| { | |
| "virology": { | |
| "train": { | |
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| "example": " to engineer viral vectors, tools commonly used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into plant cells; they are also sources of biomaterials and nanotechnology devices. Viral vectors based on TMV include those of the magnICON and TRBO plant expression technologies. Due to its cylindrical shape, high aspect ratio, self-assembling nature, and ability to incorporate metal coatings (nickel and cobalt) into its shell, TMV is an ideal candidate to be incorporated into battery electrodes. Addition of TMV to a battery electrode increases the reactive surface area by an order of magnitude, resulting in an increase in the battery's capacity by up to six times compared to a planar electrode geometry. The TMV-based vector also enabled C. acutatum to transiently express exogenous GFP up to six subcultures and for at least 2 mo after infection, without the need to develop transformation technology, RNAi can be expressed in the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum acutatum by VIGS using a recombinant vector based on TMV in which the ORF of the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) was transcribed in fungal cells from a duplicate of the TMV coat protein (CP) subgenomic mRNA promoter and demonstrated that the approach could be used to obtain foreign protein expression in fungi.\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Further reading ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nDescription of plant viruses – TMV Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine – contains information on symptoms, hosts species, purification etc.\nFurther information\nElectron microscope image of TM<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " (2021) and a Top Employer by Science (2021) for its practices during the pandemic.\n\n\n=== Pfizer For All ===\nPfizer introduced PfizerForAll, a digital platform designed to streamline access to healthcare and wellness resources in the United States. The platform supports individuals with common conditions like the flu, COVID-19, and migraines, as well as those seeking adult vaccinations. It integrates services such as same-day access to healthcare professionals, home delivery of prescriptions and diagnostic tests, appointment scheduling, and financial assistance for Pfizer medications. Partnering with organizations like UpScriptHealth, Alto Pharmacy, and Instacart, PfizerForAll aims to simplify tasks like prescription fulfillment and accessing savings programs. Pfizer plans to expand the platform to address a wider range of healthcare needs and enhance user experience.\n\n\n== Corporate affairs ==\n\n\n=== Board of directors ===\nAs of December 2024, the company's board consisted of the following directors:\n\nRonald E. Blaylock, Managing Partner of GenNx360 Capital Partners\nAlbert Bourla, CEO of Pfizer\nMortimer J. Buckley, former CEO of The Vanguard Group\nSue Desmond-Hellmann, former CEO of The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation\nJoseph J. Echevarria, former CEO of Deloitte LLP\nScott Gottlieb, former Commissioner of the FDA\nHelen Hobbs, Professor at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center\nSusan Hockfield, 16th President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology\nDan Littman, professor of Molecular Immunology at New York University\nShantanu Narayen, CEO of Adobe\nSuzanne Nora Johnson, former Vice Chairman of Goldman Sachs\nJames Quincey, CEO of The Coca-Cola Company\nJames C. Smith, former CEO of Thomson Reuters\nCyrus Taraporevala, former President and CEO of State Street Global Advisor\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nBiotech and pharmaceutical companies in the New York metropolitan area\nCompanies of the United States with untaxed profits\nFire in the Blood (2013 film)\nList of pharmaceutical companies\nPfizergate\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Pfizer at Wikimedia Commons\n\nOfficial website \nPfizer on OpenSecrets, a website that tracks and publishes data on campaign finance and lobbying \nBusiness data for Pfizer Inc.:<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " the Western Front 1914–1918. Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-849-08843-5.\nKrause, Jonathan; Philpott, William (2023). French Generals of the Great War: Leading the Way. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1781592526.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nService records of Marshal Joffre\nWorks by or about Joseph Joffre at the Internet Archive\nWorks by Joseph Joffre at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) \nNewspaper clippings about Joseph Joffre in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " with a touch-sensitive \"chanter\" which senses finger position and modifies its tone accordingly. Some models also produce a drone sound, and the majority are made to simulate great Highland bagpipe tone and fingering.\nGreat Irish Warpipes an instrument, believed to have existed in Ireland until around the 1700s, and to have been similar or practically identical to the extant Great Highland Bagpipe.\nNorthumbrian smallpipes are bellows-blown bagpipes consisting of one chanter, generally with keys and usually four drones.\nPractice chanter, a bagless and droneless double-reeded pipe with the same fingerings as the great Highland bagpipe. These are meant to serve as practice instruments which are more portable and less expensive than a set of pipes.\nPractice goose, a small, single-chanter, droneless bag used to transition between the practice chanter and full pipes\nReel pipes (or \"kitchen\" or \"parlour\" pipes), smaller versions of the great Highland bagpipe for indoor playing\nScottish smallpipes are a modern interpretation of extinct smaller Scottish pipes used for recreational music. They were revived in the late 20th century by pipemakers such as Colin Ross.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nMusic of Scotland\nCanntaireachd\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\nHugh Cheape. The Book of the Bagpipe (Belfast: The Appletree Press, 1999).\nFrancis Collinson. The Traditional and National Music of Scotland (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966).\nFrancis Collinson. The Bagpipe (London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975).\nWilliam Donaldson. The Highland Pipe and Scottish Society 1750–1950 (Edinburgh: Tuckwell Press, 1999).\nJohn Gibson. Old and New World Highland Bagpiping (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002).\n\n\n== Further reading ==\nEdinburgh Research Archive. The Bagpipe: perceptions of a national instrument. Hugh Cheape.\nAlexander Ellis's early (1885) measurements of the Bagpipe scale, and its relation to Arabian scales.\nMusic at a Medieval Gaelic Chieftain's Court Paper on How Bagpipes, Shepherd Trumpets, and Fiddles (and/or Harps) all Could Play in the Same \"Key\" Together.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nBob Dunsire Bagpipe Web Directory Archived 26 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine\nAndrew Lenz's Bagpipe Journey<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": ". H. Gill & son. pp. 575–576.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nWorks by Arthur Young at Project Gutenberg\nWorks by or about Arthur Young at the Internet Archive\nWorks by Arthur Young at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) \nArthur Young, Tours in England and Wales, selected from the Annals of Agriculture at visionofbritain.org.uk\nSearch the collection Archived 25 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine: The National Portrait Gallery has five portraits of Young<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "Baron Thurlow, of Thurlow in the County of Suffolk, is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created on 11 June 1792 for the lawyer and politician Edward Thurlow, 1st Baron Thurlow, with remainder to his younger brothers and the heirs male of their bodies.\nThurlow had already on his appointment as Lord Chancellor on 3 June 1778 been created Baron Thurlow, of Ashfield in the County of Suffolk, in the Peerage of Great Britain, with remainder to the heirs male of his body. Lord Thurlow never married and on his death in 1806 the barony of 1778 became extinct, while he was succeeded in the barony of 1792 according to the special remainder by his nephew Edward, the second Baron. The latter was the son of the Right Reverend Thomas Thurlow, Bishop of Durham from 1787 to 1791. Lord Thurlow gained a reputation as a minor poet. In 1813, he married the actress Mary Catherine Bolton, and they had three sons. In 1814 he assumed by royal licence the additional surname of Hovell, in commemoration of his ancestor Sir Richard Hovell.\nHis grandson, the fifth Baron (who succeeded his elder brother), was a Liberal politician and served as Paymaster General in 1886. In 1873 he assumed by royal licence the additional surname of Bruce, which was that of his father-in-law, James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin. One year later, Lord Thurlow assumed by royal licence the additional surname of Cumming.\nIn 1952, to pay the death duties of his father, the sixth Baron, Henry, the seventh Baron, sold the family house in Surrey, Baynards Park. It was later owned by helicopter entrepreneur Alan Bristow, under whose ownership the Grade II-listed Elizabethan country house burnt down in 1980.\nThe title was then held by the seventh Baron, a soldier who won a DSO and bar in World War II and served as GOC in Malta. He was succeeded by his younger brother in 1971. The eighth Baron Thurlow was a diplomat and notably served as High Commissioner to New Zealand and Nigeria and as Governor of the Bahamas. In 2013 he was succeeded by his son, the ninth Baron, who in 2015 was elected by the hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords.\n\n\n== Barons Thurlow, first creation (1778) ==\nEdward Thurlow, 1st Baron Thurlow (1730–1806)\n\n\n== Barons Thurlow, second creation (1792) ==\nEdward Thurlow, 1st Baron Thurlow (1730–1806)\nEdward Hovell-Thurlow, 2nd Baron Thurlow (1781–1829)\nEdward Thomas Hovell-Thurlow, 3rd Baron Thurlow (1814–1857)\nEdward Thomas Hovell-Thurlow, 4th Baron Thurlow (1837–1874)\nThomas John Hovell-Thurlow-Cumming-Bruce, 5th Baron Thurlow (1838–1916)\nCharles Edward Hovell-Thurlow-Cumming-Bruce, 6th Baron Thurlow (1869–1952)\nHenry Charles Hovell-Thurlow-Cumming-Bruce, 7th Baron Thurlow (1910–1971)\nFrancis Edward Hovell-Thurlow-Cumming-Bruce, 8th Baron Thurlow (1912–2013)\nRoualeyn Robert Hovell-Thurlow-Cumming-Bruce, 9th Baron Thurlow (b. 1952)\nThe heir apparent is the present holder's son, the Hon. Nicholas Edward Hovell-Thurlow-Cumming-Bruce (b. 1986)\nThe heir apparent's heir apparent is his son, George Hovell-Thurlow-Cumming-Bruce (b. 2018)\n\n\n== Male-line family tree ==\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\nKidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990, \nLeigh Rayment's Peerage Pages \nRichard A. Thurlow<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " charts and maneuvering boards.\n\n\n== Sources ==<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "Rex Nemorensis\nThe Golden Bough\nPhaedra complex\nIppolito ed Aricia\nHippolyte et Aricie\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Hippolytus at Wikimedia Commons\nHippolytus for details on the figure of Hippolytus and a classicist's philological study of the evolution of Hippolytus as a chastity paradigm in Euripides, Seneca, Racine; extensive bibliography (in Dutch)<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "train": { | |
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| "example": " Communications Department.\nHe continues to do college football and basketball for Time-Warner Network and Comcast.\n\n\n== Personal life ==\nTompkins' wife is Joan Ryan, a sports writer, and son is Ryan Tompkins.\nHe also called Stanford football where he controversially voted against Stanford quarterback Andrew Luck for the Heisman trophy and his one vote was the difference in Andrew Luck losing out. Thompkins voted for Colt McCoy who didn't even play a full season as he was injured.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nProfile of Tompkins from the Tennis Channel website<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " filter paper. The largest pore size is grade 4; the smallest pore size is grade 602 h; the most commonly used grades are grade 1 to grade 4.\n\nGrade 1 qualitative filter paper has the pore size of 11 μm. This grade of filter paper is widely used for many different fields in agricultural analysis, air pollution monitoring and other similar experiments.\nGrade 2 qualitative filter paper has the pore size of 8 μm. This grade of filter paper requires more filtration time than Grade 1 filter paper. This filter paper is used for monitoring specific contaminants in the atmosphere and soil testing.\nGrade 3 qualitative filter paper has the pore size of 6 μm. This grade of filter paper is very suitable for carrying samples after filtration.\nGrade 4 qualitative filter paper has the pore size of 20~25 μm. This grade of filter paper has the largest pore size among all standard qualitative filter papers. It is very useful as rapid filter for cleanup of geological fluids or organic extracts during experiment.\nGrade 602 h qualitative filter paper has the pore size of 2 μm. This grade of filter paper has the smallest pore size among all standard qualitative filter papers. It is used for collecting or removing fine particles.\n\n\n=== Quantitative filter paper ===\nQuantitative filter paper, also called ash-free filter paper, is used for quantitative and gravimetric analysis. During the manufacturing, producers use acid to make the paper ash-less and achieve high purity.\n\n\n=== Chromatography papers ===\nChromatography is a method chemists use to separate compounds. This type of filter paper has specific water flow rate and absorption speed to maximize the result of paper chromatography. The absorption speed of this type of filter paper is from 6 cm to 18 cm and the thickness is from 0.17 mm from 0.93 mm.\n\n\n=== Extraction thimbles ===\nExtraction thimbles are rod-shape filter paper often used in soxhlet extractors or atomized extractors. It is ideal for very sensitive detection, the performance depends on the thickness of inner diameter. Also, it is usually used in areas of food control and environmental monitoring.\n\n\n=== Glass fiber filters ===\nGlass fiber filter has the pore size of 1 μm, it is useful for filtering highly contaminated solutions or difficult-to-filter solution. Also, glass fiber filter has extends filter life, wide range of particulate loads and can prevent sample contamination. In addition, different types of glass fiber filter are suitable for different filtration situation. There are 7 different types of glass fiber filters and the major difference is thickness.\n\n\n=== Quartz fiber filter ===\nQuartz fiber filter paper has a high resistance to chemicals, does not absorb NOx and SOx dioxides, is unaffected by humidity and is easily sterilized. Thus, it is mostly used for air pollution analysis.\n\n\n=== PTFE filter ===\nPolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter has wide operating temperature (−120 °C ~ 260 °C) with high air permeability. The resistance to high temperature makes PTFE filter paper suitable for use in autoclaves. It is often used to filter hot oils, strong solvents and collecting airborne particulates.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nAir purifier\nFilter\nParticulates, e.g., PM10\nRespirator\nUlaxfilter\n\n\n== References ==<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "J. Lee Richmond (May 5, 1857 – October 1, 1929) was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball. He played for the Boston Red Stockings, Worcester Worcesters, Providence Grays, and Cincinnati Red Stockings, and is best known for pitching the first perfect game in Major League history. After retiring from baseball, he became a teacher.\n\n\n== Early life ==\nRichmond was born in Sheffield, Ohio, in 1857. He was the son and grandson of Baptist ministers and he had eight siblings, all of them older. He went to the college preparatory academy affiliated with Oberlin College. He started attending Brown University in 1876 and was an outfielder and pitcher on the school's baseball team. He was also class president and he played on the football team.\n\n\n== Professional baseball career ==\nOn June 2, 1879, Richmond was paid $10 ($337 in current dollar terms) to pitch for Worcester of the National Baseball Association in an exhibition game against the Chicago White Stockings. He pitched a seven-inning no-hitter and signed with Worcester after the game. On July 28, he pitched a no-hitter against Springfield.\nWorcester joined the National League in 1880, and Richmond signed with the team for $2,400 ($78,199 in current dollar terms) that season. Before a game against Cleveland on June 12, Richmond was up all night taking part in college graduation events, and he went to bed at 6:30 AM. He caught the 11:30 AM train for Worcester so he could pitch in the afternoon contest and then pitched a perfect game to beat Cleveland, 1–0. According to the Chicago Tribune, \"The Clevelands were utterly helpless before Richmond's puzzling curves, retiring in every inning in one, two, three order, without a base hit. The Worcesters played a perfect fielding game.\" Cleveland pitcher Jim McCormick allowed three hits, and the only run was scored on a double error by second baseman Fred Dunlap.\nRichmond graduated from Brown University four days after the perfect game, and he finished the year with a win–loss record of 32–32, a 2.15 earned run average, and 243 strikeouts in 590.2 innings pitched. He was the first left-handed pitcher to win 30 games in a season.\nRichmond found success throwing an offspeed pitch that he termed a \"half-stride ball\" and that other players referred to as a \"drop ball\". He also had a rising fastball that he called a \"jump ball\". He also learned to throw a curveball in college, even though a Brown physics professor tried to convince him that nothing could make a ball curve in midair.\nIn both 1881 and 1882, Richmond pitched over 400 innings. After the 1882 season, the Worcester franchise disbanded, and Richmond played for the National League's Providence Grays in 1883. He experienced arm problems and was primarily an outfielder that year. He finished his MLB career with a record of 75–100, a 3.06 ERA, and 552 strikeouts.\n\n\n== Later life ==\nIn the winter of 1880, Richmond had begun to pursue a career in medicine, studying under a Providence physician, C. T. Gardner. He enrolled at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York a few months later, then at the University of the City of New York. After the 1883 baseball season, Richmond practiced medicine at Bellevue Hospital and with Gardner in Providence.\nRichmond then changed careers, and from 1890 to 1921, he was a high school chemistry teacher at Scott High School in Toledo, Ohio. Richmond married Mary Naomi Chapin, his former student, in 1892, and had three children: Ruth, Dorothy, and Jane. He died in Toledo in 1929.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nList of Major League Baseball perfect games\nList of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nCareer statistics from MLB · ESPN · Baseball Reference · Fangraphs · Baseball Reference (Minors) · Retrosheet \nLee Richmond at Find a Grave<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "John Sims (13 October 1749 – 26 February 1831) was an English physician and botanist. He was born in Canterbury, Kent and was subsequently educated at the Quaker school in Burford, Oxfordshire, he then went on to study medicine at Edinburgh University. Later in life he moved to London (1766) where he worked as a physician. Notably, he was called in to assist with Princess Charlotte's labor, but mother and baby both died. He was the first editor of Curtis's Botanical Magazine.\n\n\n== Early life ==\nSims was born in Canterbury, Kent, the son of, Robert Courthope Sims (1720–1812), a physician, and Rebecca née Tritton (1723–c1781). His father was a member of the Society of Friends who published An Essay on the Nature and Constitution of Man.\nHe was educated at the Quaker school in Burford, Oxfordshire, with additional instruction from his father. He studied medicine at Edinburgh University, obtaining his PhD in 1774. His dissertation was \"De usu aquæ frigidæ interno.\"\n\n\n== Career ==\n\n\n=== Medicine ===\nHe moved to London in 1766, where he worked as a physician at the Surrey Dispensary. He bought an obstetric practice in 1779, and was he was admitted to the Royal College of Physicians. In 1780 he was appointed Physician and Man Midwife to the Charity for Delivering Poor Married Women at their own Houses. In 1817 he was called to assist with the ill-fated labor of Princess Charlotte, but she and the baby both died.\n\n\n=== Botany ===\nHe was the first editor of Curtis's Botanical Magazine (1801–1826 vols. xiv–xlii) after the death of the founder, William Curtis, and edited Annals of Botany (1805–06) with Charles Konig. He was a founding member of the Linnean Society. In March 1814 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.\nHis papers on botany include a description of the effect of moisture on Mesembryanthemum to the Medical and Physical Journal (vol. ii. 1799), and a \"Description of Amomum exscapum\" to the Annals of Botany (vol. i.).\nThe genus name Simsia was published by the German Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1807, to honour Sims work. \nHis herbarium was purchased by George Bentham and passed to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.\n\n\n== Death ==\nIn 1825 he resigned from his medical practice and retired to Dorking, Surrey where he died in 1831. He is buried in Fittleworth, Sussex with his wife Ann née Christie (1765–1835) and their only son the Rev Dr Courthope Sims MD MB (1795–1833).\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nWorks by John Sims at Project Gutenberg\nWorks by or about John Sims at the Internet Archive<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " the current legal status \"religious coercion\". The last 8% declined to answer.\nIn Israel, which has Rabbinic Judaism as a state religion, restaurants and places of entertainment are closed on the eve of Tisha b'Av and the following day by law. Establishments that break the law are subject to fines. When Menachem Begin became Prime Minister, he wanted to unite all the memorial days and days of mourning on Tisha b'Av, so that Yom HaShoah and Yom HaZikaron would also fall on this day, but it was not accepted.\nOutside of Israel, the day is not observed by most secular Jews, as opposed to Yom Kippur, on which many secular Jews fast and go to synagogue.\nAccording to halakha, combat soldiers are absolved of fasting on Tisha b'Av on the basis that it can endanger their lives. As of August 2025, the latest example of such a ruling was issued by the Military Rabbinate for the Gaza war.\n\n\n=== In relation to the creation of the State of Israel ===\nFollowing the Six-Day War, the national religious community viewed Israel's territorial conquests with almost messianic overtones. The conquest of geographical areas with immense religious significance, including Jerusalem, the Western Wall, and the Temple Mount, was seen as portentous; however, only the full rebuilding of the Temple would engender enough reason to cease observing the day as one of mourning and transform it into a day of joy instead.\n\n\n=== Progressive Judaism ===\nBecause the destruction of the ancient Temples is not assigned a central religious role within many progressive (non-Orthodox) denominations of Judaism, \"many Jews understand Tishah B'Av as a day to remember many tragedies that have befallen the Jewish people throughout history, and to reflect on the suffering that still occurs in our world.\" However, Reconstructing Judaism teaches, \"On Tisha B’Av, the ninth day of the month of Av, we mourn the destruction of the first and second Temples and for numerous other events that befell our people throughout the ages. Together, we lament ancient and current suffering of our people and all people around the world.\" Conservative Judaism also observes it as a traditional ta'anit and mourning day.\nReform rabbi Stephen Lewis Fuchs asserted that it can mark both mourning Jewish suffering and celebrating Jewish resilience. While the Classical Reform position has discouraged observance of Tisha b'Av, and many Reform temples still do not observe it, some New Reform synagogues observe Tisha b'Av. Lawrence A. Hoffman has described the contemporary Reform stance on Tisha b'Av as \"ambivalent and complicated\". Some Reform Jews who observe Tisha b'Av frame their observance through the lens of social justice or progressive Zionism.\nThe creation of the State of Israel played a significant role in shaping the Conservative approach to Tisha b'Av. Historically, Tisha b'Av was rarely discussed or observed in the Conservative movement until the 1940s, when Camp Ramah was founded by the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. The Zionist stance of Camp Ramah emphasized the importance of observing Tisha b'Av. Some Conservative Jews feel ambivalent towards Tisha b'Av or have abandoned it because the contemporary city of Jerusalem is thriving and is not in ruins. However, the large majority of Conservative synagogues maintain observance of Tisha b'Av.\n\n\n== Other traditions ==\nIranian Jews refer to this holiday as Noi (pronounced No-ee), which likely comes from the Persian word “noh” meaning nine. The eve of Tisha b'Av is similarly referred to as Shab-e Noi, meaning night of the ninth.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nJewish holidays\n\n\n== Explanatory notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nRachel's Tears: Finding Meaning in Mourning on Tisha B'av - video by Rabbi David Fohrman, Aleph Beta\nPeninei Halakha by Rabbi Eliezer Melamed\nWhat is Tisha B'Av: The Jewish Day of Mourning? video by BimBam\nHow We Can Sweeten the Judgments this Tisha B'Av- ShiratMiriam.com<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " Two of the galaxies in the middle of the group have clearly moms to collide, sparking massive bursts of star formation and drawing off long \"tails\" of stars. Astronomers have predicted that all five galaxies may eventually merge into one large elliptical galaxy.\n\n\n== Namesakes ==\nUSS Pegasus (AK-48) and USS Pegasus (PHM-1) are United States navy ships named after the constellation \"Pegasus\".\nThe Beyblade top Storm Pegasus 105RF and its evolutions Galaxy Pegasus W105R2F and Cosmic Pegasus F:D are based on Pegasus constellation.\nPegasus Seiya, main character from the manga and anime Saint Seiya, was named after the constellation Pegasus.\n\n\n== See also ==\nPegasus (Chinese astronomy)\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n=== Cited texts ===\nSchlegel, Gustaaf (1967) [1875]. Uranographie Chinoise (in French). Taipei, Republic of China: Ch'eng Wen Publishing Company.\nStaal, Julius (1988). The New Patterns in the Night Sky: Myths and Legends of the Stars. Blacksburg: McDonald and Woodward Publishing Company. ISBN 0-939923-10-6.\nWagman, Morton (2003). Lost Stars: Lost, Missing and Troublesome Stars from the Catalogues of Johannes Bayer, Nicholas Louis de Lacaille, John Flamsteed, and Sundry Others. Blacksburg, Virginia: The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-939923-78-6.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nThe Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Pegasus\nThe clickable Pegasus\nStar Tales – Pegasus\nWarburg Institute Iconographic Database (ca 160 medieval and early modern images of Pegasus)<|endoftext|>" | |
| } | |
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| "example": " among 29 contributing buildings.\n\n\n== Geography ==\n\nGenoa is located on the western edge of the Carson Valley, 7 miles (11 km) northwest of Minden, the Douglas County seat. Nevada State Route 206 enters Genoa from the south as Foothill Road, then turns east in the center of town onto Genoa Lane. According to the United States Census Bureau, the census-designated place of Genoa has a total area of 9.2 square miles (23.8 km2), all land.\n\n\n=== Climate ===\nThe area has a Köppen Climate Classification of Csb, which is a warm-summer Mediterranean climate.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nMormon Station State Historic Park\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nHistoric American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. NV-3-12, \"Genoa, General View, 1890, Genoa, Douglas County, NV\", 1 photo<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " species. The flour was moistened with water, and the resulting paste was kneaded into cakes and dried.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Further reading ==\nCornett, J. W. (2019). The Joshua Tree (second ed.). Palm Springs, California: Nature Trails Press.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nYucca brevifolia in the CalPhotos photo database, University of California, Berkeley\n\"Yucca brevifolia\". Calflora. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.\n\"Yucca brevifolia\". Plants for a Future.\nJepson Manual Treatment: Yucca brevifolia\neFloras.org – Flora of North America: Yucca brevifolia\neFloras.org: Range Map\nJoshua Tree National Park website\nDesert Trees: Yucca brevifolia<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "Jean Baptiste Douville (1794–1837), French traveller, was born at Hambye, in the department of Manche. Having at an early age inherited a fortune, he decided to gratify his taste for foreign travel. According to his own profession he visited India, Kashmir, Khorasan, Persia, Asia Minor and many parts of Europe. In 1826 he went to South America, and in 1827 left Brazil for the Portuguese possessions on the West Coast of Africa, where his presence in March 1828 is proved by the mention made of him in letters of Castello Branco, the governor-general of Luanda.\nIn May 1831 he reappeared in France, claiming to have pushed his explorations into the very heart of central Africa. His story was readily accepted by the Société de Géographie of Paris, which hastened to recognize his services by assigning him the great gold medal, and appointing him their secretary for the year 1832. On the publication of his narrative, Voyage au Congo et dans l'interieur de l'Afrique Equinoxiale, which occupied three volumes and was accompanied by an elaborate atlas, public enthusiasm ran high.\n\nBefore the year 1832 was out, however, it was established that Douville's voyage was romance and not verity. He had probably been inspired by the appearance of René Caillié's account of his journey to Timbuktu, and wished to obtain a share of the fame attaching to African explorers. Douville tried vainly to establish the truth of his story in Ma Defense (1832), and Trente Mois de ma Vie, ou Quinze Mois avant et Quinze Mois aprés ma Voyage au Congo (1833).\nMile Audrun, a lady to whom he was about to be married, committed suicide from grief at the disgrace; and the adventurer withdrew in 1833 to Brazil, and proceeded to make explorations in the Amazon Basin. According to Dr G. Gardner, in his Travels in the Interior of Brazil (1846), he was murdered in 1837 on the banks of the São Francisco River for charging too high for his medical assistance. Douville may well have explored part of the province of Angola, and Sir Richard Burton maintained that the Frenchman's descriptions of the country of the Congo were lifelike; that his observations on the anthropology, ceremonies, customs and maladies of the people were remarkably accurate; and that even the native words used in his narrative were \"for the most part given with unusual correctness.\" It has been shown, however, that the chief source of Douville's inspiration was a number of unpublished Portuguese manuscripts to which he had access.\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\nHis published journals include:\n\nUn voyage au Congo, 1827-1828: les tribulations d’un aventurier en Afrique équinoxiale. édition établie et présentée par Chantal Edel. Paris: La Table ronde, c1991. (ISBN 2-7103-0463-5)\nVoyage au Congo et dans l’intérieur de l’Afrique équinoxiale, fait dans les années 1828, 1829 et 1830. Paris: Chez J. Renouard, 1832. (3 volumes)\n\n\n== References ==<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "The Muddy River, formerly known as the Moapa River, is a short river located in Clark County, in southern Nevada, United States. It is in the Mojave Desert, approximately 60 miles (97 km) north of Las Vegas.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nThe Muddy River is approximately 32 miles (51 km) long. It begins as a series of thermal springs in the Moapa Valley before continuing on its course to Lake Mead, where it drains into the northern arm of the lake near Overton, Nevada. Before the Hoover Dam's construction, the Muddy River flowed into the Virgin River.\nNear the town of Glendale the Muddy River collects the flow from the Meadow Valley Wash, forming the principal drainage system for southeastern Nevada.\n\n\n== Moapa National Wildlife Refuge ==\nThe Moapa Valley area is home to a wide variety of rare and endangered species, including fish, invertebrates, birds, and plants. Three endangered fish inhabit the area: the Moapa dace (Moapa coriacea), the Virgin River chub (Gila seminuda), and the White River springfish (Crenichthys baileyi moapae). These species can be found throughout the various springs, called the Muddy Springs, that feed the Muddy River.\nThe U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has created the Moapa National Wildlife Refuge at the Warm Springs Natural Area, as part of the Desert National Wildlife Refuge Complex. In another effort to help protect and preserve the fragile habitats in the Muddy Springs area, the Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA) and various environmental associations have organized an effort to conserve these species.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe area was part of the Native American Paiute peoples homeland for centuries, with the Mojave to the south. \"Moapa\" is a Southern Paiute language word meaning \"muddy\"; although \"Moapa River\" was formerly the official name, local usage tended to translate the name, and it was made official in 1960.\nThe Old Spanish Trail originally followed the Virgin River all the way to the Colorado River and followed it westward. In 1844, the expedition of John C. Frémont discovered a cutoff route that avoided the Colorado River, following a route between Resting Springs in California, and the Virgin River Valley that passed through Las Vegas Springs and crossed the Muddy River near modern Glendale. Mormon pioneers blazed a wagon road from Salt Lake City to Los Angeles along this pack trail in 1847, followed by Forty-niners attempting to avoid the winter snows of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and wagon trains of Mormon colonists on their way to settle in San Bernardino in 1852. By 1855 it had become a cold season freight route between Utah and Southern California that remained in use in Southern Nevada into the 20th century.\nMormon settlers established several settlements in the Muddy River area in 1864, including the town of St. Thomas, which by 1938 was submerged under Lake Mead until recently. Some of the towns ruins can be still seen during low water levels. Some Paiutes fought to protect and reclaim their homeland. For a variety of reasons, including the harsh climate, unpredictable periods of drought, and a tax dispute with the State of Nevada, the Mormons abandoned the area in 1871. Many of the LDS people returned to the area in the 1880s and it currently has a substantial LDS population\n\n\n== See also ==\nMormon Corridor\nCategory: Desert National Wildlife Refuge Complex\n\n\n== References ==<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " is restricted in cosmetics. The list states that triclosan is currently allowed in cosmetics up to 0.3%, and 0.03% in mouthwashes and other oral products with required warnings to avoid swallowing and not for use in children under the age of 12.\nTriclosan was not approved by the European Commission as an active substance for use in biocidal products for product-type 1 in January 2016. In the United States, manufacturers of products containing triclosan must indicate its presence on the label. In Europe, triclosan is regulated as a cosmetic preservative and must be listed on the label. Use of triclosan in cosmetic products was restricted by the EU commission in 2014.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\n\n== References ==<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": ". 2012: 1–13. doi:10.1155/2012/469491.\nTomašić, Tomislav; Demetlika, Andrea; Crneković, Mladen (2012). \"Self-balancing mobile robot tilter\". Transactions of FAMENA. p. 23. Archived from the original on 2014-02-09.\nRuan, Jian-Wei Zhao; Xiao-Gang (1 September 2011). \"Modelling and Control of a Flexible Two-Wheeled Self-Balancing Mobile Robot\". International Journal of Systems, Control and Communications. 3 (3): 330–355. doi:10.1504/IJSCC.2011.042438.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\nBen S. Cazzolato, David Keith Caldecott, Andrew John Edwards, Matthew Anthony Haynes, Miroslav Jerbic, Andrew Christopher Kadis and Rhys James J. Madigan Micycle - A Self-Balancing Unicycle, University of Adelaide, 2010\nJohnson, R.C. (2002). \"Unicycles and bifurcations\" (PDF). American Journal of Physics. 66 (7): 589–92. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.693.5310. doi:10.1119/1.19027. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-05. Retrieved 2007-10-14.\nZenkov, DV; Bloch, AM; Marsden, JE (2001). \"The Lyapunov-Malkin Theorem and Stabilization of the Unicycle with Rider\". Systems and Control Letters. 45 (4): 293–302. doi:10.1016/s0167-6911(01)00187-6.\nZenkov, DV; Bloch, AM; Leonard, NE; Marsden, JE (2000). \"Matching and Stabilization of Low-dimensional Nonholonomic Systems\" (PDF). Proc. CDC. 39: 1289–1295. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2003-06-27.\nUlyanov, S. V.; et al. (1998). \"Soft computing for the intelligent robust control of a robotic unicycle with a new physical measure for mechanical controllability\". Soft Computing. 2 (2): 73–88. doi:10.1007/s005000050036. S2CID 17955504.\nSheng, Zaiquan; Yamafuji, Kazuo (1995). \"Realization of a human riding a unicycle by a robot\". Proceedings of 1995 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Vol. 2. pp. 1319–1326. doi:10.1109/ROBOT.1995.526027. ISBN 978-0-7803-1965-3. S2CID 7280130.\nA. Schoonwinkel, Design and test of a computer stabilized unicycle Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, California, 1987\n\nOther\nFlexible two-wheeled self-balancing mobile robot, 9th IFAC Symposium on Robot Control (2009)\n\n\n== External links ==\nThe Electric Unicycle<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " del Mondo di Diversi Autori (1572). However, Lafreri did not use the word \"Atlas\" in the title of his work; this was an innovation of Gerardus Mercator, who named his work Atlas Sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati (1585–1595), using the word Atlas as a dedication specifically to honor the Titan Atlas, in his capacity as King of Mauretania, a learned philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer.\nIn psychology, Atlas is used metaphorically to describe the personality of someone whose childhood was characterized by excessive responsibilities.\nAyn Rand's novel Atlas Shrugged (1957) references the popular misconception of Atlas holding up the entire world on his back by comparing the capitalist and intellectual class as being \"modern Atlases\" who hold the modern world up at great expense to themselves.\nMichael J. Anderson explains that the earliest Greek vase paintings and sculptures depict Atlas with a rigid stance, representing his bearing the burden of Zeus's everlasting punishment. The depiction of Atlas as a muscular figure under the weight of a celestial globe or vault visually express the Greek concept of suffering, resulting from arrogance and rebellion. These artistic patterns explore larger Greek art themes that portray Titans as a symbol of divine punishment and cosmic order.\n\n\n== Gallery ==\n\n\n== Genealogy ==\n\n\n== See also ==\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\nAnderson, Michael (1977). The Fall of Troy in Early Greek Poetry and Art. Oxford University Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-19-815064-0.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\n\"Atlas (1.)\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. III (9th ed.). 1878. p. 27.\nWarburg Institute Iconographic Database (c. 120 images of Atlas)<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " between an onager and a donkey.\n\n\n== In literature ==\nIn the Hebrew Bible there is a reference to the onager in Job 39:5:\n\nWho freed the wild donkey, loosed the ropes of the onager?\nIn La Peau de Chagrin by Honoré de Balzac, the onager is identified as the animal from which comes the ass' skin or shagreen of the title.\n\nA short poem by Ogden Nash also features the onager:\n\n\n== References ==\n\nDuncan, P., ed. (1992). Zebras, Asses, and Horses: An Action Plan for the Conservation of Wild Equids. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group. ISBN 9782831700526. OCLC 468402451.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\n\"Ass\"—Encyclopædia Britannica\nEquus hemionus bibliography at The Biodiversity Heritage Library<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " its North American consumer medicine business (including Excedrin, Comtrex and Keri brands) to Novartis for $660 million, in order to focus on drugs for the ten most profitable disease areas. As of March 2015, GlaxoSmithKline held majority ownership through a joint venture transaction with Novartis.\n\n\n== Recall and production stoppage ==\n\n\n=== 2012 recall ===\nOn January 9, 2012, Novartis announced that it was voluntarily recalling all lots of select bottle-packaging configurations of Excedrin products with expiration dates of December 20, 2014, or earlier as a precautionary measure because the products may contain stray tablets, capsules, or caplets from other Novartis products, or contain broken or chipped tablets. The recall was conducted with the knowledge of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Wholesalers and retailers were instructed to stop distribution and return the affected product. Consumers in possession of recalled Excedrin were instructed to stop using the product and contact Novartis. Novartis stated that Excedrin would be shipping to stores on October 15, 2012, and that customers would start seeing it by the first of November.\n\n\n=== January 2020 production stoppage ===\nOn January 21, 2020, GlaxoSmithKline announced that production and distribution of caplets and gel tabs of Excedrin Extra Strength and Excedrin Migraine would be stopped temporarily. Their statement said, \"Through routine quality control and assurance measures, we discovered inconsistencies in how we transfer and weigh ingredients\" for the recalled products, and that production would restart \"shortly\". However, GSK acknowledged that they \"cannot confirm a definite date as to when supply will resume\".\n\n\n=== December 2020 recall ===\nOn December 26, 2020, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission announced the recall of 400,000 bottles of Excedrin due to the containers of the drug allegedly having holes in the bottom. The concern behind the recall was that the plastic bottles, if they had a hole, could allow children to access the painkiller caplets and lead to dangerous overdose or poisoning. The recall involved bottles containing 50, 80, 100, 152, 200, 250, or 300 caplets.\n\n\n== See also ==\nStella Nickell, who tampered with Excedrin tablets\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " least to dispose of the excavated material and to transport it away. The original tunnel varied between 0.7 and 1 m wide meaning that only one person could be at the excavation face at a time. No intermediate shafts were used in the central part, unlike other tunnels, to speed up the work and lower the orientation error, but to set the initial direction of the tunnels at the two ends several vertical shafts were included there. Tunnelling would have started at the outlet end to avoid flooding of the workface from groundwater but when hard basalt rock was encountered tunnelling also from the inlet seems to have been added.\nThe emissary entrance is a few metres above the current level of the lake, on the south-western shore. An 18th century portal gives access to a first stretch of tunnel clad with large opus quadratum blocks for about 25 m. A stone plate with circular holes, part of which is still in situ, was a filter to prevent entry of logs and other large debris. Grooves in the walls are clearly visible for bulkheads which could control the flow of water and allowing the filters to be cleaned. The original plan was for the entrance to be on the same level as the floor of the main tunnel but there is a steep slope from the outside to avoid water entering the tunnel while under construction. The entrance floor was to be lowered once completed but this was never done.\nFrom the entrance a narrow tunnel leads, after about 150 m, into the trapezoidal tunnel.\nAfter Vallericca the water flowed in an open-air channel for about 2 km before another underground section for 600 m, the so-called Aricino tunnel.\n\n\n== Art and literature ==\nLake Nemi has been the subject for works by such artists as John Robert Cozens, George Inness, and Pierre-Henri de Valenciennes.\nMuriel Spark's 1976 novel The Takeover is set in three fictitious villas overlooking Lake Nemi.\nLake Nemi inspired the first name of Norwegian comic character Nemi Montoya.\nThe lake and its surroundings are featured in the game Assassin's Creed Brotherhood wherein the title character destroys a war machine commissioned by the work's antagonist Cesare Borgia and invented by Leonardo da Vinci.\nFeatured in Lindsey Davis' 2007 historical mystery crime novel Saturnalia (Davis novel)\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nAlban Hills\nLake of Albano\nNemi\nGenzano di Roma\nAriccia\nRex Nemorensis\nDiana Nemorensis\nThe Golden Bough\nNemi ships\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nNemi Ships\nNemi to Nottingham project<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " the Kanunname of 1889, the former house slaves normally continued to work as nominally free maidservants; their employers could however now fire them instead of selling them on the slave market, creating a class of free servants. After the closure of the slave market Avret Pazari in Constantinople by the Disestablishment of the Istanbul Slave Market, the Young Turks founded the Hizmetçi İdaresi as a Servant Institution to assist former female slaves to find employment as domestic workers and maidservants in order to escape prostitution to survive, though the institution is reported to have functioned, in practice, as a slave market.\nHouse slaves were used in the Muslim Middle East until the mid 20th-century. Despite the Ottoman anti slavery reforms introduced in the 19th-century, chattel slavery continued to exist in the former Ottoman provinces in the Middle East after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in 1917–1920: while slavery in Egypt was phased out after the ban of the slave trade in 1877–1884, existing slaves were noted as late as 1931; slavery in Iraq was banned after British pressure in 1924; slavery in Jordan was ended by the British in 1929; slavery in Lebanon as well as slavery in Syria was banned by the French in 1931; slavery in Palestine still existed under the guise of clientage in 1934; slavery in Libya still existed in 1930s; and slavery in Saudi Arabia lasted until it was abolished after pressure from the US in 1962, with slavery in Yemen being banned between 1962 and 1967.\nAfter the abolition of slavery in the Middle East in the 20th-century, chattel slavery was succeeded by the kafala system. \nToday, foreign women are employed in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Lebanon, Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan and United Arab Emirates in large numbers to work as maids or other roles of domestic service, and are often vulnerable to multiple forms of abuse.\n\n\n=== Southern Africa ===\n\nIn some areas in the region, the word \"maid\" is avoided and is often referred to as a \"helper\" instead. This is most likely due to the fact that it sounds like a racially derogatory term in Afrikaans. Maids in South Africa were referred to as domestic servants and they included men, women, and children. They were subject to low wages, lack of a social life, unfavorable working conditions, and even unaccommodating work hours. The Afrikaans word for a mite (small arachnid) has been used demeaningly to refer to women of colour. The English word for a friend, \"mate\", is also avoided for this reason.\n\n\n== In popular culture ==\n\nOne of the most in-depth and enduring representations of the lives of several types of maid was seen in the 1970s television drama Upstairs, Downstairs, set in England between 1903 and 1936. The lives of maids were well represented in the Downton Abbey series, set in England between 1912 and 1926 and shown from 2010 onward.\nThe American television drama The Gilded Age, set in the 1880s in New York City, depicts the lives of maids living and working in the great houses of the era.\nThe main characters in the NAMIC Vision Award-nominated television series Devious Maids are four housemaids.\n\n\n== See also ==\nAu pair\nCharwoman\nForeign domestic helpers in Hong Kong\nFrench maid\nJanitor\nServant\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Maid at Wikimedia Commons\n Quotations related to Maid at Wikiquote\n The dictionary definition of maid at Wiktionary<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "er with no husband present, and 13.8% were non-families. 9.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.12 and the average family size was 3.35.\nIn the town, the population was spread out, with 33.4% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 37.8% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 3.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.1 males.\nThe median income for a household in the town was $73,302, and the median income for a family was $76,931. Males had a median income of $46,809 versus $33,488 for females. The per capita income for the town was $25,203. About 2.2% of families and 2.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.6% of those under age 18 and 12.1% of those age 65 or over.\n\n\n== Education ==\nThere are three public schools in Litchfield:\n\nGriffin Memorial School (K–4)\nLitchfield Middle School (5–8)\nCampbell High School (9–12)\n\n\n== Transportation ==\nTwo New Hampshire state highways cross Litchfield:\n\nNew Hampshire Route 3A closely parallels the Merrimack River, entering the town from Hudson in the south, and leaving the town into Manchester in the north. It is known as the Charles Bancroft Highway through the town.\nNew Hampshire Route 102 (Derry Road) crosses the extreme southeast corner of town. It enters Hudson at both borders.\nThough the town borders Merrimack on the west, it cannot be directly accessed as there are no bridges across the river. Access to Londonderry, to the east of Litchfield, is primarily via Hillcrest Road, which is the main east-west thoroughfare across central Litchfield.\nLitchfield has no air or rail transport within the town limits. The nearest commercial airport is Manchester–Boston Regional Airport along the border of Londonderry and Manchester, which is close to the northern border of Litchfield. The nearest rail service is the Lowell Line of the MBTA Commuter Rail system, which can be accessed at the Charles A. Gallagher Transit Terminal in Lowell, Massachusetts. The nearest Amtrak stations are Boston's North Station or South Station. There was a trolley that ran through Litchfield in the early 20th century, but it was long since discontinued and fallen into disrepair. There are few remnants left, including a portion of rail trail and a dilapidated trolley bridge within Parker Park.\n\n\n== Government and municipal services ==\nThe town of Litchfield operates a waste management and transfer station on Hillcrest Road, located near the geographical center of Litchfield and the \"new\" town hall, police and fire station. The historical center of Litchfield is on the Charles Bancroft Highway (New Hampshire Route 3A). Today the first church in Litchfield, the Litchfield Community Television studio, and the Litchfield Historical Society are located there in and around the old town hall and fire station. The town's new fire station opened on Liberty Way in May 2019.\n\nSeveral public parks, including Roy Memorial Park and the Litchfield State Forest, are open year-round to the public. Municipal parks are managed by the Litchfield Recreation Commission. The state forest is managed by the New Hampshire Department of Natural and Cultural Resources, among other agencies.\nThe Litchfield Mosquito Control District was featured on Last Week Tonight with John Oliver. The episode featured segments from a televised town meeting from September 17, 2015, which had no members of the public in attendance.\nThe town has several conservation areas, including Moore's Falls, Parker Park, the Community Garden, and the John Bryant River Access. The Litchfield Conservation Commission holds the responsibility of managing these lands for the preservation and proper utilization of natural resources in town.\n\n\n== Notable people ==\nClifton Clagett (1762–1829), US congressman\nJack McQuesten (1836–1909), Alaskan and Yukon pioneer and explorer\nJennifer Simard (born 1970), Tony Award nominated actress\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n \nOfficial website\nNew Hampshire Economic and Labor Market Information Bureau Profile\nCity-Data.com<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "1911). \"Telamones\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " Feature Films\nGentleman's Agreement at Rotten Tomatoes<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " out of the competition.\n Champions Runners-up Third place \n\n\n=== FIFA Arab Cup ===\n\nLebanon have taken part in all iterations of the Arab Cup, except the 1985 and 1992 editions. They hosted the inaugural edition in 1963, in a group containing Tunisia, Syria, Kuwait, and Jordan. After beating Kuwait 6–0 through a hat-trick by Mardik Tchaparian, Lebanon lost 3–2 to Syria, before winning 5–0 against Jordan. In a decisive match against Tunisia, Muhieddine Itani scored an own goal, and Lebanon lost 1–0, finishing third.\nLebanon finished in fourth place in the subsequent two editions (1964 and 1966); ever since, they have failed to pass the group stage.\n\n\n=== WAFF Championship ===\nBar the 2008 and 2010 editions, Lebanon have participated in every WAFF Championship; they have failed to qualify past the group stage on all occasions. Their first participation in the WAFF Championship was in 2000, at the inaugural edition. Drawn with Iraq, hosts Jordan, and Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon finished third in their group with one win, one draw, and one loss.\n\n\n=== Summer Olympic Games ===\n\nLebanon's senior team have never qualified to the Summer Olympics final tournament; their first qualification campaign was for Rome 1960. After losing the first two group stage games against Iraq, Lebanon withdrew and the two remaining matches were awarded to their opponent Turkey. Lebanon participated in two more qualifications, in 1968 and 1972, failing to qualify to the final tournament on both occasions. Starting from the 1992 edition, the Olympic Football Tournament has been reserved for national under-23 teams.\n\n\n=== Asian Games ===\nThe Lebanon national senior team only participated once at the Asian Games, at Bangkok 1998. Thanks to a 5–1 win against Cambodia, Lebanon qualified past the preliminary round and were drawn with Qatar, Thailand, and Kazakhstan in the second round. Following two 1–0 defeats, respectively to Qatar and Thailand, Lebanon won 3–0 against Kazakhstan in their final encounter of the group stage. However, the three points weren't enough to qualify Lebanon to the knockout round.\n\n\n=== Arab Games ===\nAfter participating in the inaugural edition of the Arab Games, at Alexandria 1953, Lebanon hosted the 1957 edition. Topping a group containing Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan, Lebanon reached the semi-finals where they lost 4–2 to Tunisia. Due to Morocco withdrawing from the third-place match, Lebanon finished the tournament in third place. Lebanon also came third in 1997, once again as hosts. With two draws and a win, Lebanon came second in their group and qualified to the semi-finals, which they lost after extra time to Syria. Lebanon finished in third place after beating Kuwait 3–1.\n\n\n=== Mediterranean Games ===\nLebanon's first participation at the Mediterranean Games was in 1959, when they hosted the event. They lost both legs against Italy and Turkey, finishing last with no points. Lebanon's senior team participated two more times, in 1963 and 1987, failing to qualify past the group stage on both occasions.\n\n\n=== Other tournaments ===\nLebanon won their first tournament—albeit unofficial—at the 1964 Tripoli Fair Tournament; with three wins and one draw, Lebanon finished first in a group containing Libya, Morocco, Sudan, and Malta. In 1998, Lebanon participated at the Friendship Tournament in the United Arab Emirates where, with two draws and a defeat, they finished in third place out of four. Lebanon also finished in third place at the 2009 King's Cup in Thailand; after losing to the hosts in the semi-finals, they won against North Korea in the third-place match.\n\n\n== Honours ==\n\n\n=== Regional ===\nArab Cup\n Third place (1): 1963\nArab Games\n Bronze medal (2): 1957, 1997\nMediterranean Games\n Bronze medal (1): 1959\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nList of men's national association football teams\nLebanese Premier League\nLebanese football league system\nFootball in Lebanon\nSport in Lebanon\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\nCitations\n\nBibliography\nHenshaw, Richard (1979). The Encyclopedia of World Soccer. Washington, D.C.: New Republic Books. ISBN 0915220342.\nSakr, Ali Hamidi (1992). موسوعة كرة القدم اللبنانية 1991–1992 [1991–1992 Lebanese Football Encyclopedia] (PDF) (in Arabic). مؤسسة نوفل للتوزيع. ISBN 0000281247.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nLFA official website (in Arabic)\nLebanon at FIFA\nLebanon at AFC\nWAFF team profile (in English and Arabic)\nELO team<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " ICI: the pair were previously responsible for the breakup and sale of ICI to Akzo Nobel.\nIn February 2011, the company acquired the Fumigation & Pest Control, Water Treatment & Hygiene and Fire Safety & Prevention businesses of Santia, formerly Connaught plc, for £5.6m.\nIn 2012, Rentokil acquired Western Exterminator Company for US$99.6 million, extending its services to the west coast of the US, making Rentokil the third largest pest control company in the USA.\nThe City Link division had continued to make losses, and although these had reduced following major management/structural changes, the company was disposed of in April 2013 to Better Capital plc for £1.\nOn 1 August 2013, the company announced that CEO Alan Brown would be stepping down and would be replaced by Andy Ransom on 1 October. Ransom had previously been MD of the company's West region.\nOn 28 February 2014, the company sold its facilities management business for £250m to Interserve.\nOn 16 December 2016, the company announced a future joint venture with CWS-boco International GmbH.\nIn March 2017, the company announced a joint venture with PCI of India to create the largest pest control company in India.\nOn 21 April 2017, Rentokil was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise - International Trade 2017. This was followed by The Queen's Award for Enterprise for Innovation in 2018, recognising the company's leadership position in digital innovation, in particular its RADAR and PestConnect systems. In 2020, a further Queen's Award for Enterprise for Innovation for Lumnia, the world's first commercial range of insect light traps that use LED lighting rather than traditional fluorescent tubes, reducing energy usage by up to 70%.\nIn 2018, Rentokil Initial plc announced a new partnership with Cool Earth to support its work in Papua New Guinea, protecting around 1,000 acres of rainforest and so preventing the release of at least 228,000 tonnes of CO2 emissions, equivalent to the company's entire carbon footprint.\nIn 2019, the company announced a new initiative to use unclaimed shareholder dividends and unclaimed shares to fund charitable causes. A new fund, named Rentokil Initial Cares, was established. In the same year, it was awarded Britain's Most Admired Company for Diversity & Inclusion and topped the league table of the UK's Best Workplaces in the private sector, according to data released by the world's biggest job site, Indeed.\nIn December 2021, Rentokil announced that it would acquire Terminix for $6.7 billion: the transaction was completed on 12 October 2022. However, integration of the business was delayed. The process was originally projected to be completed by 2025, but as of March 2024, Terminix is not expected to be fully integrated until 2026.\nIn April 2022, Rentokil North America acquired JP Pest Services which operates throughout New England.\nThe company posted growth in 2023, with revenue up 44.7% to £5.37bn and pre-tax profits up 66.9% to £493m. Direction pest control was up 4.5 per cent, and hygiene and wellbeing by 4.8 per cent. But North America recorded lower growth rates.\nIn April 2024, it was announced Rentokil Initial had acquired the Indian pest control company, Hicare, for an undisclosed amount.\n\n\n== Finance ==\nThe key financial trends for Rentokil Initial plc are based on fiscal years ending 31 December:\n\n\n== Brands ==\nThe company's divisions operate under four global brands: Rentokil, Initial, Steritech and Ambius. Additionally, the company continues to operate local brands under the names of acquired businesses which have a familiar brandname in their respective markets, such as JC Ehrlich, Western Exterminator, and Terminix.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " folds, is essential for the health and hygiene of the breed.\n\n\n== Health ==\nThe Sphynx faces challenges because of its lack of protective fur. Skin cancer may be a problem if exposed to sunlight for long durations of time. \nThe lack of hair can cause health issues with kittens in the first weeks of life because of susceptibility to respiratory infections. Reputable breeders should not let their kittens go to new homes without being at least 14 weeks of age to ensure the kitten is mature enough to cope in a new environment.\nIn a review of over 5,000 cases of urate urolithiasis the Sphynx was over-represented, with four recorded cases out of a population of 28.\n\n\n=== Life expectancy ===\nA study of veterinary records in the UK found the Sphynx to have average life expectancy of 6.68 years based on a sample of 18 cats, the lowest in the study and lower than the overall average of 11.74 years.\n\n\n=== Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ===\nThe breed does have instances of the genetic disorder hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Other domestic cat breeds prone to HCM include Persian, Ragdoll, Norwegian Forest cat, Siberian cats, British Shorthair and Maine Coon; however, any domestic cat including mixed breeds can acquire HCM. Studies are being undertaken to understand the links in breeding and the disorder. Cats are screened for HCM disease with echocardiography (ultrasound of the heart), as well as with additional tests determined by the veterinarian cardiologist including electrocardiogram (EKG, ECG), chest radiographs (X-rays), and/or blood tests.\nThe Sphynx cat has a high rate of heart disease, either as HCM or mitral valve dysplasia. In a 2012 study of 114 Sphynx cats, 34% were found to have an abnormal heart, with 16 cats having mitral valve dysplasia and 23 cats having HCM. These prevalences were found in cats with an average age of 2.62 years. Male cats developed more severe disease than female cats and often developed it earlier, at an average age of 19 months for males and 29 months for females. Since the prevalence of genetic heart disease is high in this breed, many breeders will recommend screening for HCM yearly.\nAs HCM progresses into an advanced stage, cats may experience congestive heart failure (CHF) or thromboembolism.\n\n\n=== Congenital myasthenic syndrome ===\nCongenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) previously referred to as muscular dystrophy, myopathy or spasticity, is a type of inherited neuromuscular disorder associated with alpha-dystroglycan deficiency, found in Sphynx and in Devon Rex cats as well as variants of these breeds, which can occur between the first 3 to 23 weeks of their life. This condition has also been described, but is rarely seen. Cats affected by CMS show generalized muscle weakness and fatigue, as well as ventroflexion of the head and neck, head bobbing, and scapulae protrusion.\n\n\n== See also ==\nDonskoy cat\nList of cat body-type mutations\nList of cat breeds\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Sphynx (cat) at Wikimedia Commons<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "ch had its premiere as a chamber play. The author explains that it shows Bad Godesberg in the change of time. It is a city where the worlds of \"rich German people\" and migrants collide. Nine actors perform excerpts from a protocol of mostly young inhabitants of Bad Godesberg, that Müller Münch took record of. In the pre-report of the piece, the Frankfurter Rundschau called it a \"Bad-Godesberg-Phänomen\" (Bad Godesberg phenomenon). According to Müller-Münch, these two worlds were closer in Bad Godesberg than they were anywhere else.\n\n\n=== Recurring events ===\nRhein in Flammen on the first Saturday of May: Large Firewokrs and a Ship tour from the Linz am Rhein along Erpel, Unkel, Remagen, Rheinbreitbach, Rhine island Nonnenwerth at Rolandswerth/Bad Honnef, Bad Godesberg, Königswinter to the Rheinaue in Bonn\nFeenCon\nOver the course of each year, there are always many diverse events and festivals that are being organized by the Stadtmarketing Bad Godesberg e.V. (city marketing department of Bad Godesberg). Some of which are flea and antique markets, a French market, a kids’ rally (\"Tag der Kleinen Bad Godesberger\"/\"Day of the small Bad Godesbergers\"), a city party, a Christmas Market, and a street food festival. \nThe 23rd German Fire department day took place in Bad Godesberg from June 21 until June 25, 1961. The first CTIF Games took place in Bad Godesberg, since then the International Association of Fire and Rescue Services CTIF organizes the event every four years in different cities.\n\n\n=== Rhenish traditions ===\nSeveral Carnival clubs have devoted themselves to the upkeep of Rhenish traditions, especially the Godesberger Stadtsoldatenkorps (city soldier corps), the Fidelen Burggrafen (merry burgraves) and the AKP (Allgemeine Karnevals Gesellschaft, General Carnival Society). The Coordination Committee of each Carnival Association is the FAGK (Festausschuss Godesberger Karneval, Festival Committee of Godesberger Carnival). In the carnival season, the clubs also organize a variety of meetings, and on the carnival Sunday a lavish parade. All clubs engage in youth work.\n\n\n== Education ==\n\n\n=== Secondary schools ===\nNicolaus-Cusanus-Gymnasium (NCG)\nAloisiuskolleg (AKO), partnerschool of the CFG\nAmos-Comenius-Gymnasium Bonn (AMOS/ACG) (DE)\nClara-Fey-Gymnasium (CFG), partnerschool of the AKO\nKonrad-Adenauer-Gymnasium (KAG) (DE)\nPädagogium Godesberg - Otto-Kühne-Schule (PÄDA)\n\n\n=== International schools ===\nBonn International School (BIS)\nIndependent Bonn International School (IBIS)\nKing Fahd Academy (closed)\n\n\n== Notable residents ==\nPaul Kemp (1896–1953), stage and film actor\nKlaus Barbie (1913–1991), SS and Gestapo functionary during WW II, war criminal known as \"the butcher of Lyon\".\nMichaela Endler (born 1945), former cross-country skier\nHarald Weinberg (born 1957), politician (The Linke)\nJohannes B. Kerner(born 1964), television host and journalist.\n\n\n== Trivia ==\nJohn le Carré's novel The Little Drummer Girl begins with the bombing of the house of the Israeli labour attaché in Bad Godesberg.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website (in German)\nBad Godesberg section of Bonn city website (in English)<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " ==\nDirectly-acting antiviral agents:\n\nImidazo[1,2-a]pyridines:\nTegobuvir (GS-9190) - an allosteric, non-nucleoside hepatitis C virus NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor targeting the thumb II allosteric site.\n\n\n== DAergic ==\nPIP3EA [885446-91-3] D4 agonist, shown to induce penile erection in rats.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Imidazopyridines at Wikimedia Commons<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " in an address book seized from Radomski's house by federal agents. Vaughn's trainer instructed him to take HGH in attempt to recover from injury.\nMitchell requested a meeting with Vaughn to provide him information about these allegations and an opportunity to respond, but Vaughn did not agree to meet.\nIn 2025, Vaughn ultimately acknowledged that he took HGH for ongoing knee issues late in his career.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of Major League Baseball career home run leaders\nList of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders\nList of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders\nList of Major League Baseball players named in the Mitchell Report\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nCareer statistics from MLB · ESPN · Baseball Reference · Fangraphs · Baseball Reference (Minors) · Retrosheet · Baseball Almanac \nUSA Today article<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " portrayed again by Elliot Page. As of a dystopian future controlled by the Sentinels, she has developed the ability to send a person's consciousness into their past self, which she uses to help the surviving X-Men combat the Sentinels. She later uses this ability to send Logan's mind back in time to his past self in 1973 to avert the Sentinels' creation as his mind is the only one capable of surviving the mental rigors of the journey. In the \"Rogue Cut\" of the film, Rogue takes over for Pryde in keeping Logan's mind in the past after Pryde is injured. During the final battle, Pryde saves Magneto from being killed by Sentinels. After Logan's mission succeeds and the timeline is successfully altered in both versions of the film, Pryde becomes a teacher at the Xavier Institute alongside Colossus.\nIn January 2018, a Kitty Pryde solo film was announced to be in development at 20th Century Fox, with Tim Miller attached as the director and Brian Michael Bendis as the writer. However, following Disney's purchase of 21st Century Fox in March 2019, Fox executive Emma Watts described The New Mutants as the final film in the X-Men film series, which brought development on the Kitty Pryde film to an end.\n\n\n=== Video games ===\nKitty Pryde appears as a non-player character (NPC) in X-Men (1992). In the 2010 re-release, she is voiced by Mela Lee.\nKitty Pryde as Shadowcat appears as a playable character in X-Men II: The Fall of the Mutants.\nKitty Pryde as Shadowcat appears as an NPC in X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse, voiced by Kim Mai Guest.\nKitty Pryde as Shadowcat appears in X-Men: The Official Game, voiced again by Kim Mai Guest.\nKitty Pryde as Shadowcat appears as a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online, voiced by Tara Strong.\nKitty Pryde appears as a playable character in Marvel: Avengers Alliance.\nKitty Pryde appears as a playable character in Uncanny X-Men: Days of Future Past.\nKitty Pryde appears as a playable character in Marvel Heroes, voiced again by Danielle Judovits.\nKitty Pryde appears as a playable character in Marvel Future Fight.\nKitty Pryde appears as a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest.\nKitty Pryde appears as a playable character in Marvel Strike Force.\n\n\n=== Merchandise ===\nKitty Pryde has received numerous action figures in the Marvel Legends line, including her All-New X-Men outfit in the 2016 Juggernaut wave, her Age of Apocalypse outfit in the 2021 Age of Apocalypse Colossus wave, and her blue Shadowcat outfit in the 2022 Excalibur 3-pack.\nKitty Pryde has received multiple Heroclix figures.\nKitty Pryde has received multiple Pop! figures by Funko, all featuring Lockheed.\nKitty Pryde and Lockheed received a Q-Fig figure from Quantum Mechanix.\n\n\n=== Miscellaneous ===\nKitty Pryde as Shadowcat appears in the Astonishing X-Men motion comic, initially voiced by Eileen Stevens and later by Laura Harris.\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nKate Pryde at Marvel.com\nShadowcat (Age of Apocalypse) at Marvel.com\nShadowcat (Ultimate) at Marvel.com\nKitty Pryde (Earth-58163) at Marvel.com<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " scattered, Bugsy offers cinematic homage to the infamous underworld legend, chiefly through a magnetic performance from Warren Beatty in the title role.\" On Metacritic, the film has a score of 80 out of 100 based on 27 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".\nRoger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film four out of four stars, writing that \"Bugsy moves with a lightness that belies its strength,\" and praised it for vibrating \"with optimism and passion, with the exuberance of the con man on his game.\" The New York Times praised Beatty's portrayal of Bugsy Siegel, describing it as \"charismatic yet unsettling,\" and lauded the film's richly detailed period setting.\nVariety called the film \"sumptuous\" and \"evocative,\" singling out the performances of Beatty and Annette Bening, as well as Barry Levinson's direction. Empire gave a positive review, noting that \"Bugsy boasts style and charisma,\" although it observed that the film's pacing occasionally wavered.\nIn a review for Entertainment Weekly, Owen Gleiberman described the film as \"slick and opulent,\" crediting Beatty and Bening's chemistry but critiquing the narrative for not fully exploring Siegel's darker complexities. The Guardian later commented that while the film took liberties with historical accuracy, it captured \"the feverish glamour\" of its subject.\nTime Out praised the film's visual composition and period detail but criticized its length and narrative meandering. The Austin Chronicle found Bugsy to be a \"lavish, absorbing biopic\" that balanced style with strong performances, though it noted that the film occasionally romanticized its subject. Common Sense Media also praised the film's craftsmanship and performances, while cautioning that its violent and mature themes made it suitable for older audiences.\n\n\n== Accolades ==\n\nThe film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:\n\n2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:\nBugsy Siegel – Nominated Villain\n2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:\nVirginia Hill: \"Why don't you go outside and jerk yourself a soda?\" – Nominated\n2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:\nNominated Gangster Film\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of films set in Las Vegas\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nBugsy at IMDb\nBugsy at the TCM Movie Database\nBugsy at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films\nBugsy at Box Office Mojo\nBugsy at Rotten Tomatoes<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "ibus crime bill, the Crime Control Act of 1990, that amended the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, that classified anabolic steroids as controlled substances and added a new section which reads:\n\nProhibited distribution of human growth hormone.\n(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), whoever knowingly distributes, or possesses with intent to distribute, human growth hormone for any use in humans other than the treatment of a disease or other recognized medical condition, where such use has been authorized by the Secretary of Health and Human Services under section 355 of this title and pursuant to the order of a physician, is guilty of an offense punishable by not more than 5 years in prison, such fines as are authorized by title 18, or both.\n(2) Whoever commits any offense set forth in paragraph (1) and such offense involves an individual under 18 years of age is punishable by not more than 10 years imprisonment, such fines as are authorized by title 18, or both.\n(3) Any conviction for a violation of paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection shall be considered a felony violation of the Controlled Substances Act [21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.] for the purposes of forfeiture under section 413 of such Act [21 U.S.C. 853].\n(4) As used in this subsection the term “human growth hormone” means somatrem, somatropin, or an analogue of either of them.\n\n(5) The Drug Enforcement Administration is authorized to investigate offenses punishable by this subsection.\nThis section has been taken by some, most notably the authors of a commentary article published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 2005, as meaning that prescribing HGH off-label may be considered illegal. \"Physicians and other health care professionals should be aware that current law explicitly prohibits the distribution of GH except for clearly and narrowly defined indications. Distribution for other uses, or off-label use, such as for antiaging, age-related conditions, and enhancing athletic performance, are illegal. Although GH is not a schedule III drug, section 303 [333] f(5) of the FDCA clearly provides the Drug Enforcement Administration with the responsibility of enforcing the laws governing human GH. Given the clinical concerns and the legal issues involved, we believe that physicians or other persons who currently market, distribute, or administer GH to their patients for any reason other than the well-defined approved (ie, legal) uses of the drug, should not do so.\"\nThe Drug Enforcement Administration of the US Department of Justice considers off-label prescribing of HGH to be illegal, and to be a key path for illicit distribution of HGH. The FDA, as recently as 2012, has issued alerts stating that \"FDA-approved HGH can be legally prescribed for a limited number of conditions.\" The FDA and the Department of Justice have shut down companies and compounding pharmacies that have marketed HGH for off-label purposes – especially for bodybuilding and anti-aging uses. And some articles in the popular press, such as those criticizing the pharmaceutical industry for marketing drugs for off-label use (which is clearly illegal) have made strong statements about whether doctors can prescribe HGH off-label: \"Unlike other prescription drugs, HGH may be prescribed only for specific uses. U.S. sales are limited by law to treat a rare growth defect in children and a handful of uncommon conditions like short bowel syndrome or Prader-Willi syndrome, a congenital disease that causes reduced muscle tone and a lack of hormones in sex glands.\"\nAt the same time, anti-aging clinics where doctors prescribe, administer, and sell HGH to people are big business. In a 2012 article in Vanity Fair, when asked how HGH prescriptions far exceed the number of adult patients far exceeds the estimates for HGH-deficiency, Dr. Dragos Roman, who leads a team at the FDA that reviews drugs in endocrinology, said \"The F.D.A. doesn't regulate off-label uses of H.G.H. Sometimes it's used appropriately. Sometimes it's not.\"\n\n\n== See also ==\nAmerican Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine\nGrowth hormone in sports\nGrowth hormone treatment\nMitchell Report (baseball)\n\n\n== References ==<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " about by his family. He was reported as being afflicted with dementia pugilistica in his last years.\n\n\n== Death ==\nYoung died at Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia, at the age of 56 from a heart attack on February 20, 2005. He was interred at Mount Peace Cemetery in Philadelphia.\n\n\n== Publications ==\nJimmy Young, Heavyweight Challenger (1979), a biography by E. Dolan and R. Lyttle\n\n\n== Professional boxing record ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nBoxing record for Jimmy Young from BoxRec (registration required)<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "information_theory": { | |
| "train": { | |
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| "num_docs": 12379, | |
| "example": " towards Belgian civilians.\nThe war-crime cases of the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS soldiers and officers were conducted at the Dachau trials held in the deactivated Dachau concentration camp, in occupied Germany, from 1945 to 1947. The Dachau Trials prosecuted and punished war criminals by imposing 43 death sentences (including Peiper and Dietrich), 22 sentences to life-long imprisonment, and eight sentences to short imprisonment. However, none of the death sentences were carried out, and Peiper and Dietrich were released in 1956 and 1955, respectively.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of massacres in Belgium\nWereth Massacre, the torture and killing of 11 African-American prisoners of war in Wereth, committed by the 1st SS Panzer Division on the same day.\nChenogne massacre, a massacre very similar to the Malmedy massacre carried out by soldiers of the 11th Armored Division (United States) 15 days later.\nNormandy massacres, a series of killings in which up to 158 Canadian and British prisoners of war were murdered by soldiers of the 12th SS Panzer Division (Hitler Youth) during the Battle of Normandy.\nMassacre of Kondomari, the massacre of Greek civilians in June 1941, committed by German paratroopers.\nWar crimes of the Wehrmacht\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Further reading ==\nSteven P. Remy, The Malmedy Massacre: The War Crimes Trial Controversy (Harvard University Press, 2017), x, 342 pp.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nMortuary Affairs Operations At Malmedy – Lessons Learned From A Historic Tragedy, by Major Scott T. Glass. Quartermaster Professional Bulletin, Autumn 1997\nBattle of the Bulge on the Web, Malmedy Massacre resources\n\"Massacre at Malmédy during the Battle of the Bulge\" Archived 11 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine (reprint of an article in World War II [2003] by M. Reynolds)\nGettysburg Daily article on 65th anniversary of the Malmedy Massacre.\nFatal Crossroads: The Untold Story of the Malmédy massacre at the Battle of the Bulge Archived 24 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Book by Danny S. Parker, November 2011<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "test": { | |
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| "num_docs": 1295, | |
| "example": " links ==\n\nCity of New Berlin<|endoftext|>" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "cryptography": { | |
| "train": { | |
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| "example": "In Irish mythology, Finnguala (modern spellings: Fionnghuala, Fionnuala, or Finola; literally fionn-ghuala meaning \"white shoulder\") was the daughter of Lir of the Tuatha Dé Danann. In the legend of the Children of Lir, she was changed into a swan and cursed by her stepmother, Aoife, to wander the lakes and rivers of Ireland, with her brothers Fiachra, Conn and Aodh, for 900 years until saved by the marriage of Lairgren, son of Colman, son of Cobthach, and Deoch, daughter of Finghin, whose union broke the curse. 'The Song of Fionnuala', with lyrics by Thomas Moore speaks of her wanderings.\nThe name is anglicized as Fenella. The shortened version Nuala is commonly used as a first name in contemporary Ireland.\n\n\n== People ==\n\n\n== References ==<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "test": { | |
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| "example": " Tale at the Phoenix Theatre, London, 1951\nThe Return at the Duchess Theatre, London, 1953–54\nJanet in The House by the Lake at the Duke of York's Theatre, London, 1956\nMrs Alving in Ghosts at the Old Vic, 1958–59 and the Prince's Theatre, London, 1959\nMiss Tina in The Aspern Papers at the Queen's Theatre, London, 1959 and on tour to South Africa, 1960\nGrace Rovarte in Time and Yellow Roses at the St. Martin's Theatre, London, 1961\nMiss Moffatt in The Corn is Green at the Connaught Theatre, Worthing, the Flora Robson Playhouse, Newcastle upon Tyne and on tour to South Africa, 1962\nGunhild in John Gabriel Borkman at the Duchess Theatre, London, 1963\nLady Bracknell in The Importance of Being Earnest at the Flora Robson Playhouse, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1964\nHecuba in The Trojan Women at the Edinburgh Festival, 1966\nMiss Prism in The Importance of Being Earnest at the Theatre Royal Haymarket, London, 1968\nMother in Ring Round the Moon at the Theatre Royal Haymarket, London, 1968\nAgatha Payne in The Old Ladies at the Westminster Theatre and the Duchess Theatre, London, 1969\nElizabeth I in Elizabeth Tudor, Queen of England at the Edinburgh Festival, 1970\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nFlora Robson at IMDb\nFlora Robson at the Internet Broadway Database \nFlora Robson at the BFI's Screenonline\nFlora Robson performances in the Theatre Archive, University of Bristol<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.4 males.\nThe median income for a household in the city was $45,373, and the median income for a family was $51,223. Males had a median income of $38,140 versus $28,527 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,310. About 2.4% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.2% of those under age 18 and 8.2% of those age 65 or over.\n\n\n== Politics ==\n\n\n== Notable people ==\nKarla Bigham, Minnesota state Senator, former Washington County Commissioner\nFrank C. Mars, founder of candy manufacturer Mars, Incorporated\n\n\n== References ==<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "Grays Prairie is a village in Kaufman County, Texas, United States. Its population was 325 at the 2020 census.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nGrays Prairie is located in southern Kaufman County 9 miles (14 km) south of Kaufman, the county seat, and the same distance northwest of Kemp.\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.3 square miles (3.3 km2), of which 0.7 acres (2,784 m2), or 0.08%, is covered by water.\n\n\n== Demographics ==\n\nAs of the census of 2000, 296 people, 98 households, and 87 families resided in the village. The population density was 235.5 inhabitants per square mile (90.9/km2). The 103 housing units had an average density of 81.9/sq mi (31.6/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 92.23% White, 2.03% African American, 0.68% Native American, 3.38% from other races, and 1.69% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 7.43% of the population.\nOf the 98 households, 45.9% had children under 18 living with them, 73.5% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 11.2% were not families. About 5.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.1% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 3.02,, and the average family size was 3.17.\nIn the village, the age distribution was 28.7% under, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.8% who were 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.6 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 102.9 males.\nThe median income for a household in the village was $43,864, and for a family was $44,722. Males had a median income of $36,000 versus $31,667 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,529. None of the families and 1.5% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no one under 18 and 8.3% of those 65 or older.\n\n\n== Education ==\nGrays Prairie is served by the Scurry-Rosser Independent School District.\n\n\n== References ==<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": ". In January 1983, a 2-part sequel, There Have Always Been Starkadders at Cold Comfort Farm, set several years later and based on Conference at Cold Comfort Farm, when Flora is married with several children, was broadcast, with Patricia Gallimore again playing Flora.\nIn 1995, a television film was produced that was generally well received by critics. Janet Maslin in The New York Times wrote that this screen version \"gets it exactly right\". The film starred Kate Beckinsale as Flora, Joanna Lumley as her friend and mentor Mary Smiling, Rufus Sewell as Seth, Ian McKellen as Amos Starkadder, Eileen Atkins as Judith, Stephen Fry as Mybug, and Angela Thorne as Mrs Hawk-Monitor. Freddie Jones, who had played both Urk and Dr Mudel in the 1968 version, appeared as Adam Lambsbreath, while Miriam Margolyes again played Mrs. Beetle. The 1995 version was produced by BBC Films and Thames International, and was directed by John Schlesinger, from a script by novelist Malcolm Bradbury. It was filmed on location at Brightling, East Sussex. In 1996 and 1997, this version also had a brief theatrical run in North America, Australia and some European countries. Schlesinger reportedly used his own money to enlarge the 16mm BBC version of the film to 35mm, which was turned down by several US distributors before being distributed by Gramercy Pictures. As of April 2014, the film is still available on DVD in both the US and UK.\n\n\n== Other uses of title ==\nThe book inspired Mellon family heiress Cordelia Scaife May to name her home \"Cold Comfort\", and to name her philanthropic foundation Colcom Foundation.\n\n\n== Critical reception ==\nBBC News included Cold Comfort Farm on its list of the 100 most influential novels.\n\n\n== References ==\nCitations\n\nBibliography\nBleiler, Everett (1948). The Checklist of Fantastic Literature. Chicago: Shasta Publishers. p. 126.\nCavaliero, Glen (1977) The Rural Tradition in the English Novel 1900–39: Macmillan\nKaye-Smith, Sheila (1939) A Valiant Woman: Cassell & Co Ltd\nTrodd, Anthea (1980) Women's Writing in English: Britain 1900–1945: Longmans.\n\n\n== External links ==\nCold Comfort Farm (1968) at IMDb\nCold Comfort Farm (1995) at IMDb\n[1] Cold Comfort Farm at BBC Programme Index\n[2] There Have Always Been Starkadders at Cold Comfort Farm at BBC Programme Index<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "High Fidelity is a novel by British author Nick Hornby first published in 1995. It has sold over a million copies and was later adapted into a feature film in 2000, a Broadway musical in 2006 and a TV series in 2020. In 2003, the novel was listed on the BBC's survey The Big Read.\n\n\n== Plot summary ==\nRob Fleming is a 35-year-old man who owns a record shop in London called Championship Vinyl. His lawyer girlfriend, Laura, has just left him and now he's going through a crisis. At his record shop, Rob and his employees, Dick and Barry, spend their free moments discussing mix-tape aesthetics and constructing desert-island \"top-five\" lists of anything that demonstrates their knowledge of music, movies, and pop culture. Rob uses this exercise to create his own list: \"The top five most memorable split-ups.\" This list includes the following ex-girlfriends: 1) Alison Ashworth, 2) Penny Hardwick, 3) Jackie Allen, 4) Charlie Nicholson, and 5) Sarah Kendrew.\nRob, recalling these breakups, sets about getting in touch with the former girlfriends. Eventually, Rob's re-examination of his failed relationships, a one-time stand with an American musician named Marie LaSalle, and the death of Laura's father bring the two back together. Their relationship is cemented by the launch of a new purposefulness to Rob's life in the revival of his disc jockey career.\nAlso, realizing that his fear of commitment (a result of his fear of death of those around him) and his tendency to act on emotion are responsible for his continuing desires to pursue new women, Rob makes a token commitment to Laura.\n\n\n== Characters ==\nRob Fleming: 35-year-old music lover in London who is going through an existential crisis and trying to figure out where he goes wrong in romantic relationships\nLaura: Rob's ex-girlfriend who works as a lawyer and is having a fling with a former neighbour named Ian\nBarry: Rob's co-worker at Championship Vinyl who longs to be a musician\nDick: Rob's co-worker at Championship Vinyl who is socially awkward and extremely into music\nMarie LaSalle: An American musician who has a one-night stand with Rob\n\n\n== References ==<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " delivered.\nFollowing the line extension in 2016, a new order for 14 four-car Innovia Metro 300 trains was placed. The trains feature braking systems, monitoring, and diagnostic equipment developed by Quester Tangent. The trains began entering service at the end of 2016.\nIn October 2022, Rapid Rail, the operator of the Kelana Jaya Line, announced an order for 19 additional Innovia Metro 300 trainsets (76 cars) at a cost of RM1.72 billion (US$385 million). The new trainsets were intended to replace the original Innovia Metro 200 trainsets that had been operating on the line since 1999.\n\n\n=== New York ===\nAirTrain JFK, opened in December 2003, is an automated ART service with Innovia ART 200 rolling stock. Its two branches connect the New York City Subway and Long Island Rail Road to John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City. This service uses non-articulated Innovia ART 200 cars in trains of one to four cars.\n\n\n=== Beijing ===\nThe Airport Express of the Beijing Subway, opened in July 2008, uses Innovia ART 200 technology, with a fleet of 40 locally manufactured vehicles. The route is 28 kilometres (17 mi) long and has four stations.\n\n\n=== Yongin ===\nThe EverLine is an ART line, located in Yongin, a major city in the Seoul Capital Area. The line connects the city to Everland, South Korea's largest theme park, offering a transfer to the Suin–Bundang Line of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway at Giheung Station.\n\n\n== Demo cars ==\nTwo demonstrator/prototype Innovia ART 100 cars were built and used for testing at the UTDC urban transit facility Millhaven, Ontario. Unlike the production cars, the demo cars lacked doors at either end of the vehicle. Test Vehicle 1 had windows in the centre and on the driver cab, while Test Vehicle 2 is a trailer car only had a centre window and no driver's cab. The paint scheme on the lead car was orange and white, while the trailer was grey and orange. The interior of the vehicle was unfinished (no seats, incomplete floor/ceiling and plywood panelling covering wiring). Only Test Vehicle 2 remained at the facility and in 2011 it was donated to the Canada Science and Technology Museum in Ottawa.\nA mock-up of an Innovia ART 100 car was stored at the Toronto Transit Commission St. Clair Carhouse by Disney Displays. This car was unpainted and non-operational. The fate of this vehicle is unknown.\nBC Rail had an Innovia ART 200 test car delivered to test clearance in stations and tunnels for the Millennium Line. It was donated by BC Rapid Transit Company to the West Coast Railway Heritage Park in Squamish, BC in 2012.\n\n\n== ALRT car ==\nThe ALRT car was a proposed rapid-transit vehicle for Greater Toronto's GO ALRT in the early 1980s. The car was to:\n\nbe longer\nuse a pantograph\nbe an articulated version of the Scarborough RT car\nbe capable of high speeds needed for interurban operation\nAs the required capacity of the ALRT system rose, it eventually approached the size of conventional heavy rail, and ALRT was cancelled in favour of additional diesel units pulling Bombardier BiLevel Coaches, which have since gone on to be one of Bombardier's best-selling products.\nThe original ALRT design was never produced, as the ALRT program was cancelled in 1985.\n\n\n== Delivered rolling stock and systems ==\n\n\n=== Former systems ===\nA train derailment in July 2023 resulted in the Toronto Transit Commission permanently closing Toronto’s Line 3 Scarborough, which was the original system that made use of Innovia Metro technology, four months ahead of its scheduled closure in November 2023.\n\n\n== Appearances in TV and film ==\nA scene in the 2003 movie Paycheck, filmed in Vancouver, shows Ben Affleck running in front of a mockup of a Vancouver SkyTrain Innovia ART 200 train. SkyTrain cars can also be seen in the opening credits of 21 Jump Street and variously in Smallville, The X-Files and in numerous other filmed productions shot in Vancouver.\n\n\n== Gallery ==\n\n\n== See also ==\nMedium capacity system\nOther Bombardier Innovia families of automated transit systems:\nInnovia APM – automated people mover systems\nInnovia Monorail – automated monorail systems\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nBombardier INNOVIA Metro\nSpec Sheet for the Mark I with Electric Diagrams and Tractive Curves; French<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " under restoration 2009).\nLashenden Air Warfare Museum, Headcorn, Kent, (restored N° 85)\nLa Coupole, Saint-Omer, France., (restored N° 126)\nSchweizerisches Militärmuseum Full, Full-Reuenthal, Switzerland, (restored N° 27)\nStinson Air Field, San Antonio, Texas, United States (replica).\nNational Military Museum (Soesterberg) Netherlands (restored N° 24)\nMuzeum Molke, Ludwikowice Kłodzkie, Poland (replica)\n\n\n== Specifications (Fi 103R-IV) ==\nData from The warplanes of the Third ReichGeneral characteristics\nCrew: 1\nLength: 8.00 m (26 ft 3 in)\nWingspan: 5.72 m (18 ft 9 in)\nGross weight: 2,250 kg (4,960 lb)\nPowerplant: 1 × Argus As 109-014 pulsejet, 2.9 kN (660 lbf) thrust - static thrust: 2.2 kN (500 lbf); max thrust: 3.6 kN (800 lbf)\nPerformance\n\nCruise speed: 650 km/h (400 mph, 350 kn) at 2,400 m (8,000 ft)\nNever exceed speed: 800 km/h (500 mph, 430 kn)\nRange: 329 km (204 mi, 178 nmi) from point of launch, cruising at 2,500 m (8,200 ft)\nEndurance: 32 minutes\nArmament\n850 kg (1,874 lb) high-explosive warhead\n\n\n== See also ==\nFieseler Fi 103 (V-1 flying bomb)\nKawanishi Baika (IJN)\nLeonidas Squadron, KG 200's \"suicide unit\".\nYokosuka MXY-7 Ohka, the Japanese suicide rocket aircraft.\n\n\n== References ==\nCitations\n\nBibliography\n\nFurther reading\n\nReitsch, Hanna (2009). The Sky My Kingdom: Memoirs of the Famous German World War II Test Pilot. Casemate. ISBN 978-1-61200-057-2.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nReichenberg-Gerät, die bemannte Fi 103 (in German)<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " characters (such as BWWBWWBWWBWW).\nRun-length encoding can be expressed in multiple ways to accommodate data properties as well as additional compression algorithms. For instance, one popular method encodes run lengths for runs of two or more characters only, using an \"escape\" symbol to identify runs, or using the character itself as the escape, so that any time a character appears twice it denotes a run. On the previous example, this would give the following:\n\nWW12BWW12BB3WW24BWW14\nThis would be interpreted as a run of twelve Ws, a B, a run of twelve Ws, a run of three Bs, etc. In data where runs are less frequent, this can significantly improve the compression rate.\nOne other matter is the application of additional compression algorithms. Even with the runs extracted, the frequencies of different characters may be large, allowing for further compression; however, if the run lengths are written in the file in the locations where the runs occurred, the presence of these numbers interrupts the normal flow and makes it harder to compress. To overcome this, some run-length encoders separate the data and escape symbols from the run lengths, so that the two can be handled independently. For the example data, this would result in two outputs, the string \"WWBWWBBWWBWW\" and the numbers (12,12,3,24,14).\n\n\n== Variants ==\nSequential RLE: This method processes data one line at a time, scanning from left to right. It is commonly employed in image compression. Other variations of this technique include scanning the data vertically, diagonally, or in blocks.\nLossy RLE: In this variation, some bits are intentionally discarded during compression (often by setting one or two significant bits of each pixel to 0). This leads to higher compression rates while minimally impacting the visual quality of the image.\nAdaptive RLE: Uses different encoding schemes depending on the length of runs to optimize compression ratios. For example, short runs might use a different encoding format than long runs.\n\n\n== See also ==\nKolakoski sequence\nLook-and-say sequence\nComparison of graphics file formats\nGolomb coding\nBurrows–Wheeler transform\nRecursive indexing\nRun-length limited\nBitmap index\nForsyth–Edwards Notation, which uses run-length-encoding for empty spaces in chess positions.\nDEFLATE\nConvolution\nHuffman coding\nArithmetic coding\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nRun-length encoding implemented in different programming languages (on Rosetta Code)\nSingle Header Run-Length Encoding Library smallest possible implementation (about 20 SLoC) in ANSI C. FOSS, compatible with Truevision TGA, supports 8, 16, 24 and 32 bit elements too.<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "ioscorides wrote about the medicinal properties of mastic in his classic treatise De Materia Medica (About Medical Substances). Some centuries later, Markellos Empeirikos and Pavlos Eginitis also noticed the effect of mastic on the digestive system.\nMastic oil has antibacterial and antifungal properties, and as such is widely used in the preparation of ointments for skin disorders and afflictions. It is also used in the manufacture of plasters.\nIn recent years, university researchers have provided the scientific evidence for the medicinal properties of mastic. A 1985 study by the University of Thessaloniki and by the Meikai University discovered that mastic can reduce bacterial dental plaque in the mouth by 41.5%. A 1998 study by the University of Athens found that mastic oil has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Another 1998 University of Nottingham study claims that mastic can heal peptic ulcers by killing Helicobacter pylori, which causes peptic ulcers, gastritis, and duodenitis. Some in vivo studies have shown that mastic gum has no effect on H. pylori when taken for short periods of time. However, a recent and more extensive study showed that mastic gum reduced H. pylori populations after an insoluble and sticky polymer (poly-β-myrcene) constituent of mastic gum was removed, and if taken for a longer period of time.\n\n\n==== Miscellanea ====\nApart from its medicinal properties and cosmetic and culinary uses, mastic gum is also used in the production of high-grade varnish.\nThe mastic tree has been introduced into Mexico as an ornamental plant, where it is very prized and fully naturalized. The trees are grown mainly in suburban areas in semiarid zones, and remain undamaged, although the summer rainfall is contrary to its original Mediterranean climate.\nA related species, P. saportae, has been shown by DNA analysis to be a hybrid between maternal P. lentiscus and paternal P. terebinthus (terebinth or turpentine). The hybrid has imparipinnate leaves, with leaflets semipersistent, subsessile terminal, and sometimes reduced. Usually, P. terebinthus and P. lentiscus occupy different biotopes and barely overlap: Mastic appears at lower elevations and near the sea, while the P. terebinthus most frequently inhabits inland and mountainous areas such as the Iberian System.\n\"Dufte-Zeichen\" (Scents-signs), the fourth scene from Sonntag aus Licht by Karlheinz Stockhausen, is centred around seven scents, each one associated with one day of the week. \"Mastix\" is assigned to Wednesday and comes third.\n\n\n== Biblical Narrative ==\nThe mastic tree plays a central role in the narrative of Susanna in the book of Daniel in the Bible. In the story two old men falsely accuse Susanna of adultery. Their lies are exposed when one says it happened under a mastic tree, while the other says it happened under a holly oak. Since the mastic is, at most, 4 metres (13 ft), while the oak is, at least, 20 metres (66 ft) their lies were obvious to all.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nFalse mastic\nGreek cuisine\nGreek food products\nMastic (plant resin)\nMastichochoria\nTurkish cuisine\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Further reading ==<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "), utilising the same book size format as the standard UK version, 9.1 cm × 16.8 cm (3+1⁄2 in × 6+1⁄2 in). The book used place names mainly from the Netherlands, as well as a handful from neighbouring Belgium and Luxembourg. There was no hardback edition, and neither was The Deeper Meaning of Liff adapted for the Dutch market. It was reissued in 2000 with a different cover.\nThe Finnish adaptations \"Elimäen tarkoitus\" and \"Elimäen perimmäinen tarkoitus\" were published in 1996 and 1997 (ISBN 952-9646-26-7 and ISBN 952-9646-52-6).\nComedian Anders Lund Madsen wrote a Danish version with the title Madsens ÆØÅ - Dictionary of things for which there are as yet, funnily enough, no words, published 1997. It is not a translation; instead it is stated as an \"Idea stolen from Douglas Adams & John Lloyd\" and The Meaning of Liff is mentioned in the publisher's copyright text.\n\n\n== Reception ==\nDave Langford reviewed The Meaning of Liff for White Dwarf #49, and stated that \"it's very funny. Liff evolved from a parlour game in which you decide what a placename should mean, as in Paul Jennings's 1964 essay which explained that Bodmin was a unit of work equal to one-sixtieth of a man-hour.\"\n\n\n== Reviews ==\nReview by Jo Duffy (1985) in Epic Illustrated, June 1985\nReview by Don D'Ammassa (1994) in Science Fiction Chronicle, #172 April & May 1994\n\n\n== See also ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\"The Meaning of Liff at 30\", produced by BBC Radio 4<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "Just Like That (1994) is a novel by Lily Brett about Holocaust survivors in the United States.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nUp to a point, the novel is somewhat autobiographical: The author was born in Germany in 1946 and came to Melbourne, Australia with her parents in 1948. She is married to painter David Rankin; they have three children and currently live in New York. \nThe novel chronicles the lives of a group of Jews – or rather, a Jewish family – in the U.S.A., in particular New York City, over a period of roughly seven months during 1991 and 1992. There is little action. Rather, the novel describes in greater detail the feelings of the protagonist and what goes on in her immediate surroundings. Most of the characters in the novel are Jewish, and the reader gets a vivid picture of the lives of assimilated Jews in the U.S.A. It is told by a third person narrator who is very close to Esther Zepler's thoughts. There are frequent flashbacks to both the distant and the not-so-distant past and numerous references to the Holocaust. \n\n\n== Characters ==\nEdek Zepler – a Holocaust survivor born Edek Zeleznikow\nRooshka Zepler – his wife\nEsther Zepler – daughter to Edek and Rooshka, protagonist\nSonia Kaufman – Esther's best friend\nJosl & Henia Borenstein – Edek's friends from the old country, Holocaust survivors\nJoseph & Laraine Reiser – rich New York Jews\n\n\n== Awards ==\nJust Like That was awarded the Christina Stead Prize for Fiction in 1995.\n\n\n== References ==<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " Vol. 1. Foreword by James A. Michener (2nd ed.). Gainesville, Florida: Whispering Eagle Press. ISBN 978-0-9611228-0-5. LCCN 85222271.\nLaunius, Roger D. (2019). Reaching for the Moon: A Short History of the Space Race (eBook ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-24516-5.\nLovell, James A. (1975). \"Chapter 13: \"Houston, We've Had a Problem\"\" (PDF). In Cortright, Edgar M. (ed.). Apollo Expeditions to the Moon. Washington, D.C.: NASA. SP-350. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.\nLovell, Jim; Kluger, Jeffrey (2000) [1994]. Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-05665-1.\nMission Evaluation Team (September 1970). Apollo 13 Mission Report (PDF). Houston, Texas: NASA Manned Spacecraft Center. MSC-02680. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.\nMorgan, Clay (2001). Shuttle–Mir. Houston, Texas: NASA. SP-4225. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.\nOrloff, Richard W.; Harland, David M. (2006). Apollo: The Definitive Sourcebook. Chichester, UK: Praxis Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-387-30043-6.\nOrloff, Richard W. (2000). Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference (PDF). NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans. ISBN 978-0-16-050631-4. LCCN 00061677. OCLC 829406439. NASA SP-2000-4029. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 9, 2022.\nPhinney, William C. (2015). Science Training History of the Apollo Astronauts (PDF). NASA. SP-2015-626. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.\nSlayton, Donald K. \"Deke\"; Cassutt, Michael (1994). Deke! U.S. Manned Space: From Mercury to the Shuttle (1st ed.). New York: Forge. ISBN 978-0-312-85503-1.\nTurnill, Reginald (2003). The Moonlandings: An Eyewitness Account. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-03535-4.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nNASA reports\n\nAll NASA mission transcripts\n\"Apollo 13 Technical Air-to-Ground Voice Transcription\" (PDF) NASA, April 1970\nCoverage of the flight of Apollo 13 as heard on CBS Radio and WCCO-AM (Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN\nMultimedia\n\nThe short film Apollo 13: \"Houston, We've Got A Problem\" is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": ", Schubert 8th, and Beethoven 7th symphonies were among his few stereo recordings. Just before his death, Cantelli recorded the final three movements of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 in stereo for EMI, but did not record the first movement, due to a construction project outside London's Kingsway Hall. In recent years, many performances from broadcasts and recording sessions with the NBC Symphony, from 1949 to 1954, have been made available.\n\n\n== Legacy ==\nThere are streets named after Cantelli in several Italian cities, and in Brazil. In 1998, Novara's city conservatory was named after him.\nIn 2020, a 10-disc set, with remastered LP-era tracks of Cantelli's studio recordings was released by Warner. Jessica Duchen, writing for BBC Music Magazine, placed Cantelli's recording of Tchaikovsky's Romeo and Juliet among the best recordings of the work, describing it as one of the most inspiring ever versions thereof. Cantelli's radio broadcasts with groups including the Philharmonic and the NBC Symphony have been restored and released by labels including Testament Records, Music & Arts, and Pristine. \nA documentary titled Guido Cantelli. Il figlio degli dei, directed by Alessandro Turci, was telecast on Sky Italia's Sky Classica in November 2016.\nIn 1991, the Cantelli Awards were established in Cantelli's name. Widely regarded as one of the most prestigious international conducting competitions and a \"stepping stone for rising conductors\", the awards recognize excellence in conducting, honouring the best young conductor at the international level. Awarded biennially, the Cantelli Award was won by many notable conductors at the beginning of their careers, including Riccardo Muti, Eliahu Inbal, Ádám Fischer and Lothar Zagrosek.\n\n\n== Personal life ==\nCantelli's wife was Iris Cantelli, née Bilucaglia, the daughter of a noted Istrian Italian paediatrician and obstetrician, who had to leave his native land in the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus. She was portrayed by Valentina Chico in Larry Weinstein's 2008 film Toscanini in His Own Words, starring Michael Brandon and Barry Jackson.\nCantelli and Bilucaglia had a son together, Leonardo, who was but 5 months old at the time of his father's death.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nDatabase of all Guido Cantelli recordings Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "Victor Hasselblad (8 March 1906 – 5 August 1978) was a Swedish inventor and photographer, known for inventing the Hasselblad 6x6 cm medium format camera.\n\n\n== Life and work ==\nHasselblad was born in Gothenburg. In 1940 Swedish Air Force officers requested Hasselblad to construct a camera that rivaled the one found in a German reconnaissance aircraft shot down over Sweden. Hasselblad founded the Victor Hasselblad AB company in 1941 to produce cameras for the Swedish Air Force.\nHasselblad was famous for always trying out Hasselblad AB's new camera models by photographing birds. For example, Hasselblad 2000 was tried a week at Nidingen, the only place in Sweden where the black-legged kittiwake nests.\nBy 1948, the company introduced the first civilian Hasselblad camera, the 1600F, in New York City. Over time, Hasselblad has become a standard camera for many professional photographers.\nOn his death, Hasselblad willed SEK 78 million (US$8 million) to the Erna and Victor Hasselblad Foundation.\nIn 1980 Hasselblad was posthumously inducted into the International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum.\n\n\n== References ==<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " dignity\".\n\n\n== Eastern use ==\n\n\n== Significant gospel books ==\n\nSee also the categories at bottom.\n\nRossano Gospels\nRabula Gospels\nMulling Gospels\nBook of Durrow\nDomnach Airgid\nEchternach Gospels\nSt. Augustine Gospels\nStonyhurst or St Cuthbert Gospel (St John only)\nDurham Gospels\nLindisfarne Gospels\nLichfield Gospels (also known as the St. Chad Gospels)\nLeningrad Gospels\nBook of Kells\nBarberini Gospels\nVienna Coronation Gospels\nAachen Coronation Gospels\nAda Gospels\nEbbo Gospels\nCodex Aureus of St. Emmeram\nLorsch Gospels\nCodex Aureus of Echternach\nEmperor's Bible\nGospels of Henry the Lion\nMiroslav Gospels\nGospels of Tsar Ivan Alexander\nPeresopnytsia Gospels\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\nCalkins, Robert G. Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages. 1983, Cornell University Press, ISBN 0500233756\n\"Commentary\", Edward Foley, John Francis Baldovin, Mary Collins, Joanne M. Pierce, eds., A Commentary on the Order of Mass of the Roman Missal, 2011, Liturgical Press, 2011, ISBN 0814662471, 9780814662472\nDeiss, Lucien, The Mass, 1992, Liturgical Press, ISBN 0814620582, 9780814620588\nOtto Pächt, Book Illumination in the Middle Ages (trans fr German), 1986, Harvey Miller Publishers, London, ISBN 0199210608\nPalazzo,Eric, A History of Liturgical Books from the Beginning to the Thirteenth Century, 1998, Liturgical Press, ISBN 081466167X, 9780814661673, google books\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nGetty Museum feature on gospel books, and another\nPhoto of Orthodox deacon holding Gospel Book\nPhoto of Paschal Liturgy (the Gospel Book can be seen lying on the Epitaphios)\nReading the Gospel at All-Night Vigil\nPhoto of Confession\nPhoto of Gospel Book enthroned at council\nPhoto of deacon reading the Gospel\nFuneral of an Orthodox Bishop (St. John Maximovitch) showing Gospel Book in coffin\nJewelled Gospel book-Romanov collection at the Alexander Palace<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " not fazed when one of his hearts is removed by an alien autopsy team of human doctors, saying \"Take it, take it, I have four of them!\". Zoidberg has been depicted as able to consume things not considered food by humans, such as fish bones, wood, and chess pieces. Decapodians are able to molt their shell, like a lobster, leaving behind a whole exoskeleton—a trait which Zoidberg has used to fake his own death on occasion. In the episode \"Bendin' in the Wind\", Zoidberg produces tie-dye blue pearls after consuming large amounts of dirt. Zoidberg also habitually eats clothing and once, an Earth flag. Given that he refers to clothes as food and considers them a kind of delicacy, it may be that Decapodians themselves consume clothes. In \"Möbius Dick\", it is revealed that Zoidberg spontaneously grows hair in moments of extreme fright. \nDecapodians are semelparous, like the Pacific salmon. At one point in all Decapodians' lives, they enter a mating phase, or \"The Frenzy\" as they call it, which causes them to behave in a neurotic and manic way. During this chaotic time, their behavior is dictated by the tiny brain located in their rumps. They also develop incredible super strength, their head fin comes out for mating displays, their stink glands increase production and the males become saturated with male jelly as the females become engorged with eggs. In the episode \"Why Must I Be a Crustacean in Love?\", it is indicated that once Decapodians mate, they die; Zoidberg was raised by a third figure, placed on equal footing as his biological parents.\nThe episode \"Teenage Mutant Leela's Hurdles\" indicates that young Decapodians progress through various larval forms, including those resembling crustaceans, invertebrate, fish, coral, starfish, sea sponges, and clams, before reaching their humanoid adult forms. However, in the episode \"A Taste of Freedom\", a young Zoidberg is seen with his typical humanoid form.\nDr. Zoidberg is also a skilled theremin player, and is the only person ever seen in the series to be 'good' enough to receive a present from Robot Santa. He is an honorary member of the Harlem Globetrotters, and a talented hand-to-claw combatant; he severs Fry's arm in an honor-duel (\"Claw-Plach\") and eventually fights and defeats the dangerous robot Clamps.\nDr. Zoidberg finally finds happiness in the episode \"Stench and Stenchibility\", when he meets and starts dating a flower merchant named Marianne, who suffers from anosmia. He performs a \"nose transplant\" to give her a sense of smell, though he is afraid that once she smells him, she will immediately reject him. Serendipitously, Marianne turns out to abhor the smell of flowers, instead preferring Zoidberg's aroma. She becomes a waste collector and the two continue dating. Zoidberg had largely corrected his medical blind spot concerning human anatomy, as demonstrated by Marianne's transplant and his earlier complete re-assembling of Hermes' body from cast-off parts.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\"Dr. John A. Zoidberg\" at the Infosphere, the Futurama Wiki.<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " controlled hovering of DARPA's flapping-wing NAV.\nBeyond the difficulties in developing MAVs, few designs adequately address control issues. The MAVs' small size makes teleoperation impractical because a ground station pilot cannot see it beyond 100 meters. An onboard camera allowing the ground pilot to stabilize and navigate the craft was first demonstrated in the Aerovironment Black Widow, but truly micro air vehicles cannot carry onboard transmitters powerful enough to allow for teleoperation. For this reason, some researchers have focused on fully autonomous MAV flight. One such device, which has been designed from its inception as a fully autonomous MAV, is the biologically-inspired Entomopter originally developed at the Georgia Institute of Technology under a DARPA contract by Robert C. Michelson.\nGiven that MAVs can be controlled by autonomous means, significant test and evaluation issues continue to exist. Some of the problems that might be encountered in physical vehicles are being approached through simulations of these models.\nLimited flight duration is another limitation these vehicles face. This is especially true for vehicles weighing less than 10 grams, which are constrained to 10 minute flights. Solar-powered MAVs are a potential solution, but payload capacity and poor trade-offs between lift generation and power efficiency reduce their viability. However, Shen et al. (2024) hit upon a vehicle that could subvert these limitations, which they named the CoulombFly. The CoulombFly weighs 4.21 grams, yet can achieve 1 hour flights. This is realized with \"an electrostatic-driven propulsion system with a high lift-to-power efficiency of 30.7 g W−1 and an ultralight kilovolt power system with a low power consumption of 0.568 W\".\n\n\n== Bio-inspiration ==\n\nA new trend in the MAV community is to take inspiration from flying insects or birds to achieve unprecedented flight capabilities. Biological systems are not only interesting to MAV engineers for their use of unsteady aerodynamics with flapping wings; they are increasingly inspiring engineers for other aspects such as distributed sensing and acting, sensor fusion and information processing. Recent research within the USAF has focused on development of bird like perching mechanism. A ground mobility and perching mechanism inspired from bird claws was recently developed by Vishwa Robotics and MIT and sponsored by US Air Force Research Laboratory.\nVarious symposia bringing together biologists and aerial roboticists have been held with increasing frequency since 2000 and some books have recently been published on this topic. Bio-inspiration has been also used in design of methods for stabilization and control of systems of multiple MAVs. Researchers took inspiration from observed behaviors of schools of fish and flocks of birds to control artificial swarms of MAVs and from rules observed in groups of migratory birds to stabilize compact MAV formations.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Further reading ==\nThomas J. Mueller, ed. (2002). Fixed and Flapping Wing Aerodynamics for Micro Air Vehicle Applications. AIAA. ISBN 978-1-56347-517-7.\nPeter Forbes, The Gecko's Foot: How Scientists are Taking a Leaf from Nature's Book, Harper Perennial, 2006, pp. 161–179.\nGuo et al., An Autonomously Hopping-off Micro Raised-flapping-wing Air Vehicle, published in the 31st Chinese Control Conference, 2012.\n\n\n== External links ==\nDelfly.nl DelFly Micro photographs<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "train": { | |
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| "example": " a lifelong resilience to stress. In contrast, early-life exposure to extreme or prolonged stress can induce a hyper-reactive HPA axis and may contribute to lifelong vulnerability to stress. \nAdult survivors of childhood abuse have exhibited increased ACTH concentrations in response to a psychosocial stress task compared to unaffected controls and subjects with depression, but not childhood abuse.\nThe HPA axis was present in the earliest vertebrate species, and has remained highly conserved by strong positive selection due to its critical adaptive roles. The programming of the HPA axis is strongly influenced by the perinatal and early juvenile environment, or \"early-life environment\". Maternal stress and differential degrees of caregiving may constitute early life adversity, which has been shown to profoundly influence, if not permanently alter, the offspring's stress and emotional regulating systems.\n\n\n== See also ==\nOther major neuroendocrine systems\nHypothalamic–neurohypophyseal system\nHypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis\nHypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis\nRelated topics\n\nConditions\nAddison's disease\nAdrenal insufficiency\nCushing's syndrome\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nMind-Body-Health.net page on HPA axis\nHPA Axis: Explanation of the Body's Central Stress Response System w/Diagram<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "-2, paperback: ISBN 1-4012-0572-0)\nTom Strong: Book Five, issues #26–30 (hardcover: ISBN 1-4012-0624-7, paperback: ISBN 1-4012-0625-5)\nTom Strong: Book Six, issues #31–36 (hardcover: ISBN 1-4012-1108-9, paperback: ISBN 1-4012-1109-7)\nOmnibuses\n\nTom Strong: Deluxe Edition: Book 1, issues #1–12 (336 page, oversized hardcover: ISBN 1-4012-2536-5)\nTom Strong: Deluxe Edition: Book 2, issues #13–24 (336 page, oversized hardcover: ISBN 1-4012-2680-9)\nTom Strong Compendium, issues #1–36 (952 page, paperback: ISBN 9-781779-521729)\nLimited Series, Spinoffs & Cameos\n\nTom Strong and the Robots of Doom, issues #1–6 (paperback: ISBN 1-4012-3174-8)\nTom Strong and the Planet of Peril, issues #1-6 (paperback: ISBN 1-4012-4645-1)\nTom Strong's Terrific Tales: Book One, issues #1–6 (hardcover: ISBN 1-4012-0030-3, paperback: ISBN 1-4012-0029-X)\nTom Strong's Terrific Tales: Book Two, issues #7–12 (hardcover: ISBN 1-4012-0615-8, paperback: ISBN 1-4012-0029-X)\nAmerica's Best Comics, containing the short story Skull & Bones, the 64-page story The Many Worlds of Tesla Strong and the original one-page cameo from the ABC Preview (softcover: ISBN 1-84023-813-5)\n\n\n== Awards ==\nThe story \"How Tom Strong Got Started\" in Tom Strong #1 was a top vote-getter for the Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Award for Favorite Story for 2000.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nComics Buyer's Guide Fan Awards\nStrong Tom Strong at DC Database<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "train": { | |
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| "example": "Prime95, also distributed as the command-line utility mprime for FreeBSD, Linux, and MacOS is a freeware application written by George Woltman. It is the official client of the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search (GIMPS), a volunteer computing project dedicated to searching for Mersenne primes. It is also used in overclocking to test for system stability.\nAlthough most of its source code is available, Prime95 is not free and open-source software because its end-user license agreement states that if the software is used to find a prime qualifying for a bounty offered by the Electronic Frontier Foundation, then that bounty will be claimed and distributed by GIMPS.\n\n\n== Finding Mersenne primes by volunteer computing ==\nPrime95 tests numbers for primality using the Fermat primality test (referred to internally as PRP, or \"probable prime\"). For much of its history, it used the Lucas–Lehmer primality test, but the availability of Lucas–Lehmer assignments was deprecated in April 2021 to increase search throughput. Specifically, to guard against faulty results, every Lucas–Lehmer test had to be performed twice in its entirety, while Fermat tests can be verified in a small fraction of their original run time using a proof generated during the test by Prime95. Current versions of Prime95 remain capable of Lucas–Lehmer testing for the purpose of double-checking existing Lucas–Lehmer results, and for fully verifying \"probably prime\" Fermat test results (which, unlike \"prime\" Lucas–Lehmer results, are not conclusive).\nTo reduce the number of full-length primality tests needed, Prime95 first checks numbers for trivial compositeness by attempting to find a small factor. As of 2024, test candidates are mainly filtered using Pollard's p − 1 algorithm. Trial division is implemented, but Prime95 is rarely used for that work in practice because it can be done much more efficiently using a GPU, due to the type of arithmetic involved. Finally, the elliptic-curve factorization method and Williams's p + 1 algorithm are implemented, but are considered not useful at modern GIMPS testing levels and mostly used in attempts to factor much smaller Mersenne numbers that have already undergone primality testing.\nGIMPS has discovered 18 new Mersenne primes since its foundation in 1996, the first 17 of which using Prime95. The 18th and most recent, M136279841, was discovered in October 2024 using an Nvidia GPU, being the first GIMPS discovery to not have used Prime95 and its CPU computation. 15 of the 17 primes discovered with Prime95 were the largest known prime number at the time of their respective discoveries, the exceptions being M37156667 and M42643801, which were discovered out of order from the larger M43112609.\n\n\n== Use for stress testing ==\n\nTo maximize search throughput, most of Prime95 is written in hand-tuned assembly, which makes its system resource usage much greater than most other computer programs. Additionally, due to the high precision requirements of primality testing, the program is very sensitive to computation errors and proactively reports them. These factors make it a commonly used tool among overclockers to check the stability of a particular configuration.\nPrime95 has a built-in \"torture test\" (formerly \"Self-Test\") feature for this purpose. In this mode, it checks the results of stress testing against known-good results that comes with the program. As a result, any miscalculation is definitively spotted.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of volunteer computing projects\nStress testing\nPrime number\nPrimeGrid\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website with downloads for various architectures\nHow to use Prime95 for stress (torture) testing<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "Charles Jean Marie Barbaroux (French pronunciation: [ʃaʁl ʒɑ̃ maʁi baʁbaʁu]; 6 March 1767 – 25 June 1794) was a Girondin politician of the Revolutionary period and Freemason. He was the leader of the Fédérés and popular in the South of France. \n\n\n== Biography ==\n\n\n=== Early career ===\nBorn in Marseille, Barbaroux was educated at first by the local Oratorians, then studied law in Aix-en-Provence, and became a successful lawyer. In 1789 he was appointed greffier to the commune of Marseille, and in 1792 was commissioned to go to the Legislative Assembly and demand the accusation of the directorate of the département of Bouches-du-Rhône, as accomplices in a Royalist movement in Arles. \nIn Paris, he was received in the Jacobin club, and contacted Jacques Pierre Brissot and Jean Marie Roland de la Platiere and his wife Madame Roland. It was at his instigation that Marseille sent to Paris the battalion of volunteers that arrived in the city singing the Marseillaise. A significant maneuver took place during the night of 4 August 1792 when volunteers from Marseille led by Barbaroux moved into the Cordeliers Convent, and contributed to the insurrection of 10 August 1792. According to Barbaroux, who visited Robespierre early August 1792, his pretty boudoir was full of images of himself in every form and art; a painting, a drawing, a bust, a relief and six physionotraces on the tables.\n\n\n=== Convention ===\n \nReturning to Marseille, he was elected deputy to the National Convention with 775 votes out of 776 cast. He viewed himself as an opponent of the Montagnards from the first day of sessions. On 25 and 26 September, Barbaroux and the Girondist Lasource accused Maximilien Robespierre of wanting to form a dictatorship. He attacked Jean-Paul Marat and the September Massacres, and proposed to break up the Commune of Paris. At the end of the year, he got the Act of Accusation against the king adopted, and in the trial voted for his capital punishment \"without appeal and without delay\". He then participated in the Constitution Committee that drafted the Girondin constitutional project. Barbaroux called for fixed salaries and fixed prices for grain and meat in April 1793. \nOn 29 May 1793, Robespierre attacked Barbaroux. During the final struggle between the Girondists and the Montagnards (Insurrection of 31 May - 2 June 1793), Barbaroux refused to resign as deputy, and rejected the offer made by the sans-culottes in Paris to give hostages for the arrested representatives. On 2 June Barbaroux was declared as an enemy of the republic by Saint-Juste. He succeeded in escaping, first to Caen, where he organized the Girondist rebellion, then to Saint-Émilion, where he wrote his Mémoires (first published in 1822 by his son, and re-edited in 1866). On 18 June Élie Guadet and Jean-Baptiste Salle were arrested; Pétion de Villeneuve and Francois Buzot succeeded in killing themselves. Barbaroux attempted to shoot himself, but was only wounded. He was taken to Bordeaux, where he was guillotined once his identity was established.\n\n\n== References ==\n\nThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Barbaroux, Charles Jean Marie\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 382–383.<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " at IMDb\nPort Charles @ soapcentral.com Page\nPort Charles - SoapZone<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " of over 1 million copyrights to music older than 18 months. According to its CEO Bob Valentine, Concord derived about 85% of its revenue \"from catalog, rather than newly-developed, music\". As Valentine stated in his first interview, \"The phenomenon of artists' IP has never been more liquid; it is now a real and proven asset class. Investment bankers are focused on it, financiers are financing it, and then there's entities like us, that know how to buy rights, but also know how to manage them and have the relationships to do so.\" The share of catalog music in total album equivalent consumption in the United States rose from 62.8% to 72.6% between 2019 and 2023.\nThe publishers are seeking statutory damages for nearly 4,142 songs named in the suit, with a maximum possible fine of $621 million. The Internet Archive has argued that the primitive sound quality of the original recordings falls within the doctrine of \"fair use\" to digitize for preservation, that the number of downloads is so small it has almost no impact on the publishers' revenue, and over 95% of the collection is not readily available anywhere else. The plaintiffs said in response, \"if ever there were a theory of fair use invented for litigation, this is it.\" According to a legal source at Mayer Brown, the music publishers' case could be challenged as unconstitutional, since the granting of copyright to pre-1972 works in the MMA only benefitted record companies without having a systemic effect.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\n\n=== Similar projects ===\n\n\n=== Other ===\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Further reading ==\n\nKahle, Brewster (November 1996). \"Archiving the Internet\". Scientific America. Archived from the original on October 11, 1997.\nKahle, Brewster (November 6, 2013). \"Scanning Center Fire – Please Help Rebuild\". Internet Archive Blogs.\nLepore, Jill (January 26, 2015). \"The Cobweb\". The New Yorker.\nRingmar, Erik (April 10, 2008). \"Liberate and Disseminate\". Times Higher Education Supplement.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nOfficial website \nInternet Archive Scholar\n\"Internet Archive\". Internal Revenue Service filings. ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer.<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "The Squamish Five (sometimes referred to as the Vancouver Five) were a group of self-styled \"urban guerrillas\" active in Canada during the early 1980s. Their chosen name was Direct Action. The five were Ann Hansen, Brent Taylor, Juliet Caroline Belmas, Doug Stewart and Gerry Hannah.\n\n\n== Campaigns ==\n\nThe group's first action was in 1982: vandalizing the British Columbia Ministry of Environment offices. They began training with stolen weapons in a deserted area north of Vancouver and stole a large cache of dynamite belonging to the Department of Highways.\nOn the morning of May 30, 1982, Hansen, Taylor, and Stewart travelled to Vancouver Island and set off a large bomb at the Dunsmuir BC Hydro substation. The damage was extensive, causing over $3 million CAD in damage and leaving four transformers damaged beyond repair. Nobody was injured.\n\n\n=== Litton Industries bombing ===\n\nIn October 1982, the five filled a stolen pick-up truck with 550 kg (1,210 lb) of dynamite and drove from Vancouver to Toronto. Their target was Litton Industries, a company producing guidance components for the controversial American cruise missiles many feared would increase the risk of nuclear war.\n\n\n=== \"Wimmin's Fire Brigade\" and Red Hot Video firebombing ===\n\nThe bombers fled Toronto for Vancouver and ceased their activities as they moved underground together. On November 22, 1982, they emerged as part of a larger group under the name \"Wimmin's Fire Brigade\". They subsequently firebombed three franchises of Red Hot Video, a chain of video pornography stores which had attracted the attention of feminist activists and the local community and was accused of selling snuff films as well as violent and paedophilic pornography. The majority of the stores closed or changed names.\nAnn Hansen alleges in her memoirs that the police were surveilling them at the time of the Red Hot Video action, which would mean the police broke the law to get the evidence needed to proceed with the charges on the earlier bombings.\n\n\n== Arrest and trial ==\nThe high-profile crimes attracted major police attention and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) was closing in. On the morning of January 20, 1983, an RCMP tactical unit disguised as a road crew captured all five on the road to their training area.\nPunk band D.O.A released a pair of benefit singles, Right to Be Wild and Burn It Down, for the arrested members.\n\n\n== Legacy ==\nAfter prison, Juliet Belmas attended Emily Carr University of Art and Design, and completed a degree in film. She produced independent art films on the conditions of women in prison and was working on her memoirs as of 2012.\nIn 1987, experimental filmmaker Oliver Hockenhull released Determinations, an avant-garde documentary which criticized the political undertones in media coverage of the Squamish Five.\nIn 1988, CBC Television released an award winning docudrama entitled The Squamish Five. The film's cast included Nicky Guadagni as Ann Hansen, Michael McManus as Brent Taylor, Robyn Stevan as Juliet Belmas, Albert Schultz as Doug Stewart, and David McLeod as Gerry Hannah.\n\n\n== See also ==\nAnarchism in Canada\nAction directe – A 1970s and 1980s French urban guerrilla group\nGreen anarchism – A branch of anarchism which puts a particular emphasis on environmental issues\nAnarcha-feminism – A branch of anarchism combining anarchism and feminism\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nMilitant Feminism: An Explosive Interview with and Urban Guerilla Interview with Juliet Belmas in May/June 2010 issue of Earth First! Journal\nThe Vancouver Five (aka Direct Action) Archived August 27, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. Includes an interview with Ann Hansen and an essay by a supporter of the Five in Toronto.\nDirect Action: Reflections on Armed Resistance and the Squamish Five, an audio CD recorded by Ann Hansen, presenting information from her book.\nBelmas court records, court sentencing documents relating to Belmas' court trials.\nHow nonviolence protects the state, an essay which discusses the legitimacy of violence in civil unrest; the Squamish Five are cited as examples of the effectiveness of the technique.<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " state that only partially met their ideas about what to strive for, but which allowed the revolution to survive and win.\nIn journalism, some authors also understand it as a synonym for extreme extremism, ideological fanaticism, intolerance, and a propensity for violence.\n\n\n=== Social democratic views ===\nBolshevism was criticized by the Social Democrats. Thus, the famous Social Democrat Alexander Parvus wrote in 1918:\n\nIf Marxism is a reflection of the social history of Western Europe, refracted through the prism of German philosophy, then Bolshevism is Marxism, emasculated by amateurs and refracted through the prism of Russian ignorance.\n\n\n=== Criticism and historical estimates ===\nAccording to the philosopher and linguist Nikolay Trubetskoy:\n\nThe positive significance of Bolshevism may be that having removed the mask and showed everyone Satan in his undisguised form, he led many through confidence in the reality of Satan to faith in God.\nThe authors of The Black Book of Communism note:\n\nFrom the moment of its organizational formation in 1903, this party differed from all other currents of both Russian and world social democracy primarily by its voluntarist strategy of overthrowing the existing order and its concept of party organization – a rigidly structured, disciplined one, consisting of selected professional revolutionaries, parties are the antipode of vague mass parties, widely open to sympathizers, to the struggle of opinions and discussions, that is, the way the Russian Mensheviks and almost all European Social Democrats were.\nRussian President Vladimir Putin, answering questions in the Federation Council on June 27, 2012, accused the Bolshevik leadership of betraying national interests – \"the Bolsheviks committed an act of national betrayal...\" as a result of which Russia lost the First World War – \"...the result of the betrayal of the then government\".\n\n\n== See also ==\nBolsheviks\nLeft Socialist-Revolutionaries\nRussian Social Democratic Labour Party\nRussian Civil War\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Sources ==<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "Mulholland, Catherine (2000). William Mulholland and the Rise of Los Angeles. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 1-59875-011-9.\nReisner, Mark (1993). Cadillac Desert (revised ed.). New York: Penguin USA. ISBN 0-14-017824-4.\nStandiford, Les (2015). Water to the Angels: William Mulholland, His Monumental Aqueduct, and the Rise of Los Angeles. New York: Ecco. ISBN 978-0062251428.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\n\"William Mulholland\" on the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power website\nHoffman, Abraham (2000). William Mulholland. American National Biography. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1301193. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved 17 July 2019.\n.<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "\n== External links and references ==<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "linguistics": { | |
| "train": { | |
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| "example": "François Picavet (17 May 1851, Petit-Fayt, Nord – 23 May 1921, Paris) was a French philosopher, translator and authority on Kant.\nHe is now best known for an 1891 essay, Les idéologues, on the history of ideas and of scientific theories, philosophy and religious and political ideas in France since 1789.\n\n\n== Works ==\nMémoire sur le scepticisme (1884)\nl'Histoire de la philosophie, ce qu'elle a été, ce qu'elle peut être (1888)\nLa Mettrie et la critique allemande (1888)\nMaine de Biran de l'an IX à l'an XI (1889)\nLes idéologues. Essai sur l'histoire des idées et des théories scientifiques, philosophiques, religieuses, etc. en France depuis 1789 (1891) online text, reprinted 1971 by Burt Franklin\n\n\n== External links ==\nWorks by or about François Picavet at the Internet Archive\nBiography in French<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "Justus van Effen (21 February 1684 – 18 September 1735) was a Dutch writer, who wrote chiefly in French but also made crucial contributions to Dutch literature. A journalist, he imitated The Spectator with the publication of the Dutch-language Hollandsche Spectator. He gained international fame as a writer of French periodicals and a translator from English into French, and he is also recognized as one of the most important Dutch language writers of the 18th century and an influential figure of the Dutch Enlightenment.\n\n\n== Life and works ==\nHe was born in Utrecht, the second child of Melchior and Maria van Effen. Justus van Effen planned a scholarly career, and around 1699 he began his studies at the University of Utrecht, but after the early death of his father (on 6 May 1706) he was forced to become a private tutor, taking responsibilities for his mother and sister. He had made acquaintances among French émigrés, in connection with whom he began literary life in 1713 by editing a French journal. From 1715 to 1727 he was a secretary at the Netherlands embassy in London, where he also became a member of the Royal Society, and later, served as a clerk in the Dutch government warehouses (1732).\nWhat gained him fame, however, were his literary and journalistic endeavours. A translator from English to French, he translated Swift's \"Tale of a Tub\" into Dutch and Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and is credited with a significant influence in the bringing of English literature to continental Europe.\nAn enthusiast for English periodicals, and in particular, The Spectator of Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, soon after first issues of The Spectator he launched Le Misanthrope (1711–1712) (a widely read journal referred to as \"the first moralist periodical on the continent\"), Le Bagatelle (1718–1719), Le nouveau Spectateur François (1725) and then in his native language, the Hollandsche Spectator (1731–1735).\nThe Hollandsche Spectator was one of the most notable papers inspired by The Spectator. Its topics consisted of everything a coffeehouse audience would be interested in: politics, religion and morality, fashion, and humor. Socially conservative, written in a pleasing tone and style, it raised important issues, questioning the reasons behind the waning position of the Dutch Republic on the international scene, and served as literary and moral guide for the bourgeoisie. The Hollandsche Spectator is considered one of the achievements of the late 18th century Dutch literature, and an inspiration to much Dutch journalism and literature.\nVan Effen died in's-Hertogenbosch, aged 51.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Further reading ==\nP. J. Buijnsters, Justus van Effen (1684–1735). Leven en Werk. (Utrecht: HES, 1992). ISBN 978-90-6194-058-6\nW.J.B. Pienaar, English influences in Dutch literature and Justus van Effen as intermediary : an aspect of eighteenth century achievement, Cambridge : University Press, 1929\nJames L. Schorr, The life and works of Justus van Effen, Publications of the Department of Modern and Classical Languages of the University of Wyoming, 1982<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " Lombards, in what is now northern Italy. In Rome, he was baptised by Pope Sergius I on the Saturday before Easter (according to Bede) taking the baptismal name Peter, and died not long afterwards, \"still in his white garments\". He was buried in St Peter's Basilica. Bede's Ecclesiastical History and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle agree that Cædwalla died on 20 April, but the latter says that he died seven days after his baptism, although the Saturday before Easter was on 10 April that year. The epitaph on his tomb described him as \"King of the Saxons\".\nCædwalla's departure in 688 appears to have led to instability in the south of England. Ine, Cædwalla's successor, abdicated in 726, and the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List says that he reigned for thirty-seven years, implying his reign began in 689 instead of 688. This could indicate an unsettled period between Cædwalla's abdication and Ine's accession. The kingship also changed in Kent in 688, with Oswine, who was apparently a Mercian client, taking the throne; and there is evidence of East Saxon influence in Kent in the years immediately following Cædwalla's abdication.\nIn 694, Ine extracted compensation of 30,000 pence from the Kentishmen for the death of Mul; this amount represented the value of an aetheling's life in the Saxon system of Weregild. Ine appears to have retained control of Surrey, but did not recover Kent. No king of Wessex was to venture so far east until Egbert, over a hundred years later.\n\n\n== See also ==\nHouse of Wessex family tree\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nCædwalla 1 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "A bow drill is a simple hand-operated type of tool, consisting of a rod (the spindle or drill shaft) that is set in rapid rotary motion by means of a cord wrapped around it, kept taut by a bow which is pushed back and forth with one hand. This tool of prehistoric origin has been used both as a drill, to make holes on solid materials such as wood, stone, bone, or teeth, and as a fire drill to start a fire.\n\nThe spindle can be held into a fixed frame, or by a hand-held block (the hand piece or thimble) with a hole into which the top of the shaft is inserted. Some lubricant should be used to reduce friction between these two parts, otherwise, it could lead to some trouble when doing it too fast. A popular campcraft book of 1920 attributed this invention to the Inuit. In Mehrgarh (Pakistan) it has been dated between the 4th-5th millennium BCE.\nThe string of the bow is wrapped once around the spindle, so that it is tight enough not to slip during operation. In a variation called the Egyptian bow drill, the cord is wound around the shaft multiple times, or is fixed to it by a knot or a hole.\nThe strap drill is a simpler version, where the bow is absent and the cord is kept taut by pulling the ends with both hands, while moving them left and right at the same time. In the absence of a frame, the thimble is shaped so that it can be held with the chin or the mouth.\nThe bow lathe used for traditional woodturning uses the same principle as the bow drill.\n\n\n== History ==\n\nBow drills with green jasper bits were used in Mehrgarh between the 4th and 5th millennium BC to drill holes into lapis lazuli and carnelian. Similar drills were found in other parts of the Indus Valley civilization and Iran one millennium later.\n\n\n== Usage as a fire drill ==\nFor use as a fire drill, the shaft should have a blunt end, which is placed into a small cavity of a stationary piece of wood (the fireboard). Turning the shaft with high speed and downward pressure generates heat, which eventually creates powdered charcoal and ignites it forming a small ember.\nFor drilling, the lower end of the spindle may be fitted with a hard drill bit that creates the hole by abrasion or cutting.\n\n\n== See also ==\nBrace (tool)\nPump drill\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nThe Egyptian Bow Drill\nInformation on constructing and using a hand drill<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " fall of Sikh empire: memories of Alexander Gardner, by Alexander Haughton Campbell Gardner, Baldev Singh Baddan, Hugh Wodehouse Pearse. Published by National Book Shop, 1999. ISBN 81-7116-231-2.\nMaharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms, by Kartar Singh Duggal. Published by Abhinav Publications, 2001. ISBN 81-7017-410-4.\nFauj-i-khas Maharaja Ranjit Singh and His French Officers, by Jean Marie Lafont. Published by Guru Nanak Dev University, 2002. ISBN 81-7770-048-0.\nMaharaja Ranjit Singh, by Mohinder Singh, Rishi Singh, Sondeep Shankar, National Institute of Panjab Studies (India). Published by UBS Publishers' Distributors with National Institute of Panjab Studies, 2002. ISBN 81-7476-372-4,.\nMaharaja Ranjit Singh: Lord of the Five Rivers, by Jean Marie Lafont. Published by Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0195661118.\nThe Last Sunset: The Rise and Fall of the Lahore Durbar, by Amarinder Singh. Published by Roli Books, 2010.ISBN 978-81-743677-9-2\nGlory of Sikhism, by R. M. Chopra, Sanbun Publishers, 2001. Chapter on \"Sher-e-Punjab Maharaja Ranjit Singh\".\nRanjit Singh, Maharajah of the Punjab, by Khushwant Singh Published by Penguin, 2001. ISBN 9780-14-10068-4-0.\nRanjit Singh – Monarch Mystique, by Vanit Nalwa. Publishedc by Hari Singh Nalwa Foundation Trust, 2022. ISBN 978-81-910526-1-9.\n\n\n== External links ==\n Quotations related to Ranjit Singh at Wikiquote\n Media related to Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab at Wikimedia Commons\nDetailed article on Ranjit Singh's Army\n Runjeet-Singh, and his Suwarree of Seiks., painted by W Harvey and engraved by G Presbury for Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838, with a poetical illustration by Letitia Elizabeth Landon.\nBiographies\nChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Ranjit Singh\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 892.<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " Diplomacy\", the diplomatic actions of the U.S. during the pursuit of a canal across Central America. Both Nicaragua and Panama featured canal related incidents of big stick diplomacy.\n\n\n===== Proposed construction of the Nicaragua Canal =====\n\nIn 1901, Secretary of State John Hay pressed the Nicaraguan Government for approval of a canal. Nicaragua would receive $1.5 million in ratification, $100,000 annually, and the U.S. would \"provide sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity\". Nicaragua then returned the contract draft with a change; they wished to receive, instead of an annual $100,000, $6 million in ratification. The U.S. accepted the deal, but, after Congress approved the contract, a problem of court jurisdiction came up. The U.S. did not have legal jurisdiction in the land of the future canal. This problem was on the verge of correction until pro-Panama representatives posed problems for Nicaragua; the current leader (General José Santos Zelaya) did not cause problems, from the outlook of U.S. interests.\n\n\n===== Construction of the Panama Canal =====\n\nIn 1899, the Isthmian Canal Commission was set up to determine which site would be best for the canal (Nicaragua or Panama) and then to oversee construction of the canal. After Nicaragua was ruled out, Panama was the obvious choice. A few problems had arisen, however. With the U.S.'s solidified interests in Panama (then a small portion of Colombia), both Colombia and the French company that was to provide the construction materials raised their prices. The U.S., refusing to pay the higher-than-expected fees, \"engineered a revolution\" in Colombia. On November 3, 1903, Panama (with the support of the United States Navy) revolted against Colombia. Panama became a new republic, receiving $10 million from the U.S. alone. Panama also gained an annual payment of $250,000 and guarantees of independence. The U.S. gained the rights to the canal strip \"in perpetuity\". Roosevelt later said that he \"took the Canal, and let Congress debate\". After Colombia lost Panama, they tried to appeal to the U.S. by the reconsidering of treaties and even naming Panama City the capital of Colombia.\n\n\n==== Cuba ====\n\nThe U.S. after the Spanish–American War had many expansionists who wanted to annex Cuba. Many people felt that a foreign power (outside of the U.S.) would control a portion of Cuba, thus the U.S. could not continue with its interests in Cuba. Although many advocated annexation, this was prevented by the Teller Amendment, which states \"hereby disclaims any disposition of intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said island except for pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the island to its people\". When summarized, this could mean that the U.S. would not interfere with Cuba and its peoples. The expansionists argued that the Teller Amendment was created \"ignorant of actual conditions\", which released the U.S. from its obligation. Following the debate surrounding the Teller Amendment, the Platt Amendment took effect. The Platt Amendment (the name is a misnomer; the Platt Amendment is actually a rider to the Army Appropriation Act of 1901) was accepted by Cuba in late 1901, after \"strong pressure\" from Washington. The Platt Amendment, summarized by Thomas A. Bailey in Diplomatic History of the American People:\n\nCuba was not to make decisions impairing her independence or to permit a foreign power [e.g., Germany] to secure lodgment in control over the island.\nCuba pledged herself not to incur an indebtedness beyond her means [It might result in foreign intervention].\nThe United States was at liberty to intervene for the purpose of preserving order and maintaining Cuban independence.\nCuba would agree to an American-sponsored sanitation program [Aimed largely at yellow fever].\nCuba would agree to sell or lease to the United States sites for naval or coaling stations [Guantánamo became the principal base].\nWith the Platt Amendment in place, Roosevelt pulled the troops out of Cuba. A year later, Roosevelt wrote:\n\nJust at the moment I am so angry with that infernal little Cuban republic that I would like to wipe its people off the face of the earth. All that we wanted from them was that they would behave themselves and be prosperous and happy so that we would not have to interfere.\n\n\n== See also ==\nCarrot and stick\nHistory of U.S. foreign policy, 1897–1913\nPax Americana\nPeace through strength\nThroffer\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nA site about Big Stick Ideology\nInformation about the political aspects of the Big Stick<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "Foundever Group S.A. (previously known as Sitel Group) is a privately owned customer experience technology company headquartered in Luxembourg City. Foundever provides outsourced sales, technical support, customer service, and other business processes for large companies. The company has 170,000 employees and $4 billion in revenue.\nFoundever started as a subsidiary of United Technologies called HQ800 before being bought by then-President James Lynch in 1985. Renamed to Sitel, it grew quickly and became the first telemarketing organization to go public in 1995. It expanded internationally in the 1990s and 2000s. Financial problems prompted layoffs and restructuring in 2001. In 2007, majority owner Onex Corporation de-listed Sitel from NASDAQ. Groupe Acticall SAS, the current owner and operator, acquired Sitel in 2015. In 2021, Sitel merged with Sykes Enterprises to form Foundever. \n\n\n== History ==\n\n\n=== Early history ===\nFoundever started as a subsidiary of United Technologies called HQ800 and located in Omaha, Nebraska. Its then-President, James F. Lynch, bought the company for $165,000 in 1985. He renamed it \"SITEL/Sitel,\" which stands for \"System International TELemarketing.\" At the time, SITEL had about $100 million in annual revenue and 16 employees.\nSitel was listed on NASDAQ in 1995. Afterwards, it expanded internationally by opening new offices and acquiring other call center companies abroad. For example, in 1996 Sitel acquired London-based telemarketing company Mitre PLC for $230 million. Simultaneously, Sitel announced it bought a 69.2 percent interest in Teleaction, a Spanish-focused telemarketing company, for about $24 million. That same year, Sitel acquired Canadian Telephone Corporation.\nIn the 1990s, Sitel grew about twelve-fold to $600 million in revenues. Sitel had 24,000 employees and 70 call centers but was struggling to turn a profit. It had substantial debt from the cost of acquisitions and expenses related to closing unprofitable call centers it had acquired. In 2001, Sitel was restructured to reduce taxes and hundreds of middle-management positions were cut.\n\n\n=== Ownership changes ===\nBy 2005, Sitel had $1 billion in annual revenue. The majority owner of Sitel Group, Onex Corporation, bought-out shareholders for $450 million in 2007, taking Sitel off NASDAQ and making it a privately owned company. Sitel was merged with Onex Corporation's subsidiary ClientLogic Corporation. Onex paid an additional $51 million in 2008 and $60 million in 2014 to buy preferred shares, bringing its ownership of Sitel to 86 percent.\nFrance-based Group Acticall, which was founded in 1995 by Laurent Uberti and Olivier Camino, acquired Sitel in 2015, valuing the company at $850 million.\nIn June 2021, Sitel acquired a public customer service company Sykes Enterprises for $2.2 billion. In March 2023, Sitel and Sykes fully merged to form Foundever.\n\n\n=== 2022 data breach ===\nOkta, a large identity and access management company, had a security breach in early 2022 that it blamed on Sykes, one of many companies which provides customer support services for Okta. Documents leaked in May 2022 raised serious questions about Sitel/Sykes' security defenses, and gaps in Okta's response to being notified of the security breach by Sitel.\n\n\n== Products and services ==\nFoundever provides out-sourced call center services, as well as consulting, analytics, and support for other business processes. The company operates out of large buildings with employees that speak different languages. Its call centers are used for things like sales, customer service, collections, and back-office work. For example, employees might take a phone order for a consumer product or troubleshoot problems with a bank account. It also operates sub-brands for things like training and IT software. It also develops customer service chatbots.\nInitially, Sitel primarily did sales calls for insurance and credit card companies. It started specializing in different industries and services in 1990. Sitel started doing inbound calls in 1990 tech support in 1997 and customer relationship management in 2001.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website\nFoundever - Who We Are<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "adarajan, V. S. (ed.), Collected papers. Vol. IV 1970–1983., Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-90782-6, MR 0726025\nHarish-Chandra (1999), DeBacker, Stephen; Sally, Paul J. (eds.), Admissible invariant distributions on reductive p-adic groups, University Lecture Series, vol. 16, Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, doi:10.1090/ulect/016, ISBN 978-0-8218-2025-4, MR 1702257\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\nDoran, Robert S.; Varadarajan, V. S., eds. (2000), \"The mathematical legacy of Harish-Chandra\", Proceedings of the AMS Special Session on Representation Theory and Noncommutative Harmonic Analysis, held in memory of Harish-Chandra on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of his birth, in Baltimore, MD, January 9–10, 1998, Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics, vol. 68, Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, pp. xii+551, doi:10.1090/pspum/068, ISBN 978-0-8218-1197-9, MR 1767886\nSrivastava, R. S. L. (1986), \"About Harish Chandra\", Gaṇita Bhãrati. Indian Society for History of Mathematics. Bulletin, 8 (1): 42–43, ISSN 0970-0307, MR 0888666\nVaradarajan, V. S. (2003), \"Harish-Chandra\", Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography\n\n\n== External links ==\n Quotations related to Harish-Chandra at Wikiquote\nBiography by Roger Howe<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " hunt\". The Daily Texan. Retrieved December 4, 2007.\n\"Harry Ransom Center Acquires Rare Plantin Polyglot Bible\". April 29, 2008. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved May 1, 2008.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nOfficial website\nWhy do the archives of so many great writers end up in Texas?, The New Yorker, June 11, 2007<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " the Netherlands. In 1989, she allowed her name to be used for the Prinses Christina Concours, an annual competition held in the Netherlands to encourage the musical talents of children in the Netherlands.\nOne of her few public performances was at the marriage of her nephew Prince Bernhard Jr. She also sang at the funerals of both of her parents Princess Juliana and Prince Bernhard in the New Church (Delft).\nShe completed a dance therapist training and in the later part of her career worked with sound and dance therapy. She worked to share her knowledge in the fields of dance/sound therapy and physical contact with the blind. She worked for the Visio foundation in the towns of Huizen and Breda to achieve this.\nEarly 2019, Christina made headlines when she decided to sell several works of art. These works came to her through inheritance from the Dutch royal family: art lover William II of the Netherlands. Dutch institutions including the Museum Boymans Van Beuningen did not have enough funds to purchase the major piece of the auction, an anatomical drawing by Peter Paul Rubens. It was sold by Sotheby's for $8.2 million.\n\n\n== Death ==\nIn June 2018, it was announced that Princess Christina had been diagnosed with bone cancer. She died on 16 August 2019, aged 72. Her body was taken to Fagel's Garden Pavilion near Noordeinde Palace for a private service held on 22 August, and her remains were cremated.\n\n\n== Titles, styles and honours ==\n\n\n=== Honours ===\n\n\n==== National honours ====\nKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of the Netherlands\nRecipient of the Silver Wedding Anniversary Medal of Queen Juliana and Prince Bernhard 1962\nRecipient of the Wedding Medal of Princess Beatrix, Princess of Orange and Claus von Amsberg 1966\nRecipient of the Queen Beatrix Inauguration Medal 1980\nRecipient of the Wedding Medal of Prince Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange and Máxima Zorreguieta 2002\nRecipient of the King Willem-Alexander Inauguration Medal 2013\n\n\n==== Foreign honours ====\nLuxembourg: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown\nKingdom of Nepal Nepalese Royal Family: Member Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Three Divine Powers\n\n\n== Ancestry ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Princess Christina of the Netherlands at Wikimedia Commons\nRoyal House of the Netherlands\nPrincess Christina singing \"My sweetheart's the Man in the Moon\" on YouTube<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "cie, Eric Dickerson, Shaun Alexander, Priest Holmes, and Doug Martin)\n\n\n=== Browns franchise records ===\nPoints scored in a season: 126 (1965)\nCareer total touchdowns: 126\nMost seasons leading the team in total touchdowns: 7 (1957–1959, 1961, 1963–1965)\nTotal touchdowns in a season: 21 (1965)\nCareer rushing touchdowns: 106\nMost seasons leading the team in rushing touchdowns: 9 (1957–1965)\nMost consecutive seasons leading the team in rushing touchdowns: 9 (1957–1965)\nRushing touchdowns in a season: 17 (1958, 1965)\nRushing touchdowns in a game: 5 (November 1, 1959)\nCareer rushing yards: 12,312\nMost seasons leading the team in rushing yards: 9 (1957–1965)\nMost consecutive seasons leading the team in rushing yards: 9 (1957–1965)\nRushing yards in a season: 1,863 (1963)\nCareer all-purpose yards: 15,459\nMost seasons leading the team in all-purpose yards: 9 (1957–1965)\nMost consecutive seasons leading the team in all-purpose yards: 9 (1957–1965)\nCareer yards from scrimmage: 14,811\nMost seasons leading the team in yards from scrimmage: 9 (1957–1965)\nMost consecutive seasons leading the team in yards from scrimmage: 9 (1957–1965)\nYards from scrimmage in a season: 2,131 (1963)\nCareer rush attempts: 2,359\nCareer rushing yards per attempt: 5.22\nMost seasons leading the team in yards per rush attempt: 7 (1957, 1958, 1960, 1962–1965)\nYards per rush attempt in a season: 6.4 (1963)\nMost seasons with at least 1,000 all-purpose yards: 9 (1957–1965)\nMost consecutive seasons with at least 1,000 all-purpose yards: 9 (1957–1965)\nMost seasons with at least 1,000 yards from scrimmage: 9 (1957–1965)\nMost consecutive seasons with at least 1,000 yards from scrimmage: 9 (1957–1965)\nMost seasons with at least 12 rushing touchdowns: 5 (1958, 1959, 1962, 1963, 1965)\nMost seasons with at least 1,000 rushing yards: 7 (1958–1961, 1963–1965)\nMost seasons with at least 1,500 rushing yards: 3 (1958, 1963, 1965)\nMost consecutive seasons with at least 1,000 rushing yards: 4 (1958–1961) (tied with Nick Chubb)\nMost seasons with at least 200 rush attempts: 9 (1957–1965)\nMost consecutive seasons with at least 200 rush attempts: 9 (1957–1965)\nCareer games with at least 100 rushing yards: 58\nConsecutive games scoring a touchdown: 10 (1965)\n\n\n=== Browns NFL Championship records ===\nCareer rushing yards: 233\nRushing yards in a championship game: 114 (1964)\nYards from scrimmage in a championship game: 151 (1964)\nCareer rush attempts: 59\nRush attempts in a championship game: 27 (1964)\n\n\n== Filmography ==\n\n\n== See also ==\nMost consecutive starts by a fullback\nList of National Football League rushing yards leaders\nList of National Football League rushing champions\nList of NCAA major college yearly punt and kickoff return leaders\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Further reading ==\nJim Brown; Myron Cope (1964). Off My Chest. Doubleday. (autobiography)\nJim Brown; Steve Delsohn (1989). Out of Bounds. Zebra Books. p. 380. (autobiography)\nFreeman, Mike (2006). Jim Brown: The Fierce Life of an American Hero. Harper Collins World.\nToback, James (2009) [1971]. Jim: The Author's Self-Centered Memoir on the Great Jim Brown. Doubleday and Company, Inc. (1971) & Rat Press (March 3, 2009).\nPluto, Terry (1997). Browns Town 1964: Cleveland Browns and the 1964 Championship. Cleveland: Gray & Company. ISBN 978-1-886228-72-6.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nPro Football Hall of Fame profile\nCollege Football Hall of Fame profile\nCareer statistics from NFL.com · Pro Football Reference · \nJim Brown at IMDb\nJim Brown discography at Discogs\nNational Lacrosse Hall of Fame profile\nAmer-I-Can Program<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": " evolve into, but noted that the game was \"marred by mediocre graphics and sluggish gameplay.\" Although not officially released in Europe, the game was covered in an import review by Super Play in late 1993 and although they found the game's strategy components to be \"top-notch\", the rest of the game was regarded as \"very mediocre\", garnering only a 47% average score.\nLater retrospective reviews of the game were largely positive. In February 2007, IGN ranked E.V.O.: Search for Eden second in its list of the greatest \"Prehistoric Games\" of all time, stating \"[n]o other title before or since has so effectively captured the essence of evolutionary theory in videogame form.\" The website additionally likened the title to the then-upcoming and highly anticipated Spore by Maxis, calling E.V.O.: Search for Eden the \"original success story\" in life-simulation gaming and the standard for which it would be judged. the same website rated the game 42nd on its Top 100 SNES Games. They praised the game commenting: \"One of the most brilliantly original game designs ever conceived.\"\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n=== Notes ===\n\n\n=== Footnotes ===\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nOfficial Square Enix info page (in Japanese)\nE.V.O.: Search for Eden at MobyGames.<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "otch and coke: \"If he had given me cyanide, I would have drunk the cyanide, I was so in awe of the man.\" He would go out drinking with his neighbour, Ringo Starr. According to Barry, it got to the point where he became unreliable, and he would have to feel his way along the wall prior to going onstage. One factor in Maurice's recovery was the active intervention of his brothers, who had recently lost their youngest brother Andy. In an interview, Maurice acknowledged that his final years of alcohol abuse had been driven by his failure to reach Andy before his death, and his subsequent guilt. After rehab, Maurice started to rediscover his family again, spending quality time with them. To celebrate this, he and Yvonne renewed their wedding vows in 1992. The ceremony was attended not only by many members of their families but many of the friends Gibb made while at the rehabilitation centre. Maurice would remain sober until his death.\n\n\n== Legacy ==\nMaurice Gibb was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997 as a member of The Bee Gees.\nWyclef Jean recorded \"Jive Talkin'\" in 2005 and Sheryl Crow recorded \"To Love Somebody\" in 2005 as a tribute for him. A novel entitled Souls Stick Around: A Tale of the Black Hills and Maurice Gibb, was published in March 2012 by Bee Gees fan and author Dawnette Owens.\nA recording studio at Chorlton High School, one of the schools the brothers attended, commemorates Gibb. In honouring Gibb, his brother Barry Gibb noted: \"Mo was a real McCartney bass freak, as a lot of us were. He would pick up on all the things that McCartney would [do]. Maurice was very good on different instruments, you know. Good lead guitarist, good bass player, good keyboard player. He was versatile. He loved playing bass more than anything else, I think, at that time.\"\n\n\n=== Australian Songwriters Hall of Fame ===\nThe Australian Songwriters Hall of Fame was established in 2004 to honour the lifetime achievements of some of Australia's greatest songwriters.\n\n\n== Discography ==\nUnreleased albums\n\nSingles\n\n\n== Filmography ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nMaurice Gibb at IMDb\nMaurice Gibb discography at Discogs<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "1858) by the French composer Hector Berlioz. Nowadays, however, it is replaced by its close modern equivalent, the tambourine. The effect produced by the sistrum in music – when shaken in short, sharp, rhythmic pulses – is to arouse movement and activity. The rhythmical shaking of the sistrum, like the tambourine, is associated with religious or ecstatic events, whether shaken as a sacred rattle in the worship of Hathor of ancient Egypt, or in the strident jangling of the tambourine in modern-day Evangelicalism, in Romani song and dance, on stage at a rock concert, or to heighten a large-scale orchestral tutti.\nClassical composer Hans Werner Henze (1926–2012) calls for the flautist to play two sistra in his 1988 work Sonate für sechs Spieler (Sonata for six players).\n\n\n=== West Africa ===\nVarious modern West African and Gabon rattle instruments are also called sistra (plural of sistrum): the calabash sistrum, the West Africa sistrum or disc rattle (n'goso m'bara) also called Wasamba or Wassahouba rattle. It typically consists of a V-shaped branch with some or many concave calabash discs attached, which can be decorated.\n\n\n== Gallery ==\n\n\n== See also ==\nKagura suzu (Shinto)\n\n\n== Footnotes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n=== Cited literature ===\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nSistrum (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)\n\"Sistrum\". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.<|endoftext|>" | |
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| "example": "IN: B00O08L9C6)\nDual: A Love Story (Lamercie Park LLC, 2015 ASIN: B00S7EKGKA)\n1999 (Lamercie Park LLC, 2015 Serialized as four novellas)\n\n\n==== Nonfiction ====\nKlang! A Writer's Commentary (Lamercie Park LLC, 2015 ASIN: B014RP35KU)\nBlack Faith 101 (Lamercie Park LLC, 2014 ASIN: B00QJ09DGC)\nFear of A Black Church: Why The Black Church Looks Nothing Like Christ (Lamercie Park LLC, 2014 ASIN: B00O03PALM)\nThe Levite's Concubine: Women And The African American Church (Lamercie Park LLC, 2014 ASIN: B00O0ATRXM)\nThe Glass House: 10 Reasons Your Church Is Not Growing (Lamercie Park LLC, 2014 ASIN: B00O80HVPK)\nSex & The Single Christian (Lamercie Park LLC, 2014 ASIN: B00O8ZSBOA)\nLGBT: In The Name of God: The Church's Response to The LGBT Community (with Benjamin L. Reynolds, M.Div. Lamercie Park LLC, 2015 ASIN: B00QQHILDO)\nThe Essential Black Church: Seventy-Five Theses Challenging Our Tradition (Lamercie Park LLC, 2015 ASIN: B00TE9PB7A)\n\n\n== Discography ==\nStreetwise, Hollis Stone (1981, Sonfire/New Witness NW001)\nWhite Soul, Hollis Stone (1982 Phonogram Ltd/Lamercie Park)\nA Mighty Fortress Is Our God / The Wedding Song, Hollis Stone (Single, 1985 Phonogram Ltd/Lamercie Park)\nGirls, Hollis Stone (1986 Phonogram Ltd/Lamercie Park)\nStop!, Nita Marshal (Producer: Hollis Stone, 1986 Phonogram Ltd/Lamercie Park)\nPandora's Box, Hollis Stone (1987 Phonogram Ltd/Lamercie Park)\nNight & Day, Twynn (Producer: Hollis Stone, 1993 Grace Phonogram Entertainment/Lamercie Park)\nMinister Darryl Cherry & The Covenant Mass Choir: Live!, Minister Darryl Cherry & The Covenant Mass Choir (Producer: Christopher Priest, 1993/Released 2004 Relevant Praise RWM-4445)\nNadine's Diary, Nadia (Producer: Priest, 2000 Grace Phonogram Entertainment/Relevant Praise/Lamercie Park, RWM-4447)\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nChristopher Priest at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)\nChristopher Priest on Super Hero Speak<|endoftext|>" | |
| }, | |
| "test": { | |
| "total_tokens": 1034627, | |
| "num_docs": 1114, | |
| "example": " HarperCollins, London. ISBN 978-0-00-722949-9\n'Fraser, Simon, eleventh Lord Lovat' in Oxford Dictionary of Biography Volume 20 (1984) Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-861370-9\nLenman, Bruce (1984) The Jacobite Clans of the Great Glen 1650-1784. Methuen, London. ISBN 0-413-48690-7\nMackay, David N. (1911) Trial of Simon, Lord Lovat, of the '45. Hodge, Edinburgh. (Series: Notable British Trials)\nMackenzie, W.C (1908) Simon Fraser, Lord Lovat. His Life and Times. Chapman and Hall, London.\nOliver, Neil (2009) A History of Scotland. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London. ISBN 978-0-7538-2663-8\nThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Lovat, Simon Fraser, 12th Baron\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–70.\nPrebble, John (1996) [1961]. Culloden. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-025350-4.\nRoss, David (2005) England. History of a Nation. Geddes & Grosset, New Lanark ISBN 1 84205 319 1\n\n\n== External links ==\nBiographical<|endoftext|>" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "architecture": { | |
| "train": { | |
| "total_tokens": 7846224, | |
| "num_docs": 8564, | |
| "example": "itecture of Washington, D.C.\nPresidential memorials in the United States\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nFDR Memorial Trust for the National Mall Archived 2015-02-06 at the Wayback Machine\nFranklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial Official NPS website\nNOD.org FDR Wheelchair Statue Campaign\nFDR Memorial Legacy Committee<|endoftext|>" | |
| }, | |
| "test": { | |
| "total_tokens": 762522, | |
| "num_docs": 842, | |
| "example": "\n\n\n=== Citations ===\n\n\n=== Sources ===\nBlack, Mary (1984). New York City's Gracie Mansion: A History of the Mayor's House. Gracie Mansion Conservancy. ISBN 978-0-9613729-0-3.\nBrown, Henry Collins (1924). Valentine's Manual of Old New York. Valentine's manual, Incorporated.\nGracie (Archibald) Mansion (PDF) (Report). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. May 12, 1975.\nLeapman, Michael (1999). The Companion Guide to New York. Companion Guides. Companion Guides. ISBN 978-1-900639-32-3.\nStern, Ellen (2005). Gracie Mansion: A Celebration of New York City's Mayoral Residence. Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-6956-5.\nWiseman, Carter (September 13, 1982). \"A More Stately Mansion\". New York. New York Media, LLC. ISSN 0028-7369.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nGracie Mansion Conservancy site\n\"Library of Congress materials about Gracie Mansion\". Memory.loc.gov.<|endoftext|>" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "oceanography": { | |
| "train": { | |
| "total_tokens": 6432030, | |
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| "example": " man's pride and identity\". As an extension of salsa's macho stance, manly taunts and challenges (desafio) are also a traditional part of salsa.\nSalsa lyrics often quote from traditional Cuban sones and rumbas. Sometimes there are references to Afro-Cuban religions, such as Santeria, even by artists who are not themselves practitioners of the faith. Salsa lyrics also exhibit Puerto Rican influences. Hector LaVoe, who sang with Willie Colón for nearly a decade used typical Puerto Rican phrasing in his singing. It is not uncommon now to hear the Puerto Rican declamatory exclamation \"le-lo-lai\" in salsa. Politically and socially activist composers have long been an important part of salsa, and some of their works, like Eddie Palmieri's \"La libertad - lógico\", became Latin, and especially Puerto Rican anthems. The Panamanian singer Ruben Blades in particular is well known for his socially-conscious and incisive salsa lyrics about everything from imperialism to disarmament and environmentalism, which have resonated with audiences throughout Latin America. Many salsa songs contain a nationalist theme, centered around a sense of pride in black Latino identity, and may be in Spanish, English or a mixture of the two called Spanglish.\n\n\n== Films ==\n1979 - Salsa: Latin Music in the Cities. Directed by Jeremy Marre.\n1988 - Salsa. Former Menudo member Robi Draco Rosa plays a teenager who wants to win a dance contest. Celia Cruz, Wilkins and Tito Puente also appear.\n1996 - Giovanni Hidalgo – In The Tradition. Hidalgo introduces basic sounds, tuning and technique, patterns of son montuno, bolero, charanga, danzón and multi-percussion applications of those forms.\n2007 - El Cantante. El Cantante is a biographical film which stars singers Marc Anthony and Jennifer Lopez. The film is based on the life of the late salsa singer Héctor Lavoe, who is portrayed by Anthony.\n2014 - Sex, Love & Salsa. Directed by Adrian Manzano. Choreographer: Julie L Tuttlebee. Salsa dancer Julie Tuttlebee also features in several scenes.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nInternational Salsa Museum\nLatin Grammy Award for Best Salsa Album\nMusic of the United States\nTwoubadou\n\n\n== References ==\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\nWaxer, Lise 2002. Situating Salsa: Global Markets and Local Meanings in Latin Popular Music. Routledge. ISBN 0815340206\n\n\n== Further reading ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nLatin Music USA Archived 2009-11-05 at the Wayback Machine, Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) TV documentary, October 2009.<|endoftext|>" | |
| }, | |
| "test": { | |
| "total_tokens": 685953, | |
| "num_docs": 772, | |
| "example": " Inn at Penn Station. This project stalled along with many other hotel proposals in Baltimore.\nIn December 2017, Amtrak awarded a contract to Penn Station Partners for improvements to the station and redevelopment of nearby property owned by the passenger railroad. The partnership is composed of Beatty Development Group and Cross Street Partners. In April 2019, it was announced that development would encompass a transit-oriented hub of apartments, shops, offices, a hotel, and redevelopment of nearby property owned by the passenger railroad. Amtrak describes the plan as creating a premier regional transportation hub to accommodate passenger growth as the next generation of high-speed Acela Express trains start running along the Northeast Corridor in 2021.\nA spokesman for Penn Station Partners stated at a presentation of its tentative plans to the public on August 13, 2019, that they will seek city and state funding to help pay the total $400–600 million project cost. Included would be a new concourse and other station enhancements to accommodate the expected increase in passenger volume. Amtrak, for its part, has earmarked $90 million in federal funding for related improvements to the station and its tracks.\nAmtrak and the Penn Station Partners development team headed by Beatty Development Group and Cross Street Partners unveiled plans to construct a three-level train terminal just north of the existing station on October 15, 2020. The new structure, which is meant to supplement the current building by accommodating all passenger-oriented functions with the expectation of increased traffic from the potential installation of a high-speed rail line, will be bordered by Charles Street to the west, Lanvale Street to the north, St. Paul Street to the east and the facility's railroad tracks to the south. The existing Penn Station's restoration began in 2021, with its upper levels converted into office space and restaurants and shops occupying the ground level.\nIn a June 8, 2021 editorial, The Baltimore Sun reported that the controversial Male/Female statue was not shown in the development team's conceptual drawings for the station plaza. The developers said no decision had been reached about its future, and the newspaper called for public input on the issue.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Baltimore Penn Station at Wikimedia Commons\n\nBaltimore, MD–Penn Station – Amtrak\nBaltimore, MD–Penn Station – Station history at Great American Stations (Amtrak)<|endoftext|>" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "meteorology": { | |
| "train": { | |
| "total_tokens": 7793843, | |
| "num_docs": 8515, | |
| "example": " war, to the White Oak, Maryland-located U. S. Navy's Naval Ordnance Laboratory)\nEngine testing and calibration to Lehesten\nThuringia\nFor people being relocated from Peenemünde, the new organization was to be designated Entwicklungsgemeinschaft Mittelbau (English: Mittelbau Development Company) and Kammler's order to relocate to Thuringia arrived by teleprinter on January 31, 1945. On February 3, 1945, at the last meeting at Peenemünde held regarding the relocation, the HVP consisted of A-4 development/ modification (1940 people), A-4b development (27), Wasserfall and Taifun development (1455), support and administration (760). The first train departed on February 17 with 525 people en route to Thuringia (including Bleicherode, Sangerhausen (district), and Bad Sachsa) and the evacuation was complete in mid-March.\n\nOccupied Poland\nAnother reaction to the aerial bombing was the creation of a back-up research test range, the Blizna V-2 missile launch site in southeastern Poland. Carefully camouflaged, this secret facility was built by 2000 prisoners from the concentration camp at the SS-Truppenübungsplatz Heidelager. The Polish resistance Home Army (Armia Krajowa) captured an intact V2 rocket here in 1943. It had been launched but didn't explode and was later retrieved intact from the Bug River and transferred secretly to London.\n\n\n== Post-war ==\nThe last V-2 launch at Peenemünde happened in February 1945, and on May 5, 1945, the soldiers of the Soviet 2nd Belorussian Front under General Konstantin Rokossovsky captured the seaport of Swinemünde and all of Usedom Island. Soviet infantrymen under the command of Major Anatole Vavilov stormed the installations at Peenemünde and found \"75 percent wreckage\". All of the research buildings and rocket test stands had been demolished.\nEnd of April 1945, a group of more than 450 important rocket scientists from Peenemünde were captured by the U.S. Army in Oberammergau while Wernher von Braun, Walter Dornberger and several others surrendered in Reutte on May 2, 1945. As part of Operation Paperclip, a group of 127 engineers was eventually contracted for the continuation of the work at the White Sands Proving Grounds in the USA. Only a few members of the previous HVP staff, such as Helmut Gröttrup and Erich Apel, signed a contract with the Soviets and were forcibly transferred to the USSR as part of Operation Osoaviakhim in October 1946.\nAlthough rumors spread that the Soviet space program revived Peenemünde as a test range, more destruction of the technical facilities of Peenemünde took place between 1948 and 1961. Only the power station, the airport, and the railroad link to Zinnowitz remained functional. The gas plant for the production of liquid oxygen still lies in ruins at the entrance to Peenemünde. Very little remains of most of the other Nazi German facilities there.\nThe Peenemünde Historical Technical Museum opened in 1992 in the shelter control room and the area of the former power station and is an anchor point of ERIH, the European Route of Industrial Heritage.\nThe main turbine hall of the Peenemünde plant has been used a concert venue, including a 2022 performance by the New York Philharmonic orchestra and the Baltic Sea Philharmonic as part of the Usedom Classical Music Festival. \n\n\n== See also ==\nAggregate (rocket family)\nMikhail Devyatayev\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\nNeufeld, Michael J. (1995). The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era. New York: The Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-922895-1 – via archive.org.\n\n\n== External links ==\n(in English)—Official site of Peenemünde and the Historical Technical Museum\nV2 Rocket site<|endoftext|>" | |
| }, | |
| "test": { | |
| "total_tokens": 890048, | |
| "num_docs": 968, | |
| "example": " ISBN 978-1-8512-4565-9.\n\nShippey, Tom (2005) [1982]. The Road to Middle-Earth: How J. R. R. Tolkien Created a New Mythology (Third ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-261-10275-0.\n\n\n== External links ==\nChristopher Tolkien at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database \nChristopher Tolkien at Library of Congress, with 49 library catalogue records<|endoftext|>" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "geography": { | |
| "train": { | |
| "total_tokens": 8511053, | |
| "num_docs": 9194, | |
| "example": " listened to his players. He would usually set a field as recommended by the bowler and then stick to it, rather than making frequent changes. His greatest asset was man-management as he genuinely cared about his players. For example, he always thanked each bowler at the end of a spell and each batsman at the end of an innings. Tom Graveney said Cowdrey was the best captain he played under.\n\n\n== Personal life and post-retirement ==\n\nWhile still a player, Cowdrey was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1972 New Year Honours for services to cricket. Following his retirement in 1976, he worked closely behind the scenes at Kent and became President of the MCC in 1986. He was Chairman of the International Cricket Council from 1989 to 1993, when referees and neutral umpires were introduced to international cricket. He served on the board at House of Whitbread Frelims and Barclays Bank International and was a member of the Council of the Winston Churchill Memorial Trust, a Member of the Council of The Cook Society (affiliate of Britain–Australia Society) Having been knighted in the 1992 New Year Honours, Cowdrey became a life peer as Baron Cowdrey of Tonbridge in the 1997 Queen's Birthday Honours List; he is one of only two cricketers to be given a life peerage for their services to the sport, the other being Learie Constantine in 1969. Cowdrey was named President of Kent County Cricket Club in 2000, the year he died.\nHe was married twice. His first wife was Penny Chiesman from 1956 until their divorce in 1985. They were the parents of Kent cricketers Chris and Graham Cowdrey. Cowdrey's second wife was Lady Anne Fitzalan-Howard, whom he married in 1985. Cowdrey died of a heart attack on 4 December 2000, aged 67. He is the fourth most recent sportsman to be honoured with a memorial service in Westminster Abbey, following Sir Frank Worrell, Lord Constantine and Bobby Moore. The Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) Spirit of Cricket Cowdrey Lecture was inaugurated in his memory.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\nArlott, John (1986). John Arlott's 100 Greatest Batsmen. London: Queen Anne Press. ISBN 978-03-56176-64-2.\nCowdrey, Colin (1976). M.C.C. The Autobiography of a Cricketer. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-03-40147-40-5.\nGraveney, Tom (1983). The Heart of Cricket. London: Arthur Barker. ISBN 978-02-13168-60-5.\nMoyes, A. G.; Goodman, Thomas (1965). With the M.C.C. in Australia 1962–63, A Critical Story of the Tour. London: The Sportsmans Book Club. ASIN B00178493I.\nPlayfair (1955). Ross, Gordon (ed.). Playfair Cricket Annual. London: Playfair Books.\nPlayfair (1958). Ross, Gordon (ed.). Playfair Cricket Annual. London: Playfair Books.\nTyson, Frank (2004). In the Eye of the Typhoon: The Inside Story of the MCC Tour of Australia and New Zealand 1954/55. London: Parrs Wood Press. ISBN 978-19-03158-57-9.\nWillis, Bob; Murphy, Patrick (1986). Starting With Grace. London: Stanley Paul. ISBN 978-00-91661-00-7.\n\n\n== External links ==\nColin Cowdrey at ESPNcricinfo<|endoftext|>" | |
| }, | |
| "test": { | |
| "total_tokens": 957583, | |
| "num_docs": 1034, | |
| "example": " lapsed Catholic, and they share liberal political views. Robbins's relationship with Sarandon ended in December 2009. Robbins married Gratiela Brancusi on February 1, 2017. They separated on July 1, 2020. News of the marriage was kept private until Robbins filed for divorce in January 2021. The divorce was finalized in 2022.\nRobbins is a lifelong New York Mets fan. \"Also, my mother, for my 11th birthday, traveled out one morning to Queens to wait in line at Shea Stadium to get me tickets for the World Series. I wound up seeing, on my 11th birthday, the Mets win the World Series. That was one of the greatest things a mother could do for her son.\"\n\n\n=== Political views ===\nRobbins supported Ralph Nader's 2000 presidential campaign and appeared on stage in character as Bob Roberts during the \"Nader Rocks the Garden\" rally at Madison Square Garden. In December 2007, Robbins campaigned for Senator John Edwards in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. He made critical statements against Hillary Clinton and the Democratic Leadership Council while introducing Bernie Sanders at a 2016 campaign stop.\nRobbins opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq. In 2003, a 15th anniversary celebration of Bull Durham at the National Baseball Hall of Fame was canceled by Hall of Fame President Dale Petroskey. Petroskey told Robbins that his stance helped to \"undermine the U.S. position, which could put our troops in even more danger\". Durham co-star Kevin Costner defended Robbins and Sarandon: \"I think Tim and Susan's courage is the type of courage that makes our democracy work. Pulling back this invite is against the whole principle about what we fight for and profess to be about.\"\nIn 2023, Robbins criticized COVID-19 lockdowns, arguing they undermined freedom of speech and freedom of assembly. Robbins added that his villainous character in the television series Silo, a \"leader who crushes any dissent or protest with swift violence\", was inspired by pro-lockdown politicians.\n\n\n== Acting credits and accolades ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nOfficial website\nTim Robbins at IMDb\nRobbins's blog at HuffPost\nEmbedded Live, the play and Embedded /Live, the DVD\nTheAge.com Article: \"Tim Robbins: Hall of Fame Violates Freedom\"<|endoftext|>" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "nuclear_weapons": { | |
| "train": { | |
| "total_tokens": 5247141, | |
| "num_docs": 5615, | |
| "example": " longer maintained.\nWreaths Across America official site\nHistoric American Buildings Survey (HABS) links\nOld Potting House, Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Arlington County, VA at HABS\nArlington National Cemetery, Old Amphitheater, Arlington, Arlington County, VA at HABS\nArlington National Cemetery, Ord-Weitzel Gate, Arlington, Arlington County, VA at HABS\nArlington National Cemetery, USS Maine Memorial, Arlington, Arlington County, VA at HABS\nArlington National Cemetery, Columns and Gates, Arlington, Arlington County, VA at HABS<|endoftext|>" | |
| }, | |
| "test": { | |
| "total_tokens": 609478, | |
| "num_docs": 657, | |
| "example": "ox<|endoftext|>" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "chemical_weapons": { | |
| "train": { | |
| "total_tokens": 338496, | |
| "num_docs": 357, | |
| "example": " in the acoustic results. However, it was predicted that specificity would increase as additional lasers with unique wavelengths were added. Yet, too many lasers set to different wavelengths could result in overlap of absorption spectra. Citation LPAS technology can identify gases in parts per billion (ppb) concentrations.\nThe following nerve agent simulants have been identified with this multiwavelength LPAS:\n\ndimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP)\ndiethyl methyl phosphonate (DEMP)\ndiisopropyl methyl phosphonate (DIMP)\ndimethylpolysiloxane (DIME), triethyl phosphate (TEP)\ntributyl phosphate (TBP)\ntwo volatile organic compounds (VOCs)\nacetone (ACE)\nisopropanol (ISO), used to construct Sarin\nOther gases and air contaminants identified with LPAS include:\n\nCO2 Carbon dioxide\nBenzene\nFormaldehyde\nAcetaldehyde\nAmmonia\nNOx Nitrogen oxide\nSO2 Sulphur oxide\nEthylene Glycol\nTATP\nTNT\n\n\n==== Non-dispersive infrared ====\nNon-dispersive infrared techniques have been reported to be used for gaseous nerve agent detection.\n\n\n==== IR absorption ====\nTraditional IR absorption has been reported to detect gaseous nerve agents.\n\n\n==== Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ====\nFourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been reported to detect gaseous nerve agents.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Sources ==\nMager, Peter (1984). Multidimensional Pharmacochemistry. doi:10.1016/B978-0-124-65020-6.X5001-5. ISBN 978-0-12-465020-6.\nSidell FR (1997). Medical aspects of chemical and biological warfare. Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center. ISBN 978-99973-2-091-9.\n\n\n== External links ==\nATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Cholinesterase Inhibitors, Including Pesticides and Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents Archived 12 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Department of Health and Human Services\nNervegas: America's Fifteen-year Struggle for Modern Chemical Weapons Army Chemical Review\nHistory Note: The CWS Effort to Obtain German Chemical Weapons for Retaliation Against Japan CBIAC Newsletter\nAChE inhibitors and substrates – 2wfz, 2wg0, 2wg1, 1som in Proteopedia<|endoftext|>" | |
| }, | |
| "test": { | |
| "total_tokens": 71501, | |
| "num_docs": 73, | |
| "example": "Nord-Ost (Russian: Норд-Ост, means \"North-East\" in German) is a Russian musical theatre production that was composed by Aleksei Ivaschenko and Georgii Vasilyev, based on the novel The Two Captains by Veniamin Kaverin. It is a fictional story based around the historical events surrounding the discovery of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago in 1913. The musical was first staged on October 19, 2001 in the Dubrovka theatre, where it played over 400 performances.\nThe play celebrates the Russian soldiers who fought in World War II.\n\n\n== Development ==\nAfter failing to secure the rights to perform Les Misérables in Russia, Georgii Vasilyev decided to create a homegrown Russian production instead. He spent funds to convert a former ball-bearing factory \"culture hall\" into a modern theatre. He spent US$4 million, making the play the most expensive theatre project in the history of Russia. The tickets were US$15 each, making them relatively expensive. Vasilyev showed his financiers a marketing study stating that 30% of Moscow's population fit the profile audience that would be willing to pay for the production, due to changing sensibilities and increasing incomes. The Russian theatre community had a prejudice against this kind of play. Peter Baker and Susan Glasser said that the Russian theatre community \"considered the concept the thespian version of McDonald's\".\nVasilyev said \"Nord-Ost was a sort of protest against tarnishing our history, against not believing in your own strength, against all this pervasive, depressing, ugly stuff in mass media. Nord-Ost is the opposite. It's a romantic story about family. It's a story that elevates us and our history. It's a story that enables us to look at our history not as the history of class struggle, wars, and repressions, but a history of people and personal achievements\".\n\n\n== Terrorist attack ==\n\nOn October 23, 2002 Chechen terrorists took the audience hostage in the Moscow theater that was showing the production of Nord-Ost, threatening to blow up the building and demanding withdrawal of Russian troops from Chechnya. Most of the hostages were released after the theatre was stormed by special forces. 130 hostages died from poison gas used by Russian special forces; Nord-Ost lost 17 members of the team, including 2 child actors aged 13 (Kristina Kurbatova and Arsenii Kurilenko) and one third of all musicians in the orchestra. The producer Georgii Vasilyev had been among the hostages.\nAfter the attack, Nord-Ost returned to the same theater stage in Moscow on February 8, 2003 and continued showing there until May 10, 2003, when the producers took it off the stage, blaming a lack of audience interest on fears caused by the attack.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nNord-ost official site\nNord-ost official site (in Russian)\nLuzhkov Says 'Nord Ost' Will Return to the Stage - article on The Moscow Times (subscription only)<|endoftext|>" | |
| } | |
| }, | |
| "propaganda": { | |
| "train": { | |
| "total_tokens": 8262539, | |
| "num_docs": 8940, | |
| "example": "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: The Original Radio Scripts is a book, published in 1985, containing the scripts for the original radio series version of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams.\n\n\n== Contents ==\nText present in the original scripts but cut to meet time constraints are printed in italics. This book also includes explanatory footnotes, behind-the-scenes anecdotes, and forewords by Adams and by series producer Geoffrey Perkins.\nThe book was reprinted in a 10th-year edition in 1995, and a 25th anniversary edition in 2003. The 25th anniversary edition contains a new introduction by Geoffrey Perkins, and newly researched material by M. J. Simpson, including a transcript of The Lost Hitchhiker Sketch. The sketch was an interview with Simon Jones in character as Arthur Dent, conducted by Sheila Steafel on her show Steafel Plus in 1982, written entirely by Adams. The sketch can be heard in the Douglas Adams at the BBC CD collection. The book now contains transcripts of all Hitchhikers radio sketches, barring a sketch for Marvin that Adams wrote for the BBC Radio 1 show Studio B15 to promote the television version of the serial, which was broadcast in 1982.\nIn the first edition a page of dialogue was omitted from Fit the Twelfth. The 25th-anniversary edition reprint corrects this.\n\n\n== Reception ==\nDave Langford reviewed The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: The Original Radio Scripts for White Dwarf #73, and stated that \"This is the perfect cure for fans worried by the differences between radio, radio repeat, record, book, and TV versions.\"\n\n\n== Reviews ==\nReview by Paul Brazier (1986) in Vector 130\n\n\n== References ==\n\nThe Original Hitchhiker Radio Scripts. Douglas Adams, edited by Geoffrey Perkins. Pan Books, London. 1985. ISBN 0-330-29288-9\nThe Original Hitchhiker Radio Scripts. Douglas Adams, edited by Geoffrey Perkins. First US Printing, Harmony Books, New York, NY, USA. 1985. ISBN 0-517-55950-1\nThe Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: The Original Radio Scripts. Douglas Adams, edited by Geoffrey Perkins. Additional material by M. J. Simpson. 25th-anniversary UK printing, Pan Books, London, UK. 2003. ISBN 0-330-41957-9<|endoftext|>" | |
| }, | |
| "test": { | |
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| "example": " instead praising Nazi Germany and glorifying Hitler. She once again upheld her position on Nazism in her interview with historian Claudia Koonz in 1981. Koonz stated that Scholtz-Klink put forward \"pious excuses\" and \"rationalizations\", and the author concluded that \"this was not an ex-Nazi. She remained as much a Nazi now as she had been in 1945 or in 1933\". Scholtz-Klink died on 24 March 1999 at age 97.\n\n\n== Selected written works ==\nVerpflichtung und Aufgabe der Frau im nationalsozialistischen Staat, Junker und Dünnhaupt, Berlin, (1936).\nÜber die Stellung der Frau im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland, (1939).\nDie Frau im Dritten Reich – Eine Dokumentation, Grabert Verlag, Tübingen, (1978).\n\n\n== See also ==\nLeague of German Girls\nWomen in Nazi Germany\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Sources ==\nBartrop, Paul R.; Grimm, Eve E. (2019). Perpetrating the Holocaust: Leaders, Enablers, and Collaborators. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-440-85896-3.\nBerger, Christiane (2005) Doctoral Dissertation: Die \"Reichsfrauenführerin\" Gertrud Scholtz-Klink Zur Wirkung einer nationalsozialistischen Karriere in Verlauf, Retrospektive und Gegenwart. University of Hamburg.\nEvans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-0-143-03790-3.\n\"Fashioning a Nation – Gertrud Scholtz-Klink\". Georgia Commission on the Holocaust. Retrieved 13 November 2024.\nGuenther, Irene (2004): Nazi Chic?: Fashioning Women in the Third Reich, Berg Publishers, ISBN 978-1-859-73400-1.\nHeath, Tim (2017). Hitler's Girls: Doves Amongst Eagles. Pen and Sword Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-526-70532-7.\nKipp, Michaela (2014): Scholtz-Klink Biographic Timeline in Lebendiges Museum Online Archived 2020-01-11 at the Wayback Machine\nKoonz, Claudia (1987): Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family, and Nazi Politics. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-312-54933-6.\nKramer, Nicole (2007): Scholtz-Klink, Gertrud in the Deutsche Biographie.\nLivi, Massimiliano (2005). Gertrud Scholtz-Klink: Die Reichsfrauenführerin. Münster: Lit-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8258-8376-8\nMiller, Michael D.; Schulz, Andreas (2015). Leaders of the SS & German Police. Vol. 2 Reichsführer SS – Gruppenführer (Hans Haltermann to Walter Kruger). R. James Bender Publishing. ISBN 978-1-932-97025-8.\nSigmund, Anna Maria (2000). Women of the Third Reich. Nde Publishing. ISBN 978-1-553-21105-1.\nWilliams, Max (2015). SS Elite: The Senior Leaders of Hitler's Praetorian Guard. Vol. 1. Fonthill Media LLC. ISBN 978-1-781-55433-3.\nWistrich, Robert S. (1982). Who's Who in Nazi Germany. Macmillan Publishing Co. ISBN 0-02-630600-X.\nZentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997) [1991]. The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80793-0.\n\n\n== External links ==\nNewspaper clippings about Gertrud Scholtz-Klink in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW\nReich Women’s Leader Gertrud Scholtz-Klink (1938) in German History in Images and Documents\nSpeech by Gertrud Scholtz-Klink: \"To be German is to be Strong\" (January 1936)<|endoftext|>" | |
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