Glen Stuart singing harmony. Formed in London, they made their debut at the Coalhole Folk Club in Cambridge, and coming off of the enthusiastic response to the ten songs they did that night, Magna Carta were rolling. They were not, strictly speaking, a pure folk group even then, but utilized folk and traditional elements very heavily in their songwriting and sound, in a manner similar to that adopted by John David Gladwin and Terry Wincott of the Amazing Blondel at approximately the same time. They were signed to Mercury Records' British division and debuted with a self-titled LP. They were then shifted over to the related Vertigo label -- which was more specifically devoted to progressive rock acts -- for their second album, Seasons. By that time, their sound had solidified around Simpson's singing, songwriting, and steel-strung Martin D18; Tranter's arrangements and nylon-strung Gibson; and Stuart's vocal arrangements and his five-octave harmony range. Seasons, produced by Gus Dudgeon, featured as its centerpiece the side-long title work, and also a much larger contingent of musicians, among them Tony Visconti on bass, Rick Wakeman on keyboards, Tim Renwick on flute, and Davey Johnstone on guitar; it was also the group's first record to be released in America, under license to Dunhill Records, though it made virtually no impact on the U.S. side of the Atlantic. When Tranter decided to return to his native Australia, Johnstone, a virtuoso-level guitarist fluent in several styles, replaced him in Magna Carta, leading to the core lineup that recorded Songs from Wasties Orchard and the live album In Concert before Johnstone was stolen away -- with help from Dudgeon, who used him on his sessions -- by Elton John and, later, Kiki Dee. Johnstone's replacement was guitarist Stan Gordon, who worked on Lord of the Ages (1974) and was joined by bassist Graham Smith. By 1975, however, the group was down to one member -- Gordon and Smith left in 1974, and a disagreement about their sound and future direction led to Stuart's exit in 1975 after the release of Martin's Cafe (the latter also marked their final release on Vertigo). When the appropriately titled Putting It Back Together was released in 1976 -- featuring Simpson, guitarist Tommy Hoy (late of the Natural Acoustic Band), and bassist Nigel Smith, with Chris Karan and Pick Withers on drums -- the group was on Polydor (the parent label of Vertigo) in Europe and Ariola in the United States. Withers later became an official member of the group for a short time, before joining Mark Knopfler, David Knopfler, and John Illsley in what became Dire Straits, and other new members from this period included Robin Thyne and Lee Abbott, who ultimately took over the bassist spot. Thyne and Hoy only lasted a couple of years, and for the next three years the membership in Magna Carta became rather fluid, with Alistair Fenn, George Norris, and future Albion Band member Doug Morter passing through on guitars, along with several drummers, including future Icicle Works alumnus Paul Burgess. They enjoyed an unexpected radio hit during this period with "Highway to Spain" off of the 1981 LP Midnight Blue, and Simpson also released his first solo album, Listen to the Man, around this same time. The turning point for Magna Carta and Simpson, both professionally and personally, came the next year when he met Linda Taylor, a Yorkshire-born singer and guitarist. At the time, Simpson was promoting his solo single "Sting of the Gin," and she was recording a material of her own. He ended up playing on some of her sides, and she appeared on some of his new songs, and by 1983 she'd joined the group. Her arrival reinvigorated Simpson's work, and through 1984 -- a point where virtually all of the other progressive rock bands with which they'd started had long since ceased working -- Magna Carta kept performing and recording, with Simpson and Taylor, supported by Abbott, at the core of the lineup. The middle of the decade, however, saw the pair withdraw from performing -- instead, for two years they ran a music club in the Middle East. It was in 1986 that they revived the group, with Abbott once more joining them in the core lineup and a considerably expanded sound, including a keyboard player (Gwyn Jones) and lead guitarist (Simon Carlton). In 1990 Simpson and Taylor married, and since 1992 with Abbott's exit, they've comprised the core of Magna Carta, which continued to tour Europe -- where the band had a large audience -- regularly. In keeping with their appeal as a live act, most of their releases since the early '80s (with the notable exception of 2001's Seasons in the Tide) have been concert recordings. Polygram reissued the group's early Vertigo albums at the end of the 1990s, and in 2004 Repertoire Records re-released Seasons in a mini-LP gatefold edition re-creating its original packaging format in miniature. Although some critics, embarrassed by the more pretentiously "arty" and fey sides of progressive rock (especially in its folk division) have expressed disdain for Magna Carta, that reissue and the periodic release of anthologies of the group's work testify to the existence of an audience for their work, even 40 years into their history. ~ Bruce Eder
Portions of Content Provided by Rovi Corporation.
© 2013 Rovi Corporation.
Chat About This Artist | <urn:uuid:26c1ff77-0f07-4dfd-b369-cfcb661bbb76> | 2013-05-21T10:08:29Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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ZURICH – The Disciplinary Committee of the International Ice Hockey Federation has issued a provisional suspension on Belarus player Andrei Mikhalyov, after the player was tested positive for the stimulant methylhexaneamine.
Mikhalyov is barred from club and international play pending a final IIHF Disciplinary Panel decision on further disciplinary measures.
The positive test occurred on 8 February 2013, during the Final Olympic Qualification, Group F in Denmark, when Mikhalyov was requested to submit to doping control. On 5 March 2013, the WADA-accredited Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory notified the IIHF that the Player’s A Sample tested positive.
Belarus finished second overall in Group F and did not qualify for the 2014 Winter Olympics. Mikhalyov has not played for his KHL team Dynamo Minsk since 7 March. | <urn:uuid:52ddd7a5-b0ea-44ae-bdba-31c744852833> | 2013-05-21T10:09:11Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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One of the basic tenets of teaching is that the student must learn the basics and foundation of a subject in order for them to master it eventually and reach full human potential.
New research from the University of Missouri supports this notion, revealing that kids who understood numbers and quantity in the first grade were more likely to get good grades in math when they hit fifth grade.
“This study reinforces the idea that math knowledge is incremental, and without a good foundation, a student won’t do well because the math gets more complex,” said researcher David Geary. “The kids that can go back and forth easily and quickly in translating numerals, the number five, for example, into quantities and in breaking complex problems into smaller parts had a very good head start.”
The study involved 177 elementary school students from kindergarten. Researchers hope to follow the group until they reach 10th grade algebra classes in an attempt to gain a deeper understanding of how kids learn, especially when it comes to math. Additionally, the findings may help educators discover better methods of teaching.
Personal growth activities such as studying, doing homework and attending school are integral to a young person's development and can even set them on the right path toward a fulfilled life.
Philosopher, educator and trailblazer Ilchi Lee believes that human potential is limitless and that individuals can push the boundaries of their abilities with practice and hard work. Results of this study support such thoughts, providing further proof that the brain works gradually.
Students may want to consider ridding their minds of distractions and negativity before engaging in study sessions or attending class in order to reap the full benefits of education. | <urn:uuid:513a84c9-3d3f-460a-87c7-d93d6bdabc54> | 2013-05-21T10:13:42Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Robert Guillaume was born as Robert Peter Williams (Guillaume is the French form of William) in St. Louis, Missouri. He studied at St. Louis University and Washington University and served in the United States Army before pursuing an acting career.
On leaving the university, Robert joined the Karamu Players in Cleveland and performed in musical comedies and opera. He toured the world in 1959 as a cast member of the Broadway musical Free and Easy. He made his Broadway debut in Kwamina in 1961. (A reference on a Columbia LP shows this as "Dwamina".) Other stage appearances included Golden Boy, Tambourines to Glory, Guys and Dolls, for which he received a Tony Award nomination, Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris, the Los Angeles production of The Phantom of the Opera (succeeding Michael Crawford in the lead role), and Purlie!. Added roles were in Katherine Dunham's Bambouche and in Fly The Blackbird. In 1964 he portrayed Sportin' Life in a revival of Porgy and Bess at New York's City Center. Robert has been a member of the Robert de Cormier Singers, performing in concerts and on television. He has soloed on The Tonight Show. He recorded a LP record, Columbia CS9033, titled Just Arrived as a member of The Pilgrims, a folk trio, with Angeline Butler and Millard Williams.
Some minor controversy was stirred when Guillaume replaced Michael Crawford as The Phantom in the National tour of Phantom of the Opera. Guillaume is the first, and to date only, black actor to assume the role. No recording of his performance exists except for a brief excerpt captured on a Sunday Morning episode on CBS shortly after his debut.
|Donna Brown Guillaume||(1986 - present) 1 child|
|Marlene Williams||(1955 - 21 December 1984) (divorced) 2 children|
Gravelly, gregarious voice.
There was some controversy when he replaced the original Phantom (Michael Crawford) in Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical "The Phantom of the Opera". Some tickets were returned to protest his selection as lead actor even before his first performance. His run was none the less popular with audiences and critics.
Guillaume's stroke was paralleled in his TV series where his character, boss "Isaac Jaffe" also was shown to have suffered a stroke, and where he was also shown to be missed and idolized by his TV-staff colleagues.
Suffered a mild stroke on the set of his TV series "Sports Night" (1998). [14 January 1999]
One son died of AIDS in 1990 at age 32.
Daughter, Rachel, born 1990
Was once engaged to actress Fay Hauser.
Father of Kevin Guillaume
Biography in: "Who's Who in Comedy" by Ronald L. Smith, pg. 198. New York: Facts on File, 1992. ISBN 0816023387
Was nominated for Broadway's 1977 Tony Award a Best Actor (Musical) for a revival of "Guys and Dolls".
Guillaume was born as Robert Peter Williams (Guillaume is the French translation of William).
He was the producers first choice for the role of Tuvok on Star Trek: Voyager. The role eventually went to Tim Russ.
Along with James Garner, he was among the original cast for "The Powers That Be" (1992) in the TV Guide Fall Preview.
He was nominated for a 1976 Joseph Jefferson Award for Actor in a Principal Role in a Play for "Benito Cereno" at the Goodman Theatre in Chicago, Illinois.
He was nominated for a 1977 Joseph Jefferson Award for Actor in a Principal Role in a Play for his performance in "Don Juan" at the Goodman Theatre in Chicago, Illinois.
Best known by the public for his starring role as the title character in "Benson" (1979).
Is the first African-American actor to win the Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series. As of 2013, he is the only African-American to win that award.
|"Benson" (1979)||$20,000 per 1/2 hour episode|
|You may report errors and omissions on this page to the IMDb database managers. They will be examined and if approved will be included in a future update. Clicking the 'Edit page' button will take you through a step-by-step process.|
|With our Resume service you can add photos and build a complete resume to help you achieve the best possible presentation on the IMDb.|
Click here to add your resume and/or your photos to IMDb. | <urn:uuid:fb750b9b-7b53-476d-9195-6e8926bb62df> | 2013-05-21T10:07:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A look at the life of Alfred Kinsey (Neeson), a pioneer in the area of human sexuality research, whose 1948 publication "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male" was one of the first recorded works that saw science address sexual behavior.
Episodic look at the life of Cuban poet and novelist, Reinaldo Arenas (1943-1990), from his childhood in Oriente province to his death in New York City. He joins Castro's rebels. By 1964, ... See full summary »
Olatz López Garmendia,
Using flashbacks from a statement recorded late in life and archival footage for atmosphere, this film traces Harvey Milk's career from his 40th birthday to his death. He leaves the closet and New York, opens a camera shop that becomes the salon for San Francisco's growing gay community, and organizes gays' purchasing power to build political alliances. He runs for office with lover Scott Smith as his campaign manager. Victory finally comes on the same day Dan White wins in the city's conservative district. The rest of the film sketches Milk's relationship with White and the 1978 fight against a statewide initiative to bar gays and their supporters from public school jobs. Written by
Thousands of people agreed to take part in the film as extras for free. See more »
In the camera shop during Milk's 1973 campaign for supervisor, the song "Rock the Boat" by the Hues Corporation played in the background. But that song wasn't released until the summer of 1974, by which time Milk had already cut his hair short and was clean shaven. In the film the clean-cut Harvey Milk didn't appear until the beginning of the 1975 campaign. See more »
Gus Van Sant's talent and humility allows Harvey Milk to be a the center of this remarkable story without putting himself in front of the camera. Sean Penn shines with a new and extraordinary light as Harvey Milk. His humanity is overwhelming at times. That permanent smile defining his face talks volumes about his faith in people, no matter what. His awareness is filled with truth and innocence, he worries he's about to be 40 and hasn't accomplished anything. Little did he know.The film is constructed brilliantly in a series of vignettes that builds up into a whole fluid narrative. Josh Brolin, as the disturbed Dan White is another standout in a complex and remarkable performance. No cheap shots here. Diego Luna, Joseph Cross and Emile Hirsch are also terrific as the boys around Harvey but it is James Franco who truly gets under your skin. His romantic turn is one of the most compelling gay love stories I've ever seen (and I've seen Brokeback Mountain). Highly recommended!
248 of 308 people found this review helpful.
Was this review helpful to you? | <urn:uuid:79716462-c187-4b39-8978-5cd7aa4d323a> | 2013-05-21T10:23:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Eggs are an excellent source of choline, a little-known but essential nutrient that contributes to fetal brain development and helps prevent birth defects. The National Academy of Sciences recommends increased choline intake for pregnant and breastfeeding women. Two eggs - including the yolks - contain about 250 milligrams of choline, or roughly half the recommended daily amount. The National Academy of Sciences recommends that pregnant women consume 450 milligrams of choline per day and that breastfeeding women consume 550 milligrams per day.
In addition to choline, eggs have varying amounts of three other nutrients that pregnant women need most. Eggs are a good source of the highest quality protein, which helps to support fetal growth. Eggs also have a B vitamin that is important for normal development of nerve tissue and can help reduce the risk of serious birth defects that affect the baby's brain and spinal cord development. The type of iron in eggs (a healthy mixture of heme and non-heme iron) is particularly well-absorbed, making eggs a good choice for pregnant and breastfeeding women who are at higher risk for anemia.
To learn more about choline and stay up-to-date on the latest research visit, www.cholineinfo.org. | <urn:uuid:b64a2a39-b311-4ecb-83ca-4ee6f3063727> | 2013-05-21T10:06:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Everybody has heard the rumor: alcohol kills brain cells (just the weak ones, joked a comedian). And if the rumor were true, surely the effect would show up after decades of drinking.
With the same large group of twins that they are using in the Duke Alzheimer's disease study (see article), Joe Christian and his colleagues recently studied the connection between long-term alcohol intake and cognitive functioning in aging men. They divided the twins up into nondrinkers, past drinkers (those who had quit drinking), and five categories of social drinkers, from light to heavy.
It turns out that moderate drinkers (eight to sixteen drinks per week) scored higher on a test of mental acuity than everyone else. What's more, if one of a pair of identical twins was a moderate drinker and the other a light drinker, the moderately drinking twin scored higher. "No evidence was found," writes Christian, "for negative effects on cognitive function related to the consumption of moderate amounts of alcohol."
This is not to downplay the risks of heavy drinking, Christian warned. Subjects in his study who drank more than sixteen drinks per week scored significantly lower than moderate drinkers. What's more, the other physical problems associated with heavy drinking--cirrhosis, high blood pressure, and strokes--are well known.
Still, this study should reassure the millions of moderate drinkers in America that an occasional cold beer will not impair their ability to think as they grow older.
See additional sidebar on twins | <urn:uuid:f10d4ab2-dd6a-4a08-9759-3a1317891063> | 2013-05-21T10:35:59Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Welcome to the Overland Forum, if you traveled the overland or are just curious you should find something of interest here. Use the "Search" function to help find anything in particular i.e. people, companies or places. The forum recently had a major failure, (for more info see "How To") if you cannot find something then this problem may be the cause. Oct 2010. | <urn:uuid:a21c5cf5-934e-4ec2-a57e-fd79c855e822> | 2013-05-21T10:05:59Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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This discussion looks at the changes Java has undergone and is likely to undergo in the near future. Do these changes make Java ready for the future? Will Java continue to be a dominant force or will the emergence of scripting languages shift the balance?
Does Java have what it takes for developing Web 2+ applications? Will changing business needs force traditional Java software development to make way for a newer breed of rapid development languages, tools, frameworks and techniques? | <urn:uuid:9e60e10b-f693-4451-950c-8f264308e4da> | 2013-05-21T10:06:15Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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$32.00 donated in past month
North Korea video shows US city in flames after missile attack
It begins benignly enough, with an image of a sleeping young North Korean man, and a genteel piano version of the US feel-good pop anthem We Are the World providing the musical backdrop.
Within seconds he is aboard a space shuttle, launched into orbit by the same type of rocket the North successfully launched in December. The shuttle orbits Earth, at one point passing over a jubilant and reunified Korean peninsula, before the focus switches to an unidentified city draped in the Stars and Stripes.
What appear to be missiles rain down on the city, setting fire to high-rise buildings in scenes reminiscent of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on New York.
"Somewhere in the United States, black clouds of smoke are billowing," the Korean-language caption says. "It seems that the nest of wickedness is ablaze."
The ease with which the North's dozing pilot circumnavigates the planet owes more to North Korea's ability in visual special effects than the reality of its space programme.
But the video, which has received a relatively modest 38,000 views since it was uploaded at the weekend, is a timely reminder of the growing threat posed by the regime's ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programmes.
South Korea's ambassador to the UN said on Tuesday a North Korean nuclear test was imminent, in protest at the condemnation and tougher security council sanctions that followed its rocket launch on 12 December.
Kim Sook said the test, which would be the North's third, after similar controlled nuclear detonations in 2006 and 2009, looked increasingly likely given the "very busy activities" taking place at the test site.
The UN has warned North Korea a nuclear test would invite "significant action" in response.
Kim said the security council, of which North Korea's only ally and major donor, China, is a permanent member, had given unanimous backing to further sanctions.
"They are very firm and resolute and I would expect very firm and strong measures to be taken in terms of format as well as in substance once they go ahead with such provocation" as a nuclear test, Kim said.
The latest sanctions resolution repeated international demands that Pyongyang abandon its nuclear weapons programme and refrain from further rocket launches.
But those threats appear furthest from the thoughts of the fictional shuttle pilot, who reappears at the and of the sequence, still fast asleep, his Japanese-made Canon camera by his side.
His dream will "surely come true", reads the caption. "Despite attempts by imperialists to isolate and crush us … never will anyone be able to stop the people marching towards a final victory." | <urn:uuid:22ef6639-5a40-436b-9ac5-d51f29b40788> | 2013-05-21T10:06:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Republic of Panama
The southernmost of the Central American nations, Panama is south of Costa Rica and north of Colombia. The Panama Canal bisects the isthmus at its narrowest and lowest point, allowing passage from the Caribbean Sea to the Pacific Ocean. Panama is slightly smaller than South Carolina. It is marked by a chain of mountains in the west, moderate hills in the interior, and a low range on the east coast. There are extensive forests in the fertile Caribbean area.
Explored by Columbus in 1502 and by Balboa in 1513, Panama was the principal shipping point to and from South and Central America in colonial days. In 1821, when Central America revolted against Spain, Panama joined Colombia, which had already declared its independence. For the next 82 years, Panama attempted unsuccessfully to break away from Colombia. Between 1850 and 1900 Panama had 40 administrations, 50 riots, 5 attempted secessions, and 13 U.S. interventions. After a U.S. proposal for canal rights over the narrow isthmus was rejected by Colombia, Panama proclaimed its independence with U.S. backing in 1903.
For canal rights in perpetuity, the U.S. paid Panama $10 million and agreed to pay $250,000 each year, which was increased to $430,000 in 1933 and to $1,930,000 in 1955. In exchange, the U.S. got the Canal Zone—a 10-mile-wide strip across the isthmus—and considerable influence in Panama's affairs. On Sept. 7, 1977, Gen. Omar Torrijos Herrera and President Jimmy Carter signed treaties giving Panama gradual control of the canal, phasing out U.S. military bases, and guaranteeing the canal's neutrality.
Nicolas Ardito Barletta, Panama's first directly elected president in 16 years, was inaugurated on Oct. 11, 1984, for a five-year term. He was a puppet of strongman Gen. Manuel Noriega, a former CIA operative and head of the secret police. Noriega replaced Barletta with vice president Eric Arturo Delvalle a year later. In 1988, Noriega was indicted in the U.S. for drug trafficking, but when Delvalle attempted to fire him, Noriega forced the national assembly to replace Delvalle with Manuel Solis Palma. In Dec. 1989, the assembly named Noriega “maximum leader” and declared the U.S. and Panama to be in a state of war. In Dec. 1989, 24,000 U.S. troops seized control of Panama City in an attempt to capture Noriega after a U.S. soldier was killed in Panama. On Jan. 3, 1990, Noriega surrendered himself to U.S. custody and was transported to Miami, where he was later convicted of drug trafficking. Guillermo Endara, who probably would have won an election suppressed earlier by Noriega, was installed as president.
On Dec. 31, 1999, the U.S. formally handed over control of the Panama Canal to Panama. Meanwhile, Colombian rebels and paramilitary forces have made periodic incursions into Panamanian territory, raising security concerns. Panama has also faced increased drug and arms smuggling.
In May 2004 presidential elections, Martín Torrijos Herrera, the son of former dictator Omar Torrijos, won 47.5% of the vote. He took office in September.
Panamanians approved a plan to expand the Panama Canal in 2006. It will likely double the canal's capacity and is expected to be completed by2015.
Defying the current Latin American trend for left-leaning governments, Panama elected millionaire businessman Ricardo Martinelli as its president on May 3, 2009. After a period of rapid economic growth, Panama had succumbed to the global recession. Trading on his personal record of success—and utilizing his fortune to get his message out—Martinelli promised to encourage foreign investment and help the poor. | <urn:uuid:77534f74-5087-4380-90a9-e0fb7dfe686e> | 2013-05-21T10:34:56Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A box girder bridge is a bridge in which the beams are made up of box shaped girders. The box girders consist of concrete, steel or a combination of both. Most of the modern elevated structures are built on the basis of the box girder bridge. Most of us have travel on the box girder bridges regularly. The most common examples are the flyovers and the structures built for light rail transport. They can sustain heavy weight and hence used in the construction of flyovers. These are used to construct crossways for pedestrians. Box girders are used on cable styled bridges and other forms but generally they are a form of Beam Bridges. The support beams of the girders are tightly coupled together to form a hollow box. This hollow box can have the shape of a rectangle, tightly coupled triangles or trapezium. The box girder bridges offer a stronger support for bridges constructed with an arch. The most famous Bay Bridge in California, connecting San Francisco and Oakland is a classic example of the Box girder bridge.
The box girder bridges are made of prefabricated steel which are manufactured in the factory and assembled onsite. The girders can also be made up (EDIT : these are still being made so I think it should be are made of than can also be made of)of high performance, prestressed, reinforced concrete or a mixture of both concrete and steel. Both the girders and bridges can be manufactured elsewhere and installed at a different place as they are prefabricated. That is the beauty of this construction. The bridge can be installed in its position by incremental launching. Huge cranes are used to place the new segments onto the completed portions of the bridge until the whole structure is completely assembled.
Box girder bridges have a number of key advantages when compared to the I- beam girders. Box girders offer better resistance to torsion. This is beneficial especially for a curved bridge. Larger girders and stronger flanges can be used as this allows for a longer span between the support posts that hold the bridge. The huge hollow boxes can be used to place the Water lines, telephone cables and other utility lines.
Box girders are more expensive to fabricate and difficult to maintain because of the need of a confined space inside the box. There were major disasters that occurred when the West Gate Bridge of Australia and Cleddau Bridge of UK collapsed. But these disasters gave rise to a new design in the box girder bridges. Bridges being constructed these days are being designed keeping in mind the occurrences of earthquakes as well. They are designed to withstand even high magnitude earthquake.
One of the major threats is the corrosion of steel cables inside the bridge. Recently in 2009, an inspection was conducted on the Cline Avenue Bridge over the Indiana harbor and the ship canal. This inspection revealed a serious corrosion of the steel cables and the steel within the girders of the box due to water seepage. It was so badly corroded that there was no solution to this and the bridge had to be closed down permanently. Therefore these bridges have to be checked regularly and serviced to prevent corrosion. Using high grade steel and corrosion free metals or alloys in the construction of box girder bridges can help in preventing the bridges from getting corroded. | <urn:uuid:1220ee64-a221-434f-bddd-c335c6cb5626> | 2013-05-21T10:27:19Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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What Is It?
A Morton's neuroma is a benign (noncancerous) swelling along a nerve in the foot that carries sensations from the toes. The reason the nerve starts to swell is unknown. But once swelling begins, the nearby bones and ligaments put pressure on the nerve, causing more irritation and inflammation. This produces burning pain, numbness, tingling and other abnormal sensations in the toes. A Morton's neuroma also is called an interdigital neuroma, intermetatarsal neuroma or a forefoot neuroma.
A Morton's neuroma usually develops between the third and fourth toes. Less commonly, it develops between the second and third toes. Other locations are rare. It also is rare for a Morton's neuroma to develop in both feet at the same time. The condition is much more common in women than men, probably as a result of wearing high-heeled, narrow-toed shoes. This style of shoe tends to shift the bones of the feet into an abnormal position, which increases the risk that a neuroma will form. Being overweight also increases the risk of a Morton's neuroma.
A Morton's neuroma usually causes burning pain, numbness or tingling at the base of the third, fourth or second toes. Pain also can spread from the ball of the foot out to the tips of the toes. In some cases, there also is the sensation of a lump, a fold of sock or a "hot pebble" between the toes.
Typically, the pain of a Morton's neuroma is relieved temporarily by taking off your shoes, flexing your toes and rubbing your feet. Symptoms may be aggravated by standing for prolonged periods or by wearing high heels or shoes with a narrow toe box.
Your doctor will suspect that you have a Morton's neuroma based on the nature and location of your foot pain. He or she may ask questions about your shoes -- what type of shoes you usually wear and whether these shoes have narrow toes or high heels. To rule out other causes of foot pain, your doctor may ask questions about your medical history, especially any history of arthritis, nerve and muscle problems or previous injury to your foot or leg.
To confirm the diagnosis, your doctor will examine your feet. He or she will look for areas of tenderness, swelling, calluses, numbness, muscle weakness and limited motion. To check for a Morton's neuroma, your doctor will squeeze the sides of your foot. Squeezing should compress the neuroma and trigger your typical pain. In some cases, your doctor will find numbness in the webbed area between the affected toes. Pain in two or more locations on one foot, such as between both the second and third toes and the third and fourth toes, more likely indicates that the toe joints are inflamed rather than a Morton' neuroma.
Based on the physical examination, your doctor usually can diagnose a Morton's neuroma without additional testing. A foot X-ray may be ordered to make sure that there isn't a stress fracture, but it will not show the actual neuroma. If the diagnosis is in doubt, your doctor may request magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the foot.
A Morton's neuroma will not disappear on its own. Usually, the symptoms will come and go, depending on the type of shoes you wear and how much time you spend on your feet. Sometimes, the symptoms will go away completely.
It is not always possible to prevent a Morton's neuroma. However, you probably can reduce your risk by wearing comfortable shoes that have low heels, plenty of toe space and good arch support.
If your Morton's neuroma is painful, your doctor usually will begin treatment with conservative therapies, including:
- A switch to shoes with low heels, wide toes and good arch support
- Padding techniques, including metatarsal pads or toe crest pads
- Shoe inserts (orthotics) to help correct any mechanical imbalance in the foot
- Anti-inflammatory medication, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin and other brand names) or naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn and other brand names)
- A local injection of anesthetic and corticosteroid medication into the affected area
Inflamed or injured nerves can take months to improve, even after the underlying problem has been corrected. If your pain continues despite several months of conservative treatment, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove the neuroma or to widen the space through which the affected nerve travels. These types of surgery often are done under local anesthesia. If your doctor removes a portion of the affected nerve along with the neuroma, you may develop permanent numbness between the toes.
When to Call a Professional
Make an appointment to see a health care professional if you have symptoms of a Morton's neuroma that do not improve when you wear comfortable, wide shoes.
More than 80% of people with a Morton's neuroma will respond to conservative treatment. For the minority of people who have persistent, disabling symptoms, surgery may be an option.
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
National Insitutes of Health
1 AMS Circle
Bethesda, MD 20892-3675
American Podiatric Medical Association (APMA)
9312 Old Georgetown Road
Bethesda, MD 20814
American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society
2517 Eastlake Ave. E
Seattle, WA 98102
American Academy of Podiatric Sports Medicine
American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons
8725 West Higgins Road
Chicago, IL 60031-2724 | <urn:uuid:10a70c5c-3de5-4dbd-a194-8bb505303930> | 2013-05-21T10:08:10Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Taiwan’s Acer Inc, the world’s No.3 PC vendor by shipments, lagged market forecasts by posting a net profit of T$56 million ($1.87 million) in the second quarter, impacted by a one-time tax settlement in Europe.
The company sees revenue in the third quarter flat from the previous quarter, it said in a statement on Friday.
“Acer will start shipping products for the launch of Microsoft Windows 8 in August and September, therefore anticipates revenues to rebound,” the company said.
Nineteen analysts had forecast Acer to post a net profit of T$550 million in the quarter, compared with T$331 million in the first quarter and a net loss of T$$6.79 billion in the same quarter a year earlier. ($1 = 29.9290 Taiwan dollars) | <urn:uuid:53f79e4a-ad67-4a57-8729-5088db87072e> | 2013-05-21T10:28:42Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Current Surface Analysis map shows current weather conditions
, including frontal and high/low pressure positions, satellite infrared
(IR) cloud cover
, and areas of precipitation
. A surface weather analysis is a special type of weather map that provides a view of weather elements over a geographical area at a specified time based on information from ground-based weather stations. Weather maps are created by plotting or tracing the values of relevant quantities such as sea level pressure, temperature
, and cloud cover
onto a geographical map to help find synoptic scale features such as weather fronts.
The first weather maps in the 19th century were drawn well after the fact to help devise a theory on storm systems. After the advent of the telegraph, simultaneous surface weather observations
became possible for the first time, and beginning in the late 1840s, the Smithsonian Institution became the first organization to draw real-time surface analyses. Use of surface analyses began first in the United States, spreading worldwide during the 1870s. Use of the Norwegian cyclone model for frontal analysis began in the late 1910s across Europe, with its use finally spreading to the United States during World War II.
Surface weather analyses have special symbols which show frontal systems, cloud cover
, or other important information. For example, an H may represent high pressure, implying good and fair weather. An L on the other hand may represent low pressure, which frequently accompanies precipitation
. Various symbols are used not just for frontal zones and other surface boundaries on weather maps, but also to depict the present weather at various locations on the weather map. Areas of precipitation
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By Eun Mee Kim, Professor, The Graduate School of International Studies, Ewha Womans University
This research is an attempt to understand the explosive consumption of South Korean cultural exports in Asia, and its reproduction in South Korea. The more commonly available explanations about the success of Hallyu, which cannot adequately explain why Hallyu has taken Asia by storm while popular cultures from other Asian nations have not, include the following: (1) cultural proximity; (2) common historical and cultural legacy; (3) common 20th century experience of rapid industrialization in the region; (4) rapid increase in intra-regional trade, investment, tourism, etc.; and (5) the development of the information technology (IT) industry and other modern industries in South Korea.
We offer three alternative scenarios to help explain Hallyu’s success using global and local cultural explanations. First, Hallyu is analyzed from the perspective of an alternative form of globalization of culture from the South implying the diversification of world cultures. Neither rejecting nor reacting to the dominant cultures of the West, we postulate that Hallyu is more an alternative and revision of the US-dominated cultural globalization. Second, taking a more region-bound perspective, we analyze whether Asia’s history of colonialism and the fight for supremacy between two regional super powers –i.e., Japan and China--, have led South Korea to become a more palatable cultural hegemon in the region. Third, we use the Korean concept of “Hanp'uri” (dissolution of “Han”) to understand how Hallyu has been embraced in South Korea as a source of national pride and has helped its reproduction. Finally, we argue that the future of Hallyu will rest on whether or not it can become identified as a new world culture with distinct traits of its own and enrich the world’s cultural scene.
Keywords: Hallyu (Korean Wave), globalization of culture, hybrid culture, Han, Hanp’uri
Eun Mee Kim: Professor, former Dean of the Graduate School of International Studies, and former Dean of the International Education Institute at Ewha Womans University. Prior to coming to Ewha, she was an Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Southern California, and a Visiting Scholar at Harvard University and Brown University. She has published many books and articles including Corporate Restructuring and Networks in Korea After the Financial Crisis: Intercorporate Networks among Business Groups and Networks between Banks and Firms in Korea (2005), Big Business, Strong State: Collusion and Conflict in South Korean Development (1997), and edited The Four Asian Tigers: Economic Development and the Global Political Economy Development (1998). Her current research includes outward foreign direct investment of South Korea, multiculturalism and international communities in Seoul, and ODA policy.
Open to the Public
Sponsor(s): Center for Korean Studies
© 2013. The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:7adac714-6f73-49e4-8dd2-aa442479bef6> | 2013-05-21T10:27:26Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Why the name change from Scott to Monroe? I really like Marilyn Monroe, and she called herself the queen of the blondes. I guess it was self-referencing because I have blonde hair.
Describe your sound/style: Monroe shows are usually just me and a guitar. A pretty raw, stripped-down sound. Sometimes, I get people to sing backup for me. It's kind of alternative folk.
Who are your influences? Right now, I'm listening to a lot of (Bob) Dylan. As far as the whole singer-songwriter goes, he's kind of God. I think it's cool because the stuff he was writing back in the '60s still rings true now, and I think anyone can respect that.
Worst song on the radio right now? "Smack That." I think it's by Akon. Eminem is on it, too, and I respect Eminem as a lyric writer, but I think he's gone downhill lately.
Who is your biggest musical guilty pleasure? Tony Bennett. He's a silver fox. He's really old but people . . . think he's quite handsome.
If you could share the stage with any band or artist, who would it be and why? Probably mewithoutYou. I've been to a few of their shows, and I think their lyrics are very well written. I'd love to hang out with them sometime.
What songs do you like to cover? My favorite song is "Mad World" from the movie "Donnie Darko" (performed by Gary Jules but originally sung by Tears for Fears). Sometimes, I close with "The Sun Will Come Out Tomorrow" from "Annie," the musical.
Plug one other local band: I have a few friends in this band called The Burning December. They play harsher punk-type music. I think they have a ton of potential.
Who would win in a fight: Bob Dylan or Tony Bennett? I think Bob Dylan would have a heart attack, so probably Tony Bennett.
Your MySpace page says that you consider yourself "a patron saint of mediocrity." What's with the self-deprecation? To be honest with you, I have very little faith in myself as a guitarist. . . . And I once had a guy say to me one time, "I like your music, but your voice makes me want to kill babies."
What do you need to work on to build your self-esteem back up? Probably to take guitar lessons again or at least a theory class.
Shoutouts: I'd like to thank Aboutajay Studios. They really helped me out. . . . They helped me record my last EP.
- JASON COX, FLIPSIDE STAFF | <urn:uuid:dce7b038-bb11-427e-b93d-af26ae77d818> | 2013-05-21T10:28:37Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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EḴTĪĀRĀT (choices, elections), a term used in Islamic divination and astrology in at least four principle meanings:
1. It refers to hemerologies in which each of the thirty days of a month, either synodic or conventional (e.g., the Persian hemerology), is characterized as being good (saʿd) or bad (naḥs) for undertaking specified activities. 2. The goodness or badness of the time for activities depends on the lunar station (manzel al-qamar) occupied by the moon. 3. The goodness or badness of the time for activities depends on the zodiacal sign occupied by the moon. 4. The type of astrology usually denominated catarchic (ḥokm al-nojūm) is often associated with the word eḵtīārāt; in Islamic astrology, following a Sasanian precedent, this is confounded with interrogations (masāʾel).
1. The earliest hemerologies are those of Mesopotamia, in which each day of each month is usually given a religious significance as well as a number of activities to be undertaken or avoided (Labat, 1939). There also exists a far simpler form in which each day in each month is either favorable or unfavorable, or is associated with a single activity (Labat, 1943; for further Mesopotamian sources see Reiner, pp. 111-12). A Persian hemerology that may be related to this Mesopotamian tradition is found in the Andarz ī Ādurbād īMahraspandān (secs. 119-48, I, pp. 58-71, tr. in Zaehner, pp. 101-10). In this text the thirty days of a Persian month are identified by their associated deities, and one or two activities are advised to be engaged in or avoided on each. Perhaps related to a Persian tradition, though not to the Andarz of Ādurbād, is the Mandaean hemerology in chapter 8 of The Book of the Zodiac (Drower, pp. 88-92). This is a combination of three sources, excerpted for each of the thirty days of a month, and listing activities to be undertaken or avoided and prognostications for one who becomes ill and for one who is born on that day. Close to this is a Greek text published in Catalogus Codicum Astrologorum Graecorum (XI/1, pp. 134-44; this text cites Melampus, for whom see the lunarium conflated from Melampus and another “Egyptian” book in VIII/4, pp. 105-07).
Reflecting to some extent the contents of the Andarz of Ādurbād is an Arabic bookattributed to Imam Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq (see Sezgin, GAS VII, pp. 323-24, 373). It is also very close in content to the chapter of the Mandaean Book of the Zodiac referred to above; but in addition contains parts of the associations of the thirty days of the month with stories from the Old Testament found in many similar Byzantine hemerologies (Catalogus III, pp. 32-39, X, pp. 121-26, ascribed to David and Solomon, 196-200, 243-47, XI/2, pp. 157-62). The Mandaean and the Byzantine hemerologies along with Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq’s Ketāb all share a common source.
Also attributed to Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq are the short hemerologies which, like the second Mesopotamian text (Labat, 1943), do little more than indicate that the day is favorable or unfavorable (see, e.g., Ruska,II, pp. 35-36; for similar works in Syriac and Greek, see Budge, II, pp. 557-59; CCAG 8/4, pp. 102-04). Ebied and Young (p. 296, n. 3) mention a long hemerology in Arabic attributed to Daniel, Salmān the Persian, and Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq, which, they say, has a number of features reflecting Zoroastrian concepts. They state that they are preparing an edition; it seems not yet to have appeared.
2. The second type of elections originated in India, where it is the basic form of their science of catarchic astrology (muhūrtaśāstra); there the operative variable is the nakṣatra in which the moon is located (Pingree, Jyotiḥśāstra,chap. 6, pp. 101-09). In Sasanian Persia there seems to have been an adaptation of this methodology in which the nakṣatras were given Persian names (for these names, see Henning, esp. pp. 242-46). Later, they were identified with the Arabic manāzel al-qamar; and there exists in the Ketāb al-bāreʿfī aḥkām al-nojūm of ʿAlī b. Abi’l-Rejāl (Sezgin, GAS VII, pp. 186-87), a chapter (21 of book 7) in which for each manzel (station) occupied by the moon are given the elections according to the Indians, to Dorotheus (in part concocted from the fifth book of his work), and to the Persians, as well as the fates of male and female natives and a description of the manzel’s image for use in astral magic; there is a Byzantine translation of this astrological text (Catalogus IX/1, pp. 141-56). Such a text also appears in the Ḡāyat at al-ḥakīm ascribed to Abū Maslama Majrīṭī (ed. H. Ritter, Leipzig, 1933, bk. 1, chap. 4, pp. 14-26; Byzantine texts are found in Catalogus V/3, pp. 90-93, VIII/1, pp. 218-19).
3. The judgement that it is or it is not propitious to begin a specified activity when the moon is in a designated zodiacal sign occurs first in Akkadian texts of the Seleucid period (Reiner, pp.108-11). The principal Greek source of such teachings was the astrological poem of Dorotheus of Sidon (bk. 5 passim), which had been translated into Pahlavi in the third century, and from that language was translated into Arabic by ʿOmar b. Farroḵān Ṭabarī (Dorothei Sidonii Carmen Astrologicum, ed. D. Pingree, Leipzig, 1976) and, at least in part, by Māšāʾ-Allāh (D. Pingree, “Māshāʾallāh”). Other elements of this form of elections are found in the Apotelesmatica of Hephaestio of Thebes (ed. D. Pingree, Leipzig, 1973, bk. 3, chap. 5, pp. 240-51; cf. also Catalogus V/3, pp. 94-96). Hephaestio was read by Theophilus (Ṯawfīl b. Ṯūmā) of Edessa, and introduced by him to Māšāʾ-Allāh (both were at the ʿAbbasid court during the last half of the 8th century). From these Greek sources—Dorotheus and Hephaestio—, as filtered through Māšāʾ-Allāh, elections based on the zodiacal sign occupied by the moon became an integral part of astrology as practiced in the Islamic world. Thus, for example, Naṣīr-al-Dīn Ṭūsī came to write in Persian an Eḵtīārāt masīr al-qamar, otherwise known as the Eḵtīārāt-e qamar fī borūj-e eṯnay ʿašar (Storey, II, pp. 54-55).
4. Dorotheus of Sidon initiated a more complex method of practicing catarchic astrology in which the astrologer must search for the most propitious moment for undertaking an activity, basing his judgment on the full horoscope of that time. After this form of catarchic astrology reached India in the second century, it was paralleled by the Indian development of interrogational astrology (praśnajñāna), in which the judgment concerning an activity was based on the horoscope of the moment at which the question was posed to the astrologer. Both Indian muhūrtaśāstra and praśnajñāna were transmitted to Persia during the Sasanian era, and there blended with the Pahlavi translations of Dorotheus and Vettius Valens into an ambiguous science of elections, which was partly catarchic, partly interrogational. To the subject normally addressed by the Greek astrologers, the Indians added military astrology, by which kings and generals may be advised. To the subjects addressed by both Greek and Indian astrologers, the Persians added political astrology, by which both the governors and their potential or actual rivals may be advised (this dangerous aspect of astrology had long been banned in the Roman empire; see Cramer).
The Pahlavi books on elections are now all lost, but we know of them through the Greek works of Theophilus of Edessa, the Arabic translations of Dorotheus and Valens (Wālīs), the writings attributed to Zoroaster and to Bozorgmehr (q.v.), and the Arabic works of a number of astrologers of Persian background who wrote in the late eighth and ninth centuries, notably Māšāʾ-Allāh, ʿOmar b. Farroḵān Ṭabarī, and Sahl b. Bešr (Ketāb al-eḵtīārāt ʿala’l-boyūt al-eṯnay ʿašar). Based on this early Arabic tradition are several treatises written in Persian. None of them has yet been published or studied, so that little more can be done here than to name them. The earliest is a Ketāb-e eḵtīārāt composed at the order of Sultan Sanjar Saljūqī (r. 511-52/1117-57; Storey, II, p. 46). In the first decade of the thirteenth century Faḵr-al-Dīn Moḥammad b. ʿOmar Rāzī (d. 606/1209) composed a Ketāb al-eḵtīārāt al-ʿalāʾīya fi’l-eḵtīārātal-samāʾīya for Sultan ʿAlāʾ-al-Dīn Moḥammad Ḵᵛārazmšāh (r. 596-617/1200-20). Rāzī himself later translated this into Arabic (Storey, II, p. 49). And on either 20 Rajab 663/8 May 1265 or 9 Jomādā I 670/13 December 1271 Naṣīr-al-Dīn Ṭūsī completed, at Marāḡa, a Persian translation of and commentary on the Ketāb al-ṯamara of pseudo-Ptolemy; he had undertaken this work at the request of Bahāʾ-al-Dīn Moḥammad Joveynī (Storey, II, pp. 36-37).
Andarz ī Ādurbād īMahraspandān in J. M. Jamasp-Asana, ed., The Pahlavi Texts Contained in the Codex MX I, Bombay, 1897.
E. A. W. Budge, The Syriac Book of Medicines, 2 vols., London, 1913.
Catalogus Codicum Astrologorum Graecorum, 12 vols. in 20 parts, Brussels, 1898-1954.
F. H. Cramer, Astrologyin Roman Law and Politics, Philadelphia, 1954.
E. S. Drower, The Book of theZodiac, London, 1949.
T. Fahd, “Ikhtiyārāt” in EI ² III, pp. 1063-64.
W. B. Henning, “An Astrological Chapter of the Bundahishn,” JRAS, 1942, pp. 229-48.
Imam Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq, Ketāb eḵtīārāt ayyām al-šahr,ed. and tr. R. Y. Ebied and M. J. L. Young as A Treatise on Hemerology Ascribed to Ğaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, Arabica 23, 1976, pp. 296-307.
R. Labat, Hémerologies et ménologies d’Assur, Paris, 1939.
Idem, Un almanach babylonien (VR 48-49), Paris 1943.
D. N. MacKenzie, “Zoroastrian Astrology in the Bundahišn,” BSO(A)S 27, 1964, pp. 511-29.
D. Pingree, Jyotiḥśāstra, Wiesbaden, 1981.
Idem, “Māshāʾallāh. Greek, Pahlavi, Arabic, and Latin Astrology,” forthcoming in Arabic Science and Philosophy.
E. Reiner, Astral Magic in Babylonia, Philadelphia, 1995.
J. Ruska, Arabische Al-chemisten II. Ğaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, der sechste Imām, Heidelberg, 1924, pp. 35-36.
Sezgin, GAS VII, pp. 32-38, 49-50, 80-87, 125-28, 324-25.
R. C. Zaehner, The Teachings of the Magi, London, 1956.
Originally Published: December 15, 1998
Last Updated: December 9, 2011
This article is available in print.
Vol. VIII, Fasc. 3, pp. 291-293 | <urn:uuid:2aa40811-65f4-4142-a46f-f88bbce46b30> | 2013-05-21T10:21:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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It is as old as time but political sex scandals in recent years have mushroomed with the spread of the Internet and new texting and messaging tools. Here is my list of the top ten
1. Bill Clinton -- 'I never had sex with that woman'
2. Gary Hart - 'Follow me around I have nothing to hide' shortly before he was caught on a yacht called 'Monkey Business' with starlet Donna Rice.
3.'He adopted a wide stance'-- famous legal defense after Idaho Senator Larry Craig was caught trying to pick up an undercover cop in an airport restroom
4. 'Someone hacked my account' -- Anthony Weiner
5.'I made a profound mistake'. Congressman Chris Lee after sending semi naked pictures of himself on Twitter
6. 'I made a terrible mistake" Senator David Vitter after admitting sleeping with a hooker.
7.' I apologize profusely' --Senator John Ensign after admitting an affair with his wife's best friend.
8. 'You're so hot' VP candidate John Edwards picking up Rielle Hunter while his wife was dying of cancer
9.'I am a gay man' Jim McGreevey New Jersey governor admitting he was gay as his wife watched
10.'He was client # 9' cop statement about New York governor Eliot Spitzer after he admitted he used hookers. | <urn:uuid:c25f8ea7-b886-40b9-8597-0cb7e38f9f89> | 2013-05-21T09:59:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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||Are You a Candidate for Bariatric Surgery?
- Are you 100 pounds or more above your ideal body weight?
- Do you have a BMI of 40 or greater?
- Do you have a BMI of 35 or greater with one or more obesity-related health condition(s)?
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- Are you over 18 years of age?
- Are you well informed about the potential procedure and risks?
If so, you may be a candidate for weight loss surgery. Together, you and your McLaren bariatric surgeon will take steps to determine:
If surgery is the right treatment for you
Which type of procedures is right for you
If you are mentally and emotionally prepared to make lifelong lifestyle changes
Expect the prequalification process to include a series of tests. You will also meet with a nutritionist, psychologist, and other support staff members in sessions leading up to surgery. McLaren Bariatric and Metabolic Institute will help you prepare for the changes and challenges that lie ahead.
If you believe bariatric surgery would improve your health and well-being, contact McLaren Bariatric and Metabolic Institute to begin a conversation and start the prequalification process. | <urn:uuid:90bef15c-0c44-4599-a2e8-532ceefadd47> | 2013-05-21T09:59:33Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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If it seems that she is mentally impaired and that she has become senile, there is nothing wrong with your making coffee for her, because she is not obliged to fast. The fact that she is partly rational, such as when she says, âDo such and such or bring me such and such,â does not mean that she is of completely sound mind. In most cases one who reaches the age of one hundred has become senile and has changed. If it seems to you that she is mentally impaired and that she is not fully aware, there is nothing wrong with her eating and drinking. But if you think that she is fully of sound mind and that she is being negligent, then do not give her coffee or anything else, lest you are helping her in falsehood. Allah says (interpretation of the meaning):
âHelp you one another in Al‑Birr and At‑Taqwa (virtue, righteousness and piety); but do not help one another in sin and transgressionâ
If a person asks for food in Ramadan and he is healthy and is Muslim, he should not be given either food or drink or cigarettes, and he should not be helped in falsehood.
But if he is mentally impaired, such as one who has an intellectual disability, has become senile, is insane or is very old, there is no blame on them because fasting is waived in their case. End quote.
Shaykh âAbd al-âAzeez ibn Baaz (may Allah have mercy on him)
Fataawa Noor âala al-Darb, 3/1267 | <urn:uuid:3fe4b9c8-8773-405d-95de-8dc6197e4e25> | 2013-05-21T10:20:48Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Karadzic says in pretrial brief he is not guilty
THE HAGUE, Netherlands (AP) - Former Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic has filed a pretrial brief at the Yugoslav war crimes tribunal saying he is not guilty of all 11 charges filed against him.
"If the law is applied fairly and the truth about the events in Bosnia is allowed to come out, he is confident that the trial chamber will find him not guilty," Karadzic and his team of legal advisers said in the brief released Tuesday by the U.N. court.
At previous hearings Karadzic has refused to enter pleas to the charges which include genocide, extermination and persecution. The court entered not guilty pleas on his behalf.
No date has yet been set for his trial but the court’s president recently told the Security Council it will begin in late August.
Prosecutors accuse the 64-year-old Karadzic of masterminding atrocities by Serb forces throughout Bosnia’s 1992-95 war, including the deadly siege of the capital Sarajevo and the July 1995 massacre of some 8,000 Muslim men in the Srebrenica enclave.
Pretrial briefs are intended to outline for tribunal judges the prosecution and defense evidence, but Karadzic said the case against him is so wide-ranging that he could not address prosecution allegations in his 37-page brief.
Instead, he summarized the legal requirements prosecutors have to meet to prove each of the charges - such as establishing intent commit genocide - without relating them specifically to the allegations in his case.
But in an introduction, Karadzic said that "the nature of his defense is that he never planned, instigated, ordered, committed or otherwise aided and abetted any of the crimes charged." | <urn:uuid:f2f3c784-215a-4ce5-8b3f-eef5e6c623a8> | 2013-05-21T10:33:54Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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US Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta was in Israel this week to offer reassurances that the Obama Administration will not allow Iran to build nuclear weapons, amid growing speculation that Israel may soon launch a preemptive strike against the Islamic Republic's defiant nuclear program.
"We will not allow Iran to develop a nuclear weapon, period," Panetta told reporters in Jerusalem after meeting with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on Wednesday. "We will not allow them to develop a nuclear weapon, and we will exert all options in the effort to ensure that that does not happen."
Panetta's remarks, both public and behind closed doors, were seen as an effort to dissuade Israel from taking action against Iran on its own prior to the US presidential election. There has been much talk in Israel of late that an attack on Iran's nuclear program must come before the American vote in November, in order to force Obama's support, not to mention the fact that Israeli experts believe Iran will very soon have all it needs to build a handful of nuclear bombs.
A day later, Michele Flournoy, former US undersecretary for defence policy, reaffirmed Panetta's message, telling The Jerusalem Post that President Obama "means what he says" and is dedicated to preventing Iran from fielding a nuclear weapon.
But Israel fears that is not enough, and that Iran must be prevented from even developing the capability to build nuclear weapons, either now or in the future.
"Neither sanctions nor diplomacy have yet had any impact on Iran’s nuclear weapons program," Netanyahu said, further noting that even promises of American military action should all else fail "have also not yet convinced the Iranians to stop their program."
Netanyahu concluded: "Right now the Iranian regime believes that the international community does not have the will to stop its nuclear program. This must change and it must change quickly, because time to resolve this issue peacefully is running out."
Reading between the lines, it becomes increasingly clear that the US administration is dealing with the Iranian nuclear issue by focusing almost solely on the present day threat (which admittedly isn't all that severe at this point), while Israel is looking at the long-term ramifications of Iran gaining nuclear weapons capabilities (which go far beyond the simple threat of attack).
As things stand now, experts believe that if America takes military action against Iran, it won't do so until 12-18 months from now. Meanwhile, commenting on the possibility of an early strike by Israel, former Mossad chief Ephraim Halevy told The New York Times that "if I were Iranian, I would be very fearful about the next 12 weeks." | <urn:uuid:5f6feca0-8b29-44d2-8f24-bca3403863da> | 2013-05-21T09:59:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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"Message from the burning world , from the burning people"
I am a terrorist
Ya, i am a terrorist for our tortured and killed Muslim
brothers and sisters and for helpless humanity.
You think this world is your . But this is Gods world. You just burning the world without any reason.
But i assure you that "Allah" will burn you in the hell. And it will be more powerful then your burning.
Wait for us | <urn:uuid:cae9c175-42c6-4cad-8c82-d72b942cd7c4> | 2013-05-21T10:12:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Former Rangers skipper Steven Davis has revealed he would like to return to Ibrox one day.
The turmoil which surrounded the Govan club a year ago on Thursday after it lapsed into administration, subsequently followed by liquidation, led to an exodus of players.
The Northern Ireland midfielder, 28, moved last summer to Southampton who reportedly paid Rangers 'newco' £800,000 for him.
Davis explained his decision to leave his boyhood heroes while leaving the door open to the possibility of going back at some point in his career.
He told the Daily Record: "We were professional sportsmen and on the day it was announced Rangers were going into administration it was just a series of words to us until we absorbed the ramifications of what had taken place.
"I had just signed a new, five-year contract with the club and it had always been my intention to honour that agreement in full and devote the largest part of my career to the team I considered to be one of the biggest names in world football.
"I loved the club and the fans but I had to take a decision which was best for me, my family and the remainder of my career.
"There was so much uncertainty, so I was delighted Southampton made an offer that was acceptable and the club got money that they needed to keep going.
"It was the toughest decision of my life when I left for another club.
"I gave the team 100% every time I went out on to the park for Rangers.
"If everything goes to the plan I have in my head I'd like to come back and play for the club again before my career ends.
"I know there are different opinions about the players who left after administration but I still follow Rangers and they continue to mean a lot to me." | <urn:uuid:3b48e6f9-4a84-46c0-83fc-a3ec7164666f> | 2013-05-21T10:08:27Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The purpose of all higher education is to make men aware of what was and what is to incite them to probe into what may be. It seeks to teach them to understand, to evaluate, to communicate.
The secret of life is enjoying the passage of time.
"I thought we would be huge - and we were."
I have a theory that the only original things we ever do are mistakes.
When I started in music, I thought, "My job is pretty simple. I search for the human things in myself, and I turn them into notes and words, and then in some fashion, I help people hold on to their own humanity."
The poets were not alone in sanctioning myths, for long before the poets the states and the lawmakers had sanctioned them as a useful expedient. They needed to control the people by superstitious fears, and these cannot be aroused without myths and marvels.
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ALEXANDER THE GREAT:(Redirected from GEBIHA B. PESISA.)
- —In Jewish Legend:
- Samaritan Intrigue.
- The Ten Questions of Alexander to the Sages of the South (Tamid, 31b et seq.):
- Alexander's Journey to the Regions of Darkness (Tamid, 32a):
- The Amazons (Tamid, ibid.; PesiḲ. ix. 74. 74a etseq.; Lev. R. xxvii.; Tan., Emor, 6; Ḥibbur Ma'asiot):
- The Gold Bread (ibid.):
- King Kaẓia and His Judgment (Yer. B. M. ii. 8c; Gen. R. xxxiii.; PesiḲ.; Lev. R.; Tan., Emor, as above):
- Alexander at the Gate of Paradise; the Eye:
- Alexander's Ascent into the Air (Yer. 'Ab. Zarah, iii. 42c; Num. R. xiii.):
- Alexander's Descent into the Sea (Ps. R. 103; compare Pseudo-Callisthenes, II. xxxviii.):
The celebrated conqueror of the East, 356-323
The only historical event connecting Alexander the Great with the Jews is his visit to Jerusalem, which is recorded by Josephus in a somewhat fantastic manner. According to "Ant." xi. 8, §§ 4-6, Alexander went to Jerusalem after having taken Gaza. Jaddua, the high priest, had a warning from God received in a dream, in which he saw himself vested in a purple robe, with his miter—that had the golden plate on which the name of God was engraved—on his head. Accordingly he went to meet Alexander at Sapha ("View" [of the Temple]). Followed by the priests, all clothed in fine linen, and by a multitude of citizens, Jaddua awaited the coming of the king. When Alexander saw the high priest, he reverenced God (Lev. R. xiii., end), and saluted Jaddua; while the Jews with one voice greeted Alexander. When Parmenio, the general, gave expression to the army's surprise at Alexander's extraordinary act—that one who ought to be adored by all as king should adore the high priest of the Jews—Alexander replied: "I did not adore him, but the God who hath honored him with this high-priesthood; for I saw this very person in a dream, in this very habit, when I was at Dios in Macedonia, who, when I was considering with myself how I might obtain dominion of Asia, exhorted me to make no delay, but boldly to pass over the sea, promising that he would conduct my army, and would give me the dominion over the Persians." Alexander then gave the high priest his right hand, and went into the Temple and "offered sacrifice to God according to the high priest's direction," treating the whole priesthood magnificently. "And when the Book of Daniel was shown him [see Dan. vii. 6, viii. 5-8, 20-22, xi. 3-4], wherein Daniel declared that one of the Greeks [
All the accounts which the Talmud and Midrash give concerning Alexander MuḲdon (the Macedonian) are of a legendary character. Some of them pretend to be historical, as the following Baraita in Yoma, 69a (identical with Megillat Ta'anit, iii.):
"When the Samaritans had obtained permission from Alexander to destroy the Temple in Jerusalem, the high priest Simon the Just, arrayed in his pontifical garments and followed by a number of distinguished Jews, went out to meet the conqueror, and joined him at Antipatris, on the northern frontier. At sight of Simon, Alexander fell prostrate at his feet, and explained to his astonished companions that the image of the Jewish high priest was always with him in battle, fighting for him and leading him to victory. Simon took the opportunity to justify the attitude of his countrymen, declaring that, far from being rebels, they offered prayers in the Temple for the welfare of the king and his dominions. So impressed was Alexander that he delivered up all the Samaritans in his train into the hands of the Jews, who tied them to the tails of horses and dragged them to the mountain of Gerizim; then the Jews plowed the mountain [demolished the Samaritan temple]."
It is evident that this account wrongly assigns to the times of Alexander an event which occurred two centuries later, in the reign of John Hyrcanus I. It must therefore have been written at a late period, when the memory of historical incidents had become confused. The legend presents a striking resemblance to the narrative of Josephus ("Ant." xi. 8, § 1 et seq.). The point of the fable is the honor conferred by Alexander upon the high priest and the cause thereof; and, furthermore, the contrast between his good-will to the Jews and his hostility to the Samaritans. Both the narrative in the Talmud and that of Josephus are derived from an "Apology" of the Jews which aimed at discrediting the members of the Samaritan sect. It is even possible that this apology, as Büchler thinks ("Rev. Ét. Juives," lxxxvi. 1), had its origin in Alexandria, where the attitude of Alexander was of decisive importance in the eyes of the Greek public:
"In Gen. R. (lxi., end) the Samaritans are accused of playing a rôle equally despicable with that imputed to them in the above legend. When Alexander advanced toward Jerusalem, they informed him that the Jews would forbid his entrance to the Holy of Holies. A Jew, Gebi'ah ben Kosem [identical with Gebia ben Pesisa, a legendary character], asked the king, on the hill of the Temple, to remove his shoes and to put on the slippers ornamented with precious stones that he had brought for him, lest he should slip on the pavement of the Temple. Alexander complied with the request, and thus avoided a violation of the rabbinic law. When they arrived at the Holy of Holies, Gebi'ah said to the king, 'We are not permitted to proceed farther' (neither we nor you). 'When I have left the Temple,' replied the king, 'I will straighten your hump' (Gebi'ah signifies humpback). 'If you do,' answered Gebi'ah, 'you are a great physician, and deserving of high remuneration.'"
This anecdote is one of those naive inventions of which many are found in Midrash Ekah Rabbati, and which aim at exhibiting the ingenuity of the Jews in repartee. Alexander is made to play merely the part of a stage-king.
The same Gebi'ah appears in a narrative of quite a different type. Alexander is here represented as the great conqueror to whom the nations appeal for arbitration of their differences:
"The Arabs accuse the Jews of illegally withholding the heritage of their ancestor Ishmael; the Canaanites complain of having been wrongly deprived of their territory; and the Egyptians claim indemnity for the vessels that the Israelites had taken from them on leaving their country. Gebi'ah meets all these charges with great success: against the Egyptians he proves that it is they that are indebted to the Jews, whom they had exploited without paying them for their work, and Alexander was fully satisfied with the refutation"
These pretended discussions, similar to those reported to have taken place between the Samaritans and the Jews before Ptolemy Philometor (Josephus, "Ant." xii. 1, § 10; xiii. 4, § 4), are the echo of the accusations against the Jews by pagan readers of the Bible at Alexandria. These imputations were taken up later by the Gnostics, who were the pupils of the Alexandrians, and especially by the Marcionites. Tertullian replied to Marcion, who had brought the same reproach against the Bible for the "larceny" committed by the Jews, by repeating the words of Gebi'ah; he even mentions the discussions between the Jews and the Egyptians ("nam et aiunt ita actum per legatos utrinque; Ægyptiorum quidem repetentium vasa; Judeorum vero reposcentium operas suas, et tandem vasis istis renuntiaverunt sibi Ægyptii"; "Adversus Marcionem," ii. 20).
Another group of legends is of a more popular character; they have nothing specifically Jewish, and are connected with the general legendary tales of Alexander. They may be given as follows:The Ten Questions of Alexander to the Sages of the South (Tamid, 31b et seq.):
This account is written in certain parts in a classical Aramaic, proving that it was borrowed from some written record; it is quite analogous to the conversations which, according to Plutarch ("Life of Alexander"), Alexander was reported to have had with ten gymnosophists who had rebelled against him; there the account continues with ten questions, some of which are identical with those of the Talmud. This episode seems, therefore, to be the fragment of a non-Jewish narrative, parallel with that of the Greek historian.Alexander's Journey to the Regions of Darkness (Tamid, 32a):
Alexander makes a journey into the region of darkness riding on young Libyan asses. There he stops at a fountain, which reanimates a dead fish that he has dipped into it. The same story is found in Pseudo-Callisthenes, II. chaps. xxxix.-xli. (version B). The legend as reproduced in the Talmud is the popular altered form of a later period.The Amazons (Tamid, ibid.; PesiḲ. ix. 74. 74a etseq.; Lev. R. xxvii.; Tan., Emor, 6; Ḥibbur Ma'asiot):
Alexander comes to a place which is inhabited only by women. They say to him: "If you kill us, people will accuse you of murdering women. If we kill you, people will say: Behold a king who was overcome by women!" This is the well-known story of the Amazons, but reduced to its simplest expression. In the PesiḲta the town inhabited by the women is called ḳartagene, derived by folk-ety-mology from the Aramaic Ḳarta (town) and the Greek γυνή (woman).The Gold Bread (ibid.):
Alexander asked the Amazons for bread, and they brought him, on a golden table, a loaf of gold bread. "Do you eat gold bread?" the king then said. "Well, if your desire be for ordinary bread, could you not get it in your own country without coming hither?" answered the Amazons. This satire on the ambition of conquerors recurs frequently in Jewish legends. It does not appear in Pseudo-Callisthenes and in the accounts derived from it; but is found in Plutarch's essay on the virtuous deeds of women. Pythes, a rich Greek in the times of Xerxes, who forces his fellow citizens to work for him in a gold-mine, is served by his wife with gold bread to demonstrate the absurdity of his greed. This moral is connected with Alexander also in another form: instead of the Amazons it was the king Kaẓia who gave the lesson to Alexander.King Kaẓia and His Judgment (Yer. B. M. ii. 8c; Gen. R. xxxiii.; PesiḲ.; Lev. R.; Tan., Emor, as above):
King Kaẓia (ruler of a country situated behind the "Dark" mountains) invited Alexander to hear a lawsuit. The plaintiff declared that he had bought a piece of land and found in it a treasure; he wanted to return the treasure to the original owner, since, he claimed, he had bought the field only. The defendant replied that he had sold the field with everything that it contained. Then the king inquired of one of them: "Have you a son?"; of the other, "Have you a daughter?" "Marry them, and let the treasure be theirs." Alexander laughed at this judgment. "Is my decision a wrong one?" inquired the king. "No; but in our country we would have put the two parties to death and confiscated the treasure." "Do you have rain in your country?" "Yes." "And have you animals also?" "Yes." "Then it is surely for their sake and not for yours that the rain falls and the sun shines upon you." This satirical account seems to be of Jewish origin, although it is, in part, based on a popular theme—marriage as the solution of a lawsuit (compare a Cambodian tale in "Revue des Traditions Populaires," xv. 133). The Jewish form of the fable was embodied in the "Dicta Philosophorum" of Abu al Wafa Mubashshir ibn FaḲih (1053-54), a work which was translated into Spanish, Latin, English, and French (see Knust, "Mittheilungen aus dem Eskurial," Tübingen, 1879). In other Arabic texts the trial takes place before David and Solomon (Weil, "Biblische Legenden," p. 215). The anecdote seems to have been brought to Europe by a priest in 1083 ("Chronique de l'Abbaye de St. Hubert"; Pertz, "Monumenta Germanica, Scriptores," viii. 599).Alexander at the Gate of Paradise; the Eye:
The Talmud (Tamid, 32b) concludes with this narrative: Alexander arrived at the gate of paradise and asked that it be opened to him. "Only the just can enter here," came the reply. "I am a renowned king; present me with something." A little ball was given to him. He put it in a scale; and it outweighed all the gold and silver in his possession. In his astonishment he turned to the rabbis, who explained to him that it was an eyeball, which could never be satiated; but if covered with a handful of dust (buried) it would weigh nothing. This satire on greed, or the ambition to acquire wealth, seems likewise to be genuinely Jewish. This allegory, as it appears in the Talmud, is reproduced in better shape in "Alexandri Magni Iter ad Paradisum," a little work of the twelfth century, which has even preserved traces of its Jewish origin. In this it is an old Jew, of the name of Papas, who lectures the king. Both forms of the legend are evidently connected with a lost original.Alexander's Ascent into the Air (Yer. 'Ab. Zarah, iii. 42c; Num. R. xiii.):
This appears to be a reminiscence of a narrative in Pseudo-Callisthenes (II. xli.).Alexander's Descent into the Sea (Ps. R. 103; compare Pseudo-Callisthenes, II. xxxviii.):
In the Middle Ages the Jews confined themselves to translations of the romance of Alexander from the Arabic or the Latin, particularly in the form which it had received in the "Historia de Proeliis." A Hebrew translation of this work, made by an unknown writer after an Arabic version, was edited and published by Israel Lévi under the title "Toledot Alexander" (Life of Alexander), Paris, 1887. Another translation from a Latin text, by Immanuel ben Jacob de Tarascon, exists only in manuscript. A recension, the origin of which has not yet been clearly ascertained, was surreptitiously included in certain manuscripts of the Josippon (perhaps by Judah Mosconi). Another romance of Alexander, quite different from the rest, was written by a Jew in the west of Europe before the thirteenth century; it was published by Israel Lévi in Steinschneider's "Festschrift." Some portions of the legend were known to scholars by the Hebrew translation of "Sod ha-Sodot" (Secret of Secrets) and of "Musare ha-Filosofim" (Dicta of the Philosophers), containing whole chapters touching upon the legendary life of Alexander.
- Rev. Ét. Juives, iii. 239 et seq., iv. 279;
- Steinschneider, Hebr. Uebers. pp. 894-898;
- Nöldeke, Beiträge zur Gesch. des Alexander-Romans, in Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Classe, xxxviii. ch. iv., Vienna, 1890;
- Fränkel, in Z. D. M. G. liv. 322;
- Jew. Quart. Rev. iv. 635;
- Bacher, Nizami's Lehen und Werke und der Zweite Theil des Nizamischen Alexanderbuches, pp. 63 et seq., Leipsic, 1871. | <urn:uuid:8200ed33-61b1-44a3-8882-dd4e206f71fe> | 2013-05-21T10:34:28Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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49°09' / 17°00'
Translation of the
Pecovska Nova Ves chapter from
Pinkas Hakehillot Slovakia
Translation of the
Published by Yad Vashem
Published in Jerusalem, 2003
Our sincere appreciation to Yad Vashem
This is a translation from: Pinkas Hakehillot Slovakia: Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities, Slovakia,
Edited by Yehoshua Robert Buchler and Ruth Shashak, published by Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.
JewishGen, Inc. makes no representations regarding the accuracy of
the translation. The reader may wish to refer to the original material
JewishGen is not responsible for inaccuracies or omissions in the original work and cannot rewrite or edit the text to correct inaccuracies and/or omissions.
Our mission is to produce a translation of the original work and we cannot verify the accuracy of statements or alter facts cited.
Translated by Shlomo Sné
(Pecsujfalu in Hungarian, in Jewish documents Petsheneidarf,)
A village in the sub-district of Sabinov, Saris district
in Eastern Slovakia.
|Year||Number of Inhabitants||Number
Pecovska Nova Ves was established at the beginning of the thirteenth century. At its beginning it was situated in the Novy Hrad estate, and afterwards it belonged to some noble Hungarian families. During the Wars of the Nobility in 1709, the village was destroyed completely and abandoned, but during the eighteenth century it was reconstructed. Its owners, during this era, were the counts Pecheny. The population of Pecovska Nova Ves, mostly Roman Catholic Slovaks, made their living as farmers, raised cattle, and wove fabrics. In the nineteenth century there was a long period of unemployment in the village, and much of the population immigrated to the United States or moved away.
During the Czech Republic era, Pecovska Nova Ves remained a small, poor village. During the years 1939-1945, it was included in the area of the Slovak State, established under Nazi auspices. Pecovska Nova Ves was liberated in January 1945 by the Soviet and Czech armies.
At the beginning of the eighteenth century there were only a few Jews in Pecovska Nova Ves. A document of the period shows the name of a local Jewish family who produced and sold hard liquor. According to a list of taxpayers in 1768, already there wee nine Jewish families from Galicia in the village. Most were peddlers. During the week the peddlers and their wares moved among the villages, and also came to the weekly fair in Sabinov.
The Jewish part of the village amounted to a neighborhood of the nearby town of Sabinov, although Jews were not formally allowed to settle there. According to a document from 1786, the Jews were permitted to trade in the Sabinov market, but their request to open shops was denied. During the nineteenth century Jews continued to settle in Pecovska Nova Ves. Their number peaked at 280, but when Jews were allowed to settle in Sabinov and other larger towns, there was an opposite trend. Many Jews settled in Sabinov, and were founders of the community, or in Pecovska Nova Ves. At the beginning of the twentieth century the population was smaller than that of the nineteenth century. Jews continued to leave small towns.
The Jewish community in Pecovska Nova Ves was one of the oldest in the Saris area. It was established, all according to local tradition, in the middle of the eighteenth century, and also Jews from neighboring villages belonged to it. In the 1870's the first wood synagogue was built in Pecovska Nova Ves. The schohet (ritual slaughterer) was also a Hebrew teacher.
In 1785 there were about 140 Jews in Pecovska Nova Ves, and the local community was the second largest in the Saris district. From the 1790's there were rabbis in Pecovska Nova Ves who served another 21 surrounding communities. The first rabbi, Itzhak Frankel, also directed the Talmud Torah, which included a dozen pupils. His successors were: Rabbi Shlomo Diamont (died in 1865), and Rabbi Moshe Kohan Gross, who established a yeshiva in Pecovska Nova Ves with about 60 students. In 1868 as the number of Jews grew, a grand, classically-styled synagogue was dedicated. After the split of Hungarian Jews in 1869, the community in Pecovska Nova Ves joined the organization of Orthodox communities. From 1872 the Rabbi was Naftali Sofer of Bratislava (died in 1899), the author of Mate Naftali, and other books. He was one of the disciples of Hatam Sofer, and famous for his sharp intellect and depth of Halachic knowledge. During this era the yeshiva of Pecovska Nova Ves grew, and Sabinov and Buèovice communities, as well as Jews from many other little villages without Jewish communities. After his death there were no more rabbis in Pecovska Nova Ves. The local community became weaker and weaker and lost its position.
After World War I the community numbered about 90, and belonged to the Sabinov rabbinate. It continued to function, and the community employed a shochet (religious slaughterer), who was also a Hebrew teacher. Jewish children studied in the local public school.
At this time most Jews in the village made their living in retail trade, as artisans, or in agriculture. In 1921 Jews were the owners of 4 groceries, 2 saloons, a flour mill, and a few farms. Among the Jews were also a few merchants who sold produce, and a few artisans who wandered with their tools from village to village.
When the Slovak state was established on March 14, 1939, about 80 Jews remained in Pecovska Nova Ves. From 1940 they belonged to the Jews Center in Sabinov. They remained as exiles during the spring-summer of 1942. On March 20, 1942 there was a hunt for young Jewish girls. Those who were caught were sent to collection point in Popard. On March 25 they were added to the first transport from Slovakia to the Auschwitz death camp. A few days after the expulsion of the young girls, young boys from Pecovska Nova Ves and neighboring villages were sent from a transit camp in Jelina to the Maidanek concentration camp in the Lublin district in Poland. The majority of Jews who still remained in the village were sent on May 23, 1942 through Sabinov to Rejowiec ghetto in the Lublin district. After expulsions stopped in 1942, one Jewish family remained in Pecovska Nova Ves. Thanks to the family occupation as farmers, they got a protection document. In May 1944 this family was also sent to West Slovakia, and from that time there were no more Jews in Pecovska Nova Ves.
After the war some Jewish survivors returned to Pecovska Nova Ves, but left after a short time. The deserted synagogue was used as a storage facility, and the Jewish cemetery was neglected.
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Updated 19 May 2013 by LA | <urn:uuid:d58967fa-9403-40fc-9b2f-29650fbea0c8> | 2013-05-21T10:00:20Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Jewish Month
By Chaim Issacson
The world has two time measuring cycles, the sun and the moon. As all know, the sun takes some 365 and a quarter days to make a yearly cycle. The moon, on the other hand, makes a cycle every 29 and a half days. This means that it difficult to measure years using the lunar cycle.
The world is divided as to how to use these two cycles. Whereas the western world uses the solar year, the Muslim world uses the lunar year. The Muslims add twelve months together and that is a year. Therefore it happens that a Muslim baby born in the winter will celebrate an adult birthday in the summer since the lunar year is some 354 days and the solar year is 365. Each year the Muslim calendar "loses" 11 days or his year "slips" back by 11 days in relation to the solar calendar. Whereas the Christian holidays always fall in the same date according to the solar calendar, they have no relation to the lunar influence. The Muslim holiday, on the other hand, Ramidan, for example, will move through the yearly cycle, but be fixed by the moon.
We Jews, of course, have our own way of fixing the calendar. We use a combo of solar and lunar measurements.
One of the first commandments that was given to the Jews, even before they left Egypt, was to fix the calendar to observe the month of the Passover in the appointed time, the spring. Thus, the requirement of having a monthly calendar that is adjusted to meet the solar cycle is a Biblical injunction.
It should not be overlooked that two of the major Jewish festivals begin on the full moon, Passover and Succoth. Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year is different, it is the first day of the seventh month.
The Jewish month is based on the seeing the new moon. When two persons saw the new moon they would come to the Jewish High Court and give testimony that they had saw the moon. This did not mean that the court did not know when the moon was scheduled to appear, but rather that the sanctification of the moon had to be made according to eyewitness reports. The court would question the witnesses to ascertain that they indeed did see the moon. Afterwards, the court proclaimed that a new month had begun.
Even if the court knew by its own calculations that the new moon was scheduled to appear on a certain day, but due to weather conditions it was not seen, they did not declare the new moon until the next day when witnesses arrived. It was conceivable that the new month would be delayed a day. Also the courts were empowered to add an extra month to the yearly cycle to insure that the holiday of Passover would be in the spring. For this purpose they would add another month to the yearly cycle. The year would then have thirteen months (as in this year 2000, or as we say, 5760).
Since the spotting of the moon and declaration of the new month had ramifications as to when the Jewish holidays would be, many tried to thwart the actions of the courts in order to prevent the Jews from observing their holidays. Aside from dishonest 'witnesses', the ancient Greeks, during the time of Chanukah, tried to prevent the Jews from declaring new months through various decrees. This was in hopes to prevent the Jews from observing their holidays.
In addition, during the time after the first exile, when many Jews still resided in Babylon, the courts set up a relay system of lighting fires on the tops of mountains. In this manner the declaration of the month was related quickly to the Jews in the Diaspora so that they could observe the festival of Passover and the holy fast of Yom Kippur in its proper time. The Samaritans, who inhabited the mountainous area, would lite fires in order to confuse the Jews in the Diaspora. The courts were then obligated to send out messengers to bring the news to those Jews who lived so far away.
Although the new moon is not a 'religious' holiday, it does have religious significance. The day, during the time of the Holy Temple, was marked with an additional sacrifice. Today, a special prayer called "Hallel," or praise, is said and many have the custom to eat something special in honor of the new month.
In olden times, we had a court that would declare the new month according to the sightings. This court was made up of judges who were empowered through a direct chain from Moses. This was a requirement. Today, no one has such authority to declare a new month. Thanks to the farsightedness of Rabbi Hillel the Prince, who was the last of the princes from the house of David, we have a calendar that has all of the months and holidays figured until the Jewish year 6000. According to the Jewish tradition, the Messiah will come by the year 6000 and the continuation of the calendar will be addressed then.
Rabbi Hillel, who lived during the turbulent time of the destruction of the Temple, saw that the troubles of the Jewish people were increasing and the ability of the courts became diminished. Using the calculations that were known to the Jewish sages from the time of Moses, he publicized the calendar through his efforts it was accepted. This calendar is the one we use today. This calendar basically uses a 19-year cycle of twelve regular (12 month) years and seven intercalated (13 month) years.
The order of the intercalated years in each cycle is the 3rd, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th years. The month that is added is the month of Adar (the month that precedes the month that has the Passover holiday). The year then has two Adars, Adar 1 and Adar 2. The holiday of Purim is then celebrated in the second Adar.
The Jewish people are often compared in rabbinical literature to the moon. Just as the moon has periods of being full and being lacking, so do the Jewish people. Just as the moon receives its light from the sun, so the Jewish people receive their sustenance from G-d directly.
from the February 2000 Edition of the Jewish Magazine | <urn:uuid:ceab59d0-0f0c-4d90-acd7-ec863e66c5bf> | 2013-05-21T10:07:56Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Editor’s note: The following article is by Adnan Oktar, a Turkish-Muslim teacher known across the Muslim world and the Middle East. On the basis of the teachings of Islam he argues against violence against Jews and among Muslims themselves, and for a unity of humanity based on a belief in God. We welcome this article by a Muslim author who is a fervent friend of Israel and Jews (see his image with Rabbi Lau).
One of the most effective tools of the antichrist to hurt Muslims is causing conflicts amongst Muslims and turning Muslims against each other. Although the real threat for the world is ideologies like Darwinism, Materialism and Communism, some Muslims are swayed by the antichrist to go against their own brothers and even fight them. The antichrist, using this method, aims to wipe the Muslims off the map of the Middle East and bring its own communist system in place of them. The recent crisis and the not-so-amicable attitude of Syria towards Turkey, and our plane being shot down, are all a part of this sneaky plan of the antichrist.
Any retaliation against Syria will give the antichrist what he wants
Some people claim that a Turkish plane being shot down has undermined the authority of Turkey; and being a great country it should retaliate in such situations. They think that the efforts of Turkey to remain peaceful shows Turkey as a weak country. Needless to say, all these thoughts serve the antichrist’s purpose of more bloodshed and getting Muslims to kill each other and therefore shall never be considered.
First of all, any retaliation against Syria could lead to catastrophic results for all sides. Syria is a part of the communist bloc, and should there be an attack, China and Russia will rush to its aid, which will be very dangerous.
On the other hand, any retaliation against Syria will put our country in a difficult position in the fight against PKK terrorism. It is a known fact that Syria is a part of the communist state dream of the terrorist PKK. If Turkey engages in a war, this could be a step towards their communist dream, which they haven’t been able to achieve so far. The regions of Syria close to Turkey will be an ideal base for the PKK, just like in the case of Northern Iraq. Indeed, this is demonstrated by the current support of the terrorist PKK for the ongoing massacres in Syria and how they build their camps on the Syrian-Turkish border.
Such a retaliation will also take a huge economic toll as well. With the war ongoing, industry will come to a standstill, inflation will skyrocket and people will get poorer. So anyone criticizing Turkey for being peaceful and amicable and inclined to resolve matters through diplomatic means are completely wrong. Anyone claiming that retaliation is the best option is clearly mistaken as these ideas will do nothing but hurt our country.
The steps to be followed for peace in Syria can be summarized as follows:
The current Syrian administration should immediately step down and a new coalition government should be formed:
Today, Syria is a part of the communist bloc and since it sides with China and Russia, it is under the close scrutiny of NATO. NATO sees communism as a huge threat, and for good reason, and therefore is uncomfortable with the regime in Syria and wishes to put an end to it. Therefore, it would like to see Turkey in this plan, too.
NATO is right to want to see the end of communist regimes, but their methods are all wrong. Surely, Turkey will support NATO’s efforts to make Syria a democratic country. However, Turkey will not do anything that will push it into a war with Syria. First of all, Syrian lands are old Ottoman lands and that makes Syrians our very own brothers and sisters. Turkey will never do something that could hurt Muslims and will never allow something like that to happen, either.
It is obvious that the current administration is a dictatorship and that there is no democracy in Syria. Therefore the communist administration should step down immediately. Following that, a democratic election should be held where people can freely vote. After a coalition government victory, different groups will be represented in the parliament and Syria will get genuine democracy.
Military and Economic Sanctions against Syria will be an effective method:
Resorting to retaliation and declaring war as soon as we have a problem with a neighbor can never be the solution. Instead of that, we have to work through reasonable methods to ensure peace and brotherhood. First of all, the communist mafia that’s troubling the Syrian government and people should be eliminated. Syria must be blockaded by sea and land, and economic sanctions should be applied against Syria. Such a practice will destroy the resources of the communist mafia troubling Syria. Another solution could be arresting and trying all those people in Syria which are causing all this fighting there. But the problem should be solved without tormenting either party.
Turkey enjoys the blessings of the Mahdi system and every time it had a problem with its neighbors, it was always resolved amicably and peacefully. And, by the leave of Allah, it will be like that in the future.
The Russian support for Syria should be prevented through peaceful methods:
Our plane being shot down and the Muslim blood in Syria, is also on the hands of the Russians. The approach of Russia, which is a part of the bloc that contains Syria, is crucial.
For this reason, it’s very important that our Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan meet the Russian president Vladimir Putin. Indeed, recently Putin partially withdrew its support for Syria and that’s good. Turkey and Russia had always been close allies. But if this changes, and if Russia supports communist regimes and its supporters in Syria, this could impair Turkish-Russian relations. This could also tarnish the image of Russia in the world’s eyes.
Russia should immediately stop supporting Syria, otherwise Russia will be an accomplice to the massacres, cruelty and atrocities going on in Syria.
Russia is known as a Muslim friend and President Putin is usually known for his friendly attitude towards Muslims. Hence, it will be expedient for our Prime Minister to see Mr. Putin one more time and persuade him into stopping his support for Syria. This, by the leave of Allah, will help put an end to oppression on Muslims in Syria and the reckless and violent attitude of Syria towards its neighbors.
On top of that, Russia should keep in mind that Turkey is a crucial ally. It is vital that President Putin is on the side of Turkey, and that he talks about his desire for Islamic Union and that he wants Russia as a part of Islamic Union too. Thus, Russia will be protected by a strong military pact, Russians will live with peace of mind and with good living standards. Their military expenses will drop and Russians will finally enjoy a beautiful life.
So the solution is very easy: a legitimate election should be held in Syria, with the support of Russia and the party with the highest votes should lead a coalition government. A peace force should be built under the lead of the Republic of Turkey and Syria and Turkey should join.
Now it’s time to be brothers and sisters, friends.
Bashar al-Assad should leave Syria and be taken to a safe place:
The communist regime in Syria is an antichrist structure and Bashar al-Assad and the government are just the pawns of this deep state. Just like in the case of Saddam Hussein, the former president of Iraq, the deep communist state is responsible for the massacre of those people. However, the deep state and its pawn, which in this case is the Syrian administration, will come down with the manifestation of one of Allah’s names ‘Jabbar (The Compeller)’. However, Bashar al-Assad and his family, to avoid the fate of Saddam Hussein, should immediately step down and leave their country peacefully and safely, under the protection provided by Turkey. The assets of Assad should also be delivered to him fully and Turkey should provide a safe shelter for him and his family. This is the only way for the Syrian people, and Bashar al-Assad and his family, to enjoy peace and safety.
Turkey should not fight but unite with Syria and work for the Islamic Union
Turkey and Syria engaging in a war will be mutually destructive. It is illegal for a Muslim to fight another Muslim. It should be kept in mind that war leaves behind only lost loved ones, burnt down mosques and destroyed houses. The century we are living in is the Mahdi century. Being brothers and sisters is the only way that befits the both countries. Actually, the foundations of this brotherhood and friendship were laid in our history. The Syrian lands were previously a part of the Ottoman Empire and the people lived there safely and comfortably and with peace. The state of Syria is actually an old Ottoman province, of which the current borders were drawn by the British by the help of rulers. For this reason, all Syrians are actually our brothers and sisters. The way to put an end to this deceptive war game of the antichrist lies on these historical foundations, and Turkey and Syria should join as the first step of the Islamic Union, and Turkey should welcome its brothers and sisters there with open arms. As a part of this, visas and passports should be left and there should be free movement between the two countries.
Islamic Union is the only solution in which people of the both nations will find peace and happiness. As per Allah’s promise, our Lord will definitely build Islamic Union. The important thing is working to make this happen before more people get hurt, before more time is lost.
First of all, Turkey and Syria joining together will be a holy step that suits the morality of the Qur’an. Muslims, seeking refuge in Allah from the accursed satan by saying ‘Ya Allah Bismillah’ and coming together will be source of great joy, as this will be the beginning of the duty that is incumbent upon all of us. Our Lord tells us about this fact with the following verse, in which He commands all Muslims to be a single group of brothers and sisters:
This nation of yours is one nation and I am your Lord, so worship Me. But they disagreed and split into different sects. Each one will return to Us (Surat al-Anbiya, 92-93).
“Hold fast to the rope of Allah all together, and do not separate. Remember Allah’s blessing to you when you were enemies and He joined your hearts together so that you became brothers by His blessing. You were on the very brink of a pit of the Fire and He rescued you from it. In this way Allah makes His Signs clear to you, so that hopefully you will be guided. ‘ (Surah Al ‘Imran, 103).
“The faithful are brothers, so make peace between your brothers and have taqwa of Allah so that hopefully you will gain mercy.” (Surat al-Hujurat, 10)
“Obey Allah and His Messenger and do not quarrel among yourselves lest you lose heart and your momentum disappear. And be steadfast. Allah is with the steadfast” (Surat al-Anfal, 46).
“Those who are disbelievers are the friends and protectors of one another. If you do not act in this way there will be turmoil in the land and great corruption” (Surat al-Anfal, 73).
ADNAN OKTAR: … Wreaking havoc in Syria would not be a reasonable move. It’s our land, our people, our brothers and sisters, are we supposed to go and bomb them?! Why would we do something like that? There is a deep state there and it has to be eliminated. The best move would be joining with Turkey. The best move is building Islamic Union and it is Hz. Mahdi (as) that will do it. (from the A9 TV interview on June 26, 2012 / A9 TV)
THE THREAT OF ARABIC COMMUNISM
Starting from the second half of the 20th Century, a majority of the Muslim Arabic communities were ruled by the Darwinist-communist regimes and organizations. Arabic people in different countries had to live with wars, ethnic massacres, terrorism or tyrannical rulers. The communist revolutions always culminated in instability and poverty. While innocent Muslims got poorer by the year, despite the rich petrol reserves, the administrations and the elite and ruling parts of the society got richer.
Arabic communism held on to the power by bullying people into submission and did this under the pretense of Arabic nationalism. The love, compassion and affection that had reigned throughout the region during the era of Ottoman rule was replaced by the violence, barbarism and tyranny of communism.
In the 21st Century, with the collapse of the Darwinist dictatorship, the Islamic world has begun to wake up and this will culminate in the Islamic Union, by the leave of Allah. When the time set by Allah in destiny arrives, the morality of Islam will reign throughout the entire world and the Golden Age of Islam, awaited for centuries and described by the Prophet Mohammed (pbuh), will begin.
When Allah’s help and victory have arrived and you have seen people entering Allah’s deen in droves, then glorify your Lord’s praise and ask His forgiveness.He is the Ever-Returning.
(Surat an-Nasr, 1-3)
The massacres in Syria is a result of the socialist-communist ideology
The only reason for the current turmoil Syria is going through at the moment is that regular Muslims are forced to follow the ways of communism. Although the current civil war is depicted as a sectarian problem by the media, there is actually a fight going on in Syria between the communists and the Muslims. Syria has been run by a Marxist-communist state of mind since the time of Hafez al- Assad. That makes Syria one of the foremost representatives of Arabic socialism.
It’s a known fact that the Hafez al- Assad administration had very close ties with the Soviet Union, and banned supporting any ideology other than the communist ideology of the Ba’ath Party. All Islamic movements were limited and Islamic leaders were arrested and martyred and Muslims were tortured, oppressed and bullied. Hafez al- Assad and his brother Refad al- Assad massacred 40 thousand Muslims in Hama and Homs, Syria in 1982. The current massacres performed by Syrian forces led by Bashar al-Assad, son of Hafez al- Assad, proves that the socialist-communist ideology has never left.
Assad should leave Syria and there should be a coalition government in Syria
ADNAN OKTAR: NEGOTIATIONS WITH SYRIA SHOULD START IMMEDIATELY AND WE SHOULD BRING ASSAD TO TURKEY WITHOUT OFFENDING HIM OR MAKING HIM FEEL UNCOMFORTABLE. There can be some of his people in the new government too. But there should be a coalition government. Let’s open the borders, let’s get rid of all those visas, passports etc. Let’s join with Syria.
SYRIA, ALEPPO, DAMASCUS, THEY ARE ALL OUR FORMER LANDS, OUR FORMER PROVINCES. WE HAVE TO DEAL WITH OUR PROBLEMS AMICABLY, IN A FRIENDLY MANNER. A delegation from Turkey should go to Damascus and start talks there. They should say, ‘All these things happened, things got complicated, if you stay in power it will only make things worse. But no one wants to hurt you or insult you. Come to Turkey in a dignified manner, then later, you can go back to your country with protection. But at the moment, things are complicated.’ A coalition government will be formed under the supervision of Turkey. The parties will be called to calm down. We all want Islamic Union, right? LET’S MAKE THE FIRST STEP FOR ISLAMIC UNION. OTHERWISE IT’S ALWAYS A DISASTER. THEY WANT TO TURN TURKEY AGAINST SYRIA. THERE WON’T BE ANY WINNERS IF SOMETHING LIKE THAT HAPPENS. IT WILL BE ILLEGAL AND TYRANNY, THAT’S ALL. Such a shame. There are historical beauties in both sides. There are bothers and sisters in both sides, there are believers, Muslims on both sides… LET’S UNITE OUR BROTHERS AND SISTERS WITH THE SPIRIT OF THE MAHDI SYSTEM. (A9 TV, June 23, 2012).
Many Muslim countries were not ruled by Islamic morals during the 20th Century. The administrations were usually Darwinists, communists and totalitarians. Military staff was also trained to be communists. In other words although they are Muslims, those countries are no different from the former Soviet Union or Eastern Bloc countries. The region is poor and underdeveloped but it’s not because the region is Muslim, which is what the Darwinist-Materialist circles have been trying to tell the world. It’s because people have stopped practicing real Islam due to the communist state of mind prevalent in the region. And now the administrations and people in the region have begun to rid themselves of the effect of the Darwinist-communist education.
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For Further Reading | <urn:uuid:b6bae380-2b1f-4c18-acc6-578454b7dfad> | 2013-05-21T10:14:07Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The small river Skalice is the right tributary of the Lomnice river not far from the confluence of the Lomnice and Otava rivers. The protected area Dědovické Stráně (Dědovice Meadows) lies on the bank of Skalice near the mouth.
The river, which is called Vlčava on upper reaches of the river, springs in Central Bohemia. It flows through the small towns Mirovice and Čimelice and near the village Horní Ostrovec it empties into the Lomnice river.
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Behçet’s disease commonly presents with recurrent oral and genital mucocutaneous ulcerations, uveitis and various skin manifestations. Other clinical symptoms include gastrointestinal ulcerations, arthritis, venous thrombosis, arterial aneurysms and central nervous system affection. Vasculitis underlies most clinical symptoms of Behçet’s disease.
We report the case of a 62-year-old European Caucasian woman with Behçet’s disease who presented with persistent fever and neck soft-tissue swelling, despite broad antibiotic treatment, two weeks after acute tonsillitis and a tonsillectomy. Diffuse epi- and mesopharyngeal swelling shown on a computed tomography scan of her neck and persistently elevated serum markers of inflammation initially prompted suspicion of an infectious etiology. Magnet resonance imaging of her neck and a neck tissue biopsy finally confirmed small vessel vasculitis involving skin, subcutaneous tissue and muscle. Considering the clinical presentation, past medical history and histological findings, we interpreted our patient’s symptoms as a flare of Behçet’s disease. Immunosuppressive treatment led to rapid clinical improvement.
A patient with Behçet’s disease developed small vessel vasculitis of the soft tissue of her neck after tonsillitis and a tonsillectomy. Infection and surgery probably triggered a flare of Behçet’s disease.
Behçet’s disease (BD) is a relapsing chronic inflammatory multisystem disease with a wide spectrum of clinical features. BD is highly prevalent in young adults from Mediterranean, Middle Eastern and East Asian countries; its geographical distribution follows the Silk Road. Clinical features of BD mostly occur as mucocutaneous oral and genital ulceration, uveitis, arthritis and various cutaneous manifestations: ulcers of the skin, papulopustulosa, erythema nodosum, subcutaneous nodules and cellulitis. BD is also associated with gastrointestinal, neurologic and vascular disease . Large vessel disease and central nervous system involvement mostly occurs in young males and is associated with higher disease-related mortality rates .
There are no pathognomonic laboratory tests for BD and the diagnosis is based solely on clinical symptoms. Diagnostic criteria of BD according to the International Criteria for BD (ICBD 2006) are listed in Table 1. The pathergy phenomenon, a hypersensitivity reaction of skin tissues to trauma, is pathognomonic for BD. A positive pathergy test is defined as the occurrence of a small red bump or pustule, one to two days after applying a needle prick on the forearm .
Table 1. Diagnostic criteria of Behçet’s disease
Most clinical manifestations of BD are believed to be from vasculitis because histological examination of affected tissue in patients with BD most frequently reveals vascular inflammation . BD may involve blood vessels of all sizes on both the arterial and venous sides of the circulation. Small vessel vasculitis is found in cutaneous, gastrointestinal, retinal and central nervous system lesions. Large vessel vasculitis usually presents as relapsing venous thrombosis or thrombophlebitis and less commonly as aneurysms of medium and large arteries .
The etiology of BD is still unknown, although various genetic and environmental factors have been related to disease susceptibility. Human leukocyte antigen B51 has been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of BD . Infectious agents such as streptococci and herpes simplex virus have been suggested as infectious triggers of BD in genetically susceptible individuals. Streptococcal antigens are believed to induce auto-inflammatory reactions in patients with BD via cross-reactivity with human proteins . Systemic exposure to streptococcal antigens during streptococcal skin testing in clinical studies and during dental procedures has been shown to trigger BD flares.
A 62-year-old European Caucasian woman presented at our emergency department with fever, sore throat and painful swallowing for four days. Clinical findings at presentation included inarticulate speech, left-sided tonsil and soft-palate swelling and enlarged left cervical lymph nodes. Her past medical history revealed that BD had been diagnosed eight years earlier. At that time, our patient presented with oral and genital ulcerations, painful metacarpal swelling of her ring finger, thrombophlebitis and painful lower leg swelling and erythema. Treatment at that time had consisted of high-dose methylprednisolone, cyclophosphamide and colchicine. The course of the disease had been oligosymptomatic with a single episode of relapse with oral and genital ulcerations, seven years earlier. Maintenance treatment with colchicine and azathioprine was discontinued one year earlier. Co-morbidities were insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and osteoarthritis of her left knee following anterior cruciate ligament surgery.
Our patient was immediately referred to otolaryngology for treatment of an assumed peritonsillar abscess. A pharyngeal incision yielded no pus. Antibiotic treatment with clindamycin was started. Computed tomography (CT) of her neck showed inflammation of the left peritonsillar tissue, but no peritonsillar abscess. A bilateral tonsillectomy was performed the next day. Histological examination showed acute phlegmonous inflammation of her left tonsil. There was no streptococcal (or any bacterial) growth in throat cultures or in the removed tonsillar tissue. During the following weeks, our patient had persistent fever up to 39°C and painful swelling of her neck. Compression of her upper airways caused moderate dyspnea and a daily dose of 125mg methylprednisolone was administered from day three onwards for one week, to reduce the swelling. Her C-reactive protein level was persistently elevated (range 200 to 400mg/L). On day seven, a repeat CT of her neck showed diffuse pharyngeal swelling but no abscess. Imipenem was added as a broad-spectrum antibiotic to prevent parapharyngeal and mediastinal spreading of a presumed infection. Our patient did not respond to treatment and her fever and neck swelling persisted.
On day 15, our patient was referred to our internal medicine ward. A CT scan of her neck, chest and abdomen ruled out superior vena cava syndrome, pulmonary embolism and thoracic or abdominal abscess. On day 17, she newly developed single, non-palpable petechial palmar and plantar lesions on her right hand and foot. Transthoracic echocardiography showed no signs of endocarditis. Blood and urine cultures tested negative. Syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus were ruled out. A vasculitis screening (antineutrophil antibodies, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, urinary sediment) was negative. On day 20, magnetic resonance imaging of her head and neck showed diffuse, predominantly left-sided inflammatory infiltration of epi- and mesopharyngeal tissues (Figure 1). A transcutaneous biopsy involving skin, subcutis and sternocleidomastoid muscle tissue confirmed leukocytoclastic small vessel vasculitis and perivasculitis, compatible with a relapse of BD (Figure 2).
Figure 1. Magnetic resonance imaging of the neck. Magnetic resonance imaging of the neck on day 20 showed diffuse, predominantly left-sided inflammatory infiltration of epi- and mesopharyngeal tissues (arrows).
Figure 2. Spectrum of inflammation activity in small vessels of the subcutaneous biopsy. (A) Cross-section of two vessels with different stages of inflammation; one with endothelial thickening (asterisk) and the second with a mixed perivascular inflammatory infiltrate consisting of lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophilic granulocytes, accompanied by apoptotic figures. (B) Small vessel wall with transmural inflammation as described in (A) (arrow: vessel lumen with erythrocytes). (C) Leukocytoclastic vasculitis with karyorrhexis and fibrinoid necrosis in a small vessel wall. (D) Same vessel as in (C) showing the fibrinoid necrosis (orange) in an acid fuchsin orange G stain.
Our patient showed rapid clinical and laboratory improvement upon treatment with methylprednisolone 1g daily for three days. The prednisone dose was then reduced to 1mg/kg body weight over three weeks and azathioprine was concomitantly up-titrated to a daily dose of 200mg over four weeks. Because of the side effects of azathioprine, the treatment was switched to mycophenolate mofetile (daily dose of 1g) after three months. Prednisone was tapered to 5mg over the course of one year. To date, our patient has experienced no recurrence of BD under the immunosuppressive maintenance therapy.
We report this case because the presentation of BD in our patient was uncommon. Our research of the literature yielded no similar case of small vessel vasculitis of neck soft tissue, although there have been reports of head and neck swelling caused by superior vena cava syndrome in patients with BD .
Our patient had diffuse neck swelling but no local skin manifestation that could have prompted vasculitis in the first place, except for single non-palpable petechial palmar and plantar lesions that developed only later on during the disease course. Although our patient had a history of BD, she had been in disease remission without treatment for one year. In addition, her disease had previously presented with more classic symptoms, such as oral and genital ulcers and skin lesions. Persistently elevated inflammation markers suggested systemic infection. CT and magnetic resonance imaging of her neck showed diffuse inflammation of all tissues. Because our patient initially presented with tonsillitis, there was concern about an infection of the parapharyngeal space. Broad-spectrum antibiotics were administered for three weeks to prevent spreading of the infection and carotid involvement in this high-risk patient with diabetes. The results of a tissue biopsy, which showed leukocytoclastic and fibrinoid vasculitis and perivasculitis of small vessels and capillaries, along with her past medical history and clinical presentation were highly suggestive of a relapse of BD. The main differential diagnosis was medication-induced hypersensitivity vasculitis. However, our patient did not have typical palpable purpura, noticeably absent on her neck, and a macular or urticarial rash was also absent.
We believe that both tonsillitis and tonsillectomy triggered small vessel vasculitis in the surrounding neck soft tissue in our patient. Oral and pharyngeal infections and procedures have been shown to play an important role in triggering BD in patients with a genetic predisposition [5,6]. A positive correlation has been demonstrated between the treatment of caries and periodontitis and the short-term occurrence of oral ulcers in patients with BD. However, fewer oral ulcers occurred during long-term follow-up of patients with BD who underwent dental procedures .
Surgical procedures have been shown to trigger symptoms in perioperative tissue of patients with BD by a pathergy-like effect. Pathergy-like phenomena have been described in patients with BD after surgery of the gastrointestinal tract (as gastrointestinal ulcers at the operative site) and after vascular surgery (presenting as localized vasculitis and aneurysm) . There are only a few case reports of BD disease flares triggered by head and neck surgery. A case of neuro-Behçet disease was reported after a tooth extraction . Another patient with BD developed myositis of the calf after a tonsillectomy .
Perioperative immunosuppression has been shown to improve outcome after vascular and gastrointestinal surgery in patients with BD [10,11]. However, there are currently no treatment guidelines on immunosuppressive treatment for patients with BD in disease remission or with minor disease manifestations before elective surgery .
Tonsillitis and a tonsillectomy triggered small vessel vasculitis of the neck soft tissue in our patient. The diagnosis was delayed due to an uncommon disease presentation and was eventually confirmed by tissue biopsy. BD is known for its variable clinical manifestations and disease flares can be triggered by oropharyngeal surgery. Whether preoperative immunosuppression would have prevented disease activation in our patient remains unclear.
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and the accompanying figures. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
CW and IK were the treating physicians on the internal medicine ward where our patient was hospitalized. They wrote the manuscript and were responsible for the revision of the manuscript. DS was the consultant immunologist. He was involved in the diagnosis and treatment of Behçet’s disease. MT was responsible for the histological diagnosis in this patient and provided the histological images presented. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Kural-Seyahi E, Fresko I, Seyahi N, Ozyazgan Y, Mat C, Hamuryudan V, Yurdakul S, Yazici H: The long-term mortality and morbidity of Behçet syndrome: a 2-decade outcome survey of 387 patients followed at a dedicated center.
Medicine (Baltimore) 2003, 82(1):60-76. Publisher Full Text
Clin Rev Allerg Immunol 2008, 35:40-46. Publisher Full Text
Karacayli U, Mumcu G, Simsek I, Pay S, Kose O, Erdem H, Direskeneli H, Gunaydin Y, Dinc A: The close association between dental and periodontal treatments and oral ulcer course in Behcet’s disease: a prospective clinical study.
Isr Med Assoc J 2006, 8:294-295. PubMed Abstract
Hatemi G, Silman A, Bang D, Bodaghi B, Chamberlain AM, Gul A, Houman MH, Kötter I, Olivieri I, Salvarani C, Sfikakis PP, Siva A, Stanford MR, Stübiger N, Yurdakul S, Yazici H, EULAR Expert Committee: EULAR recommendations for the management of Behçets disease. | <urn:uuid:a2e11591-2075-499e-ab6d-aee9ff6cffa8> | 2013-05-21T10:35:59Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Ennis wrote:BrokenLyre wrote:Yes Cath, all good points you make. John Keats' money in chancery was actually held up for 60 years before it was finally dealt with. That is indeed tragic as it would have relieved John of "borrowing" from his publisher and the expenses in Rome as you point out. But I cannot help but think that after some years had passed, George would have been glad to hep with some of John's expenses. At least I would like to believe that George would have returned to England to visit John and would have been happy to help him. Would John have received it? Not sure on that one. At any rate, for a number of reasons, money was not readily available for John and I find it ironic that money eventually came to his brother George, but only after John had died.
On another note, according to Lawrence Crutcher (in his book on the George Keats family), Jeffrey, despite his sloppiness sometimes, did preserve some nice letters that would never have seen the light of day. I am sure Jeffrey did not know how famous John Keats would become, and with that in mind, I am surprised he kept any correspondence between the Keats brothers.
I read in Gareth Scott's edition of Keats's letters (a recent purchase of mine!) that before he delared bankruptcy, George was somewhat wealthy and paid off the remainder of John's debts. That was very noble of him, since (in my opinion, not to mention that of Chas. Dilke, or was it Brown??), he ripped his brother off during his London visit of January 1820, when one would have had to be blind, not to mention stupid, to see that John was dying, or at least extremely ill. George must have felt a big man sailing back to America with not only his share of Tom's estate, but most of John's share, as well. Even Fanny was pissed off and for good reason! I suppose William Haslam was most likely a little (if not a lot) annoyed at George's "conniving."
George did pay off John's debts -- at least to Brown, if not the money borrowed from Taylor & Hessey and others.
I cut George some slack over the misunderstanding over the money George took back with him to Kentucky.
1. Mitigating circumstances: George was desperate, or else he would not have crossed the Atlantic at the time of year. (January -- in a wooden boat? At best this would have been a cold and uncomfortable trip. IMO, anybody making that trip at that time of year was risking his life.)
2. I read (and darnit -- can't remember where!) that the Keats brothers held their money in common as a family unit. George may well have felt his needs at that time were the greater and more urgent.
3. While John was probably feeling ill during George's visit, he seems not to have voiced any concern to George over his health. He probably had a good idea about what was wrong (Hadn't he seen all stages of consumption up close and in person countless times?) but he had not yet suffered that hemorrhage that confirmed his worst fears. If George *had noticed* that John was not feeling well (He did note that John was a "changed man."), he may have, in his typically optimistic way, attributed this to one of John's moods or to his merely having a stubborn cold, or something. Sometimes people only see what they want to see.
4. John seems not to have mentioned anything about Fanny & his hopes to marry to George.
No, as John said, George ought not to have taken the money with him, but I believe George was ignorant of John's actual circumstances. He may have seen John's arrangement in living quarters as proof that John was doing OK.
One thing that has persistently puzzled me: I do not think he visited Fanny Keats while he was in London. The poor girl was practically a prisoner. George got on better with R. Abbey than either of the other Keats brothers. Why wouldn't he have asked Abbey for a loan? Why wouldn't he have visited his little sister? What was going on there? (Am I missing something?) | <urn:uuid:568cf2ad-3648-441b-86c7-64e680d62770> | 2013-05-21T10:34:59Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The process of passing a family business onto the second generation is so difficult that not even a third of them survive. Beyond that, roughly half make it to a third generation. In a normal day in the U.S., 40 percent of businesses are confronted with a change of owners. Those who have founded the companies are struggling to find remedies, but there aren't many options.
Here are a few possible remedies to this problem:
The most common causes for failure of the transition of the small business are as follows:
The main reason for closure is not having a strategy. If planned properly, the business has no reason to worry.
The process of passing a family business onto the second generation is so difficult that not even a third of them survive...
The family must do the following to attempt to have a worthwhile transition:
These are the four key points to a successful business transfer. They basically guarantee a transition for years to come within your family when implemented correctly.
The purpose of the family strategy is to keep a well-functioning business. The policies for the role of the family in relation to the company are set in this strategy. There may be policies for entering and exiting the workforce of the business. It should incorporate the basic guidelines as well as a mission statement that explains what is important to the family. The strategy needs to take into consideration who in the family would like to have significant roles in the business and who would like less responsibility.
A strategy focused on the business permits each new member of the family to establish their own future for the company. To make sure that everyone has the same idea as to where the business is headed, there is a need to formulate goals. The strategy should concentrate on the future of the company at a particular date.
The purpose of the succession plan is to aid those who founded or are in control of the company through the transition. It should explain the details of how to know when the next generation is ready to take over and the process for that transition.
The plan for the estate is vital for the company and family. In the end, without a strategy, there will be higher estate taxes than needed, which in turns gives less to the successors. This plan should be in accordance with the succession plan to ensure the transition of the business is done in the most tax effective way.
The family must do the following to attempt to have a worthwhile transition...
First, think about why you want to start your own business and make a list. The thrill of being self-employed, the need for independence both financially and professionally, and the desire to use the most of your intelligence and talents are a few of the most frequent motivations.
You also need to make sure you have the desire to put in the time to make a successful business. To decide what type of business fits you the best, you should think about what you find enjoyment in doing and what talents you have. Ask others for their thoughts, and see if any of your everyday activities can be made profitable.
At this point, you will need to investigate what will be the exact niche for your company. Determine what it is you want to put on the market, what the competition is like, and how to get ahead of the competition. The most important consideration is the demand for your product or service.
First, think about why you want to start your own business and make a list...
A business strategy, when applied to your company, should include an introduction, details about marketing, financial management, operations of the company, and a closing statement.
This segment of the business strategy should contain information about the company and its objectives. Detail the experience within your company and the structure of management and legal status. State what your business has to get ahead of the competition.
This is where you should state the products or services being offered and their demand in the market. It should also detail the market and its particular location and size.
You should outline the source and amount of the initial equity capital. You also should create a monthly operating budget for the beginning years, as well as expected return on investment (or ROI) and monthly cash flow for these years. After that, present the balance sheets and income statements for the first 2 years and state the break-even point. Discuss your own balance sheet and ways of compensation. Explain who will be in charge of accounting affairs and how they will be maintained. Lastly, think through the possible problems that may arise and develop solutions.
This is where the explanation of the management of the daily activities will be. It should include insurance coverage, lease or rent agreements and the processes related to the staff and employment. It should also detail what is necessary to produce the products/services and the processes of production and delivery.
You should restate the company's objectives and purposes and explain the dedication you have to make your company succeed. Be sure to include the methods you plan to use to reach your objectives.
A business strategy, when applied to your company, should include an introduction, details about marketing, financial management, operations of the company, and a closing statement...
You have to base your decision to start your own business on something other than the desire to be your own boss, such as: knowing beforehand what it is going to take, a thorough evaluation of your personality, and willingness to go the extra mile.
You must be able to make plans and continually make the necessary changes and developments as you go. You will want to set up an environment that is devoted to the professional aspects of your life and even consider a separate office within your home.
You have to base your decision to start your own business on something other than the desire to be your own boss, such as...
A home based business is affected by many of the same laws that apply to normal companies. You need to speak with a lawyer and the state department of labor to learn which of these laws and regulations will come into play. You will need to know your city's zoning regulations as well as knowing which products may not be produced from home.
Explosives, fireworks, toys, drugs, sanitary or medical products, and poisons are normally outlawed for production based at home. Other states will not allow the production of drink, food or clothing from home.
You may be required to obtain a business bank account, a separate business telephone, a work certificate or license from the state, and a sales tax number for registration and accounting standards.
If you have employees, you will be held responsible for social security taxes and withholding their income as well as observing the employee health and safety laws and minimum wage.
A home based business is affected by many of the same laws that apply to normal companies...
One of the main reasons small businesses collapse is they have a poor cash flow stragegy. The most common reason for this is that many small business owners do not have a grasp on basic accounting principles. You should learn the basics to maximize your cash flow.
You can either keep cash on hand or in a business bank account in order to take care of the expenses. This will be enough to allow the company to pay bills, to supply investment capital and to have sufficient funds in case of emergencies.
An operating cycle begins with the buying of inventory, and ends with receiving the payment for the inventory. It keeps track of the transition of assets to cash. Normally, you purchase an excess of inventory so as not to exhaust your stock as soon as sales are made. Accounts receivable and cash sales will make up your sales. The normal payment date for accounts receivable is 30 days from the purchase date, which is applicable to both your inventory and products sold. Cash and accounts payable are lessened with an inventory payment is made. The collection of receivables will raise your cash. At this point, the operating cycle and the cash has made a full circle and will start again.
An analysis of the cash flow will demonstrate if the everyday operations produce sufficient cash to reach the obligation and the relation between large expenditures to pay for obligations and large inflows of cash from sales. With this information, it will be apparent if the inflows and outflows of your business have a positive cash flow or a net loss. Over time, important changes will be seen.
A projection of the monthly cash flow will uncover and eliminate any deficiencies or surpluses in the cash flow and show the relations between previous projections and actual figures. A business financial strategy should be changed to allow for more cash when cash deficiencies are discovered. If a surplus of cash is found, it may be due to excessive borrowing or money that should be invested. The purpose is to construct a strategy to allow a well-balanced cash flow.
One of the main reasons small businesses collapse is they have a poor cash flow strategy...
There are several options for increasing cash reserves:
There are several options for increasing cash reserves...
It is important to have sufficient cash on hand to pay for expenses and emergencies. Cash beyond this should be put in a manageable, low-risk, interest bearing account, like a savings account, Treasury bill or short-term certificate of deposit.
It is important to have sufficient cash on hand to pay for expenses and emergencies...
It is necessary to hire an attorney for some disputes that require a lot of time. Having an attorney makes you more prepared, but you may also hire one for a significant business transaction. If there is a problem where the court is concerned, it is advisable to hire an attorney.
The following should be considered when determining if an attorney is necessary:
Certain disputes can be solved without needing an attorney. For example, a living will can be prepared by a non-legal organization such as the American Association of Retired Persons. There are several organizations that can aid in the process of obtaining a living will form from the state along with information for filling it out.
It is necessary to hire an attorney for some disputes that require a lot of time...
The use of letters and negotiation solves many disputes without the need of an attorney. Arbitration or mediation may also be used. There are legal self-help manuals and conferences that can aid in resolving disputes.
Idea: Instead of hiring an attorney to fully represent you, only use them for paper review or advice.
Negotiation without a lawyer: This can resolve many small disputes. Many books cover the process of negotiation.
Idea: Make sure to learn about the legal issues that could be brought up before the negotiation by speaking with a legal hot line or consulting resource.
Mediation or arbitration: You can find dispute resolution centers in almost every state. The areas that they commonly focus on are complaints from consumers, rental property disputes, and arguments between neighbors or members of a family.
Mediation consists of a third party who helps the two parties talk about the problems and hopefully reach an agreement. Arbitration is a more formal process where a third party reaches a conclusion after hearing both sides.
These are the low cost options in comparison to going to court or hiring a lawyer for representation.
Small claims court: Each state defines the limits for the amount of damages, which can be filed in small claims court. These are less formal and require less paperwork than normal courts. You must be prepared to function as your own lawyer in small claims court, which involves compiling evidence, investigating the law and making your story known in court.
The use of letters and negotiation solves many disputes without the need of an attorney...
Speak with friends, relatives, clergymen, social workers or your doctor for their opinions. You can also use the referral lists that are compiled by the Bar Association.
Pay close attention to the specialty area in the Bar Association lists, as many attorneys work in different areas. A lawyer that is a part of one of the organizations may have just what you are looking for.
More sources are the Who's Who in America Law and the Martindale Hubbell Law Directory. Make use of referral services for particular groups (for example, people with disabilities, elders or victims of domestic violence).
If using the referral service, ask for details on how the lawyers were selected. Many referral services use lawyers who are members of a certain organization.
The court and your bank can be great referral sources as well as the yellow pages. After the list is compiled, spend time with each of them and slowly eliminate attorneys.
Speak with friends, relatives, clergymen, social workers or your doctor for their opinions...
Before beginning a consultation, the following questions should be asked:
Make sure to consult with at least two of the attorneys from your list. There is no need to be embarrassed about choosing the best attorney or changing appointments with an attorney after all investigation is complete.
It is now time to interview the possible attorneys. Make sure to have a brief summary of the case at hand as well as general questions to ask the attorney. There are two objectives for meeting with the attorney: 1) to see if the attorney has the talent needed to represent you, and 2) to see if you are comfortable with attorney and the fee agreement.
Before beginning a consultation, the following questions should be asked...
The basic rate for legal services depends on location. Based on your knowledge of the fees, a "fair" fee should be selected. Here are a few factors that play a role in the decision:
The following are basic fee agreements in use by attorneys:
Flat fee: There is a specific total that will be charged for work on your case.
Hourly rate: A rate will be charged for each hour or part of the hour that the attorney works on your case. For example, if the attorney's fee is $50 per hour and puts in five hours of work, then the cost will be $250. Some rates may vary depending on whether they are hours spent in court or doing investigation and preparation.
Contingency fee: The final amount owed is based on the amount awarded in the case. In this scenery, if you lose the case, the lawyer does not receive anything besides expenses. This is normally one-third of the total.
The basic rate for legal services depends on location...
Bear in mind that attorney fees are usually negotiable even though you will not be asked to bargain over the fees. The following are a few tips to make sure you save the most money possible:
Bear in mind that attorney fees are usually negotiable even though you will not be asked to bargain over the fees...
The employer must pay for certain legal benefits and insurance coverage such as Social Security, unemployment insurance and worker's compensation. The money for the Social Security program comes from payments made by employers, employees and self-employed persons to an insurance fund that will provide income after retirement. At the age of 65, full retirements benefits usually become available. There are other aspects of Social Security that deal with survivor, dependent, and disability benefits, Medicaid, Supplemental Security Income and Medicare.
Benefits for unemployment insurance are to be paid under the laws of individual states from the Federal-State Unemployment Compensation Program. Contributions to the program include payments made by the employer, based on the total payroll. The purpose of worker's compensation is to provide benefits to workers who are disabled due to an illness or injury while at work. The coverage and benefits vary by state. In the majority of states, private insurance or employer self-insurance will provide the coverage necessary. Short-term disability benefits are governed by the state also.
Health insurance, disability insurance, life insurance, a retirement plan, flexible compensation, and leave are often included in a comprehensive benefit plan. An employer may choose to offer such benefits as bonuses, reimbursement of employee educational expenses, service awards, and perquisites appropriate to employee responsibility.
You need to determine what you are willing to pay for this coverage before implementing a benefit plan. It might be a good idea to consult employees as to what benefits they are seeking. For example, is a retirement plan more important than a medical plan? Another decision is whether you will protect your employees from current economic hardships or in the future. The last step is deciding who will manage the plan, you or an insurance broker.
The employer must pay for certain legal benefits and insurance coverage such as...
There are two options: a fee-for-service plan, or a pre-paid plan (commonly referred to as a Health Maintenance Organization, or HMO).
An indemnity plan or insurance permits each employee to decide their own doctor. The employee will pay for the medical care and then file a claim with the insurance company for reimbursement. There are deductibles and coinsurance as well. Deductibles vary from $100 to $1000 a year.
With coinsurance, a percentage of the medical expenses are paid by the employee and the remaining are covered by the plan. 20 percent is the normal coinsurance amount to be paid by the employee - the remaining 80 percent is paid by the plan.
There are three common indemnity plans that give health care to groups of employees: 1) a basic health insurance plan that will cover hospitalization and surgery as well as physician's care in the hospital; 2) an insurance plan that will supplement the basic plan by reimbursing the charges not paid by that plan; and 3) a comprehensive plan that (with one common deductible and coinsurance features) will cover both hospital and medical care.
There are two options: a fee-for-service plan, or a pre-paid plan...
A network of doctors and/or hospitals that has contracts with a particular health insurer or employer that will give health care to employees at lower than the market rate. This offers a broad range of health care providers.
PPOs can be more expensive than HMOs due to the broader range of providers. There are no obligations to use the PPO providers, but there are strong financial incentives. PPOs often have less comprehensive benefits when compared to HMOs. The PPO providers normally receive payment from the insurers directly.
A network of doctors and/or hospitals that has contracts with a particular health insurer or...
Health care that is provided through a network of hospitals and doctors is a health maintenance organization (HMO). The benefits usually include preventative care, such as physical examinations, weight control and stop-smoking programs, baby care and immunizations. The most common characteristic of HMOs is that the primary care provider is limited to only one doctor within a network, although there is usually a variety to choose from.
Outside of the network of hospitals and doctors of the HMO, there is no coverage. Due to the limited choices, the costs are lower. The payment for the HMO premiums are fixed and per employee. A small co-pay is due for the medical services, and no reimbursement is necessary.
Health care that is provided through a network of hostpitals and...
If an employee cannot work due to illness or accident, the disability plan gives him/her income replacement. These defer from worker's compensation as they pay benefits for non-work related illness and injury, and can be either short-term or long-term.
Short-term disability (STD) is used if the employee is unable to perform the normal duties of his/her occupation. The benefits are typically paid for a maximum of 26 weeks and begin on either the first or the eighth day of disability. The benefit level is dependent upon the employee's salary and will range from 60 to 80 percent.
Long-term disability (LTD) commences after the conclusion of the short-term benefits. LTD benefits then continue for the entire length of the disability or until the date of normal retirement. This is also a percentage of the employee's salary, typically between 60 and 80 percent. Social Security disability normally offsets these benefits - if an employee qualifies for the Social Security disability benefits, they will be subtracted from what the employer has paid.
If an employee cannot work due to illness or accident, the disability plan gives him/her income replacement...
The beneficiaries of an employee may collect death benefits from life insurance if the employee dies during their working years. The two main kind of life insurance are:
The most popular plan has group term life insurance, protection provided by one-year, renewable, with no cash surrender value or paid-up insurance benefits.
The beneficiaries of an employee may collect death benefits from life insurance if...
Self-insurance means the business will pre-determine and pay a portion or all of the expenses of employees in ways similar to traditional health care providers. The funding comes from a trust or reserve account.
A portion of the cost may be paid through premiums, as is common in health care plans. A kind of coinsurance purchased by the company is called catastrophic coverage given through a "stop loss" policy. The company can manage this directly or it can be done through a contractor.
Self-insurance means the business will pre-determine and pay a portion or all of...
With a "cafeteria plan", money which would normally be used as taxable salary is used, normally tax-free, for services that are necessary like health or child care. This saves the employee income and Social Security taxes. In addition, the salary used in the cafeteria plan isn't subject to Social Security tax on the employer. The employee has the choice from several levels of supplemental coverage or different benefits packages. Each employee may select what he/she wants based on their own personal goals or to satisfy differing needs, such as health coverage, legal services (legal services amounts are taxable), retirement income (401(k) plans) or specialized services (dependent care, adoption assistance).
With a "cafeteria plan", money which would normally be used as taxable salary is used...
A crucial aspect of your business success depends on thorough and accurate financial record keeping. Accurate records help to provide information to operate efficiently as well as allow you to identify all your business assets, liabilities, income and expenses. This data will help you locate both strong and weak cycles of your business.
It is necessary to keep good records to prepare current financial statements like income statements and cash flow projections. They will also help you maintain a good relationship with your banker. The records will even ensure you don't overpay or underpay your taxes. During an Internal Revenue Service audit, it is crucial to have good records in order to properly answer the questions and satisfy the IRS.
Financial records should demonstrate how much income you are currently making as well as what you expect to generate in the future. They will indicate the number of accounts and their balances in accounts receivable. They will also inform you of what you owe in terms of utilities, rent, merchandise, and equipment, and even expenses such as advertising, payroll, payroll taxes, equipment and facilities maintenance, and benefit plans for yourself and employees. Good records will show how much cash is being used for inventory and how much is on hand. They should also indicate which of your products are making a profit as well as your gross and net profit.
This should include a basic journal to record transactions, payroll records, accounts payable records, accounts receivable records, inventory records and petty cash records.
With the help of an accountant, you can develop an entire system that fits your business needs. They can teach you how to update these records regularly. The records will become the base for your financial statements and tax returns.
A crucial aspect of your business success depends on thorough and accurate financial record keeping...
First, you need to have a clear understanding of your company's short and long-term goals. Consider the disadvantages and advantages to a computer, as well as what you want to achieve with a computer. Look at the best non-computerized system that you can develop in comparison to the computer system you are considering. It is possible to achieve your goals by improving your existing manual system. Just remember, no one can automate a business without first creating and optimizing the manual systems.
Maintaining transaction records and preparing statements and reports to keeping customer and lead lists, creating brochures, and paying your staff are a few of the capabilities that can be done by a computer. A thorough computer system can organize and store many similarly structured pieces of information, print information quickly and accurately, perform complicated mathematical computations quickly and accurately, facilitate communications among individuals, departments and branches, and connect the office to many sources of data available through larger networks. It can also restructure such manual business operations as payroll, accounts receivable, inventory, advertising, and planning. A computer can improve efficiency, decrease errors, and lower costs.
Computers also have the ability to do more complicated operations, such as spreadsheet and accounting programs that compile statistics, plot trends and markets and complete a market analysis, modeling, graphs and forms and financial modeling programs that organize and analyze financial statements. Several word processing programs produce typed documents and provide text-editing functions, while desktop publishing programs allow you to create good quality print materials on your computer. To divide large projects into smaller, more easily managed segments or steps you can use the critical path analysis programs.
First, you need to have a clear understanding of your company's short and long-term goals...
Selecting the right programs, choosing the right equipment and implementing the diverse applications are factors to consider when you computerize your business. There are three common types of software. Compilers and interpreters translate programs that are written in human-readable programming language to the computer language that the CPU understands. The operating system software controls the individual components of the computer. The computer generally comes with system software which must be loaded into memory before the application can start.
Software for specialized functions such as accounts receivable, payroll check writing, posting or inventory reporting are usually purchased separately from the computer hardware.
In order to determine your needs, make a list of all the functions of your company where speed and accuracy are important for mass amounts of data. These are referred to as applications.
Prepare a list of all the reports that you are currently producing for each of these applications. Make sure to include any preprinted forms such as vouchers, checks or billing statements. If these forms don't already exist, come up with a good idea of what you want. List the frequency with which each report is to be generated, who will make it and the number of copies necessary.
Prepare a hand-drawn version that also lists the circumstances in which you would like the data shown. Write a list of all the materials that are used as input into your manual system for each application. These may include, but are not limited to, work orders, receipts, time cards, etc. Detail who will create them, how they will get into the system and the time in which the items take to be created. For the appropriate time period, make a maximum and average expected number of these items produced.
Selecting the right programs, choosing the right equipment and implementing the diverse applications are factors to consider...
You will come across problems when implementing computer applications, but correct planning can make the process smoother. Sit down with each employee and explain how the computer will have an affect on his or her position. Set dates to have the main phases of the implementation complete as well as the last day for format changes. Find a location for your computer that meets the system's requirements for temperature, electrical power and humidity. Make a list of the priorities for the applications that will be converted from manual to computer systems and convert each one individually instead of in a group. Ensure that everyone using the system will be trained.
Each application that has been converted should be entered and run alongside the pre-existing manual system to ensure that the new system works.
If you plan on having confidential information in the system, you will need to set up the proper precautions to keep unauthorized users from modifying, stealing or destroying data. The options are locking the equipment or installing a user identification and password software program.
The most moderately priced and best insurance to prevent the loss of data is the back-up of information on a diskette on a regular basis. These copies should be put in a safe location away from the business site. It is also helpful to own and test a disaster recover plan and to identify all programs, documents and data necessary for essential tasks during disaster recovery.
Lastly, make sure that you have more than a single person capable of operating the system and be sure that someone monitors all systems continuously.
You will come across problems when implementing computer applications, but correct planning can make the process smoother...
That is not common. Normally, you can only deduct the cost of a meal when away on a business-related trip or gone overnight.
Only 50% of the cost of the meal including the tip is allowed in the deduction.
That is not common. Normally, you can only deduct the cost of a meal when...
If you give back any excess reimbursement, provide your employer with a detailed expense report and meet other requirements. There is no need to report the reimbursement or to deduct the expenses.
Deduction limits are obligatory for your boss, not you, and the limit of 2% on miscellaneous item deductions will not have an affect on your entertainment, travel and meal costs.
If you give back any excess reimbursement, provide your employer with a detailed expense report and...
Although there is no specific dollar limit, expenses should be ordinary and necessary and not over-generous.
The deduction cannot exceed 50% of the cost of business entertainment and meals.
For skyboxes and luxury water travel, there are other specific limitations.
Although there is no specifc dollar limit, expenses should be ordinary and necessary...
Because temporary work site living expenses are separate from home travel expenses, they may be deducted.
An assignment that is not expected to last more than a year is considered temporary. If the assignment is for more than one year than the new area becomes your tax home and you can't deduct expenses as away-from-home travel.
Because temporary work site living expenses are separate from home travel expenses...
There is a broad range of expenses that you can deduct while traveling. The most common are as follows:
There is a broad range of expenses that you can deduct while traveling...
The travel expenses below cannot be deducted:
The travel expenses below cannot be deducted...
The conditions and limitations for business and entertainment deductions are the following:
The conditions and limitations for business and entertainment deductions are the following...
If your employer is reimbursing you for your expenses, you only need to prove them to him/her. To do this, submit a written accounting to the employer and return any excess amounts.
"Accountable plans" or per diem arrangements and mileage allowances are used instead of detailed accounting for the employer, if place, time, and business purpose are verified.
Detailed documentation is required by the IRS when expenses aren't fully reimbursed by the employer or you fail to return excess reimbursements. If you are the employee, a 2% floor on miscellaneous item deductions is applied to your deductions.
You should record the expenses as close to the time of expenditure as possible.
If your employer is reimbursing you for your expenses, you only need to prove them to...
To determine where and how you can successfully sell your product or service (and at what price), you will need to use one of the most critical elements of business planning - market research. This includes interviewing potential suppliers and investigating your competition and consumer base.
Market research has many different benefits. It can help you categorize marketing activities, generate primary and alternative sales approaches to a given market, make profit projections from a more precise base, establish the market's profit boundaries, and develop critical short/mid-term sales goals. You will need to identify your objectives and organize the collection/analysis process first.
To determine where and how you can successfully sell your product or service (and at what price)...
You will want to learn about the consumers' location, needs and resources, and what they can afford. Significant questions (can you compete effectively in price, delivery and quality? Where can the demand be created?) should be addressed.
Can the product or service be priced to guarantee a profit? Also, discover how many competitors provide the identical product or service. You will want to have a basic understanding of the economy of the area in which you will sell your product or service and the areas where that market is growing or lessening.
You will want to learn about the consumers' location, needs and resources, and what they can afford...
There are different individual costs for each component of your service or product. Be sure to analyze every component of the product or service's total cost. Upon completion of the analysis, prices can be established to maximize profits and eliminate deficit services. Material, labor and overhead costs are included in the cost components.
Material costs are the total of the costs of all materials of the finished product.
Labor costs are calculated based on the total work put into preparing the product. To determine the direct labor costs, you multiply the cost of labor per hour by the number of personnel hours necessary to finish the job. Be sure to include the dollar value of fringe benefits as well as the hourly wage, which include workers' compensation, retirement benefits, social security, insurance, unemployment compensation, etc.
Overhead costs cannot be easily identified with a product. They consist of indirect materials, such as depreciation, supplies, advertising, heat and light, taxes, rent, insurance, and transportation. Indirect labor costs, such as legal, clerical, and janitorial services are also included in overhead costs. Don't forget to include shipping, handling and/or storage and any other cost components.
There are different individual costs for each component of your service or product...
Yes. Limited liability companies (LLCs), limited partnerships, limited liability partnerships (LLPs) and corporations are the most common forms. General partnerships and sole proprietorships don't restrict owners' liability, whereas limited partnerships limit liability of some partners (such as limited partners) and not others (like general partners).
Yes. Limited liability companies (LLCs), limited partnerships, limited liability partnerships (LLPs) and corporations are the most common forms...
A "corporate double tax" happens when a business corporation (or an entity that is treated as a business corporation for tax purposes) pays a federal tax on its income, and then its owners pay another tax as they collect corporate profits. The "entity level tax" is the tax on the corporation and so an entity taxed in this way is called a "C corporation" or C corp.
Here are ways to avoid the double tax:
A "corporate double tax" happens when a business corporation (or an entity that is treated as a business corporation for tax purposes) pays a federal tax on its income, and then its owners pay another tax as they collect corporate profits...
Each business is different, although to save on overall taxes a "passthrough" entity is generally best, as it eliminates tax at the entity level. Owners of passthrough entities are taxed on the profits of the entity that they own. Owners are able to make tax deductions for startup and operating losses, against the income from other businesses or investments.
Each business is different, although to save on overall taxes a "passthrough" entity is generally best...
The leading "passthrough" forms are limited partnerships, LLCs, LLPs, S corps, sole proprietorships and general partnerships. You have a lot of power over whether or not your entity is treated as a passthrough for federal tax purposes.
If you have a partnership of any type or a limited liability company, it is possible to choose if your business functions as a corporation or partnership for tax purposes. This is called the "check-the-box" system by tax and business advisors. You can qualify to have it treated as a passthrough by choosing S corp. status if your entity is incorporated or if you elect to be treated as a corporation.
This decision is binding. This means if you select one entity one year and a different one the next, you will have to pay the taxes as though last year's entity was sold and use those profits towards this year.
The leading "passthrough" forms are limited partnerships, LLCs, LLPs, S corps, sole proprietorships and general partnerships...
Assuming you don't select to have them function as corporations, the following types will avoid double tax and limit liability: LLPs, LLCs, and limited partnerships (only for the limited partners). An S Corporation is usually another option. If you are a sole owner, the only option is an S Corp (or in certain states, LLCs).
Assuming you don't select to have them function as corporations, the following types will avoid double tax and limit liability...
Limited liability and passthrough tax treatment are both combined in LLCs. This provides benefits that are unavailable from S Corps. The main benefits are:
LLCs are sometimes permitted to have a single owner - laws vary by state. If permitted, the owner has the opportunity to elect to be under the check-the-box rules.
A good alternative where sole ownership LLCs aren't permitted is an S Corp. This structure will also defer tax, in comparison to LLCs, when a corporate giant is buying out the business.
Limited liability and passthrough tax treatment are both combined in LLCs...
A major concern is the limitation of liability, especially malpractice liability. Against the liability of your own malpractice, there is no entity that will protect you. For protection against liability for malpractice of co-owner professionals in the firm and possibly for other debts, Professional Limited Liability Companies (PLLCs), LLCs, and LLPs, when accessible for professional practices, should be used. Depending on the state law, Professionals Corporations (PCs) might not offer protection from liability for a co-owner's malpractice.
LLPs, PLLCs, and LLCs all have about the same tax rules that govern them while those for PCs are a little more liberal.
A major concern is the limitation of liability, especially malpractice liability...
A change of entity is an event that may need to be carefully planned and implemented to avoid a taxable event. It also may have significant future tax implications. You should consult with a professional before making any changes or decisions to your business organization.
A change of entity is an event that may need to be carefully planned and implemented to avoid a taxable event...
Bear in mind the differences between state tax law and state business law. Whatever tax status you select for your entity beneath the federal check-the-box system, keep in mind that you may be considered a different type of entity for state business law purposes. This means that if you choose corporate tax treatment for a partnership, it will not necessarily bring corporate limited liability.
A state normally treats the entity selected under federal check-the-box as the entity acknowledged for state tax purposes, but this is not always the case.
The law of a state may agree to passthrough status for an entity like an S Corp or an LLC, but still enforce some sort of tax on the entity.
Bear in mind the differences between state tax law and state business law...
A legal entity that exists independently of its owners is a corporation. When correctly filled out articles of incorporation are filed with the proper state authority and all fees are paid, a corporation is created.
A legal entity that exists independently of its owners is a corporation...
Every corporation begins as a "C" corporation and must pay income tax on the taxable income made by the corporation. After filing federal form 2553 with the IRS, a "C" corporation becomes an S corporation. The net income or loss of an "S" corporation is included in their personal tax returns and are "passed-through" to the shareholders. There is no double taxation as with "C" corporations because income tax is not taxed at the corporate level. Also known as Subchapter "S" corporations, they are limited to 100 shareholders.
Every corporation begins as a "C" corporation and must pay income tax on the taxable income made by the corporation...
Obtaining a lawyer is not a necessity to incorporate (except in South Carolina, where an attorney's signature is required). You can fill out and file the articles of incorporation by yourself in every other state. However, you should be completely briefed on all aspects of the law beforehand.
A good corporate attorney can be an irreplaceable resource to a small business despite the expensive hourly rates. A one-hour consultation can be very beneficial if you are unsure of the processe, or if there isn't time for research. Prepare a list of questions before the consultation.
Obtaining a lawyer is not a necessity to incorporate (except in South Carolina, where an attorney's signature is required)...
Take time to think about a name for your corporation. The most common rule for naming your corporation is that it cannot be misleadingly similar to a company that is already formed, but each state has their own rules. A suffix must be included in the corporation name such as "Incorporated", "Inc.", "Company", and "Corp." Each state has suffix standards of their own.
Take time to think about a name for your corporation...
Limiting your liability to the assets of the corporation is the primary advantage of incorporating. It is common that shareholders are not responsible for the debts or obligations of the corporation. Unless you didn't personally sign for the loan and your corporation defaults on it, your personal assets are safe. With a sole proprietorship or partnership, this is not the case. There are many tax advantages that are available to corporations and not sole proprietors.
A few of the advantages are:
Limiting your liability to the assets of the corporation is the primary advantage of incorporating...
In the majority of states, a corporation is required to name a "registered agent." The agent must be located in the formation state. The registered agent must be accessible during regular business hours to receive official state documents or service of process.
In the majority of states, a corporation is required to name a "registered agent"...
Most states permit one person to function as director, shareholder, and all officer roles.
Most states permit one person to function as director, shareholder, and all officer roles...
You may select any quantity that you wish. The par value is either "No Par Value" or any dollar amount per share as you choose. In some states you must issue the stock for no less than the par value. Some states establish their fees from the amount of shares approved, multiplied by the par value.
You may select any quantity that you wish...
A Federal Tax Identification Number, which is also known as a Employer Identification Number (EIN) is required for each corporation so the IRS may track payroll and income taxes paid by the corporation. Just as a Social Security number, an EIN is used for almost every function of the business.
A Federal Tax Identification Number, which is also known as a Employer Identification Number (EIN) is required...
If your director(s) have yet to be designated in the articles, you will need to hold your first shareholder meeting to select your director(s). After that, you will need to hold the first organizational meeting of directors. During this meeting, you will hold elections for officers, approve the company's bylaws and issue your stock, as well as other actions.
If your director(s) have yet to be designated in the articles, you will need to hold your first shareholder meeting to select your director(s)...
If you are worried about personal exposure to lawsuits that arise from your company, you should think about forming an LLC (Limited Liability Company). For instance, you might be concerned that your commercial liability insurance will not completely protect your personal assets from possible slip-and-fall lawsuits or claims by your suppliers for unpaid invoices if you open a storefront business that works directly with the public. An LLC gives you personal protection from these and other possible claims again your business.
However, not every business can function as an LLC. Businesses typically prohibited from establishing LLCs are those in the banking, trust and insurance industries.
If you are worried about personal exposure to lawsuits that arise from your company, you should think about forming an LLC (Limited Liability Company)...
Even though the special tax status of the S corporation does away with double taxation, it doesn't have the elasticity of an LLC in distributing income to the owners.
Various classes of membership interests are offered with an LLC, whereas you can only have one type of stock with an S corporation.
In an LLC, a variety of individuals or entities may have interests, although the number of shareholders who can have ownership interest is restricted to no more than 100. C corporations, many trusts, LLCs, nonresident aliens, partnerships, or other S corporations may not have ownership of S corporations. It is also important to note that LLCs are permitted to have subsidiaries without limitations.
Even though the special tax status of the S corporation does away with double taxation, it doesn't have the elasticity of an LLC in distributing income to the owners...
It allows you to structure your financial and working relations with your co-owners in a way that best fits your company. Your co-owners and you determine each owner's percentage of ownership in the LLC, his/her rights and responsibilities, his/her share of gains or losses, and what will become of the business in case one owner leaves.
It allows you to structure your financial and working relations with your co-owners in a way that best fits your company...
It is possible to have a written operating agreement in most states, but you are not advised to begin a business without one. The following are a few reasons why an operating agreement is necessary:
It is possible to have a written operating agreement in most states, but you are not advised to begin a business without one...
Failure to have shareholder or director meetings can cause the corporation to be subject to alter ego liability, although this is not typical of LLCs in most states. For example, in California the failure of an LLC to have meetings with members or managers is normally not regarded as grounds for enforcing the alter ego doctrine if the LLCs Articles of Organization or Operating Agreement do not state the requirement of said meetings.
Failure to have shareholder or director meetings can cause the corporation to be subject to alter ego liability...
Even though LLC owners enjoy the benefits of limited personal liability for many transactions of their business, it is important to note that this protection is not absolute. The owner of the LLC may be held personally responsible if he/she:
The most important is the final exception. There are times when a court may declare that an LLC isn't real and find that its owners are actually conducting business as individuals who are in fact responsible for their actions. To prevent this, be sure that your co-owners and you:
When your limited liability protection doesn't shield your personal assets, a good liability insurance policy will help. For example, if you are a massage therapist and you hurt a customer's back by accident, you will be covered by your liability insurance policy. This insurance also comes into play to protect your personal assets in the event that the court ignores your limited liability status.
This insurance can also protect your corporate assets from claims and lawsuits, as well as protect your personal assets in certain situations. However, it is important to realize that commercial insurance typically doesn't protect corporate or personal assets from unpaid debts of the business, whether they're personally insured or not.
Even though LLC owners enjoy the benefits of limited personal liability for many transactions of their business... | <urn:uuid:98e13728-660c-4b84-a942-668c4e2e3b73> | 2013-05-21T10:27:14Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Library of Congress has recently digitalized a collection of over 10,000 photographs, taken by the "American Colony" in Jerusalem, a group of Christian utopians who lived in Jerusalem between 1881 and the 1940s. The photographers returned to the US, and bequeathed their massive collection to the Library of Congress in 1978. The collection includes Winston Churchill's visit to Jerusalem, Jewish expulsions from the Old City during riots, and the
building of Tel Aviv.
By some accounts, the Valero family arrived in Jerusalem in the 18th or 19th centuries from Turkey. Researchers have even suggested that the family were once Conversos - secret Jews who were forced to convert to Christianity in Spain. They later traveled to Turkey and returned to their Jewish faith.
In Jerusalem, the family took up residence in the Old City of Jerusalem. According to a monograph by Hebrew University's Prof. Ruth Kark and Joseph Glass, Ya'akov Valero arrived in Jerusalem in 1835 from Istanbul. Originally a ritual slaughterer, Valero opened a private bank - the first in Palestine - in 1848, located inside Jaffa Gate in the Old City. When Ya'akov died in 1874, the banking and real estate enterprise was eventually taken over by his son Chaim Aharon.
Among the Valeros' land holdings were tracts outside of the Old City on Jaffa Road, the area that eventually became the Mahane Yehuda market, the grounds of the Bikur Holim hospital, and several acres around Damascus Gate, a hub of commerce in the 18th and early 19th centuries.
Prior to World War I Chaim Aharon built and leased stores at the entrance of Damascus Gate, seen in the pictures above.
In the 1930s, the British authorities ruled that the area should be zoned for use as "open spaces" and they demolished the shops in 1937. The Valeros were not compensated.
More photos can be viewed at http://www.israeldailypicture.com | <urn:uuid:38bbdf59-c1e9-45e1-9c0e-d5393a4246c8> | 2013-05-21T10:17:09Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Dragonfly@JUMPERZ.NET is a reverse proxy server that acts as "SSL to TCP".
Dragonfly@JUMPERZ.NET receives encrypted data from SSL client and send the decrypted data to a TCP server ( like HTTP, POP3, SMTP ). It can allow you to secure non-SSL aware servers.
For example, Dragonfly@JUMPERZ.NET enabled you to operate a secure web site (HTTPS) with a normal configured web server.
- Published as open source code
- Witten in pure Java for cross-platform portability and buffer overflow free
- Other SSL library ( like OpenSSL ) is not needed.
Download those two files.
( Java class files and source codes )
( Configuration file example )
Dragonfly@JUMPERZ.NET depends on Sun's JRE v1.4. The runtime environment must be installed. JRE is available at http://java.sun.com/.
After JRE has been installed, set CLASSPATH to the jumperz_net JAR file( jumperz_net*.jar ). If there is a previous version of jumperz_net JAR file, remove that.
Before running Dragonfly@JUMPERZ.NET, you should modify a configuration file with your text editor.
Configuration file 'dragonfly.conf' looks like this:
'host' is the hostname or IP address of the socket that listens for SSL connection.
'port' is the port of the listening socket.
'targetHost' is the hostname or IP address of the target server that listens for a decrypted connection.
'targetPort' is the port of the target server.
'privateKeyFileName' is the name of a (RSA|DSA) private key file which is needed for SSL. This key must be encoded with PKCS#8 format and the file must be in DER format.
'certificateFileName' is the name of a certificate ( or a certificate chain ) file. This certificate must be in PEM format.
'algorithm' is the algorithm of the private key. Only RSA and DSA are supported.
'logFileName' is the name of the access log file.
'threadCount' is the count of working threads. This value should be more than or equal to 20.
To run Dragonfly@JUMPERZ.NET, type:
>java net.jumperz.app.MDragonfly.MDragonfly CONFIGURE_FILE_NAME
Dragonfly@JUMPERZ.NET consumes large amount of memory. So it is recommended that you run java with '-Xmx' option like this:
>java -Xmx10M net.jumperz.app.MDragonfly.MDragonfly CONFIGURE_FILE_NAME
Supported cipher suites
Dragonfly@JUMPERZ.NET does not support any IP based authentication. You should use firewall software like ipchains, iptables, Zone Alarm, etc, in order to prevent being connected by a malicious person. | <urn:uuid:b37b6a56-533a-4efe-90b0-b5456f895659> | 2013-05-21T10:14:09Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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In a country called Mahosu there is a festival to worship the God of the Sea. Citizens of Mahosu believe a sea monster is a god that can transform humans into scaly monsters. In order to save themselves from being turned into marine creatures they must sacrifice a young girl at the annual festival. Princess Kaya has been chosen for the yearly offering. Sarai to the rescue! | <urn:uuid:d098c18a-c4b6-4199-b67e-b1ba0a4e6e8d> | 2013-05-21T10:34:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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When you are injected with the flu vaccine, your body reacts as if it has been infected with the actual living virus and makes antibodies that provide immunity against the real virus. These antibodies remain at high levels for only six to nine months. These waning antibody levels are one reason why you need to be revaccinated each year.
The main reason you should be revaccinated yearly is the flu virus is constantly changing and evolving into new strains. Each year the CDC attempts to predict which flu strain will be predominant. The CDC works with vaccine manufacturers to produce the specific vaccine that will combat the predicted strain.
If you are concerned about the cost of a flu immunization, check with your local health department for locations in your area where free flu shots are given.
Treating yourself at home
When you are exposed to the flu, the virus incubates for three to five days before symptoms begin. You probably have the flu if you come down with a high fever, sore throat, muscle aches, a runny or stuffy nose, and a cough (usually dry). The symptoms in children may also include vomiting, diarrhea and ear infections. Flu is usually self-treatable but has to run its course. You can treat symptoms by getting bed rest, drinking plenty of fluids, taking acetaminophen for aches and pains, and using a humidifier to keep nasal passages moist.
Expect the flu to last about five days, which is the time it takes your body to produce the antibodies that finally beat the infection. You will be protected from that strain of influenza for the rest of the season. Some people continue to feel ill and cough for more than two weeks. In some cases, the flu can make health conditions such as asthma or diabetes worse or lead to complications such as bacterial pneumonia. Adults older than 65 and people with chronic health conditions have the greatest risk for complications from the flu, the CDC says.
Antiviral medications are also recommended to treat the flu--amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir and oseltamivir--but must be taken within the first two days of illness to be effective, the CDC says. They can reduce the length of time flu symptoms are present. These medications usually are used in hospitals, nursing homes and other institutions where people are at high risk for complications of the flu. Some side effects may result from taking these medications, such as nervousness, lightheadedness, or nausea. Individuals with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are cautioned about using zanamivir. Talk to your health care provider if you think you should take one of these medications. These medications are not meant as a substitute for vaccination. | <urn:uuid:0dc5ab8e-e503-4e91-9dd3-8ac1550828bf> | 2013-05-21T10:33:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The campaign to rehabilitate Lance Armstrong's public image might include a return of sponsorship money paid by the United States Postal Service, according to a source familiar with the situation.
The cyclist, who has been stripped of his seven Tour de France titles, is in negotiations to return some portion of the agency's sponsorship money, the source said.
USPS was one of Armstrong's biggest financial supporters during the most successful period of his career, and millions of dollars were paid to finance the team's operations.
While total figures are not available, USPS paid more than $30 million to sponsor the cycling team between 2001 and 2004, according to documents reviewed by ESPN and the Wall Street Journal.
A representative from the USPS, which rarely comments on its relationship with Armstrong, declined on Monday to confirm the sponsorship totals.
The agency's sponsorship of the cycling team, even when Armstrong was regularly winning tour titles, was controversial. In 2003, the USPS Inspector General issued a report that was critical of the agency's practices, saying it was unable to verify the financial performance of sponsorships, and that the arrangements were "not effectively managed."
In October, Armstrong was stripped of his titles and banned from cycling after an exhaustive report from the United States Anti-Doping Agency put him at the center of a team-wide USPS doping conspiracy. Weeks later, Armstrong stepped down from the board of his foundation, Livestrong.
Media reports indicate that USPS support for Armstrong is also the subject of a whistleblower suit brought by Floyd Landis, Armstrong's former teammate who tested positive for performance-enhancing drugs after winning a Tour title of his own.
Landis had accused Armstrong of doping, likely a violation of the team's sponsorship agreement with USPS. Whistleblower suits are kept under seal, and the Department of Justice has not publicly addressed the matter.
The government could decide to join the suit, and the New York Times reported Monday that Armstrong is in discussions to testify in the case against the team's owners and other officials. | <urn:uuid:5191b1fa-0969-4469-b6fb-e9f1e8843357> | 2013-05-21T10:00:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Credit: Martha Cerna / KENS 5
Thousands lined the streets of downtown San Antonio for the annual Good Friday "Passion Drama." The re-enactment began in Milam Park where actors portraying Pontius Pilate and Herod decided Jesus' fate. Other elaborately dressed performers played the angry crowd and fierce soldiers who follow Jesus as he carries the cross from the park to San Fernando Cathedral where he is 'crucified' upon the cross. Archbishop Gustavo Garcia-Siller presided over the re-enactment, and pitched in to carry the cross along the route. | <urn:uuid:b6a1e2c9-5eea-451c-beeb-7b347be7a161> | 2013-05-21T10:28:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Finally, with a lot of delay, I've just released the first full public version of my nftables code (including userspace), which is intended to become a successor to iptables. Its written from scratch and there are numerous differences to iptables in both features and design, so I'll start with a brief overview. There are three main components: - the kernel implementation - libnl netlink communication - nftables userspace frontend The kernel provides a netlink configuration interface, as well as runtime ruleset evaluation using a small classification language interpreter. libnl contains the low-level functions for communicating with the kernel, the nftables frontend is what the user interacts with. Kernel ------ The first major difference is that there's no one-to-one relation of matches and targets available to the user and those implemented in the kernel anymore. The kernel provides some generic parameterizable operations, like loading data from a packet, comparing data with other data etc. Userspace combines the individual operations appropriately to get the desired semantic. Data is represented in a generic way inside the kernel and the operations are defined on the generic data representations, meaning its possible to use any matching feature (ranges, masks, set lookups etc.) with any kind of data. Semantic validation of the operation is performed in userspace, the kernel doesn't care as long as the operation doesn't potentially harm the kernel. The kernel doesn't have a distinction between matches and targets anymore, operations can be arbitrarily chained, fixing a common complaint that multiple rules are required to f.i. log and drop a packet. Terminal operations will stop evaluation of a rule, even if further operations are specified. Userspace warns about rules containing operations after unconditionally terminal operations. Some operations can be runtime-parameterized, f.i. the "meta" module, which can change meta-data like packet marks. This can ...
Hm, how does one do traditional logging to syslog? Some of us just do logging for debugging purposes and would not otherwise need the full-blown nf_log solution - let alone there be enough space on some constrained Does it use the old limit code (which has numerous accuracy problems The libnl repositories (both original and yours) is missing tags. (Cc'ing Thomas). The unannotated tags can be got from git://dev.medozas.de/libnl . This makes it easier to get version numbers instead of How about storing the actual text the user inputed in something like an -m comment, as an aid to the user for finding his rules again after they have been optimized internally? --
It doesn't use either, but it won't have the old accuracy problems either once Thats not really necessary so far, and I don't want to in any case. If someone really wants this (and I very much question the need), it can be done in userspace. --
The rule snippets under tests/ pretty much all use obsolete syntax, so I'm attaching a test script (which doesn't make much sense, just testing features) so people can get a feeling for the syntax.
Interesting, that looks very much like ferm's syntax: http://ferm.foo-projects.org/ http://ferm.foo-projects.org/download/examples/webserver.ferm http://ferm.foo-projects.org/download/examples/dsl_router.ferm (ferm is a popular frontend for iptables, developed in 2000 by Auke Kok; I took over maintainership a few years ago) Good to see this is finally adopted by core netfilter tools! Max --
Indeed, it looks pretty similar :) The function things is also something I wanted to add later on. Currently I'm looking for a nice syntax to declare, define and modify sets outside of rules. I'll have a look at your manual, maybe I can find something I like :) --
I've thought about a "skin" in userspace to parse the iptables syntax and convert it to the new syntax. But the kernel won't have a compatibility interface and I'm not sure yet whether userspace will also be able to output iptables syntax. ipchains etc. definitely not. --
So, in that case if you are not going to provide a "skin" and that iptables will be removed eventually. wouldnt it break applications using iptables? --
Something will have to be done for compatibility, the skin is probably the easiest way. Compatibility on the kernel side would get incredibly ugly, I prefer something in userspace with a longer transition period. But all of this is still quite some time away :) --
|Greg KH||Og dreams of kernels|
|Jens Axboe||[PATCH 31/33] Fusion: sg chaining support|
|Arnd Bergmann||Re: finding your own dead "CONFIG_" variables|
|Mark Brown||[PATCH 2/2] Subject: natsemi: Allow users to disable workaround for DspCfg reset|
|Tony Breeds||[LGUEST] Look in object dir for .config|
|Brian Downing||Re: Git in a Nutshell guide|
|John Benes||Re: master has some toys<| | <urn:uuid:0abdc105-8e72-47a1-b085-3c4ca813eab9> | 2013-05-21T10:13:20Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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NFL free agent Donte Stallworth was hospitalized Saturday with serious burns after the hot air balloon carrying him and two other people crashed into power lines, his agent said. The 10-year NFL veteran won't suffer any permanent damage from the accident in Homestead, said Drew Rosenhaus, Stallworth's agent. "He's going to be OK. He has some burns, but he's going to be fine," Rosenhaus said. "He will be able to continue his NFL career. The injuries are not to the extent they will jeopardize his career." Rosenhaus said one of the passengers was Stallworth's girlfriend, but he would not say whether she was hurt. A source close to Stallworth told ESPNBoston.com's Mike Reiss that Stallworth's girlfriend is in stable condition. The basket carrying three hot air balloon passengers crashed into the power lines while airborne, according to Miami-Dade Police spokesman Roy Rutland. | <urn:uuid:97533a2f-d91c-4bb3-a56d-81fd33323315> | 2013-05-21T10:34:05Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Luke was there when Kyle's arm was trapped in an industrial auger accident on January 9th near Fosston.
What happened to Kyle? And, how can WE all help out? There are a couple of benefit fundraisers set. Details on KFGO | <urn:uuid:96d1cbdb-56ee-479b-8af1-5bab5596b25b> | 2013-05-21T09:59:08Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Kidney Stones in Children
On this page:
- What is a kidney stone?
- What is the urinary tract?
- Are kidney stones common in children?
- What causes kidney stones in children?
- What are the signs and symptoms of kidney stones in children?
- What types of kidney stones occur in children?
- How are kidney stones in children diagnosed?
- How are kidney stones in children treated?
- How are kidney stones in children prevented?
- Eating, Diet, and Nutrition
- Points to Remember
- Hope through Research
- For More Information
What is a kidney stone?
A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in a kidney when substances that are normally found in the urine become highly concentrated. A stone may stay in the kidney or travel down the urinary tract. Kidney stones vary in size. A small stone may pass out of the body causing little or no pain. A larger stone may get stuck along the urinary tract and can block the flow of urine, causing severe pain or blood that can be seen in the urine.
What is the urinary tract?
The urinary tract is the body’s drainage system for removing wastes and extra water. The urinary tract includes two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs, each about the size of a fist and located below the ribs, one on each side of the spine, toward the middle of the back. Every minute, a person’s kidneys filter about 3 ounces of blood, removing wastes and extra water. The wastes and extra water make up the 1 to 2 quarts of urine an adult produces each day. Children produce less urine each day; the amount produced depends on their age. The urine travels from the kidneys down two narrow tubes called the ureters. The urine is then stored in a balloonlike organ called the bladder. When the bladder empties, urine flows out of the body through a tube called the urethra at the bottom of the bladder.
Are kidney stones common in children?
No exact information about the incidence of kidney stones in children is available, but many kidney specialists report seeing more children with this condition in recent years. While kidney stones are more common in adults, they do occur in infants, children, and teenagers from all races and ethnicities
What causes kidney stones in children?
Kidney stones can form when substances
in the urine—such as calcium, magnesium,
oxalate, and phosphorous—become highly
concentrated due to one or more causes:
- Defects in the urinary tract may block the flow of urine and create pools of urine. In stagnant urine, stone-forming substances tend to settle together into stones. Up to one-third of children who have stones have an anatomic abnormality in their urinary tract.
- Kidney stones may have a genetic cause. In other words, the tendency to form stones can run in families due to inherited factors.
- An unhealthy lifestyle may make children more likely to have kidney stones. For example, drinking too little water or drinking the wrong types of fluids, such as soft drinks or drinks with caffeine, may cause substances in the urine to become too concentrated. Similarly, too much sodium, or salt, in the diet may contribute to more chemicals in the urine, causing an increase in stone formation. Some doctors believe increases in obesity rates, less active lifestyles, and diets higher in salt may be causing more children to have kidney stones.
- Sometimes, a urinary tract infection can cause kidney stones to form. Some types of bacteria in the urinary tract break down urea—a waste product removed from the blood by the kidneys—into substances that form stones.
- Some children have metabolic disorders that lead to kidney stones. Metabolism is the way the body uses digested food for energy, including the process of breaking down food, using food’s nutrients in the body, and removing the wastes that remain. The most common metabolic disorder that causes kidney stones in children is hypercalciuria, which causes extra calcium to collect in the urine. Other more rare metabolic conditions involve problems breaking down oxalate, a substance made in the body and found in some foods. These conditions include hyperoxaluria, too much oxalate in the urine, and oxalosis, characterized by deposits of oxalate and calcium in the body’s tissues. Another rare metabolic condition called cystinuria can cause kidney stones. Cystinuria is an excess of the amino acid cystine in the urine. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
What are the signs and symptoms of kidney stones in children?
Children with kidney stones may have pain while urinating, see blood in the urine, or feel a sharp pain in the back or lower abdomen. The pain may last for a short or long time. Children may experience nausea and vomiting with the pain. However, children who have small stones that pass easily through the urinary tract may not have symptoms at all.
What types of kidney stones occur in children?
Four major types of kidney stones occur in
- Calcium stones are the most common type of kidney stone and occur in two major forms: calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. Calcium oxalate stones are more common. Calcium oxalate stone formation has various causes, which may include high calcium excretion, high oxalate excretion, or acidic urine. Calcium phosphate stones are caused by alkaline urine.
- Uric acid stones form when the urine is persistently acidic. A diet rich in purines—substances found in animal proteins such as meats, fish, and shellfish—may cause uric acid. If uric acid becomes concentrated in the urine, it can settle and form a stone by itself or along with calcium.
- Struvite stones result from kidney infections. Eliminating infected stones from the urinary tract and staying infectionfree can prevent more struvite stones.
- Cystine stones result from a genetic disorder that causes cystine to leak through the kidneys and into the urine in high concentration, forming crystals that tend to accumulate into stones.
How are kidney stones in children diagnosed?
The process of diagnosing any illness begins
with consideration of the symptoms. Pain
or bloody urine may be the first symptom.
Urine, blood, and imaging tests will help
determine whether symptoms are caused by
a stone. Urine tests can be used to check
for infection and for substances that form
stones. Blood tests can be used to check for
biochemical problems that can lead to kidney
stones. Various imaging techniques can be
used to locate the stone:
- Ultrasound uses a device, called a transducer, that bounces safe, painless sound waves off organs to create an image of their structure. An abdominal ultrasound can create images of the entire urinary tract. The procedure is performed in a health care provider’s office, outpatient center, or hospital by a specially trained technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist—a doctor who specializes in medical imaging; anesthesia is not needed. The images can show the location of any stones. This test does not expose children to radiation, unlike some other imaging tests. Although other tests are more useful in detecting very small stones or stones in the lower portion of the ureter, ultrasound is considered by many health care providers to be the best screening test to look for stones.
- Computerized tomography (CT) scans use a combination of x rays and computer technology to create threedimensional (3-D) images. A CT scan may include the injection of a special dye, called contrast medium. CT scans require the child to lie on a table that slides into a tunnel-shaped device where the x rays are taken. The procedure is performed in an outpatient center or hospital by an x-ray technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist; anesthesia is not needed. CT scans may be required to get an accurate stone count when children are being considered for urologic surgery. Because CT scans expose children to a moderate amount of radiation, health care providers try to reduce radiation exposure in children by avoiding repeated CT scans, restricting the area scanned as much as possible, and using the lowest radiation dose that will provide the needed diagnostic information.
- X-ray machines use radiation to create images of the child’s urinary tract. The images can be taken at an outpatient center or hospital by an x-ray technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist; anesthesia is not needed. The x rays are used to locate many kinds of stones. A conventional x ray is generally less informative than an ultrasound or CT scan, but it is less expensive and can be done more quickly than other imaging procedures.
How are kidney stones in children treated?
The treatment for a kidney stone usually
depends on its size and what it is made of,
as well as whether it is causing symptoms of
pain or obstructing the urinary tract. Small
stones usually pass through the urinary tract
without treatment. Still, children will often
require pain control and encouragement to
drink lots of fluids to help move the stone
along. Pain control may consist of oral or
intravenous (IV) medication, depending
on the duration and severity of the pain.
IV fluids may be needed if the child becomes
dehydrated from vomiting or an inability to
drink. A child with a larger stone, or one
that blocks urine flow and causes great pain,
may need to be hospitalized for more urgent
treatment. Hospital treatments may include
- Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL). A machine called a lithotripter is used by the doctor to crush the kidney stone. In SWL, the child lies on a table or, less commonly, in a tub of water above the lithotripter. The lithotripter generates shock waves that pass through the child’s body to break the kidney stone into smaller particles to pass more readily through the urinary tract. Children younger than age 12 may receive general anesthesia during the procedure. Older children usually receive an IV sedative and pain medication.
- Removal of the stone with a ureteroscope.
A ureteroscope is a long, tubelike
instrument used to visualize the
urinary tract. After the child receives a
sedative, the doctor inserts the ureteroscope
into the child’s urethra and slides
the scope through the bladder and into
the ureter. Through the ureteroscope,
which has a small basket attached to the
end, the doctor may be able to see and
remove the stone in the ureter.
- Lithotripsy with a ureteroscope.
Another way to treat a kidney stone
through a ureteroscope is to extend a
flexible fiber through the scope up to
the stone. The fiber is attached to a
laser generator. Instead of shock waves,
the fiber delivers a laser beam to break
the stone into smaller pieces that can
pass out of the body in the urine. The
child may receive general anesthesia or
- Percutaneous nephrolithotomy. In this
procedure, a tube is inserted directly
into the kidney through an incision in
the child’s back. Using a wire-thin viewing
instrument called a nephroscope,
the doctor locates and removes the
stone. For large stones, an ultrasonic
probe that acts as a lithotripter may
be needed to deliver shock waves that
break the stone into small pieces that
can be removed more easily. Children
receive general anesthesia for percutaneous
nephrolithotomy. Often, children
stay in the hospital for several days after
the procedure and may have a small
tube called a nephrostomy tube inserted
through the skin into the kidney. The
nephrostomy tube drains urine and
any residual stone fragments from the
kidney into a urine collection bag. The
tube usually is left in the kidney for
2 or 3 days while the child remains in
How are kidney stones in children prevented?
To prevent kidney stones, health care providers and their patients must understand what is causing the stones to form. Especially in children with suspected metabolic abnormalities or with recurrent stones, a 24-hour urine collection is obtained to measure daily urine volume and to determine if any underlying mineral abnormality is making a child more likely to form stones. Based on the analysis of the collected urine, the treatment can be individualized to address a metabolic problem.
In all circumstances, children should drink plenty of fluids to keep the urine diluted and flush away substances that could form kidney stones. Urine should be almost clear.
Eating, Diet, and Nutrition
Families may benefit from meeting with a
dietitian to learn how dietary management
can help in preventing stones. Depending on
the underlying cause of the stone formation,
medications may be necessary to prevent
recurrent stones. Dietary changes and medications
may be required for a long term or,
quite often, for life. Some common changes
include the following:
- Children who tend to make calcium oxalate stones or have hypercalciuria should eat a regular amount of dietary calcium and limit salt intake. A thiazide diuretic medication may be given to some children to reduce the amount of calcium leaking into the urine.
- Children who have large amounts of oxalate in the urine may need to limit foods high in oxalate, such as chocolate, peanut butter, and dark-colored soft drinks.
- Children who form uric acid or cystine stones may need extra potassium citrate or potassium carbonate in the form of a pill or liquid medication. Avoiding foods high in purines—such as meat, fish, and shellfish—may also help prevent uric acid stones.
Points to Remember
- A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in a kidney when some substances that are normally found in the urine become highly concentrated.
- Kidney stones occur in infants, children, and teenagers from all races and ethnicities.
- Kidney stones in children are diagnosed using a combination of urine, blood, and imaging tests.
- The treatment for a kidney stone usually depends on its size and composition as well as whether it is causing symptoms of pain or obstructing the urinary tract.
- Small stones usually pass through the urinary tract without treatment. Still, children will often require pain control and encouragement to drink lots of fluids to help move the stone along.
- Children with larger stones, or stones that block urine flow and cause great pain, may need to be hospitalized for more urgent treatment.
- Hospital treatments may include shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), removal of the stone with a ureteroscope, lithotripsy with a ureteroscope, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
- To prevent recurrent kidney stones, health care providers and their patients must understand what is causing the stones to form.
- In all circumstances, children should drink plenty of fluids to keep the urine diluted and flush away substances that could form kidney stones. Urine should be almost clear.
Hope through Research
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), one of the National Institutes of Health, supports research aimed at better understanding and preventing kidney stones in children. Researchers supported by the NIDDK have identified three proteins that inhibit the formation of calcium oxalate stones. Conventional urine tests do not provide information about the presence or absence of these proteins. Developing a test for these proteins that can be used in the clinical setting will help health care providers identify children at risk for stone formation so they can manage that risk.
Participants in clinical trials can play a more active role in their own health care, gain access to new research treatments before they are widely available, and help others by contributing to medical research. For information about current studies, visit www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
For More Information
National Kidney Foundation
30 East 33rd Street
New York, NY 10016
Phone: 1–800–622–9010 or 212–889–2210
Publications produced by the Clearinghouse are carefully reviewed by both NIDDK scientists and outside experts. This publication was reviewed by the following members of the American Society of Pediatric Nephrology Clinical Affairs Committee: Michael Somers, M.D., Children’s Hospital Boston; Deepa Chand, M.D., M.H.S.A., Akron Children’s Hospital; John Foreman, M.D., Duke University; Jeffrey Fadrowski, M.D., M.H.S., The Johns Hopkins University; Kevin Meyers, M.D., Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; Greg Nelsen, M.S.S.W., University of Virginia Health System; Michelle Baum, M.D., Children’s Hospital Boston; and Ann Guillot, M.D., University of Vermont.
National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse
The National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NKUDIC) is a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). The NIDDK is part of the National Institutes of Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Established in 1987, the Clearinghouse provides information about diseases of the kidneys and urologic system to people with kidney and urologic disorders and to their families, health care professionals, and the public. The NKUDIC answers inquiries, develops and distributes publications, and works closely with professional and patient organizations and Government agencies to coordinate resources about kidney and urologic diseases.
This publication is not copyrighted. The Clearinghouse encourages users of this publication to duplicate and distribute as many copies as desired.
NIH Publication No. 11–7383
Page last updated March 28, 2012 | <urn:uuid:dcf7010c-0b3f-40fd-94b3-e259272dfc2d> | 2013-05-21T10:20:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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i think it is a brilliant game...
Yu-Gi-Oh, Magic, Pokemon, DBZ - you name it, you can talk about it here in the trading card forum.
Yu-Gi-Oh! (遊戯王 Yūgiō?, lit. Game King) is a Japanese manga series created by Kazuki Takahashi. It was serialised in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine between December 1996 and June 2004. Two anime adaptations were produced; one by Toei Animation which aired in 1998 and another produced by Nihon Ad Systems which aired between April 2000 and September 2004. The series has spawned a franchise that includes multiple spinoff manga and anime series, a trading card game and numerous video games. Most of the incarnations of the franchise involve the fictional trading card game called Duel Monsters (originally known as Magic & Wizards), where each player uses cards to "duel" each other in a mock battle of fantasy "monsters". The Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game is the real world counterpart to this fictional game on which it is loosely based.Contents #########
Yu-Gi-Oh! tells the tale of Yugi Mutou, a timid young boy who loves all sorts of games, but is often bullied around. One day, he solves an ancient artifact known as the Millenium Puzzle, causing his body to play host to a mysterious spirit. From that moment onwards, whenever Yugi or one of his friends is threatened by those with darkness in their hearts, this 'Dark Yugi' shows himself and challenges them to dangerous 'Shadow Games' which reveal the true nature of someone's heart. As the series progresses and its focus shifts to the fictional card game known as Duel Monsters, Yugi and his friends learn that this other Yugi inside of his puzzle is actually the spirit of an unnamed Phaoroah from Egyptian times who had lost his memories. As Yugi and friends attempt to help the Pharaoh regain his memories, they find themselves going through many trials and facing off against others wielding the mysterious Millenium Items.
The early chapters of Yu-Gi-Oh! feature a variety of different games; but from the Duelist Kingdom arc onwards, the focus is shifted to a card game called Duel Monsters. Duel Monsters is played using a holographic image system created by Seto Kaiba (following his first match with Yugi). In the manga and first series anime, these were initially performed on tables, using holographic tubes, while the second series anime uses huge holographic fields. Starting with the Battle City arc, (as well as the series that followed), duels are performed using portable Duel Disks, invented by Seto Kaiba, which allows duels to happen anywhere.Development
Kazuki Takahashi said that the card game held the strongest influence in the manga, because it "happened to evoke the most response" from readers. Prior to that point, Takahashi did not plan to make the series about a card game.
When an interviewer asked Takahashi if he tried to introduce younger readers to real life gaming culture referenced in the series, Takahashi responded by saying that he simply included "stuff he played and enjoyed", and that it may have introduced readers to role-playing games and other games. Takahashi added that he created some of the games seen in the series. The author stressed the importance of "communication between people," often present in tabletop role playing games and not present in solitary video games. Takahashi added that he feels that quality communication is not possible over the Internet.
Takahashi said that the "positive message" for readers of the series is that each person has a "strong hidden part" (like "human potential") within himself or herself, and when one finds hardship, the "hidden part" can emerge if one believes in him/herself and in his/her friends. Takahashi added that this is "a pretty consistent theme."
The editor of the English version, Jason Thompson, said that the licensing of the Yu-Gi-Oh! manga had not been entirely coordinated, so Viz decided to use many of the original character names and to "keep it more or less violent and gory." Thomspon said that the manga "was almost unchanged from the Japanese original." Because the core fanbase of the series was, according to Thompson, "8-year-old boys (and a few incredible fangirls)," and because the series had little interest from "hardcore, Japanese-speaking fans, the kind who run scanlation sites and post on messageboards" as the series was perceived to be "too mainstream," the Viz editors allowed Thompson "a surprising amount of leeway with the translation." Thompson said that he did not "abuse" the leeway he was given. In a 2004 interview, the editors of the United States Shonen Jump mentioned that Americans were surprised when reading the stories in Volumes 1 through 7, as they had not appeared on television as a part of the second anime series. Takahashi added "The story is quite violent, isn't it?#[laughs]"Media Manga Main articles: List of Yu-Gi-Oh! chapters and Yu-Gi-Oh! R
The original Yu-Gi-Oh! manga by Kazuki Takahashi was serialized in Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1996 to March 8, 2004. The plot starts out fairly episodic and includes only three instances of Magic and Wizards in the first seven volumes. In the eighth volume, the Duelist Kingdom arc starts, making the plot shift to a Duel Monsters-centered universe. The editors were Yoshihisa Heishi and Hisao Shimada. Kazuki Takahashi credits Toshimasa Takahashi in the "Special Thanks" column. The English version of the Yu-Gi-Oh! manga is released in the North America by Viz Media, running in Shonen Jump magazine between 2002 and December 2007. The original Japanese character names are kept for most of the characters (Yugi, Jonouchi, Anzu, and Honda, for instance), while the English names are used for a minor number of characters (e.g. Maximillion Pegasus) and for the Duel Monsters cards. Although it is published in its original right-to-left format, the manga is largely unedited. Viz released volumes 1 through 7 of the Yu-Gi-Oh! manga under its original title. The Duelist Kingdom and Battle City arcs are released under the #######Yu-Gi-Oh!: Duelist, while the Egypt arc is released as Yu-Gi-Oh! Millennium World.
A spin-off manga #######Yu-Gi-Oh! R was illustrated by Akira Ito under Takahashi's supervision. The story takes place between the Battle City and Egypt arcs where Yugi and his friends must stop a man named Yako Tenma who plans to use Anzu Mazaki's body to revive Maximillion Pegasus.### was serialized in V-Jump between June 2004 and January 2008 and was compiled into five tankōbon volumes. Viz Media released the series in North America between 2009 and 2010.Anime Yu-Gi-Oh! (Toei series) Main article: Yu-Gi-Oh! (1998 TV series)
The first Yu-Gi-Oh! anime adaptation was produced by Toei Animation and aired on TV Asahi between April 4, 1998 and October 10, 1998, running for 27 episodes. Often referred to by fans as "the first series" or "season zero", the series adapts the first seven volumes of the manga, focusing less on Duel Monsters, and is different in tone from NAS' adaptations. This adaptation was never released outside of Japan.Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters The English Yu-Gi-Oh! logo. Main article: Yu-Gi-Oh! (2000 TV series)
Yu-Gi-Oh!, known in Japan as Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters (遊☆戯☆王 デュエルモンスターズ Yūgiō Dyueru Monsutāzu?), is the second adaptation of the series produced by Nihon Ad Systems. Adapting the manga from volume eight onwards, the series features several differences from the Toei produced series and largely focuses around the game of Duel Monsters, tying in with the real life Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game. The series aired in Japan on TV Tokyobetween April 18, 2000 and September 29, 2004, running for 224 episodes.
In 2001,###### Entertainment obtained the merchandising and television rights to the series from Konami, producing an English language version which aired in North America on Kids' WB! between September 29, 2001 and June 10, 2006, also releasing in various countries outside of Japan. The adaptation received many changes from the Japanese version to tailor it for international audiences. These include different names for many characters and monsters, changes to the appearance of the cards to differentiate them from their real-life counterparts and various cuts and edits pertaining to violence, death and religious references to make the series suitable for children. An uncut version featuring the original Japanese version and an all-new English dub track began release in October 2004 in association with Funimation Entertainment, but only three volumes comprising the first nine episodes were ever released. 4Kids also began releasing the uncut Japanese episodes of the series to YouTube in May 2009, but were forced to stop due to legal issues withADK and Yugi's Japanese voice actor, Shunsuke Kazama. A different English dubbed adaptation was produced by #.#.N. and aired in South East Asia.
On March 24, 2011, TV Tokyo and Nihon Ad Systems filed a joint lawsuit against 4Kids, accusing them of underpayments concerning the Yu-Gi-Oh! franchises and allegedly conspiring with Funimation, and have allegedly terminated their licensing deal with them. This led to 4Kids filing for protection under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy code. Although 4Kids had managed to win the case in March ####,########## sold the rights to all Yu-Gi-Oh!####### to Konami's ## Acquisition Group.Yu-Gi-Oh! Capsule Monsters Main article: Yu-Gi-Oh! Capsule Monsters
Yu-Gi-Oh! Capsule Mosters is a twelve-episode spinoff miniseries commissioned, produced and edited by 4Kids Entertainment, which aired in North America between September 9, 2006 and November 25, 2006. It is set before the end of the second Yu-Gi-Oh! anime series, apparently somewhere during season 5, and involves Yugi and his friends being pulled into a world filled with real Duel Monsters they can summon using capsules. It is similar to the Virtual RPG arc in many respects, but it does not seem to have anything to do with the early Capsule Monster Chess game featured in early volumes of the original manga. It is currently the only animated Yu-Gi-Oh!media not to be released in Japan, though it is referred to as Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters ALEX.Films Promotional poster for Yu-Gi-Oh! The Movie: The Pyramid of Light Yu-Gi-Oh! Main article: Yu-Gi-Oh! (1999 film)
Based on the Toei animated series, the thirty-minute movie revolves around a boy named Shōgo, who is targeted by Seto Kaiba after obtaining a powerful rare card; the legendary Red-Eyes Black Dragon. The movie was released on March 6, 1999 and, like the TV series, was not released outside of Japan.Yu-Gi-Oh! The Movie: Pyramid of Light Main article: Yu-Gi-Oh! The Movie: Pyramid of Light
Yu-Gi-Oh! The Movie: Pyramid of Light, often referred to as #######Yu-Gi-Oh! The Movie, was first released in North America on August 13, 2004. The movie was developed specifically for Western audiences by 4Kids based on the overwhelming success of the Yu-Gi-Oh! franchise in the United States.Warner Bros. distributed the film in most English-speaking countries. Its characters are from the second series Yu-Gi-Oh! anime. In the movie, which takes place following the Battle City arc, Yugi faces Anubis, the Egyptian God of the Dead. An extended uncut Japanese version of the movie premiered in special screenings in Japan on November 3, 2004 under the ######Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters: Pyramid of Light. The movie was then aired on TV Tokyo on January 2, 2005. Attendees of the movie during its premiere (U.S. or Japan) got 1 of 4 free Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game cards. The cards were Pyramid of Light, Sorcerer of Dark Magic, Blue Eyes Shining Dragon and Watapon. The Home Video Release also gave out one of the Free Cards with an offer to get all 4 by mail (though the promotion ended in December 2004). In Australia, New Zealand, Germany and the United Kingdom, free promotional cards were also given out, however, they were given out at all screenings of the movie, and not just the premiere.Yu-Gi-Oh!: Bonds Beyond Time Main article: Yu-Gi-Oh!: Bonds Beyond Time
Yu-Gi-Oh!: Bonds Beyond Time, known in Japan as Yu-Gi-Oh! Movie: Super Fusion! Bonds that Transcend Time (劇場版 遊☆戯☆王 ～超融合！時空を越えた絆～ Gekijō-ban Yūgiō ~Chō-Yūgō! Jikū o Koeta Kizuna~?), is a 3-D film released on January 23, 2010 in Japan. The film was released in North America by 4Kids on February 26, 2011 with additional footage, where it also received an encore screening in Japan. The movie celebrates the 10th anniversary of the first NAS series (as opposed to the anniversary of the manga) and features an original storyline involving Yugi Muto, Jaden Yuki (Judai Yuki) from Yu-Gi-Oh! GX and Yusei Fudo from Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's, fighting against a new enemy named Paradox. It was first teased with short animations featured at the start of episodes of Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D'sduring the third season. The film was released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD in July 2011, with the UK release by Manga Entertainmentbeing the first bilingual release of the franchise since the Uncut Yu-Gi-Oh! DVDs.Spinoff series Yu-Gi-Oh! GX The English Yu-Gi-Oh! GX logo. Main article: Yu-Gi-Oh! GX
Yu-Gi-Oh! GX, known in Japan as Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters GX, is the first spin-off anime series produced by NAS which ran for 180 episodes from October 6, 2004 and March 26, 2008. Taking place a few years after the events of the original series, the series follows a boy named Jaden Yuki as he attends a Duel Academy in the hopes of becoming the next King of Games. Like the previous seasons, 4Kids Entertainment licensed the series outside of Japan and aired it in North America between October 10, 2005 and July 12, 2008, though the fourth season was not dubbed.
A manga adaptation by Naoyuki Kageyama was serialized in Shueisha's V-Jump magazine between December 2005 and March 2011. The manga differs from that of the anime, featuring new storylines and monsters, as well as some personality changes in some of the characters. The series is published in North America by Viz Media.Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's The English Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's logo. Main article: Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's
Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's is the second main spin-off series, which aired for 148 episodes between April 2, 2008 and March 30, 2011. It was later licensed by 4Kids and aired in North America between September 13, 2008 and September 10, 2011. This series focuses around a motorcycling duelist named Yusei Fudo and introduces new concepts such as Turbo Duels, duels which take place upon motorbikes called Duel Runners, and Synchro Monsters, which were also added to the trading card game.
A manga adaptation by Masahiro Hikokubo and Satou Masashi began serialization in V-Jump from August 2009 and, like the GX manga, differs from the anime in storyline and characterization. The manga is also published in North America by Viz Media.Yu-Gi-Oh! ##### Main article: Yu-Gi-Oh! #####
Yu-Gi-Oh! ##### is the third main spin-off series which aired in Japan between April 11, 2011 and September ##, ####.######## story revolves around a boy named Yuma Tsukumo who, joined by an interstellar being known as Astral, must gather the 99 Numbers cards that make up his memory. The series adds yet another monster type, Xyz Monsters, which were also added to the trading card game. 4Kids licensed the series and began airing the series in North America on The CW's Toonzai block from October ##, ####.##################### a legal battle with TV Tokyo and NAS caused 4Kids to file for bankruptcy, Konami received the rights to the series. The series is currently airing on Saban's Vortexx block, with Konami setting up a new studio to produce future episodes of the series. A second series, Yu-Gi-Oh! ##### II, began airing in Japan from October #, ####.####
### manga adaptation written by Shin ####### and illustrated by Naoto Miyashi, began serialization in the extended February 2011 issue of Shueisha's V Jump magazine, released on December 18, 2010. Unlike the GX and 5D's manga adaptations, this manga follows the storyline of the anime more closely.Other Media Trading card game A group playing the Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game. Main article: Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game
The Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game is a Japanese collectible card battle game developed and published by Konami. Based on the Duel Monsters concept from the original manga series, the game sees players using a combination of monsters, spells and traps to defeat their opponent. First launched in Japan in 1999, the game has received various changes over the years, such as the inclusion of new monster types to coincide with new anime series, and is currently the top selling trading card game in the world.Video games Main article: List of Yu-Gi-Oh! video games
There are several video games based on the Yu-Gi-Oh! franchise which are published by Konami, the majority of which are based on the trading card game.Reception
John Jakala of Anime News Network reviewed the Yu-Gi-Oh! manga in 2003 as part of reviewing the U.S. Shonen Jump. Jakala said that while the commercials for the second series anime made the anime appear "completely uninteresting," the comic "is unexpectedly dark and moody." Jakala added that at one moment the series "reminded me of Neil Gaiman's work: Yugi finds himself drawn into a magical world of ancient forces where there are definite rules that must be obeyed." Jakala concluded that the fact the series uses games as plot devices "opens up a lot of story possibilities" and that he feared that the series had the potential to "simply devolve into a tie-in for the popular card game." In December 2002, Shonen Jump received the ICv2 Award for "Comic Product of the Year" due to its unprecedented sales numbers and its successfully connecting comics to both the television medium and the Yu-Gi-Oh! collectible card game; one of the top CCG games of the year. In August 2008, TV Tokyo reported that card game series has sold over $18 billion worldwide. Jason Thompson, the editor of the English manga, ranked Yu-Gi-Oh! as number three of his five personal favorite series to edit.
Welcome to Family Barn! A game about true country living. Featuring the cutest o...
Triviador is a game like no other, merging strategy with trivia. The rich multi...
Candy's got her candies into a terrible mess, can you help her to sort them out?
Goodgame Empire is a great strategy title by Goodgame Studios. Build your own ca...
Explore the world or hang out with friends in your own condo. Get a unique look,... | <urn:uuid:d2d9265b-facc-4c0f-9d08-ad408e4c7deb> | 2013-05-21T10:00:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Dubstep just seems to make everything that much better.
It takes me hours to solve the Rubik's cube and this guy does it in a minute and a half while juggling! Super Powers?
This is quite impressive. Bet you can't do that!
She sure knows how to handle a set of balls! Very impressive!
I'm not sure if I should be impressed or weirded out. | <urn:uuid:d3505c34-439b-4e75-80b4-53f98d321386> | 2013-05-21T10:00:10Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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2. Parental Controls
3. Deposit Limits
4. Self Exclusion
5. Self Imposed Player Limits
6. Access to
7. Alderney Gambling Control Commission (AGCC)
8. Security of password and ID
9. Game fairness
1) Problem Gambling:
Whilst the majority of people do gamble responsibly, for some, gambling can become
a problem. King Jackpot therefore advise you to follow these guidelines:
If you feel you have a problem, please ask yourself the following questions:
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influence of alcohol or any other substance
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Should you find yourself answering yes to one or more of these questions, you may
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2) Parental Controls
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King Jackpot is registered with ICRA - Internet Control Rating Association. ICRA
provides users with online filtering software to assist in the prevention of underage
gaming. To register with ICRA, please visit their website here: www.icra.org
Customers who have been at the site for two months or less are limited to the following
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50 credit card purchases and/or £2,500 per week;
100 credit card purchases and/or £10,000 per month.
Customer who have been at the site for over two months are limited to the following
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For customers that wish to restrict their gambling, King Jackpot offers a self-exclusion
facility. On request, King Jackpot will close any account for a minimum period
of 6 months. Please email email@example.com
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5)Self Imposed Player Limits
For customers that wish to impose limits on their gambling spend or their wagering
time, they may do so by visiting the relevant area within the ‘My
6) Access to Account History
Customers can access a full history of deposits and withdrawals by visiting 'My
7) Alderney Gambling Control Commission (AGCC)
King Jackpot is committed to providing enjoyable entertainment that is fair. If
at any time you feel that you have an issue with the games that are offered, or
you are unable to resolve a dispute with King Jackpot, then you may lodge a complaint
with the Alderney Gambling Control Commission.
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8) Security of password and ID
Keep your log-in username/ID and password safe and secure. Please note that no person from King Jackpot will ask you for your password at any time. Do not give your password to any person, whether they are purporting to be from King Jackpot or not.
9) Game fairness
The software games are provided by Leapfrog Gaming, who are a core services provider associate of the Alderney Gambling Control Commission. As such the games have been tested for fairness and approved by an independent third party testing house. | <urn:uuid:40348a1c-0d4e-430c-9454-1fb55e99b7b3> | 2013-05-21T10:05:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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CARACAS, Venezuela (AP) — The government warned Venezuelans on Wednesday that ailing President Hugo Chavez may not be well enough after his fourth cancer-related surgery in Cuba to be inaugurated on Jan. 10.
Moving to prepare the public for the possibility of more bad news, Vice President Nicolas Maduro looked grim earlier in the day when he acknowledged that Chavez faced a "complex and hard" process after his latest surgery.
At the same time, officials strove to show a united front amid the growing worries about Chavez's health and the country's future. Key leaders of Chavez's party and military officers appearing together on television as Maduro took the lead in giving updates on Chavez's condition.
"We're more united than ever," said Maduro, who was flanked by National Assembly President Diosdado Cabello and Oil Minister Rafael Ramirez, both key members of Chavez's inner circle. "We're united in loyalty to Chavez."
Analysts say Maduro could eventually face challenges in trying to hold together the president's diverse "Chavismo" movement, which includes groups from radical leftists to moderates, as well as military factions.
Tapped by the 58-year-old president over the weekend as his chosen political heir, Maduro is considered to be a member of radical left wing of Chavez's movement that is closely aligned with Cuba's communist government.
Cabello, a former military officer who also wields power within Chavez's movement, shared the spotlight with Maduro by speaking at a Mass for Chavez's health at a military base. Cabello, who had accompanied Chavez to Cuba for the operation, denied rumors of the president's demise.
"That man who is in Havana... is fighting a battle for his life, and he said it," Cabello said. He urged the audience to pray and said Chavez is "invincible."
Throughout the day, Venezuelan state television broadcast religious services in which Chavez's supporters prayed for his health, interspersed with campaign rallies for upcoming gubernatorial elections.
On the streets of Caracas, people on both sides of the country's deep political divide voiced concerns about Chavez's condition and what might happen if he died.
At campaign rallies ahead of Sunday's gubernatorial elections, Chavez's candidates urged Venezuelans to vote for pro-government candidates while they also called for the president to get well.
"Onward, Commander!" gubernatorial candidate Elias Jaua shouted to a crowd of supporters at a rally Wednesday. Many observers said it was likely that Chavez's candidates could get a boost from their supporters' outpouring of sympathy for Chavez.
Opposition leader Henrique Capriles, who lost to Chavez in the October presidential election and is running for state office against Jaua, complained Wednesday that Chavez's allies are taking advantage of the president's health problems to try to rally support. He took issue with Jaua's statement to supporters that "we have to vote so that the president recovers."
Information Minister Ernesto Villegas expressed hope about the president returning, but said if Chavez isn't back for his scheduled swearing-in for a new six-year term, "our people should be prepared to understand it."
The constitution says presidents should be sworn in before the National Assembly, and if that's not possible then before the Supreme Court.
Former Supreme Court magistrate Roman Duque Corredor said a president cannot delegate the swearing-in to anyone else and cannot take the oath of office outside Venezuela. A president could still be sworn in even if temporarily incapacitated, but would need to be conscious and in Venezuela, Duque told The Associated Press.
If a president-elect is declared incapacitated by lawmakers and is unable to be sworn in, the National Assembly president would temporarily take charge of the government and a new presidential vote must be held within 30 days, Duque said.
Chavez said Saturday that if such new elections were held, Maduro should be elected president in his place.
Villegas said in a message on a government website that it would be irresponsible to hide news about the "delicateness of the current moment and the days to come." He asked Venezuelans to see Chavez's condition as "when we have a sick father, in a delicate situation after four surgeries in a year and a half."
On Wednesday night, Villegas went on television to give an update, saying Chavez was in "stable condition." Reading from a statement, he said Chavez was with his close relatives and said the government invited people to "accompany President Chavez in this new test with their prayers."
Ecuadorean President Rafael Correa also acknowledged the possibility of losing his close ally, while wishing him the best. "Chavez is very important for Latin America, but if he can't continue at the head of Venezuela, the processes of change have to continue," Correa said.
Maduro looked sad as he spoke on television, his voice hoarse and cracked at times after meeting in the pre-dawn hours with Cabello and Ramirez. The pair returned to Venezuela about 3 a.m. after accompanying Chavez to Cuba for his surgery.
"It was a complex, difficult, delicate operation," Maduro said. "The post-operative process is also going to be a complex and hard process."
Without giving details, Maduro reiterated Chavez's recent remarks that the surgery presented risks and that people should be prepared for any "difficult scenarios, which can be faced only with the unity of the people." Still, he expressed optimism Chavez would return home.
The vice president criticized the opposition, accusing it of using Chavez's illness to attack him. Many political adversaries have said the president should be more forthcoming about details of his pelvic cancer.
The dramatic events of this week, with Chavez suddenly taking a turn for the worse, had some Venezuelans wondering whether they were being told the truth because just a few months ago the president was running for his fourth presidential term and had said he was free of cancer.
Lawyer Maria Alicia Altuve, who was out in bustling crowds in a shopping district of downtown Caracas, said it seemed odd how Maduro wept at a political rally while talking about Chavez.
"He cries on television to set up a drama, so that people go vote for poor Chavez," Altuve said. "So we don't know if this illness is for that, or if it's that this man is truly sick."
Chavez announced over the weekend that he needed to have surgery again after tests showed "some malignant cells" had reappeared in the same area of his pelvic region where tumors were previously removed.
Throughout his nearly 14-year-old presidency, Chavez has been loved by some Venezuelans and reviled by others as he has nationalized companies, crusaded against U.S. influence and labeled his enemies "oligarchs" and "squalid ones."
Some Chavez supporters said they find it hard to think about losing the president and are worried about the future.
Others Venezuelans said that while they're sorry about Chavez's health and wish him the best, it isn't a particular concern for them. Many were out buying Christmas gifts and food as they prepared for the holiday season.
"The truth is that I have not paid much attention to the news. I just know the president is very sick and he went to Cuba for an operation," said Gabriela Hernandez, a nurse and opposition supporter. "I hope that he can get better. ... I don't wish for misfortune for anybody."
Omar Mendez, a shopkeeper who said he doesn't support Chavez or the opposition, was among several who worried about the possibility of political upheaval if Chavez doesn't survive.
"Many people don't dare to say it, but they want Chavez's death," Mendez said. "I would say something to those people: They should think hard about the consequences if Chavez does not survive this terrible illness because Chavez's death could bring about an unprecedented political crisis."
Associated Press writer Christopher Toothaker contributed to this report. | <urn:uuid:6beb35ff-9b07-483c-a6d3-770b9b6eec76> | 2013-05-21T10:27:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A Mexican boy battling tumors is getting a chance at finally besting his disease.
Jose Serrano is being treated by doctors in Albuquerque who are trying to shrink the tumors in his body.
However, the same treatment that is helping him is also putting Serrano at risk.
"They need to take blood because my blood won't clot," Serrano said.
The boy said he feels good and is finally getting the help he needs.
Family members said the boy was born with a growth the size of a golf ball.
The mass has grown in step with Serrano and eventually engulfed the entire left side of his upper body.
Doctors at University of New Mexico Hospital have put the boy from Juarez on a medication that is shrinking the tumors.
While the tumors shrink, the medication also prevents Serrano's blood from clotting. That means that if he were to injure himself, the results could be deadly.
Another hurdle Serrano's family has to jump over is money. Serrano comes from a very poor family. | <urn:uuid:84f183e8-74f4-4899-81f0-906ef9f35ab0> | 2013-05-21T09:59:08Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Early Sunday, a massive fire at the Kiss nightclub in southern Brazil killed more than 200 people. Nightclub infernos have claimed hundreds of lives over the years. Here are some of the worst in recent memory:
A fire that swept through a popular nightclub on the Thai island of Phuket killed four people early Aug. 17.
Fireworks triggered a fire and panic on Dec. 5, 2009, at a nightclub in Perm, Russia, killing 156 people. The commercial director of the facility, who was accused of ignoring safety measures, fled Russia to Spain, where he was arrested in September of the following year.
Fireworks shot off at a birthday party at a Latin-style bar and restaurant in Changle City in China's Fujian province sparked a fire that claimed 15 lives on Jan. 31, 2009.
A fire at Bangkok's upscale Santika nightclub broke out while about 1,000 revelers were ringing in the new year. Sixty-four people died in the fire, which led to the arrest of the nightclub's owner. | <urn:uuid:7ed9aedb-12c0-43da-95f8-5e4d6b7f2a43> | 2013-05-21T10:07:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Sen. John McCain fired away at Cabinet nominee Chuck Hagel during his confirmation hearing Thursday on Capitol Hill, repeatedly interrupting his old friend and accusing him of refusing to answer direct questions.
The sharp exchange marked a years-long falling out between two long-time friends and colleagues. Thirteen years ago, McCain, then a presidential candidate, named Chuck Hagel as a man he'd like to see run the Defense Department.
But more than a decade later, McCain relentlessly tore into that same man, now a former Nebraska senator and nominated to that very post by McCain rival President Barack Obama.
"Let the record show that he refused to answer that question," McCain said during the markedly heated back-and-forth.
McCain's question -- about whether Hagel repudiated his opposition to the 2007 troop surge in Iraq -- was the origin of a deep policy split between the former allies.
In 2007 Hagel called the George W. Bush administration's surge proposal "the most dangerous foreign policy blunder in this country since Vietnam," while McCain threw his support behind the move - which is now widely considered to have been a success.
In his 2008 presidential battle against McCain, then-Senator Barack Obama reversed his position on the surge, acknowledging it had achieved its objectives.
On Thursday, McCain pushed Hagel to reconsider his position.
"The Committee deserves your judgment as to whether you were right or wrong about the surge," McCain said. "Are you going to answer the question, Senator Hagel? The question is were you right or wrong. That's a pretty straightforward question. I would like to answer it with whether you were right or wrong and then you are free to elaborate."
Hagel would not answer yes or no, but instead offered to explain what he said was a nuanced position.
"Well, I'm not gonna give you a yes or no," he said. "I think it's far more complicated than that and as I've already said, my answer is I'll defer that judgment to history."
McCain offered a stern rebuke.
"I think history has already made a judgment about the surge, sir, and you're on the wrong side of it and your refusal to answer whether you were right or wrong about it, it's going to have an impact on my judgment as to whether to vote for your confirmation or not," McCain said. "I hope you will reconsider the fact that you refused to answer a fundamental question about an issue that took the lives of thousands of young Americans." | <urn:uuid:95cf40ee-6270-4996-9e66-cee279ac939d> | 2013-05-21T09:59:07Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A NATO delegation arrived Tuesday in southeastern Turkey to survey the Turkish-Syrian border for the possible deployment of Patriot anti-aircraft missile batteries, the semi-official Anadolu news agency reported.
Turkey has turned against its former ally, asking fellow NATO members last week for the missiles to bolster its air defenses because of several Turkish deaths blamed on Syrian forces.
A delegation of Turkish and NATO officials was scheduled to do a site survey to determine where to deploy the batteries, the Turkish military said.
"The deployment of the Air and Missile Defense System is a precaution for defensive purposes for possible air and missile threats from Syria, and is not for the establishment of a 'no-fly' zone or for offensive maneuvers," according to a Turkish military statement.
"The area of deployment for the Air and Missile Defense System, the quantity of the system, the number of foreign personnel that will come into our country and the time of the deployment will be determined after the site survey."
The fact that Syrian warplanes and helicopters have bombed targets within a few hundred meters of Turkey at least three times in the past month raises the question of whether the NATO military alliance could be sucked into the grinding Syrian civil war.
Tensions exploded between Syria and Turkey last summer, when Syrian anti-aircraft fire brought down a Turkish military reconnaissance jet, killing its two crew members.
Turkey announced it was changing its rules of engagement with Syria. In October, the Turkish government won authorization in parliament for possible cross-border military incursions into Syria after Syrian mortar fire killed five civilians in the Turkish border town of Akcakale.
Turkish and Syrian military forces have also engaged in cross-border artillery duels since the Akcakale incident.
The Syrian government has lambasted Turkey, saying it "supports the armed terrorist groups in cooperation with some Gulf countries to threaten Syria's stability and security."
Meanwhile, a Russian diplomat reportedly expressed concern over the possibility of deploying the missile system. Russia is a long-standing ally of Syria.
"We don't like this idea because we see hidden threats in it," said Russian First Deputy Foreign Minister Andrei Denisov, according to the state-run Itar-Tass news agency.
"All the answers we have been receiving are reduced to soothing statements," he said. "But as far as military political problems are concerned, we want clear and exhaustive explanations: where (a threat comes from), for what purposes, for what term and why."
Summing up, Denisov reportedly said: "We believe that the decision (to deploy missiles) is creating more problems than it might solve."
Syrian opposition: Barrel bombs rain from the sky
Back on the ground in Syria, "fierce aerial shelling" bombarded areas in the northwestern part of the country Tuesday, dissidents said.
Government forces dropped more than 10 barrel bombs on the Aleppo province city of Deir Hafer, the opposition Local Coordination Committees of Syria said. Over the past several months, dissidents have reported aircraft dropping barrels full of explosives, nails and fuel onto civilian areas.
At least 131 people were killed across Syria on Tuesday, including 48 in Damascus and its suburbs, the LCC said. Nationwide, the group said five women and 12 children were among the dead.
Syrian state-run TV reported the destruction of a "terrorist training camp" in Kafr Takharim, Idlib.
In a separate incident in the province, it said government forces "clashed with al Qaeda terrorists after they attempted to attack a regime checkpoint in the vicinity of Maaret Al-Nouman, killing a large number of these terrorists."
The government also said it destroyed a hideout used by the al Qaeda-linked al-Nusra Front, which has claimed responsibility for suicide attacks in Syria.
Rights group: Evidence shows cluster bombs killed children
An attack that killed at least 10 children at a playground this week was the result of a cluster bomb strike, Human Rights Watch said Tuesday, citing witnesses and video footage.
The group called for "all governments" to condemn Syria's use of cluster bombs, which are particularly vicious because they explode in the air and send dozens or hundreds of smaller bombs over an area the size of a football field, according to Human Rights Watch.
More than 70 countries have signed a treaty banning the use of cluster bombs, but Syria is not among them. In October, the Syrian government said it had not used cluster bombs during the current conflict. | <urn:uuid:bd640675-f4d8-4514-baff-1055ac8a44a7> | 2013-05-21T10:36:20Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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When pain and cancer collide, communication is key
(NewsUSA) - Pain is too often a harsh reality for people with cancer. Although prescription pain medicine can ease constant pain, many people with cancer may still experience sudden flares of pain that occur throughout the day. This type of pain, called "breakthrough pain," can affect even the most routine things, such as walking or getting out of bed.
Breakthrough pain affects up to 89 percent of people who are treated for constant cancer pain, but the condition often goes under-diagnosed and under-treated. Despite its impact, patients often have difficulty describing how their breakthrough pain is different from their constant pain. But by better understanding their condition, patients may be able to describe their pain more accurately so they can receive the care they need.
Breakthrough pain is a real condition that occurs when moderate-to-severe pain "breaks through" a patient's constant pain medicine and may be debilitating in some patients. Episodes may strike with speed and intensity and can occur several times throughout the day, lasting anywhere from a few minutes to an hour. Breakthrough pain is often unpredictable and may be brought on by something as simple as coughing or during routine tasks. It may even occur without a specific cause.
That's why it is important for people with cancer to talk to their doctor or nurse about any pain. If you think you are experiencing breakthrough pain related to cancer, the first step in developing an appropriate treatment plan is to describe exactly what you're experiencing. Patients may find it helpful to keep track of their symptoms so that they can discuss with their healthcare professional how quickly and often the breakthrough pain hits, at what times, and how it feels.
Distributed by Internet Broadcasting. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. | <urn:uuid:124a21fd-ce7a-45fc-b659-b6561fdc8ba2> | 2013-05-21T09:59:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Hi, some more questions.
1. Is the theme updated and what would be the least "damaging" way for the customizations made to update it?
2. How to change font size and color of the menu in the header?
3. I didn't find "Search site" label in the .po file. Should it be there? | <urn:uuid:560be622-240f-4685-861d-6b4e7fd55304> | 2013-05-21T10:34:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The amateur element accounts for about 80% of the entrants -- including Tarek El Erian, who planned to be on his honeymoon during the race but put his wedding plans on hold after receiving a late wildcard entry.
"I'm grateful towards my wife-to-be because this is unthinkable in Egypt, but we postponed the marriage so that I could take part in the rally," he explained.
It is not just an event for the competitors -- the 2013 version will be televised in 189 countries, with an audience of 2.2 billion from start to finish.
But it will once again attract criticism, as has been customary since Sabine first came up with the idea after getting lost on his motorbike in 1977 in Libyan desert during another event, the Abidjan-Nice Rally.
France's Green Party once described it as "colonialism that needs to be eradicated" while the Vatican once called it "a vulgar display of power and wealth in places where men continue to die from hunger and thirst."
The race's history is entwined with tragedy. The helicopter crash which accounted for Sabine's death also led to the death of four others on board.
Just two years later, six people lost their lives, including a 10-year-old Malian girl struck by a competitor's car, and a mother and daughter killed when hit by a television crew's vehicle.
But for those who take part, the risks are part of the excitement.
Michel Merel, runner-up in the motorbike class in 1980, said fear was the biggest lure of the Dakar.
"The piste is like the ocean," he said. "It is wrong not to fear it. As for me, the piste makes me scared -- you don't mess around with it. You can't be an artist."
The race's most successful entrant is Stephane Peterhansel, a six-time winner of the motorcycle category who also has four car titles, including last year.
The Frenchman, 47, describes his Dakar years as "the most memorable of my life," reveling in the "complete emptiness, nothingness" of the desert tundra at night.
While Peterhansel will once again hope to make the headlines, Neathway is likely to be one of the unsung battlers just trying to make it home.
"I've always been a petrolhead and did motocross as a kid," he says. "Since recovering from my injuries, the Dakar has been the dream.
"Most people don't get to do that but I've got the chance. For me, the main thing is just to finish." | <urn:uuid:cdde1f4b-448d-44be-8b32-1dfb9fda2e45> | 2013-05-21T10:28:29Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A gym teacher and former college football player in New York City claims a 6-year-old boy beat him up and forced him into therapy.
John Webster, 27, stands 5 feet 10 inches tall and weighs about 220 pounds.
He's no slight figure, but Webster told The New York Post that he recently fractured his ankle and injured his knee at the hands of first-grader Rodrigo Carpio and is now forced to wear a brace on his right leg.
"It's sort of like an angel-devil sort of thing," Webster said of the 4-foot-2 Rodrigo. He "looks like an angel, but then, all of a sudden, that halo turns into horns. It's been a nightmare. It's embarrassing. It's humiliating."
The confrontation started when Webster tried to take hold of Rodrigo's wrists while escorting him and other students to the school cafeteria, the Post reported.
Rodrigo began biting Webster. When taken to the principal's office, the boy kicked Webster in the ankle and "right on my knee. I felt a pop."
Webster's attorney, Andrew Siben, described the boy as a "tiny terror."
But Rodrigo's parents don't see it that way.
"The lawsuit is totally absurd," his father, Jorge Carpio, told the Post. "How could my little boy do so much damage?" | <urn:uuid:c4f911fe-30fc-45a4-ba7b-fd98f1bf1206> | 2013-05-21T10:20:37Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The National Football League is investigating whether draft prospect Nick Kasa was questioned about his sexual orientation during a recent scouting combine, a spokesman said Wednesday.
"Any team or employee that inquires about impermissible subjects or makes an employment decision based on such factors is subject to league discipline," said NFL spokesman Greg Aiello.
League policy states that teams "neither consider nor inquire about sexual orientation in the hiring process," Aiello said. "In addition, there are specific protections in our collective bargaining agreement with the players that prohibit discrimination against any player, including on the basis of sexual orientation."
Kasa, who played tight end at the University of Colorado, told CNN earlier Wednesday that during the combine, he was asked: "Do you have a girlfriend? Are you married? Do you like girls?"
"Those kind of things, and it was kind of weird," he told CNN. "But like they would ask you with a straight face, and it's a pretty weird experience altogether." Kasa did not say who asked him those questions.
NFL.com said that NFL teams "try to catch prospects off-guard when they interview them at the NFL Scouting Combine." The combine is a skills audition for NFL scouts and coaches before the draft, which this year will be held April 25 to 27.
Three years ago, however, the combine experienced controversy when Miami Dolphins General Manager Jeff Ireland asked Dez Bryant, now a Dallas Cowboys wide receiver, whether Bryant's mother was a prostitute. Ireland was "roundly criticized," NFL.com said. | <urn:uuid:b7ebf63f-e9d3-4a82-8669-7c238d0e3661> | 2013-05-21T10:36:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A car theft in China that spiraled into a manhunt and a baby's killing has left the country grieving and sparked outrage on social media.
The body of the infant, whose name was Haobo, was found buried in the snow Wednesday. His father, Xu Jialin, said he and his wife identified their two-month-old son, according to state-run news agency Xinhua.
Thousands gathered in a square Tuesday night in Changchun, the capital of Jilin Province, to mourn the baby, killed by "a thief who found the missing boy sleeping in a car he had stolen," Xinhua reported.
The 48-year-old man, identified as Zhou Xijun, turned himself in to police Tuesday and confessed that he had killed the baby and buried him in the snow, Xinhua reported, citing local police.
Xu, the father, had parked his car Monday in front of the supermarket he runs in Changchun and entered the store to turn on a stove, leaving his son in the back seat with the car's engine still running, according to state-run news reports.
Xu returned minutes later to find his car was missing. He called police immediately.
Zhou had allegedly stolen the grey Toyota SUV and discovered the child on the backseat as he drove the vehicle away.
More than 8,000 police and hundreds of volunteers joined a search for the child for two days.
Zhou has confessed "that he parked the car on the roadside and choked the baby about an hour after he stole the car. He then abandoned the baby's clothes and the car in the nearby city of Gongzhuling," Xinhua reported.
The car's license plate and the child's clothes were found in a ditch 500 meters away from the car.
Fury on social media
News of the murder provoked a storm of anger on Chinese social media, particularly Weibo, the country's version of Twitter.
While many people demanded the death penalty for Zhou, others questioned why the baby had been left in the car.
"What kind of people will leave their babies alone in cars?" asked @Qiyanhenxiaozhang.
"The parents abandoned their children. When they leave their baby in the car, they should know something bad might happen," posted @Lingluandabaomaoyeye.
Some pointed the finger at the media.
"Everywhere is posting information about the baby, and they irritated the killer and provoked his desperate act. The media has done a really bad work," said Shenshang.
"The media surely has the rights to spread information, but they should consider the baby's safety as well," said another netizen, @zhongguorenshidiqiushangdeqiji.
Anger over car ad
Another twist has led to widespread anger at a car dealership that used the incident to push the features of its vehicles.
A Buick dealership cited the Baby Haobo incident -- before it was known that the child had been killed -- to advertise its OnStar GPS system, which allows the owner "to track and lock down a stolen vehicle at any time and place."
Some people followed up with social media posts saying they won't buy a Buick.
The Buick dealership, Liaoning Tianhe, apologized on Weibo to the family of the victim and to the public for the "emotional damage" it caused. | <urn:uuid:3e09baa7-b6c9-4326-aaa1-dea7030bbade> | 2013-05-21T10:09:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Recipe from Bobbi Stinnett of Tenn.
2 lbs ground beef
1 medium onion, finely chopped
2 packages of instant gravy mix
3 - 4 cans of your favorite vegetables
4 - 5 good sized potatoes (cooked, prepared, and mashed) or (instant mashed potato mix)
6 - 8 servings worth of garlic salt or powder
Shredded cheese of choice, if desired
Fry the ground beef and onion until it is browned. Drain and place the meat into a large baking dish. Sprinkle the gravy mix over it. Add your favorite seasonings. Drain the vegetables, using the liquid to make mashed potatoes (adds flavor). Now place this layer on top of the meat. Add water, enough to make the vegetables look like they are slightly submerged. Now make your next layer using the mashed potatoes. Sprinkle the shredded cheese on top. Bake at 350 degrees or until potatoes or cheese is melted and browned. | <urn:uuid:c642dcb5-8c9e-4f8a-8da5-76bc5dadaa3f> | 2013-05-21T10:01:13Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Makes 4 servings
- 2 cups chopped fresh pineapple
- 1 cup frozen raspberries, thawed
- 1 cup low-fat vanilla yogurt
- 1 firm, medium banana, peeled and sliced 1/3 cup chopped dates
- 1/4 cup sliced almonds, toasted
In glasses, layer pineapple, raspberries, yogurt, banana, and dates. Sprinkle the top with almonds.
Nutritional Analysis Per Serving: 258 calories, 6 g protein, 5 g fat (1 g saturated fat), 47 g carbohydrate, 43 mg sodium, 3 mg cholesterol.
Courtesy of www.5aday.com | <urn:uuid:12a8adbd-3bfe-4079-8587-5311e5f47aaa> | 2013-05-21T10:06:02Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I have a question for you, what do you think of the whole concept Valentines Day? If you ask me, I love the whole idea that this day is all about love, though I don't like that this idea became so incredibly commercial. Because that's not what this is about. Of course it is lovely to get a beautiful rose or a box with chocolates, but I don't think it's necessary to buy very expensive presents for one another.
I better go study now. Have a good day. xx | <urn:uuid:363fbd68-e6e4-431c-b344-fbab995a399c> | 2013-05-21T10:20:36Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Within 60 days following December 19, 1985, the Secretary of Energy shall, pursuant to the Federal Nonnuclear Energy Research and Development Act of 1974 (42
, et seq.), issue a general request for proposals for clean coal technology projects for which the Secretary of Energy upon review may provide financial assistance awards. Proposals for clean coal technology projects under this section shall be submitted to the Department of Energy within 60 days after issuance of the general request for proposals. The Secretary of Energy shall make any project selections no later than August 1, 1986: Provided, That the Secretary may vest fee title or other property interests acquired under cost-shared clean coal technology agreements in any entity, including the United States: Provided further, That the Secretary shall not finance more than 50 per centum of the total costs of a project as estimated by the Secretary as of the date of award of financial assistance: Provided further, That cost-sharing by project sponsors is required in each of the design, construction, and operating phases proposed to be included in a project: Provided further, That financial assistance for costs in excess of those estimated as of the date of award of original financial assistance may not be provided in excess of the proportion of costs borne by the Government in the original agreement and only up to 25 per centum of the original financial assistance: Provided further, That revenues or royalties from prospective operation of projects beyond the time considered in the award of financial assistance, or proceeds from prospective sale of the assets of the project, or revenues or royalties from replication of technology in future projects or plants are not cost-sharing for the purposes of this appropriation: Provided further, That other appropriated Federal funds are not cost-sharing for the purposes of this appropriation: Provided further, That existing facilities, equipment, and supplies, or previously expended research or development funds are not cost-sharing for the purposes of this appropriation, except as amortized, depreciated, or expensed in normal business practice. | <urn:uuid:5c8f1f8f-0dfc-4ae1-94ea-077cd702e9d5> | 2013-05-21T10:14:57Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Act Feb. 29, 1888, ch. 17, 25 Stat. 41
, which enacted sections
of this title, is popularly known as the “Submarine Cable Act”.
The protection of submarine cables was made the subject of an international convention between the United States and Germany, Argentine Confederation, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Costa Rica, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Spain, United States of Columbia, France, Great Britain, Guatemala, Greece, Italy, Turkey, Netherlands, Persia, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Salvador, Servia, Sweden and Norway, Uruguay, and the British Colonies. It was concluded Mar. 14, 1884, ratified Jan. 26, 1885, ratifications exchanged Apr. 16, 1885, proclaimed May 22, 1885, and entered into force for the United States May 1, 1888. Its provisions were set forth in 24 Stat. 989 | <urn:uuid:2849fdca-9413-477f-8973-e38360f4d728> | 2013-05-21T10:01:42Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The police are investigating a burglary. Of particular interest is a missing watch. An officer happens to see the victim's neighbor, Lisa, throw a watch into the trash can next to her house. "Stupid thing doesn't even work," Lisa shouts within earshot of the police.
An officer wants to examine the discarded watch, but reasonably concludes that it is within the curtilage of Lisa's house. After all, the trash can sits next to Lisa's house behind a short picket fence, with a sign saying that the garbage is off limits to the public. Rummaging through Lisa's trash now would most likely violate the Fourth Amendment.
Not willing to risk that any evidence will be suppressed under the exclusionary rule, the police officer obtains a search warrant. In his affidavit, the officer attests to the following facts: a burglary took place, a watch was taken, and next day, the victim's neighbor placed a watch into her trash can while saying that it "doesn't even work." Seeing probable cause that a crime was committed and that the evidence is in Lisa's trash can, a magistrate judge grants a warrant to search Lisa's trash can.
The watch is the same one that was stolen from the victim's home. The watch can now be admitted at trial against Lisa. | <urn:uuid:2b7bca67-adaf-4f61-a18b-58da940d36c7> | 2013-05-21T10:06:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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People v. Ward [50 Cal.2d 702]
People v. Ward , 50 Cal.2d 702
[Crim. No. 6203.
Aug. 19, 1958.]
THE PEOPLE, Respondent, v. CECIL HERMAN WARD, Appellant.
Robert A. Farrell and J. Richard Thomas, under appointment by the Supreme Court, for Appellant.
Edmund G. Brown, Attorney General, and William E. James, Deputy Attorney General, for Respondent.
This is an appeal from a judgment imposing the death penalty after verdicts finding that the defendant was guilty of murdering Nell and Brenda Parris as charged in two counts of an indictment and that the murders were of the first degree. Following these verdicts proceedings were then taken pursuant to section 190.1 of the Penal Code for the purpose of determining the punishment. The penalty of death was imposed as to each count. Thereafter, on his plea of not guilty [50 Cal.2d 705] by reason of insanity as to each count, the defendant was found to be sane at the time of the commission of the offenses. A motion for a new trial or modification of the judgment was denied.
It appears that during the afternoon of August 18, 1957, the defendant procured a gun. Prior to that time he had made statements concerning his intention to kill members of his wife's family. At about 8:30 he appeared at the back door of the home of Nell Parris, his mother-in-law. In addition to the defendant's wife, Bobbie Ward, and their infant son, there was present in the house at that time Brenda Parris, who was the 13-year-old sister of Bobbie. The defendant demanded that his wife leave the premises with him. Upon her refusal to do so he broke in the back door. His wife fled by way of the front door. The defendant pursued and caught up with her a few hundred feet away. During his pursuit an automobile driven by Joe Shatto arrived on the scene. In addition to Mr. Shatto the automobile was occupied by Nell Parris, by Mrs. Shatto who was the sister of Nell Parris, and by three children. Mrs. Shatto got out of the car and approached the defendant and his wife. The defendant had a revolver in his hand and threatened to kill his wife if she would not go with him. All three persons returned to the house and the defendant and his wife went in. She asked for time to get ready to leave and upon the defendant's refusal to grant her request she again ran out of the house and away from the premises, the defendant following her. Nell Parris alighted from the automobile for the declared purpose of telephoning the police, and Brenda Parris came out of the house and was entering the automobile with the defendant's infant son in her arms. The defendant approached the automobile and stated that if his wife would not come with him he would shoot Brenda. Without further delay he put the gun close to her head and shot her. Thereupon Nell Parris attempted to strike him with her hand and he shot her also. He fired several shots into her body as she lay on the ground. Both Nell and Brenda Parris died as a result of the gunshot wounds so inflicted. The defendant was apprehended shortly after the homicides, and at about 3:30 the following morning made a statement in which he admitted that he procured the gun for the purpose of killing his wife, and that he shot Nell Parris and someone he thought to be Brenda.
The defendant was represented at the trial by appointed counsel. He did not testify in his own defense. Following [50 Cal.2d 706] the verdicts of guilty on the issues raised by the pleas of not guilty, the trial proceeded before the same jury for a determination of the penalties. After the verdicts were returned fixing the penalty at death the trial again proceeded before the same jury on the issues raised by the pleas of not guilty by reason of insanity. The jury received the evidence of three medical examiners appointed by the court, and, as stated, found the defendant to have been sane at the time the offenses were committed.
The defendant contends without elaboration that there is insufficient evidence to warrant a conviction of first degree murder on either count. That contention is without merit. There can be no question as to the identity of the perpetrator of the crimes or that the offenses were committed "with malice aforethought." (Pen. Code, ? 187.) The question then for the jury was whether the defendant had acted with deliberation and premeditation. (Pen. Code, ? 189.) There was ample evidence of his intention formulated prior to the time he arrived at the premises to take a life or lives of members of his wife's family and of an intention continuing to the time of the homicides. Those intentions were disclosed by evidence on the part of numerous witnesses of the defendant's actions and of his direct threats. There was no substantial evidence to contradict the showing of premeditation and deliberation. The verdicts are supported by overwhelming evidence.
The defendant contends that trying him pursuant to the provisions of section 190.1 of the Penal Code constituted the imposition of an ex post facto law as to the offenses charged and was in violation of the state Constitution. (Art. I, ? 16; see also United States Constitution, art. I, ? 9(3), to the same effect.) Section 190.1 was added to the Penal Code by Statutes 1957, page 3509. It became effective on September 11, 1957, after the commission of the offenses charged but prior to the trial. The section provides in its pertinent parts: "The guilt or innocence of every person charged with an offense for which the penalty is in the alternative death or imprisonment for life shall first be determined, without a finding as to penalty. If such person has been found guilty of an offense punishable by life imprisonment or death, there shall thereupon be further proceedings on the issue of penalty, and the trier of fact shall fix the penalty. Evidence may be presented at the further proceedings on the issue of penalty, of the circumstances surrounding the crime, of the defendant's background and history, and of any facts in aggravation or mitigation of the [50 Cal.2d 707] penalty. The determination of the penalty of life imprisonment or death shall be in the discretion of the court or jury trying the issue of fact on the evidence presented, and the penalty fixed shall be expressly stated in the decision or verdict. ... If the defendant has pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity at the time of commission of the offense, the trier of fact, after the determination of the penalty, shall thereupon determine whether or not defendant was sane at the time of commission of such offense. ... If the defendant was convicted by a jury, the trier of fact on the issue of penalty and the issue of sanity, if any, shall be the same jury. ..." No contention is made that proceedings were not taken in accordance with the above provisions of the Penal Code.
In general, "any law which was passed after the commission of the offense for which the party is being tried is an ex post facto law, when it inflicts a greater punishment than the law annexed to the crime at the time it was committed [citations]; or which alters the situation of the accused to his disadvantage. ..." (Ex parte Medley, Petitioner, 134 U.S. 160, 171 [10 S.Ct. 384, 33 L.Ed. 835].) Changes which may be designated as procedural do not, as a rule, come within the ex post facto doctrine, but that in itself is not the true test. In Thompson v. Utah, 170 U.S. 343, the following appears on pages 351 and 352 [18 S.Ct. 620, 42 L.Ed. 1061]; "It is sufficient now to say that a statute belongs to that class which by its necessary operation and 'in its relation to the offense, or its consequences, alter the situation of the accused to his disadvantage.' [Citations.] Of course, a statute is not of that class unless it materially impairs the right of the accused to have the question of his guilt determined according to the law as it was when the offense was committed. And, therefore, it is well settled that the accused is not entitled of right to be tried in the exact mode, in all respects, that may be prescribed for the trial of criminal cases at the time of the commission of the offense charged against him. Cooley in his Treatise on Constitutional Limitations, after referring to some of the adjudged cases relating to ex post facto laws, says: 'But so far as mere modes of procedure are concerned, a party has no more right, in a criminal than in a civil action, to insist that his case shall be disposed of under the law in force when the act to be investigated is charged to have taken place. Remedies must always be under the control of the legislature, and it would create endless confusion in legal proceedings if every [50 Cal.2d 708] case was to be conducted only in accordance with the rules of practice, and heard only by the courts in existence when its facts arose. The legislature may abolish courts and create new ones, and it may prescribe altogether different modes of procedure in its discretion, though it cannot lawfully, we think, in so doing, dispense with any of those substantial protections with which the existing law surrounds the person accused of crime.' ... The difficulty is not so much as to the soundness of the general rule that an accused has no vested right in particular modes of procedure, as in determining whether particular statutes by their operation take from an accused any right that was regarded, at the time of the adoption of the Constitution, as vital for the protection of life and liberty, and which he enjoyed at the time of the commission of the offense charged against him."
The defendant contends that during that portion of the present proceeding conducted for the purpose of determining penalty, evidence of his jail and juvenile court records was admitted; that such evidence had no relevancy to the cause and would not have been admissible under the rules of evidence in effect prior to the adoption of section 190.1 (see People v. Barclay, 40 Cal.2d 146, 157 [252 P.2d 321]), and that the change in procedure thus altered the situation to his substantial disadvantage and constitutes the enactment of an ex post facto law.
Changes of a similar nature have heretofore been approved as not constituting ex post facto laws in this state. In People v. Mortimer, 46 Cal. 114, a change in the law which permitted the prosecution to both open and close the argument to the jury was approved. In People v. O'Bryan, 165 Cal. 55 [130 P. 1042], it was held that article VI, section 4 1/2 of the California Constitution was applicable to offenses committed prior to its adoption and was not violative of the federal constitutional provision prohibiting the passage of an ex post facto law. And in People v. Talkington, 8 Cal.App.2d 75, 81-83 [47 P.2d 368], it was held that section 19 of article VI of the state Constitution, which permits comments by the judge on the evidence and the testimony and credibility of the witnesses, was applicable to crimes committed prior to the adoption of the amendment and was not an ex post facto law.
The United States Supreme Court has declared the following changes not to be ex post facto within the meaning attributed to that clause in the federal Constitution: A change in inflicting the death penalty from hanging to electrocution [50 Cal.2d 709] (Malloy v. State of So. Carolina, 237 U.S. 180 [35 S.Ct. 507, 59 L.Ed. 905]); a change which permitted witnesses who previously were incompetent to testify, to thereafter testify to the commission of a crime (Hopt v. Utah, 110 U.S. 574 [4 S.Ct. 202, 28 L.Ed. 262]); a change which provided for an appeal by the state where none existed before (Mallett v. North Carolina, 181 U.S. 589 [21 S.Ct. 730, 45 L.Ed. 1015]); a change which provided for a separate trial of persons jointly indicted (Beazell v. Ohio, 269 U.S. 167 [46 S.Ct. 68, 70 L.Ed. 216]); a change in the place of trial (Gut v. State of Minnesota, 9 Wall. (U.S.) 35, 19 L.Ed. 573); and a change which extended the applicable statute of limitations (Falter v. United States, 23 F.2d 420, cert. denied 277 U.S. 590 [48 S.Ct. 528, 72 L.Ed. 1003]). Most pertinent to the defendant's contention that the doctrine includes a change in the law which permits the reception of evidence which previously would have been excluded, is the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Thompson v. Missouri, 171 U.S. 380 [18 S.Ct. 922, 43 L.Ed. 204]. In that case the defendant was convicted of murder in the first degree largely upon the evidence of his authorship of a certain prescription for strychnine and a threatening letter written to the deceased, a victim of strychnine poisoning. The defendant's authorship was established by a comparison with letters written by the defendant to his wife. The Supreme Court of Missouri held that it was error to admit in evidence the letters to the defendant's wife and reversed the judgment. Prior to the second trial the Legislature passed an act which permitted the letters to be put in evidence and the defendant was again convicted. The judgment was affirmed by both the Supreme Court of Missouri and the Supreme Court of the United States. As against a contention that the change in the law of evidence which permitted new and different evidence to be heard, the Supreme Court of the United States stated beginning at page 386: "Applying the principles announced in former cases ... we adjudge that the statute of Missouri relating to the comparison of writings is not ex post facto when applied to prosecutions for crimes committed prior to its passage. If persons excluded, upon grounds of public policy, at the time of the commission of an offense, from testifying as witnesses for or against the accused, may, in virtue of a statute, become competent to testify [see Hopt v. Utah, supra, 110 U.S. 574], we cannot perceive any ground upon which to hold a statute to be ex post facto which does [50 Cal.2d 710] nothing more than admit evidence of a particular kind in a criminal case upon an issue of fact which was not admissible under the rules of evidence as enforced by judicial decisions at the time the offense was committed. The Missouri statute, when applied to this case, did not enlarge the punishment to which the accused was liable when his crime was committed, nor make any act involved in his offense criminal that was not criminal at the time he committed the murder of which he was found guilty. It did not change the quality or degree of his offense. Nor can the new rule introduced by it be characterized as unreasonable--certainly not so unreasonable as materially to affect the substantial rights of one put on trial for crime. The statute did not require 'less proof, in amount or degree,' than was required at the time of the commission of the crime charged upon him. It left unimpaired the right of the jury to determine the sufficiency or effect of the evidence declared to be admissible, and did not disturb the fundamental rule that the State, as a condition of its right to take the life of an accused, must overcome the presumption of his innocence and establish his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt."
The holding in the Thompson case was followed in Ohio in a decision very much in point. In Beckman v. State, 122 Ohio St. 443 [5 N.E.2d 482], a statutory change contrary to prior law provided that in a criminal trial proof of acts by the defendant of a nature similar to that with which he was charged could be made "notwithstanding that such proof may show or tend to show the commission of another or subsequent crime by the defendant." The Supreme Court of that state held that the statute did not constitute an ex post facto law when applied to an offense committed prior to its enactment.
From the foregoing it is apparent that the Legislature in enacting section 190.1 "did not make that a criminal act which was innocent when done; did not aggravate an offense or change the punishment and make it greater than when it was committed; did not alter the rules of evidence, and require less or different evidence than the law required at the time of the commission of the offense; and did not deprive the accused of any substantial right or immunity possessed by" the defendant at the time of the commission of the offense. (Mallett v. North Carolina, supra, 181 U.S. 589, 597; see also People ex rel. Pincus v. Adams, 274 N.Y. 447 [9 N.E.2d 46, 110 A.L.R. 1303].) The changes effected by the enactment constituted merely an alteration in the conditions deemed necessary for [50 Cal.2d 711] the orderly and just conduct of criminal trials and did not deprive the defendant of any substantial personal right within the meaning of the constitutional prohibitions of ex post facto laws.
The defendant complains that certain of his offered instructions relating to the elements of murder of the first degree were not given by the court. But he does not point to what, if any, portion of the instructions which were given he objects to; nor does he state in what manner they are claimed to be deficient. The court properly instructed the jury as to the elements of the crime charged and adequately covered the points of law included by the defendant in his proposed instructions.
Complaint is made of certain statements made by the trial judge relating to the penalties which might be imposed. At the beginning of the trial he stated to the jury that the proceedings would be in three phases. As to the second phase he said that evidence would be taken relating to the defendant's background, his previous record, and his activities prior to the time of the commission of the offenses charged. Upon objection that such a statement inferred that the defendant had a previous "record" the court explained that "I merely mentioned it in the sense that each one of us has a previous record. It may be an excellent record, and it may be a poor record, and I am not advised, I have no knowledge of what Mr. Ward's record is. I spoke of record in the term of history. So the jury will understand I am not telling you that the defendant has any particular bad record, but you are going to hear it, if the occasion calls for it, what the defendant's background has been." No error is apparent in this statement.
Objection is made to a statement by the court advising the jury "that a prisoner sentenced either to death or life imprisonment may be pardoned or may have his sentence reduced by the governor and that a prisoner serving a life sentence may be paroled but not until he has served at least seven years." The comment was not objectionable. (People v. Barclay, supra, 40 Cal.2d 146, 158.)
It is contended that the court did not fully advise the jurors that the question of penalty was a matter resting within their sole discretion. In this connection the court instructed as follows: "With respect to the penalty no burden of proof is cast upon the people or the defendant to show by [50 Cal.2d 712] any particular quantum of evidence which penalty should be imposed by you. The Supreme Court of the State of California has explained the matter in this language: 'Section 190 does not impose the death penalty leaving discretion with the jury to substitute a lesser penalty. It imposes neither death nor life imprisonment, but with a perfectly even hand presents the two alternatives to the jury. The legislature perhaps because of the very gravity of the choice has formulated no rules to control the exercise of the jury's discretion.' " No error appears in this instruction.
It is contended that the district attorney was guilty of prejudicial misconduct. In attempting to introduce into the record certain photographs of the deceased persons, the prosecutor stated as his reasons, "... not only is it material from the standpoint of identifying the body, of course, although we have the stipulation here, we have the appellate courts to go through whenever we have an___." The objections of defense counsel cut short the prosecutor's further remarks. The court sustained the objection to the admission of the photographs but did not order the prosecutor's remarks relating to the appellate courts stricken from the record. The defendant now claims that the right of appeal was not a proper subject for consideration by the jury, and was intended to induce the jury to place a lighter estimate on their duties than otherwise would have been indicated, relying on People v. Beggs, 178 Cal. 79, 92 [172 P. 152]. The remarks in the Beggs case held to be "improper" related to the People's inability to take an appeal in that case and at that time and in no way had a bearing on the issues in the present case. Moreover the criticized remarks were held not to have prejudiced the defendant in that case.
The defendant contends that the district attorney was also guilty of prejudicial misconduct in offering the defendant's wife as a witness for the prosecution. An objection to her competency as a witness was sustained and she did not testify. Section 1322 of the Penal Code provides: "Neither husband nor wife is a competent witness for or against the other in a criminal action or proceeding to which one or both are parties, except with the consent of both. ..." There are other exceptions not here applicable. Similar action on the part of the district attorney was held to be "improper and unwarranted" but not prejudicial in People v. Klor, 32 Cal.2d 658, 663 [197 P.2d 705]. Under more aggravated circumstances it was held to be prejudicial in People v. Wilkes, 44 [50 Cal.2d 713] Cal.2d 679 [284 P.2d 481]. The conduct of the district attorney in this respect in the present case is subject to the same criticism and should not have taken place, but in consideration of the entire record it was not so seriously reprehensible as to require a reversal.
Other claims of misconduct on the part of the district attorney are without merit. The defendant received a fair and impartial trial, and the evidence in support of the verdicts as stated is overwhelming. The record herein presented appears to be the first to be reviewed by this court wherein the provisions of section 190.1 of the Penal Code have been applied. The trial court correctly followed the provisions of that section. In doing so the defendant was not deprived of any right, constitutional or statutory, to which he was entitled at the time the offenses were committed.
The judgment and order denying the motion for a new trial are affirmed.
Gibson, C.J., Carter, J., Traynor, J., Schauer, J., Spence, J., and McComb, J., concurred. | <urn:uuid:f1d313f1-f58b-4f43-b391-f36a39e3e4eb> | 2013-05-21T10:20:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Sports Medicine : Topical Anesthetics
Analgesic gels and sprays
can be compounded to reduce pain and bleeding secondary to lacerations.
The search for a "topical anesthetic that affords painless,
safe application, does not contain narcotics or controlled substances,
and has a maximum safety with complete anesthesia" revealed
that LAT gel (lidocaine, adrenaline, tetracaine) is superior to
preparations containing cocaine for topical anesthesia in laceration
repair. Epinephrine (adrenaline) in the gel helps to stop bleeding
secondary to injury.
Pediatrics 1995 Feb;95(2):255-8
Lidocaine adrenaline tetracaine gel versus tetracaine adrenaline
cocaine gel for topical anesthesia in linear scalp and facial
lacerations in children aged 5 to 17 years.
Ernst AA, Marvez E, Nick TG, Chin E, Wood E, Gonzaba WT
Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University, New Orleans.
here to access the PubMed abstract of this article. | <urn:uuid:7285f038-a894-4a43-99cc-68047af35682> | 2013-05-21T10:14:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The human rights group accused the department of a high number of police abuses, including torture and extrajudicial killings. The group also accused police of throwing tear gas while people tried to help the victim, 22-year-old Willy Florian, after he was shot Thursday.
"Florian's tragic death should lead to urgent measures to prevent more unlawful killings in the future," said Javier Zuniga, special adviser to Amnesty International.
Florian was shot as dozens of students protesting a sales tax increase clashed with police, but he was not one of the demonstrators. A police officer and a bus ticket collector who also was not participating in the protest were injured.
Authorities said they had a video of one protester firing a weapon at police.
The department has appointed a commission to investigate the shooting.
Police chief Jose Armando Polanco on Friday blamed the police commander in charge at the protest. He "did not do what was needed to ensure that these police officers store their weapons and not use them," the chief said.
At least 19 officers were detained after the shooting at the Autonomous University of Santo Domingo, the Caribbean country's largest university.
Dominican President Danilo Medina
Medina presented the disputed tax legislation as a way to help close the $4.6 billion deficit in the government's budget. The measure was approved and will increase the general sales tax to 18 percent from 16 percent. It also will raise the price of gasoline 5 cents a gallon and impose taxes on basic food products, including a 10 percent tax on coffee and cooking oil, a levy that is increase to 18 percent by 2016. | <urn:uuid:291d4c53-8312-4b8f-a948-b30b62d9c2e0> | 2013-05-21T09:59:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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(1) Third king of Judah; the history of his reign is told in 1 Kgs. 15–16 and 2 Chr. 14–16. We are told his “heart was perfect all his days.” He raised the army to a state of efficiency, threw off the Egyptian yoke, and rebuilt the fortresses destroyed by Sheshonk. After this time there was no invasion from Egypt for more than 250 years. He made an alliance with Benhadad of Syria for the purpose of checking Baasha, king of Israel. By the advice of Azariah the prophet, he removed the high places, the Asherim, and sun-images; deposed the queen-mother Maachah and destroyed the idol she had made; and at a national assembly invited the people to make a covenant to seek Jehovah.
(2) 1 Chr. 9:16. | <urn:uuid:b8a040bc-6c6c-4573-8a0c-bafada1b4b7e> | 2013-05-21T10:23:05Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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1 And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying,
2 On the first day of the first a shalt thou set up the b of the tent of the c.
3 And thou shalt put therein the a of the testimony, and cover the ark with the b.
4 And thou shalt bring in the table, and a in order the things that are to be set in order upon it; and thou shalt bring in the candlestick, and light the lamps thereof.
5 And thou shalt set the altar of gold for the incense before the ark of the testimony, and a the hanging of the door to the tabernacle.
6 And thou shalt set the altar of the burnt offering before the door of the tabernacle of the tent of the congregation.
7 And thou shalt set the laver between the tent of the congregation and the altar, and shalt put water therein.
8 And thou shalt set up the court round about, and hang up the a at the court gate.
9 And thou shalt take the anointing oil, and anoint the a, and all that is therein, and shalt hallow it, and all the vessels thereof: and it shall be holy.
10 And thou shalt anoint the altar of the burnt offering, and all his vessels, and sanctify the altar: and it shall be an altar most holy.
11 And thou shalt anoint the laver and a, and sanctify it.
12 And thou shalt bring Aaron and his sons unto the door of the a, and wash them with water.
13 And thou shalt put upon Aaron the holy garments, and a him, and sanctify him; that he may minister unto me in the priest’s office.
14 And thou shalt bring his sons, and clothe them with coats:
15 And thou shalt a them, as thou didst anoint their father, that they may minister unto me in the b office: for their c shall surely be d e f throughout their g.
16 Thus did Moses: according to all that the Lord commanded him, so did he.
17 ¶And it came to pass in the first month in the second year, on the first day of the month, that the tabernacle was a up.
18 And Moses reared up the tabernacle, and fastened a, and set up the boards thereof, and put in the bars thereof, and reared up his pillars.
19 And he spread abroad the tent over the tabernacle, and put the covering of the tent above upon it; as the Lord commanded Moses.
20 ¶And he took and put the a into the ark, and set the b on the ark, and put the mercy seat above upon the ark:
21 And he brought the ark into the tabernacle, and set up the a of the covering, and covered the ark of the testimony; as the Lord commanded Moses.
22 ¶And he put the table in the tent of the congregation, upon the side of the tabernacle northward, without the veil.
23 And he set the bread in a upon it before the Lord; as the Lord had commanded Moses.
24 ¶And he put the candlestick in the tent of the congregation, a the table, on the side of the tabernacle southward.
25 And he lighted the a before the Lord; as the Lord commanded Moses.
26 ¶And he put the golden altar in the tent of the congregation before the veil:
27 And he burnt sweet a thereon; as the Lord commanded Moses.
28 ¶And he set up the hanging at the door of the tabernacle.
29 And he put the altar of burnt offering by the door of the tabernacle of the tent of the congregation, and offered upon it the burnt offering and the a offering; as the Lord commanded Moses.
30 ¶And he set the laver between the tent of the congregation and the altar, and put water there, a withal.
31 And Moses and Aaron and his sons washed their hands and their feet thereat:
32 When they went into the tent of the congregation, and when they came near unto the altar, they washed; as the Lord commanded Moses.
33 And he reared up the court round about the tabernacle and the altar, and set up the hanging of the court gate. So Moses finished the work.
34 ¶Then a a covered the tent of the congregation, and the b of the Lord c the d.
35 And Moses was not able to enter into the tent of the congregation, because the cloud abode thereon, and the glory of the Lord filled the tabernacle.
36 And when the a was taken up from over the tabernacle, the children of Israel went onward in all their journeys:
37 But if the cloud were not taken up, then they a not till the day that it was taken up.
38 For the a of the Lord was upon the tabernacle by day, and fire was on it by night, in the sight of all the house of Israel, throughout all their journeys. | <urn:uuid:3c3bc840-51ce-4250-b6f0-fd0e245fa829> | 2013-05-21T10:35:47Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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(1) "Assessment" means a diagnostic evaluation to determine whether and to what extent a person is a drug offender under this article and would benefit from its provisions. The assessment shall be conducted in accordance with the standards, procedures, and diagnostic criteria designed to provide effective and cost-beneficial use of available resources.
(2) "Continuum of care" means a seamless and coordinated course of substance abuse education and treatment designed to meet the needs of drug offenders as they move through the criminal justice system and beyond, maximizing self-sufficiency.
(3) "Controlled substance" means a drug or other substance for which a medical prescription or other legal authorization is required for purchase or possession
(4) "Drug" means a controlled substance, an illegal drug, or other harmful substance.
(5) "Drug court" means a judicial intervention process that incorporates the Ten Key Components and may include pre-adjudication or post-adjudication participation.
(6) "Drug court team" may consist of the following members who are assigned to the drug court:
(A) The drug court judge, which may include a magistrate, mental hygiene commissioner, or other hearing officer;
(B) The prosecutor;
(C) The public defender or member of the criminal defense bar;
(D) A representative from the day report center or community corrections program, if operating in the jurisdiction;
(E) A law-enforcement officer;
(F) The drug court coordinator;
(G) A representative from a circuit court probation office or the division of parole supervision or both;
(H) One or more substance abuse treatment providers; and
(I) Any other persons selected by the drug court team.
(7) "Drug offender" means an adult person charged with a drug-related offense or an offense in which substance abuse is determined from the evidence to have been a factor in the commission of the offense.
(8) "Dual Diagnosis" means a substance abuse and co-occurring mental health disorder.
(9) "Local advisory committee" may consist of the following members or their designees:
(A) Drug court circuit judge, who shall serve as chair;
(B) Drug court magistrate(s);
(D) Public defender;
(E) Drug court coordinator;
(F) Criminal defense bar;
(G) Circuit clerk;
(H) Day report center director;
(I) Circuit court probation officer, parole officer or both;
(J) Law enforcement;
(K) One or more substance abuse treatment providers;
(L) Corrections representative; and
(M) Such other person or persons the chair deems appropriate.
(10) "Illegal drug" means a drug whose manufacture, sale, use or possession is forbidden by law;
(11) "Memorandum of Understanding" means a written document setting forth an agreed upon procedure.
(12) "Offender" means an adult charged with a criminal offense punishable by incarceration.
(13) "Other harmful substance" means a misused substance otherwise legal to possess, including alcohol.
(14) "Pre-adjudication" means a court order requiring a drug offender to participate in drug court before charges are filed or before conviction.
(15) "Post-adjudication" means a court order requiring a drug offender to participate in drug court after having entered a plea of guilty or nolo contendre or having been found guilty.
(16) "Recidivism" means any subsequent arrest for a serious offense (carrying a sentence of at least one year) resulting in the filing of a charge.
(17) "Relapse" means a return to substance use after a period of abstinence.
(18) "Split sentencing" means a sentence which includes a period of incarceration followed by a period of supervision.
(19) "Staffing" means the meeting before a drug offender's appearance in drug court in which the drug court team discusses a coordinated response to the drug offender's behavior.
(20) "Substance" means drug.
(21) "Substance abuse" means the illegal or improper consumption of a drug.
(22) "Substance abuse treatment" means a program designed to provide prevention, education, and therapy directed toward ending substance abuse and preventing a return to substance usage.
(23) "Ten Key Components" means the following benchmarks intended to describe the very best practices, designs, and operations of drug courts. These benchmarks are meant to serve as a practical, yet flexible framework for developing effective drug courts in vastly different jurisdictions and to provide a structure for conducting research and evaluation for program accountability:
(A) Drug courts integrate alcohol and other drug treatment services with justice system case processing;
(B) Using a nonadversarial approach, prosecution and defense counsel promote public safety while protecting participants' due process rights;
(C) Eligible participants are identified early and promptly placed in the drug court program;
(D) Drug courts provide access to a continuum of alcohol, drug, and other related treatment and rehabilitation services;
(E) Abstinence is monitored by frequent alcohol and other drug testing;
(F) A coordinated strategy governs drug court responses to participants' compliance;
(G) Ongoing judicial interaction with each drug court participant is essential;
(H) Monitoring and evaluation measure the achievement of program goals and gauge effectiveness;
(I) Continuing interdisciplinary education promotes effective drug court planning, implementation, and operations; and
(J) Forging partnerships among drug courts, public agencies and community-based organizations generates local support and enhances drug court effectiveness. | <urn:uuid:3d403e28-bf3c-40d7-9e0c-fd49f92e0697> | 2013-05-21T10:01:50Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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RxBandit66 wrote:Roberts would be F*&king CRAAAAZZZZZYYY to not want to play with Sid!
He may want to go to Buffalo or Ottawa, but I can't see why he would think the Leafs are going to even make the playoffs at all.
His best chance to make the playoffs may not be with the Pens, but it way better than the chances in Florida if he stays or in Toronto if he did go there. His best chance to have the largest impact and thus increase his value for next year would be here. He can still score, and would be 100% more effective on Sid's line than Malone.
If Malone stayed, he'd be great on the third line and could actually EXCEED expectations for offense instead of falling short of them on the 1st line.
Muckler is saying prices in general are too high, so I don't see him getting into the mix.
The question may be, "Gary, do you want to go to the Playoffs or not? If so, you can play with Crosby and Recchi in them." | <urn:uuid:4ffc4a0e-c6ec-46b6-843b-76f0e6674222> | 2013-05-21T10:07:33Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Built in 1866, this hotel has been the unchallenged social hub for luminaries of the famous summer music festival.
Salzburg sits like a baroque jewel on the banks of the river Salzach, at the northern boundary of the Alps. Shaped as much by its natural setting as by industrious human creativity, the city inspired Mozart, Strauss and Toscanini, amongst others. Intertwined with this heritage is the Hotel Sacher, built in 1866, the same year Salzburg joined the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The unchallenged social hub of the famous summer music festival, the hotel has welcomed leaders and luminaries from the Sir Karl Popper to Placido Domingo. Set on the riverbank overlooking the Baroque Old Town and the Fortress Hohensalzburg, the hotel has classically decorated rooms, featuring antiques, silk covered walls, oil paintings and crystal chandeliers. A destination in itself is the elegantly rustic Zirbelzimmer for classical Austrian cuisine.
View Event Venues Information | <urn:uuid:5b111747-95b7-47a0-b08a-64ef428a5fd9> | 2013-05-21T10:34:21Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Sidney Lipshires Papers, 1932-2012.
7 boxes (3.5 linear feet).
Born on April 15, 1919 in Baltimore, Maryland to David and Minnie Lipshires, Sidney was raised in Northampton, Massachusetts where his father owned two shoe stores, David Boot Shop and The Bootery. He attended the Massachusetts State College for one year before transferring to the University of Chicago and was awarded a BA in economics in 1940. His years at the University of Chicago were transformative, Lipshires became politically active there and joined the Communist Party in 1939. Following graduation in 1941, he married Shirley Dvorin, a student in early childhood education; together they had two sons, Ellis and Bernard. Lipshires returned to western Massachusetts with his young family in the early 1940s, working as a labor organizer. He served in the United States Army from 1943 to 1946 working as a clerk and interpreter with a medical battalion in France for over a year. Returning home, he ran for city alderman in Springfield on the Communist Party ticket in 1947. Lipshires married his second wife, Joann Breen Klein, in 1951 and on May 29, 1956, the same day his daughter Lisa was born, he was arrested under the Smith Act for his Communist Party activities. Before his case was brought to trial, the Smith Act was ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court. Disillusioned with the Communist Party, he severed his ties with it in 1957, but continued to remain active in organized labor for the rest of his life. Earning his masters in 1965 and Ph.D. in 1971, Lipshires taught history at Manchester Community College in Connecticut for thirty years. During that time he worked with other campus leaders to establish a statewide union for teachers and other community college professionals, an experience he wrote about in his book, Giving Them Hell: How a College Professor Organized and Led a Successful Statewide Union. Sidney Lipshires died on January 6, 2011 at the age of 91.
Ranging from an autobiographical account that outlines his development as an activist (prepared in anticipation of a trial for conspiracy charges under the Smith Act) to drafts and notes relating to his book Giving Them Hell, the Sidney Lipshires Papers offers an overview of his role in the Communist Party and as a labor organizer. The collection also contains his testimony in a 1955 public hearing before the Special Commission to Study and Investigate Communism and Subversive Activities, photographs, and biographical materials.
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- Communism--United States--History
- Jews--Political activity--United States--History--20th century
- Labor movement--United States--History--20th century
- Labor unions--United States--Officials and employees--Biography
Types of material
- Lipshires, David M
- Lipshires, Joann B
- Lipshires, Sidney
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William Faulkner was quite an incredible man as well as a talented and cutting edge writer of his era. By the time he wrote As I Lay Dying, he had published five others and was receiving much acclaim for his works. It is no wonder that such an incredible figure in American literature would feel a deep connection to the classical works of Homer. One intruiging passage from the Odyssey lends itself to the novel's name.
Agamemnon speaks to Odysseus , " As I lay dying, the woman with the dog's eyes would not close my eyes as I descended into Hades . "Faulkner was known to recite this quote from memory throughout his entire life. I believe that he was drawn into the story of Odysseus, because it is an epic quest of incredible odds, set in a gothic tone of never-ending despair. Odysseus is trying to return to his wife and son after battle , while receiving a series of set backs caused by an angry array of Gods. It is possible that Faulkner took this idea of epic proportions and found the religious and almost magical tones to be easily displaced upon a Southern scene.
Of course, As I Lay Dying is itself an epic quest. With keeping in the tradition of ?"journey stories?", it is told from 15 different perspectives. Trials and tribulations occur, as well as loss, suffering, and an active portrayal into the interior motives behind each traveler. Similar to Odysseus?'s betrayal by Poseidon , it feels as if God has abandoned this helpless rural family. A mother has been left for dead, never knowing the enjoyment of life because of the forced suffering of motherhood and wifedom. And with her death comes a pack of children, lost to the warmth of a mother?'s love.
Other similarities between the two stories exist. For instance, both begin in the middle of the drama, using flashbacks or digressions to fill in the missing gaps for the reader. Both stories focus on exotic characters, with outlandish behavior to set a different scene than what might have been expected of a journey narrative . Both stories have an almost magical feeling. It seems that the children of As I Lay Dying could never really be, although they seem genuine with their eloquent and sometimes bizarre commentary. This same mystical quality occurs in the Odyssey, with Cyclopes, nymphs, and Gods, carrying human qualities, in an attempt to provide answers for the mysteries that plagued the world of antiquity.
It is easy to say that Faulkner used the Odyssey as a model for his own epic journey narrative. He was able to create his own quest, where death is the primary motivator of all of the character?'s behaviors. ?"?As I descended into Hades?", can be read as Addie?'s return to her family cemetery, a literal final descent from the hill farm to the grave. The same quote also refers to the eyes of Agamemnon, open while being drug into Hades, keeping him conscience well into the after life. Addie is stuck in this same consciousness between death and life. Even in the beginning of the novel, she is not really living. It is as if she has already accepted her death, but through the punishment of a merciless god, is continually waiting to be let go. | <urn:uuid:dc8d3fa8-137b-4461-93fa-ba256bf7f7fd> | 2013-05-21T10:21:19Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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LifeOUT.com contains material with visual images, video, audio, text descriptions and consenting adults engaging in acts of a sexually-explicit nature. If you are under the age of 18, if such material offends you, or if it's illegal to view such material as determined by the laws of the nation, state or the community in which you live, you are not authorized to enter LifeOUT.com. Misrepresenting your age in order to enter this web site may also be a violation of your national, state or local laws.
By clicking CONTINUE, you understand the above waiver and standards. If you do not understand the above statement, do not agree with the above statement, or are not qualified to view adult material as per the above statement, you must leave the site. | <urn:uuid:02ae9359-3dc2-433a-8be3-8e610dc361f9> | 2013-05-21T10:07:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Fashion is defined as a prevailing type of expression. While individuals tend to think of clothing as the main field of fashion, fashion may applies to an wide variety of subjects, including etiquette, games, economics, dance, music, food, architecture, and politics. Fashion never ceases to change. It also changed at a rapid pace. Because of this change, fashion can indicate the difference between social groups. | <urn:uuid:b0a2a3d3-c912-4892-a4af-20b493ff96d2> | 2013-05-21T10:08:47Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Sonata in B-flat minor, Op. 35, was written in 1839 and published the following year. Unusually, Chopin initially approved the Sonata fùnebre title, but later took out the adjective in the 3rd French edition. He described the work in an August 1839 letter to Julian Fontana thus: “Here I am writing a Sonata in B-flat minor, containing the march that you know. There is an allegro, then a Scherzo in E-flat minor, the march and short finale, perhaps 3 of my pages; the left hand in unison with the right, gossiping after the march.” As is apparent from this remark, the Funeral March was composed earlier, probably in 1837, as witnessed by an album leaf containing the first eight bars of the Trio and dated “Paris, 28. September 1837”. This movement was orchestrated by Henri Reber to be played in the Madeleine’s Church in Paris at Chopin’s own funeral in October 1849. The other three movements were concluded in the summer of 1839, in George Sand’s manor house at Nohant, right after their return from Majorca. While quickly gaining popularity, the work was misunderstood by critics from the very beginning. Thus, while Anton Rubinstein called the piece “Death poem”, Robert Schumann was baffled by it, admitting it possessed beauty, but apparently misunderstanding its musical ideas and the structure, since he referred to it as “four of Chopin’s maddest children under the same roof” and to the last movement, devoid of melody and clear key, as “a jeer, but not music”. It has been suggested that this sonata was modelled on Beethoven’s Sonata Op. 26 in A-flat major, also known as the “Funeral march”, which Chopin often played and taught.
Written five years after the Second Sonata and published in 1845, the Sonata in B minor, Op. 58, lies on the other side of the transition period that many see as pivotal in Chopin’s life. This work was completed a few months after the Berceuse, and was written in times of tranquillity and relatively good health. The largest of all of Chopin’s works for piano solo, it represents – together with the Fantasie and the 4th Ballade – the apotheosis of his creativity.
Called “the most beautiful nocturne of all” by A. Hedley, “ravishing” by J. Rink, “messianic” by K. Stromenger and “stunning” by H. Leichentritt, Chopin’s Barcarolle was also greatly admired by artists such as von Bülow and was found by M. Ravel to be “the synthesis of the expressive and sumptuous art of this great Slav”, and to express “languor in excessive joy” by A. Gide. The Barcarolle represents a case in point of Chopin’s ornamental genius. Ravel wrote: “Chopin was not content merely to revolutionize piano technique. His figurations are inspired. Through his brilliant passages one perceives profound, enchanting harmonies. Always there is the hidden meaning which is translated into poetry of intense despair.”
Chopin may have begun his work on the Barcarolle because he suddenly found himself with time on his hands, an idea of a trip to Italy in the autumn of 1845 having been cancelled due to the opposition of George Sand’s son, Maurice. The work carried over into the next year, which is when the piece was finalized and published. Originally the typical song of Venetian gondoliers, the barcarolle was often used in the Romantic period due to its exotic ambience and the 6/8 or 12/8 lilting rhythm. J. Chantavoine suggested that Chopin’s Barcarolle may have been a result of George Sand’s stories about Venice. Chopin constructed it formally as one of his nocturnes, in three sections, where the middle one draws particularly on the boat-song 12/8 rhythm and imagery. Harmonically, it is one of his most advanced works and it also explores trills in a way that Beethoven has done in his late sonatas.
© 2005 Robert Andres
Recorded at Potton Hall, UK, 17 - 24th June 2004
Produced by Philip Hobbs
Engineered by Julia Thomas
Post Production at Finesplice, UK
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