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Anyone who wonders why he's slipping in the polls need listen or read no further than this -- a revealing excerpt from John McCain's interview today on Fox News Sunday:
WALLACE: How would you fight the War on Terror differently than it's being fought now?
J. MCCAIN: I would probably announce the closing of Guantanamo Bay. I would move those detainees to Fort Leavenworth. I would announce we will not torture anyone.
I would announce that climate change is a big issue, because we've got some image problems in the world. I think that we've got to understand — diplomatic, intelligence-wise.
Clearly, in the area of, quote, "propaganda," in the area of the war of ideas, we are not winning as much as — well, in some ways we are behind.
Al-Jazeera and others maybe, in the view of some — my view — may sometimes do a better job than we are.
At the end of the day, it's how people make up their minds as to whether they want to embrace our values, our standards, our ideals, or whether they want to go the path of radical Islamic extremism, which is an affront to everything we stand for and believe in.
So on the one hand, radical Islamic extremism is an affront to everything we stand for and believe in. And on the other hand, the best way to fight it is to close Guantanamo Bay and talk more about global warming. You know, it's a hard call, but between McCain and Barak Obama (during Thursday's debate) on the WOT, at this point I'd have to give Obama a slight edge.
MODERATOR: . . . Senator Obama, if, God forbid a thousand times, while we were gathered here tonight, we learned that two American cities had been hit simultaneously by terrorists, and we further learned beyond the shadow of a doubt it had been the work of al Qaeda, how would you change the U.S. military stance overseas as a result?
OBAMA: Well, the first thing we’d have to do is make sure that we’ve got an effective emergency response, something that this administration failed to do when we had a hurricane in New Orleans. And I think that we have to review how we operate in the event of not only a natural disaster, but also a terrorist attack.
The second thing is to make sure that we’ve got good intelligence, A, to find out that we don’t have other threats and attacks potentially out there; and B, to find out do we have any intelligence on who might have carried it out so that we can take potentially some action to dismantle that network.
But what we can’t do is then alienate the world community based on faulty intelligence, based on bluster and bombast. Instead, the next thing we would have to do, in addition to talking to the American people, is making sure that we are taling to the international community.
Because as has already been stated, we’re not going to defeat terrorists on our own. We’ve got to strengthen our intelligence relationships with them, and they’ve got to feel a stake in our security by recognizing that we have mutual security interests at stake.
There are, of course, similarities between the answers, even though the questions themselves are somewhat different. But McCain's responses are actually counterproductive, while Obama's are (leaving the silly political swipe aside) simply inadequate. Bottom line: Presidential candidates McCain and Obama both seem to agree that the best strategy for defending America against enemies hellbent on our destruction is to get more people to like us better. | <urn:uuid:abfb3e19-e739-4bfd-807f-11c25ebe0a17> | 2013-05-23T18:57:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The sunset over the lake that was at the very heart of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry was one of the most magnificent in the world. Very few people would see it, however, as only those gifted with magic could attend the school. Even those that could attend the esteemed school rarely paid the sunset any attention at all, merely taking it for granted. One person that was sure to always watch the sunset was Albus Dumbledore.
He was currently stood at a window in his round office, watching as the sun turned the water a deep red which shimmered pink occasionally. He had been stood in this tranquil pose for over 10 minutes, watching as the fiery orb slowly disappeared below the horizon. It was in these moments of calmness that his most brilliant and revolutionary thoughts came to him. He gave a sigh of contentment and had a fleeting thought that all would not be like this for much longer if Voldemort continued his rampage through the wizarding world.
The moment of serenity was interrupted, however, when the door to his office slammed forcefully open and banged into the wall. He turned quickly to see who it was that barged into his office and was taken aback by the sight that reached him. Harry Potter stood before him, still in his school robes from his day of lessons, even though lessons had ended hours ago. Harry was glaring at Dumbledore, his eyes like cold chips of emeralds. He had an expression of pure fury on his face, and he radiated rage in intense waves.
"What the hell is this?" Harry snarled at Dumbledore, throwing a book down onto his desk. Dumbledore swiftly sat down behind his desk and quickly scanned the page that Harry was so infuriated about. He immediately recognised that the book was Lily's diary, which she had started in her fifth year, just as the war was really reaching its violent peaks. He skimmed the page and saw what it was that had upset Harry, and paled.
"Harry, I think you should calm down and we can talk about this reasonably." Dumbledore tried to get Harry to calm down, as he had no desire to see his office once again in pieces like last year when Harry was upset about Sirius' death.
Harry threw himself into a chair in front of the desk and turned his cold glare onto Dumbledore. He took a deep breath and composed himself, even though Dumbledore could still feel the rage rolling off of him. "I have spent the last year struggling to fit in all my school work as well as all the training that you have decided to finally teach me. I have to fit school and Quiditch around physical exercise with Tonks, spell work and duelling with Moody, occulmensy and legilimensy with Snape and random Auror training with Shacklebolt." Harry leaned forward and hissed at Dumbledore, "When I agreed to this training shortly after Sirius died, you told me that you were hiding nothing else from me. I asked! And you said no!"
"Harry… I thought it best that you did not know. It doesn't make a difference if you were to know or not."
"Not make a difference?" Harry stabbed a finger at the diary. "I explicitly ask you if there is anything else life-changing about me that you have failed to mention and you say no! I have to find something like this out from my dead mother's diary." Dumbledore opened his mouth to reply, but Harry beat him to it, hissing in a deadly voice, "Don't you dare say it. No matter what, I don't blame my mother. Being genetically related to a child doesn't make you a parent, as my mother states in her diary."
Dumbledore offered Harry a smile, which wasn't returned. "Now Harry, I would never say such a thing. I know that Lily's parents loved her very much, even if they weren't her real parents. Now summer starts in a few weeks, and whilst you are here, we may as well talk about arrangement for the escort to your relatives…"
Harry, whose anger had lessoned slightly as Dumbledore had spoken about his parents, looked up incredulously. His fury returned in full impact. "What? I have to go back to those people? I now know that I am not related to them in any way whatsoever. Living there offers no protection at all."
"Be that as it may, Voldemort does not know this. The house will offer some protection as long as he believes that wards are in place."
"All these years you have sent me to that hell, where they hate and neglect me, knowing that there are no wards and that I could have been killed all this time? You disgust me." Harry stood up quickly, taking his mother's diary with him. "I refuse to go back. And I refuse to allow myself to be manipulated any longer. I am leaving."
Harry made his way to the door and wretched it open. "We will talk about this tomorrow when you have calmed down some more Harry." Dumbledore watched as Harry's hand stilled on the door handle and he became rigid. Dumbledore thought that Harry would turn around and apologise to him for talking in a disrespectful tone, but when Harry turned around, there was a sarcastic smile on his face.
"Oh, I don't think so. You see, I'm leaving. As in leaving the school for a while. Tonight. I can't believe someone I trusted so much would manipulate my entire life and not even regret it."
Dumbledore was flabbergasted. "But what about Voldemort! And school. Next year is your seventh and final year. It is important!"
"I'm sure I will be ok. After all, I have survived Voldemort for the last 16 years and he won't know where I have gone. Here at Hogwarts, he knows exactly where I am. As for school, I will probably come back in September. Or maybe not. I don't care anymore." Harry gave Dumbledore one last glare and mock saluted him as he slammed the door behind him, leaving Dumbledore speechless.
Harry leaned against the wall in his dorm room. He took a deep breath to calm himself and hugged his mother's diary closer. He knew that it didn't matter that Lily was adopted. Her parents had loved her, and had taken her in and given her a loving home. Lily had loved them more than anything else in the world, and they would always be her parents in her mind, as she stated in her diary. What hurt was that Dumbledore has known all along, and had lied to him and still sent him to the Dursley's. Harry had asked him when Dumbledore first told him about the training he was going to start whether there was anything else he should know. And the old man had said no. Now this had all come out!
Harry pushed himself off the wall and pulled a backpack out of his trunk. He began to shove muggle clothes into it. He had finally gotten rid of the old cast-offs that the Dursley's had so kindly provided him with. During his training in the summer after Sirius' death, Hermione had dragged him shopping for new clothes, and despite his expectation of hating the day, he found himself thoroughly enjoying himself. As Hermione said, he never had a chance to shop or buy anything for himself growing up, so having new clothes and looking well dressed was something she had expected him to enjoy.
After he had shoved a selection of jeans and t-shirts into the bag, Harry contemplated what else to bring with him. He had already changed into muggle jeans and a shirt, and so his wand was in an invisible holster in his arm, curtsey of Moody. After debating, he placed the leather bound photo album of him and his parents and photos of him, Ron and Hermione inside the bag beneath his clothes. He also fitted in his gym clothes, with every intention of carrying on with his training.
Since the start of last summer, Dumbledore had Harry doing all kinds of training to aid him in defeating Voldemort. Members from the Order were brought in on it so that they could help teach Harry a variety of different topics. It was now the start of April, only two and a half months until the summer holidays, and Harry was nearly unrecognisable. He had gotten rid of his glasses just before Christmas because Moody kept disarming him by breaking them and then proceeding to give Harry hour long lectures on why he should just get his eyes fixed by an expert mediwizard. He had given in eventually and found that it wasn't as bad as he thought. Now that he got used to it, he found that he liked being able to see clearly.
At first, the training had all been about magic, but then Tonks had mentioned how appalling how most wizards fitness level was and how all you had to do was wait until they wore themselves out in a duel. This had led to Dumbledore insisting Tonks train Harry in physical exercise methods. Everyday, Harry was expected to do at least an hour of exercise.
Having placed everything he intended to take with him into the backpack, Harry sank down to the floor next to his trunk and cradled his head in his hands. Everything was falling apart. First Voldemort rises, then Sirius dies and now this. Harry had no idea what he should do. He just needed to get away from it all for a while – away from all the lies and expectations that everyone seemed to have for him. Harry thought for a moment and impulsively chose a destination from the top of his head. For now, he would stick in the muggle world. Dumbledore, for all his ideals on how muggleborns and muggles are equal to wizards in everyway, had no idea about the muggle world at all and wouldn't know where to start looking for Harry.
Feeling tears prick at his eyes when he thought about Dumbledore's lies and manipulation, Harry quickly wrote a note to his two best friends, explaining that he needed time to think and make some decisions. He told them he might see them next September on the Hogwarts Express but he wasn't sure, and could they please take good care of Hedwig and the rest of the stuff in his trunk until he asked them to send them to him or he saw them again. Sadness coloured with determination settled on Harry as he left the note on Ron's bed and left the dorms without looking back.
A month. That was how long Harry had been travelling around the United States of America. It had started with a small trip to see the Grand Canyon and Harry had found that he loved the open space available in America, and how he could travel around easily and without anyone paying the smallest amount of notice to him. He loved the feeling of normality it gave him. He hadn't felt at peace in so long.
Harry also got a lot of time to practice his magic. The USA had relaxed laws on the use of magic, and as long as no magic was used in front of muggles who didn't know about the magical world or who weren't related to a witch or wizard, then Harry could use it, even though he was still a few months away from becoming legally an adult in the magical world. This gave Harry scope to practice as much as he wanted, although he avoided other witches and wizards as much as possible, in case one recognised him.
Travelling around also wasn't a problem. Harry had learnt how to apparate last year at school, and whilst he couldn't get his license until he was 17, he could still use it in emergencies. Because of this, Harry set about trying to find other ways to travel around the muggle world. Harry knew all about cars and motorbikes because of living with the Dursley's for the last sixteen years. He knew that in England, he had to be at least 17 before he could get his license, but he found that in the US he only had to be 16. Harry had taken lessons and then using magic, he faked himself a driving license in case he got pulled up by the police. At every city, Harry rented himself a car or a bike – he normally went with the bike though. He loved the feeling he got when driving it, it was almost like flying.
No matter what, he still couldn't stop thinking about what he had read about in his mother's diary. It wasn't that he didn't love Lily, or that he didn't respect the fact that his mother hadn't wanted to find her biological parents, he just wanted to find out where she came from, and if he had any living relatives. It was with this motivation in mind that he set about researching his family, using the tiny bits of information that his mother had known and had wrote into her diary. He was good at research, but not as good as Hermione.
Bobby Singer looked at the two young men in front of him. The younger was tall, around 6'4, with light brown hair and soulful brown eyes. The elder was slightly shorter and had a different, darker shade of brown hair and pale green eyes. Just looking at them, Bobby could tell that they were brothers.
Dean was acting his normal self, but underneath Bobby could see the pain and doubt. Sam had told him everything that had happened with ghosts and how guilty the two brothers felt. Both brothers were hurt and emotionally run down, so Bobby had insisted that they stay with him for a while and refused to allow them onto another hunt.
"Hey Bobby, you got any food in this house at all?" Dean grumbled, ransacking the kitchen cupboards.
"You two eat so much, I have to do another load of shopping. You'll eat me out of business." Bobby's tone was one of reproach, but his smile told the two brothers that he was amused. Dean opened his mouth to retort playfully when there was a knock on the door. All three men looked at one another. "Go into the living room. It could be a customer and you two are supposed to be dead felons remember?"
Sam nodded and dragged his older brother with him. They closed the door into the living room and settled in front of a monitor that was hooked up to the CCTV camera system that Bobby kept in his house. He may act paranoid, but all hunters had to be in order to survive.
As soon as the door to the living room closed tightly, Bobby made his way to the door that opened straight into the kitchen. He had no idea who was behind it – it could have been a customer for the mechanics yard attached to his house, another hunter or a demon straight out of hell.
Taking a deep breath, Bobby pulled open the door. Stood before him was a teenager, aged anywhere between 16 and 19, Bobby couldn't tell. He had black hair that was messed up, intentionally or not, and bright green eyes. He wasn't overly tall, just reaching six foot in height, but he still looked down on Bobby slightly. There was a nervous air about him that made Bobby relax. But only slightly.
Before Bobby could speak, the boy beat him to it. "Erm, hi. Are you Bobby Singer, the owner of this mechanics yard?" His voice was deep and soft and was distinctly British.
Bobby narrowed his eyes and simply said "Yes."
The boy in front of him gave a relieved smile. "Oh good. Would it be possible for me to come inside? What I want to discuss is a little bit strange."
Bobby gave the boy a once over again. He was wearing simple jeans, t-shirt and a jacket, yet they looked well made and hinted at designer. Not sure what the make of the boy, Bobby merely moved aside and indicated to the boy that he should sit at the table. Slamming the door and noticing how the boy tensed, Bobby's eyebrows rose. Slipping into the seat opposite the boy, he just waited for him to speak.
After almost five minutes of silence, the boy seemed to get his nerve up. "My name's Harry Potter. I, erm, I'm here because I know that John Winchester was a part owner of your business." He stopped and looked at Bobby. Bobby noticed how the boy's – Harry's- eyes seemed to take in every detail. He sighed and continued. "I know that he had two sons – Dean and Samuel. But I also know that John Winchester had a daughter when he was 15."
Bobby's mouth fell open. "How do you know that? I'm the only one who knew about that. Not even John's sons knew!"
Harry mumbled something. He fiddled with his hands for a moment and when he looked up, Bobby could the anxiety clearly in Harry's features. "My parents died when I was a baby, and so I only got their personal things when I turned sixteen last year. One thing was my mother's diary." Harry looked away and stared at the wall. "She found out she was adopted when she was a teenager. She did some research and found out her biological mother was on holiday in the States when she met John Winchester. As soon as my mother was born, she was put up for adoption. My biological grandmother got married years later and had a family, but they all died in a car crash."
Bobby nodded to Harry to continue when he stopped and caught his eye. Harry immediately began to babble. "My mother had some friends in law and politics, and my father comes from an old family. They hired some people to research my mother's adoption to see if they could find my biological grandfather's name. They tracked down the original sealed records. They managed to get them unsealed and found that John Winchester was the biological father of my mother, Lily Evans." Harry stopped and looked at his hands.
Bobby's brain took a moment to catch up. When it did, he was shocked. "Are you sure? I mean they could have been wrong."
"No, the records are all real and legal." Harry paused and then ploughed on. "I just wanted to see if I had any family left. I researched the names and found that John and his wife Mary Winchester are dead. I thought perhaps they may have had children, and I found them but…"
Bobby looked at the teenager in front of him and knew how that sentence was going to finish. He thought Sam and Dean were dead. Dead felons wanted by the FBI to be exact. He was dragged out of his thought when Harry continued talking. "I know that all my relatives are dead, but I found that John Winchester owned the business with you. I don't know why I'm here actually. I just had to see someone who knew my biological grandfather and uncles. I should…..I should just go." Harry rose to his feet and seemed to debate with himself for a second, before slipping a piece of paper onto the table. Before Bobby could react, Harry was out of the door in seconds.
Sam and Dean sat silently throughout the exchange. There were so many thoughts going through their head. Was it true? Why were they never told that their father had been a teenage dad and had a daughter? Or was this just some demon trick, hoping to lower their guard?
"Do you think this is for real?" Sam asked his brother quietly, watching as the boy left the house on the monitor.
"I don't know. I mean, it is so surreal…. We have to be sure." Dean looked at his brother and felt an urge of overwhelming brotherly love. Dragging Sam into a hug, Dean thought about the situation. Family had always meant everything to him, and since their Dad had died and it was just him and Sammy, he had become even more determined to protect his family. If this kid was for real and he really was their nephew, Dean would make sure he did everything in his power to protect him. If he wasn't and it was some demon trick, Dean thought viciously, he would make the evil bastard pay for even thinking of hurting his family.
Even as Dean was pulling away from his brother, Bobby stomped into the room. He took one look at the brothers before presenting them with a cold beer each and took a swig of his own. "We need to talk." He threw himself into a chair opposite them and looked them over. "What that boy said was true – your Daddy had a kid when he was just a teenager. The girl ran off back to England with her family, and the only thing John ever heard was that he had a baby girl. After that, the girl never contacted him again."
"Why weren't we told?" Sam asked quietly, gripping his untouched beer tightly in his hands.
Bobby looked at him hard before answering. "Because it doesn't make a difference. Your Daddy spent years trying to find the girl and his daughter. He met your mother years later, and he told her everything. They even searched together. It wasn't until John became a Hunter and got some useful contacts that he learned that they girl had died with her entire family. John thought that included his daughter. But as that boy said, the records were sealed and your Daddy couldn't have known about the adoption. He didn't have contacts that high up."
"So this guy could actually be our nephew? It might not be a demon trick?" Dean asked, and even Sam could hear the hopeful edge in his voice.
Bobby looked at both of them long and hard. He sighed heavily, but met their gazes. "Yeah. It could be true." He turned and looked at the monitor that Dean had frozen on a certain image. The mysterious boy looked back at him from the screen. Bobby had to admit, he certainly looked like a young John Winchester.
"He has Dad's build." Dean said suddenly, staring at the image intently. Looking the teenager's face over once more, he randomly turned his intense gaze to his brother. "I – we – have to know for sure."
Sam simply nodded once and both young men turned to look hopefully at Bobby. "Alright." Bobby thought for a moment. "Here's what you should do. He gave me his cell number and the hotel that he is staying in. You should go and wait for him to leave his room and search his things to see if you can find any evidence he is telling the truth. Once you have done that, come back here and we can discuss what we are going to do either way."
The lock gave a slight click and the door opened silently, allowing the Winchester brothers entrance to the simple room. Closing the door, they looked around at the modest room that the teenager had chosen. It was decorated in simple blue and had a double bed and wardrobe. A door lead off, which Sam discovered was an ensuite bathroom. Not knowing how much time they had, because they saw the teen leave in jogging clothes and didn't know how far he ran, Sam began to search efficiently through a stack of papers that were on the bed.
"Dude, you should see some of these clothes." Sam paused and looked over at Dean, who was searching the kid's bag. "These clothes are all genuine designer – Armani, Dolce, Prada, Versace – man this must have cost a fortune!" Dean continued searching. "Hey. I've found some pictures." He held up a leather bound album and deftly flipped the cover open. There were a few pages of a dark haired man and a bright eyed woman. Dean's eyes were draw to one particular picture where the couple were gazing lovingly at a baby with messy black hair. Showing it to his brother he stated, "This must be his parents, before they died. His mom, she has green eyes like Dad's mom."
"She does look like Dad's mom, in the photos he used to show us." Sam told his brother quietly. He watched as Dean flicked to later photos in the album, which showed the teenager with various other people through the years. Returning his gaze back to the papers in front of him, he found what was obviously the diary that the kid had been telling Bobby about. He also found pages of notes the kid had printed off a computer and hand written about information he had found whilst tracking down his biological family. Shuffling them to the side, the next pieces of paper caused him to freeze.
"Dean." He said quietly. Dean looked up from his continuing search of the bag and looked at the papers in his younger brother's hand. His eyes narrowed and he sighed. Trapped in his brother's vice-like grip were black and white copies of the FBI's wanted pictures of the Winchester brothers. Even without looking at the text underneath the photos, Dean knew that they were lists of the horrible charges against them.
"Great. So now he thinks we are crazy serial killers." Dean looked his brother intently in the eye. "He really is our nephew isn't he?"
Sam nodded. "Yeah. I found the letters from his lawyer and copies of the official birth and adoption certificates. They are real."
"Did Dad know about him?"
Sam shook his head at hearing the anger and accusation in Dean's voice. "No. Bobby told us the truth. It's all in Lily's diary. Her biological mother gave her up in a private adoption and part of the deal was for the records to be sealed. Without contacts in seriously high places, Dad would have had no chance to find his daughter, let alone find out he had a grandson." Sam watched as relief laced his brother's features. He himself didn't know what to think or feel. He suddenly dropped the papers back onto the bed and looked at his brother. "Dean – how the hell are we going to tell him that we aren't dead and we aren't psycho killers?"
"Ah crap. I hadn't even thought about the fact that we are going to have to explain." Dean shoved the clothes and photo album back into the bag. "We should go before he gets back."
It was the third time that Bobby had said the same word and yet he still seemed unable to finish or even form the next sentence. The three men were once again sat at the table in Bobby's kitchen, clutching beers. Even Dean had been unusually quiet since the brothers had left the motel room.
"So –" Bobby repeated once again, until he was interrupted by Dean speaking for the first time since confirming that the kid was actually their brother.
"Sammy, you've done some research on the kid – Harry – and his parents. What did you find?"
Sam looked up at his brother. He had done some research on the internet as soon they had got back, but up until now neither Dean nor Bobby had asked to see any of it. He cleared is throat and said, "Well, he was born on July 31st and is 17 on his next birthday. His full name on the birth certificate is Harry James Potter. His parents were Lily and James Potter." Sam stopped and took a swig of beer, reluctant to continue.
"Dude, just tell me." Dean clenched his fist, his eyes boring into his younger brother's.
Sam swallowed hard. "His parents – Lily and James Potter- were killed in a house explosion when he was a baby. The whole house was a ruin and it's a miracle that he survived. Having no other relatives, he was given to his aunt – his mother's adopted sister - who lives in Surrey. Everything is normal until he was shipped off to a boarding school registered in Scotland when he was 11. I also found that he was emancipated in April. His aunt and uncle signed the forms and Harry now has complete control over the Potter family estate."
Dean looked away from his brother, deep in thought. Their young nephew lost his parents when he was a baby and was then shoved with an aunt who seemed to not care about him and got rid of him in boarding school as soon as she could. At least he and Sammy had their Dad most of time when he wasn't on a hunt. Suddenly, something Sammy had said clicked.
"Did you say estate?"
Sam nodded. "The Potter family is an old English family that can be traced back hundreds of year. Over that time, they have gathered quite a large number of businesses and property, as well as a large bank account. Several large bank accounts, in fact. Harry is the last Potter so he gained control of it all when he was legally declared an adult when he was emancipated."
"Well, that explains the expensive clothes and things we found in his room." Dean smiled at his brother. "Like that matters. I still can't get over the fact that we have a naphew who is a Brit." Sam laughed at Dean's poor attempt at a joke. Even he had to admit that it was kind of strange. Dean beamed at him and turned to Bobby. "Could you call him and invite him over so we can try to explain to him? The sooner we do it the better."
Bobby pulled out his cell phone and began dialling the number that Harry had given to him. "I suppose there really is no way to soften the news that you aren't dead and that you're not homicidal crazy people." Bobby hit the louder speaker button and laid the phone onto the table. As it rang, they all held their breath.
Bobby let out the breath he was holding and began to speak in a polite voice. "Hi Harry. It's Bobby. I was wondering if you wanted to come 'round and we can talk. I'm sorry about earlier – you caught me by surprise. We can talk about anything you want. I thought you might have some questions that I can answer."
The phone was silent. Dean glanced over at Sam and saw his own hope was reflected in his brother's puppy dog eyes. "Ok. I'll stop around. I do have some questions about my family that you might be able to answer for me. See you in a while."
The phone cut off and Bobby looked up at the two brothers. They both had mirrored expression that Bobby couldn't work out. "You two ok?"
"Yeah." Sammy still looked kind of dazed as he answered. "He called us his family."
Dean gave a goofy smile before snapping out of his daze. "We, erm, should make some coffee or something. He'll be here soon."
The three men were discussing how they should break it the kid when a knock at the door broke into their conversation. Sam and Dean stiffened and gripped the beers they had been nursing for hours even tighter. They relaxed slightly when Bobby rose and opened the door.
Harry stood in the doorway to the house where it opened into the kitchen and looked at the man before him. He really hoped that this Bobby could tell him something, anything, about his biological family. When he had first found out that he had uncles, he was so excited. But that didn't last long when he found out they were dead.
"Hi." Harry smiled at the man in front of him, grateful that he was helping Harry to understand his dead biological grandfather and uncles. He shifted his gaze off the man and saw two other men sat at the table, their backs to the doorway so Harry could only see the back on their heads. "I'm sorry. I didn't realise that you had company. I can come back later."
Bobby smiled at the teen before him. He was immediately charmed by the accent and pretty British manners that he was showing. "Don't be silly. They are here to help me explain about your family." He smiled at Harry.
Sam gave a sidelong glance at Dean, who seemed to be using all his self will not to turn around. Dean gave him a reassuring smile as they heard Harry and Bobby slowly approach the table that they were sat at. Sam reluctantly let go of his beer and wiped his sweaty palms on his jeans before clutching his hands together in front of him on the table.
As they approached the table, Harry gave Bobby a genuine smile. He loved his parents but that didn't mean he couldn't find out where his mother came from and what kind of family he had, even if she hadn't wanted to. Sure, he had done his research, and some of the information that had turned up turned out to be less than perfect, but that was different to meeting people who knew the real Winchesters.
As Harry was deep in thought, Bobby had carefully taken a seat on the other side of the two strangers, who still had their backs to Harry, and was looking at him expectantly. Harry slipped into the remaining chair and looked up at the two other men. The polite greeting that was on his lips died instantly.
Harry was now looking at two dead men. But that wasn't what shocked him – hell, he went to a school where it was normal for a ghost to float past during breakfast. What shocked him was that they weren't ghosts and looked very much alive.
Dean could see the confusion on the kid's face as he looked between him and Sammy. He didn't blame the kid and wasn't surprised by it. He was stunned, however, when Harry's gaze froze like ice and he spat out, "What the hell is this?" His entire body was tense and he was clenching his fists.
"Listen, we only want to talk to you." Sam held up his hands to show that he meant no harm. "I know that this must be really confusing for you – I mean Dean and I are supposed to be dead."
Dean looked intently at the teenager in front of him as he slowly relaxed. "So," Harry's voice was unemotional, "you two somehow convinced the FBI that you are dead – twice."
"Erm, well," Sam looked over to his older brother for help. This wasn't going the way they wanted it to.
"Look kid, we aren't the crazy criminals that the FBI thought we were. There are some things you don't know." Dean said in a controlled voice.
Harry looked between the two of them, disbelief evident on his face. "What is there to know? You were suspected of being a serial killer, on top of multiple charges of horrible crimes like grave desecration."
"We're not who you think we are!" Dean could hear the desperate edge to his brother's voice. There was a soft thud as Sam let his head fall onto the table. The noise caused Harry to tense again and push his chair away from the table.
"That's it. I'm leaving." Harry stood and moved away from the trio at the table. "It was a bad idea anyway." He gave a humourless laugh. "I mean, trying to get to know my dead criminal family is one thing. Becoming part of their sick world is another."
"Wait!" Dean stood and gripped Harry's shoulder. The next moment, he found himself on his back on the hard floor. He had to admit that despite the circumstances, he was impressed with Harry's speed and skill in defending himself. "Ow, shit! That hurt!"
Harry let go of Dean and backed away. The brothers and Bobby could see his eyes widen as he saw that they were between him and the exit. His body tensed and he eyed them all wearily. Dean picked himself up off the floor and rubbed his shoulder where it had slammed into the floor.
"Look kid, we aren't going to hurt you." Sam looked desperately at his older brother, who was looking Harry up and down in an appraising way. Even Sam had to admit he was impressed with him. Not many people could knock Dean to the floor in one swift move.
"No." Harry shook his head. "I left England in the first place to escape people who manipulated and lied to me about who I was. I don't care if you are my relatives; I refuse to get involved in your strange beliefs and fantasies."
"Beliefs and fantasies? What are you talking about?" Dean asked nervously. "I think you have got us wrong kid."
"I've read the FBI file." Harry said quietly. "I know that you both suffer from delusions about demons."
"Look, there are some things in the world that you don't know about. Sometimes the things that go bump in the night are real." Bobby said bluntly. Seeing the disapproving glares from Sam and Dean, he retorted, "He needs to know and it is best to explain now before he tells the Feds that you are here."
A laugh broke into their argument before it could even start. "Sure, you have seen the things that scare little children before bed. Like I believe that mugg- that people like you have ever met these so-called creatures." Harry gave another sarcastic laugh but inwardly cursed himself for his slip of tongue. He knew that creatures existed, but how could muggles have found out about them? It was possible, but he had read the FBI file on the two brothers and some of it was pretty gruesome. Harry continued his effort in looking for an escape route. He backed further away from the three men in the room, who had edged closer still. "Name something you have hunted and how you would stop it and I might consider believing you." Harry threw at them sarcastically. He didn't want to hear anymore of their sick fantasies, but when he was annoyed or nervous, his sarcastic side came out.
The brothers glanced at each other. Sam sighed and turned towards his newly discovered young nephew. "A vampire." He blurted out.
"Everyone has heard of vampires." Harry retorted. He was considering just apparating out, but didn't want to draw the attention of the American Authorities. He would use it as a last resort.
"Yeah, but how many people could tell you that dead man's blood is lethal to them?" Dean watched the teenager before him carefully and noticed how he tensed when Dean had revealed the information about dead man's blood. He was about to ask him just what exactly he knew about the supernatural when a voice to his left sounded.
The three relatives in the room spun around to see where the sound had come from. Dean saw that Bobby had thrown himself back into his chair and was looking at Harry with sharp eyes. "I was just wondering how you knew about the supernatural, when it suddenly hit me. Your name is famous in some circles."
Sam looked between Bobby and the nephew, who was grimacing and glaring at the older Hunter. "Bobby? What the hell are you talking about?"
"Boys, you should meet your nephew. Harry James Potter, boy-who-lived, the Saviour, Chosen One. One of the most powerful beings in the world." | <urn:uuid:60af21e8-7ddd-412f-adfe-d29f0e885c18> | 2013-05-23T18:45:47Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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auto-backup across the net
cdawson at webiphany.com
Thu Jun 20 19:42:07 CDT 2002
I've not looked heavily into it, but I know MySQL supports replication,
which might be what you need. This seems like a DB issue rather than a
programming issue. So, I would look into documentation for MySQL or
Oracle or whatever database it is you are using before trying to write
something like this in Perl.
You are using a database, right? If you are creating your own database
using perl scripts, well, then I guess it is a perl issue. :)
Kari Chisholm wrote:
> Here's the situation. I'm building a mission-critical web-based
> database. It's hosted on a server at, say,
> If that server goes down, even for an hour, I want to be able to
> immediately tell my clients to switch to another server (at another
> location) at, say, http://www.servertwo.foo/bigdata.cgi.
> In order to accomplish this kind of seamless transition, I need to
> ensure that data is backed up across the net in more-or-less real time
> - perhaps, every 5 minutes we ship changes to the data across the net.
> Is there an obvious solution or technology that I should be thinking
> of? I'm almost exclusively a Perl guy, so solutions with Perl are a
> good thing, but I'm open to other thoughts...
Send email to [ x at webiphany dot com ]
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When hip-hop became mainstream in the mid-1980s, very seldom did a song incorporate original, live instrumental samples. When the Beastie Boys released their debut album, “License to Ill,” in 1986, they began to experiment with other genres. The Beastie Boys were made up of three MCs by the name of Michael “Mike D” Diamond, Adam “Ad-Rock” Horovitz and Adam “MCA” Yauch. Unlike most hip-hop groups of the time, all three played instruments. Before transitioning to hip-hop in 1984, the Beastie Boys were a punk band in New York City. They also toured with Madonna prior to the release of their first record.
“License to Ill” was arguably their strongest effort and made them instant legends in the hip-hop community. The album spawned seven hit singles, including what is quite possibly the most famous song the Beastie Boys ever recorded: “Fight for Your Right.” Backed by heavy metal guitar riffs, they rap about a typical high school student’s need to rebel against authoritative parents. Nearly 2 minutes into the single, the song is broken up by a guitar solo — a feature that was previously never present in hip-hop. The music video created for the song shows the group trashing a room at a party.
After the commercial success of “License to Ill,” the Beastie Boys got back in the studio to record the follow-up record, “Paul’s Boutique,” which was released in 1989. “Paul’s Boutique” is notorious for heavy usage of samples from other records to create the beats for the songs. Over 100 different songs were sampled in creating the album. Unlike their previous record, there wasn’t a smash hit single on “Paul’s Boutique,” but it still achieved highly positive response and eventually was certified double platinum.
The Beastie Boys subsequently had several hits off their next couple of records including “Sabotage” which was featured on Guitar Hero III and the first Rock Band video game. The group returned in 2004 after a hiatus following their 1998 record, “Hello Nasty,” to release “To The 5 Boroughs,” a reference to New York City’s five boroughs. The album was nominated for the Best Rap Album at the Grammy’s but lost out to Kanye West’s debut album, “The College Dropout.”
The most recent release of the Beastie Boys was 2011’s “Hot Sauce Committee Part 2.” The album’s third single, “Make Some Noise,” was met with critical acclaim and let everyone in the hip-hop community know that the Beastie Boys were still a force to be reckoned with. The music video for the single was a 30-minute short film that picks up right at the end of the video for “Fight for Your Right” and features many popular actors, including Will Ferrell and Jack Black.
The Beastie Boys made a total of eight studio albums in their 25-year career. Of these eight, six were certified platinum by the RIAA, including their debut record, which went platinum nine times. In 2012, they became the third hip-hop group to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Unfortunately, a little less than a month later, the Beastie Boys suffered a terrible loss when Yauch passed away from cancer. The passing of MCA shook the hip-hop community. Fans all over — myself included — were shocked and saddened by the news. It is unknown whether or not the other two members will continue to make music. | <urn:uuid:1eb9c7c0-5da4-4a60-b9db-6b795528546f> | 2013-05-23T18:59:19Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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As Greg Tenorly was about to marry the woman of his dreams, he figured he was the luckiest man in the world. Until he got an anonymous phone call warning him about his bride's shady past.Larry had been lucky all his life. He had everything he could possibly want. Except a publishing contract. So, the fact that his first six mystery novels had been rejected did not dissuade him from starting on book seven. Ironically, he finally found success when he began to publish an online account of his own downward spiral into depravity and murder.Is luck real? Or is it just an illusion? Some people have to find out the hard way.
, you're not gonna get away with it, Larry. I'll take you for all you're worth. You're gonna be sorry you tried to dump me."
Larry wondered why he had put up with her. He had long suspected she was doing the pool boy. Or one of the neighbors. Or all the neighbors. Because he knew she was not going without. Yet he was paying for everything. The spoiled brat had never worked a day in her life.
Meanwhile, Larry had cranked out six top-notch mystery novels. Sure--they hadn't been published. But he had worked hard to make them great pieces of literature. "You're not hearing me. There's nothing left. The bank is about to foreclose on the house."
"Liar! When my lawyer gets finished with you..."
"Yes? Go on."
"I'm feeling kinda weird."
"Really? Are you dizzy and nauseated?"
"Yeah. And my heart's beating like crazy."
"And your throat feels sore?"
"My mouth too. Larry, what have you done to me? Did you put something in the wine? I | <urn:uuid:2702dd5b-8124-49f3-87b0-cbeaa701d556> | 2013-05-23T18:39:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Blog Posts: August 2011
This weekend I watched Life 2.0 (2010), the August film for the Oprah Winfrey Network's (OWN's) documentary club. Life 2.0 follows players of Second Life. If you're new to the name, Second Life is "the Internet's largest user-created, 3D virtual world community." Every user creates an avatar, an in-world character whose physical characteristics the user controls. Once enveloped in Second Life, an avatar might DJ at dance parties, sell custom-built homes, or even develop an in-game romantic relationship that will destroy a real-life marriage--all scenarios that occur in Life 2.0.
Given some mild pillow talk and other PG content, parents might find this film most appropriate for middle and high school students. And while the film doesn't openly endorse use of Second Life, do consider whether knowing about Second Life might inspire your child to want to check it out and how you feel about that possibility. (Users of Second Life must be at least age 13, though their avatars can be younger.)
Here are a few questions that can get you talking before/during/after the film:
1. An adult male whose avatar is an 11-year-old girl says, "I call Second Life the best and worst thing that has ever happened to me." Before you watch the film, consider what this might mean. In what ways could a virtual world both help and hurt its users? After watching, can you identify the pros and cons of Second Life for each of the people you saw?
2. What makes Amy and Steven's relationship different in real life than in Second Life? What struggles might a couple face when trying to continue a virtual relationship in the real world?
3. Asri makes a living designing homes and clothing for Second Life clientele. The film introduces the idea that there's no lesser significance to a job based in Second Life. In fact, Asri's brother says that he's jealous of Asri's ability to work from home. What do you think? Does it matter that Asri designs virtual homes rather than "real" homes? Does it matter if someone's job is based in Second Life rather than in his or her "first life"?
4. One of Second Life's developers sees it as a perk that interacting in a virtual world means a person is safe from physical harm. While this may be true, what are the trade-offs that the individual must make? Are they worth it, and, if so, in what cases?
5. How much computer time is too much? Does it depend on who you are? Consider the screen time that's appropriate for a teenager. What about an adult? Does it matter whether the adult is in a relationship? Replace "computer time" with "screen time," "Second Life time," or "electronics time" and think about how your answers change.
The film doesn't address whether Second Life can be used for educational purposes. Can it? If you know of any, I'd be interested in hearing about them.
Previous OWN documentaries:
June -- Sons of Perdition, about Mormon young men who have run away from or been kicked out of their polygamist communities
July -- Serving Life, about inmates in the Louisiana State Penitentiary who volunteer in the prison hospice
This weekend, I perused a review copy of Suddenly Homeschooling: A Quick-Start Guide to Legally Homeschool in 2 Weeks, by Marie-Claire Moreau, Ed.D. This guide provides a 14-day plan for parents who need to prepare to homeschool very quickly--intended for a child who had to leave school unexpectedly, for example due to health, social, academic, or emotional reasons.
Though the book itself is geared toward a subset of homeschoolers, Moreau's website has broader appeal. Among other resources, she provides articles that describe different styles of at-home education and videos about homeschool organization and approaches. (Have you ever heard of Enki education? I learned about it for the first time here.)
As part of Day Four of the Suddenly Homeschooling plan, Moreau prompts parents to list times when their children got excited about learning. For example:
When he went to a friend's house and talked to the dog breeder.
When she learned how to edit her photos using the online tutorial.
Any time she talks to people about music.
Moreau advises parents to use this list to determine what materials students might enjoy using when learning (books, online lessons, etc.) and what subjects he or she might find most compelling. Parent-tutors who don't homeschool can follow Moreau's advice as well. Think about when you've seen your children really want to explore a subject. Did your young son collect a handful of leaves at the playground? Did your teenage daughter figure out how to dismantle and repair the DVD player? Then consider what these examples say about your children's proclivities. Are you encouraging your children to learn by way of these interests? Maybe you can use those leaves to teach your son about the seasonal changes in deciduous trees. Or you can encourage your daughter to learn more about the inner workings of mechanical devices and help her find out about college-level engineering programs.
Likewise, think back to your own childhood. What did you do that fostered your love for a particular subject? Think about whether your parents helped build on your interests. If so, how? If not, what could they have done?
In short, make the most of your child's natural passions. Your child's school may not have the time to educate each student this way, but it's a luxury that you, as a parent-tutor, can enjoy! Read Full Post.
When I spend time with my four-month-old daughter, sometimes I get caught up figuring out how I'll explain things to her when she's older. When she's two, I think, I'll talk about how cats have furry paws and tails. When she's five, I'll describe what it means that they're mammals. When she's seven, we'll talk about breeds, identifying everything from Siamese to Cornish Rex.
Talking a walk earlier, I realized I'd been so caught up in this line of thought that I wasn't saying anything at all to the baby. I reminded myself that, though she's young, there's no better time to start with any and all of these "older-kid" discussions than now. After all, what good does it do her if stay silent--or even if I restrict our cat conversation to her current level of comprehension? "Caaa," I could say, pointing to a picture of a cat. "Caaa, caaa, caaa." Those sounds are along the lines of the ones she makes, but why limit our interaction to one syllable?
One of the complaints about traditional school systems is that students spend too much time with children at the same level of development. If we only ever communicate with our same-age peers, we may not be challenged or prompted to grow.
My two most recent posts have been about the 19-child Duggar family, all of whom have been homeschooled by their mother, Michelle. This one is also inspired by the Duggars' educational philosophy as it relates to the ideas above, and as described in A Love That Multiplies: An Up-Close View of How They Make It Work.
Though the Duggar children range in age from newborn to adult, there is a time each day when they all sit around one table and participate in the same lesson.
The youngest ones may not understand the ideas the moment they hear them, but we believe the information goes into their brains and accumulates like a big pile of snow. The snowdrift gets bigger and bigger as the children hear new information, especially when it's presented appealingly. Then, gradually, as these children mature, the ideas they have heard start melting and soaking into their hearts and minds, and they begin comprehending.
In short, speak to your children in a way they understand--and, also, in a way they will understand. Read Full Post.
On Friday I posted about a large homeschooling family, the Duggars, and the way they actively engage their children in learning by doing.
Now I'm reading Jim Bob and Michelle Duggars' second book, A Love That Multiplies: An Up-Close View of How They Make It Work.
In it, Michelle describes an activity she gives her children:
Sometimes as a homeschool writing project, and other times just out of the blue, we ask our children to write notes of thanks or appreciation to someone outside the family who has done something good. It might be a thank-you to someone at the nursing home who told them a story, or it could be addressed to firefighters and police officers in our area who serve our community with such dedication and courage.
What a great idea. Why?
1. It's a kind act.
2. Thank-you notes allow students of any age to hone their writing skills. In fact, correspondence in general is good for this, though thank-you notes may provide more focus, as they have a narrower purpose.
3. It's easy to respond to your child if he or she tends to ask when assignments will be useful in "real-life."
4. Your child might get a response to his or her letter, which (A) is exciting and (B) encourages continued letter-writing. After Michelle Duggar's son Joshua wrote to the mayor of Fayetteville, Arkansas, to commend him on decisions he'd made in office, here's what happened:
A few days later Josh received a handwritten letter from the mayor saying how much Josh's letter had meant to him. Mayor Hanna said he had shown the letter to several others and had displayed it in his office. He said many times people will write or e-mail to complain about something, but few take the time to say thank you.
Besides the academic value of Josh's thank-you note, it was beneficial in that it created a ripple effect, improving life for the mayor, others in his office, and perhaps even members of the community, depending on how the contents of the letter came to mind when the mayor made future decisions. What traditional essay assignment can accomplish all that? Read Full Post.
As part of my quest to learn about individual families' homeschooling experiences, I read The Duggars: 20 and Counting! Raising One of America's Largest Families--How They Do It, by Michelle and Jim Bob Duggar. In case you're trying to reconcile this blog post's title with the book's, the "20" refers to Michelle, Jim Bob, and the 18 J-name* children who existed as of the book's publication in 2008. Since then, Josie has been born; if you watch TLC's show 19 Kids and Counting, you may be familiar with the health struggles Josie faced after she arrived three months premature.
The Duggars: 20 and Counting! describes why the Duggars have so many children (they're leaving their family size to "God's will"), how small a space they've lived in with how large a brood (900 square feet with five children, 2200 square feet with 14 children), how large a space they now live in (7000 square feet!), and how they manage (lots of washers and dryers, not much sleep).
The book discusses elements of the family's homeschooling regimen. Though the family lists the particular book series they use for their formal lessons, I was more interested in the ways they informally educate their children.
The Duggars give their children firsthand exposure to career skills. When their son Josh was a toddler,
I installed a toddler car seat [in the tow truck] so the little guy could come along on daytime towing calls, and he loved it! We dressed him in little coveralls like mine, and he happily accompanied Daddy on calls all over the area.
As we rode together, I talked constantly to Josh, teaching him the names of the things we saw, even the names of the streets we were crossing. Later, I did the same thing with our twins Jana and John-David. Soon, going anywhere in Springdale with one of our little ones was like having our own personal GPS system!
The family continued this practice when Jim Bob worked as a representative in the Arkansas House of Representatives:
Just as I had done when I was driving the tow truck, I often brought one, two, or three of the six oldest children to work with me in the legislature. They would watch the House proceedings from the gallery or sit in the audience during meetings. Sure, some of the meetings ran long, but they learned a lot, and later we would discuss what they had heard to reinforce the lessons.
Michelle and I would chuckle, overhearing them "play legislature" back at home. "Mr. Chairman!" one of them would cry out, trying to get the others' attention. A little later we would hear, "All in favor, say aye."
The Duggar parents realize how effective it is to learn through action:
Michelle and I like to take our children with us when we vote. We want them to learn how elections work, including what happens in the voting booth.
Have you ever done home improvements? Consider how you could involve your child in the process. The Duggars dealt with their need for more space by building their own house, which became another hands-on learning opportunity:
...the children studied the dimensions, square footage, and weight loads of the structure as well as all the processes involved in the new home's construction.
You don't need a huge family or a yard full of steel I-beams to implement the Duggars' practices yourself. To the extent you can, share your work life with your child. Likewise, share your passions. When educating their children, Michelle and Jim Bob follow a maxim that writers also value: Show, don't tell. They teach through movement and by doing. You can do the same.
* Joshua, Jana, John-David, Jill, Jessa, Jinger, Joseph, Josiah, Joy-Anna, Jeremiah, Jedidiah, Jason, James, Justin, Jackson, Johannah, Jennifer, Jordyn-Grace, and (post-publication) Josie Read Full Post.
Through the BzzAgent program, I've been getting free Kindle copies of publications by The Domino Project. Most recently, I received Read This Before Our Next Meeting: The modern meeting standard for successful organizations by Al Pittampalli. (Anyone can download the digital edition for free until Tuesday, August 9.)
The gist of the book is that meetings often hinder rather than help; Pittampalli describes how to run a "modern meeting" to maximize benefits for companies.
One section of the book addresses brainstorming, and it reminded me that students often skip this crucial step in the paper-writing process. They shouldn't, because preceding a research or analytical paper with an idea-generating session is what makes for a rich, thoughtful paper. Students can then group related material and use it to craft a strong, thesis-driven paper with logically organized evidence.
In short, brainstorming gives you more to work with, which means students end up culling the best material from a pool of possibilities rather than straining to think of something to say and experiencing "writer's block."
Parents, keep in mind what Pittampalli advises regarding brainstorming sessions:
Let's praise liberally. No criticism.... Let's make sure that the measured output of the meeting is the breadth and quantity of ideas.
You can encourage your child to aim for a certain number of ideas:
This method forces people to let go of their filters in service of meeting the target number of ideas.
Or set a timer:
It's toward the very end that people start flinging up last-minute ideas to meet the mark.
Try getting up from the table:
Encourage people to stand up, walk around the room. In fact, get out of the room.
In all the fun of brainstorming, be sure your child keeps track of the ideas. It may be hard to recognize what's most valuable until the end. So:
Let's write it all down ... even the silly stuff.
Is there anything else that you think parents or children should keep in mind about brainstorming? If so, feel free to share below! Read Full Post.
Dear Friends and Readers,
Do you interact with a school-age student--or know anyone who does? If so, read on:
I'm pleased to announce the publication of How to Tutor Your Own Child: Boost Grades and Inspire a Lifelong Love of Learning--Without Paying for a Professional Tutor, which was released today, August 2, 2011. The book is available in print and digital forms from Ten Speed Press, a division of Random House.
How to Tutor Your Own Child is appropriate for parents, grandparents, and caregivers of students of all ages (kindergarten through high school). It aims to further the intellectual development of children by enriching their relationships and home environments. The book draws on my experience as a professional tutor and covers the basics for parents: the Six-Step Session, communication tricks, ethical dilemmas, technological resources, and organization. It includes a special chapter about supporting teenage students.
Gerald Richards, the CEO of the tutoring company 826 National, was generous enough to write the book's foreword.
You can purchase copies online from Amazon (where reviews are welcome!), Powell's, IndieBound, and Barnes & Noble, among other retailers. If you live in the DC area, I encourage you to find a copy at Sullivan's Toys and Art Supplies, Barton's Child's Play, Kramerbooks, or Politics & Prose.
How to Tutor Your Own Child has a companion website, blog, Facebook page, and Twitter account, and here it is on Goodreads. I'll be using all of these locations to post additional resources and share questions and comments from readers. I would also be happy to hear from readers at email@example.com.
The book has gotten great feedback so far. From Dr. Fran Walfish, a child psychotherapist and the author of The Self-Aware Parent:
Marina Ruben uses wisdom, experience, and laser-sharp intuition coupled with support and concrete tools and strategies. This is a must-read for parents of every school-age child.
From Dr. Lea Ybarra, the recent executive director of the Center for Talented Youth (CTY):
A thoughtful, humorous, and practical guide for parents and anyone interested in child enrichment. Reading and discussing this book will be time well spent.
I'll be appearing at book festivals and speaking engagements throughout the year. See here for details, and please do contact me if you'd like me to read or do a presentation or training session at your school, educational organization, book group, or conference.
If you know of others who might be interested in the book or its companion sites, I'd love for you to share this message with them.
Thanks so much!
Marina Read Full Post. | <urn:uuid:f798994b-6b28-479a-9380-043460b45482> | 2013-05-23T18:44:26Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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My problem is this:
A deck of ordinary cards is shuffled and 13 cards are dealt. What is the probability that the last card dealt is an ace?
Here is my work so far:
probability that there is at least one ace in the 13: 1-(C(52,13)-C(48,13))/C(52,13) = .3038
probability that there is an ace left at the end of dealing 12 cards: 12!/13! = .076923
probability of both of those happening: .3038*.076923 = .02337 = 2.34%
does this look correct? Thank you so much in advance. Nolan | <urn:uuid:31f315a9-592c-4d6a-97b2-fd0deda7b459> | 2013-05-23T18:38:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Okay, I'm lying. That lede wouldn't fool anyone. The idea is patently silly. Of course, a story about someone moving in the opposite direction seems a little ridiculous as well.
If Cathy Black is a good fit as chancellor because she has experience running a magazine, should Joel Klein simply take over the New York Times? Seems silly, doesn't it?
The NYTimes quotes a few experts who are used to looking at industry - none of them has any experience in education. NYTimes
Yeah, there's a good analogy ... maker of food stuff to a maker of non-food stuff. Both of which are assembly line type situations where defective parts or ingredients are trashed or recycled.
"They held up several examples of corporate chieftains who hopscotched successfully from industry to industry, people like Louis V. Gerstner Jr., who went from RJR Nabisco, a maker of food and cigarettes, to I.B.M, a maker of computer equipment."
Oh well. Here's to one more experiment with someone else's kids. | <urn:uuid:4f332e66-20a3-4693-9dac-0cccc6919e86> | 2013-05-23T18:51:19Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Ask Dr. Math
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See also the
Dr. Math FAQ:
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Stars indicate particularly interesting answers or
good places to begin browsing.
- The Welsh Vigesimal Number System [02/17/2003]
What can you tell me about the Welsh version of the Vigesimal Number
- What If There Was No Zero? [10/21/2003]
Why did it take so long to discover zero? Why did early civilizations
not need zero? How would math as we know it be different if there was
- What is a Sign? [04/21/2003]
Can you do anything in math without signs?
- What is Menelaus' Theorem? [11/15/1998]
Proof of Menelaus' Theorem, and discussion of its converse and Desargues'
- What was Fermat's Last Theorem? [07/23/1997]
I wonder if you might take the time to explain Fermat's Last Theorem. I
am an undergraduate in mathematics, so an easy answer would be perfect.
- When Do We Need to Know Roman Numerals? [08/26/2003]
I have a student who does not see how learning Roman numerals will
benefit her. What advice can you give her to make this learning
experience more relevant to her life and needs?
- Where did Fahrenheit and Celsius Come From? [07/26/1997]
How did scientists figure out the relation between two numbers that mean
the same thing, e.g. 0 deg C and 32 deg F?
- Where did Pi come from? [12/2/1994]
We are an adult high school and we were wondering if you could answer our
question. Where did the word pi come from, and how did someone determine
it was equal to 3.14?
- Where does pi come from? [1/13/1995]
I was wondering how exactly the math notation pi was derived, and whoever
derived it, why did he make up that symbol for pi?
- Where does sine come from? [1/6/1995]
Who was the inventor of Sine? And when did he/she discover it? Also, how
did he/she do it?
- Who Invented Algebra? [06/07/2004]
Who invented Algebra?
- Who Invented Binary? [05/07/2000]
Who invented the binary system of numbers and when was it developed?
- Who was Hero (or Heron)? [11/12/1997]
I have been trying to find information on the Greek mathematician Hero.
- Why Are the Numbers on a Dartboard Where They Are? [03/09/2004]
The way that the numbers 1 to 20 are arranged on a standard dart board
at first seems to be random, but are they placed in such a way as to
encourage accuracy, i.e., so that missing a high number results in
hitting a low number?
- Why b for Intercept? [10/16/2003]
In the slope-intercept formula, y = mx + b, why is 'b' used to
represent the y-intercept?
- Why Does 1+1=2? [2/28/1995]
Nobody that I ask has been able to answer that question with an
explanation. Notice the word WHY, not HOW.
- Why Do We Need to Study Rational Numbers? [04/22/2008]
My students want to know why they need to know what rational numbers
are and what use they have in the real world.
- Why Is a Circle 360 Degrees? [07/01/1998]
Why is a circle defined as 360 degrees?
- Why m for slope? [11/9/1994]
My class wants me to ask you why the letter m was selected to represent
- Why Straightedge and Compass Only? [10/02/2002]
My geometry students want to know why constructions can only be done
using a straightedge and a compass.
- Why x and y? [11/30/1994]
Can Dr. Math tell me where we get x and y?
- Women in Mathematics [3/6/1996]
Would someone answer questions from eleventh grade girls about being a
- You Can't Trisect an Angle [7/16/1996]
Who proved you can't trisect an angle?
Search the Dr. Math Library:
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Home || The Math Library || Quick Reference || Search || Help
The Math Forum is a research and educational enterprise of the Drexel University School of Education. | <urn:uuid:f50ed2ca-606b-45cb-8f21-0ba274882440> | 2013-05-23T18:31:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Last summer, there were several excellent summer schools in my field that I learned of only after the application date. The events I did attend were chosen without too much care. I'm planning for the coming summer, but don't really know how best to go about this. Relying solely on the posters that appear on bulletin boards at the local math department seems inadequate.
How do you learn about the exciting summer schools and conferences in your field? Do you rely on word of mouth? What listings do you turn to? I imagine answers will diverge based on position, so please state at what stage of your career you used this approach.
How do you decide which events to attend? What factors play into your choice? Obviously, speakers and location make a difference. How do you weight such factors? | <urn:uuid:aa49dbc5-0245-4e16-bf69-64186abe4a1c> | 2013-05-23T18:41:26Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Great little example.
The only problem I've found is that binary numbers >127 get mapped to zero on read. I found that replacing
mssg(i) = jTcpObj.dataInputStream.readByte;
mssg(i) = read( jTcpObj.dataInputStream );
(in jtcp_read(), line 396)
solves this issue, but I don't know if this is the right thing to do... | <urn:uuid:9cb371b1-35df-4ac5-9379-c25d1207d562> | 2013-05-23T18:39:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
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LONDON (Reuters) - Ten international drug companies are to team up with scientists from 11 European countries to create a bank of stem cells for a project aimed at speeding up the development of new medicines.
StemBANCC, coordinated by Swiss drugmaker Roche and managed by scientists at Oxford University, aims to use so-called human-induced pluripotent stem cells - derived from people with hard-to-treat conditions - as research tools.
Martin Graf from Roche, who is coordinating the project, said the goal was to generate 1,500 induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from 500 patients that can then be used by researchers around the world to study a range of diseases, including diabetes and dementia.
In recent years, researchers have developed a way of reprogramming ordinary adult cells taken from skin or blood, for example, to create stem cells that can be used to generate any type of cell.
These induced pluripotent stem cells can offer a supply of different kinds of human cell such as cardiomyocytes, or heart cells, and neurons or nerve cells that can be used for a broad range of laboratory tests in early stage drug development.
The research that resulted in the creation of the first induced pluripotent stem cells was a significant breakthrough which won the scientists behind it - John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka - this year's Nobel Prize for Medicine.
Graf and Zameel Cader of Oxford University, who announced the project in London, said the raw material for the project would be largely skin and blood samples taken from patients with diseases such as Alzheimer's and diabetes.
The research will focus mainly on these conditions as well as peripheral nervous system disorders such as chronic and neuropathic pain, central nervous system disorders such as dementia, and neurodysfunctional conditions such as autism, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Cader said that because the stem bank's cell lines will be derived directly from real patients, they will include genes that may be the culprits in causing the development of diseases - making them useful for early testing of the efficacy and toxicity of potential new medicines.
"This is essentially what is so transformative about stem cell technology - for the first time you can get at the cells that are relevant from the patients with the conditions," he said. "That is what is so exciting about it."
The project is a public-private partnership backed by the European Union's Innovation Medicines Initiative and is half funded by the drug industry and half by the EU.
Other drugmakers involved are Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck KgaA, Novo Nordisk, Orion , Pfizer and Sanofi.
(Editing by Dan Lalor) | <urn:uuid:1fd74a1c-5e59-43c3-9fb5-af93d5723024> | 2013-05-23T19:05:28Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Growing Child: 7 to 9 Months
While all babies may grow at a different rate, the following indicates the average for boys and girls 7 to 9 months of age:
- Weight: average gain of 1 pound each month; boys usually weigh about 1/2 pound more than girls; two-and-a-half times the birthweight by 8 months
- Height: average growth of about 1/2 inch each month
- Head size: average growth of about 1/4 inch each month
Babies are rapidly developing their physical abilities at this age. They become mobile for the first time and safety in the home becomes an important issue. While babies may progress at different rates, the following are some of the common milestones your baby may reach in this age group:
- Rolls over easily from front to back and back to front
- Sits leaning forward on hands at first, then unsupported
- Bounces when supported to stand
- Gets on hands and feet and rocks back and forth
- May creep, scoot, crawl--backwards first, then forward
- Begins to pull up to stand
- Reaches for and grasps objects using whole hand
- Bangs toy on table
- Can hold an object in each hand
- May hold a bottle
- Plays peek-a-boo
- Grasps object with thumb and finger by 8 to 9 months
- Begins teething, usually starting with the two center front teeth in the lower jaw, then the two center front teeth in the upper jaw
- Learns to drink from cup
- Puts everything into mouth
- Naps are usually twice, sometimes three times a day, for one to two hours each (on average)
- May begin to awaken during the night and cry
It is very exciting for parents to watch their babies become social beings that can interact with others. While every baby develops speech at his or her own rate, the following are some of the common milestones in this age group:
- Makes two syllable sounds (ma-ma, da-da)
- Makes several different vowel sounds, especially "o" and "u"
- Repeats tones or sounds made by others
A baby's awareness of people and surroundings increases during this time. While babies may progress at different rates, the following are some of the common milestones in this age group:
- Responds to own name and "no"
- Pays attention to conversation
- Appears to understand some words (i.e., eat)
- Prefers mother over others
- Enjoys seeing self in mirror
- Responds to changes in emotions of others
- Is afraid of strangers
- Shows interest in and dislike of foods
- Makes attention-getting sounds such as a cough or snort
- Begins to understand object permanence and can uncover a toy after seeing it covered
- May follow one-step commands with a sign to demonstrate (i.e., "get the ball" while parent points to ball)
Consider the following as ways to foster the emotional security of your baby:
- Give your baby safe toys that make noises when shaken or hit.
- Play in front of a mirror, calling your baby by name and pointing to your baby's reflection in the mirror.
- When talking to your baby, pause and wait for him or her to respond just as when talking with an adult.
- Play pat-a-cake and peek-a-boo.
- Name common objects when shown to your baby.
- Make a variety of sounds with your mouth and tone of voice.
- Repeat and expand the sounds your baby makes, such as "ma-ma" when he or she says "ma."
- Show picture books and read stories to your baby every day.
- Give your baby toys with objects or knobs to push, poke, or turn.
- Give your baby toys that stack or nest and show him or her how they work.
- Build a tower with your baby and show him or her how to knock it down.
- Establish a routine for bath and bedtime.
- Offer a cup. | <urn:uuid:cda8010f-57ab-4bfc-a472-a9cee7267445> | 2013-05-23T18:44:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The intimacy between you and your spouse may need to be redefined, but does not need to end. In fact, couples who openly demonstrate a strong, healthy, loving relationship provide the best environment for their children. It is a myth that romance and babies do not mix. It just takes a little more creativity, understanding, and communication.
Reason for Diminished Desire
There are many factors that can affect the desire for intimacy following the birth of your baby. Here are a few of the most common:
- Stress and physical exhaustion —Sleepless nights, a newborn's demanding schedule, dirty diapers, sore nipples from breast-feeding, and the anxiety that accompanies this fragile new life all compete with the energy you were previously able to contribute to building an intimate relationship with each other.
- Changing hormones —The significant drop of estrogen and progesterone after childbirth can cause postpartum depression or postpartum blues, which can interfere with your sexual drive. Although this varies with each individual, feeling down after childbirth can last between a few days to much longer. Some women are more sensitive to hormonal changes than others.
- Physical discomfort —Unfortunately, the pain from childbirth does not end as soon as the baby is born. In addition to the physical pain it took to get your baby into the world, you will experience physical discomfort as your body works to repair the damages that occurred during the birthing process. The incision from the episiotomy or cesarean birth, hemorrhoids , engorged breasts, and tender vagina are just a few of the "pains" that may be intensified during intercourse.
- Lack of privacy —When you are used to making love in your home—whenever and wherever the desire strikes, it may be difficult to resume the same spontaneity in the company of the baby. Even though you know the baby is oblivious and unaffected by your sexual activity, it can stifle the mood.
- Breastfeeding —Some studies show that nursing women regain their sexual desire earlier, while other studies show that their sexual desire decreases during the time they are breastfeeding. Why the contradiction? Some women indicate that breastfeeding satisfies their sexual need, therefore they are less interested in having their desires filled by their husbands. According to Anne, a mother of two, "My breasts would leak during foreplay, which would embarrass me and I knew it made my husband uncomfortable. We would laugh about it, but it was definitely a distraction."
How to Bring Back the Love, Sex, and Romance
There is hope. At first, love, sex, and romance may be the furthest thing from your mind, and secretly you may not care. However, knowing that an element of your relationship that once brought both you and your husband a great deal of pleasure is now absent may bring about feelings of guilt and anxiety. Here are some suggestions for moving toward a healthy sexual relationship as new parents:
- Take your time —Most doctors suggest waiting 4-6 weeks, giving the body an opportunity to recover from the birth and the hormones time to return to their normal state. Rushing into intercourse before the tissue has had time to heal can result in pain and bleeding.
- Relax —The more you worry about the lack of intimacy, the more difficult it will be to regain it. Janet, the mother of four girls says, "After the birth of my second daughter, I worried about everything—the new baby, my two-year-old, my husband. When it came to my sex life, I worried about my lack of interest, feelings of unattractiveness, and guilt about not satisfying him. I was a mess, and I felt like I was letting everyone down. It took me about two months before I was able to relax. It was amazing how things started falling into place. My sex life is actually better than it was before."
- Lubricate —The vaginal area may be dry during the postpartum period due to the altered hormone levels. You can use lubricating vaginal creams (eg, KY Jelly, Astroglide) until the natural secretions return.
- Exercise — Kegel exercises involve tensing the muscles around the vagina and anus, holding for several seconds, then releasing. The repetition of this exercise will help to tone pelvic muscles, which are associated with vaginal sensations. Kegels can benefit both you and your sex life.
- Express love in other ways —Be creative. There are many ways to express love other than intercourse. Back rubs, cuddling, caressing, and holding hands can be a wonderful way to keep the passion alive. Intimacy without intercourse is often used as an exercise to improve a couple's sex life. Take advantage of this opportunity!
- Vary your position —This is a great opportunity to find new methods of lovemaking. Experiment to find what positions work best for you. Many women find that the side-to-side position or being on top is most comfortable. It allows them more control over the degree of penetration. This is especially helpful when the perineum is still sore.
- Make a date with your spouse —You may have come to a time in your life when you revert back to "dating." Anticipating a "date" with your husband can be as exciting as the spontaneous romance you once enjoyed. Mark a time on your calendars (even if it is just for an hour or two) when you will hire a babysitter so that you and your husband can spend time alone. You will probably think and talk about the baby most of the time you are away, but being alone together reminds you that there is another very important person in your life.
- Communicate —Good communication is a key factor in any healthy relationship, and especially throughout parenthood. Hopefully, open and honest communication patterns have been established prior to the baby's arrival. This will make it easier to communicate your frustrations, expectations, and desires.
As a new mother, you will receive lots of advice about feeding, bathing, sleeping, and every other issue relating to the care of your newborn, but few will be as open to discuss the topic of sex. Here are a few issues that can be helpful in your effort to reestablishing a healthy intimate relationship.
- Do not resent and/or blame the child —Accept the fact that babies pose a challenge to a romantic relationship. They also bring a tremendous amount of joy, meaning, and humor to your relationship. Work together as a family to make the most of the blessing you have been given.
- Do not assume separate lives —Your roles as a couple now must expand to roles as parents. The new roles should not exclude the responsibilities you have to each other as a couple. It is important that you continue to nurture each other as well as nurture your new baby.
With a little patience, creativity, and understanding, the love, sex, and even the romance will return again. In fact, with the common bond of the new life you share together, it may be better than ever. The extra effort it takes to bring the intimacy back into the relationship is worth it!
- Reviewer: Brian Randall, MD
- Review Date: 07/2012 -
- Update Date: 07/29/2012 - | <urn:uuid:1fd0b13b-4476-4ef1-9ceb-3a8040aa1c37> | 2013-05-23T18:51:15Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Great Rebellion 1642-1660 by Ivan Roots
My rating: 2 of 5 stars
Good information on that chaotic time period. I'm trying to figure out how my ancestors were influenced by the politics and government switching that took place. Ivan Roots over uses the thesaurus. He must be trying to impress the reader with his great but tedious vocabulary. Not to be too niggling, but many of the words were off, slightly malapropism like. I wonder what his writing would have been like if he had wrote in English.
View all my reviews | <urn:uuid:3550e273-7087-4aa6-998e-1bfc62415d99> | 2013-05-23T18:58:43Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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1. How do you come up with ideas for your novels; in other words, how do the muses work for you?
I usually get going when I see or read something that is not right -- a play, a book, or a story. Thinking about what was wrong with it, and how to do it right, is usually enough to get the ball rolling.
2. Do you have a special routine when you're writing, or can you just sit down at a computer and start typing?
I have a favorite pencil, a mechanical .5mm lead pencil. Writing by hand on yellow lined pads is best. Then I enter the story onto the computer and crunch it around.
3. Who are your literary influences?
I am rather Anglophilic, and many of the usual suspects -- Austen, Shakespeare -- are my favorites. I also have a large comic book collection.
4. Generally how long does it take you to write an average novel? How many different revisions do you usually go through?
It varies tremendously, but a year seems to be the minimum. Three or four revisions is the minimum too, but really the sky is the limit here.
5. How do you deal with writers-block?
If you keep on pecking away at it, eventually the block goes away. Alternatively, back up a bit -- go back two pages and start writing it again from there.
6. Out of everything you've written, which would you say is your favorite; which gives you the most satisfaction of a job-well-done?
I am fond of HOW LIKE A GOD, which really hangs together well.
7. Do you have a favorite character that you've created?
I really enjoy writing about Titus Oates, but he isn't someone I've created. He was a historical person (died in 1912). There isn't all that much known about him, however, so I've been able to make his fictional personality very interesting.
8. What do you think makes a good fantasy author?
It helps to read a lot, omnivorously -- to dabble widely in many different areas. Then at least you know what you don't know, and when you need it you know where to find out.
9. Can you tell us what you're currently working on and when you expect it will be available in bookstores?
I have a short story coming out pretty soon in a magazine called PARADOX: the Magazine of Historical and Speculative Fiction. Their web page is at http://home.nyc.rr.com/paradox/mag/index.html. The story is about C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien's first (entirely fictional) meeting. | <urn:uuid:be95c24f-5df6-4bd5-9808-3a8d393bc193> | 2013-05-23T18:44:05Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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"Mouchan" Mouchan by mke1963
Mouchan Travel Guide: 2 reviews and 4 photos
The small village of Mouchan is unusual in this part of the world for being down in the valley by a river - the Osse. Most villages are old and are therefore built up on the ridges and hilltops. Fourcès is another exception, but probably also, like Mouchan, a more recent village. "Recent" here means that it was built after the Dark Ages around the 10th Century. Building on higher ground was not just a defensive decision; the rivers were prone to flood badly and regularly. The Osse and the Gélise remain particularly prone to flooding, and Mouchan is still at risk. Those keen to paddle in the warm rivers of the Osse should be aware that upstream reservoirs can occasionally discharge water and the water level can rise quickly. As the rivers here do not rise in the Pyrenees, there are no hydro-electric schemes upstream, so these rivers in northern Gers are not at risk of significant discharges, it would be wise to be careful with small children.
Mouchan is best known for its Romanesque church, which is the earliest known church with Gothic features, so is well-known in the architectural world.
However, Mouchan is more than just one church. It has the traces of an ancient water-mill, the remains of the old fosse, and other interesting little vignettes of rural French architecture. It's also a pleasant village and starting pointing for great walks up and down the Osse valley and into the vineyards on the ridges around Cassaigne to the south.
The origins of the name are unknown, although there are local theories that it is derived from the Latin personal name Muscius. Given its location in the valley, this seems unlikely although Mouchan is on a Roman road. The remains of a Roman villa have been found nearby, but then what self-respecting Tenareze village doesn't have its crop of substantial Roman remains? In particular the area around Gelleneuve (south of Mouchan, alongside the Osse) has provided rich Roman relics. Others have suggested that the name started as Muysano ("more clean"), then Meysano, Moissan and finally Mouchan. However, earlier it was known as Valaque (and note that the hamlet nearby is still called Balagué.
In the 10th Century, the Benedictine order built a priory which, from 1264 onwards came under the protection of the church of Saint-Orens in Auch. This parish was the very furthest northern limit of the land of the archbishop of Auch. As often happened, the village first started from a clustering of houses and farms around the church, which was dedicated to Saint-Austrégésile (as is the church in the village of Vopillon across and down the valley a little). This saint, who died in 624, is a Gascon favourite, having already become the patron saint of Auch and Nogaro. Staint-Austrégésile was before his canonisation, the bishop of Bourges. In 1062, his relics were brought to Nogaro for the consecration of the basilica.
The development of the Chemin de Saint-Jacques de Compostelle led to Mouchan's priory becoming a deanery in 1080, with its adoption by the Order of Cluny, and the number of monks grew steadily. Over time, a pallisade and probably later stone walls were erected with a fosse to protect the settlement.
The fighting in the Hundred Years Wars made the area unsafe. In 1368, the Prince of Wales destroyed the church, and even afterwards, for many centuries, this was still really a frontier area subject to marauding groups. By the 16th Century, the population might have expected more stability, but in 1589 Montgomery's Protestant troops badly damaged the little church and destroyed the priory. Two generations later, the Black Death killed most of the population. The vilage cemetary wasn't big enough for all the bodies, and many had to buried at la Bourdette, well away from the village to the west. In 1708, the Comte de Mouchan died in the Battle of Tortosa in eastern Spain while fighting for the Duc d'Anjou, grand-son of Louis XIV. He was not Mouchan's first noble son though; Cardinal Jean III de Bilhelm Lagraulas, Archbishop of Lombez was an ambassador for Louis XI and Charles VI.
Little changed over the centuries until mayor Joseph-Bernard Faget started building in the 19th Century: a school, a cemetery, the mairie, and, intriguingly, the long avenue lined by lime trees between the church and the mairie. However, this last village enhancement caused a furore as it would cut right through the curate's garden. After some wonderful protests, typical of French local politics, the curate stormed out of the village, never to return.
The end of the 19th Century and early 20th Century brought the same sadnesses and tragedies to Mouchan as to almost every other rural community in southern France: devastation of the vines by disease, two World Wars, the amalgamation and mechanisation of farms leading to job losses, and then the inevitable outward migration. It took Spanish, Italian and latterly northern French and Belgian immigration to stem the flow. Before the First World War, there were a number of shops and a Post Office: now there are none. The effect continues today: in 1988, there were 33 farms, now only 16; then there were 454 head of cattle, now (2000) just 75.
Condom is just 8km to the east, and Larressingle 3km north. To the east is Gondrin, which can be reached across the valley on foot.
Don't miss the hamlet of Vopillon which is across the valley to the north-west.
- Pros:Tranquility; the church; the river
- Cons:No shops or places to have a drink
- In a nutshell:Mouchan is peaceful, but so are most of the villages in this tranquil part of the world.
This fabulous church is one of the wonders of Gascony. Built in the 11th Century, with stone from quarry at Ramounet... more travel advice
mke1963's Related Pages
Mouchan Travel Guide
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- Top 5 Page for this destination Suwon Intro, 24 reviews, 37 photos | <urn:uuid:f1ba8816-335e-4887-b042-a0da919c25ac> | 2013-05-23T19:00:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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MILWAUKEE -- For the third straight season, the Brewers are removing left-hander Manny Parra from the starting rotation.The team bumped Parra to the bullpen beginning Wednesday night, and fellow lefty Chris Capuano will assume Parra's spot in the rotation starting Saturday against the Pirates. Capuano, who made a comeback this season from his second Tommy John elbow surgery, had been pitching in relief since a July 19 start -- and win -- in Pittsburgh. "He deserves a chance to get out there and get a few starts in him," manager Ken Macha said. "We'll see how he's coming along with his track back to being a starting pitcher. "Manny, he's had his problems a little later in the game for the most part. That's just a hurdle he's going to have to get over if he's going to be a starting pitcher." In 2008, the Brewers bumped Parra to the bullpen in September. Last June, they optioned him to Triple-A Nashville during a tough stretch. Asked whether he still viewed Parra's niche as a starting pitcher, Macha said, "We'll see how he does out of the bullpen." "It's their decision," Parra said. "It doesn't matter what I think of it, really. I really don't have much to say about it. I'll just go do my job."
Parra's loss to the Padres on Sunday left him 3-10 with a 5.65 ERA this season, including 2-7 with a 6.19 ERA in his 16 starts. He didn't record an out in the seventh inning of any of his starts.Macha insisted there were areas of improvement from 2009, when Parra won 11 games despite a 6.36 ERA that was worst in the National League among pitchers who worked at least 120 innings. Parra's delivery is more consistent, according to the manager, and his curveball was generally more effective. "The results weren't there," Macha said. "When we talked to him, he pretty much voiced that, saying, 'It's about production at this level and I'm not giving you any wins.'" Both pitchers face offseason question marks. Capuano is a free agent and has made it clear he'd like to be a starter going forward. Parra is eligible for arbitration for the first time. "I had the experience in 2007 where I struggled in the second half and ended up going to the bullpen for the last part of the year," Capuano said. "Manny has thrown some really great games this year, and the games that haven't gone his way, it's like he's one hit away or one pitch away from having a really great game. All of us who are starters can relate to stretches like that. "He's young, he's got great stuff, he's got an electric arm. I think he's going to be OK in the long run."
Capuano gets his wish to start
MILWAUKEE -- Chris Capuano said he wanted to be a starter again. He didn't have to wait long.The left-hander will replace Manny Parra in Milwaukee's starting rotation beginning Saturday and will get a series of starts as the Brewers evaluate him ahead of an interesting offseason. Capuano has had past success as a starter -- he was 18-12 with a 3.99 ERA in 2005 -- but that was long before his second Tommy John surgery. He will be eligible for free agency this winter. "I was hoping for a chance to start before it got too late in the year," Capuano said. "I'm excited for the opportunity." Capuano will get "a number of starts," manager Ken Macha said. The Brewers do not currently plan to promote any starting pitchers when rosters expand on Sept. 1. In his two starts and 15 relief appearances this season, Capuano is 2-2 with a 3.72 ERA. "Not too much is going to change," he said. "We're just going to have to get the pitch count a little bit. The other night when I went 3 2/3 [innings in Friday's win over the Padres], getting up four times, I felt strong the whole way through. The start I had in Pittsburgh, too [on July 19], I felt good getting up and down for those five innings. I'm just hoping to go five or six my first time and build on it. "From my perspective, one of my goals was to build up my innings and get back into the rotation at some point. I'm thankful they're giving me the opportunity."
Brewers, prospect Odorizzi take long view
MILWAUKEE -- There might have been some drama in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, after Brewers pitching prospect Jake Odorizzi preserved his no-hitter through eight innings on Tuesday night, but back at Miller Park, there was no doubt about it.Odorizzi was absolutely not going back out for the ninth. The 20-year-old right-hander was supposed to be on a limit of 105 pitches, but his 28-pitch eighth inning pushed him well over that mark. Word during the game broadcast was that Odorizzi threw a total of 107 pitches, but the official report from the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers' medical staff was that he threw 117. So Odorizzi made way for right-handed reliever Adrian Rosario, who finished the no-hitter and a 3-0 win. Odorizzi watched the final three outs from the top step of the dugout. "I was fired up at the moment," Odorizzi told the Cedar Rapids Gazette. "Wasn't too happy about it then they told me how many pitches I had. You just have to let it go. Your career is more important than just one game." Lee Tunnell, the Brewers' Minor League pitching coordinator, was on hand for the game and consulted with Timber Rattlers manager Jeff Isom before pulling the plug on Odorizzi, a supplemental first-round Draft pick in 2008. "He had good stuff, and was free and easy the whole way," said Brewers farm director Reid Nichols. "If Lee wasn't there, they would have been on the phone telling us, 'We're coming up on this inning, this is where we are [in terms of pitch count].' They are very good about that procedure."
Brewers assistant general manager Gord Ash said he did not anticipate Odorizzi's next start being impacted by Tuesday's longer-than-usual effort. It helps that the Timber Rattlers have been juggling their starting rotation this month, giving Odorizzi seven full days of rest before each of his past two starts.Nichols was not surprised to see Odorizzi involved in a no-hitter. "He's a big league pitcher," Nichols said. "He just needs some experience."
Weeks: No in-season contract talks
MILWAUKEE -- It remains to be seen whether Brewers general manager Doug Melvin and the new representative for second baseman Rickie Weeks are able to find any common ground on a contract extension. But there's one thing that Weeks and Melvin appear to agree upon."After the season," Weeks said. "I don't want to think about anything right now other than finishing the season strong." The Brewers are interested in gauging Weeks' interest in an extension and had preliminary talks with agent Lon Babby along those lines, but Babby left the business this year to become president of the NBA's Phoenix Suns. Weeks only recently chose a new agent, Greg Genske. There's no rush to negotiate. Weeks, who is earning $2.75 million in 2010, is arbitration-eligible this winter for one last time. He's on track to reach free agency following the '11 season.
Adam McCalvy is a reporter for MLB.com. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs. | <urn:uuid:c7035c36-c508-4907-b068-18d47739b1b2> | 2013-05-23T19:06:15Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Sunday Morning Cocktail
Say goodbye to mimosas and bellinis and try a Sunday Morning Cocktail for brunch today.
- 1 tbsp stonefruit puree (plums, nectarine, peach, apricot, etc.)
- dash of orange bitters
- Prosecco, or some other dry, citrussy bubbly
- In a champagne flute put stonefruit puree
- Add a dash of orange bitters
- Top with prosecco | <urn:uuid:4b89be5d-b6c1-4d38-83ae-3920937fac5a> | 2013-05-23T18:51:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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This WAS the personal space craft of the feared crime lord Tyson Cathmore. Although he usually traveled with his entire squad of bandits, he would occasionally run personal errands in his one of a kind StarHawk Space Fighter.
After Cathmore's death, the StarHawk sat in his base for years. One day, a spacer by the name of Trevor Skipp discovered Cathmore's base while exploring a remote asteroid field. Inside the garage, he found the StarHawk covered with dust. Skipp fell in love with the design of the fighter and took the now nonfunctional ship with him.
Once he got home, he brought the Starhawk to his favorite mechanic who not only returned the ship to a functional state, but also spruced up the engine. Equipped with a new paint job and newer weapons systems, Trevor Skipp took to the stars with his "brand new" fighter. Trevor Skipp is now an intergalactic space combat celebrity. | <urn:uuid:564b72f4-97bc-469e-ac9c-44f184203acc> | 2013-05-23T19:07:25Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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"If gets elected again, I hope he can go and really use his last four years to sort out issues like the Palestinian issue, treating drugs as a health problem not a criminal problem, open up Cuba, basically to be more adventurous.
"Do things which, politically, he may not have been able to do in his first four years, really go out and try to make America energy clean and energy independent. I think it's more likely that he will do these things than the Republicans.
"So, although I don't get involved in politics, I would like to see him have another four years to hopefully finish the job. He obviously got incredibly tied up in the bipartisan thing, and was unable to do as much as I think he was capable of in the first four years. But, then again, he did get the health care reform started, which, for those people who benefit from that, that can be the difference between life and death." | <urn:uuid:e6787350-5cb8-4c95-9d36-89ca69d8fb66> | 2013-05-23T18:44:10Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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“They were the footprints of a gigantic hound.”
Yigal Azrouel, Fall 2013
WHAT COLOR ARE MIRRORS
let’s reflect on this
fun fact! mirrors reflect each color equally, except for green. if you have ever seen a mirror perfectly aligned in front of another mirror, a.k.a. an infinite mirror, you can look through it and see that it becomes greener and greener. therefore, mirrors are technically green!
MAKE LOKI FIX IT
Sad thing is in actual mythology this is very accurate. But loki does always fix the problem and usually the other gods got something good out of it in the end like magical weapons and tools, so really the other gods should stop bitching cuz when loki cleans up his messes they get free shit out of it.
- me: *downloads a new episode, streams a movie, checks e-mail, plays bejeweled, has 24 tabs of tumblr open, opens facebook, reads a fanfic, plays spotify, downloads textures, watches cat videos on youtube, checks twitter, downloads album, checks weather, catches up on the news*
- me: why is my internet so slow? | <urn:uuid:56cf2e44-6937-4b99-88a5-46f3c5b4edde> | 2013-05-23T18:39:05Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Singin' in the Rain is a 1952 American comedy musical film starring Gene Kelly, Donald O'Connor and Debbie Reynolds and directed by Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen, with Kelly also providing the choreography. It offers a comic depiction of Hollywood, and its transition from silent films to "talkies." Although it was not a big hit when first released, it was accorded its legendary status by contemporary critics. It is now frequently described as one of the best musicals ever made, topping the AFI's 100 Years of Musicals list, and ranking fifth in its updated list of the greatest American films in 2007.
Don Lockwood (Gene Kelly) is a popular silent film star with humble roots as a singer, dancer and stunt man. Don barely tolerates his vapid, shallow leading lady, Lina Lamont (Jean Hagen), though their studio, Monumental Pictures, links them romantically to increase their popularity. Lina herself is convinced they are in love, despite Don's protestations otherwise. One day, to escape from overenthusiastic fans, Don jumps into a passing car driven by Kathy Selden (Debbie Reynolds). She drops him off, but not before claiming to be a stage actress and sneering at his undignified accomplishments. At first, she pretends not to know who he is, but later in the film, she admits that she knew who he was all along and is also a big fan. Later, at a party, the head of Don's studio, R.F. Simpson (Millard Mitchell), shows a short demonstration of a Vitaphone talking picture ("...My voice has been recorded on a record...") which pays homage to the original 1921 DeForest Phonofilm demonstration featuring DeForest himself explaining the system, but his guests are unimpressed. To Don's amusement and Kathy's embarrassment, she pops out of a mock cake right in front of him as part of the entertainment; Kathy, it turns out, is only a chorus girl. Furious at Don's teasing, she throws a real cake at him, only to hit Lina right in the face. Later, after weeks of searching, Don makes up with Kathy after he finds her working in another Monumental Pictures production, and they begin to fall in love. After a rival studio has an enormous hit with its first talking picture, 1927's The Jazz Singer, R.F. decides he has no choice but to convert the new Lockwood and Lamont film, The Dueling Cavalier, into a talkie. The production is beset with difficulties that reportedly reflect what actually took place during the early days of talking pictures. By far the worst problem is Lina's grating voice. An exasperated diction coach tried to teach her how to speak properly, but to no avail. A test screening is a disaster. In one scene, Don repeats the line "I love you" to Lina over and over, to the audience's derisive laughter (a reference to a scene by John Gilbert in his first talkie). Then in the middle of the movie, the sound goes out of synchronization. Don's best friend, Cosmo Brown (Donald O'Connor), comes up with the idea to dub Lina's voice with Kathy's, and they persuade R.F. to turn The Dueling Cavalier into a musical called The Dancing Cavalier, complete with a modern musical number called "Broadway Melody". When Lina finds out, she is furious and does everything possible to sabotage the romance between Don and Kathy. She becomes even angrier when she discovers that R.F. intends to give Kathy a screen credit and a big publicity promotion. Lina, after consulting lawyers, threatens to sue R.F. unless he cancels Kathy's buildup and orders her to continue working (uncredited) as Lina's voice. R.F. reluctantly agrees to her demands. The premiere of The Dancing Cavalier is a tremendous success. When the audience clamors for Lina to sing live, Don, Cosmo, and R.F. improvise and get her to lip sync while Kathy sings into a second microphone while hidden behind the stage curtain, and while Lina is "singing," Don, Cosmo and R.F. decided to do the right thing as they gleefully open the curtain. When Cosmo replaces Kathy at the microphone, the deception becomes obvious. Now exposed as a fraud, Lina flees in embarrassment. Kathy tries to run away as well, but Don introduces the audience to "the real star of the film." The final shot shows Kathy and Don in front of a billboard for their new movie, Singin' in the Rain. | <urn:uuid:e21ef4a3-c446-459f-b618-4efa1a6bbf30> | 2013-05-23T18:51:24Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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In the tenth episode of the fifth season, in an episode titled "Christmas Waltz," Joan and Don visit a Jaguar dealership to test drive a car, and subsequently find themselves at a bar discussing their respective current personal woes.
While the flirting between them appears to be more like two friends with similar intellects and of similar levels of attractiveness simply admiring each others beauty, it's not completely clear why they haven't taken their relationship further.
Although Don is (sometimes happily) married to Megan, he has a history of philandering with co-workers-- though that seems to be both in the past and out of the question with Joan.
Joan is only a short while removed from being served divorce papers by her occasionally abusive husband, Greg.
There is obvious sexual tension between the two of them, though perhaps that's all it is. The question remains: why have Joan and Don never slept together? | <urn:uuid:cfec8f61-10e6-4974-ba7d-55bb3e9ac7ab> | 2013-05-23T18:45:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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What are the names of the three actors (resp. the characters) standing around the snooker table in A Clockwork Orange? The man sitting at the table is Mr. Alexander (Patrick Magee).
While watching another Stanley Kubrick movie, this question about A Clockwork Orange popped up and has puzzled me since then: Is it possible that after Alex was released (or even during the ...
The ending of the film perplexed me a bit. The main hero says, quote, "I was cured alright". While that could be interpreted as honest and truthful, the final scene (the fantasized orgy) makes me ... | <urn:uuid:bb2669e7-51ef-4238-a14d-f37c5e65f330> | 2013-05-23T18:45:02Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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More The Band's Visit Pictures
The eight Egyptian musicians who comprise the Alexandria Ceremonial Police Orchestra arrive by mistake in a small town in Israel's Negev Desert. Their booking set for a different city, and with no transportation out of the town or any hotels to stay at, the band settles at a restaurant owned by Dina, who offers them lodging. Overcoming ethnic barriers, the Egyptians find diversion and companionship with the Israelis through a pervading undercurrent of shared melancholy.
Rate this movie:
Avg. 3.5 (2 ratings)
Trailer for: 'The Band's Visit' | <urn:uuid:87bd6b5d-e646-4837-ab78-00136d17821a> | 2013-05-23T19:05:12Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Specifies the axis type for the X and Y-axes of a Series.
Assembly: System.Windows.Forms.DataVisualization (in System.Windows.Forms.DataVisualization.dll)
The enumeration represents the axis type used for the X and Y-axes of a Series.
A Series is plotted using two axes, with the exception of pie and doughnut charts. This enumeration is used in conjunction with the XAxisType and YAxisType properties to set the axes used for plotting the associated data points of the series.
For all charts except for bar, stacked bar, pie and doughnut types, the primary and secondary axes are as follows:
Bottom horizontal axis.
Top horizontal axis.
Left vertical axis.
Right vertical axis.
Bar and stacked bar charts have their axes rotated 90 degrees clockwise. For example, the primary X-axis for these two charts is the left-vertical axis. | <urn:uuid:83014427-ce24-4d62-a7e8-02bfd0f1f741> | 2013-05-23T19:07:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Represents a specialized text run that can be used to modify properties of text runs within its scope.
Assembly: PresentationCore (in PresentationCore.dll)
Thetype exposes the following members.
|CharacterBufferReference||Gets the CharacterBufferReference for the . (Overrides TextRun.CharacterBufferReference.)|
|FlowDirection||Gets the FlowDirection for the .|
|HasDirectionalEmbedding||Gets a value that indicates whether the supports FlowDirection for the current scope of text.|
|Length||Gets the number of characters in the text run. (Inherited from TextRun.)|
|Properties||Gets the set of text properties that are shared by every character in the text run, such as typeface or foreground brush. (Inherited from TextRun.)|
|Equals(Object)||Determines whether the specified object is equal to the current object. (Inherited from Object.)|
|Finalize||Allows an object to try to free resources and perform other cleanup operations before it is reclaimed by garbage collection. (Inherited from Object.)|
|GetHashCode||Serves as a hash function for a particular type. (Inherited from Object.)|
|GetType||Gets the Type of the current instance. (Inherited from Object.)|
|MemberwiseClone||Creates a shallow copy of the current Object. (Inherited from Object.)|
|ModifyProperties||Retrieves the TextRunProperties for a text run.|
|ToString||Returns a string that represents the current object. (Inherited from Object.)| | <urn:uuid:0495f8e7-f512-4a32-b3a9-2654177a2ec7> | 2013-05-23T18:55:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Multiprocessor Considerations for Kernel-Mode Drivers
Updated: October 28, 2004
File name: MP_issues.doc
About This Download
Hyper-threading and future technologies mean that all new machines will eventually support more than one processor. Therefore, every Windows driver must be designed to handle the concurrency and synchronization requirements that multiprocessor systems impose and must be thoroughly tested on both single-processor and multiprocessor systems.
Because the Windows kernel is fully preemptible, writing drivers to run on multiprocessor systems is no different from writing drivers to run on single-processor systems. However, errors in synchronization and locking are more likely to occur on multiprocessor systems because code from a single driver can run simultaneously on more than one processor. A driver that has been tested and debugged on single-processor systems may fail when run on a multiple-processor system because of previously undetected bugs.
To write drivers that operate correctly on all Windows platforms, you should be familiar with the following:
In addition, Windows Server 2003 includes limited support for cache-coherent non-uniform memory access (ccNUMA) architectures; expanded support is planned for Windows Vista. This paper includes a brief discussion of driver issues for such architectures.
This information applies for the following operating systems:
Included in this white paper: | <urn:uuid:6ead1827-9566-4c57-a759-d065a9d60148> | 2013-05-23T19:00:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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"This still isn't good enough."
The Observer was bored. He had an awesome battle going on, and there were 7 others keep could be watching at once, but there's something a little more interesting about watching a conflict of your own design take place. There wouldn't be another Battle for quite a while, it seemed. Not with the All-Stars plan layed out. It seemed that he would have to wait a bit for another chance.
From behind him, a feminine figure appeared.
"I can see you, Composer."
The Observer turned around, "So, what brings you to my parts? Heh. My parts." He coughed, to maintain some sort of facade of professionalism.
The Composer positively glowed with disapproval, but pressed on. "I am in concordance, Observer - somehow, all this carnage is... deficient." The Composer smirked.
"Well, Miss Smarter-than-thou, what are you suggesting? And don't you have your own battle to run?"
Ignoring the second question, she replied, "Simple. Start the next wave. I doubt anybody said you required permission to do so."
The Observer stared for a moment, not that he could make many other facial expressions, and would have smiled at the suggestion, had he a mouth to do so. "A fantastic suggestion! I don't know why I didn't think of it myself!"
"Because until I had the displeasure of meeting you, I thought the Cultivator was air-headed. Regardless, I must be going. I have... guests, arriving" The Composer made her leave quickly, giving The Observer no chance to defend himself against that sick burn.
"Right. Well. Time to go looking! The Grand Battle's second season is just about ready to begin!"
Check it out, y'allz, it's a new season, because All-Stars at this rate is like, a bajillion years away! That's at least 7 bajillion dog years! Are you a dog!? Didn't think so!
What this means is there will be 8 more battles, with it's own All-Stars event perhaps maybe. That's also a long ways away, but people who feel left out and having to join one of those CLEARLY INFERIOR ripoffs where you're stealing or escaping or something, now can join THE REAL DEAL!
Bonus point: If you're already in a battle, don't worry too much! This being a new season, winning in season 1 doesn't disqualify you from winning in season 2! This should be obvious, but I feel it bears mentioning.
There are at least 8 threads with these at this point, but I'll cover the basics.
Eight entrants, each round, one dies. Once you die, you're obviously out. 8 contestants -1 each round = 7 rounds.
Elimination is decided by writing. Whoever has the worst writing goes. Things to avoid are godmoding or being straight up irrational, so watch out for plot holes. Knowing English grammar doesn't hurt, either.
Also, we have a lot of characters die due to lack of commitment. Please please PLEASE try to stay active.
That's pretty much all there is to know. Also, it varies from thread to thread, so I should state it. In this battle, your entrant has no clue what the hell is going on. They've been plucked from whatever activity they were involved in to participate in the battle, and have been given no forewarning or anything.
SO THE SIGNUP SHEET!
Username: Because I've included this in all of my forms so far, and I'm not stoppin' now!
Name: Your character's name.
Gender: If you can't figure this field out, I can't help you.
Race: Your species. Are you a human? A sentient suit of armor? An undead vaccuum cleaner? A starry blob from the far reaches of the galaxy? We've had all of these. Go nuts.
Colour: Pick a color that you'll post in, and your character speaks in. Helps differentiate the posts and dialogue.008080 is off limits.
Weapons/Abilities: Merged into one category for ease. What does your character do? How do they defend themselves? What makes your character special enough to be chosen for this battle?
Description: Who is your character? What do they look like, and what's their personality?
Biography: Finally, who was your character before they were brought to the battle?
That should be it. LET THE SIGNUPS BEGIN!
Arkal of the Silver Anvil - Dragon Fogel - #800000
Jennifer Tull - Lord Paradise - #008000
The Ovoid - slipsicle - #F4A460 -
Maxwell & Sikarius - Lankie - #0040BF - DEAD
Xadrez - Schazer - #80BBFF
Kracht - Wojjan - #80BF00 - DEAD
Keleth - Lisawags - #FF8000 - DEAD
The Divider - Archduke_Ferdinand - background=orange - DEAD?
Note: Ripoffs are not necessarily inferior. | <urn:uuid:f046540b-d786-48e4-a566-282176ba5b9c> | 2013-05-23T18:52:19Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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ATLANTA (AP) — Jay-Z is taking another step into the pro basketball realm: The Grammy-winning rapper and minority owner of the Brooklyn Nets will serve as the executive producer for the coming "NBA 2K13" video game.
2K Sports announced the partnership with Jay-Z on Tuesday. The rapper, who designed the Nets new logo and color scheme, selected 24 songs for the soundtrack, and offered input for the game's interactive in-game menus and other visual presentations.
Jay-Z said in a statement that his involvement was a "unique opportunity" to collaborate and help produce "NBA 2K13," the latest installment of the best-selling basketball video game franchise. Last year's game sold more than 5 million copies.
"This has been a unique opportunity to collaborate with 2K Sports and be a part of one of the best sports video games in history," Jay-Z said. "NBA 2K13 will be the next evolution in sports and basketball culture, and I'm ready to usher in the new era of the franchise."
Some of the songs featured on the game's soundtrack are Jay-Z's "Public Service Announcement," Kanye West's "Amazing," Coldplay's "Viva La Vida," Roy Ayers' "We Live in Brooklyn, Baby," U2's "Shove It," Nas' "The World is Yours" and an instrumental version of Meek Mill's "Ima Boss." Other music acts featured are Too Short, Eric B. and Rakim, The Hours, Phoenix, Puff Daddy and the Family, Daft Punk, Santigold, The Dirty Projectors, Justice and Mobb Deep.
"He's been unbelievably involved," said Jason Argent, vice president of marketing at Take-Two Interactive Software Inc.'s 2K Sports division. "We've had hour-long sessions and his input has been super valuable. He put together an amazing job creating the soundtrack, and was very integral in the creative visual process of the game. He's a true artist."
The game, which will feature Kevin Durant, Derrick Rose and Blake Griffin on the front cover, is expected to go on sale Oct. 2.
Follow Jonathan Landrum Jr. on Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/mrlandrum31 | <urn:uuid:639c4c24-b17e-4cd8-8714-0f947564d122> | 2013-05-23T18:53:36Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Born: September 11, 1934 Primary Instrument: Piano
Pianist Oliver Jones is one of Canada’s finest musicians. His career also intertwines with the proud history of jazz in his native Montreal, the thriving city that in its heyday also produced the late Oscar Peterson, Oliver’s lifelong friend and one of his influences.
Oliver was born and raised in Saint Henri, a predominantly working class area of Montreal, several blocks from Peterson, and young Oliver would sit on the Peterson porch, listening to the older boy practice. Oscar’s sister, Daisy Peterson Sweeney, became his first piano teacher, with lessons continuing for the next twelve years. These lessons solidified young Jones’ skills, which were already considerable; Oliver was performing publicly at age five, and by the time he had his first nightclub appearance, he was nine.
Oliver Jones’ six-decade musical career has been rich and varied. His classical music education was followed by stints at Montreal’s Café St-Michel, enthralling patrons with his acrobatic piano stunts. From his teens to his early twenties, Jones could play anything from swing to rock-n-roll; in those days playing jazz was not considered a viable career.
This diverse training proved invaluable when, in 1964, the opportunity to become musical director and pianist for Jamaican singer Kenny Hamilton presented itself. Jones, with his wife and young son in tow, moved to Puerto Rico and continued with the Hamilton band for the next sixteen years. While popular music may have taken care of his practical needs, it did not satisfy his artistic cravings. While touring with Hamilton, Jones would take every opportunity to check out local jazz clubs and to participate with other like-minded musicians.
In 1980, Oliver Jones returned to Montreal, determined to pursue jazz professionally. He started by working regularly at Biddle’s, the now-closed downtown jazz club run by bassist Charlie Biddle. Three years later, after a fortuitous meeting with Justin Time Records founder Jim West, Jones’ dream came true. “There was a lot of hullabaloo surrounding Charlie and myself. Anything pertaining to jazz, we were asked to do. I’d made my first recording. Truthfully, I was in a state of shock, because when you dream something for 30 years…” Justin Time Records' very first recording would be Oliver Jones with Charlie Biddles, called Live At Biddles, and it was also Jones' first ever recording as leader.
Oliver Jones’ association with Justin Time has produced an impressive catalogue of recordings whose sidemen are among the very finest in jazz. Have Fingers, Will Travel (1997) featured bass legend Ray Brown and drummer Jeff Hamilton. Recorded at Capitol Studios, Los Angeles, this great trio session features such songs as Street Of Dreams, If I Were A Bell and My Romance. From Lush to Lively (1995) demonstrated Jones' unrivalled position as one of Canada's greatest gifts to the piano, in a big band setting. The recording showcased Oliver's unmistakable finesse: lightning-fast technique, solid articulation, powerful lyricism and rollicking rhythms. Then And Now is a charming session, with the late bassist Skip Bey, consisting of recordings made in 1986 and 2002, and Just In Time captured Oliver in a live setting, with Dave Young and Norm Villeneuve, at the Montreal Bistro.
Yuletide Swing (1994) was an excellent seasonal recording, winning Oliver a Félix (Québec's Grammy awards) for best jazz recording. Familiar favorites are revitalized with Jones' usual flair. Oliver's second solo recording, Just 88, was recorded in New Orleans in 1993, and features sparkling versions of such gems as I'm Getting Sentimental Over You and Willow Weep For Me, as well as Jones originals Blues For Laurentian U and Dizzy-Nest; it too was awarded a Félix. A Class Act (1991) featured longtime Oscar Peterson alumnus Ed Thigpen on drums and bassist Steve Wallace, and boasted a classic jazz trio sound. The recording also features memorable versions of Very Early and Hymn To Freedom. Trumpet legend Clark Terry added his magic to Just Friends, a 1990 session later awarded a Juno Award (Jazz Recording of the Year).
Oliver Jones’ inspiration is not confined to the artistic community. He’s also the proud recipient of the Martin Luther King Jr. award, celebrating his contributions to the Black Community in Canada and in his native Montreal. In 1993 he received the Order of Québec, the province’s highest honour, and the next year he was awarded the Order of Canada, for outstanding achievement in the arts. That same year, at the invitation of the Government of Canada, Jones toured several cities in China with bassist Dave Young and drummer Barry Elmes.
A regular performer at the Festival International de Jazz de Montréal, Oliver has frequently been asked to officially open the festival and has on more than one occasion been part of the closing gala. “I think the exposure I had at the Montreal Jazz Festival was really the key to the world hearing Oliver Jones,” says the artist who made his most recent appearance at the Festival together with Oscar Peterson, the two duetting publicly for the first time, in front of a sold-our audience at Montreal’s Place Des Arts.
While still semi-retired from public performance, Jones visited the recording studio with singer Ranee Lee to produce their album, Just You, Just Me. The two are co-leaders on the quartet recording, rounded out by contributions from drummer Dave Laing and bassist Éric Lagacé. The album was released to great acclaim in June, 2005, and won the Toronto Urban Music Award for Best Jazz Recording in November 2005.
That same month saw Oliver being honoured in Ottawa by Canada’s new Governor General Michaëlle Jean, as a recipient of the Governor General’s Performing Arts Awards for lifetime artistic achievement. His esteemed colleagues also being lauded were singer k.d. lang, actress Jackie Burroughs, choreographer Peter Boneham, playwright Marcel Dubé and cultural entrepreneur Moses Znaimer.
In the fall of 2005, Oliver entered the studio, this time with stalwart bassist Dave Young and young powerhouse drummer Jim Doxas. The recording, released in June 2006, also featured horns on several tracks. The addition of trumpet sensation Ingrid Jensen and rising tenor sax star Chet Doxas made the session an entirely Canadian affair, and it should also be noted that Jones, ever a champion of up and coming Canadian talent, has made good on his promise by hiring some of its finest examples.
Perhaps alluding to his reemergence on the concert front and the recording studio, after his brief but much-publicized retirement, Oliver chose to name the opus One More Time. It’s one of his best recordings to date, in a career filled with superlative achievements.
Oliver’s 2007 recording, Second Time Around, with drummer Jim Doxas and bassist Eric Lagacé, won the Juno Award for Best Mainstream Jazz Recording.
Released in October, 2009, Pleased To Meet You is a duo piano recording with the legendary Hank Jones, (sadly Hank Jones passed away in May 2010). The recording also features new Justin Time signing, bassist Brandi Disterheft as well as Jim Doxas on drums. Taking the recent passing of their mutual friend Oscar Peterson as a point of departure, the men pay homage to the late master.
Oliver's 2011 release Live In Baden Switzerland was recorded live in the spring of 1990 at the Kurtheater, a lovely intimate venue in the heart of a charming town in Baden, Switzerland, not very far from Zurich. It has been the location for many of Arild Widerøe's Jazz in der Aula concerts, a well-known series that dates all the way back to 1964. Widerøe has presented the biggest names in jazz, such as Ben Webster, Earl Hines, Benny Carter, Herbie Hancock, Buck Clayton and so on. On this occasion the series’ event was 'Piano Night,' and, appropriately, Montreal’s Oliver Jones was making his Baden debut.
Accompanied by solid American bassist Reggie Johnson and the creative and observant drummer, Ed Thigpen, Oliver presented a wide-ranging programme - some standards, a few originals, ballads here and blues there. Here is a fully mature talent, in command of his instrument and the history of jazz.
In June 2012 Canada Post announced that Oliver Jones would be the subject of one of two 2013 postage stamps created to commemorate Black History Month. With the honour, Oliver Jones joins the ranks of another Canadian jazz master, Oscar Peterson, whose stamp was revealed in 2005.
Live at Biddle's.
Biddle double-bass, Primeau drums.
The Many Moods of Oliver Jones.
Lights of Burgundy.
MacPherson tenor saxophone, Schwager guitar, Donato double-bass, Hillman drums.
Speak Low/Swing Hard.
Beck with double-bass, Hillman drums.
Beck with double-bass, Sharma drums.
Cookin' at Sweet Basil.
Young double-bass, Clarke drums.
Terry trumpet, Young double-bass, Al-Khabyyr drums.
Ellis guitar, Mitchell double-bass.
A Class Act.
Wallace double-bass, Thigpen drums.
Jones clavinova and piano, Richard Ring guitar, Dave Young bass, Wali Muhammad drums.
From Lush to Lively.
Jones piano, Rob McConnell sax, and big band.
Have Fingers, Will Travel.
Jones piano, Ray Brown bass, Jeff Hamilton drums.
Just In Time.
Jones piano, Dave Young bass, Norman Marshall Villeneuve drums.
Then and Now.
Jones piano, Skip Bey bass.
Just You, Just Me.
Ranee Lee vocals, Jones piano, Éric Lagacé bass, Dave Laing drums.
One More Time.
Jones piano, Dave Young bass, Jim Doxas drums, Ingrid Jensen trumpet and flugelhorn, Chet Doxas saxes.
Second Time Around.
Jones piano, Éric Lagacé bass, Jim Doxas drums.
Pleased to Meet You.
Jones and Hank Jones piano, Brandi Disterheft bass, Jim Doxas drums.
CDs on which Jones appears
Ranee Lee vocals.
I Thought About You.
Ranee Lee vocals, et al.
Jubilation VI: Looking Back.
Montreal Jubilation Gospel Choir et al.
In Good Company.
Charlie Biddle bass, et al.
Ring In Minor.
Richard Ring guitar, et al.
Disclaimer: All About Jazz is not responsible for the accuracy of the discographical data at the website(s) provided. If a link is no longer valid, please contact email@example.com. Thank you. | <urn:uuid:93c88798-01bd-4174-b1dc-3681640dc3dd> | 2013-05-23T18:51:37Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Tenaim: The Conditions of Marriage
Contemporary couples are reinterpreting an old ceremony that set the financial and logistical arrangements for an upcoming marriage
The author provides a historical context for the Jewish tradition of tenaim where the families of prospective bride and groom would meet to set primarily financial and logistical "conditions" for an upcoming marriage; in a small number of communities, tenaim are still practiced this way. In the spirit of the contemporary trend toward developing new Jewish ceremonies, the author then describes how a modern "tenaim" ceremony might work. The contemporary version is, for all practical purposes, a new ceremony based broadly on the notion that certain "conditions," albeit primarily personal ones, are set in anticipation of the upcoming marriage. Excerpted with permission from The New Jewish Wedding (Simon & Schuster, Inc.).
The decision to marry is one of life's momentous choices. Some couples have made it the occasion for a celebration based on the Ashkenazic custom of tenaim--literally, the "conditions" of the marriage.
Every engagement announces that two people are changing their status; the public declaration of their decision instantly designates them bride and groom. Tenaim kicks off the season of the wedding, officially and Jewishly.
An Old Ceremony
From the 12th to the early 19th century, tenaim announced that two families had come to terms on a match between their children. The document setting out their agreement, also called tenaim, would include the dowry and other financial arrangements, the date and time of the huppah [the actual wedding ceremony], and a knas, or penalty, if either party backed out of the deal.
After the document was signed and read aloud by an esteemed guest, a piece of crockery was smashed. The origins of this practice are not clear; the most common interpretation is that a shattered dish recalls the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem, and it is taken to demonstrate that a broken engagement cannot be mended. The broken dish also anticipates the shattered glass that ends the wedding ceremony.
In some communities it was customary for all the guests to bring some old piece of crockery to smash on the floor. There is also a tradition that the mothers-in-law-to-be break the plate--a symbolic rending of mother-child ties and an acknowledgment that soon their children will be feeding each other. After the plate breaking, the party began.
Possibilities for Celebration of Tenaim Today
Tenaim is not required by Jewish law, and as family-arranged weddings became a thing of the past, the ceremony lost much of its meaning and popularity. The signing of traditional tenaim remains a vestigial practice in some Jewish communities, where the agreement to marry is signed on the day of the wedding itself. Modern reinterpretations of the tenaim return the ceremony to its original, anticipatory celebration some months in advance. | <urn:uuid:eeade2b2-1daf-4fa4-83c7-a73ed6bd7fe7> | 2013-05-23T18:38:05Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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NEW ORLEANS -- In meetings prior to the 2009 draft, former 49ers general manager Scot McCloughan told colleagues the player coming out of college who might become the best NFL player was Michael Crabtree.
And he also believed the 49ers could sit tight with the No. 10 overall pick and still land the Texas Tech wide receiver.
Crabtree was coming off foot surgery, which prevented him from taking part in the NFL scouting combine or working out for teams before the draft.
But what seemed to damage his draft stock more than his physical condition was a reputation that quickly developed in predraft visits to the Cleveland Browns, St. Louis Rams and the ESPN studios in Bristol, Conn.
Reports circulated that Crabtree rubbed people the wrong way on those visits. He widely became known as a "diva."
"Can you describe diva to me?" Crabtree said Tuesday, remembering his name associated with the unflattering term. "I don't understand.
"I can't see me being a diva. I've seen commercials where a guy eats a Snickers and he turns into a diva because he's hungry or something like that. But I don't know what a diva is."
The term diva is associated with a female performer who is extremely talented as well as being egocentric and high-maintenance. Those who know Crabtree maintain that he's more shy than aloof.
His reputation took a further hit when he was embroiled in a contract stalemate as a rookie and missed the first five games of his rookie season. When he finally signed, Crabtree reported to the 49ers in great shape and caught 48 passes in 11 games.
Crabtree has distinguished himself for his work ethic and being a good team player during his four seasons with the organization.
Aside from an on-field training camp argument that tight end Vernon Davis instigated in 2010, Crabtree has steered clear of controversy while with the 49ers. His biggest problem came recently when was accused of sexual assault.
Crabtree played in the NFC Championship Game against the Atlanta Falcons two days after being interviewed by San Francisco police. On Friday, the district attorney's office cleared Crabtree of any wrongdoing after an investigation.
[REWIND: No charges filed against Crabtree]
"I knew that whole time," Crabtree said. "But it was something that we had to deal with. I respect the system and whatever they had to do."
Crabtree said the situation was not on his mind in the 28-24 victory over the Falcons -- a game in which he caught six passes but also fumbled at the goal line in the fourth quarter.
"No, not at all," he said. "I was disappointed with the allegations, but at the same time I had to deal with it."
Crabtree dealt the first three seasons of his NFL career with the expectations that came with a storied college career and being a top-10 draft pick. Crabtree seemed to benefit more than anyone on the 49ers from the mid-sesason quarterback switch from Alex Smith to Colin Kaepernick.
Crabtree caught 85 passes for 1,105 yards and nine touchdowns in the regular season. In two postseason games, Crabtree has 15 receptions for 176 yards and two touchdowns.
And, now, the player who clashed with Crabtree is happy to call him a teammate. Davis got on Crabtree in 2010 about not playing in the exhibition season. In fact, Crabtree did not play in any preseason games in his first three seasons due to his contract issue, a neck injury and foot surgery.
The past two seasons, Crabtree has replaced Davis as the 49ers' go-to receiver. And that seems OK with Davis.
"I think that Michael Crabtree has done a terrific job as far as stepping up and becoming a leader," Davis said. "He's been through a lot as well. It takes time for a guy to come in and be successful. You have to go through some things first before you can reach your highest peak. So I think that he's been patient as far as that."
That patience is paying off for the 49ers.
On draft day, many thought Crabtree would be heading to the Raiders. Instead, Al Davis surprisingly selected wide receiver Darrius Heward-Bey with the No. 7 overall pick.
As he faced the media before Super Bowl XLVII, Crabtree was asked if he was happy the Raiders passed him up.
"I'm happy the Niners picked me up," he said. | <urn:uuid:1a024cbc-57cf-4fdb-885d-5cda5ffa328d> | 2013-05-23T18:52:38Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Gold has been known since prehistory. The symbol is derived from Latin aurum (gold).
AuI 9.2 eV, AuII 20.5 eV, AuIII 30.0 eV.
Absorption lines of AuI
In the sun, the equivalent width of AuI 3122(1) is 0.005.
Behavior in non-normal stars
The probable detection of Au I was announced by Jaschek and Malaroda (1970) in one Ap star of the Cr-Eu-Sr subgroup. Fuhrmann (1989) detected Au through the ultimate line of Au II at 1740(2) in several Bp stars of the Si and Ap stars of the Cr-Eu-Sr subgroups. The presence of Au seems to be associated with that of platinum and mercury.
Au has one stable isotope, Au197 and 20 short-lived isotopes and isomers.
Au can only be produced by the r process.
Published in "The Behavior of Chemical Elements in Stars", Carlos Jaschek and Mercedes Jaschek, 1995, Cambridge University Press. | <urn:uuid:8d506fc6-f879-413c-9824-20930fe8e0a0> | 2013-05-23T18:58:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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New Leaders over a Regathered Remnant
23:1 The Lord says, 1 “The leaders of my people are sure to be judged. 2 They were supposed to watch over my people like shepherds watch over their sheep. But they are causing my people to be destroyed and scattered. 3 23:2 So the Lord God of Israel has this to say about the leaders who are ruling over his people: “You have caused my people 4 to be dispersed and driven into exile. You have not taken care of them. So I will punish you for the evil that you have done. 5 I, the Lord, affirm it! 6 23:3 Then I myself will regather those of my people 7 who are still alive from all the countries where I have driven them. I will bring them back to their homeland. 8 They will greatly increase in number. 23:4 I will install rulers 9 over them who will care for them. Then they will no longer need to fear or be terrified. None of them will turn up missing. 10 I, the Lord, promise it! 11
23:5 “I, the Lord, promise 12 that a new time will certainly come 13
when I will raise up for them a righteous branch, 14 a descendant of David.
He will rule over them with wisdom and understanding 15
and will do what is just and right in the land. 16
23:6 Under his rule 17 Judah will enjoy safety 18
and Israel will live in security. 19
This is the name he will go by:
‘The Lord has provided us with justice.’ 20
23:7 “So I, the Lord, say: 21 ‘A new time will certainly come. 22 People now affirm their oaths with “I swear as surely as the Lord lives who delivered the people of Israel out of Egypt.” 23:8 But at that time they will affirm them with “I swear as surely as the Lord lives who delivered the descendants of the former nation of Israel 23 from the land of the north and from all the other lands where he had banished 24 them.” 25 At that time they will live in their own land.’”
Oracles Against the False Prophets 26
23:9 Here is what the Lord says concerning the false prophets: 27
My heart and my mind are deeply disturbed.
I tremble all over. 28
I am like a drunk person,
like a person who has had too much wine, 29
because of the way the Lord
and his holy word are being mistreated. 30
23:10 For the land is full of people unfaithful to him. 31
They live wicked lives and they misuse their power. 32
So the land is dried up 33 because it is under his curse. 34
The pastures in the wilderness are withered.
23:11 Moreover, 35 the Lord says, 36
“Both the prophets and priests are godless.
I have even found them doing evil in my temple!
23:12 So the paths they follow will be dark and slippery.
They will stumble and fall headlong.
For I will bring disaster on them.
A day of reckoning is coming for them.” 37
The Lord affirms it! 38
23:13 The Lord says, 39 “I saw the prophets of Samaria 40
doing something that was disgusting. 41
They prophesied in the name of the god Baal
and led my people Israel astray. 42
23:14 But I see the prophets of Jerusalem 43
doing something just as shocking.
They are unfaithful to me
and continually prophesy lies. 44
So they give encouragement to people who are doing evil,
with the result that they do not stop their evildoing. 45
I consider all of them as bad as the people of Sodom,
and the citizens of Jerusalem as bad as the people of Gomorrah. 46
23:15 So then I, the Lord who rules over all, 47
have something to say concerning the prophets of Jerusalem: 48
‘I will make these prophets eat the bitter food of suffering
and drink the poison water of judgment. 49
For the prophets of Jerusalem are the reason 50
that ungodliness 51 has spread throughout the land.’”
23:16 The Lord who rules over all 52 says to the people of Jerusalem: 53
“Do not listen to what
those prophets are saying to you.
They are filling you with false hopes.
They are reporting visions of their own imaginations,
not something the Lord has given them to say. 54
23:17 They continually say 55 to those who reject what the Lord has said, 56
‘Things will go well for you!’ 57
They say to all those who follow the stubborn inclinations of their own hearts,
‘Nothing bad will happen to you!’
23:18 Yet which of them has ever stood in the Lord’s inner circle 58
so they 59 could see and hear what he has to say? 60
Which of them have ever paid attention or listened to what he has said?
23:19 But just watch! 61 The wrath of the Lord
will come like a storm! 62
Like a raging storm it will rage down 63
on the heads of those who are wicked.
23:20 The anger of the Lord will not turn back
until he has fully carried out his intended purposes. 64
In days to come 65
you people will come to understand this clearly. 66
23:21 I did not send those prophets.
Yet they were in a hurry to give their message. 67
I did not tell them anything.
Yet they prophesied anyway.
23:22 But if they had stood in my inner circle, 68
they would have proclaimed my message to my people.
They would have caused my people to turn from their wicked ways
and stop doing the evil things they are doing.
23:23 Do you people think 69 that I am some local deity
and not the transcendent God?” 70 the Lord asks. 71
23:24 “Do you really think anyone can hide himself
where I cannot see him?” the Lord asks. 72
“Do you not know that I am everywhere?” 73
the Lord asks. 74
23:25 The Lord says, 75 “I have heard what those prophets who are prophesying lies in my name are saying. They are saying, ‘I have had a dream! I have had a dream!’ 76 23:26 Those prophets are just prophesying lies. They are prophesying the delusions of their own minds. 77 23:27 How long will they go on plotting 78 to make my people forget who I am 79 through the dreams they tell one another? That is just as bad as what their ancestors 80 did when they forgot who I am by worshiping the god Baal. 81 23:28 Let the prophet who has had a dream go ahead and tell his dream. Let the person who has received my message report that message faithfully. What is like straw cannot compare to what is like grain! 82 I, the Lord, affirm it! 83 23:29 My message is like a fire that purges dross! 84 It is like a hammer that breaks a rock in pieces! 85 I, the Lord, so affirm it! 86 23:30 So I, the Lord, affirm 87 that I am opposed to those prophets who steal messages from one another that they claim are from me. 88 23:31 I, the Lord, affirm 89 that I am opposed to those prophets who are using their own tongues to declare, ‘The Lord declares….’ 90 23:32 I, the Lord, affirm 91 that I am opposed to those prophets who dream up lies and report them. They are misleading my people with their reckless lies. 92 I did not send them. I did not commission them. They are not helping these people at all. 93 I, the Lord, affirm it!” 94
23:33 The Lord said to me, “Jeremiah, 95 when one of these people, or a prophet, or a priest asks you, ‘What burdensome message 96 do you have from the Lord?’ Tell them, ‘You are the burden, 97 and I will cast you away. 98 I, the Lord, affirm it! 99 23:34 I will punish any prophet, priest, or other person who says “The Lord’s message is burdensome.” 100 I will punish both that person and his whole family.’” 101
23:35 So I, Jeremiah, tell you, 102 “Each of you people should say to his friend or his relative, ‘How did the Lord answer? Or what did the Lord say?’ 103 23:36 You must no longer say that the Lord’s message is burdensome. 104 For what is ‘burdensome’ 105 really pertains to what a person himself says. 106 You are misrepresenting 107 the words of our God, the living God, the Lord who rules over all. 108 23:37 Each of you should merely ask the prophet, ‘What answer did the Lord give you? Or what did the Lord say?’ 109 23:38 But just suppose you continue to say, ‘The message of the Lord is burdensome.’ Here is what the Lord says will happen: ‘I sent word to you that you must not say, “The Lord’s message is burdensome.” But you used the words “The Lord’s message is burdensome” anyway. 23:39 So 110 I will carry you far off 111 and throw you away. I will send both you and the city I gave to you and to your ancestors out of my sight. 112 23:40 I will bring on you lasting shame and lasting disgrace which will never be forgotten!’” | <urn:uuid:8aa0ccf7-b579-491b-b0c3-1149619a29a9> | 2013-05-23T19:06:19Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A furry robotic seal used for therapy in nursing homes has been honoured by the Japanese government.
Robots are looked on as a solution to Japan's ageing population
Paro is fitted with sensors beneath its fur and whiskers that allow it to respond to petting.
The robot mammal, which flutters its eyes and moves its flippers, won the service prize at the government sponsored Robot Awards 2006.
A giant vacuum cleaner and a feeding machine also received prizes at the ceremony in Tokyo.
The awards were set up earlier this year by the Japanese government to promote research and development in the robotics industry.
Robots are widely used in Japan and are seen as a way to help deal with an aging population.
Nearly 19% of the 130 million people that live in the country are aged 65 and over. This is expected to rise to 40% by 2055.
Robots could be key to maintaining the labour force and helping care for the elderly.
The Paro robot was developed by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science for therapy sessions in care homes. It is also used by autistic and handicapped children.
Like more traditional animal therapy, where pets are brought into hospitals, the robots are used to help people relax and exercise.
As well as responding to touch through tactile sensors on its body, Paro responds to its name and coos like a real baby harp seal.
Other robots to aid the elderly included the My Spoon feeding robot. The joystick-controlled arm helps people feed themselves.
The spoon tipped device follows pre-programmed movements to move food from a plate to a position just in front of the user's mouth. It is already on sale in Japan and Europe.
Other robots to be honoured at the ceremony included a huge autonomous vacuum cleaner that moves around Tokyo skyscrapers at night, clearing up after office workers. | <urn:uuid:da5cb8c7-f428-48d0-80c6-ffe103a9b761> | 2013-05-23T18:45:47Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Nikolay Davydenko is at the centre of fresh controversy after losing to Marcos Baghdatis at the Paris Masters.
Davydenko was bemused by the disintegration of his serve
The world number four was told by umpire Cedric Mourier to "try your best" after the official questioned why he was serving so many double faults.
At the St Petersburg Open, Davydenko was fined $2,000 (£976) for not trying hard enough against Marin Cilic.
He is being investigated by governing body the ATP over an August match that featured irregular betting patterns.
Online betting exchange Betfair voided bets on that match, in Poland, between Davydenko and the 87th-ranked Argentine Martin Vassallo Arguello.
In St Petersburg last month the Russian protested his innocence and, after his 6-2 6-2 defeat on Thursday, when Baghdatis asked him "What's wrong?" he replied "I don't know".
I need to find what's the reason I cannot really serve
He served 10 double faults and was broken five times by the Cypriot in a match that lasted one hour and 13 minutes.
BBC Radio 5 Live tennis correspondent Jonathan Overend said: "Davydenko was jeered at times during this pathetic effort in defence of his title.
"He hit three double-faults in his opening service game of the second set and amazingly another three in his subsequent service game.
"At one change of ends the umpire, Cedric Mourier, asked the Russian why he was serving so badly. Davydenko seemed to shrug his shoulder as if to say, 'what can I do?'
"'Serve like me,' the umpire was heard to answer back.
"It's not unusual for players to banter with umpires at the change of ends but in the current climate the Russian should expect some serious questions."
Davydenko admitted afterward he feared getting an official warning from the umpire.
"He just asked me what was happening. I told him I couldn't explain," he said.
"I cannot serve. That was happening in St Petersburg. I don't have pain really. I have no pain in my elbow. I need to find what's the reason I cannot really serve."
Baghdatis said: "He didn't serve well but he played well, but I was not thinking about the stories and rumours about him.
"I don't know if they are true or not. I needed to be focused and play well. That's what I did."
An ATP spokesman told BBC Sport: "What was said between Cedric Mourier and Nikolay Davydenko was a normal exchange between an umpire and player and the ATP will not be taking the matter any further." | <urn:uuid:67f7c447-8766-4f11-930e-6539e3230072> | 2013-05-23T18:39:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Rescuers recovered the bodies Wednesday of eight people buried by a devastating rain-triggered landslide in China's southern Guizhou province as hopes of finding survivors rapidly dimmed, the state-run news agency said.
Two of the eight were children.
About 500 rescuers cleared a road leading to a site where 94 people were still missing. They used heavy backhoes to clear debris but heavy rain and treacherous terrain hampered their efforts, Xinhua news agency reported.
Villager Cen Chaoyang was tending to his pigs when he heard rocks and mud barreling down the hill, he told state-run CCTV.
"The only thing I know is that landslides swallowed the village, he said. "My wife was buried under the debris."
Another villager, Zhuo Guangchao, said the landslide was like "an explosion."
"I heard something roaring behind me, and I rushed out. Rocks and mud were rumbling down the hill, and pouring into our village," he said.
Rescuers had to run three miles to reach the site, which is not accessible by vehicles. | <urn:uuid:62ed6430-4c7a-4e9f-80d1-1565b88c9139> | 2013-05-23T18:58:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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It appears Joran van der Sloot is about to add a new role to his résumé - father.
Van der Sloot became well-known around the world for the murder of Stephany Flores in Peru and for being arrested twice, but never charged, in the 2005 disappearance of U.S. teenager Natalee Holloway in Aruba.
Now the Dutch citizen may be preparing to welcome a new child into the world while he is serving 28 years in a Peruvian prison for Flores' death, according to the Dutch newspaper De Telegraaf, which says it confirmed the news over the phone with van der Sloot himself.
The mother, identified only as "Leidi" by the newspaper, met van der Sloot in prison and became pregnant after an unsupervised visit with the jailed 28-year-old, the paper said.
Van der Sloot's lawyer said he did not confirm the pregnancy, as stated by the newspaper. But Maximo Altez told Mayra Cuevas of "In Session" that Leidi is registered as van der Sloot’s girlfriend at Piedras Gordas Prison and they have had conjugal visits. Van der Sloot can receive visitors once or twice a month. Altez says he met Leidi in prison through another inmate.
This isn't the first time rumors have swirled around van der Sloot's love life since he's been in the spotlight. Earlier reports that he was getting married behind bars were knocked down as false.
Van der Sloot admitted to killing Flores, 21, in his Lima hotel room in 2010. The judges gave him a sentence two years short of the 30-year maximum. They ordered that he be expelled from Peru at the end of his sentence and required him to pay about $74,500 in reparations to Flores' relatives.
Van der Sloot confessed to robbery in addition to murder, admitting that he stole Flores' belongings, including more than $300 in local currency, credit cards and the victim's van as a means to leave the country. He fled to Chile and was arrested a few days later.
Another van der Sloot attorney, Jose Luis Jimenez, has said that his client was under special stress the day of the 2010 murder, which marked five years after Holloway, an 18-year-old from Alabama, disappeared while vacationing on Aruba.
Investigators have said they believe van der Sloot killed Flores after she found something related to the Holloway case on his computer while visiting him in his hotel room. The two met while van der Sloot was in Lima for a poker tournament.
He was caught in a taxi near the Chilean central coastal city of Vina del Mar.
Holloway's body has not been found, and no one has been charged in relation to the case in Aruba.
In June 2010, a federal grand jury in Alabama indicted van der Sloot after allegations that he tried to extort $250,000 from Holloway's mother, Beth Holloway. Van der Sloot offered to provide what turned out to be bogus information about the whereabouts of Holloway's remains in exchange for the money, according to the indictment.
He was allegedly given $25,000, which authorities say he used to travel to Peru for the poker tournament.
If found guilty of extortion, he could be sentenced to 25 years in prison. | <urn:uuid:d81d618b-11c8-4e3a-924b-9c84b2fddf7b> | 2013-05-23T18:51:21Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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This week marks the anniversary of the first time a human, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, went into space. It's also the anniversary of the inaugural launch of NASA's space shuttle program. We've assembled a slideshow representing some of the spacecraft used for manned space travel in the past, present, and future. Seen here is Gagarin before he took off on his 108-minute orbit around the Earth, an event that shocked the world and accelerated the space race between the Soviet Union and the U.S.
April 14, 2012 3:59 AM PDT
Photo by: NASA
| Caption by: Martin LaMonica
Conversation powered by Livefyre | <urn:uuid:f4c350d2-ba98-49d4-9edc-66a160cf6088> | 2013-05-23T18:52:00Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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It's a "fairly compromised, confusing product," said Cook, who added that he hasn't used one yet. "One of the toughest things you do with what product to make, is to make hard trade-offs and decide what a product should be, and we've really done that with the iPad, so the user experience is incredible. I suppose you could design a car that flies and floats, but I don't think it would do all of those things very well."
Given those comments, Cook not surprisingly said that consumers will chose iPads over competing tablets. "That's what they've done today, and I think they'll continue to do that.
Cook said he sees a big opportunity with tablets, based on the size of the PC market, saying that iPads will be "extremely attractive to people in lieu of PCs." Cook added that he's "very confident with what we have in the pipeline."
Apple sold more than 14 million iPads in the latest quarter, though that was shy of Wall Street estimates. | <urn:uuid:83c51273-e1b0-40e1-9a7e-154759e1a925> | 2013-05-23T18:45:40Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Using voting records, the researchers found out political party affiliation for 35 of the men and 47 of the women in that study. Political parties aren't a perfect match with ideology, but they come very close, the researchers wrote Feb. 13 in the journal PLOS ONE. Most Democrats hold liberal values, while most Republicans hold conservative values.
Comparing the Democrat and Republican participants turned up differences in two brain regions: the right amygdala and the left posterior insula. Republicans showed more activity than Democrats in the right amygdala when making a risky decision. This brain region is important for processing fear, risk and reward.
Meanwhile, Democrats showed more activity in the left posterior insula, a portion of the brain responsible for processing emotions, particularly visceral emotional cues from the body. The particular region of the insula that showed the heightened activity has also been linked with "theory of mind," or the ability to understand what others might be thinking.
While their brain activity differed, the two groups' behaviors were identical, the study found.
Schreiber and his colleagues can't say whether the functional brain differences nudge people toward a particular ideology or not. The brain changes based on how it is used, so it is possible that acting in a partisan way prompts the differences.
The functional differences did mesh well with political beliefs, however. The researchers were able to predict a person's political party by looking at their brain function 82.9 percent of the time. In comparison, knowing the structure of these regions predicts party correctly 71 percent of the time, and knowing someone's parents' political affiliation can tell you theirs 69.5 percent of the time, the researchers wrote.
This article originally appeared on LiveScience.com.
More From LiveScience.com: | <urn:uuid:8c457d1a-ee6a-4b02-b4c8-f1a09ff16d5b> | 2013-05-23T18:59:08Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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To the Point - August 31, 2012
China – a potential watershed for global growth
- Economic activity in China is slowing considerably, and the risk for a hard landing has increased. Our main scenario is GDP growth of just below 8 % this year, and a moderate amount of stimulus to counteract the slowdown.
- The effects on the global economy if China’s economy landed harder should not be underestimated as China alone accounts for 50% of global growth. Financial and commodity markets would also be affected, as would geopolitical and trade relations. | <urn:uuid:7f78364d-57f9-4427-ada6-1f93f8f5abc7> | 2013-05-23T18:37:40Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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April 2012 through October 11, 2012 timeline of events related to the U.S. consulate in Libya
Full Story »
A professional piece of high-standard. It seemed like, as a reader, I was watching a documentary...Well-written, well-quoted, informative and transparent.
Now I understand as to why the Secretary of State took all the responsibility for the security breach at the U.S. consulate in Benghazi. | <urn:uuid:fe515668-4908-49e0-8bdd-8c455b407151> | 2013-05-23T18:52:52Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Grand Mufti Hassoun, whose 22-year-old son was recently assassinated in Syria, is a supporter of Bashar al-Assad.
Nir Rosen Last Modified: 03 Oct 2011 15:13
As the Syrian uprising turns more violent, the latest victim in a spate of assassinations is Saria Hassoun, the 22-year-old son of Syria’s Grand Mufti, Shiekh Ahmad Badreddin Hassoun. The shooting occurred outside Ibla University on the Idlib-Aleppo highway. Also killed with Saria Hassoun was Mohammad al-Omar, a professor of History at Aleppo University. Assassinations have become a near-daily occurrence, especially in the central province of Homs, where academics and officials are targeted in a tactic reminiscent those used by the Muslim Brotherhood in their armed uprising between 1976 and 1982.
According to Thomas Pierret, a lecturer in Contemporary Islam at the University of Edinburgh and author of a forthcoming book on the Baath party and Islam in Syria, the first cleric killed in that uprising was the son of then Grand Mufti Ahmad Kaftaru: “He was killed in 1979 in obscure circumstances, reportedly during an incident with tenants of one of his family’s land properties. Nobody ever accused the Islamists of carrying out the assassination, and the Islamists themselves didn’t claim responsibility for it (although they did it for other assassinated clerics). There is no doubt, however, that the Islamists killed Muhammad al-Shami, a prominent pro-regime cleric of Aleppo, in 1980. His son Suhayb (Hassoun’s deadly foe) was appointed as director of the city’s Religious Endowment in 1982, a position he occupied until 2005. Islamists also killed Rashid al-Khatib, the preacher of the Umayyad mosque in Damascus, in 1981. And they seriously injured Salah ‘Uqla, another Damascene pro-regime sheikh.”
The Muslim clergy in Aleppo have a reputation for being the most corrupt in Syria, enriching themselves through embezzlement and the theft of public funds. Suhayb al-Shami was even more notorious for his corruption than Hassoun. Opposition activists in Aleppo frequently mention the expensive cars driven by the Mufti’s sons and complain that the Mufti is very wealthy while his father was from a modest village.
Mufti Hassoun, who is based in the northern city of Aleppo, is widely reviled by the Syrian opposition for his open support of the regime and hostility to the protesters. This is in contrast to many other Sunni clerics throughout the country, who have expressed opposition to the regime, including the Mufti of Daraa, Sheikh Ahmad Abdulaziz Abazid, who was arrested during the uprising and whose house in Daraa’s Karak neighbourhood is riddled with bullet-holes. In the daily demonstrations held in Syria, Mufti Hassoun is frequently mentioned in ire, as in one demonstration in Homs’ Waer district, where hundreds of protesters chanted: “Listen, listen, Hassoun, take off your turban and put on horns!”
It is his moderate pro-regime position that has led to protesters in Syria mocking Mufti Hassoun in nearly every demonstration.
Meeting the Mufti
In August I met with Mufti Hassoun in Aleppo’s Rawda mosque in the presence of three of his sons and his brother. Despite being majority Sunni, Aleppo, Syria’s largest city, had not risen up like other parts of the country. I asked the Mufti why this was so. Aleppo was more educated and foreign influence was weaker in Aleppo, he said, echoing the regime’s narrative that blamed a foreign conspiracy for the then six-month-old uprising. What was happening in other cities in Syria was foreign to Aleppo, he said, a result of ideas coming in from outside of Syria.
In addition to the foreign conspiracy, the Mufti also blamed “internal shortcomings in services and political pluralism” for the “foreign inflammation” of Syria. He admitted that Syria had not had political pluralism in Syria for 40 years. But he warned against the pluralism of Egypt, Tunisia and Iraq. “Iraq has more than 100 parties,” his son interrupted. The Mufti added that he was opposed to religious or ethnic parties.
I asked him about the role of Islam in the demonstrations, reminding him that demonstrations emerged from mosques. He denied this, claiming that demonstrators came from elsewhere to meet in front of mosques.
I reminded him that takbeer, or the call to shout “God is great”, was one of the main slogans of the uprising. He blamed outside influences for this, specifically “Wahhabi satellite channels”. It was a reference to Wesal, a Saudi channel that aired sermons by the exiled Syrian firebrand Sheikh Adnan al-Arur, who urged the opposition to shout the takbeer. The Mufti said takbeer should be limited for the call to prayer that echoed from mosques five times a day. It was not to be shouted at midnight, he said. “I warn America,” he said, “If there is a religious state here, it will move to Europe and the US. This happened in the former Yugoslavia.”
I told him that I had seen many clerics playing a role in the uprising. “There are sheikhs inciting the demonstrations,” he said. “But they are not conscious to what is happening in the Arab region. There is destruction in the name of democratic change but democratic change cannot be achieved by violence against the government or opposition.
“The words ‘Sunni’ or ‘Christian’ should be smaller than the word ‘citizen’,” he said. I told him that the opposition accused the Syrian government of being an Alawite regime. “In Iraq, they said it was a Sunni government,” he told me, “Now Shia say we miss Saddam because they lost their security. There is a Baath party here and it is 80 or 90 percent Sunni.”
I asked him what he thought of the first dead demonstrator from Aleppo, Muhammad al-Iqta, who the opposition claims was killed by an electrical stun gun during a demonstration. The Mufti claimed al-Iqta died from a heart attack. “Demonstrators cursed and insulted those who did not come out to join them,” he said. “Is that peaceful? No it is not. Two sides opened fire, some from the demonstrators and some from the state. In the first month more soldiers died than [members of the] opposition. Many groups are armed, some want an Islamic state and some want a secular state and they are together like in Tahrir Square in Egypt.”
After we parted, his son, who had occasionally whispered advice to his father on answers, rushed after me. His father had not meant that takbeer was just for Wahhabis, he said. “It’s for all Muslims,” he said. “It is the word of truth, but it has its appropriate time.” | <urn:uuid:5b83b302-ec72-4a72-aa49-1271f5e60ac0> | 2013-05-23T18:31:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Just recently I saw a news clip of Gabrielle Giffords and was amazed at the progress she has made. She is a survivor and a fighter.
I didn’t know anything about Gabrielle Giffords until the shooting which was reported to be an assassination attempt on her at a supermarket where she was meeting publicly with constituents. She was critically injured by a gunshot wound to the head; thirteen people were injured and six others were killed in the shooting, among them conservative federal judge John Roll. Giffords was taken to rehabilitation facility in Houston, Texas, where she recovered some of her ability to walk, speak, read and write.
Why was there an attempt on her life? The suspect in her shooting was Jared Lee Loughner who began to exhibit unusual behavior a year before the incident. According to an old friend, Bryce Tierney, Loughner had exhibited a longstanding dislike for Gabrielle Giffords, a Blue Dog Democrat, stating that women should not hold positions of power. He repeatedly derided Giffords as a “fake”. This belief intensified after he attended her August 25, 2007 event when she did not, in his view, sufficiently answer his question: “What is government if words have no meaning?” (Loughner kept Giffords’ form letter, which thanked him for attending the 2007 event, in the same box as an envelope which was scrawled with phrases like “die bitch” and “assassination plans have been made”.) On January 8, 2011 he carried out his plan. Gabrielle Giffords was shot in the head outside of a Safeway grocery store in Casas Adobes, Arizona, a suburban area northwest of Tucson, during her first “Congress on Your Corner” gathering of the year.
On the same day, doctors performed emergency surgery to extract skull fragments and a small amount of necrotic tissue from her brain. The bullet had passed through Giffords’ head without crossing the midline of the brain, where the most critical injuries typically result. Part of her skull was removed to avoid further damage to the brain from pressure caused by swelling. Doctors who first treated Giffords said the bullet had entered the back of her head and exited through the front of her skull, but physicians later concluded that it had traveled in the opposite direction. Upon receiving the news from a staffer, husband Mark E. Kelly and his daughters flew in a friend’s aircraft directly from Houston to Tucson.
Giffords began her recovery and by mid-January she began simple physical therapy, including sitting up with the assistance of hospital staff and moving her legs upon command. President Obama visited her on January 12 at the medical center and publicly stated in an evening memorial ceremony that she had “opened her eyes for the first time” that day. On January 15, surgeons performed a tracheotomy, replacing the ventilator tube with a smaller one inserted through Giffords’ throat to assist independent breathing. Ophthalmologist Lynn Polonski surgically repaired Giffords’ damaged eye socket, with additional reconstructive surgery to follow.
Giffords’ condition was upgraded to “serious” on January 17, and to “good” on January 25. She was transferred on January 21 to the Memorial Hermann Medical Center in Houston, Texas, where she subsequently moved to the center’s Institute for Rehabilitation and Research (TIRR) to undergo a program of physical therapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy. Medical experts’ initial assessment in January was that Giffords’ recovery could take from several months to more than one year. Upon her arrival in Houston, her doctors were optimistic, saying she has “great rehabilitation potential”.
Giffords underwent cranioplasty surgery on May 18, 2011, to replace part of her skull that had been removed in January to permit her brain to swell after the gunshot to her head. Surgeons replaced the bone, using tiny screws, with a piece of molded hard plastic; they expect that her skull will eventually fuse with the plastic’s porous material. At that point, Giffords no longer needed to wear the helmet that she had been wearing to protect her brain from further injury. On June 9, 2011, Giffords’ aide Pia Carusone announced that while Giffords’ comprehension appeared to be “close to normal, if not normal,” she was not yet using complete sentences. On June 12, two photos of Giffords taken on May 17 were released, the first since the shooting. On June 15, Giffords was released from the hospital to return home, where she continued speech, music, physical and occupational therapy.
On August 1, Giffords made her first public appearance on the House floor to vote in favor of raising the debt limit ceiling. She was greeted with standing ovation and accolades from her fellow members of Congress. A Giffords spokesman, Mark Kimble, stated in August 2011 that the congresswoman was walking without a cane and writing with her left hand, as she did not have full use of her right side. Her husband Mark wrote a memoir which was released in November 2011. In Gabby: A Story of Courage and Hope, he reported that Giffords vows to return to Congress, although she continues to struggle with language and has lost 50 percent of her vision in both eyes.
On January 22, 2011, she announced that she intended to resign her seat by the end of the week. Giffords stated in a video released about the decision that she was resigning so that she could continue to focus on her recovery. She formally submitted her resignation on 25 January, with the letter of her resignation being tearfully read on her behalf by fellow Democratic representative Debbie Wasserman Schultz accompanied by Giffords, Arizona Republican Congressman Jeff Flake (who sat with and assisted Giffords during the State of the Union address) and several other legislators on the floor. She attended President Obama’s State of Union address on January 24 and received a standing ovation.
Giffords is the third woman in Arizona’s history to be elected to the U.S. Congress. Considered a ”Blue Dog” Democrat, her stances on health care reform and illegal immigration were sources of attention for those opposed to her candidacy and have made her a recipient of criticism from various conservative groups. She has described herself as a “former Republican.”
This is what others had to say about Giffords:
Gabby Giffords was a friend of mine. She is not only an extraordinary public servant, but she is also somebody who is warm and caring. She is well liked by her colleagues and well liked by her constituents.” – President Obama
Congresswoman Giffords is a brilliant and courageous Member of Congress, bringing to Washington the views of a new generation of national leaders. It is especially tragic that she was attacked as she was meeting with her constituents whom she serves with such dedication and distinction - Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi
My sister-in-law, Gabrielle Giffords, is a kind, compassionate, brilliant woman, loved by friends and political adversaries alike – a true patriot: What is going on in our country that such a good person can be the subject of such senseless violence? It’s a sad day – Astronaut Scott Kelly
Gabby’s got a long road ahead of her. We know that the recovery from these [kinds] of injuries isn’t measured in days and weeks. It’s more like weeks and months. … But, you know, she’s a really, really tough woman – Mark Kelly, Giffords’ husband
Notes to Women salutes this woman whose fighting spirit has enabled her to make the remarkable recovery she has. We wish her all the best as she focuses on making a full recovery.
My position is to listen to my constituents, learn from the best information available and ultimately make sound, rational decisions that are going to be beneficial to the people of the 8th Congressional District.
Our country must be strong enough to solve problems, and that means we must learn how to work together again.
But the safety of the world, in some sense, depends on your saying “no” to inhumane ideas. Standing up for one’s own integrity makes you no friends. It is costly. Yet defiance of the mob, in the service of that which is right, is one of the highest expressions of courage I know.
Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Giffords; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Lee_Loughner; http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Giffords | <urn:uuid:b8566656-c732-4d12-90d3-19c5e50a9864> | 2013-05-23T18:44:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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These two group activities use mathematical reasoning - one is
numerical, one geometric.
EWWNP means Exploring Wild and Wonderful Number Patterns Created by Yourself! Investigate what happens if we create number patterns using some simple rules.
Place this "worm" on the 100 square and find the total of the four
squares it covers. Keeping its head in the same place, what other
totals can you make? | <urn:uuid:c570ce75-26da-4b5b-900f-83f7a3e743de> | 2013-05-23T18:37:44Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The familiar Pythagorean 3-4-5 triple gives one solution to (x-1)^n
+ x^n = (x+1)^n so what about other solutions for x an integer and
n= 2, 3, 4 or 5?
Find the positive integer solutions of the equation (1+1/a)(1+1/b)(1+1/c) = 2
Find all 3 digit numbers such that by adding the first digit, the
square of the second and the cube of the third you get the original
number, for example 1 + 3^2 + 5^3 = 135.
Which is larger $\cos(\sin x)$ or $\sin(\cos x)$ ? Does this
depend on $x$ ? | <urn:uuid:a5c6f269-e698-4da0-b15c-5dafcbfe020d> | 2013-05-23T19:04:26Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Correspondence, clippings, legal papers, and certificates of gay activist, J. Ray Gallagher, 1970-1985. Part of the collection
documents Gallagher's candidacy for public offices, including Santa Monica City Council, Los Angeles County Supervisor, U.S.
Congress, and California State Assembly. The bulk of the material consists of letters written by Gallagher to (for the most
part) public offices and officials, such as the Santa Monica City Council, Congresspersons and heads of state, regarding numerous
topics, from neighborhood concerns to national and foreign policy.
J. Ray Gallagher was a firefighter and activist whose myriad interests, ranging from gay rights to local and international
politics, were expressed in letters sent to numerous public officials and offices. During the 1970s and early 1980s, Gallagher
was an outspoken gay candidate for public offices, including Santa Monica City Council, U.S. Congress, and California State
Assembly. He left the Los Angeles area in 1985 and moved to Louisville, Kentucky. | <urn:uuid:1e0a99b6-1490-4241-833a-21b8b135a6b4> | 2013-05-23T19:04:51Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Mutualism is very common: the classic example is the relationship pollinators and their plants. Around 70% of land plants require other species to help them reproduce via pollination. Often, the pollinators, like bees and wasps, gain food from the plant while the plant benefits by getting to mix its genes with other plants - a clear win-win for both. But both have to give up something, too, and whenever there is a cost to a relationship, both sides have good reason to cheat.
When I say cheat, I mean a species not keeping up their half of the deal. A species would gain something if they could maintain the positive benefits provided by another other species without having to expend whatever cost is associated with their side of the mutualistic bargain. A plant would benefit, for example, if it could attract its pollinators without having to make nectar or pretty flowers to attract them.
So how is mutualism maintained when there is strong evolutionary pressure to cheat? In some cases, it's by nature of the relationship. In the example above, it's simply hard for the plant to cheat because skimping on the goods directly affects how the other side acts - no nectar-laden flowers, no reason for a bee or other bug to stop and get covered in pollen.
But some mutualist relationships are easier to cheat on - take the case of fig wasps.
Fig wasps are wasps that lay their eggs in fig flowers. As these flowers turn into fruits, the wasp larvae are protected and fed by the fig, costing the tree resources. This relationship looks parasitic at first glance: the wasp gets healthy babies while the fig gets its fruit ruined. But the wasp has a promise it must keep to the tree: when it lays its eggs, it has to pollinate flowers so the tree can produce seeds.
There are actually two kinds of fig wasps: one that pollinates passively and one that pollinates actively. The passive pollinators collect pollen on their extremities and, while climbing around to deposit eggs, pollinate the trees' flowers without even thinking about it. Passively pollinating wasps do not expend extra energy to pollinate, and they cannot easily avoid carrying pollen, so there's no real way or reason for them to cheat.
David Attenborough explains their relationship rather nicely:
The active pollinators are much more deliberate about things: female wasps specifically collect pollen in specialized pouches (see R) and deposit it on another tree's flowers by choice when they lay their eggs. Active pollinators don't have to pollinate, per se - they can, and do sometimes, flit around without collecting pollen and bring it to another tree. After all, it costs the wasp time and energy to go about collecting and lugging around pollen, so why bother if they don't have to? Instead, the female wasps just infect flowers with wasp eggs, acting more like a parasite than a mutualist.
Clearly, there's an easy, good reason for the wasp to short-change the tree. But, if there's good reason for the wasps to cheat, there is equally good reason for the trees to catch them, evolutionarily speaking. Having a cheating wasps' young growing in its fruit does the tree no good whatsoever. But can the trees spot cheaters and somehow punish them for it?
That's the question that biologists K. Charlotte Jandér and Edward Allen Herre wanted to answer. To find out, they carefully watched six different species of figs, four that had active pollinating wasps and two that had passive pollinating wasps. They wanted to see if the actively-pollinated trees somehow reacted differently to loyal wasps who pollinated like they're supposed to and cheaters. Since it's hard to tell if a wasp is doing its job, instead, the researchers intentionally manipulated the wasps. For each fig tree–pollinator species-pair, they experimentally produced pollen-carrying and artificially pollen-free wasps, which, because they had no pollen, played the role of cheaters. They then waited to see how well the cheaters larvae survived.
They found that the passively pollinated figs had no system in place to protect against cheaters - which is exactly what you'd expect, since it's basically impossible for a passive-pollinating wasp to get around on the flowers without pollinating, meaning that cheating is not likely.
The actively pollinated figs, on the other hand, all punished cheaters.
First off, the figs carrying cheater offspring were aborted more frequently. When a fig aborts a larvae-containing fruit, it kills all of the larvae inside. One active species only kept around 3% of the number of figs that the passive pollinated species did. But to punish them even more, the fig also manipulated the conditions within the growing fruits which contained cheating larvae - per fruit, fewer cheater adults emerged than non-cheating ones. In one species of fig, almost no cheaters survived to adulthood - just 5% of the number that emerged from passively pollinated figs. How exactly the fig changes the condition of the fruit to harm the growing larvae isn't yet known.
This made the scientists wonder how common cheaters were in the wild, and whether the species that strongly reacted to cheating were plagued by more cheaters. As expected, they didn't find any pollen-free passive pollinating wasps, but they did find active pollinating ones that weren't carrying the goods. They also found that the species that cheated the most lived on the fig tree that punished them the least.
These data strongly support consistent coevolution between the fig wasps and their trees. If the tree doesn't catch cheaters, the wasps exploit their longtime friends, and since cheating isn't punished, cheating young grow up and continue cheating, leading to high frequencies of cheaters. This rapidly degrades their relationship from mutualism to parasite-host. However, if the trees respond by culling free-riders, they reduce the number of wasps inclined to cheat and maintain the true mutualism that the two have had for around 80 million years.
Mutualism is often portrayed as "playing nice", a beautiful harmony between species. Just listen to how the relationship between active pollinating fig wasps and their trees is portrayed in this PBS special:
How sweet. Too bad it's totally not true. Just like the arms races between predator and prey or parasite and host, mutualist species constantly adapt to try get the upper hand in their relationship. There is still a battle going on between even the best of friends to gain an evolutionary advantage, and just like other interactions, mutualists have to constantly evolve to maintain the status quo.
Jander, K., & Herre, E. (2010). Host sanctions and pollinator cheating in the fig tree-fig wasp mutualism Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.2157 | <urn:uuid:d00124ba-8fe4-4e20-95ce-f046f7843fba> | 2013-05-23T18:38:32Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Actress Ellen Barkin responded to the lawsuit filed by ex-husband, Ronald Perelman, against her and her brother, calling it “a cynical abuse of the legal system.” Mr. Perelman, 63, filed the claims yesterday in a New York court. He argues that Ms. Barkin and her brother, George, used the money from a company she started with Mr. Perelman to launch a competing enterprise. He also has qualms with fitting the bill for Mr. Barkin’s alleged $250,000 salary. Ms. Barkin sued Mr. Perelman in August, arguing then that he failed to adequately fund their company, called Applehead I, something he allegedly promised to do.
A spokesman for Mr. Perelman issued a statement, the AP reports. In it, the Revlon billionaire says Ms. Barkin is merely trying “to further enrich herself.”
Responding, a spokesman for Applehead I called Mr. Perelman’s lawsuit “frivolous,” “without merit” and “yet another attempt to avoid honoring his written contract to contribute more than $3 million to Applehead Pictures….The fact is, Applehead only has money because others stepped in to contribute what Perelman wrongfully withheld," the statement says. "Perelman’s cynical abuse of the legal system is disappointing, but not surprising."
Follow David Foxley via RSS. | <urn:uuid:e09ce54c-c960-45a1-83bb-e9ce5931e5d0> | 2013-05-23T18:31:48Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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[oclug] encrypting files (was passwords)
David F. Skoll
dfs at roaringpenguin.com
Mon Aug 12 14:50:33 EDT 2002
On Mon, 12 Aug 2002, Allan McIntosh wrote:
> $ crypt key < plainfile > encryptedfile
The traditional UNIX "crypt" command is very, very weak.
> The question I have is there a way to see what key a system uses when
Ummm... nope. Doesn't that defeat the point of encryption?
If you want strong symmetric encryption under Linux, use gpg:
$ gpg --symmetric < cleartext > crypted_text
$ gpg --decrypt < crypted_text > cleartext
You'll be prompted for a key.
More information about the OCLUG | <urn:uuid:621a1733-08fd-4d7a-9f89-90e17c3cbef7> | 2013-05-23T18:38:16Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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On 31 March 2012 07:56, s9nn9s <s9nn9s@...> wrote:
> john <jptmoore@...> writes:
>> Hi Guilers...
>> When using (sxml simple) a conversion from boolean has no value. For
>> example, (sxml->xml '(foo #t)) produces <foo></foo>. Is this intended
>> or a bug? I was expecting perhaps something like <foo>true</foo>,
>> <foo>1</foo> or <foo>#t</foo>. The first two make more sense to me in
>> terms of validating against XML Schema but I think any value is better
>> than no value.
>> Any thoughts?
> since (if "" #t #f) ==> #t, an empty string between to <foo></foo> to
> represent #t seems both right and least verbose.
But (sxml->xml '(foo #f)) also produces <foo></foo>. | <urn:uuid:20fe9b31-a3d3-49fb-9bcd-20f8fc710988> | 2013-05-23T18:38:49Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A list of soldiers from county Kilkenny who died in World War I was published in the Kilkenny People newspaper in November 2011. The names of those from Paulstown are transcribed below.
Name / From / Date of Death / Place of Death
Gleeson, John / Paulstown / 29 May 1918 / Unknown
Gleeson, Richard / Paulstown / 4 September 1918 / France
O’Neill, Michael / Paulstown / 19 March 1916 / Unknown
Tobin, Edward / Paulstown / 21 April 1917 / France
You can read the full list here. I hope to write more in-depth articles in the future about those from Paulstown who fought in World War I.
I would like to thank a reader of this blog for directing me towards this resource. | <urn:uuid:6fa94585-5f7f-4a80-bff6-d0935e68e6bc> | 2013-05-23T18:30:59Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Front Page Titles (by Subject) CHAPTER VI.: concerning some old foes under new faces. - The State
The Online Library of Liberty
A project of Liberty Fund, Inc.
CHAPTER VI.: concerning some old foes under new faces. - Franz Oppenheimer, The State
The State: Its History and Development viewed Sociologically, authorized translation by John M. Gitterman (New York: B.W. Huebsch, 1922).
About Liberty Fund:
Liberty Fund, Inc. is a private, educational foundation established to encourage the study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals.
The text is in the public domain.
Fair use statement:
This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit.
concerning some old foes under new faces.
if we understand the outcome of the feudal state, in the sense given above, as further organic development either forward or backward conditioned by the power of inner forces, but not as a physical termination, brought about or conditioned by outside forces, then we may say that the outcome of the feudal state is determined essentially by the independent development of social institutions called into being by the economic means.
Such influences may come also from without, from foreign states which, thanks to a more advanced economic development, possess a more tensely centralized power, a better military organization, and a greater forward thrust. We have touched on some of these phases. The independent development of the Mediterranean feudal states was abruptly stopped by their collision with those maritime states, which were on a much higher plane of economic growth and wealth, and more centralized, such as Carthage, and more especially Rome. The destruction of the Persian Empire by Alexander the Great may be instanced in this connection, since Macedonia had at that time appropriated the economic advances of the Hellenic maritime states. The best example within modern times is the foreign influence in the case of Japan, whose development was shortened in an almost incredible manner by the military and peaceful impulses of Western European civilization. In the space of barely one generation it covered the road from a fully matured feudal state to the completely developed modern constitutional state.
It seems to me that we have only to deal with an abbreviation of the process of development. As far as we can see—though henceforth historical evidence becomes meager, and there are scarcely any examples from ethnography—the rule may be statedrule may be statedrule may be statedrule may be stated that forces from within, even without strong foreign influences, lead the matured feudal state, with strict logical consistency, on the same path to the identical conclusion.
The creators of the economic means controlling this advance are the cities and their system of money economy, which gradually supersedes the system of natural economy, and thereby dislocates the axis about which the whole life of the state swings; in place of landed property, mobile capital gradually becomes preponderant.
(a) the emancipation of the peasantry
All this follows as a natural consequence of the basic premise of the feudal state. The more the great private landlords become a landed nobility, the more in the same measure must the feudal system of natural economy break to pieces. The more great landed property rights become vested in and nurtured by the princes of territorial states, the more is the feudal system based on payments in kind bound to disintegrate; one may say that the two keep step in this development.
So long as the ownership of great estates is comparatively limited, the primitive principle of the bee-keeper, allowing his peasants barely enough for subsistence, can be carried out. When, however, these expand into territorial dimensions, and include, as is regularly the case, accretions of land which are the results of successful warfare, or by the relinquishment and subinfeudation through heritage or political marriages of smaller land owners, scattered widely about the country and far from the master’s original domains, then the policy of the bee-keeper can no longer be carried out. Unless, therefore, the territorial magnate means to keep in his pay an immense mass of overseers, which would be both expensive and politically unwise, he would have to impose on his peasants some fixed tribute, partly rental and partly tax. The economic need of an administrative reform unites, therefore, with the political necessity, to elevate the “plebs,” in the way which has already been discussed.
The more the territorial magnate ceases to be a private landlord, the more exclusively he tends to become a subject of public law, viz., prince of a territory, the more the solidarity mentioned above, between prince and people grows. We saw that some few magnates even as far back as the period of transition from great landed estates to principalities, found it to their greatest interest to carry on a “mild” government. This accomplished the result, not only of educating their plebs to a more virile consciousness toward the state, but also had the effect of making it easy for the few remaining common freemen to give up their political rights in return for protection; while it was still more important, in that it deprived their neighbors and rivals of their precious human material. When the territorial prince has finally reached complete de facto independence, his self interest must prompt him steadfastly to persevere in the path thus begun. Should he, however, again invest his bailiffs or officers with lands and peasants, he will still have the most pressing political interest to see to it that his subjects are not delivered over to them without restraint. In order to retain his control, the prince will limit the right of the “knights” to incomes from lands to definite payments in kind and limited forced labor, reserving to himself that required in the public interests, such as forced labor on highways or on bridges. We shall soon come to see that the circumstance that in all developed feudal states the peasants have at least two masters claiming service, is decisive for their later rise.
For all these reasons, the services to be required of peasants in a developed feudal state must in some fashion be limited. Henceforth, all surplus belongs to him free from the control of the landlord. With this change, the character of landed property has been utterly revolutionized. Heretofore the landlord, as of right, was entitled to the entire revenue saving only what was absolutely necessary to permit his peasants to subsist and continue their brood; while hereafter, the total product of his work, as of right, belongs to the peasant, saving only a fixed charge for his landlord as ground rent. The possession of vast landed estates has developed into (manorial) rights. This completes the second important step taken by humanity toward its goal. The first step was taken when man made the transition from the stage of bear to that of the bee-keeper, and thereby discovered slavery; this step abolishes slavery. Laboring humanity, heretofore only an object of the law, now for the first time becomes an entity capable of enjoying rights. The labor motor, without rights, belonging to its master, and without effective guarantees of life and limb, has now become the taxpaying subject of some prince. Henceforth the economic means, now for the first time assured of its success, develops its forces quite differently. The peasant works with incomparably more industry and care, obtains more than he needs, and thereby calls into being the “city” in the economic sense of the term, viz., the industrial city. The surplus produced by the peasantry calls into being a demand for objects not produced in the peasant economy; while at the same time, the more intensive agriculture brings about a reduction of those industrial by-products heretofore worked out by the peasant house industry.
Since agriculture and cattle-raising absorb in ever increasing degrees the energies of the rural family, it becomes possible and necessary to divide labor between original production and manufacture; the village tends to become primarily the place of the former, the industrial city comes into being as the seat of the latter.
(b) the genesis of the industrial state
Let there be no misunderstanding: we do not maintain that the city comes thus into being, but only the industrial city. There has been in existence the real historical city, to be found in every developed feudal state. Such cities came into being either because of a purely political means, as a stronghold,134 or by the coöperation of the political with economic means, as a market place, or because of some religious need, as the environs of some temple.∗ Wherever such a city in the historical sense exists in the neighborhood, the newly arising industrial city tends to grow up about it; otherwise it develops spontaneously from the existing and matured division of labor. As a rule, it will in its turn grow into a stronghold and have its own places of worship.
These are but accidental historical admixtures. In its strict economic sense “city” means the place of the economic means, or the exchange and interchange for equivalent values between rural production and manufacture. This corresponds to the common use of language, by which a stronghold however great, an agglomeration of temples, cloisters and places of pilgrimage however extensive, were they conceivable without any place for exchange, would be designated after their external characteristics as “like a city” or “resembling a city.”
Although there may have been few changes in the exterior of the historical city, there has taken place an internal revolution on a magnificent scale. The industrial city is directly opposed to the state. As the state is the developed political means, so the industrial city is the developed economic means. The great contest filling universal history, nay its very meaning, henceforth takes place between city and state.
The city as an economic, political body undermines the feudal system with political and economic arms. With the first the city forces, with the second it lures, their power away from the feudal master class.
This process takes place in the field of politics by the interference of the city, now a center of its own powers, in the political mechanism of the developed feudal state, between the central power and the local territorial magnates and their subjects. The cities are the strongholds and the dwelling places of warlike men, as well as depots of material for carrying on war (arms, etc.); and later they become central supply reservoirs for money used in the contests between the central government and the growing territorial princes, or between these in their internecine wars. Thus they are important strategic points or valuable allies; and may by far-sighted policy acquire important rights.
As a rule, the cities take the part of the crown in fights against the feudal nobles, from social reasons, because the landed nobles refuse to recognize the social equality, demanded as of right by their more wealthy citizens; from political reasons, because the central government, thanks to the solidarity between prince and people, is more apt to be influenced by common interests than is the territorial magnate, who serves only his private interests; and finally from economic reasons, because city life can prosper only in peace and safety. The practises of chivalry, such as club law, and private warfare, and the knights’ practise of looting caravans are irreconcilable with the economic means; and therefore, the cities are faithful allies of the guardians of peace and justice, first to the emperor, later on, to the sovereign territorial prince; and when the armed citizenship breaks and pillages some robber baron’s fortress, the tiny drop reflects the identical process happening in the ocean of history.
In order successfully to carry this political rôle the city must attract as many citizens as possible, an endeavor also forced on it by purely economic considerations, since both divisions of labor and wealth increase with increased citizenship. Therefore cities favor immigration with all their powers; and once more show in this the polar contrast of their essential difference from the feudal landlords. The new citizens thus attracted into the cities are withdrawn from the feudal estates, which are thereby weakened in power of taxation and military defense in proportion as the cities are strengthened. The city becomes a mighty competitor at the auction, wherein the serf is knocked down to the highest bidder, to the one, that is to say, who offers the most rights. The city offers the peasant complete liberty, and in some cases house and courtyard. The principle, “city air frees the peasant” is successfully fought out; and the central government, pleased to strengthen the cities and to weaken the turbulent nobles, usually confirms by charter the newly acquired rights.
The third great move in the progress of universal history is to be seen in the discovery of the honor of free labor; or better in its rediscovery, it having been lost sight of since those far-off times in which the free huntsman and the subjugated primitive tiller enjoyed the results of their labor. As yet the peasant bears the mark of the pariah and his rights are little respected. But in the wall-girt, welldefended city, the citizen holds his head high. He is a freeman in every sense of the word, free even at law, since we find in the grants of rights to many early enfranchised cities (Ville-franche) the provision that a serf residing therein “a year and a day” undisturbed by his master’s claim is to be deemed free.
Within the city walls there are still various ranks and grades of political status. At first the old settlers, the men of rank equal with the nobles of the surrounding country, the ancient freemen of the burgh, refuse to the newcomers, usually poor artisans or hucksters, the right of sharing in the government. But, as we saw in the case of the maritime cities, such gradations of rank can not be maintained within a business community. The majority, intelligent, skeptical, closely organized and compact, forces the concession of equal rights. The only difference is that the contest is longer in a developed feudal state, because now the fight concerns not only the parties at interest. The great territorial magnates of the neighborhood and the princes hinder the full development of the forces by their interference. In the maritime states of the ancient world, there was no tertius gaudens who could derive any profit from the contests within the city, since outside the cities there existed no system of powerful feudal lords.
These then, are the political arms of the cities in their contest with the feudal state: alliances with the crown, direct attack, and the enticing away of the serfs of the feudal lords into the enfranchising air of the city. Its economic weapons are no less effective, the change from payments in kind to the system of money as a means of exchange is inseparably connected with civic methods, is the means whereby the method of payment in kind is utterly destroyed, and with it the feudal state.
(c) the influences of money economy
The sociological process set into motion by the system of money economy is so well known and its mechanics are so generally recognized, that a few suggestions will suffice.
Here, as in the case of the maritime states, the consequence of the invading money system is that the central government becomes almost omnipotent, while the local powers are reduced to complete impotence.
Dominion is not an end in itself, but merely the means of the rulers to their essential object, the enjoyment without labor of articles of consumption as many and as valuable as possible. During the prevalence of the system of natural economy there is no other way of obtaining them save by dominion; the wardens of the marches and the territorial princes obtain their wealth by their political power. The more peasants who are owned, the greater is the military power and the larger the scope of the territory subjected, and thus the greater are the revenues. As soon, however, as the products of agriculture are exchangeable for enticing wares, it becomes more rational for every one primarily a private man, i. e., for every feudal lord not a territorial prince—and this now includes the knights—to decrease as far as possible the number of peasants, and to leave only such small numbers as can with the utmost labor turn out the greatest product from the land, and to leave these as little as possible. The net product of the real estate, thus tremendously increased, is now taken to the markets and sold for goods, and is no longer used to keep a forcible body of guards. Having dissolved this following, the knight becomes simply the manager of a knight’s fee.∗ With this event, as with one blow, the central power, that of king or territorial prince, is without a rival for the dominion, and has become politically omnipotent. The unruly vassals, who formerly made the weak kings tremble, after a short attempt at joint rule during the time of the government of the feudal estates, have changed into the supple courtiers, begging favors at the hands of some absolute monarch, like Louis XIV. And he furthermore has become their last resort, since the military power, now solely exercised by him as the paymaster of the forces, alone can protect them from the ever-immanent revolt of their tenants, ground to the bone. While in the time of natural economy the crown was in nearly every instance allied with peasants and cities against nobility, we now have the union of the absolute kings, born from the feudal state, with their nobility, against the representatives of the economic means.
Since the days of Adam Smith it has been customary to state this fundamental revolution in some such form, as though the foolish nobles had sold their birthright for a mess of pottage, when they traded their dominion for foolish articles of luxury. No view can be more erroneous. Individuals often err in the safe-guarding of their interests: a class for any prolonged period never is in error.
The fact of the matter is, that the system of money payments strengthened the central power so mightily and immediately, that even without the interposition of the agrarian upheaval, any resistance of the landed nobility would have been senseless. As is shown in the history of antiquity, the army of a central government, financially strong, is always superior to feudal levies. Money permits the armament of peasant sons, and the drilling of them into professional soldiers, whose solid organization is always superior to the loose confederation of an armed mass of knights. Besides, at this stage, the central government could also count on the aid of the well-armed squares of the urban guilds.
Gunpowder did the rest in Western Europe. Firearms, however, are a product that can be turned out only in the industrial establishments of a wealthy city. Because of these technical military reasons, even that feudal landlord who might not care for the newly established luxuries and who might only be desirous of maintaining or increasing his independent position, must subject his territories to the same agrarian revolution; since, in order to be strong, he now before all else must have money, which in the new order of things, has become the nervus rerum, either to buy arms or to engage mercenaries. A second capitalistic wholesale undertaking, therefore, has come into being through the system of payments in money; besides the wholesale management of landed estates, war is carried on as a great business enterprise—the condottieri appear on the stage. The market is full of material for armies of mercenaries, the discharged guards of the feudal lords and the young peasants whose lands have been taken up by the lords.
There are instances where some petty noble may mount to the throne of some territorial principality, as happened many a time in Italy, and as was accomplished by Albrecht Wallenstein, even as late as the period of the Thirty Years’ War. But that is a matter of individual fate, not affecting the final result. The local powers disappear from the contest of political forces as independent centers of authority and retain the remnant of their former influence only so long as they serve the princes as a source of supplies; that is, the state composed of its feudal estates.
The infinite increase in the power of the crown is then enhanced by a second creation of the system of payment in money, by officialdom. We have told in detail of the vicious circle which forced the feudal state into a cul-de-sac between agglomeration and dissolution, as long as its bailiffs had to be paid with “lands and peasants” and thereby were nursed into potential rivals of their creator. With the advent of payments in money, the vicious circle is broken. Henceforth the central government carries on its functions through paid employees, permanently dependent on their paymaster.135 Henceforth there is possible a permanently established, tensely centralized government, and empires come into being, such as had not existed since the developed maritime states of antiquity, which also were founded on the payments in money.
This revolution of the political mechanism was everywhere put into motion by the development of the money economy—with but one exception, as far as I can see, viz., Egypt.
Here, according to the statement of experts, no definite information is to be had, and it seems that the system of money exchanges appears as a matured institution only in Greek times. Until that time, the tribute of the peasants was paid in kind;136 and yet we find, shortly after the expulsion of the Shepherd Kings, during the New Empire (circa sixteenth century B. C.), that the absolutism of the kings was fully developed: “The military power is upheld by foreign mercenaries, the administration is carried on by a centralized body of officials dependent on the royal favor, while the feudal aristocracy has disappeared.”137
It may seem that this exception proves the rule. Egypt is a country of exceptional geographic conformation. Jammed into a narrow compass, between mountains and the desert, a natural highway, the River Nile, traverses its entire length, and permits the transportation of bulky freight with much greater facility than the finest road. And this highway made it easy for the Pharaoh to assemble the taxes of all his districts in his own storehouses, the so-called “houses”138 and from them to supply his garrisons and civil employees with the products themselves in natura. For that reason Egypt, after it has once become unified into an empire, stays centralized, until foreign powers extinguish its life as a “state.” “This circumstance is the source of the enormous and plenary power exercised by the Pharaoh where payments are still made in kind; the exclusive and immediate control of the objects of daily consumption are in his hand. The ruler distributes to his employees only such quantities of the entire mass of goods as appears to him good and proper; and since the articles of luxury are nearly all exclusively in his hands, he enjoys on this account also an extraordinary plenitude of power.”139
With this one exception, where a mighty force executes the task, the power of circulating money seems in all cases to have dissolved the feudal state.
The cost of the revolution fell on peasants and cities. When peace is made, the crown and the petty nobles mutually sacrifice the peasantry, dividing them, so to say, into two ideal halves; the crown grants to the nobility the major part of the peasants’ common lands, and the greatest part of their working powers that are not yet expropriated; the nobility concedes to the crown the right of recruiting and of taxing both peasantry and cities. The peasant, who had grown wealthy in freedom, sinks back into poverty and therefore into social inferiority. The former feudal powers now unite as allies to subjugate the cities, except where, as in Upper Italy, these become feudal central powers themselves. (And even in that case they for the most part all fall into the power of captains of mercenaries, condottieri.) The power of attack of the adversaries has become stronger, the power of the cities has diminished. For with the decay of the peasantry, their purchase power diminishes and with it the prosperity of the cities, based thereon. The small cities in the country stagnate and become poorer, and being now incapable of defense, fall a prey to the absolutist rule of the territorial princes; the larger cities, where the demand for the luxuries of the nobles has brought into being a strong trading element, split up into social groups and thus fritter away their political strength. The immigration now pouring into their walls is composed of discharged and broken mercenaries, dispossessed peasants, pauperized mechanics from the smaller towns; it is in other words a proletarian immigration. For the first time there appears, in the terminology of Karl Marx, the “free laborer,” in masses, competing with his own class in the labor markets of the cities. And again, the “law of agglomeration” enters to form effective class and property distinctions, and thus to tear apart the civic population. Wild fights take place in the cities between the classes; through which the territorial prince, in nearly every instance, again succeeds in gaining control. The only cities that can permanently escape the deadly embrace of the prince’s power are the few genuine “maritime states,” or “city states.”
As in the case of the maritime states, the pivot of the state’s life has again shifted over to another place. Instead of circling about wealth vested in landed estates, it now turns about capitalized wealth, because in the meantime property in real estate has itself become “capital.” Why is it that the development does not, as in the case of the maritime states, open out into the capitalistic expropriation of slave labor?
There are two controlling reasons, one internal, the other external. The external reason is to be found in this, that slave hunting on a profitable scale is scarcely possible at this time in any part of the world, since nearly all countries within reach are also organized as strong states. Wherever it is possible, as for instance, in the American colonies of the West European powers, it develops at once.
The external reason may be found in the circumstance that the peasant of the interior countries, in contrast to the conditions prevailing in the maritime states, is subject, not to one master, but to at least two∗ persons entitled to his service, his prince and his landlord. Both resist any attempt to diminish their peasants’ capacity for service, since this is essential to their interests. Especially strong princes did much for their peasants, e. g., those of Brandenburg-Prussia. For this reason, the peasants, although exploited miserably, yet retained their personal liberty and their standing as subjects endowed with personal rights in all states where the feudal system had been fully developed when the system of payments in money replaced that of payments in kind.
The evidence that this explanation is correct may be found in the relations of those states which were gripped by the system of exchange in money, before the feudal system had become worked out.
This applies especially to those districts of Germany formerly occupied by Slavs, but particularly to Poland. In these districts, the feudal system had not yet been worked out as thoroughly as in the regions where the demand for grain products in the great western industrial centers had changed the nobles, the subjects of public law, into the owners of a Rittergut,∗ the subjects of private economic interests. In these districts, the peasants were subject to the duty of rendering service only to one master, who was both their liege lord and landlord; and because of that, there came into being the republics of nobles mentioned above, which, as far as the pressure of their more progressed neighbors would permit, tended to approach the capitalistic system of exploiting of slave labor.140
The following is so well known that it can be stated briefly. The system of exchange by means of money matures into capitalism, and brings into being new classes in juxtaposition to the landowners; the capitalist demands equal rights with the formerly privileged orders, and finally obtains them by revolutionizing the lower plebs. In this attack on the sacredly established order of things, the capitalists unite with the lower classes, naturally under the banner of “natural law.” But as soon as the victory has been achieved, the class based on movable wealth, the so-called middle class, turns its arms on the lower classes, makes peace with its former opponents, and invokes in its reactionary fight on the proletarians, its late allies, the theory of legitimacy, or makes use of an evil mixture of arguments based partly on legitimacy and partly on pseudo-liberalism.
In this manner the state has gradually matured from the primitive robber state, through the stages of the developed feudal state, through absolutism, to the modern constitutional state.
(d) the modern constitutional state
Let us give the mechanics and kinetics of the modern state a moment’s time.
In principle, it is the same entity as the primitive robber state or the developed feudal state. There has been added, however, one new element—officialdom, which at least will have this object, that in the contest of the various classes, it will represent the common interests of the state as a whole. In how far this purpose is subserved we shall investigate in another place. Let us at this time study the state in respect to those characteristics which it has brought over from its youthful stages.
Its form still continues to be domination, its content still remains the exploitation of the economic means. The latter continues to be limited by public law, which on the one had protects the traditional “distribution” of the total products of the nation; while on the other it attempts to maintain at their full efficiency the taxpayers and those bound to render service. The internal policy of the state continues to revolve in the path prescribed for it by the parallelogram of the centrifugal force of class contests and the centripetal impulse of the common interests in the state; and its foreign policy continues to be determined by the interests of the master class, now comprising besides the landed also the moneyed interests.
In principle, there are now, as before, only two classes to be distinguished: one a ruling class, which acquires more of the total product of the labor of the people—the economic means—than it has contributed, and a subject class, which obtains less of the resultant wealth than it has contributed. Each of these classes, in turn, depending on the degree of economic development, is divided into more or fewer subclasses or strata, which grade off according to the fortune or misfortune of their economic standards.
Among highly developed states there is found introduced between the two principal classes a transitional class, which also may be subdivided into various strata. Its members are bound to render service to the upper class, while they are entitled to receive service from the classes below them. To illustrate with an example, we find in the ruling class in modern Germany at least three strata. First come the great landed magnates, who at the same time are the principal shareholders in the larger industrial undertakings and mining companies: next stand the captains of industry and the “bankocrats,” who also in many cases have become owners of great estates. In consequence of this they quickly amalgamate with the first layer. Such, for example, are the Princes Fugger, who were formerly bankers of Augsburg, and the Counts of Donnersmarck, owners of extensive mines in Silesia. And finally there are the petty country nobles, whom we shall hereafter term junker or “squires.” The subject class, at all events, consists of petty peasants, agricultural laborers, factory and mine hands, with small artisans and subordinate officials. The “middle classes” are the classes of the transition: composed of the owners of large and medium-sized farms, the small manufacturers, and the best paid mechanics, besides those rich “bourgeois,” such as Jews, who have not become rich enough to overcome certain traditional difficulties which oppose their arrival at the stage of intermarriage with the upper class. All these render unrequited service to the upper class, and receive unrequited service from the lower classes. This determines the result which occurs either to the stratum as a whole or to the individuals in it; that is to say, either a complete acceptance into the upper class, or an absolute sinking into the lower class. Of the (German) transitional classes, the large farmers and the manufacturers of average wealth have risen, while the majority of artisans have descended to the lower classes. We have thus arrived at the kinetics of classes.
The interests of every class set in motion an actual body of associated forces, which impel it with a definite momentum toward the attainment of a definite goal. All classes whatever have the same goal; viz., the total result of the productive labor of all the denizens of a given state. Every class attempts to obtain as large a share as possible of the national production; and since all strive for identically the same object, the class contest results. This contest of classes is the content of all history of states, except in so far as the interest of the state as a whole produces common actions. These we may at this point disregard, since they have been given undue prominence by the traditional method of historical study, and lead to one sided views. Historically this class contest is shown to be a party fight. A party is originally and in its essence nothing save an organized representation of a class. Wherever a class, by reason of social differentiation, has split up into numerous sub-classes with varied separate interests, the party claiming to represent it disintegrates at the earliest opportunity into a mass of tiny parties, and these will either be allies or mortal enemies according to the degree of divergence of the class interests. Where on the other hand a former class contrast has disappeared by social differentiation, the two former parties amalgamate in a short time into a new party. As an example of the first case we may recall the splitting off of the artisans and Anti-Semite parties from the party of German Liberalism, as a consequence of the fact that the first represented descending groups, while the latter represented ascending ones. A characteristic example of the second category may be found in the political amalgamation which bound together into the farmers’ union the petty landed squires of the East Elbian country with West Elbian rich peasants on large plantations. Since the petty squire sinks and the farmer rises, they meet half-way. All party policy can have but one meaning, viz., to procure for the class represented as great a share as is possible of the total national production. In other words, the preferred classes intend to maintain their share, at the very least, at the ancient scale, and if possible, to increase it toward such a maximum as shall permit the exploited classes just a bare existence, to keep them fit to do their work, just as in the bee-keeper stages. Their object is to confiscate the entire surplus product of the economic means, a surplus which increases enormously as population becomes more dense and division of labor more specialized. On the other hand, the group of exploited classes would like to reduce their tribute to the zero-point, and to consume the entire product themselves; and the transitional classes work as much as possible toward the reduction of their tribute to the upper classes, while at the same time they strive to increase their unrequited income from the classes underneath.
This is the aim and the content of all party contests. The ruling class conducts this fight with all those means which its acquired dominion has handed down to it. In consequence of this, the ruling class sees to it that legislation is framed in its interest and to serve its purpose—class legislation. These laws are then applied in such wise that the blunted back of the sword of justice is turned upward, while its sharpened edge is turned downward—class justice. The governing class in every state uses the administration of the state in the interest of those belonging to it under a twofold aspect. In the first place it reserves to its adherents all prominent places and all offices of influence and of profit, in the army, in the superior branches of government service, and in places on the bench; and secondly, by these very agencies, it directs the entire policy of the state, causes its class-politics to bring about commercial wars, colonial policies, protective tariffs, legislation in some degree improving the conditions of the laboring classes, electoral reform policies, etc. As long as the nobles ruled the state, they exploited it as they would have managed an estate; when the bourgeoisie obtain the mastery, the state is exploited as though it were a factory. And the class-religion covers all defects, as long as they can be endured, with its “don’t touch the foundation of society.”
There still exist in the public law a number of political privileges and economic strategic positions, which favor the master class: such as, in Prussia, a system of voting which gives the plutocrats an undue advantage over the less favored classes, a limitation of the constitutional rights of free assembly, regulations for servants, etc. For that reason, the constitutional fight, carried on over thousands of years and dominating the life of the state, is still uncompleted. The fight for improved conditions of life, another phase of the party and class struggle, usually takes place in the halls of legislative bodies, but often it is carried on by means of demonstrations in the streets, by general strikes, or by open outbreaks.
But the plebs have finally and definitely learned that these remnants of feudal strategic centers, do not, except in belated instances, constitute the final stronghold of their opponents. It is not in political, but rather in economic conditions that the cause must be sought, which has brought it about that even in the modern constitutional state, the “distribution of wealth” has not been changed in principle. Just as in feudal times, the great mass of men live in bitter poverty; even under the best conditions, they have the meager necessities of life, earned by hard, crushing, stupefying forced labor, no longer exacted by right of political exploitation, but just as effectively forced from the laborers by their economic needs. And just as before in the un-reformed days, the narrow minority, a new master class, a conglomerate of holders of ancient privileges and of newly rich, gathers in the tribute, now grown to immensity; and not only does not render any service therefor, but flaunts its wealth in the face of labor by riotous living. The class contest henceforth is devoted more and more to these economic causes, based on vicious systems of distribution; and it takes shape in a hand-to-hand fight between exploiters and proletariat, carried on by strikes, coöperative societies and trades unions. The economic organization first forces recognition, and then equal rights; then it leads and finally controls the political destinies of the labor party. In the end therefore the trade union controls the party. Thus far the development of the state has progressed in Great Britain and in the United States.
Were it not that there has been added to the modern state an entirely new element, its officialdom, the constitutional state, though more finely differentiated and more powerfully integrated, would, so far as form and content go, be little different from its prototypes.
As a matter of principle, the state officials, paid from the funds of the state, are removed from the economic fights of conflicting interests; and therefore it is rightly considered unbecoming for any one in the service of the government to be taking part in any money making undertaking, and in no well ordered bureaucracy is it tolerated. Were it possible ever thoroughly to realize the principle, and did not every official, even the best of them, bring with him that concept of the state held by the class from which he originated, one would find in officialdom, as a matter of fact, that moderating and order making force, removed from the conflict of class interests, whereby the state might be led toward its new goal. It would become the fulcrum of Archimedes whence the world of the state might be moved.
But the principle, we are sorry to say, can not be carried out completely; and furthermore, the officials do not cease being real men, do not become mere abstractions without class-consciousness. This may be quite apart from the fact that, in Europe at least, a participation in a definite form of undertakings—viz., handling large landed estates—is regarded as a favorable means of getting on in the service of the state, and will continue to be so as long as the landed nobility preponderates. In consequence of this, many officials on the Continent, and one may even say the most influential officials, are subject to pressure by enormous economic interests; and are unconsciously, and often against their will, brought into the class contests.
There are factors, such as extra allowances made by either fathers or fathers-in-law, or hereditary estates, and affinity to the persons in control of the landed and moneyed interest or allied with them, whereby the solidarity of interest among the ruling class is if anything increased from the fact that these officials, practically without exception, are taken from a class with whom since their boyhood days they have been on terms of intimacy. Were there, however, no such unity of economic interests the demeanor of the officials would be influenced entirely by the pure interests of the state.
For this reason, as a rule, the most efficient, most objective and most impartial set of officials is found in poor states. Prussia, for example, was formerly indebted to its poverty for that incomparable body of officials who handled it through all its troubles. These employees of the state were actually, in consonance with the rule laid down above, dissociated completely from all interests in money making, directly or indirectly.
This ideal body of officials is a rare occurrence in the more wealthy states. The plutocratic development draws the individual more and more into its vortex, robbing him of his objectivity and of his impartiality. And yet the officials continue to fulfil the duty which the modern state requires of them, to preserve the interests of the state as opposed to the interests of any class. And this interest is preserved by them, even though against their will, or at least without clear consciousness of the fact, in such manner that the economic means, which called the bureaucracy into being, is in the end advanced on its tedious path of victory, as against the political means. No one doubts that the officials carry on class politics, prescribed for them by the constellation of forces operating in the state; and to that extent, they certainly do represent the master class from which they sprang. But they do ameliorate the bitterness of the struggle, by opposing the extremists in either camp, and by advocating amendments to existing law, when the social development has become ripened for their enactment, without waiting until the contest over these has become acute. Where an efficient race of princes governs, whose momentary representative adopts the policy of King Frederick, which was to regard himself only as “the first servant of the state,” what has been said above applies to him in an increased degree, all the more so as his interests, as the permanent beneficiary of the continued existence of the state, would before all else prompt him to strengthen the centripetal forces and to weaken the centrifugal powers. In the course of the preceding we have in many instances noted the natural solidarity between prince and people, as an historic force of great value. In the completed constitutional state, in which the monarch in but an infinitesimally small degree is a subject of private economic interests, he tends to be almost completely “an official.” This community of interests is emphasized here much more strongly than in either the feudal state or the despotically governed state, where the dominion, at least for one-half its extent, is based on the private economic interests of the prince.
Even in a constitutional state, the outer form of government is not the decisive factor; the fight of the classes is carried on and leads to the same result in a republic as in a monarchy. In spite of this, it must be admitted that there is more probability, that, other things being equal, the curve of development of the state in a monarchy will be more sweeping, with less secondary incurity, because the prince is less affected by momentary losses of popularity, is not so sensitive to momentary gusts of disapproval, as is a president elected for a short term of years, and he can therefore shape his policies for longer periods of time.
We must not fail to mention a special form of officialdom, the scientific staffs of the universities, whose influence on the upward development of the state must not be underestimated. Not only is this a creation of the economic means, as were the officials themselves, but it at the same time represents an historical force, the need of causality, which we found heretofore only as an ally of the conquering state. We saw that this need created superstition while the state was on a primitive stage; its bastard, the taboo, we found in all cases to be an effective means of control by the master class. From these same needs then, science was developed, attacking and destroying superstition, and thereby assisting in preparation of the path of evolution. That is the incalculable historical service of science and especially of the universities.
[∗]“Every place of worship gathers about it dwellings of the priests, schools, and rest-houses for pilgrims.”—Ratzel, l. c. II., p. 575.
[∗]See reference as to the meaning of Rittergutsbesitz, ante, page 84.—Translator.
[∗]In mediæval Germany the peasants pay tribute in many cases not only to the landlord and to the territorial prince, but also to the provost and to the bailiff.
[∗]See foot-note on page 84.
[130.]Meitzen, l. c. I, p. 579: “At the time of the compilation of the Lex Salica, the ancient racial nobility had been reduced to common freemen or else had been annihilated. The officials, on the other hand, are rated at threefold wergeld, 600 solidi, and if one be ‘puer regis’ 300 solidi.”
[131.]Thurnwald, l. c. p. 712.
[132.]Inama-Sternegg, l. c. II, p. 61.
[133.]Thurnwald, l. c., p. 705.
[134.]“The larger camps of the army of the Rhine obtained their municipal annexes partly through army suttlers and camp followers, and particularly through the veterans, who after the completion of their services remained in their accustomed quarters. Thus there arose distinct from the military quarters proper, a distinct town of cabins (Canabæ). In all parts of the Empire, and especially in the various Germanias, there arose in the course of time, from these camps of the legionaries, and particularly from the headquarter stations, cities in the modern sense.”—Mommsen, l. c. V, p. 153.
[135.]Eisenhardt, Gesch. der National Oekonomie, p. 9: “Aided by the new and more liquid means of payment in cash, it became possible to call into being a new and more independent establishment of soldiers and of officials. As they were paid only periodically it became impossible for them to make themselves independent (as the feudatories had done) and then to turn on their paymaster.”
[136.]Thurnwald, l. c., p. 773. | <urn:uuid:cd399c8d-f094-467c-8f7c-bb0efda9413e> | 2013-05-23T18:53:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Front Page Titles (by Subject) FEUDAL RIGHTS EXISTING AT THE TIME OF THE REVOLUTION, ACCORDING TO THE FEUDAL LAWYERS OF THE DAY. - The Old Regime and the Revolution
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FEUDAL RIGHTS EXISTING AT THE TIME OF THE REVOLUTION, ACCORDING TO THE FEUDAL LAWYERS OF THE DAY. - Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the Revolution
The Old Regime and the Revolution, trans John Bonner (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1856).
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FEUDAL RIGHTS EXISTING AT THE TIME OF THE REVOLUTION, ACCORDING TO THE FEUDAL LAWYERS OF THE DAY.
I do not design to write a treatise on feudal rights, or to inquire into their origin. My object is merely to state which of them were still exercised in the eighteenth century. They have played so important a part in subsequent history, and filled so large a place in the imagination of those who have been freed from them, that I have thought it would be curious to ascertain what they really were at the time the Revolution destroyed them. With this view I have studied, first, the terriers, or registers of a large number of seigniories, choosing those which were most recent in date in preference to the older ones. Finding that this plan led to no satisfactory results, as the feudal rights, though regulated by the same general system of laws throughout Europe, varied infinitely in matters of detail in the different provinces and cantons, I resolved to pursue a different method, which was this. The feudal rights gave rise to countless lawsuits. These suits involved such questions as, How were these rights acquired? how were they lost? in what did they consist? which of them required to be based on a royal patent? which on a private contract? which on the local custom or long-established practice? how were they valued in case of sale? what sum of money was each class supposed to represent in proportion to the others? All these had been and still were litigated questions, and a school of lawyers had devoted their whole attention to their study. Of these, several wrote during the second half of the eighteenth century, some shortly before the Revolution. They were not jurisconsults, properly so called; they were legal practitioners, whose sole aim was to furnish the profession with rules of practice for a special and unattractive branch of the law. A careful study of these writers throws light on the intricate and confused details of the subject. I subjoin the most succinct analysis that I have been able to make of my work. It is mainly derived from the work of Edme de Freminville, who wrote about 1750, and that of Renauldon, written in 1765, and entitled Traité Historique et Pratique des Droits Seigneuriaux.
The cens (that is to say, the perpetual rent, in money or produce, which the feudal laws impose on certain possessions) still continues, in the eighteenth century, to modify the condition of many landholders. It is still indivisible; that is to say, when the property which owes the cens has been divided, it may be exacted from any one of the owners. It is not subject to prescription. According to some customs, the owner of a property burdened with cens can not sell it without exposing himself to the retrait censuel; that is to say, the creditor of the cens may take the property by paying the same price as the other purchaser. The custom of Paris ignores this right.
Lods et ventes (mutation-fine).— The general rule, in those parts of France where customary law obtains, is that a mutation-fine is due on every sale of land subject to cens: it is a due on the sale which accrues to the seignior. These dues differ in different customs, but they are considerable in all. They exist also in those parts of the country where written law obtains; there they amount to a sixth of the price, and are called lods; but the seignior, in these districts, must prove his right. Throughout the country the cens creates a privilege for the seignior, in virtue of which he is preferred to all other creditors.
Terrage or champart, agrier, tasque.— These are dues in produce which the debtor of the cens pays to the seignior; the quantity varies according to custom and private agreement. These dues were often met with during the eighteenth century. I believe that, even where customary law obtained, terrage required to be founded on a contract. It was either seigniorial, or connected with the land (foncier). It would be superfluous to explain here the signs by which these two kinds were distinguished; suffice it to say that the latter, like ground-rents, was subject to a prescription of thirty years, while the former could never be lost by prescription. Land subject to terrage could not be hypothecated without the consent of the seignior.
Bordelage.— This was a due which existed only in Nivernais and Bourbonnais, and consisted in an annual rent payable by all land subject to cens, in the shape of money, grain, and poultry. This due entailed very rigorous consequences: the non-payment of it for three years involved the commise, or confiscation of the property to the seignior. The rights of property of debtors of bordelage were, moreover, inchoate: in certain cases the seignior was entitled to their inheritance, to the exclusion of the rightful heirs. This was the most rigorous of all the dues of the feudal tenure, and its exercise had gradually been restricted to the rural districts; for, as the author says, “peasants are mules ready to carry any load.”
Marciage was a peculiar right, only exercised in certain places. It consisted in a certain return which was paid by the possessors of property liable to cens on the natural death of the seignior.
Enfeoffed tithes.—A large portion of the tithes were still enfeoffed during the eighteenth century. In general, they could only be claimed in virtue of a contract, and did not result from the mere fact of the land being seigniorial.
Parcières were dues levied on the harvest. They bore some resemblance to the champart and enfeoffed tithes, and were chiefly in use in Bourbonnais and Auvergne.
Carpot, a due peculiar to Bourbonnais, was to vines what champart was to arable land—a right to a portion of the produce. It was one quarter of the vintage.
Serfdom.—Those customs which retain traces of serfdom are called serf customs; they are few in number. In the provinces where they obtain, no lands, or very few indeed, are wholly free from traces of serfdom. (This was written in 1765.) Serfdom, or, as the author terms it, servitude, was either personal or real.
Personal servitude was inherent in the person, and clung to him wherever he went. Wherever he removed his household, the seignior could pursue and seize him. The authors contain several judgments of the courts based on this right. Among them, one, dated 17th June, 1760, rejects the claim of a seignior of Nivernais upon the succession of one Pierre Truchet. Truchet was the son of a serf under the custom of Nivernais, who had married a free woman of Paris, and died there. The court rejected the seignior’s demand on the ground that Paris was a place of refuge from which serfs could not be recovered. The ground of this judgment shows that the seigniors were entitled to claim the property of their serfs when they died in the seigniory.
Real servitude flowed from the possession of certain land, and could not be got rid of except by removing from the land and residing elsewhere.
Corvées were a right by which the seignior employed his vassals or their cattle for so many days for his benefit. Corvées at will, that is to say, at the discretion of the seignior, are wholly abolished. They were long since reduced to so many days’ work in the year.
Corvées were either personal or real. Personal corvées were due by every laborer living on the seigniory, each working at his own trade. Real corvées were attached to the possession of certain lands. Noblemen, ecclesiastics, clergymen, officers of justice, advocates, physicians, notaries, bankers, notables, were exempt from corvées. The author quotes a judgment of 13th August, 1735, rendered in favor of a notary whose seignior wished to compel him to work for three days in the year in drawing up deeds for the seignior. Also another judgment of 1750, deciding that when the corvée is to be paid either in money or in labor, the choice rests with the debtor. Corvées must be substantiated by a written document. Seigniorial corvées had become very rare in the eighteenth century.
Banality.—There are no banal rights in the provinces of Artois, Flanders, and Hainault. The custom of Paris strictly forbids the exercise of this right when it is not founded on a proper title. All who are domiciled in the seigniory are subject to it—men of rank and ecclesiastics even oftener than others.
Independently of the banality of mills and ovens, there are many others:
1st.Banality of Factory-mills, such as cloth-mills, cork-mills, hemp-mills. Several customs, among others those of Anjou, Maine, and Touraine, establish this banality.
2d. Banality of Wine-presses.—Very few customs speak of it. That of Lorraine establishes it, as also does that of Maine.
3d. Banal Bull.—No custom alludes to it, but it is established by certain deeds. The same is true of banal butcheries.
Generally speaking, this second class of banalities are rarer and less favorably viewed than the others. They can only be established in virtue of a clear provision of the custom, or, in default of this, by special agreement.
Ban of the Vintage.—This was a police authority, which high justiciary seigniors exercised, without special title, throughout the kingdom during the eighteenth century. It was binding on every one. The custom of Burgundy gave to the seignior the right of gathering his crop of grapes one day before any other vine-grower.
Right of Banvin.—This right, which, according to the authors, a host of seigniors exercised either in virtue of the custom or under private contracts, entitled them to sell the wine made on their own estates a certain time—usually a month or forty days—before any other vine-grower could send his wine to market. Of the greater customs, those of Tours, Anjou, Maine, and Marche are the only ones which recognize and regulate this right. A judgment of the Court of Aides, bearing date 28th August, 1751, permits innkeepers to sell wine during the banvin; but this was an exceptional case; they were only allowed to sell to strangers, and the wine sold must have come from the seignior’s vineyard. The customs which mention and regulate the right of banvin usually require that it be founded on written titles.
Right of Blairie.—This is the right in virtue of which high justiciary seigniors grant permission to the inhabitants of the seigniory to pasture their cattle upon the lands within their jurisdiction, or waste lands. This right does not exist in those districts which are governed by written law; but it is well known within the limits of the various customs. It is found under different names in Bourbonnais, Nivernais, Auvergne, and Burgundy. It rests on the assumption that the property of all the land was originally in the seignior, and that, after having distributed the best portions in feuds, copyholds (censives), and other concessions, for specific rents, he is still at liberty to grant the temporary use of those lands which are only fit for pasture. Blairie is established by several customs; but no one can claim it but a high justiciary, and he must be able to show either a positive title to it, or old acknowledgments of its existence, fortified by long usage.
Tolls.—Originally, say the authors, there existed a vast number of seigniorial tolls on bridges, rivers, and roads. Louis XIV. abolished many of them. In 1724, a commission appointed to inquire into the subject abolished twelve hundred of them; and in 1765 they were still being reduced. The first principle in this matter, says Renauldon, is that a toll, being a tax, must not only be established in virtue of a title, but that title must emanate from the crown. The toll is mentioned as being de par le roi. One of the conditions of tolls is that there must be attached to them a tariff of the rates which all merchandise must pay. This tariff must always be approved by an Order in Council. The title, says the author, must be confirmed by uninterrupted possession. Notwithstanding the precautions taken by the legislator, the value of some tolls has largely increased of late years. I know a toll, he adds, which was farmed out for 100 livres a century since, and which now brings in 1400; another, farmed out for 39,000 livres, now produces 90,000. The chief ordinances and edicts regulating tolls are the 29th title of the ordinance of 1669, and the edicts of 1683, 1693, 1724, and 1775.
The authors whom I quote, though rather prepossessed, in general, in favor of feudal rights, acknowledge that great abuses are practiced in the collection of tolls.
Ferries.—The right of ferry differs sensibly from the right of tolls. The latter is levied on merchandise only; the former on persons, cattle, and vehicles. This right can not be exercised without the king’s sanction, and the tariff of rates charged must be included in the Order in Council authorizing or establishing the ferry.
The Right of Leyde (its name varies in different places) is an impost on merchandise sent to fairs or markets. The lawyers I am quoting say that many seigniors erroneously consider this a right appurtenant to high justice, and purely seigniorial; whereas it is a tax which requires the sanction of the king. At any rate, the right can only be exercised by a high justiciary, who receives the fines levied in virtue thereof. And it appears that though theoretically the right of leyde could not be exercised except by grant from the king, it was often in part exercised in virtue of a feudal title and long usage.
It is certain that fairs could only be established by authorization of the king.
Seigniors need no specific title or royal grant to regulate the weights and measures that are to be used in the seigniory. It suffices that the right is founded on the custom or long continued usage. The authors say that all the attempts that have been made by the kings to introduce a uniform standard of weights and measures have been failures. No progress has been made in this matter since the customs were drawn up.
Roads.—Rights exercised by the seigniors over the roads.
The highways, which are called the king’s roads, belong wholly to the crown. Their establishment, their repairs, crimes committed upon them, are not within the jurisdiction of the seigniors or their judges; but all private roads within the limits of a seigniory belong, without doubt, to the high justiciary. They have entire control over them, and all crimes committed thereon, except cases reserved to the king, are within the jurisdiction of the seigniorial judges. Formerly the seigniors were expected to keep in repair the high roads which traversed their seigniory, and rights of toll, boundary, and traverse were granted them by way of indemnity; but the king has since taken the direction of all highways.
Rivers.— All rivers navigable for boats or rafts belong to the king, though they traverse seigniories, any title to the contrary notwithstanding (ordinance of 1669). Any rights which the seigniors may exercise on these rivers—rights of fishing, establishing mills or bridges, or levying tolls—must have been acquired by grant from the king. Some seigniors claim civil or police jurisdiction over these rivers; but any such rights have been usurped or obtained by fraudulent grants.
Small rivers undoubtedly belong to the seigniors whose domain they traverse. They have the same rights of property, jurisdiction, and police, as the king has over navigable rivers. All high justiciaries are universal seigniors of non-navigable rivers flowing through their territory. They need no better title to establish their right of property than the fact of their existence as high justiciaries. Some customs, such as that of Berri, authorize individuals to erect mills on seigniorial rivers flowing through their property without permission from the seignior. The custom of Bretagne granted this right to noblemen. Generally, the law restricts to the high justiciary the right of granting permission to build mills within his jurisdiction. Even traverses can not be made upon a seigniorial river, for the protection of a farm, without permission from the seigniorial judges.
Fountains, Pumps, Retting-tanks, Ponds.— Rain falling upon the highway belongs exclusively to the high justiciary, who alone can make use of it. He can make a pond in any part of his jurisdiction, even on the property of his tenants, by paying them for the land that is submerged. This rule is distinctly laid down by several customs; among others, by those of Troyes and Nivernais. Private individuals can only have ponds on their own land; and even for this, according to several customs, they must obtain leave from the seignior. The customs which require leave to be asked of the seignior forbid his selling permission.
Fishery.— The right of fishery in rivers navigable for boats or rafts belongs to the king. He alone can grant it. His judges have sole cognizance of infractions of the fishery laws. Many seigniors, however, enjoy rights of fishery on these rivers, but they have either usurped them, or hold them by special grant from the king. As for non-navigable rivers, it is forbidden to fish therein, even with line, without the leave of the high justiciary in whose domain they flow. A judgment of 30th April, 1749, condemned a fisherman on this rule. Seigniors themselves must obey the general regulations regarding fisheries in fishing in these rivers. The high justiciary may grant the right of fishing in his river, either as a feud, or for a yearly cens.
Hunting.— The right of hunting can not be farmed out like the right of fishery. It is a personal right. It is held to be a royal right, which even men of rank can not exercise within their own jurisdiction, or on their own feud, without the king’s permission. This doctrine is laid down in the 30th title of the ordinance of 1669. The seigniorial judges are competent to sit in all cases relative to hunting, except those which refer to the chase of red beasts (these are, I imagine, large game, such as stags and deer), which must be left to the royal courts.
The right of hunting is, of all seigniorial rights, the one most carefully withheld from commoners; even the franc-aleu roturier does not carry it. The king does not grant it in his pleasures. So strict is the principle, that a seignior can not grant leave to hunt. That is the law. But in practice seigniors constantly grant permission to hunt, not only to men of rank but to commoners. High justiciaries may hunt throughout the limits of their jurisdiction, but they must be alone. Within these limits they are entitled to make all regulations, prohibitions, and ordinances regulating hunting. All feudal seigniors, even without justiciary rights, may hunt within their feud. Men of rank, who have neither feud nor justiciary rights, may hunt upon the lands adjoining their residences. It has been held that a commoner who owns a park within the limits of a high justice must keep it open for the pleasures of the seignior; but the judgment is old; it dates from 1668.
Warrens.— None can now be established without a title. Commoners can establish warrens as well as noblemen, but none but men of rank can have forests.
Pigeon-houses.— Certain customs restrict the right of having pigeon-houses to high justiciaries; others grant it to all owners of feuds. In Dauphiné, Brittany, and Normandy, no commoner can own a pigeon-house; no one but a noble can keep pigeons. Most severe punishments, often corporal, were inflicted on those who killed pigeons.
Such are, according to the authors quoted, the chief feudal rights exacted during the latter half of the eighteenth century. They add that “these rights are generally established. There are a host of others, less known and less extended, which exist only in certain customs or in certain seigniories in virtue of special titles.” These rare or restricted rights which the authors enumerate number ninety-nine. Most of them weigh upon agriculture, being dues to the seignior on harvests, or on the sale or transport of produce. The authors say that many of these rights were disused in their time. I fancy, however, that several of them must have been enforced in some places as late as 1789.
Having ascertained from the feudal lawyers of the eighteenth century what feudal rights were still enforced, I wished to ascertain what pecuniary value was set upon them by the men of that day.
One of the authors I have quoted, Renauldon, furnishes the requisite information. He gives a set of rules for legal functionaries to follow in appraising in inventories the various feudal rights which existed in 1765, that is to say, twenty-four years before the Revolution. They are as follows:
Rights of Jurisdiction.— He says, “Some of our customs value the right of jurisdiction, high, low, and middle (justice haute, basse, et moyenne), at one tenth the revenue of the land. Seigniorial jurisdictions were then highly important. Edme de Treminville thinks that, in our day, jurisdiction should not be valued higher than a twentieth of the income of the land. I think even this valuation too high.”
Honorary Rights.— Though these rights are not easily appreciated in money, our author, who is a practical man, and not easily imposed upon by appearances, advises the appraisers to value them at a very small sum.
Seigniorial Corvées.— The author supplies rules for the valuation of corvées, which shows that they were still occasionally enforced. He values the day’s work of an ox at 20 sous, and that of a man at 5 sous, besides his food. This is a fair indication of the wages paid at the time.
Tolls.— With regard to the valuation of tolls, the author says: “No seigniorial rights should be valued at a lower rate than these tolls. They are very fluctuating; and now that the king and the provinces have taken charge of the roads and bridges which are of most use to trade, many tolls have become useless, and they are being abolished daily.”
Right of Fishing and Hunting.— The right of fishery may be farmed out and regularly appraised. The right of hunting can not be farmed out, being a personal right. It is, therefore, an honorary, not a productive right, and can not be estimated in money.
The author then proceeds to speak of the rights of banality, banvin, leyde, blairie, and the space he devotes to them shows that they were the most frequently exercised and the most important of the surviving feudal rights. He adds: “There are, besides, a number of other seigniorial rights, which are met with from time to time, but it would be tedious and even impossible to enumerate them here. In the examples we have given, appraisers will find rules to guide them in estimating the rights which we have not specially valued.”
Valuation of the Cens.— Most of the customs say that the cens must be valued at rather more than 33/10 per cent. This high valuation is due to the fact that the cens carries with it various casual benefits, such as mutation-fines.
Enfeoffed Tithes, Terrage.— Enfeoffed tithes can not be valued at less than four per cent., as they involve no care, labor, or expense. When the terrage or champart carries with it mutation-fines to the seignior, this casualty must settle the value at 33/10 per cent., otherwise it must be valued like the tithes.
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Actor Samuel L. Jackson is turning 64 on December 21. The outspoken star, who is the highest grossing actor in history according to the Guinness Book of World Records, will actually be pretty busy for his birthday this year. He is preparing for the Christmas release of "Django Unchained," his latest collaboration with director Quentin Tarantino. The highly-anticipated flick, which also features Jamie Foxx and Leonardo DiCaprio, is just one big thing for Sam to celebrate. Here are a few other 2012 highlights that should make the actor smile as he celebrates his big day.
He starred in the year's biggest movie
With the massive success of "Marvel's The Avengers," Samuel added to his already remarkable box office clout. He had a big role as Nick Fury, a character that he had previously played in several superhero movies. The film earned more than $623 million at the domestic box office, easily the most of any movie in 2012. Sam isn't done with the tough-guy character either. He will reprise the role in the upcoming "Captain America" sequel, as well as the follow-up to "The Avengers."
He's excited about a possible "Star Wars" return
After playing a major role in the last three "Star Wars" films, Sam is excited about the possibility of returning for the upcoming trilogy. Even though his character Mace Windu died in the Episode III, the actor is campaigning to reprise his role in the new movies. "I can come back as one-armed or a one-handed Jedi that's still around that didn't actually die," he recently said. "I could do that or be a ghost hologram. I don't care!" The next "Star Wars" movie doesn't come out until 2015, so there is plenty of time for the writers to find a way to work in Sam's return.
He appeared in one of the year's best political ads
As one of the biggest faces in Hollywood, it's no surprise that Sam was actively involved in the Presidential campaign. As was the case in 2008, the actor threw his support behind Barack Obama. This year, he starred in a long commercial that parodied his intense movie persona. The commercial became a viral sensation, in large part because of the actor's work. "My hopes are that the video helps remind people of Obama's accomplishments and the stakes of this election, "said Adam Mansbach, who wrote the script for the ad.
Note:This was written by a Yahoo! contributor. Join the Yahoo! Contributor Network here to start publishing your own articles. | <urn:uuid:5998538d-2585-4969-b6a3-6e3a19fcf1e5> | 2013-05-23T19:05:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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President Obama touts the bailout of General Motors and Chrysler as one of the signature successes of his administration. He argues that the estimated $23 billion the taxpayers lost was worth paying to avoid massive job losses. However, our research finds that the president could have both kept the auto makers running and avoided losing money.
The preferential treatment given to the United Auto Workers accounts for the American taxpayers' entire losses from the bailout. Had the UAW received normal treatment in standard bankruptcy proceedings, the Treasury would have recouped its entire investment. Three irregularities in the bankruptcy case resulted in a windfall to the UAW.
First, GM and Chrysler owed billions of dollars to the union's Voluntary Employee Beneficiary Association (VEBA) when they went bankrupt. The union and the auto makers created VEBA in 2007 to assume responsibility for the UAW's generous retiree health benefits. The benefits allowed UAW members to retire in their mid-50s with minimal out-of-pocket health-care expenses for the rest of their lives. GM owed $20.6 billion and Chrysler owed $8 billion to VEBA as unsecured claims.
A bedrock principle of bankruptcy law is that creditors with similar claims priority receive equal treatment. If you owe $1,000 each on two credit cards, in bankruptcy you cannot choose to pay $900 to Citi and only $200 to Chase. Each of the creditors is entitled to an equal percentage recovery.
In the auto bankruptcies, however, the administration gave the unsecured claims of VEBA much higher priority than those of other unsecured creditors, such as suppliers and unsecured bondholders.
At the time of bankruptcy, GM owed these unsecured creditors $29.9 billion, for which they received 10% of the stock of "new" GM, which went public in November 2010, and warrants to purchase 15% more at preferred prices. Yet VEBA got 17.5% of new GM and $9 billion in preferred stock and debt obligations. Based on GM's current stock price, VEBA collected assets worth $17.8 billion—$12.2 billion more than if the administration had treated it like the other unsecured creditors.
The same thing happened at Chrysler, only to a greater degree. Chrysler's junior creditors recovered none of their $7 billion in claims. In normal bankruptcy proceedings, the UAW would have also collected nothing. Instead it walked away owning almost half of new Chrysler and a $4.6 billion promissory note earning 9% interest. Had the stock and note gone to the Treasury instead, the bailout would have cost taxpayers $9.2 billion less.
The administration also insulated the UAW from most of the sacrifices that unions usually make in bankruptcy—at taxpayer expense. Section 1113 of the Bankruptcy Code enables reorganizing companies to improve their post-bankruptcy competitiveness by renegotiating union contracts to competitive rates. In April, for example, American Airlines proposed using this power to bring down its labor costs to the level of its rivals, just as Delta and United had in earlier bankruptcy filings.
The administration decided not to do this at GM. The UAW did accept sharp pay cuts for new hires. But they only made modest concessions for their existing members, like eliminating the much-maligned Jobs Bank that paid workers even when they were laid off.
As a result, GM still has higher labor costs ($56 an hour) than any of its competitors. Indeed, Steven Rattner, the Obama administration's former "car czar," told the Detroit Economic Club last December, "We should have asked the UAW to do a bit more. We did not ask any UAW member to take a cut in their pay."
Had bankruptcy brought GM compensation in line with its competitors' (approximately $47 an hour), we estimate the resulting savings would have increased the value of the taxpayers' stake in GM by $4.1 billion. This would still leave UAW members making 40% more than the average American manufacturing worker.
Finally, GM's decision to assume certain pension obligations of Delphi, the bankrupt former GM subsidiary, also increased the cost of the bailout. New GM no longer had an obligation to support Delphi's pensions. Yet it decided to spend $1 billion to top up the pensions of Delphi's UAW retirees. Delphi's nonunion retirees and retirees in other unions did not fare so well. GM gave them nothing.
Why GM gave $1 billion of bailout funds to employees of a different company it owed no legal duty to remains a mystery. The inspector general for the Troubled Asset Relief Program is investigating whether the administration pressured GM to give the UAW special treatment, but the IG lacks subpoena power to force officials to testify. It may take a congressional investigation to establish what happened.
We estimate that these three irregularities increased the cost of the bailout by $26.5 billion. The Treasury expects the auto bailout to ultimately cost taxpayers $23 billion. The funds diverted to the UAW account for the taxpayers' entire net loss.
Avoiding these losses would have been straightforward. If the government treated the UAW in the manner required by bankruptcy law, it could have given the stock and promissory notes to the Treasury instead of to the UAW. Labor cost savings and not supporting Delphi pensions would have increased the value of the taxpayers' shares of GM, while GM would have needed less financing.
Instead, President Obama gave over $26 billion to the UAW—more money than the U.S spent on foreign aid last year and 50% more than NASA's budget. None of that money kept factories running. Instead it sustained the above-average compensation of members of an influential union, sparing them from most of the sacrifices typically made in bankruptcy. Such spending does not serve the common good. President Obama did not bail out the auto industry. He bailed out the United Auto Workers.
Mr. Sherk is a senior policy analyst in labor economics at the Heritage Foundation. Mr. Zywicki is a law professor at George Mason University and a senior scholar at the university's Mercatus Center. This op-ed is adapted from a longer article published this week at Heritage.org. | <urn:uuid:d804de2e-40e1-4f44-b424-1395cdff3190> | 2013-05-23T19:06:22Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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- a friend.
What's up, nigga?
What's up, my nigga?
That's my main nigga over there.
I'm about to go by my nigga's crib.
Citation from "Chapter 8", Eastbound & Down (TV), Season 2 Episode 2 (2010) blacked out to resolve Google's penalty against this site.
Citation from "Chapter 5", Eastbound & Down (TV), Season 1 Episode 5 (2009) blacked out to resolve Google's penalty against this site.
Last edited on Apr 24 2013. Submitted by Stella D. from South Augusta, GA, USA
on Jul 07 1998.
- a good friend.
What's up my nigga?
You not about that life, nigga.
My nigga be fresh.
Nigga you rule.
What's gucci, nigga?
You go, nigga!
Last edited on May 11 2013. Submitted by adam m. from Attleboro, MA, USA
on Oct 28 1999.
- form of address for a person.
What up, nigga?
Nigga, you hear what happened?
Fuck y'all niggas.
Last edited on Apr 23 2013. Submitted by chris l. from New York, NY, USA
on Dec 27 1999.
- a male.
Who's that nigga over there?
That nigga is fine.
That nigga can cook sum mean grub!
That nigga suck dick!
Ay, nigga: where you from?
Last edited on May 14 2013. Submitted by WhiteChocolate from Washington, DC, USA
on Feb 02 2000. | <urn:uuid:e6742605-01ea-456a-8a5d-5b2ffeddb5f4> | 2013-05-23T18:58:56Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Thank you, Vlad. I'm assuming (without analyzing the aolserver code) that your solution would send the error on through to the aolserver ns_dberror tcl api. Is this true? Have you also created an oacs interface that makes the error available in an ad_* api call? Maybe placed within ad_conn? Could you share with me how you do this? If not, I'll dig up the info myself.
I'm amazed that there is no standardized method of dealing with DB errors programatically within oacs. I grep'd all 4.6.3 packages and there was no mention of ns_dberror anywhere. | <urn:uuid:c14264ab-3537-4be3-a260-2e2c305cbfe1> | 2013-05-23T18:59:48Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Public utilities provide electric, gas, water or telephone service to customers in a specified area. Utilities have a duty to provide safe and adequate service on reasonable terms to anyone who lives within the service area on without discriminating between customers. Because most utilities operate in near monopolistic conditions, they can be heavily regulated by local, state, and federal authorities. Generally, the local and state agencies are called Public Service Commissions (PSC) or Public Utility Commissions (PUC). Municipal Utilities and Rural Electric Cooperatives may be unregulated though. | <urn:uuid:f5f35b0d-d475-4531-870a-15d7c99df013> | 2013-05-23T18:38:58Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1990, 1993, 1994 .\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. .\" .\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by .\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software .\" must display the following acknowledgement: .\" This product includes software developed by the University of .\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. .\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software .\" without specific prior written permission. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF .\" SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .\" @(#)chgrp.1 8.3 (Berkeley) 3/31/94 .\" $FreeBSD: src/usr.sbin/chown/chgrp.1,v 1.13 2001/08/15 09:09:46 ru Exp $ .\" .Dd March 31, 1994 .Dt CHGRP 1 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm chgrp .Nd change group .Sh SYNOPSIS .Nm chgrp .Op Fl fhv .Oo .Fl R .Op Fl H | Fl L | Fl P .Oc .Ar group .Ar .Sh DESCRIPTION The .Nm chgrp utility sets the group ID of the file named by each .Ar file operand to the .Ar group ID specified by the group operand. .Pp The following options are available: .Bl -tag -width indent .It Fl f The force option ignores errors, except for usage errors and doesn't query about strange modes (unless the user does not have proper permissions). .It Fl H If the .Fl R option is specified, symbolic links on the command line are followed. (Symbolic links encountered in the tree traversal are not followed). .It Fl h If the file is a symbolic link, the group ID of the link itself is changed rather than the file that is pointed to. .It Fl L If the .Fl R option is specified, all symbolic links are followed. .It Fl P If the .Fl R option is specified, no symbolic links are followed. This is the default. Use .Fl h to change the group ID of a symbolic link. .It Fl R Change the group ID for the file hierarchies rooted in the files instead of just the files themselves. .It Fl v Cause .Nm chgrp to be verbose, showing files as the group is modified. .El .Pp The .Fl H , .Fl L and .Fl P options are ignored unless the .Fl R option is specified. In addition, these options override each other and the command's actions are determined by the last one specified. .Pp The .Ar group operand can be either a group name from the group database, or a numeric group ID. If a group name is also a numeric group ID, the operand is used as a group name. .Pp The user invoking .Nm chgrp must belong to the specified group and be the owner of the file, or be the super-user. .Sh DIAGNOSTICS .Ex -std .Sh COMPATIBILITY In previous versions of this system, symbolic links did not have groups. .Pp The .Fl v option is non-standard and its use in scripts is not recommended. .Sh FILES .Bl -tag -width /etc/group -compact .It Pa /etc/group group ID file .El .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr chown 2 , .Xr fts 3 , .Xr group 5 , .Xr passwd 5 , .Xr symlink 7 , .Xr chown 8 .Sh STANDARDS The .Nm chgrp utility is expected to be .St -p1003.2 compatible. | <urn:uuid:b00906d7-e58e-4829-88f3-0dabf76cdd84> | 2013-05-23T18:51:56Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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- Globalization (1) (remove)
- East African Muslims After 9/11 (2005)
- Much has been said about 9/11, but little research has been done on the impact the events had on Africa. This paper explores how Muslims in East Africa view the terrorist attacks of 9/11. Particular attention will be given to the case of Kenya. What were the effects and consequences of 9/11 for Muslim communities there? How do they perceive the "war on terrorism", how did the changing configuration of geopolitics in the aftermath of 9/11 affect their lives and attitudes? What are the future prospects of Christian- Muslim understanding in East Africa? The paper argues that the initial sentiment of sympathy with the victims has been replaced by the rise of anti-American attitudes among the East African Muslim population. Although this tendency will probably continue as long as policy makers think of anti-Americanism in terms of an "image problem", the impact of 9/11 on East Africa will in the long run not depend on global issues, but on the course of political and religious developments on the national and local levels. | <urn:uuid:5e0e7d2b-937e-4726-a8e4-1f597e4bd83e> | 2013-05-23T19:05:23Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Song, D.P.; Hicks, C. and Earl, C.F.
Product due date assignment for complex assemblies.
International Journal of Production Economics, 76(3),
A method is described to assign product due dates for multistage assemblies with uncertain manufacturing and assembly process times. Earliest start times of operations are specified by a predetermined production plan and processing time distributions for operations are truncated at minimum processing times. The method systematically decomposes the complex product structures of multistage assemblies into two-stage subsystems. Both exact and approximate distributions of completion time for two-stage assemblies are developed. The latter is applied recursively to multistage assemblies to yield an approximate distribution of product completion time. Product due dates are assigned to either minimise earliness and tardiness costs or to meet a service target. This method is applied to examples which use manufacturing and assembly data from a capital goods company. The results are verified by simulation.
Actions (login may be required) | <urn:uuid:8a9996d4-3a4c-42a7-8d6b-479419ced35c> | 2013-05-23T18:38:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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noun (plural analyses /-siːz/)
- the process of separating something into its constituent elements: the procedure is often more accurately described as one of synthesis rather than analysisOften contrasted with synthesis.
- 2short for psychoanalysis.other schools of analysis have evolved out of the original disciplines established by Freud
late 16th century: via medieval Latin from Greek analusis, from analuein 'unloose', from ana- 'up' + luein 'loosen'
Make the plural of analysis by changing the -is ending to -es: (analyses). | <urn:uuid:bb4e0370-1509-4982-b5f4-38329eb91a3f> | 2013-05-23T18:59:30Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The Paducah Sun’s Teen of the Week program features a different local student each week selected from nominees submitted by high school guidance counselors throughout western Kentucky and southern Illinois. The Teen of the Year is chosen from the weekly winners.
The Teen of the Week sponsor for the 2012 - 2013 school year is Mid-Continent University. Each Monday, the Sun features a different Mid-Continent University Teen of the Week selected from nominees that high school guidance counselors throughout western Kentucky and southern Illinois submit to the Sun. Mid-Continent University will provide each Teen of the Week with a $2,500 annual scholarship to its university, which is renewable for four years. In the spring, a Teen of the Year will be chosen from the weekly winners and will receive a full four-year scholarship to Mid-Continent University, or a cash award of $2,500 paid through The Paducah Sun if the student selects another college to attend. | <urn:uuid:6679a0dd-ff04-4d9c-a29c-ceaf3e094a98> | 2013-05-23T19:08:41Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachariar
(1899–1974) was the Indian
Finance Minister from 1956–1958 and from 1964-1966. Krishnamachariar, who was born into a Tamil Iyengar
Brahmin family graduated from Madras Christian College
(MCC) and was a visiting professor to the department of economics at MCC. He resigned from the position twice. He was popularly known as TTK.He was also a member of drafting committee,and entrepreneur and congress leader
Krishnamachari was one among the founders of modern India. He was instrumental in building the basic economic and industrial infrastructure of the country and also left his mark on the Indian Constitution as a member of the Drafting Committee. Krishnamachari began his life as a businessman and went on to lay the foundation of the hugely successful firm TT Krishnamachari & Co. in 1928, in Chennai, which is now known as the TTK Group
. By the mid-thirties, when the company was well established, Krishnamachari decided to turn his attention to politics. He was initially elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly as an independent member, and later joined the Congress. In 1946, he was made a member of the Constituent Assembly at the Centre.
From 1952 to 1965, he served the country twice as a Central Minister. He was the first Minister for Commerce and Industry and then Finance Minister. He also remained in charge of the Steel Ministry for quite some time. He became Minister again in 1962, first without... Read More | <urn:uuid:75deae57-cedd-4394-b27e-95bebc7ac624> | 2013-05-23T18:33:53Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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1. I feel dirty, like there's something wrong with me. all the time
2. Sometimes I think I'm crazy. sometimes
3. I feel ashamed. all the time
4. I'm different from other people. all the time
5. I feel powerless. all the time
6. If people really knew me, they'd leave. never
7. I want to die. sometimes
8. I want to kill myself. sometimes
9. I hate myself. all the time
10. I have a hard time taking care of myself. all the time
11. I don't deserve to be happy. sometimes
12. I don't trust my intuition or my feelings. never
13. I'm often confused. sometimes
14. I don't know how to set goals and follow through on them. sometimes
15. I'm scared of success. sometimes
16. I'm a failure. I don't feel capable of doing a good job. sometimes
17. I use work to make up for empty feelings inside. never
18. I'm a perfectionist. never
19. I've made up a lot of stories about my life. sometimes
20. I've done a lot of shoplifting. ya
1. I don't think feelings are very important. No
2. I usually don't know what I'm feeling. sometimes
3. I can't tell one feeling from another. Never
4. I only experience one or two emotions. no
5. I have a hard time expressing my feelings. no
6. I have a hard time crying freely. no
7. I cry all the time. all the time
8. I get uncomfortable when I feel too happy. ya
9. I get nervous when things are relaxed and calm. ya
10. I feel enraged a lot of the time. no
11. I'm rarely angry. Anger scares me. yes
12. I get depressed a lot. yes
13. I have a lot of nightmares. yes
14. I have panic attacks. yes
15. If I really let myself go, my feelings would be out of control. yes
16. I've been violent. no
17. I haven't been violent yet, but I'm worried I might be. no
1. I'm not "in my body" a lot of the time. true
2. I frequently space out. yes
3. My body often feels numb. yes
4. I feel as if my body is separate from the rest of me.
5. I don't pay too much attention to my body's signals (hunger, tiredness, pain). yes
6. I think my body is ugly.
7. I hide my body. yes
8. I'm dyslexic. I had learning disabilities when I was growing up. no
9. I use drugs or alcohol more than I think I should. yes
10. I often eat compulsively. yes
11. I keep myself from eating, or eat and throw up. sometimes
12. I hurt myself on purpose (cut, burn or injure myself)
13. I have illnesses I think are related to my abuse. no
14. I've worked out to make my body strong so I wouldn't feel like a victim. no
15. I've had flashbacks of the abuse during surgery or other medical procedures. no
16. I'm scared to go to the dentist. I hate the feeling of things in my mouth. yes
17. (For women) I'm scared to go to the gynecologist. yes
1. I often feel alienated from other people, as if I'm from another planet. yes
2. Most of my relationships just don't work. yes
3. I don't have many friends. true
4. I'm okay with my friends, but I just can't work things out with a lover. no
5. I think I'm really meant to be alone. yes
6. I'm not sure I deserve to be loved. yes
7. I don't know what love is. no
8. I find it hard to trust people. yes
9. I think people are going to leave me. yes
10. I test people a lot. yes
11. It's hard for me to be nurtured or to nurture someone else. yes
12. I'm clingy with people I'm close to. I'm afraid to be alone. yes
13. I'm scared of making commitment. When people get too close, I panic. yes
14. I have a hard time saying no. no
15. People take advantage of me in relationships. yes
16. I get involved with people who are inappropriate or inaccessible. yes
17. I've had relationships with people who remind me of my abuser. yes
18. I'm struggling a lot with my partner. no
19. Sometimes I think my partner is my abuser. no
20. Sexual abuse is really creating problems in my relationship. no
1. I avoid sex. Deep down, I wish I never had to deal with sex again. yes
2. I am celibate. I haven't had sex in years.
3. I really think sex is disgusting. no
4. I don't feel sexual desire. I think there's something basically wrong with it. yes
5. Sex isn't pleasurable for me. I usually have sex to make the other person happy. yes
6. I try to use sex to meet most of my needs. no
7. It really feels like I'm "oversexed" no
8. Sex and aggression are really connected for me. no
9. I find it hard to be close in nonsexual ways. It just isn't satisfying. no
10. I frequently go after sex I really don't want. no
11. Sex is the thing I'm best at. no
12. I've sold myself for sex. no
13. I've had sex with people who don't respect me. no
14. I need to control everything about sex. no
15. I have a hard time staying present when I make love. I'm numb a lot during lovemaking. yes
16. When I am sexual, I have terrifying, scary feelings I don't understand.
17. I often have flashbacks of my abuse while making love.
18. I get sexually aroused when I read or talk about sexual abuse. no
19. Violent, sadistic fantasies turn me on. no
20. I'm ashamed of my sexuality. no
21. I've sexually abused others. no
CHILDREN AND PARENTING
1. I feel awkward and uncomfortable around children. no
2. I have a hard time being affectionate with kids.
3. I have a hard time setting boundaries with kids.
4. I have a hard time balancing children's needs with my own.
5. (For parents) I feel inadequate as a parent.
6. I have trouble protecting children I take care of.
7. I tend to be overprotective.
8. I've successfully protected children.
9. I'm scared I'll be abusive.
10. I have abused children.
11. My kids have been abused (by someone else).
MY FAMILY OF ORIGIN
1. I have strained relationships with my family. yes
2. Members of my family have rejected me (or vice versa)no
3. I have a hard time setting limits with my family. yes
4. People in my family invalidate my feelings and experiences. no
5. I feel crazy when I'm around my family. yes
6. I can't be honest with the people in my family. yes
7. My abuse is still a secret in my family. no
8. I'm waiting for people in my family to come around and support me. no
If many of the statements on this list were familiar to you, you may feel overwhelmed right now. Put the purpose of this assessment is not to overwhelm you; it's to show you that there's a reason why you experience the things you do. It's to point out the areas that need healing. It is possible to dramatically alter your life so that your answers two years from now will bear little resemblance to your answers today.
1. When I look over my responses, I feel... scared
anyone who can help please email me | <urn:uuid:612a3c6f-bd55-4416-8eaa-b690f1204dc0> | 2013-05-23T18:32:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Invasion of Privacy
The right of privacy is a common-law (court-made) cause of action that is a fairly new legal development. The U.S. Constitution contains no direct references to the right of privacy. There are few statutes that affect privacy and most invasion of privacy lawsuits that publishers may face are of the common-law type. An action for invasion of privacy is actually comprised of four distinct torts (legal wrongs). These are: intrusion upon seclusion; appropriation of name or likeness; publicity given to private life; and publicity placing the person in a false light. Each separate cause of action is addressed below. Note: to sue successfully for invasion of privacy, a plaintiff only has to prove one of the four torts, not all of the four torts.
The right of privacy competes with the freedom of the press as well as the interest of the public in the free dissemination of news and information, and these permanent public interests must be considered when placing the necessary limitations upon the right of privacy. Pennsylvania courts have held that an action based on such right must not become a vehicle for establishment of a judicial censorship of the press.
Back to top.
Intrusion Upon Seclusion
One who intentionally intrudes, physically or otherwise, upon the solitude or seclusion of another or his private affairs or concerns, is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy, if the intrusion would be highly offensive to a reasonable person.
To be liable for intrusion upon seclusion, the plaintiff must prove the following elements:
1. Invasion of a secluded place or privacy: the Defendant (the offender) must invade the Plaintiff's (the person suing) personal or private space. The definition of this invasion is very broad. Invasion may be:
by physical intrusion into a place where the plaintiff has secluded himself.
by use of the defendant's senses to oversee or overhear the plaintiff's private affairs (such as eavesdropping or spying with a telescope), or
some other form of investigation or examination into plaintiff's private concerns (such as illegally obtaining someone's credit report).
2. Objectionable intrusion: the intrusion must be of a type that would be highly offensive to the ordinary reasonable person.
3. Invasion of private affairs or matters: the interference with the plaintiff's privacy must be substantial (however, if the event reported occurs in public, there is no expectation of privacy).
Examples of intrusion upon privacy include placing microphones or cameras in someone's bedroom or hacking into their computer. However, where the information that is reported pertains to the public interest as well as a party's private interest, that individual's right of privacy will be weighed against the public interest. If the event being reported is in the public interest (a newsworthy event), it will, in all likelihood, be immune to an invasion of privacy lawsuit. An example of this would be a car accident. Although it involves the personal affairs of a few people (or even only one person), the accident is reportable because it is a newsworthy event. Therefore, a person cannot sue a newspaper for invasion of privacy over a story about a car accident that includes the driver's name. Photographs taken in public are also not violative of one's privacy.
Back to top.
Appropriation of Name or Likeness
Appropriation of name or likeness occurs when someone appropriates the name or likeness of another for their own use or benefit. Action for misappropriation of right of publicity protects against commercial loss caused by appropriation of an individual's personality for commercial exploitation. It gives the individual exclusive right to control the commercial value of his or her name and likeness to prevent others from exploiting that value without permission. It is similar to a trademark action with the person's likeness, rather than the trademark, being the subject of the protection.
Courts have denied plaintiffs lawsuits unless there is a finding that the defendant obtains an economic benefit from using the plaintiff's name. Additionally, the courts are unlikely to find that there has been an appropriation of the plaintiff's likeness unless the unauthorized use was part of an advertisement or a promotion.
If such an appropriation is for a newsworthy event, the person's right to privacy is not violated. An example of this is if a photograph of someone patronizing a new restaurant is published as part of a story publicizing the opening of the restaurant. The patron cannot sue the newspaper for appropriation of name or likeness because the photograph is being used for a newsworthy event. However, if a store is using someone's picture to advertise a new line of clothes, and they have not received permission from that person to use the picture, that person's likeness has been wrongly appropriated.
Back to top.
Publicity Given to Private Life
One who gives publicity to a matter concerning the private life of another is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy, if the matter publicized is of a kind that:
1. would be highly offensive to a reasonable person, and
2. is not of legitimate concern to the public.
The main determination in a publicity given to private life lawsuit is whether the matter being publicized is public or private. If the matter is one of public concern, there is no invasion of privacy. First Amendment rights protect the publication of items of legitimate public interest. However, if the matter is not one of public concern, and it is one that people would find offensive, there is an invasion of privacy. An example of publicity given to private life would be publicizing the fact that your neighbor has failed to pay his credit card bill for three months.
Sometimes there is difficulty in determining whether something really is of legitimate public concern. Courts have held that a claim that a person violated the law is relevant and newsworthy, even though it was latter proven that the substance of the complaint was false. The example of a drunk-driving one-car accident is also illustrates this point. Although the driver may have an interest in keeping the fact that he was driving while intoxicated private, the accident occurred in public and is a newsworthy event. The public's interest in knowing about the accident outweighs the driver's interest in keeping the accident private. Additionally, matters that are of public record are not protected. If a journalist publishes a story disclosing facts that were obtained from a police press release or a court opinion, the matter is of public record and no lawsuit for publicity given to private life will be successful.
Public figures (those persons who, by their accomplishments or place in life, give the public a legitimate interest in their affairs, such as politicians, professional athletes, and even personal injury claimants) face a somewhat lessened right to privacy because more of their actions are of legitimate public concern than they would be if the public figure were an ordinary person. Because of this lessened expectancy of privacy, a newspaper can publish a biography of a public figure without fear of being sued for invasion of privacy. No permission is needed to do such a story. Additionally, the newspaper can include some facts that would otherwise be an invasion of privacy for a person who is not a public figure. Care must be taken that these otherwise private facts are within the scope of the story. Examples of these facts would be a public figure's familial background, associates, or specific events in their life that shape them into the person that they are, or that shed light as to their guilt or innocence. Public figures (those persons who, by their accomplishments or place in life, give the public a legitimate interest in their affairs, such as politicians, professional athletes, and even personal injury claimants) face a somewhat lessened right to privacy because more of their actions are of legitimate public concern than they would be if the public figure were an ordinary person. Because of this lessened expectancy of privacy, a newspaper can publish a biography of a public figure without fear of being sued for invasion of privacy. No permission is needed to do such a story. Additionally, the newspaper can include some facts that would otherwise be an invasion of privacy for a person who is not a public figure. Care must be taken that these otherwise private facts are within the scope of the story. Examples of these facts would be a public figure's familial background, associates, or specific events in their life that shape them into the person that they are, or that shed light as to their guilt or innocence.
Back to top.
Publicity Placing the Person in a False Light
One who gives publicity to a matter concerning another that places the other before the public in a false light is subject to liability to the other for invasion of his privacy if the false light in which the other was placed would be highly offensive to a reasonable person. Examples include a newspaper publishing an innocent person's picture as part of a story about convicted felons or including reporting that someone was involved in a domestic dispute when, in fact, there was no such dispute. Publicly placing a person in a false light also includes falsely stating someone's views, such as saying that someone is a member of the Ku Klux Klan.
An important exception is when the published matter is in the public interest (newsworthy), such as an item dealing with an accident or the background of a candidate for public office. When the published matter is in the public interest, the plaintiff must show that the publisher acted with malice (that they either had a reckless disregard for the truth or they knew the report was false but published it anyway). For example, if a newspaper published a story reporting that a candidate for mayor embezzled money from his previous employer, but never attempted to verify the accuracy of the information, the newspaper can be held liable for publicly placing the candidate in a false light. It is important to keep in mind that malice can be found if the information published is without probable cause or the newspaper never checked for truth by the means at hand.
For more information about malice, see:Libel
Back to top.
Special Notes on Invasion of Privacy
For a successful lawsuit, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant's actions caused his or her privacy to be invaded. Therefore, the newspaper cannot be sued for invasion of privacy if a newspaper publishes a story based upon a report that was made by someone who invaded the plaintiff's privacy. Note: the newspaper may be held responsible if the newspaper encourages someone to invade the plaintiff's privacy. Additionally, in some invasion of privacy cases, the newspaper may also be held liable for libel. Unlike libel, truth is not a defense for invasion of privacy.
Only the plaintiff holds the right to privacy. It is a personal right. It does not survive the plaintiff (the defendant cannot be sued for invasion of privacy actions that occur after the death of the person whose privacy was invaded), nor can it be asserted on behalf of family members. Invasion of privacy lawsuits cannot be brought by, or on behalf of, corporations.
Successful plaintiffs may recover damages for harm to their interest in privacy, mental/emotional distress, and special damages caused by the invasion of privacy.
Back to top. | <urn:uuid:e3044ea9-ee6c-45c6-bb87-4e9ed41c2477> | 2013-05-23T18:30:56Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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FCR Black Law
The government should cancel or to amend the frontier crimes regulations (FCR) black law and let the tribes take part in national development. Under FCR an innocent person could be sentenced to 50 years imprisonment without any trial, which was unfair and in violation of human rights. Now more then a century later, this system is still in place, and in the eyes of some has been quite successful. While under the control and jurisdiction of the central government, each pashtun tribe has its own representative spokesman and each tribe is ensured of its own autonomy. But the truth is that very few locals see it that way. ----------------Riven with poverty, ignorance and devoid largely of even the basic infrastructure, the FATA region is run by seven PA s - who are armed with two tools of influence : a set of law called Frontier Crimes Regulations (FCR) and the authority and ability to to align certain tribal elders by rewarding them with leadership status, known as Malik. The FCR allows the PA to imprison or impose penalties worth thousands of dollars on anybody he thinks has violated the law or endangered the peace of the region. | <urn:uuid:8d2dd174-ddf2-4632-8651-2f6b23ca6486> | 2013-05-23T18:51:06Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703682988/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112802-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972307 | 229 | http://parachinar.net/Fcr.htm | 0.160332 |
We've all lost our cool at one point or another. We all know its terrible to raise your voice at your kids, but every once in a while we slip. I've occasionally raised my voice to my teenager and to ...
What is the best way to approach 4yo son that behaves poorly and\or doesn't listen to you, ignores your words, and at the same time stay calm? It seems the only thing he understands is a physical ... | <urn:uuid:f58668fe-5d5d-43ac-b5e1-15ca04ba832f> | 2013-05-23T18:31:04Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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-0.022058824077248573,
0.011029412038624287,
0.022518381476402283,
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0.013174019753932953,
0.1096813753247261,
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This site is used for testing new functionality and bug fixes. Things may not always work the way you expect. For the production site, please go to http://www.pdb.org
Looking at Structures: Dealing with Coordinates
The primary information stored in the PDB archive consists of coordinate files for biological molecules. These files list the atoms in each protein, and their 3D location in space. These files are available in several formats (PDB, mmCIF, XML). A typical PDB formatted file includes a large "header" section of text that summarizes the protein, citation information, and the details of the structure solution, followed by the sequence and a long list of the atoms and their coordinates. The archive also contains the experimental observations that are used to determine these atomic coordinates.
When you start exploring the structures in the PDB archive, you will need to know a few things about coordinate files. Major topics are included here.
ATOMs and HETATMs
A typical PDB format file will contain atomic coordinates for a diverse collection of proteins, small molecules, ions and water. Each atom is entered as a line of information that starts with a keyword: either ATOM or HETATM. By tradition, the ATOM keyword is used to identify proteins or nucleic acid atoms, and keyword HETATM is used to identify atoms in small molecules. Following this keyword, there is a list of information about the atom, including its name, its number in the file, the name and number of the residue it belongs to, one letter to specify the chain (in oligomeric proteins), its x, y, and z coordinates, and an occupancy and temperature factor (described in more detail below).
This information gives you a lot of control when exploring the structure. For instance, most molecular graphics programs enable you to color identified portions of the molecule selectively--for example, to pick out all of the carbon atoms and color them green, or to pick one particular amino acid and highlight it.
The left image shows myoglobin (PDB entry 1mbo) using the default representation in MBT Protein Workshop. It shows a ribbon diagram for the protein, and ball-and-stick for the small molecules. In the right image, we have changed the representation to show all atoms, using the information in each atom record to color the molecules differently. This clearly shows the heme group in bright red, and a bound oxygen molecule in turquoise.
Tip: By default, many molecular graphics programs do not display the water positions in a PDB file, even though they are often important to the function and interaction of biological molecules. Most of these programs have a way to display them, if you use their methods for atom selection.
Chains and Models
Biological molecules are hierarchical, building from atoms to residues to chains to assemblies. Coordinate files contain ways to organize and specify molecules at all of these levels. As described above, the atom names and residue information are included in each atom record. The higher-order information is identified by keywords that separate blocks of atom records, such as TER and MODEL.
Protein and nucleic acid chains are specified by the TER keyword, as well as a one-letter designation in the coordinate records. The chains are included one after another in the file, separated by a TER record to indicate that the chains are not physically connected to each other. Most molecular graphics programs look for this TER record so that they don't draw a bond to connect different chains.
PDB format files use the MODEL keyword to indicate multiple molecules in a single file. This was initially created to archive coordinate sets that include several different models of the same structure, like the structural ensembles obtained in NMR analysis. When you view these files, you will see dozens of similar molecules all superimposed. The MODEL keyword is now also used in biological assembly files to separate the many symmetrical copies of the molecule that are generated from the asymmetric unit (For more information, see the tutorial on biological assemblies).
Two useful coloring schemes allow you to explore the different chains in any given PDB file. First, you may color each chain differently to show the packing of different chains in the molecule as shown in the bottom image. Then, you can color each chain using a rainbow of colors from one end of the chain to the other to highlight its folding characteristics as shown at the top. Both of these methods are available in most molecular graphics programs. The molecule shown here is hemolysin from PDB entry 7ahl.
If we were able to hold an atom rigidly fixed in one place, we could observe its distribution of electrons in an ideal situation. The image would be dense towards the center with the density falling off further from the nucleus. When you look at experimental electron density distributions, however, the electrons usually have a wider distribution than this ideal. This may be due to vibration of the atoms, or differences between the many different molecules in the crystal lattice. The observed electron density will include an average of all these small motions, yielding a slightly smeared image of the molecule.
These motions, and the resultant smearing of the electron density, are incorporated into the atomic model by a B-value or temperature factor. The amount of smearing is proportional to the magnitude of the B-value. Values under 10 create a model of the atom that is very sharp, indicating that the atom is not moving much and is in the same position in all of the molecules in the crystal. Values greater than 50 or so indicate that the atom is moving so much that it can barely been seen. This is often the case for atoms at the surface of proteins, where long sidechains are free to wag in the surrounding water.
The example shown is from a myoglobin structure solved at a 2.0 Å resolution (PDB entry 1mbi). Two histidine amino acids are shown. On the left is HIS93, which coordinates with the iron atom and thus, is held firmly in place. It has B-values in the range of 15-20 -- notice how the contours nicely surround the whole amino acid, revealing a sharp electron density. On the right is HIS81, which is exposed on the surface of the protein and has higher B-values in the range of 22-74. Notice how the contours enclose a smaller space, showing a smaller region with high electron density for this amino acid because the overall electron density is weakly smeared in the space around the contours. These pictures are created using the Astex viewer, which is available on the Structure Summary page for this PDB entry (just click the "EDS" link in the "Experimental Method" section).
The picture shows the whole molecule, with the atoms colored by the temperature factors. High values, indicating lots
of motion, are in red and yellow, and low values are in blue. Notice that the interior of the protein has low B-values
and the amino acids on the surface have higher values.
You can click on the picture for an interactive Jmol view.
Tip: Temperature factors are a measure of our confidence in the location of each atom. If you find an atom on the surface of a protein with a high temperature factor, keep in mind that this atom is probably moving a lot, and that the coordinates specified in the PDB file are only one possible snapshot of its location.
Occupancy and Multiple Conformations
Macromolecular crystals are composed of many individual molecules packed into a symmetrical arrangement. In some crystals, there are slight differences between each of these molecules. For instance, a sidechain on the surface may wag back and forth between several conformations, or a substrate may bind in two orientations in an active site, or a metal ion may be bound to only a few of the molecules. When researchers build the atomic model of these portions, they can use the occupancy to estimate the amount of each conformation that is observed in the crystal. For most atoms, the occupancy is given a value of 1, indicating that the atom is found in all of the molecules in the same place in the crystal. However, if a metal ion binds to only half of the molecules in the crystal, the researcher will see a weak image of the ion in the electron density map, and can assign an occupancy of 0.5 in the PDB structure file for this atom. Occupancies are also commonly used to identify sidechains or ligands that are observed in multiple conformations. The occupancy value is used to indicate the fraction of molecules that have each of the conformations. Two (or more) atom records are included for each atom, with occupancies like 0.5 and 0.5, or 0.4 and 0.6, or other fractional occupancies that sum to a total of 1.
The two images shown are taken from the high-resolution structure of myoglobin in entry 1a6m: glutamine 8 is on the left, and tyrosine 151 on the right. In both cases, the depositors interpreted the experimental data as showing two conformations of the amino acid, with occupancies of 0.57 and 0.43 for the glutamine, and 0.5 for each of the tyrosine conformations. The blue contours surround the regions with high electron density, and the atomic model is shown in sticks. These pictures are created using the Astex viewer, which is available on the Structure Summary page for this PDB entry (just click the "EDS" link in the "Experimental Method" section).
The picture below of the whole myoglobin molecule is shown with all of the amino acids that have two conformations in the file.
You can click on the picture for an interactive Jmol version.
Tip: When dealing with PDB entries with multiple coordinates, you often need to pay close attention. It is not always possible to select just the "A" conformations and throw away the "B" conformations. You need to look carefully in each case and make sure that there are not any bad contacts between mobile sidechains. | <urn:uuid:3cad986f-7e03-4efc-8be6-6e30e29e53b4> | 2013-05-23T18:59:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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string XML_Util::createCDataSection (
Creates a CData section, by embedding the data in <!CDATA[ and ]]>. If you use a CData section inside an XML document, entities do not have to be replaced in this sections.
string $data - data for the CData section.
string CData section
This function should be called statically. | <urn:uuid:58f0bb37-488f-4c53-b680-ed6226b07b9f> | 2013-05-23T19:07:09Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
-0.056179776787757874,
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0.02966994419693947,
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... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703682988/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112802-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.655967 | 82 | http://pear.php.net/manual/nl/package.xml.xml-util.xml-util.createcdatasection.php | 0.296993 |
Apr 26, 2002, 4:24 PM
Post #1 of 1
automating keyboard commands with Setupsup
i am writing a program which opens a webpage and copies the data on the wepage into a notepad. i want to use the menu functions of the explorere window to Select All and copy and then paste the contents to the notepad.
i have written the program using LWP and Setupsup modules. i can get the webpage but the selectall-copy-paste is not working.
can anybody tell the right way to do it,
thanks a lot,
use win32::Setupsup qw(WaitForAnyWindow GetWindowProperties SendKeys);
Win32::OLE::CreateObject("InternetExplorer.Application.1",$ie) || die "CreateObject: $!";
WaitForAnyWindow("*-Microsoft Internet Explorer", \my $window, 60_000,500);
GetWindowProperties($windows,['rect'], \my %hash);
SendKeys($window, '\alt+\E\alt-\A', 1);
please help in getting this code work. | <urn:uuid:c0bd4a90-9483-4b1a-ad23-5d3a5dc70447> | 2013-05-23T18:45:37Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
[
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0.011374080553650856,
0.03515625,
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0.0459558814764022... | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703682988/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112802-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.652665 | 244 | http://perlguru.com/gforum.cgi?post=15612;sb=post_subject;so=ASC;forum_view=forum_view_collapsed;guest= | 0.906361 |
||Nine months old|
||Bayonne, New Jersey, USA|
- this is Carlino, he is a Great Indian Hill Mynah Bird. He is
co-owned by myself and my pal Josephine (although as the rest of her
family sees it, the bird belongs to them). So let us just say he is well
Carlino is special because he flew all the way to New Jersey from an
aviary in Florida, he's already got frequent flier miles! (Okay, he did
fly on an airplane.) What makes him really special is the many dollars
I shelled out for him! No really, what makes him special is that he has
very good Mynah skills and can already imitate a dog barking, and a car
horn honking! He says "I love you Carlino", and "Hello," "What are you
doing?" and "You Happy?" And he's still a baby at nine months old, so we
expect his vocabulary will increase by leaps and bounds as the years go
on! Carlino has an older cousin Giorgio who also resides in Bayonne.
Per Carlino's Mommy: He's very affectionate and loves to be kissed. He
always says "I love you." He loves to sit on the couch with me - his
mommy - every night and watch TV. He plays catch and throws and runs
after the ball on his own!
Talk about today's pet in Pet Talk! | <urn:uuid:f40badf7-3a44-41b6-9bec-5c6f0607e971> | 2013-05-23T19:05:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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"And when they ask us what we're doing, you can say, We're remembering...." (Ray Bradbury, Fahrenheit 451)
Oh my god! Justine is gorgeous! I can't wait to watch! When does her first episode air?
ain't she just though? good to see friends doing well
Post a Comment | <urn:uuid:308f2095-d34b-4946-8b22-828753c8e37f> | 2013-05-23T18:58:25Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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When Pope Benedict XVI formally steps down from office at the end of February, his Twitter account will also be vacated—whether temporarily or permanently remains to be seen. A report on dzBB radio said the @Pontifex account, whose English version is followed by more than 1.5 million users, is to be shut down when the Pope leaves office. CNN quoted Vatican Radio as saying Benedict XVI may offer his last tweet on February 27, when he gives his final general audience. If not, he may tweet for the last time on Feb. 28 "before retiring into silence," CNN quoted Vatican Radio as saying. Benedict XVI's English version has 1,577,457 followers as of Sunday evening (Manila time). The Pope also has Spanish, Italian, German, French, Arab and Latin versions of his Twitter presence. According to The Vatican Today, Msgr. Paul Tighe, secretary of the Pontifical Council for Social Communications, issued the following statement: "The Twitter account @pontifex was created for the exclusive use of the Pope. @pontifex will be inactive during the interim period between the renouncement of Pope Benedict XVI and the election of his successor (sede vacante). @pontifex will be available for use by the next Pope as he may wish." Benedict XVI made his first tweet last Dec. 12, saying he was "pleased to get in touch with you through Twitter" and "bless all of you from my heart." — BM, GMA News
The Philippines vowed Thursday to fight China "to the last man standing", as a Chinese warship patrolled around a remote reef occupied by a handful of Filipino marines in disputed waters. | <urn:uuid:02c51b77-3702-4679-871b-5693579153bc> | 2013-05-23T18:38:10Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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One thing to note about any Wuxia game is the fact that it always has two different settings: the normal world, and the Wu Lin, the world of martial arts. These aren’t separate locations, but rather the circles in which people interact. Most of the time, characters are assumed to be involved in the Wu Lin as that’s where the more heroic (and villainous) individuals tend to gather.
Today we’re looking at the Warring States as a whole, then we’ll tackle the Wu Lin later.
The Chapter on the Warring States starts off with a look at the Government and Administrative structure of the time. With Zhongguo divided among so many warring kingdoms, it was interesting to note that they adapted fairly similar structures of government.
Ideally, the Emperor was meant to be at the top of the structure, but with the rise of the state of Qin, the Emperor has been deposed and all the other kings struggle to attain that position.
Currently the states are led by a King, who is surrounded by several Ministers. These Ministers handle a broad range of duties and are considered to be some of the most powerful and influential men in a particular kingdom. Eunuchs, born of a practice of castrating servants who had duties inside the Emperor’s Palace, are still a constant influence in the courts. Unofficially, they have become advisers to those in power, and wield a shadowy influence outside of the official heirarchy.
The courts of each kingdom is a political battlefield, as Ministers, eunuchs, officials, artists and foreign dignitaries compete for the attention and influence of the King. Favors are traded at incredible speed and factions form and divide over a war of lies, and intrigue.
The smallest administrative unit of the government is the district, which is run by a mayor, who is typically a commanding officer of the nearest garrison. This leads to soldiers policing the district to maintain law and order.
The chapter then goes on to discuss the nature of Justice (often harsh and repressive) taxes (including bribery) and the curious relationship between States, as reinforced at times by political hostages.
How the army is organized is then given thorough treatment with notes on the structure, types of units, method of warfare and the importantce of strategy and philosophy in waging war.
It is at this point that the chapter goes on to discuss each of the seven States in great detail. Each State has a beefy section several pages long dedicated to it’s history, geography, nature and relations with other States, as well as a few key figures that feature prominently in the affairs of the state. Needless to say it’s a huge setting, one with a lot of fertile ground for adventures of any stripe.
Given the size of the setting and the potential story hooks in any of the seven states, I’d advise that GMs start with a very small scale first, before going into inter-state issues. Staying in a single district, or engaging in the affairs of a single state is more than enough fodder for a full campaign, though more ambitious groups can go and try to engage themselves in the wars for superiority of the era.
Qin: the Warring States presents itself admirably again in this regard, and has a strong foundation to build many campaign on with this chapter alone. Tomorrow, we take a look at the Daily Life in the Warring States. | <urn:uuid:6c3f7fb4-71bb-4e88-8416-2c82e3726202> | 2013-05-23T19:00:17Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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So you've got a new fancy Android application and you want to be able to send push notifications to the phone. Either for synchronization purposes or for notifications. Since C2DM is fairly new and is currently in the labs it is rather difficult to find code that already handles sending out the notifications correctly. This article will go through sending a push notification (or message) through the Android C2DM server utilizing PHP in the fashion of a Zend Framework component.
His setup uses the Zend Framework for the heavy lifting and Gearman to handle the asynchronous sending of the messages. Of course you'll need a Google and C2DM account to make things play nicely together. The solution also uses a third-party server for the C2DM messaging. Most of the remainder of the post is code ready for copy and pasting that defines C2dm service adapters for the Zend Framework, some exception handlers for common issues, some custom workers for Gearman and the Java code you'll need on the client side to receive the messages. | <urn:uuid:8606f49a-5474-4b62-9891-7e214ba26b78> | 2013-05-23T18:51:55Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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The big bang in relativity is not what you are imagining--- it isn't a localized explosion. You don't have stuff rushing out from a point, you have everything getting denser in the past in a homogenous way.
This is complicated a little by the fact that a Newtonian big bang has things rushing out from a single point. But even in a Newtonian bang everything is homogenous, all points look the same as all other points after a translation and a Galilean boost. The particles have a speed which is proportional to their distance, and this goes all the way to infinite speed in the Newtonian version.
But we don't live in a Newtonian universe, and when you have a relativistic big bang, the way it works is that all points are the same as all other points after a translation and a relativistic boost. At the point where the boost boosts you at the speed of light, so at the limit of the sphere you are imagining, you have a cosmological horizon. So it isn't that there is "perfect vacuum" beyond this sphere, there is a visibility boundary which marks the end of the universe as we can ever see it, and for a positivist (i.e. for a physicist) this makes it the boundary of the universe, period.
The sphere you are imagining is then not a boundary between stuff and vaccum, but it is the boundary of the entire universe, and there is nothing, not even vacuum, outside this sphere.
This is complicated a little by the fact that you can extend the solutions of General Relativity past horizons, so that you can imagine that there is extra space beyond the horizon, at least classically. In the extended model, the universe goes on beyond the horizon, and in a big-bang model, in a homogenous way, so that if you call "time" local time since the big bang, all places look the same at the same time. In an inflation model, you can have most of the external volume still inflating, so that the banging is at different "time" at different places, and in most places, counted by extended volume, the bang never happens. This point of view is called eternal inflation.
All these extended scenarios are just-so stories, since they either make no predictions for the observable universe (since by definition, we can't see the stuff outside the horizon), or they make statistical predictions based on saying that we live in a typical volume of the extended universe, and these statistical predictions are ridiculously wrong (they predict that inflation lasts as long as possible conditioned on us being here to observe what we observe, and this is false). These points of view attribute more information to the external universe than what can be encoded on the cosmological horizon, they are not compatible with causal patch complementarity and the holographic principle, and they should be considered dead.
The other answers to this question misinterpret your question. You are asking about a point explosion not having time to fill all of space, and this is just not how the big-bang works. The best way to talk about the relativistic big bang is to say that it happens everywhere, not at a point. The only caveat is that the Newtonian big-bang isn't like that, but ignore that for day-to-day intuition. | <urn:uuid:8398dfb9-f7dc-48a6-8064-7dfbd9c66530> | 2013-05-23T18:53:25Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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A schematic of a blind quantum computer that could protect user's privacy.
Image credit: Phillip Walther et al./Vienna University.
Researchers worry that if quantum computers are realized in the next few years, only a few specialized facilities will be able to host them. This may leave users' privacy vulnerable. To combat this worry, scientists have proposed a "blind" quantum computer that uses polarization-entangled photonic qubits. | <urn:uuid:eeacf744-6601-455a-9e61-923665b3bff7> | 2013-05-23T18:46:01Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Choose your language
+33 4 66 51 41 29
+33 4 66 51 47 91
21 bd Maréchal Juin
LE GRAU DU ROI
30240 - FRANCE
Click here to enlarge pictures
In 1240, Saint Louis decided to build a city in his kingdom which would have direct access to the Mediterranean Sea.
He decided it should be here in Aigues-Mortes, in an area of marshes, sand and water. Seven centuries later, the fortification still dominates the Camargue, and remains one of the most well-preserved medieval French buildings.
With an area of over 930 km² (360 sq. miles), the Camargue is western Europe's largest river delta (technically an island, as it is wholly surrounded by water). It is a vast plain comprising large brine lagoons or étangs, cut off from the sea by sandbars and encircled by reed-covered marshes which are in turn surrounded by a large cultivated area.
Approximately a third of the Camargue is either lakes or marshland. The central area around the shoreline of the Étang de Vaccarès has been protected as a regional park since 1927, in recognition of its great importance as a haven for wild birds, and was incorporated into the Parc Régional de Camargue in 2008.
The Camargue is home to more than 400 species of birds, the brine ponds providing one of the few European habitats for the greater flamingo. It is also famous for The Camargue Bull and the Camargue horse.
Benefitting from a nature and vegetation unique to mainland Europe, the Camargue is well-known to ornithologists the world over, and can be discovered on foot, on horseback, by bicycle, by safari in a land rover, or by boat all year round. | <urn:uuid:24234080-3b7c-4f4f-a4a5-9a438c65040e> | 2013-05-23T18:44:01Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Compare two or more players' graphs. Go to each player profile and add them to your comparison basket (cookies must be enabled,
how?). See their relative perfomances in the graphs tab.
No players selected for comparison. Go to a player's profile and click the link on the bottom left of the screen to add them.
Date Country Place Prize
$ 235 No Limit Hold'em I Rio Daily Deepstacks, Las Vegas
$ 2,000 Limit Hold'em 39th World Series of Poker (WSOP) 2008, Las Vegas
$ 1,500 Limit Hold'em 39th World Series of Poker (WSOP) 2008, Las Vegas
$ 1,000 No Limit Hold'em Bellagio Weekly Tournaments - Feb 2007, Las Vegas
$ 10,000 No Limit Texas Hold'em - World Championship Event 37th World Series of Poker (WSOP) 2006, Las Vegas
$ 25,000 WPT Championship - No Limit Hold'em Fourth Annual Five-Star World Poker Classic, Las Vegas
$ 10,000 2nd Annual Doyle Brunson North American Poker Championship - No Limit Hold'em Bellagio Festa Al Lago IV, Las Vegas
$ 5,000 No Limit Hold'em Ultimate Poker Challenge, Las Vegas
$ 3,000 No Limit Hold'em 36th World Series of Poker (WSOP) 2005, Las Vegas
Get sponsored by the Mob
Top players with the biggest increase in
unique hits in the last 7 days. | <urn:uuid:fe0cfbf2-d584-43bf-a204-d8ec191d3464> | 2013-05-23T18:30:45Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Railroads and ferries brought prosperity
|A. B. Safford Memorial Museum in Cairo, Illinois, built in 1883|
Cairo, Illinois, is at the extreme southern tip of Illinois, at the point where the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers converge.
I always have mixed feelings as I drive through Cairo (pronounced "Kay-roh".) Sadly, the town has endured a long period of hard times and population loss. In the business district, empty lots suggest that many deteriorated buildings have been bulldozed and hauled away. Some old buildings, still standing, are candidates for the next demolition list.
|I'm not sure if this church is in use.|
Cairo became an important railroad hub after the Civil War, and the town enjoyed several decades of great prosperity. Train cars (and other vehicles) were ferried across the rivers, and the ferry business was as important to local fortunes as the railroad and river-shipping businesses.
|The Riverlore in Cairo, Illinois|
Then in 1889, the Illinois Central Railroad completed the Cairo Rail Bridge across the Ohio River (image, another image). It was a masterpiece of engineering. The metal bridge itself was nearly 2 miles long and the entire structure including the wooden approaches was almost 4 miles long. Freight from Chicago could travel directly to New Orleans via the Cairo Rail Bridge -- a revolution in rail shipping, but a blow to Cairo.
|More mansions in Cairo|
Vehicles traveling in the Cairo area still used the ferries until two highway bridges were built -- the Mississippi River bridge (leading to Missouri) in 1929, and the Ohio River bridge (leading to Kentucky) in 1937. The bridges and roads connected a short distance south of Cairo, so travelers could quickly cross both rivers without even entering town.
The loss of the railroad and ferry industries was significant, but it alone did not kill the town. By the early 1900s, other serious problems (racism, corruption, violence, crime) were well-established in Cairo. Over the next century, these evils had a slow-but-deadly effect on the town. You can read about the darker side of Cairo's history at "Cairo, Illinois, Death by Racism."
|Overgrowth and disrepair, too!|
A photo I took inside the Customs House some years ago
Seen at Wickliffe, Kentucky
|Ohio River bridge, just south of Cairo| | <urn:uuid:48949b39-63ce-4478-838b-a6ec7a73cfab> | 2013-05-23T18:57:50Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Amendments V and VI
In the matter of Spier1 Dev. 491 N.C. 1828
Hall, J. In this case the guilt or innocence of the prisoner is as little the subject of inquiry as the merits of any case can be when it is brought before this Court on a collateral question of law. Although the prisoner, if unfortunately guilty, may escape punishment in consequence of the decision this day made in his favor, yet it should be remembered that the same decision may be a bulwark of safety to those who, more innocent, may become the subjects of persecution, and whose conviction, if not procured on one trial, might be secured on a second or third, whether they were guilty or not.
It is laid down by Lord Coke that the life of a man shall not be twice put in jeopardy upon the same charge for a capital offense. 3 In., 110; 1 do., 227; Foster, 16, 22, 30. In this maxim is manifested the great concern which the law has for the security of the lives of its citizens. It is intended as a barrier against oppression and persecution; and although it must have been known to the wisdom of the law that it would be a means by which the guilty may sometimes escape from merited punishment, yet it was thought better to adopt it than to leave it to the discretion of a judge to award a second trial when the jury, in whose hands the life of the prisoner had been placed on the first trial, did not return a verdict.
From the record in this case it appears that a jury was sworn and impaneled to try the prisoner on the charge contained in the indictment, but they failed to return a verdict. This was a jury of the prisoner's own choosing, and one, too, to which the State did not object. When the jury were thus charged with the prisoner, he certainly stood upon his trial--his life was jeopardized.
From this maxim there are some exceptions, but such exceptions as are under no human control--they are the offspring of necessity; as where a juror is taken suddenly sick, where a woman is taken in labor, where the prisoner becomes insane, or where the jury are discharged by consent of the prisoner or at his request.
The record states that the jury were impaneled in the case, but it assigns no reason why a verdict was not returned by the jury, and it would be worse than preposterous to say that this Court can be governed by anything else than the record. It is true, like other individuals, we are informed of the reason why the jury did not return a verdict; that the term of the court expired before they had an opportunity of doing so. Let it be supposed that this fact was spread upon the record; it is certainly an event which might have been guarded against, though it was a case not without its difficulties. The trial might have been brought on sooner in the term. The jury might have been directed to withdraw and consider of the evidence after it was given in, and this the sooner if the prisoner refused to consent to withdraw a juror. I beg to be understood as laying down no rules for the government of the courts; I am not competent to do so; if I was it would not become me. But I am proving that the reason why the jury did not return their verdict was an event which might have been guarded against; that it was not founded in uncontrollable necessity, and if it was not, it forms no exception to the maxim that a citizen shall not be twice put in danger of his life upon the same charge for a capital offense.
But this is not the first time this question has arisen in this State. It was decided in S. v. Garrigues, 2 N. C., 241, for murder, in the Superior Court of Halifax, in 1795. There the presiding judge retired from the bench, but did not adjourn the court, and the jury having been impaneled in the case, separated without giving any verdict. It was held by Williams and Haywood, JJ., that the prisoner could not be put upon his trial a second time. The record there and the record in this case are alike. In both cases it appears that the jury were impaneled, but returned no verdict. It is true we learn, like other individuals, that the reason why they returned no verdict in the one case was that they could not agree; in the other, that the term expired before they considered of their verdict. But in both cases the record shows, and shows nothing else, that they were impaneled, and returned no verdict before the expiration of the term. It is certainly a difficult task to distinguish, on principle, the one case from the other. I may add that that opinion drew after it the approbation of the profession, and I believe I shall not treat with disrespect the memory of the dead or the pretensions of the living when I say that a greater criminal lawyer than Judge Haywood never sat upon the bench in North Carolina.
It is stated in Hale that the practice was once otherwise; that where the prisoner was put upon his trial the court might discharge the jury if it appeared that the evidence was not sufficient to convict him, and remit him to jail for further evidence. It is stated, however, in a note in the same book, that the practice is now otherwise; that a jury once charged in a capital case cannot be discharged until they have given their verdict, and Judge Haywood says, in S. v. Garrigues, supra, that "this power was exercised for the benefit of the Crown only, but is a doctrine so abhorrent to every principle of safety and security that it ought not to receive the least countenance in the courts of this country." And Haywood is sustained in this opinion by Foster, who wrote long since Judge Hale. I say, therefore, in the present case, it was not in the power of the court to discharge the jury, unless for the intervention of some cause that could not be foreseen nor controlled.
I admit that if the jury had been charged upon an indictment which was in itself defective, so that judgment could not be given upon it, although the prisoner was found guilty, it would be no bar to a second trial; because although such feelings of danger might have been awakened as are incident to human nature, and which such occasions are naturally calculated to excite, yet in reality the prisoner ran no risk; he was in no danger; he was tried as if upon no indictment. But in this case there is no objection to the indictment. If the prisoner had been found guilty he must have suffered the penalties of the law. He was placed upon his trial; his life was in the hands of the jury. His breast was occupied by a commixture of hope and fear; it throbbed alternately with both, and whether the struggle terminated in a verdict of guilt or innocence, it was certainly a guarantee against any future prosecution upon the same charge, and that guarantee need not claim to be bottomed upon any extraordinary maxim marked with tenderness for the life of man. It is a plain principle of municipal jurisprudence, regulating ordinary cases of property between man and man. It does not constitute the maxim that a man's life shall not be twice put in jeopardy for the same thing, to which Lord Coke, Foster, and others, fathers of the English criminal law, have given the sanction of their names.
Taylor, C. J. The prisoner has been brought up on the return of a habeas corpus, and now moves for his discharge, or to be admitted to bail, on the ground that his life has been once put in jeopardy for the same offense for which he now stands committed for trial.
The transcript of the record accompanying the return discloses only the fact that the prisoner was put upon his trial for the murder of Williams, and that no verdict was returned by the jury. An affidavit was annexed which, though ex parte, states other facts which have not been controverted at the bar, and which, therefore, it may be taken for granted are correct. These are that the trial began on Friday morning; that in the course of it the witnesses on both sides were examined, the counsel on the part of the State heard, and that while the counsel for the prisoner was addressing the jury the hour of 12 of Saturday night arrived, of which the judge gave notice to the parties, and then left the bench.
The case has been ably argued on both sides, and certainly a more important principle could not be brought into discussion, whether we view on one side its connection with the interests of public justice, or, on the other, the important bearing it has on the personal security of the citizens and their immunity from undue prosecution. As it is a case in which a court has no discretion, but is bound to yield obedience to the law, without regard to consequences, it is of primary importance to ascertain, amidst the conflict of opinions, on which side the weight of principle and authority rests.
A writer of established reputation on the criminal law remarks that it seems to have been anciently an uncontroverted rule, and hath been allowed even by those of a contrary opinion to have been the general tradition of the law, that a jury sworn and charged in a capital case cannot be discharged without the prisoner's consent until they have given a verdict. It is added that notwithstanding some authorities to the contrary, in the reign of Charles II. this hath been holden for clear law, both in the reign of James II. and since the Revolution of 1688. 2 Hawkins, 619. Lord Coke, who is cited as authority for the general position, lays it down in still broader terms, and so as to render the discharge of the jury in treason, felony, or larceny illegal, even with the consent of the prisoner. 3 Inst., 110.
Much more modern authorities have introduced the exception where the discharge takes place with the prisoner's consent and for his benefit; and this being reasonable and just, may be considered as now well settled.
In the remarkable case of the Kenlocks, reported by Foster, that eminent judge endeavors to prove that the case quoted by Coke from the year-book of Edward III. does not show that the jury was sworn, but only that they were in court and the party arraigned. But Fitzherbert, in his abridgment, understands the case in the same way with Coke; for he alleges that the reason of the judgment was that the inquest, having been once charged, could not be discharged. A majority of the judges in that case admitted the authority of the rule as a good general one, but not as practically applicable to those cases where it would produce great hardships or manifest injustice to the prisoner. In the case quoted, the power of the court to discharge the jury with the prisoner's consent seems to have been for the first time well considered; and they rejected with just animadversion the authority of those cases which had occurred in that period of misrule and persecution preceding the revolution. In one of these the court discharged a jury in a capital ease, after evidence given on the part of the Crown, merely for want of sufficient evidence to convict, and in order to bring the prisoner to a second trial, when the Crown should be better prepared! In another, where the prisoner, unassisted by counsel, consented, to his own prejudice, that the jury might be discharged.
These stains upon the administration of justice show to what extremes, in a state of civil discord, the passions of men urge them to trample upon the most salutary principles of law, and in what degree judges, holding their office at the will of the sovereign, were eager to pander to his appetite for blood and forfeitures.
Certain exceptions have been incorporated with the rule by such authority as we are not at liberty to reject, even if we were inclined to do so; but we cannot add to these exceptions without authority, unless the reason for them is equally forcible and conclusive. If the discharge take place with the prisoner's consent, and for his benefit, or where it is occasioned by an overruling necessity, beyond the reach of man's foresight and control, it cannot be the instrument of injustice or oppression to the prisoner. It is impossible to lay down a general rule which may be applicable to all cases that may occur; but to the exception sanctioned in the case of the Kenlocks may be fairly added that of Elizabeth Meadows, who was taken in labor during the trial. (Foster, 76.) The case where the prisoner became insane, and where a juryman fell down in a fit (Rex v. Edwards, 4 Taunton, 309), were decided on principles from which I do not see that any mischief could arise. Whether that class of cases where the jury have been discharged in consequence of undue practices having been used to keep back witnesses, or in consequence of a juryman's having become intoxicated, stands upon the same authoritative ground, I am not prepared to decide. There is danger to be apprehended from every exception arising from a fact which artifice and cunning may simulate. As at present advised, I think the exceptions, in addition to those I have mentioned, ought to be confined to those cases of extreme and positive necessity which are dispensed by the visitation of God, and which cannot by any contrivance of man be made the engines of obstructing that justice which the safety of all requires should be done to the State, or weakening the efficacy of and rendering illusive that maxim of civil liberty of which the prisoner claims the protection.
There is no case in the British authorities resembling the one under consideration, nor is it likely any such will ever occur. But some cases are furnished by American reporters which it is proper to notice.
In Massachusetts, Boden was indicted for a highway robbery, and the jury being impaneled, and having heard the evidence and the whole of the case, retired; and after being confined the whole night and part of the day, returned into court and informed the judge that they had not agreed on a verdict, and that it was not probable they ever could agree. A juror was withdrawn without the prisoner's consent, and he was afterwards tried and convicted by another jury, and it was holden a good conviction. 9 Mass., 494. It may be collected from this case that the offense charged was not there a capital felony; the arguments of the counsel for the State and the opinion of the court seem to show this. The maxim of the common law, therefore, under which the prisoner seeks shelter in this case, was not violated. Whether the cases of inevitable necessity, cited from the British books, apply to the case of discharging a jury, because they say they have not agreed, and are not likely to agree, appears to me questionable. Juries very often agree, after thinking and saying they could not agree. If the court possessed a discretionary power to discharge a jury in a capital case, upon their saying they could not agree, it is to be apprehended that very slight endeavors would be made among them to reason with and enlighten each other; and that a disposition would prevail to escape from a duty which every man considers painful. But the difficulties and disadvantages under which the prisoner would enter upon his second trial would probably expose him to increased danger.
It must be conceded that the case of Goodwin, 18 Johns., 200, if rightly decided, is an authority against the prisoner in this case; for although the offense charged was not a capital felony, yet the reasoning extends the whole length of showing that the jury may be discharged in any case, and the prisoner tried again. The distinguished judge who delivered the opinion of the court in that case thought the rule which declares that no person shall be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb means that no person shall be twice tried for the same offense. But I cannot acquiesce in this opinion, for it would seem strange that a familiar maxim of the common law, admitted for ages without denial or controversy, should require a solemn constitutional sanction for the more effectual protection of the citizens. The pleas of "heretofore convicted" and "heretofore acquitted" are interwoven with our criminal law as essentially as the pleas of former judgment between the same parties or the pendency of another suit for the same cause are with our civil law. Could the amendment to the Constitution of the United States mean no more than this, when it provided that "no person shall be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb"? Did the constitutions of several of the States mean no more when they adopted the same article? As the common law of every State already protects the accused against a second trial, not only in crimes of all descriptions, but in questions of civil right, it is to be inferred that the constitutions meant much more, and that their design was to protect the accused against a trial where the first jury had been discharged without due cause.
"Twice put in jeopardy" and "twice put on trial" convey to the mind several and distinct meanings, for we can readily understand how a person has been in jeopardy upon whose case the jury have not passed. The danger and peril of a verdict do not relate to a verdict given. When the jury are impaneled upon the trial of a person charged with a capital offense, and the indictment is not defective, his life is in peril or jeopardy, and continues so throughout the trial. And this is the legal understanding of the term as explained by Mr. Justice Foster in the case of the Kenlocks: "The discharge of the jury was not to bring the prisoners' lives twice in jeopardy, which is one great inconvenience of discharging jurors in capital cases, but merely in order to give them one chance for their lives, which it was apprehended they had lost by pleading to issue." This is a full admission that one inconvenience of discharging the jury is to put the prisoner twice in jeopardy, which he could not be if trial were meant. The same meaning is ascribed to the expression, 1 Chitty Cr. Law, 63.
Besides those cases in which juries may be discharged from the casual circumstances of illness, there are some others in which the Crown, at least by the consent of the prisoner, is at liberty to withdraw a juror in order to indict him again, or put off his trial. Thus it is laid down that to let him into a ground of defense which he could not otherwise have taken before evidence given, the court may by consent discharge the jury; but it does not seem the prosecutor has the right to bring the prisoner twice into peril of his life. In the same light has the subject been viewed in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, in 6 Sergeant and Rawle, 6; and finally, I thought the law in this State to have been settled for thirty years, ever since the case of S. v. Garrigues, 2 N. C., 241, conformably to which decision other cases have occurred of a similar kind, though not reported.
Under this impression of the subject I do not feel the authority of the law to add this additional exception to the rule, since the trial of a prisoner, its conduct and duration, are under the direction and control of the court and counsel, who may in general foresee or make a reasonable conjecture as to the time it may occupy. It would be a rule subject in its very nature to operate oppressively to the prisoner, without any exterior agency or the influence of sinister design. But it would be still more capable, if such were present, of being made an engine of persecution. Not that there is reason to apprehend any such influence in the present tranquil state of the country, and under the existing purity of the administration of justice; but a rule established in such times should be calculated to protect men when strife prevails and the angry passions are let loose, for it cannot be foreseen what may ensue in future; and the law, as now established, must be the rule for posterity, unless the Legislature should think proper to interfere. Should the rule, according to this opinion, facilitate the escape of some guilty persons, the addition of their exceptions might, in other times, lead to the punishment of innocent persons; and we are admonished by the law that it is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer. My opinion consequently is, that the prisoner cannot be tried again on this charge.
© 1987 by The University of Chicago | <urn:uuid:775b47fe-db88-417b-9c39-8e36e32fbaa5> | 2013-05-23T18:30:56Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Japanese/Korean Linguistics, Volume 16
Distributed for Center for the Study of Language and Information
The annual Japanese/Korean Linguistics Conference provides a forum for presenting research that will broaden the understanding of these two languages, especially through comparative study. The sixteenth Japanese/Korean Linguistics Conference, held in October of 2006 at Kyoto University, was the first in the history of the conference to be held outside of the United States. The thirty-six papers in this volume encompass a variety of areas, such as phonetics; phonology; morphology; syntax; semantics; pragmatics; discourse analysis; and the geographical and historical factors that influence the development of languages, sociolinguistics, and psycholinguistics. | <urn:uuid:2a84a215-d269-4492-8943-560838e363b5> | 2013-05-23T18:59:19Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Don't you just find this "bio" things a little boring?
I will spice it up a bit. What do you think?
The "about me" part......(and if anyone choses to throw this in my face at anytime. Know one thing. What you do in this life will haunt you in all your lives.)
Me, Moi, or Mi ....It is funny how to identify yourself in three different languages, english, french and italian all start with "M" I think it is not just because they are all latin based languages, but because "M" is a great letter.
My name, Michelita starts with an "M". "Oh La, La", you must be saying, she is an egotist. Well, if you know me, I am not an egotist, but I do think a lot more than many people. Constantly in my head, shuffling through the"by gone's" and the "I remember when's". I am also looking for the new way to communicate the needs of people who don't have a voice and find themselves victims of a system, or of a people who have no compassion. It is what I was put on this earth to do. I am still trying to find the best means to do this.
I have loved many in my 48yrs and I still love them, but I am not "in love" with them.
Okay that sounds strange, right? Well, this is me. One of my little sayings, "Tell them that you're crazy, this way they won't expect anything from you." Then I will turn around with another self designed proclamation when I say, "I have no points. I am rounded!"
I think life has been fairly interesting for my almost 49yrs on this planet and in this skin. I have met some very interesting people, controlling people, some abusive people, some extremist, some great foreigners, some complete liars, some exciting people, some very passionate people, some narcissists, some alcoholics, some preachers, and some protestors, some deviants, I have met those who loved me and those who used me. I have been lucky as that which was negative was out balanced by the positive in "ten fold".
I share with you my photos. Whether they are good or bad. I have decided that is not for me to keep. I just will leave it to you to take what you like and leave what you don't.
So this is a bio of what I think and not so much about who I am. Well, I think you'll find that out in what I have shared in my words on this page. | <urn:uuid:0ee117a6-707f-4e70-b7d5-8cd8645cecc0> | 2013-05-23T18:44:07Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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I'd like to create a set of short-term and long-term goals as relate to professional development. My company currently has a formal process for defining plans as relate to projects and meeting goals within the corporation, but I'm looking for a process or form that I could submit to my supervisor that would detail personal goals over the coming year(s). I expect that these would include professional development goals that align with current enterprise tasks and would allow for budgeting training dollars.
Main subjects are Continuing professional development (CPD) or Continuing professional education (CPE) is the means by which people maintain their knowledge and skills related to their professional lives.
Also these are helpful links; | <urn:uuid:03052677-8e44-48c8-8a72-4f3905a59d2c> | 2013-05-23T18:51:54Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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How big is your backlog and how do you keep it under control? Do you actually keep track and do all of it, or do you have a method of eliminating old but valid tasks such as declaring e-mail bankruptcy?
For example, at the moment, I don't have any critical tasks/items/events which require immediate action (I typically get about 5-10 of those per working day). But I do have 674 e-mails which require my action, 113 issues/tickets/tasks which require that I either do/solve/respond/delegate them.
That's a backlog which I would in the ideal world clear before doing anything else.
And then there's scheduled work which I don't count in the "backlog" category - 87 tasks that require more than half an hour of my work and can't be delegated, and about 1000 tasks which don't have any time constraints (yet), but someday I will either have to take action on, or find a way to delegate/avoid.
I can't afford to commit my whole workday to communication and no time to "real work" so I schedule my time appropriately (between 60:40 and 90:10 in favor of the inbox) and thus accumulate "communication backlog" or things I need to respond to. I don't like it, but it seems that I'm busier than I'd like to be and this backlog is obviously something that I try to handle in various ways (reduce the number of projects, delegate etc).
Please note that I'm not looking for advice how to handle my specific case; I'm trying to get a feel how many of you consider it "normal" to have a backlog (or how big of a backlog you consider normal), and what are your write-off strategies for things you simply don't have the time to do or deal with. | <urn:uuid:6cc15fa3-c7e7-43ed-aea7-0cec3305d48e> | 2013-05-23T18:31:39Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Stable version is recommended for most of the users. There is a
good chance that your Linux distribution includes Cheese. Refer to
your distribution's software installation instructions.
You can also install Cheese from source code. Note that you then
need several development packages.
released on April 16th 2013
released on March 25th 2013
released on November 12th 2012
released on October 16th 2012
released on September 24th 2012
released on May 14th 2012
released on April 16th 2012
Development version is meant for developers and for those who want to
try out the latest features and improve Cheese. This version is
likely to have bugs. Please help us to track'em down.
From the bakery
Cheese sources can be found in
in the "cheese" module. Also, you can
browse the latest sources online.
To get them, just execute
git clone git://git.gnome.org/cheese
Already baked development packages
released on April 30th 2013
released on March 19th 2013
released on March 5th 2013
released on February 18th 2013
released on January 15th 2013 | <urn:uuid:ac3c4388-7f1b-49b7-86d2-5493462a572e> | 2013-05-23T19:04:35Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
It is caused by the presence of three — instead of two — chromosomes 18 in a fetus or baby's cells.
The additional chromosome usually occurs before conception. A healthy egg or sperm cell contains 23 individual chromosomes - one to contribute to each of the 23 pairs of chromosomes needed to form a normal cell with 46 chromosomes. Numerical errors arise at either of the two meiotic divisions and cause the failure of segregation of a chromosome into the daughter cells (non-disjunction). This results in an extra chromosome making the haploid number 24 rather than 23. Fertilization of these eggs or sperm that contain an extra chromosome results in trisomy, or three copies of a chromosome rather than two.
It is this extra genetic information that causes all the abnormalities characteristic of individuals with Edwards Syndrome. As each and every cell in their body contains extra information, the ability to grow and develop appropriately is delayed or impaired. This results in characteristic physical abnormalities such as low birth weight; a small, abnormally shaped head; small jaw; small mouth; low-set ears; and clenched fists with overlapping fingers. Babies with Edwards syndrome also have heart defects, and other organ malformations such that most systems of the body are affected.
Edwards Syndrome also results in significant developmental delays. For this reason a full-term Edwards syndrome baby may well exhibit the breathing and feeding difficulties of a premature baby. Given the assistance offered to premature babies, some of these infants are able to overcome these initial difficulties, but most eventually succumb.
The survival rate for Edwards Syndrome is very low. About half die in utero. Of liveborn infants, only 50% live to 2 months, and only 5 - 10% will survive their first year of life. Major causes of death include apnea and heart abnormalities. It is impossible to predict the exact prognosis of an Edwards Syndrome child during pregnancy or the neonatal period. As major medical interventions are routinely withheld from these children, it is also difficult to determine what the survival rate or prognosis would be for the condition if they were treated with the same aggressiveness as their genetically normal peers. They are typically severely to profoundly developmentally delayed.
The rate of occurrence for Edwards Syndrome is ~ 1:3000 conceptions and 1:6000 live births, as 50% of those diagnosed prenatally with the condition will not survive the prenatal period. Although women in their 20's and 30's may conceive Edwards Syndrome babies, there is an increased risk of conceiving a child with Edwards Syndrome as a woman's age increases.
A small percentage of cases occur when only some of the body's cells have an extra copy of chromosome 18, resulting in a mixed population of cells with a differing number of chromosomes. Such cases are sometimes called mosaic Edwards syndrome. Very rarely, a piece of chromosome 18 becomes attached to another chromosome (translocated) before or after conception. Affected people have two copies of chromosome 18, plus extra material from chromosome 18 attached to another chromosome. With a translocation, the person has a partial trisomy for chromosome 18 and the abnormalities are often less than for the typical Edwards syndrome.
Features and characteristicsEdit
Symptoms and findings may be extremely variable from case to case. However, in many affected infants, the following may be found:
- Growth deficiency
- Feeding difficulties
- Breathing difficulties
- Developmental delays
- Mental retardation
- Undescended testicles in males
- Prominent back portion of the head
- Small head (microcephaly)
- Low-set, malformed ears
- Abnormally small jaw (micrognathia)
- Small mouth
- Cleft lip/palate
- Upturned nose
- Narrow eyelid folds (palpebral fissures)
- Widely-spaced eyes (ocular hypertelorism)
- Dropping of the upper eyelids (ptosis)
- Overlapped, flexed fingers
- Underdeveloped or absent thumbs
- Underdeveloped nails
- Absent radius
- Webbing of the second and third toes
- Clubfeet or Rocker bottom feet
- Small pelvis with limited movements of the hips
- Short breastbone
- Kidney malformations
- Structural heart defects at birth (i.e., ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus)
- Stenson, Carol M. (1999). Trisomy 18: A Guidebook for Families. University of Nebraska Medical Center. ISBN 1-889843-29-6.
- Barnes, Ann M. (2000). Care of the infant and child with trisomy 18 or 13: medical problems, reported treatments and milestones. University of Nebraska Medical Center. ISBN 1-889843-58-X.
- Trisomy 18 Support Foundation
- Support Organisation For Trisomy 18, 13, and Related Disorders (SOFT)
- The Chromosome 18 Registry & Research Society
- Who Named It synd/3438 | <urn:uuid:50af4068-0a3c-4cca-b387-37a10a20d013> | 2013-05-23T18:35:11Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Welcome to our forum. Feel free to post a message.
How can I get the videos, i'm in FL and one of shifu John Grahams student. I have always enjoyed the clips I've seen of Kong Han. By the way are you making any more training videos? I'm interested in getting both volumes. | <urn:uuid:be716c42-e6c1-4019-941b-dd45de515f3f> | 2013-05-23T18:31:34Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Before May 2005, the allocation of lungs for transplantation in the United States was based on waiting time, which resulted in early listing of patients, long waiting times, and high mortality among patients with an immediate life-threatening illness. The LAS was developed to address these issues by prioritizing patients on the basis of medical urgency and expected outcome. Using national transplant data from UNOS, we found that the LAS has been successful in improving the likelihood of transplantation and decreasing the risk of death for the majority of patients on the waiting list without negatively affecting 1-year post-transplant mortality. Our data indicate, however, that the relative impact of these changes varied substantially between diagnoses. Compared with other diagnoses, transplantation for IPAH remains low, whereas mortality on the waiting list for IPAH is equal or higher.
The fact that the LAS has improved the time to transplantation for all diagnoses is not particularly surprising. Under the previous wait-based system, patients were listed early in the course of their disease, thereby inflating the waiting list with patients for whom transplant was not an immediate consideration. By removing waiting time from the equation, the LAS has drastically reduced the number of patients on the waiting list, effectively shortening time to transplantation for all diagnoses (17
). Earlier studies that have attempted to evaluate the impact of the LAS are limited in size, but they suggest that under the new system transplant priority has increased for patients with IPF and decreased for patients with COPD (8
). Our results support these findings in that we observed a significant increase in transplantation for IPF, relative to other diagnoses, accompanied by a significant decrease in death on the waiting list. A similar pattern of benefit was observed among patients with CF.
Our results build upon existing data by providing additional insight into those patients with IPAH, a significantly understudied population in lung transplantation. We found that the proportion of patients listed for IPAH dropped significantly compared with IPF, COPD, and CF. Despite this, the likelihood of transplantation for IPAH improved from the pre-LAS to post-LAS period. Although this may seem counterintuitive, it reflects an overall reduction in waiting time and a decrease in the total number of patients on the waiting list after implementation of the LAS. In our analysis, we considered likelihood of transplant, given that a patient was listed, and found that transplantation for IPAH did not improve relative to other diagnoses (as was observed in the case of IPF). Furthermore, implementation of the LAS did not reduce mortality on the waiting list for patients with IPAH, despite reductions in mortality observed for IPF, COPD, and CF.
One potential explanation may be that patients with IPAH are less likely to receive transplants because of differences in the available donor pool. For example, patients with IPAH are typically listed for bilateral lung transplant whereas patients with IPF and COPD commonly compete for both single and bilateral lungs. To address this, we controlled for lung transplant type in our analyses. In addition, we also controlled for demographic differences including age, sex, race, height, weight, blood type, and CMV status. Despite taking these factors into account, we still found that patients with IPAH were less likely to receive transplants than patients with IPF and CF, and more likely to die while on the waiting list than patients with COPD and CF. We obtained similar results when we restricted our analyses to the subgroup of patients listed for bilateral lung transplant only.
Another potential explanation for our findings may be differences in LAS at listing. Among those listed in the post-LAS period, we found that patients with IPAH had lower scores than patients with IPF and CF, which explains in part the lower likelihood of transplantation. Despite having lower LAS at listing, patients with IPAH demonstrated higher mortality on the waiting list when taking the lower likelihood of transplantation into account as a competing risk. Emerging data from other studies have lead to speculation that the LAS may underestimate the risk of death in patients with IPAH (18
). The LAS relies on diagnosis-specific estimating equations for IPF, COPD, CF, and IPAH developed using historical data collected by UNOS (7
). Clinical data most relevant to patients with IPAH (i.e., measures of right ventricular function) were not systematically collected at the time and therefore do not inform the LAS. Hemodynamic variables currently included in the LAS, such as pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, provide little predictive information for patients with IPAH. In contrast, mean right atrial pressure and cardiac index, which are known to be strong predictors of mortality in the pulmonary hypertension (1
), are not utilized by the estimating equations for IPAH. Serum biomarkers, such as BNP, that correlate well with right ventricular function (19
), may also be important but are not taken into account.
Notably, we found that the observed differences in transplantation and waiting list mortality for IPAH were only partly mediated by differences in LAS itself. Such results suggest that factors other than the LAS at listing are also likely to be involved. In fact, factors determined at the time of organ matching often have a larger impact on determining who ultimately receives a lung transplant. For example, organ size matching, immunologic compatibility, and geographic proximity to the donor hospital are all factors that frequently play an important role. It remains possible there may be something inherent about the lower likelihood of transplantation in IPAH that was not captured in the data used for our analyses.
Other limitations must also be taken into consideration. As previously mentioned, it should be recognized that the changes in listing practices and referral patterns could have contributed to our findings. Because UNOS data contains only information for those on the waiting list, no conclusions can be drawn about patients who may not have been listed as a result of the change in allocation system. Furthermore, secular trends, such as advances in surgical techniques, perioperative management, and immunosuppressive therapy, may have influenced our results. In the case of IPAH, recent advances in pulmonary hypertension therapy could explain, in part, the lower likelihood of transplantation (if newer treatments reduce medical urgency), but does not account for the higher mortality of IPAH while on the waiting list. A more likely explanation may be that, with the accrued waiting time out of the equation and new therapies available, patients with IPAH are listed later in the course of their disease only after medical therapy has already failed. Such patients have often entered into a rapid phase of deterioration, thereby inflating their risk of death while on the waiting list relative to other diagnoses.
In conclusion, our results indicate that although the LAS has been successful in improving the efficiency of lung allocation for the majority of patients, lung allocation remains an ongoing challenge especially for underrepresented diagnoses such as IPAH. Further research is needed to understand why patients with IPAH continue to be at a high risk of death while on the waiting list despite the recently implemented LAS. How data currently collected by UNOS will be used to revise the original predictive models used by the LAS remains to be seen. Modifications of the LAS that include additional information, such as measures of right ventricular function, may help to improve transplant priority for patients with IPAH. | <urn:uuid:5c78ed34-3373-47e8-ba93-654cb5d7a3c5> | 2013-05-23T18:46:20Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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posix_trace_attr_destroy, posix_trace_attr_init - destroy and initialize the trace stream attributes object (TRACING)
[TRC] #include <trace.h>
int posix_trace_attr_destroy(trace_attr_t *attr);
int posix_trace_attr_init(trace_attr_t *attr);
The posix_trace_attr_destroy() function shall destroy an initialized trace attributes object. A destroyed attr attributes object can be reinitialized using posix_trace_attr_init(); the results of otherwise referencing the object after it has been destroyed are undefined.
The posix_trace_attr_init() function shall initialize a trace attributes object attr with the default value for all of the individual attributes used by a given implementation. The read-only generation-version and clock-resolution attributes of the newly initialized trace attributes object shall be set to their appropriate values (see Trace Stream Attributes ).
Results are undefined if posix_trace_attr_init() is called specifying an already initialized attr attributes object.
Implementations may add extensions to the trace attributes object structure as permitted in the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Chapter 2, Conformance.
The resulting attributes object (possibly modified by setting individual attributes values), when used by posix_trace_create(), defines the attributes of the trace stream created. A single attributes object can be used in multiple calls to posix_trace_create(). After one or more trace streams have been created using an attributes object, any function affecting that attributes object, including destruction, shall not affect any trace stream previously created. An initialized attributes object also serves to receive the attributes of an existing trace stream or trace log when calling the posix_trace_get_attr() function.
Upon successful completion, these functions shall return a value of zero. Otherwise, they shall return the corresponding error number.
The posix_trace_attr_destroy() function may fail if:
- The value of attr is invalid.
The posix_trace_attr_init() function shall fail if:
- Insufficient memory exists to initialize the trace attributes object.
posix_trace_create(), posix_trace_get_attr(), uname(), the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, <trace.h>
First released in Issue 6. Derived from IEEE Std 1003.1q-2000.
IEEE PASC Interpretation 1003.1 #123 is applied. | <urn:uuid:ed05007e-8912-425d-ba5b-b014766f8ab4> | 2013-05-23T18:37:42Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5232
The carbonate-rock aquifer of the Great Basin is named for the thick sequence of Paleozoic limestone and dolomite with lesser amounts of shale, sandstone, and quartzite. It lies primarily in the eastern half of the Great Basin and includes areas of eastern Nevada and western Utah as well as the Death Valley area of California and small parts of Arizona and Idaho. The carbonate-rock aquifer is contained within the Basin and Range Principal Aquifer, one of 16 principal aquifers selected for study by the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water- Quality Assessment Program.
Water samples from 30 ground-water sites (20 in Nevada and 10 in Utah) were collected in the summer of 2003 and analyzed for major anions and cations, nutrients, trace elements, dissolved organic carbon, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pesticides, radon, and microbiology. Water samples from selected sites also were analyzed for the isotopes oxygen-18, deuterium, and tritium to determine recharge sources and the occurrence of water recharged since the early 1950s.
Primary drinking-water standards were exceeded for several inorganic constituents in 30 water samples from the carbonate-rock aquifer. The maximum contaminant level was exceeded for concentrations of dissolved antimony (6 μg/L) in one sample, arsenic (10 μg/L) in eleven samples, and thallium (2 μg/L) in one sample. Secondary drinking-water regulations were exceeded for several inorganic constituents in water samples: chloride (250 mg/L) in five samples, fluoride (2 mg/L) in two samples, iron (0.3 mg/L) in four samples, manganese (0.05 mg/L) in one sample, sulfate (250 mg/L) in three samples, and total dissolved solids (500 mg/L) in seven samples.
Six different pesticides or metabolites were detected at very low concentrations in the 30 water samples. The lack of VOC detections in water sampled from most of the sites is evidence thatVOCs are not common in the carbonate-rock aquifer. Arsenic values for water range from 0.7 to 45.7 μg/L, with a median value of 9.6 μg/L. Factors affecting arsenic concentration in the carbonate-rock aquifer in addition to geothermal heating are its natural occurrence in the aquifer material and time of travel along the flow path.
Most of the chemical analyses, especially for VOCs and nutrients, indicate little, if any, effect of overlying land-use patterns on ground-water quality. The water quality in recharge areas for the aquifer where human activities are more intense may be affected by urban and/or agricultural land uses as evidenced by pesticide detections. The proximity of the carbonate-rock aquifer at these sites to the land surface and the potential for local recharge to occur through the fractured rock likely results in the occurrence of these and other land-surface related contaminants in the ground water. Water from sites sampled near outcrops of carbonate-rock aquifer likely has a much shorter residence time resulting in a potential for detection of anthropogenic or land-surface related compounds. Sites located in discharge areas of the flow systems or wells that are completed at a great depth below the land surface generally show no effects of land-use activities on water quality. Flow times within the carbonate-rock aquifer, away from recharge areas, are on the order of thousands of years, so any contaminants introduced at the land surface that will not degrade along the flow path have not reached the sampled sites in these areas.
First posted February, 2006
Part or all of this report is presented in Portable Document Format (PDF); the latest version of Adobe Reader or similar software is required to view it. Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge.
Schaefer, D.H., Thiros, S.A., and Rosen, M.R., 2005, Ground-water quality in the carbonate-rock aquifer of the Great Basin, Nevada and Utah, 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5232, 41 p.
Description of Study Area
Study Design and Methods
Appendix 1. Water-quality constituents analyzed in ground-water samples from wells and springs in the carbonate-rock aquifer, Nevada and Utah | <urn:uuid:71d96a69-5ff9-445d-8096-085c505ac74e> | 2013-05-23T18:38:12Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Hello, my 9 year old son has a homework assigment to portray the differences between rich & poor employment during the Tudor period. We live in a very small country with no research libraries. We have not had any luck finding information on jobs via the web. Any suggestions? thanks!
[Ed. note - there was a little about the 'rich' jobs in the thread below] | <urn:uuid:b2ef67b5-e63f-4cd8-8446-e5f127529402> | 2013-05-23T18:43:40Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Recall, the Brotherhood is committed to implementing Sharia law in Egypt, is deeply antisemitic, encourages Muslim men to treat women like chattel, advocates death for homosexuals, despises Western democracy, seeks the destruction of Israel, and believes in permanent underclass status for religious minorities.
So how does Quinn characterize the group?
Then, there's this reassuring news:The Muslim Brotherhood, which was founded in 1928 and seeks to promote its conservative vision of Islam in society, has made dramatic gains since a popular uprising toppled President Hosni Mubarak last year and launched Egypt on an unpredictable political course.
And this amusing piece of sophistry:The FJP candidate, Khairat al-Shater, said in comments reported on Wednesday that introducing sharia law would be his "first and final objective," but the FJP group in Washington sought to dismissed fears this meant they aimed to establish an Islamic theocracy.
Leading to this inadvertently hilarious juxtaposition:Abdul Mawgoud Dardery, an FJP lawmaker from Luxor, said the party was dedicated to the principle of a "civil state" and the objectives of sharia law rather than its specific practice.
All reported on by Quinn with absolutely no background or critical insight on the Brotherhood, its fanatical founder, its dogma, or its, shall we say, less politically correct spokesmen.The FJP team took pains to appear both reasonable and flexible during their Washington visit, quoting both from the Koran and from the U.S. self-help manual "Seven Habits of Highly Effective People," and depicting themselves as the true heirs of the uprising in Cairo's Tahrir Square. | <urn:uuid:29522140-38bb-4001-b36f-20c46b8a94ff> | 2013-05-23T18:44:31Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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QUOTE(Kusand @ Feb 21 2008, 12:17 PM)
I think Taki (or at least his post through the lenses of my perception) is saying that there's a difference between wanting to implement communism and being able to admire the idealism in it. I certainly think Communism is a broken system that can't be implemented, but I can respect the notion of wanting to provide a comfortable baseline for all people. It's sort of like how I feel about universal healthcare - I think it's a travesty that there are people who don't have access to healthcare today, but I don't see how to have the government implement it sanely.
Pretty much. I'm not defending communism nor calling for a change to it. Mainly I was reacting to 101's comment that "Communism" is somehow responsible for the millions of deaths in Russia at the hands of Stalin and his cronies. It is not the system, it is the people. Any system can cause pain and suffering to its people. How many people in our country are homeless or below the poverty line? How many people suffer due to lack of adequate health care?
QUOTE(Beamer @ Feb 21 2008, 12:19 PM)
Yeah, like we've discussed, government could never do it. And it infuriates me that so many people want them to. One of the few things that really pisses me off (along with stem-cell research.)
Then what purpose does government serve if not provide for its people? It should only be there to enforce laws and deal with other nations? By your logic, anyone who can't afford to keep up should just be left to die. Can't make money to pay for your health insurance? Too bad, try not to get sick.
Maybe i'm just an idealistic dreamer but how anyone in this country doesn't feel shame that as rich as this nation is we still have millions living in poverty is beyond me. But oh yeah, god forbid someone can't buy a $250K car or a $30 million dollar entire floor apartment on 5th avenue. | <urn:uuid:170c04e8-f37f-4af8-bb56-827204a43cfc> | 2013-05-23T18:32:10Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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Professor White Bread
Professor White Bread is an inventor/scientist (his exact title is never specified) who was involved with the creation of the Jet Tank.
Professor White Bread is a tall, thin human, with white hair and a white mustache. He is seen wearing a sleeveless white shirt, a pair of boxers with hearts on them, and gray socks, and has a stethoscope around his neck. However, this was when he had just been captured by a spy and had most of his clothes taken. Presumably he also normally wears a typical scientist's lab coat, as that is what is worn by the spy impersonating the professor.
Besides his name, appearance, and the fact that he worked on the Jet Tank, virtually nothing is known about Professor White Bread. He is seen for only a few seconds - just before being shut into a locker, and just after escaping - and is gagged the whole time.
It's never really specified exactly how much White Bread actually did on the Jet Tank project, but the spy's comments to the Professor seem to imply that White Bread is, at least, largely responsible for the technology allowing the Tank to be controlled by thought.
Aside from apparently being responsible for the creation of the Jet Tank, Professor White Bread doesn't really do anything in the one episode he's in, as he is confined to a locker almost the entire time.
Professor White Bread appeared in a single episode, Double O'Chipmunk. | <urn:uuid:7986d6d7-d655-46d5-bf73-1ec20ca83398> | 2013-05-23T18:38:46Z | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | [
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