{
  "virology": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 1217287,
      "num_docs": 1312,
      "example": " a fragile thing. It's hard when the woman is the breadwinner. All my life, the only man who ever took care of me financially was my father. I have always taken care of myself.\"\nIn 2002, Warwick was arrested at Miami International Airport for possession of marijuana. It was discovered that she had 11 suspected marijuana cigarettes inside her carry-on luggage, hidden in a lipstick container. She was charged with possessing marijuana totaling less than five grams. \nIn 2009 Warwick had a $2.2 million federal tax lien filed against her. The IRS eventually discovered that a large portion of the lien was due to an accounting error and revoked $1.2mil in 2012.\nIn 1993, her older son David, a former Los Angeles police officer, co-wrote with Terry Steele the Warwick-Whitney Houston duet \"Love Will Find a Way\", featured on her album Friends Can Be Lovers. Since 2002, he has periodically toured with and performed duets with his mother (along with being the drummer of her touring band), and had his acting debut in the film Ali as the singer Sam Cooke. David became a singer-songwriter, with Luther Vandross's \"Here and Now\" among others to his credit.\nHer second son, Damon, is a music producer, who has worked with Mýa, Pink, Christina Aguilera and Keyshia Cole. He arranged and produced his mother's 2006 Concord release My Friends and Me. She received a 2014 Grammy Award nomination in the Traditional Pop Category for her 2013 album release, Now.\nOn January 24, 2015, Warwick was hospitalized after a fall in the shower at her home. After ankle surgery, she was discharged from the hospital.\n\n\n=== Bankruptcy ===\nWarwick declared Chapter 7 bankruptcy in New Jersey on March 21, 2013. Due to the reported mismanagement of her business affairs, she listed liabilities that included nearly $7 million owed to the Internal Revenue Service for the years 1991 to 1999 and more than $3 million in business taxes owed to the state of California. Unable to work out an agreement with tax officials, she and her attorney decided that declaring bankruptcy would be the best course of action.\n\n\n=== Relations ===\nWarwick's sister Dee Dee Warwick also had a successful singing career, scoring several notable R&B hits in the US, including the original version of \"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\". Dee Dee recorded the original version of the song \"You're No Good\", which later became a 1963 No. 5 R&B hit for Betty Everett, a 1964 No. 3 UK hit for the Swinging Blue Jeans and a 1975 No. 1 pop hit for Linda Ronstadt. In 1966, the Swinging Blue Jeans had a No. 31 UK hit with a cover of Dionne's \"Don't Make Me Over\", thus appearing in the UK Singles Chart with covers of songs from both Warwick sisters.\nWarwick's maternal aunt is gospel-trained vocalist Cissy Houston, mother of Warwick's cousin, the late singer Whitney Houston.\nIn her 2011 autobiography, My Life, as I See It, Warwick notes that opera diva Leontyne Price is a maternal cousin.\n\n\n== Discography ==\n\nStudio albums\n\n\n== Tours ==\nDionne Warwick Tour (1966)\nDionne: 40 Anniversary Tour (2002)\nSoul Divas Tour (2004)\nAn Evening with Dionne (2007)\nShe's Back: One Last Time (2022)\n\n\n== Awards and honors ==\nIn addition to numerous awards and honors, the Miami-Dade Chamber of Commerce has declared May 25 to be Dionne Warwick Day and Lincoln Elementary School in East Orange, New Jersey, honored her by renaming it to the Dionne Warwick Institute of Economics and Entrepreneurship.\nOn Friday, October 11, 2024, Warwick was honored by the City of East Orange, NJ with a street renaming ceremony. North Arlington Avenue at City Hall Plaza was given the name \"Dionne Warwick Way\". The ceremony included a tribute concert by hundreds of children. The ceremony was also attended by her two sons and Clive Davis, the notable music producer. Reported by CBS News.\n\n\n=== Awards ===\n\n\n=== Honors ===\n\n\n== Filmography ==\n\n\n=== Film ===\n\n\n=== Television ===\n\n\n=== Bibliography ===\nWarwick, Dionne (2010). My Life, As I See It. With David Freeman Wooley. Atria Books. ISBN 978-1-4391-7134-9.\n\n\n=== Live performances ===\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nDionne Warwick at AllMusic\nVH1 Site (Archived February 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine)\nRolling Stone site\nBillboard chart history (since 1983)\nThe Scepter Records Story\nDionne Warwick at IMDb\nAppearances on C-SPAN<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 140626,
      "num_docs": 148,
      "example": " long history of use and is considered effective.\nLaser ablation has less evidence to suggest its use. It may be less effective than other ablative methods. It is extremely expensive, and often used as a last resort.\nFormal surgical procedures, performed by a specialist under general anesthesia or spinal anesthesia may be necessary for larger or more extensive warts, intra-anal warts, or warts in children. It carries a greater risk of scarring than other methods.\n\n\n=== Topical agents ===\nA 0.15–0.5% podophyllotoxin (also called podofilox) solution in a gel or cream. It can be applied by the patient to the affected area and is not washed off. It is the purified and standardized active ingredient of podophyllin (see below). Podofilox is safer and more effective than podophyllin. Skin erosion and pain are more commonly reported than with imiquimod and sinecatechins. Its use is cycled (two times per day for 3 days then 4–7 days off); one review states that it should only be used for four cycles.\nImiquimod is a topical immune response cream, applied to the affected area. It causes less local irritation than podofilox but may cause fungal infections (11% in package insert) and flu-like symptoms (less than 5% disclosed in package insert). It does not significantly impact the occurrence of new warts or the systemic reactions.\nSinecatechins is an ointment of catechins (55% epigallocatechin gallate) extracted from green tea and other components. Mode of action is undetermined. It appears to have higher clearance rates than podophyllotoxin and imiquimod and causes less local irritation, but clearance takes longer than with imiquimod.\nTrichloroacetic acid (TCA) is less effective than cryosurgery, and is not recommended for use in the vagina, cervix, or urinary meatus.\nInterferon can be used; it is effective, but it is also expensive and its effect is inconsistent.\n\n\n==== Discontinued ====\nA 5% 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) cream was used, but it is no longer considered an acceptable treatment due to the side-effects.\nPodophyllin, podofilox and isotretinoin should not be used during pregnancy, as they could cause birth defects in the fetus.\n\n\n=== Oral agents ===\n\nIsotretinoin taken orally has been shown to treat recalcitrant condylomata acuminata (RCA) of the cervix.\n\n\n== Epidemiology ==\nGenital HPV infections have an estimated prevalence in the US of 10–20% and clinical manifestations in 1% of the sexually active adult population. US incidence of HPV infection has increased between 1975 and 2006.  About 80% of those infected are between the ages of 17 and 33. Although treatments can remove warts, they do not remove the HPV, so warts can recur after treatment (about 50–73% of the time). Warts can also spontaneously regress (with or without treatment).\nTraditional theories postulated that the virus remained in the body for a lifetime. However, studies using sensitive DNA techniques have shown that through immunological response, the virus can either be cleared or suppressed to levels below what polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests can measure. One study testing genital skin for subclinical HPV using PCR found a prevalence of 10%.\n\n\n== Etymology ==\nA condyloma acuminatum is a single genital wart, and condylomata acuminata are multiple genital warts. The word roots mean 'pointed wart' (from Greek κόνδυλος 'knuckle', Greek -ωμα -oma 'disease', and Latin acuminatum 'pointed'). Although similarly named, it is not the same as condyloma latum, which is a complication of secondary syphilis.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "computer_security": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 3756961,
      "num_docs": 4126,
      "example": " medals of Suriname\n\n\n=== Swaziland ===\n\nDecorations\nUmbutfo Swaziland Defence Force Medal for Distinguished Service (1980–present)\nUmbutfo Swaziland Defence Force Medal for Meritorious Service (1980–present)\nLong Service Medals\nUmbutfo Swaziland Defence Force Long Service Medal (1980–present)\n\n\n=== Sweden ===\nOrders, decorations, and medals of Sweden\n\n\n=== Syria ===\nCategory:Orders, decorations, and medals of Syria\n\n\n=== Taiwan (Republic of China) ===\nOrders, decorations, and medals of the Republic of China\n\n\n=== Tanzania ===\nOrders, decorations, and medals of Tanzania\n\n\n=== Thailand ===\nOrders, decorations, and medals of Thailand\n\n\n=== Timor-Leste ===\nOrders, decorations, and medals of Timor-Leste\n\n\n=== Togo ===\nCategory:Orders, decorations, and medals of Togo\n\n\n=== Tonga ===\nOrders, decorations, and medals of Tonga\n\n\n=== Trinidad and Tobago ===\n\n\n=== Tunisia ===\nCategory:Orders, decorations, and medals of Tunisia\n\n\n=== Turkey ===\nOrders, decorations, and medals of Turkey\n\n\n=== Turkmenistan ===\nOrders, decorations, and medals of Turkmenistan\n\n\n=== Tuscany ===\nCategory:Orders, decorations, and medals of Tuscany\n\n\n=== Two Sicilies ===\nCategory:Orders, decorations, and medals of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies\n\n\n=== Uganda ===\nOrders, decorations, and medals of Uganda\n\n\n=== Ukraine ===\nOrders, decorations, and medals of Ukraine\n\n\n=== United Arab Emirates ===\nCategory:Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Arab Emirates\n\n\n=== United Kingdom ===\n\nOrders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom\nMilitary awards and decorations of the United Kingdom\n\n\n=== United States ===\nAwards and decorations of the United States military\nAwards and decorations of the United States government\n\n\n=== Uruguay ===\nOrders, decorations, and medals of Uruguay\n\n\n=== Vanuatu ===\nCategory:Orders, decorations, and medals of Vanuatu\n\n\n=== Venezuela ===\nCategory:Orders, decorations, and medals of Venezuela\n\n\n=== Vietnam ===\nVietnam awards and decorations\n\n\n==== South Vietnam (former) ====\nOrders, decorations, and medals of South Vietnam\n\n\n=== Yugoslavia ===\n\n\n=== Zambia ===\nCategory:Orders, decorations, and medals of Zambia\n\n\n=== Zanzibar ===\nCategory:Orders, decorations, and medals of the Sultanate of Zanzibar\n\n\n=== Zimbabwe ===\nOrders, decorations, and medals of Zimbabwe\n\n\n== See also ==\nLists of awards\nList of highest military decorations by country\nList of wound decorations by country\nList of military awards and decorations of World War II\nAwards and decorations of the Vietnam War\nAwards and decorations of the Bangladesh Liberation War\nList of military awards and decorations of the Gulf War\nList of military awards and decorations of the international military intervention against the Islamic State\nList of international military decorations\nUnited Nations Medal\n\n\n== External links ==\nMedals of the World<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 416756,
      "num_docs": 460,
      "example": "\nBlake, N F (1964), The Phoenix, Manchester: Manchester U Press{{citation}}:  CS1 maint: publisher location (link).\nEvelyn-White, Hugh G. Trans. 1920. Hesiod: The Homeric Hymns and Homerica. London: William Heinemann & New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.\nGarry, Jane; El-Shamy, Hasan (2005), Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature, ME Sharpe, ISBN 978-0-76561260-1.\nThompson, Stith (2001). Motif-Index of Folk-Literature: A Classification of Narrative Elements in Folk Tales, Ballads, Myths, Fables, Mediaeval Romances, Exempla, Fabliaux, Jest-Books, and Local Legends, Volume 1; Volume 6. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253340894\nVan den Broek, Roelof (1972), The Myth of the Phoenix According to Classical and Early Christian Traditions, translated by Seeger, I., EJ Brill.<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "mathematics": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 7496227,
      "num_docs": 7789,
      "example": "Methodus inveniendi lineas curvas maximi minimive proprietate gaudentes, sive solutio problematis isoperimetrici latissimo sensu accepti (1744) (A method for finding curved lines enjoying properties of maximum or minimum, or solution of isoperimetric problems in the broadest accepted sense)\nIntroductio in analysin infinitorum (1748) (Introduction to Analysis of the Infinite)\nInstitutiones calculi differentialis (1755) (Foundations of differential calculus)\nVollständige Anleitung zur Algebra (1765) (Elements of Algebra)\nInstitutiones calculi integralis (1768–1770) (Foundations of integral calculus)\nLetters to a German Princess (1768–1772)\nDioptrica, published in three volumes beginning in 1769\nIt took until 1830 for the bulk of Euler's posthumous works to be individually published, with an additional batch of 61 unpublished works discovered by Paul Heinrich von Fuss (Euler's great-grandson and Nicolas Fuss's son) and published as a collection in 1862. A chronological catalog of Euler's works was compiled by Swedish mathematician Gustaf Eneström and published from 1910 to 1913. The catalog, known as the Eneström index, numbers Euler's works from E1 to E866. The Euler Archive was started at Dartmouth College before moving to the Mathematical Association of America and, most recently, to University of the Pacific in 2017.\nIn 1907, the Swiss Academy of Sciences created the Euler Commission and charged it with the publication of Euler's complete works. After several delays in the 19th century, the first volume of the Opera Omnia, was published in 1911. However, the discovery of new manuscripts continued to increase the magnitude of this project. Fortunately, the publication of Euler's Opera Omnia has made steady progress, with over 70 volumes (averaging 426 pages each) published by 2006 and 80 volumes published by 2022. These volumes are organized into four series. The first series compiles the works on analysis, algebra, and number theory; it consists of 29 volumes and numbers over 14,000 pages. The 31 volumes of Series II, amounting to 10,660 pages, contain the works on mechanics, astronomy, and engineering. Series III contains 12 volumes on physics. Series IV, which contains the massive amount of Euler's correspondence, unpublished manuscripts, and notes only began compilation in 1967. After publishing 8 print volumes in Series IV, the project decided in 2022 to publish its remaining projected volumes in Series IV in online format only.\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n=== Sources ===\n\n\n== Further reading ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nLeonhard Euler at the Mathematics Genealogy Project\nThe Euler Archive: Composition of Euler works with translations into English\nOpera-Bernoulli-Euler (compiled works of Euler, Bernoulli family, and contemporary peers)\nEuler Tercentenary 2007\nThe Euler Society\nEuleriana at the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities\nEuler Family Tree\nEuler's Correspondence with Frederick the Great, King of Prussia\nWorks by Leonhard Euler at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) \nO'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. \"Leonhard Euler\". MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. University of St Andrews.\nDunham, William (24 September 2009). \"An Evening with Leonhard Euler\". YouTube. Muhlenberg College: philoctetesctr (published 9 November 2009). (talk given by William Dunham at )\nDunham, William (14 October 2008). \"A Tribute to Euler – William Dunham\". YouTube. Muhlenberg College: PoincareDuality (published 23 November 2011).<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 632125,
      "num_docs": 669,
      "example": " \n the category of finite-dimensional \n  \n    \n      \n        \n          T\n          \n            n\n          \n        \n      \n    \n    {\\displaystyle T_{n}}\n  \n-modules. Then each \n  \n    \n      \n        \n          \n            A\n          \n          \n            n\n          \n        \n      \n    \n    {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {A} _{n}}\n  \n is an abelian category and we have an inclusion functor \n  \n    \n      \n        I\n        :\n        \n          \n            A\n          \n          \n            2\n          \n        \n        →\n        \n          \n            A\n          \n          \n            3\n          \n        \n      \n    \n    {\\displaystyle I\\colon \\mathbf {A} _{2}\\to \\mathbf {A} _{3}}\n  \n identifying the simple projective, simple injective and indecomposable projective-injective modules. The essential image of I is a full, additive subcategory, but I is not exact.\n\n\n== History ==\nAbelian categories were introduced by Buchsbaum (1955) (under the name of \"exact category\")  and Grothendieck (1957) in order to unify various cohomology theories. At the time, there was a cohomology theory for sheaves, and a cohomology theory for groups. The two were defined differently, but they had similar properties. In fact, much of category theory was developed as a language to study these similarities. Grothendieck unified the two theories: they both arise as derived functors on abelian categories; the abelian category of sheaves of abelian groups on a topological space, and the abelian category of G-modules for a given group G.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nTriangulated category\n\n\n== References ==\n\nBuchsbaum, David A. (1955), \"Exact categories and duality\", Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 80 (1): 1–34, doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-1955-0074407-6, ISSN 0002-9947, JSTOR 1993003, MR 0074407\nFreyd, Peter (1964), Abelian Categories, New York: Harper and Row\nGrothendieck, Alexander (1957), \"Sur quelques points d'algèbre homologique\", Tohoku Mathematical Journal, Second Series, 9 (2): 119–221, doi:10.2748/tmj/1178244839, ISSN 0040-8735, MR 0102537\nMitchell, Barry (1965), Theory of Categories, Boston, MA: Academic Press\nPopescu, Nicolae (1973), Abelian categories with applications to rings and modules, Boston, MA: Academic Press<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "physics": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 6401785,
      "num_docs": 6703,
      "example": "National Indigenous Peoples Day (French: Journée Nationale des Peuples Autochtones; formerly National Aboriginal Day) is a day recognizing and celebrating the cultures and contributions of the First Nations, Inuit, and Métis Indigenous peoples of Canada.\nThe day was first celebrated in 1996, after it was proclaimed that year by then Governor General of Canada Roméo LeBlanc, to be celebrated annually on 21 June. This date was chosen as the statutory holiday for many reasons, including its cultural significance as the Summer solstice, and the fact that it is a day on which many Indigenous peoples and communities traditionally celebrate their heritage. A proposal to rename the day National Indigenous Peoples Day was made in 2017. The bill to make that change (C-369) was still being debated by parliament when the legislature was dissolved. The federal Crown has begun referring to the day as National Indigenous Peoples Day, regardless.\nThis day has been celebrated as a statutory territorial holiday in the Northwest Territories since 2001 and in Yukon since 2017. It is not however, currently considered a statutory holiday across the rest of the country.\n\n\n== History ==\nThe day came about after a series of calls for such a celebration.\nIt was first self-declared Indian Day in 1945, by Jules Sioui and chiefs from across North America.\nIn 1982, the National Indian Brotherhood (now the Assembly of First Nations) called for the creation of a National Aboriginal Solidarity Day to be celebrated on 21 June. In 1990, Quebec became the first province or territory to establish the day as a celebration of Indigenous culture.\nIn 1995, a national conference of Indigenous and non-Indigenous people chaired by Elijah Harper, titled The Sacred Assembly, called for a national holiday to celebrate the contributions of Aboriginal peoples to Canada. In 1996, the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples recommended that a National First Peoples Day be officially recognized. 21 June was chosen as the date because it often coincides with the summer solstice, a time when many Indigenous groups celebrate their culture.\nIn 2001, members of the 14th Legislative Assembly passed the National Aboriginal Day Act making the Northwest Territories the first jurisdiction in Canada to recognise this day as a formal statutory holiday. In 2009, the House of Commons declared June to be National Aboriginal History Month (now National Indigenous History Month).\nOn 21 June 2017, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau released a statement pledging to rename the event National Indigenous Peoples Day. Assembly of First Nations National Chief Perry Bellegarde supported the proposed change, called it an \"important step,\" citing the terminology used in the landmark United Nations' Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.\" The private member's bill that would have effected the change in name (Bill C-369) reached first reading in the Senate, but died on the order paper when parliament was dissolved on 11 September 2019. The federal Crown still began using the name National Indigenous People's Day in publications.\nIn recent years, the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network has broadcast an annual cultural gala, Indigenous Day Live, on National Indigenous Peoples Day.\n\n\n== See also ==\nTreaty Day (Nova Scotia)\nInternational Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nGovernment of Canada website\nDAAIR<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 608119,
      "num_docs": 644,
      "example": " regional grenadier companies for public security duties, while performing law enforcement and wearing NG uniforms.\n\n\n=== Netherlands ===\n\nThe Royal Netherlands Army maintains a regiment of Guard Grenadiers who retain the bearskin headdress of the early 19th century. This regiment has been amalgamated with the Jager Guards to form the \"Garderegiment Grenadiers en Jagers\" Two of its companies are Jagers (riflemen), the other two are grenadiers; it wears the maroon beret and is an air assault and airborne forces trained unit.\n\n\n=== Norway ===\nIn the Norwegian Army and Air Force, grenadier (Norwegian: grenader) is used as a rank, the lowest enlisted below sergeant, to distinguish professional soldiers from conscripts. The grenadiers are employed for positions requiring more experience and/or professional presence. Fully professionalised units, such as the Telemark Battalion, serve in international operations. Professional enlisted personnel in the Navy has the equivalent rank matros (able seaman).\n\n\n=== Spain ===\nThere is one company of the 1st King's Immemorial Infantry Regiment, which during ceremonies, is authorized to use grenadier uniforms of the Charles III period.\n\n\n=== Sweden ===\nThe Grenadier Company is the honor guard of the Swedish Army's Life Guards for state ceremonies. Their uniform includes bearskin hats, and white baldrics (cross belts) that originally carried the fuses used to light grenades. The grenadiers bear the King's own Life Company banner, which was presented to the unit in 1868 by Charles XV's consort, Queen Louise.\n\n\n=== Switzerland ===\n\nIn the military of Switzerland, the Grenadiers form well trained mechanized infantry units.  They are used for especially challenging operations and are initially trained in Isone, a secluded, mountainous region in the South of Switzerland. The Swiss Kommando Spezialkräfte specialize in urban warfare, guerrilla warfare, anti-terrorist operations, commando tactics, sniper missions, hand-to-hand combat, and other special operations.\n\n\n=== United Kingdom ===\n\nThe Grenadier Guards are the most senior of the five prestigious regiments of Foot Guards, each of which retains the bearskin headdress originally associated with grenadiers.\nAlthough the Coldstream Guards can trace their origins to an earlier date (1650) than that of the Grenadier Guards (1656), they are officially recognized as second in seniority since having been formed initially to serve the Commonwealth, their service to the Crown only dates from the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660.\n\n\n=== United States ===\n\nThe United States Army rifle squad consists of two fireteams of four soldiers each, with the designated grenadier being equipped with an M4/M16 with the M203 grenade launcher (or newer M320 Grenade Launcher Module) slung under the barrel and providing limited high-angle fire over 'dead space'.\nThe United States Marine Corps rifle squad consists of three four-man fireteams including a team leader who also works as the M203 grenadier. During the Vietnam War there was one grenadier in the squad armed with an M79 grenade launcher.\n\n\n=== Yugoslavia ===\nBombaši (Serbian Cyrillic: бомбаши; \"bombardiers\" or \"bombers\") is the name widely used for the Yugoslav Partisan volunteer grenadiers, who had a significant importance in operations during World War II and are regarded as particularly heroic.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Sources ==\nGudmundsson, Bruce I., Hyland, William, Stormtroop Tactics: Innovation in the German Army, 1914-1918, Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, 1995\nVelichko, Konstantin; Novitsky, Vasily; Schwartz, Alexey von; Apushkin, Vladimir; Schoultz, Gustav von (1912). \"Гренадеры\" [Grenadiers]. Sytin Military Encyclopedia (in Russian). Vol. VIII: Гимры – Двигатели судовые. Moscow: Типография Т-ва И. Д. Сытина. Retrieved 30 September 2023.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nThe Grenadiers\nFrench Grenadiers, Chasseurs and Fusiliers of the Napoleonic Wars<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "chemistry": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 3341297,
      "num_docs": 3729,
      "example": "Brick nog (nogging or nogged, beam filling) is a construction technique in which bricks are used to fill the gaps in a wooden frame. Such walls may then be covered with tile, weatherboards, or rendering, or the brick may remain exposed on the interior or exterior of the building. \nThe technique was developed in England from the late 1400s to early 1500s, developing out of methods such as wattle and daub and lath and plaster construction, with the bricks being laid in horizontal courses or a herringbone pattern.\nBrick used in this way is rarely mechanically fastened to the adjacent wood members, generally being held in place only by the mortar bonds and friction. It is an integral part of the building structure that can also serve as fireproofing, soundproofing, or the final exposed surface of the assembly.\nGenerally, the term brick infill is used instead of nogging in half-timbered construction, and the word nog or noggin has also come to be used to describe timber bracing pieces between wall studs in timber frame construction.\n\n\n== References ==<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 376182,
      "num_docs": 418,
      "example": "a, a plateau in Antarctica\nFram Formation, a rock formation on Ellesmere Island in northern Canada known for being where Tiktaalik roseae was discovered\nMS Fram, a cruise ship which tours polar regions\nFramheim (literally \"Home of the Fram\"), Amundsen's Base at the Bay of Whales in Antarctica during his quest for the South Pole\nFram Rupes, an escarpment on Mercury\nFram crater, a small crater on Mars, visited by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity in 2004\nFram Basin, the deepest point in the Arctic Ocean\nFram Strait, a passage from the Arctic Ocean to the Greenland Sea and Norwegian Sea, between Greenland and Spitsbergen.\nFram, a play by Tony Harrison, premièred at the National Theatre London, 2008\nIn Arthur Ransome's children's book, Winter Holiday, the children use the name Fram for their Uncle Jim's houseboat, trapped in the ice on the lake which becomes the inspiration for some of their adventures.\nThe Adventures of Fram, the Polar Bear (Romanian: Aventurile lui Fram, ursul polar), a children's book written by the Romanian author Cezar Petrescu which was also made into a TV series in Romania;\nFram2, a 2025 SpaceX mission on the Crew Dragon spacecraft, and the first crewed spaceflight to pass over the Earth's poles.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of Antarctic exploration ships from the Heroic Age, 1897–1922\nList of museum ships\nRRS Discovery, the only surviving Arctic exploration vessel besides Fram\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\n\"The Polar Ship Fram\" by the Fram Museum<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "biology": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 2746212,
      "num_docs": 3134,
      "example": " 2015 New York debut of Joe DiPietro's play Clever Little Lies at the Westside Theatre. Regional theatre productions include: Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? at the Hartford Stage; Woman In Mind at the Berkshire Theatre Festival; Paper Doll, with F. Murray Abraham at the Pittsburgh Public Theatre; and The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds at the Cleveland Playhouse. In 1993, she toured in the national company of Six Degrees of Separation. In the spring of 2008, she starred in Arthur Laurents' last play, New Year's Eve with Keith Carradine, at the George Street Playhouse.\nThomas has published seven best-selling books (three of them #1 best-sellers): Free to Be... You and Me; Free to Be... A Family; The Right Words at the Right Time; The Right Words at the Right Time, Volume 2: Your Turn; Marlo Thomas and Friends: Thanks & Giving All Year Long (the CD version of which won the 2006 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children); her 2009 memoir, Growing Up Laughing; and  It Ain't Over...Till It's Over: Reinventing Your Life and Realizing Your Dreams  Anytime, At Any Age.\nThomas serves as the National Outreach Director for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, which was founded by her father, Danny Thomas. She donated all royalties from her 2004 book and CD Marlo Thomas and Friends: Thanks & Giving All Year Long (also produced with Christopher Cerf) and her two Right Words at the Right Time books to the hospital.\nIn 2010, Thomas created MarloThomas.com, a website for women aged 35+, associated with AOL and the Huffington Post.\n\n\n== Honors ==\nThomas is the recipient of four Emmy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, a Grammy Award, a Jefferson Award, and the Peabody Award.\nIn 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Thomas' name and picture.\nIn 1996, she was awarded the Women in Film Lucy Award in recognition of her excellence and innovation in her creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television.\nOn November 20, 2014, the Marlo Thomas Center for Global Education and Collaboration was opened as part of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. Hillary Clinton presided over the ribbon-cutting ceremony.\nOn November 24, 2014, President Barack Obama awarded Thomas the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, at a White House ceremony.\n\n\n== Personal life ==\n\nThomas was in a long relationship with playwright Herb Gardner.\nIn 1977, Thomas was a guest on Donahue, the television talk show, when she and host Phil Donahue fell in \"love at first sight\". They were married on May 21, 1980, and Donahue moved from Chicago to New York City with some of his sons and his daughter to live with Thomas and to produce his talk show there. Thomas is the stepmother to Donahue's four sons and daughter from his first marriage. Concerning her relationship with her stepchildren, Thomas told AARP Magazine in May 2011:\n\nFrom the very first day, I decided that I was not going to try to be a'mother' to Phil's children in the traditional sense—they already had a mom—but, instead, to be their friend. I'm proud to say that the friendships I established with them are as strong today as they were 30 years ago—even stronger.\nDonahue died natural causes on August 18, 2024, at the age of 88.\n\n\n== Filmography ==\n\n\n=== Film ===\n\n\n=== Television ===\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nMarloThomas.com (Archived April 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine)\nMarlo Thomas's channel on YouTube\nMarlo Thomas on Twitter\nMarlo Thomas on Facebook\nMarlo Thomas at IMDb\nMarlo Thomas at the TCM Movie Database\nMarlo Thomas at the Internet Broadway Database \nMarlo Thomas at the Internet Off-Broadway Database (archived)\nAll About Marlo Thomas at StJude.org\nMarlo Thomas—Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America\nMarlo Thomas at the Comedy Hall of Fame\nMarlo Thomas at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 334471,
      "num_docs": 380,
      "example": "Acer griseum, the paperbark maple or blood-bark maple, is a species of flowering plant in the family Sapindaceae, native to central China. Acer griseum is found in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Sichuan, at altitudes of 1,500–2,000 m (4,921–6,562 ft).\n\n\n== Description ==\nIt is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree, reaching 6–9 m (20–30 ft) tall and 5–6 m (16–20 ft) wide, with a trunk up to 70 cm (28 in) in circumference.  The bark is smooth, shiny orange-red, peeling in thin, papery layers; it may become fissured in old trees. The shoots are densely downy at first, this wearing off by the second or third year and the bark exfoliating by the third or fourth year.\nThe leaves are compound, with a 2–4 cm petiole with three leaflets, each 3–10 cm long and 2–6 cm broad, dark green above, bright glaucous blue-green beneath, with several blunt teeth on the margins.\nThe yellow flowers are androdioecious, produced in small pendent corymbs in spring, the fruit being a paired samara with two winged seeds about 1 cm long with a 3 cm wing.\n\n\n== Cultivation and uses ==\nAcer griseum was introduced to cultivation in Europe in 1901 by Ernest Henry Wilson for the Veitch Nurseries in the UK, and to North America shortly after. It is one of many species of maples widely grown as ornamental plants in temperate regions. It is admired for its decorative exfoliating bark, translucent pieces of which often stay attached to the branches until worn away. It also has spectacular autumn foliage which can include red, orange and pink tones. Cultivars include the columnar Copper Rocket.\nThis plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.\nIn 2015, the North America-China Plant Exploration Consortium (NACPEC) conducted an expedition specifically targeting Acer griseum for seed collection with the object of increasing the genetic diversity of plants in cultivation. Propagation of Acer griseum is somewhat difficult as seeds have the same parthenocarpic tendencies as those of Acer maximowiczianum.\n\n\n== Photo gallery ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Acer griseum at Wikimedia Commons\n\nDel Tredici, Peter. \"The Paperbark Maple—One Hundred Years Later.\" Archived 2020-10-25 at the Wayback Machine Arnoldia 65 (2) (2007).\nMeyer, Paul W. \"Paperbark Maple Acer griseum.\" Archived 2020-11-29 at the Wayback Machine Arnoldia 68 (2) (2010).<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "astronomy": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 2018760,
      "num_docs": 2441,
      "example": "Caliban  is the second-largest irregular satellite of Uranus. It was discovered on 6 September 1997 by Brett J. Gladman, Philip D. Nicholson, Joseph A. Burns, and John J. Kavelaars using the 200-inch Hale Telescope together with Sycorax and given the temporary designation S/1997 U 1.\nDesignated Uranus XVI, it was named after the monster character in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest.\n\n\n== Orbit ==\n\nCaliban follows a distant orbit, more than 10 times further from Uranus than Oberon, the outermost regular moon. Its orbit is retrograde, moderately inclined and slightly eccentric. The orbital parameters suggest that it may belong to the same dynamic cluster as Stephano and Francisco, suggesting a common origin.\nThe diagram illustrates the orbital parameters of the retrograde irregular satellites of Uranus (in polar co-ordinates) with the eccentricity of the orbits represented by the segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre.\n\n\n== Physical characteristics ==\nCaliban's diameter is estimated to be around 42 km (26 mi), based on thermal measurements by the Herschel Space Observatory. Its albedo is estimated at around 0.22, which is unusually high compared to those of other Uranian irregular satellites. Neptune's largest irregular satellite, Nereid, has a similarly high albedo as Caliban.\nSomewhat inconsistent reports put Caliban in the light-red category (B–V = 0.83 V–R = 0.52, B–V = 0.84 ± 0.03 V–R = 0.57 ± 0.03), redder than Himalia but still less red than most Kuiper belt objects. Caliban may be slightly redder than Sycorax. It also absorbs light at 0.7 μm, and one group of astronomers think this may be a result of liquid water that modified the surface.\nMeasurements of Caliban's light curve by the Kepler space telescope indicate that its rotation period is about 9.9 hours.\n\n\n== Origin ==\nCaliban is hypothesized to be a captured object: it did not form in the accretionary disk that existed around Uranus just after its formation. The exact capture mechanism is not known, but capturing a moon requires the dissipation of energy. The possible capture processes include: gas drag in the protoplanetary disk, many body interactions and the capture during the fast growth of Uranus's mass (so-called \"pull-down\").\n\n\n== See also ==\nMoons of Uranus\n\n\n== References ==\n\nGladman, B. J.; Nicholson, P. D.; Burns, J. A.; Kavelaars, J. J.; Marsden, B. G.; Williams, G. V.; Offutt, W. B. (1998). \"Discovery of two distant irregular moons of Uranus\". Nature. 392 (6679): 897–899. Bibcode:1998Natur.392..897G. doi:10.1038/31890. S2CID 4315601.\nGrav, Tommy; Holman, Matthew J.; Fraser, Wesley C. (2004-09-20). \"Photometry of Irregular Satellites of Uranus and Neptune\". The Astrophysical Journal. 613 (1): L77 – L80. arXiv:astro-ph/0405605. Bibcode:2004ApJ...613L..77G. doi:10.1086/424997. S2CID 15706906.\nRettig, T. W.; Walsh, K.; Consolmagno, G. (December 2001). \"Implied Evolutionary Differences of the Jovian Irregular Satellites from a BVR Color Survey\". Icarus. 154 (2): 313–320. Bibcode:2001Icar..154..313R. doi:10.1006/icar.2001.6715.\nSheppard, S. S.; Jewitt, D.; Kleyna, J. (2005). \"An Ultradeep Survey for Irregular Satellites of Uranus: Limits to Completeness\". The Astronomical Journal. 129 (1): 518–525. arXiv:astro-ph/0410059. Bibcode:2005AJ....129..518S. doi:10.1086/426329. S2CID 18688556.\n\n\n== External links ==\nCaliban Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration\nDavid Jewiit pages\nUranus' Known Satellites (by Scott S. Sheppard)\nMPC: Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service\nCaliban and Sycorax, Moons of Uranus (2005 Calvin J. Hamilton)<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 501973,
      "num_docs": 547,
      "example": " small telescope or binoculars, and low power is required to view it. It is a spiral galaxy with a diameter of 46,000 light-years and is thus smaller than both the Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky Way. A distance of less than 300 kiloparsecs between it and Andromeda supports the hypothesis that it is a satellite of the larger galaxy. It is believed to have been interacting with it from their velocities. Within the constellation, it lies near the border of Pisces, 3.5 degrees west-northwest of Alpha Trianguli and 7 degrees southwest of Beta Andromedae. Within the galaxy, NGC 604 is an H II region where star formation takes place.\n\nIn addition to M33, there are several NGC galaxies of visual magnitudes 12 to 14. The largest of these include the 10 arcminute long magnitude 12 NGC 925 spiral galaxy and the 5 arcminute long magnitude 11.6 NGC 672 barred spiral galaxy. The latter is close by and appears to be interacting with IC 1727. The two are 88,000 light-years apart and lie around 18 million light-years away. These two plus another four nearby dwarf irregular galaxies constitute the NGC 672 group, and all six appear to have had a burst of star formation in the last ten million years. The group is thought connected to another group of six galaxies known as the NGC 784 group, named for its principal galaxy, the barred spiral NGC 784. Together with two isolated dwarf galaxies, these fourteen appear to be moving in a common direction and constitute a group possibly located on a dark matter filament. 3C 48 was the first quasar ever to be observed, although its true identity was not uncovered until after that of 3C 273 in 1963. It has an apparent magnitude of 16.2 and is located about 5 degrees northwest of Alpha Trianguli.\n\n\n== See also ==\nTriangulum (Chinese astronomy)\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nThe Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Triangulum\nThe clickable Triangulum\nWarburg Institute Iconographic Database (ca 160 medieval and early modern images of Triangulum)<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "geology": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 3258121,
      "num_docs": 3646,
      "example": " returned, and Bobby and Peter Farrelly returned to direct along with original screenwriter Bennett Yellin. Actors reprising their roles from the first film include Brady Bluhm, who played Billy in (Apartment) 4C, and Cam Neely, who played Sea Bass. Dumb and Dumber To was released on November 14, 2014. Compared to the original film, Dumb and Dumber To was met with mixed reviews from critics, although it did well commercially. Dumb and Dumber To was not released by Warner Bros. Pictures (who now owns New Line Cinema), but rather by Universal Pictures. New Line was given studio credit from Universal.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nOfficial website \nDumb and Dumber at IMDb<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 359313,
      "num_docs": 399,
      "example": "Bridger Pass\n\nJim Bridger Power Station\nBridgerland in Cache Valley in Utah and Idaho is a name that is used in many Logan, Utah-based businesses and institutions, such as Bridgerland Television and the Bridgerland Technical College.\nIn 2013, Bridger's Battle was announced as the new name for an old college football rivalry between Utah State and Wyoming. The winner receives a.50-caliber Rocky Mountain Hawken rifle, the \"Bridger rifle\", as a traveling trophy.\nJim Bridger Middle School in North Las Vegas, Nevada.\nJames Bridger Middle School in Independence, Missouri\nBridger Creative Science School (formerly Jim Bridger Elementary School) in Portland, Oregon.\n\n\n=== Media portrayals ===\nRaymond Hatton portrayed Bridger in the 1940 film Kit Carson.\nVan Heflin portrayed Bridger in the 1951 film Tomahawk.\nDennis Morgan portrayed Bridger in the 1955 film The Gun That Won the West.\nKarl Swenson portrayed Bridger in the episode \"The Jim Bridger Story\" of NBC's Wagon Train, broadcast on May 10, 1961.\nJames Wainwright portrayed Bridger in the 1976 TV movie Bridger, opposite Ben Murphy as Kit Carson.\nGregg Palmer portrayed Bridger in the 1977 episode \"Kit Carson and the Mountain Man\" of NBC's Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color.\nReb Brown portrayed Bridger in the 1978 TV miniseries Centennial.\nBrad Pitt portrayed Lt. Aldo Raine, \"a direct-descendent of the mountain man Jim Bridger\" in the 2009 film Inglourious Basterds\nWill Poulter portrayed a fictionalized version of Bridger in the 2015 film The Revenant.\nJohnny Horton produced an eponymous song about Bridger.\nThe Tall Tales of Jim Bridger portrayed dramatized stories about Bridger on INSP\nShea Whigham portrayed Bridger in the 2025 Netflix miniseries American Primeval\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n=== Sources ===\nAlter, J. Cecil (1925). James Bridger: Trapper, Frontiersman, Scout and Guide: A Historical Narrative. Salt Lake City, Utah: Shepard Book Co.\nCaesar, Gene (1961). \"King of the Mountain Men\" (First ed.). E. P. Dutton Co. pp. 22, 81–82, 103. Retrieved April 18, 2021.\nDale, Harrison Clifford (1929). \"Bridger, James\". In Johnson, Allen (ed.). Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 33.\nFischer, David Hackett (1989). Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 633–639. ISBN 978-0-19-506905-1.\nGard, Wayne (1963). \"Rugged Mountain Man: Jim Bridger; by J. Cecil Alter\". Southwest Review (Book review). 48 (3): 305. JSTOR 43471161.\nGarst, Shanon (1952). Jim Bridger: Greatest of the Mountain Men. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.\n\"Jim Bridger\". An Unforgettable Man: HughGlass. Museum of the Mountain Man. n.d. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved September 1, 2024.\nVestal, Stanley (1970). Jim Bridger, Mountain Man. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803257207.\nWallis, Michael (2017). The Best Land Under Heaven: The Donner Party in the Age of Manifest Destiny. Liveright. ISBN 978-0871407696.\n\n\n== Further reading ==\n\n\"Affidavit discussing Jim Bridger's property and Fort Bridger\"\nJim Bridger in Idaho<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "ecology": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 3372090,
      "num_docs": 3751,
      "example": " of the islands in the lake.\nA Kenyan Government report in 2021 estimated that the surface area of Lake Baringo had increased by over 100% to 268 square kilometres over the period 2010–2020. Lakeside villages were flooded and people displaced.  There have also been increases in animal populations such as crocodiles, along with interactions between these animals and people.\n\n\n== See also ==\nRift Valley lakes\nKorosi, a volcano at the northern end of Lake Nakuru\n\n\n== References ==\n\nAttribution\n\nThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Baringo\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 418.\n Media related to Lake Baringo at Wikimedia Commons<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 456387,
      "num_docs": 494,
      "example": "'s Ridge State Park website\nEncyclopedia of Arkansas history and culture.net: Crowley's Ridge State Park\nSt. Francis National Forest at Crowley's Ridge — at southernmost end of ridge, adjacent to Mississippi River.\nCrowley's Ridge Nature Center<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "neuroscience": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 4984250,
      "num_docs": 5329,
      "example": "roids Dream of Electric Sheep? and its film adaptation Blade Runner discovers that his targets appear to be, in some ways, more \"human\" than he is. The sequel Blade Runner 2049 involves android hunter K, himself an android, discovering the same thing. Android stories, therefore, are not essentially stories \"about\" androids; they are stories about the human condition and what it means to be human. \nOne aspect of writing about the meaning of humanity is to use discrimination against androids as a mechanism for exploring racism in society, as in Blade Runner. Perhaps the clearest example of this is John Brunner's 1968 novel Into the Slave Nebula, where the blue-skinned android slaves are explicitly shown to be fully human. More recently, the androids Bishop and Annalee Call in the films Aliens and Alien Resurrection are used as vehicles for exploring how humans deal with the presence of an \"Other\". The 2018 video game Detroit: Become Human also explores how androids are treated as second class citizens in a near future society.\nFemale androids, or \"gynoids\", are often seen in science fiction, and can be viewed as a continuation of the long tradition of men attempting to create the stereotypical \"perfect woman\". Examples include the Greek myth of Pygmalion and the female robot Maria in Fritz Lang's Metropolis. Some gynoids, like Pris in Blade Runner, are designed as sex-objects, with the intent of \"pleasing men's violent sexual desires\", or as submissive, servile companions, such as in The Stepford Wives. Fiction about gynoids has therefore been described as reinforcing \"essentialist ideas of femininity\", although others have suggested that the treatment of androids is a way of exploring racism and misogyny in society.\nThe 2015 Japanese film Sayonara, starring Geminoid F, was promoted as \"the first movie to feature an android performing opposite a human actor\".\nThe 2023 Dutch film I'm Not a Robot won the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film in 2025.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Further reading ==\nKerman, Judith B. (1991). Retrofitting Blade Runner: Issues in Ridley Scott's Blade Runner and Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. ISBN 0-87972-509-5.\nPerkowitz, Sidney (2004). Digital People: From Bionic Humans to Androids. Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 0-309-09619-7.\nShelde, Per (1993). Androids, Humanoids, and Other Science Fiction Monsters: Science and Soul in Science Fiction Films. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-7930-1.\nIshiguro, Hiroshi. \"Android science.\" Cognitive Science Society. 2005.\nGlaser, Horst Albert and Rossbach, Sabine: The Artificial Human, Frankfurt/M., Bern, New York 2011 \"The Artificial Human\"\nTechCast Article Series, Jason Rupinski and Richard Mix, \"Public Attitudes to Androids: Robot Gender, Tasks, & Pricing\"\nCarpenter, J. (2009). Why send the Terminator to do R2D2s job?: Designing androids as rhetorical phenomena. Proceedings of HCI 2009: Beyond Gray Droids: Domestic Robot Design for the 21st Century. Cambridge, UK. 1 September.\nTelotte, J.P. Replications: A Robotic History of the Science Fiction Film. University of Illinois Press, 1995.\n\n\n== External links ==<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 745348,
      "num_docs": 780,
      "example": " commemorate the anniversary of the Transformers franchise.\nDue to stricter laws on toys resembling real weapons, toys of Megatron have undergone different forms of alternate modes such as tanks, cars, and jets. In 2006, Hasbro released the Classics Voyager Megatron figure, which transforms into a Nerf Maverick REV-6 replica—the first Megatron toy in over two decades to have a gun mode. Megatron, Shockwave, and Ravage are the three Decepticon figures available to play in the Monopoly Transformers Collectors Edition game.\n\n\n== Legacy ==\nIn the cheating scandal of Charles Ingram on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, Megatron appears as one of the wrong answers (other two being Gigabit and Nanomole) to the million pound question being \"A number one followed by one hundred zeros is known by what name?\". Ingram goes for the right answer of Googol after receiving several coughs from his accomplice Tecwen Whittock.\nFormer American football player Calvin Johnson is nicknamed \"Megatron\".\nPrime Megatron appears as one of the Hub Carolers in a Christmas-themed commercial for The Hub.\nIn 2009, a Canadian man was arrested after a three-hour standoff with police, during which he wielded only an \"'80s-style\" Megatron toy.\nAt BotCon 2010, Hasbro named Megatron as one of the first five robot inductees in the Transformers Hall of Fame. Wizard magazine rated Megatron the 68th-greatest villain of all time.\nBeast Era Megatron was named the best upgrade in Beast Wars history by Topless Robot. By contrast, that outlet named Transmetal Megatron the fourth-strangest Transformers Beast Wars figure.\nIn 2019, American rapper Nicki Minaj released a song entitled \"Megatron\" in reference to her \"bad guy\" persona. In the song \"The Outside\" by the American band Twenty One Pilots, Megatron is referenced.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nMegatron on IMDb\nThe MC-12 Gun Robo, Megatron's pre-Transformers incarnation as a Microman figure Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine\nOriginal Patent for the MC-12 Gun Robo toy by Takashi Matsuda\nBrief Description of the G1 Megatron toy<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "genetics": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 4068838,
      "num_docs": 4429,
      "example": " of society and individuals.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nOvercoming Bias (Hanson's blog)\nGMU Page\nRoberts, Russ. \"Robin Hanson Podcasts\". EconTalk. Library of Economics and Liberty.\nBloggingheads.tv: interviews on Costly Truth-Seeking and The Economics of Artificial Intelligence (video & audio)\nAppearances on C-SPAN\nNoDoom – Hanson's critique of the Doomsday argument\nMalthus v. the Singularity NY Times' John Tierney discusses Hanson's paper on the technological singularity<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 406187,
      "num_docs": 451,
      "example": ", Ian McColl and David Widgery.\nOne of Comfort's final letters was to The Guardian in 1989, protesting against the Thatcher government's introduction of the poll tax.\n\n\n== Personal life ==\n\nThe Joy of Sex made Comfort known internationally as \"Dr. Sex\" and soon thereafter he and his wife of thirty years divorced. A few months later, during 1973, Comfort married his mistress (and ex-wife's best friend) Jane Henderson, with whom he had been having an affair for more than a decade. The Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions, a liberal research institute, offered Comfort a job, and so, during 1973, the couple relocated to Santa Barbara, California.\nThey frequented the Sandstone Retreat, a clothing-optional community in California espousing open sexuality. In his 1981 nonfiction publication concerning sexuality in America, Thy Neighbor's Wife, Gay Talese noted, \"Often the nude biologist Dr. Alex Comfort, brandishing a cigar, traipsed through the room between the prone bodies with the professional air of a lepidopterist strolling through the fields waving a butterfly net\".\nJane Henderson, however, eventually became tired of the \"open love\" community and Comfort became involved in lawsuits with his employer concerning a claimed breach of contract. In 1985, the couple returned to England, where they lived the remainder of their lives in Kent.\nDuring 1991, Comfort suffered a severe cerebral hemorrhage, after which his son from his first marriage acted as his caretaker and business manager. His second wife Jane Henderson died soon after the haemorrhage. He died on 26 March 2000; he was eighty years old.\n\n\n== Collections ==\nIn 1973 Comfort deposited his archive to University College London; it was supplemented by a second donation in 1992 by his son Nicholas. The Comfort Papers span over 80 boxes of material and primarily focus on Comfort's career and research.\n\n\n== Partial bibliography ==\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nAnarchism in the United Kingdom\nList of peace activists\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nAlexComfort.net includes full text of 'Authority and Delinquency' and 'I and That: Notes on the Biology of Religion'\nBiography of Alex Comfort with attention to his anarchist politics\nSee the Alex Comfort Page in the Anarchist Encyclopedia\nGuardian obituary\nComfort Papers at University College London<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "microbiology": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 3492635,
      "num_docs": 3860,
      "example": ". It became in the following century one of the best in Tuscany, giving hospitality to the old and poor people and pilgrims. The building remained in function until the end of the 20th century. In the hospital's chapel, the original oak wood table where Saint Fina lay down for five years is preserved.\n\n\n== Iconography and biographies ==\nThe most important monument dedicated to Saint Fina is her chapel in the Collegiata, designed by Giuliano da Maiano in 1468 and consecrated in 1488. Her relics are located inside the altar built by Giuliano's brother Benedetto da Maiano. On the left and right walls of the Chapel there are two frescoes painted by Domenico Ghirlandaio: one shows the vision of Saint Gregory; the other shows the funeral where the violets in blossom on the towers are represented. Also depicted is an angel ringing the bells, Beldia's cured hand and the self-portrait of the painter and his brother-in-law Mainardi, who painted the chapel's ceiling.\nInside the Civic Museum of San Gimignano there is a wood tabernacle painted by Lorenzo di Niccolò in 1402 depicting Saint Fina holding a model of San Gimignano along with eight scenes of her life and miracles. Another image of Fina is in the nearby church of Sant'Agostino, painted by Benozzo Gozzoli. Other artists depicting the saint's life include Piero del Pollaiuolo and Pier Francesco Fiorentino.\nFra Giovanni del Coppo wrote the earliest hagiography of Saint Fina (“Historia vita et morte di Sancta Fina da San Gimignano”, written on 14th century and translated from Latin by Jacopo Manducci in 1575). Many others have tried to tell Saint Fina's life (Enrico Castaldi, Giovanni Bollando, Filippo Buonaccorsi, Teodoro Ferroni, Ignazio Malenotti, Luigi Pecori, Ugo Nomi Veronesi Pesciolini, and Enrico Fiumi).\n\n\n== See also ==\nSanta Fina Chapel\nSaint Fina, patron saint archive\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Sources ==\nVichi, Iole Imberciadori. Fina dei Ciardi (1979)\n\n\n== External links ==\nAnnouncement of Death to St Fina\nThe Funeral of St. Fina by Domenico Ghirlandaio<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 341774,
      "num_docs": 387,
      "example": "Hugh James Rose (9 June 1795 – 22 December 1838) was an English Anglican priest and theologian who served as the second Principal of King's College, London.\n\n\n== Life ==\nRose was born at Little Horsted in Sussex on 9 June 1795 and educated at Uckfield School, where his father was Master, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was conferred the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1817, but missed a fellowship. He was then President of the Cambridge Union Society for the Michaelmas term of 1817. Having been ordained to the deaconate in 1818, he was appointed to a curacy in Buxted, Sussex, in 1819. He married Anne Cuyler and became a priest later that year. In 1821, he was appointed to the vicarage of Horsham, Sussex.\nAfter travelling in Germany, as select preacher at Cambridge, Rose delivered four addresses against rationalism. In 1827 he was appointed to the prebendary of Middleton, which he held until 1833. In 1830 he accepted the rectory of Hadleigh, Suffolk, and in 1833 that of Fairsted, Essex, and in 1835 the perpetual curacy of St Thomas's, Southwark. Rose was a high churchman, who in 1832 founded the British Magazine to propagate his views, and so came into touch with the leaders of the Oxford Movement. Out of a conference at his rectory in Hadleigh, Suffolk came the Association of Friends of the Church, formed by Hurrell Froude and William Palmer.\nIn 1833–1834 Rose was professor of divinity at the University of Durham, a post which had to resign due to ill-health. He was appointed Principal of King's College, London, in October 1836, but caught influenza, and after two years of ill-health he died in Florence, Italy, on 22 December 1838. He was buried in the English Cemetery, Florence, his name in the register given as \"Ugo Giacomo Rose\", his Scipio tomb having a lengthy epitaph in Latin. Rose's library was sold at auction in London by R. H. Evans on 28 February 1839 (and five following days); a copy of the catalogue is held at Cambridge University Library (shelfmark Munby.c.145(1)).\n\n\n== Works ==\nIn 1825 Rose published The State of the Protestant Religion in Germany. The book was severely criticised in Germany, and in England by Edward Pusey. Together with William Rowe Lyall he edited Rivington's Theological Library (1832–46). In 1836 he became editor of the Encyclopædia Metropolitana, and he projected the New General Biographical Dictionary, a scheme carried through by his brother Henry John Rose (1800–1873).\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n=== Footnotes ===\n\n\n=== Bibliography ===\n\n\n== Further reading ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nBibliographic directory from Project Canterbury<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "immunology": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 4249685,
      "num_docs": 4583,
      "example": "-1973. S2CID 145107819.\n\n\n== External links ==\nWorks by or about Matthew Hale at the Internet Archive<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 493423,
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      "example": "Noboribetsu (登別市, Noboribetsu-shi; Ainu: nupur-pet) is a city in Iburi Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. Part of Shikotsu-Toya National Park, it is southwest of Sapporo, west of Tomakomai and northeast of Hakodate.\nAs of September 2016, the city has an estimated population of 49,523 and a population density of 230 persons per km2. The total area is 212.11 km2.\nThe city office is in Horobetsu. The town of Noboribetsu is at the mouth of the Noboribetsu river and is therefore a much narrower area.\n\n\n== Geography ==\nThe mountains dominate the west and north while the plains dominate around five km within the coastline. There are three towns along the Pacific Ocean: from northeast to southwest, Noboribetsu, Horobetsu and Washibetsu. These betsu are derived from \"river\" in the Ainu language. Noboribetsu is on the Noboribetsu River. Horobetsu and Washibetsu are on the Iburi-horobetsu River and the Washibetsu River respectively.\n\n\n=== Origin of name ===\nThe name, Noboribetsu, derives from an Ainu word, nupur-pet, which means dark-colored river; the kanji 登別, meaning \"climbing different\", are used for their phonetic value only, and have no relation to the original meaning.\n\n\n=== Climate ===\n\n\n== History ==\n1919: Horobetsu village was founded.\n1951: Horobetsu village became Horobetsu town.\n1961: Horobetsu town renamed to Noboribetsu town.\n1970: Noboribetsu town became Noboribetsu city.\n\n\n== Education ==\n\n\n=== High school ===\nHokkaido Noboribetsu Seiryo High School (登別市立西陵中学校)\n\n\n=== Secondary school ===\nHokkaido Noboribetsu Akebi Secondary School (北海道登別明日中等教育学校)\n\n\n== Transportation ==\n\nMuroran Main Line: Washibetsu – Horobetsu – Tomiura – Noboribetsu\nHokkaido Expressway: Noboribetsu-Muroran IC – Tomiura PA – Noboribetsu-Higashi IC\nRoute 36\n\n\n== Sightseeing ==\n\n6 km inland from Noboribetsu City in the river valley is the smaller town of Noboribetsu-onsen (登別温泉). The town has a range of onsen for bathing as well as other hot springs formed from different minerals for scenic viewing, and is also known for its bear park. Noboribetsu-onsen is one of many well-known resorts in Japan, with many hotels and ryokan, and is the largest \"hot spring town\" in Hokkaido. There is also the Noboribetsu Marine Park Nixe, the largest aquarium in Hokkaido.\n\n\n== Sister cities ==\n\n\n=== International ===\n Faaborg-Midtfyn Municipality, Denmark\n Saipan, United States\n Guangzhou, Guangdong, China\n\n\n=== Domestic ===\n Shiroishi, Miyagi\n Ebina, Kanagawa\n\n\n== Notable people from Noboribetsu ==\nYukie Chiri, Ainu transcriber and translator of Yukar (Ainu epic tales)\nToma Ikuta, Japanese actor (Hanazakari no Kimitachi e, Honey & Clover, Sensei!, Ouroboros, Hanamizuki and Ningen Shikkaku)\nMasayuki Kono, Japanese professional wrestler and former mixed martial artist\nKazuki Kushibiki, Japanese football player\nSamizu Matsuki, artist, classical realism painting, drawing, emigre.\nTakashi Narita, former volleyball player\nRina Sumioka, Japanese female singer-songwriter and J-pop idol\nYoshida Brothers, Japanese shamisenist musicians\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nOfficial Website (in Japanese)\nnoboribetsu-spa<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "environmental_science": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 4286303,
      "num_docs": 4628,
      "example": " Chris Hadfield Airport, Jazz Aviation operated services to and from Toronto Pearson International Airport on behalf of Air Canada Express.  For rail travel, Sarnia is one of the two western termini, along with Windsor, of the Via Rail Quebec City – Windsor Corridor. It has service departing Sarnia station in the morning and returning in the evening.\n\n\n=== Health care ===\nSarnia is served by Bluewater Health, a hospital with 188 acute care beds, 70 complex continuing care beds and 27 rehabilitation beds. The hospital opened in 2010, following the amalgamation of several smaller facilities and the destruction of the old hospital on Mitton Street.\n\n\n== Education ==\n\nThe Lambton Kent District School Board is responsible for the 13 elementary and three secondary public schools (Northern Collegiate Institute and Vocational School, Alexander MacKenzie Secondary School, and Great Lakes Secondary School) located within Sarnia's boundaries.\nThe St. Clair Catholic District School Board is responsible for the city's seven elementary and only secondary Catholic, St. Patrick's. In 2014, St. Patrick's and St. Christopher's merged under the St. Patrick's name on St. Christopher's North Sarnia site.\nThe Conseil scolaire catholique Providence (CSC Providence) represents the two French Catholic schools in the city, Saint-François-Xavier and Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin. In comparison, the Conseil scolaire Viamonde operates two French public schools, the elementary École Les Rapides and the secondary École Secondaire Franco-Jeunesse.  There are also two independent Christian elementary schools in Sarnia—Sarnia Christian School and Temple Christian Academy.\nLambton College, which offers two and three-year programs and diplomas, is one of Ontario's 21 colleges of applied arts and technology. It has a full-time enrolment of 3,500 and a part-time enrolment of about 8,000. It is the city's only post-secondary school.\n\n\n== Media ==\n\nFour radio stations originate from Sarnia, although other stations rebroadcast their signal there, notably CKTI-FM (103.3 FM), a First Nations produced station from Kettle Point, and CBEG-FM (90.3 FM) and CBEF-3-FM (98.3 FM), simulcasts of CBC Radio One (English) and Ici Radio-Canada Première (French), respectively, from Windsor, Ontario.\n\nCHOK, (1070 AM), country/news/sports\nCFGX-FM The Fox, (99.9 FM) adult contemporary\nCHOK-1-FM, (103.9 FM) (rebroadcaster of CHOK AM)\nCHKS-FM, (106.3 FM) Classic hits\nThe city's main daily newspaper is the Sarnia Observer, owned by Postmedia, which purchased Sun Media in 2014 for $316 million. The community publications Sarnia This Week, Lambton County Smart Shopper and Business Trends are owned by Bowes Publishing. The monthly business-oriented newspaper First Monday is owned by Huron Web Printing and Graphics.  Lambton Shield Publishing has been in operation since November 2010 and runs an on-line only news website, lambtonshield.com, delivering local news and services to the Sarnia-Lambton area. There are two magazines currently published in Sarnia, Business Trends and Report on Industry.  Business Trends is distributed through City Hall, while \"Report on Industry\" is sent to executives in surrounding businesses.  Report on Industry articles are available online.\n\n\n== Notable people ==\n\n\n== See also ==\nEnvironmental impact of the chemical industry in Sarnia\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 446827,
      "num_docs": 486,
      "example": " closed in 2015. Sold to Rivian in 2017.\nChina: GAC Mitsubishi Motors Co., Ltd. (GMMC)\nBarcelona, Anzoátegui, Venezuela: (MMC Automotriz S.A.) Opened in 1990, sold to Grupo Sylca (a.k.a. Grupo Yammine) in 2015.\nKaluga, Russia: Peugeot Citroën Mitsubishi Automotiv Rus (PCMA Rus), joint venture with PSA Peugeot Citroën, now part of Stellantis, ceased production in April 2022.\n\n\n== Leadership ==\nYuji Sato (1970–1973)\nTomio Kubo (1973–1979)\nYoshitoshi Sone (1979–1981)\nMasao Suzuki (1981–1983)\nToyoo Tate (1983–1989)\nHirokazu Nakamura (1989–1995)\nNobuhisa Tsukamura (1995–1996)\nTakemune Kimura (1996–1997)\nKatsuhiko Kawasoe (1997–2000)\nTakashi Sonobe (2000–2002)\nRolf Eckrodt (2002–2004)\nYoichiro Okazaki (2004)\nHideyasu Tagaya (2004–2005)\nOsamu Masuko (2005–2020)\nTakao Kato (2020–present)\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nUrawa Red Diamonds\nMitsubishi Motors Mizushima F.C.\nAutomotive industry in Japan\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nOfficial website<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "medicine": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 3399057,
      "num_docs": 3763,
      "example": ". He has pioneered the discovery of biomarker panels for lung cancer and posttraumatic stress syndrome. \n(3) The use of systems biology to stratify disease into its different subtypes allowing for more effective treatment. \n(4) The use of systems strategies to identify new types of drug targets to facilitate and accelerate the drug discovery process.\n\n\n=== P4 medicine ===\nSince 2002 Hood has progressively expanded his vision of the future of medicine: first focusing on predictive and preventive (2P) Medicine; then predictive, preventive and personalized (3P) Medicine; and finally predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory, also known as P4 Medicine. Hood states that P4 Medicine is the convergence of systems medicine, big data and patient (consumer) driven healthcare and social networks.\nHood envisions that by the mid-2020s each individual will be surrounded by a virtual cloud of billions of data points and will have the computational tools to analyze this data and produce simple approaches to optimize wellness and minimize disease for each individual. According to this view, the patient's demand for better healthcare will be the real driving force for the acceptance of P4 Medicine by the medical community.  This driving force is exemplified by the movement known as the quantified self, which uses digital devices to monitor self-parameters such as weight, activity, sleep, diet, etc.  His view is that P4 Medicine will transform the practice of medicine over the next decade, moving it from a largely reactive, disease-care approach to a proactive P4 approach that is predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory.\nIn 2010, Hood co-founded the P4 Medicine institute (P4Mi), for the development of Predictive, Preventive, Personalized and Participatory (P4) Medicine. In 2021 Hood founded Phenome Health, a non profit focused on implementing his vision. He argues that P4 Medicine will improve healthcare, decrease its cost and promote innovation.\n\n\n== Awards and honors ==\n\nLeroy Hood is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS, 1982), \nthe National Academy of Engineering (2007), \nthe National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine, 2003), \nand the National Academy of Inventors (2012). \nHe is one of only 15 scientists ever elected to all three national academies. He is also \na member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1982), \na member of the American Philosophical Society (2000), \na fellow of the American Society for Microbiology, and a charter fellow of the National Academy of Inventors (2012).\n \nHe has received 17 honorary degrees from institutions including Johns Hopkins and Yale University.\nIn 1987 Hood shared the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research with Philip Leder and Susumu Tonegawa for studies of the mechanism of immune diversity. \nHe subsequently was awarded the Dickson Prize in 1988. In 1987, Hood also received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.\nHe won the 2002 Kyoto Prize for Advanced Technology for developing automated technologies for analyzing proteins and genes; \nthe 2003 Lemelson-MIT Prize for Innovation and Invention for inventing \"four instruments that have unlocked much of the mystery of human biology\" by helping decode the genome; \nthe 2004 Biotechnology Heritage Award; the 2004 Association for Molecular Pathology Award for Excellence in Molecular Diagnostics \nthe 2006 Heinz Award in Technology, the Economy and Employment, for breakthroughs in biomedical science on the genetic level; \ninclusion in the 2007 Inventors Hall of Fame for the automated DNA sequencer; \nthe 2008 Pittcon Heritage Award for helping to transform the biotechnology industry; and \nthe 2010 Kistler Prize for contributions to genetics that have increased knowledge of the human genome and its relationship to society. \nLeroy Hood won the 2011 Fritz J. and Dolores H. Russ Prize \"for automating DNA sequencing that revolutionized biomedicine and forensic science\"; \nthe 2011 National Medal of Science, presented at a White House ceremony by President Obama in early 2013; \nthe IEEE Medal for Innovations in Healthcare Technology in 2014, and \nthe 2016 Ellis Island Medal of Honor. \nIn 2017 he received the NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society. In 2019 Hood was awarded the IRI Medal, established by the Industrial Research Institute (IRI).\n\n\n== See also ==\n100K Wellness Project, a Framingham like clinical study set up by Hood which utilizes technological health data & measurement\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nArticles for Leroy Hood, at the Institute for Systems Biology<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 355866,
      "num_docs": 399,
      "example": " been tested in controlled trials. Hall stated that \"Fuhrman makes extraordinary claims for the Nutritarian diet, but extraordinary claims must be supported by extraordinary evidence, and the evidence he presents is far from compelling.\"\n\n\n== Books ==\nFasting and Eating for Health: A Medical Doctor's Program for Conquering Disease (1995) ISBN 978-0312187194\nEat to Live: The Amazing Nutrient-Rich Program for Fast and Sustained Weight Loss (2003) ISBN 978-0316120913\nDisease-Proof Your Child: Feeding Kids Right (2006) ISBN 978-0312338084\nEat for Health: Lose Weight, Keep It off, Look Younger, Live Longer (2008) ISBN 978-0983795223\nThe End of Diabetes: The Eat to Live Plan to Prevent and Reverse Diabetes (2012) ISBN 978-0062219985\nSuper Immunity: The Essential Nutrition Guide for Boosting Your Body's Defenses to Live Longer, Stronger, and Disease Free (2013) ISBN 9780062080653\nThe End of Dieting: How to Live for Life (2014) ISBN 978-0062249326\nThe End of Heart Disease: the eat to live plan to prevent and reverse heart disease (2016) ISBN 978-0062249357\nEat to Live Quick and Easy Cookbook: 131 Delicious Recipes for Fast and Sustained Weight Loss, Reversing Disease, and Lifelong Health (2017) ISBN 978-0062684950\nFast Food Genocide: How Processed Food Is Killing Us and What We Can Do about It (2017) ISBN 978-0062571212\nTransformation 20 - Blood Pressure and Cholesterol (2018) ISBN 9780999223529\nEat for Life: The Breakthrough Nutrient-Rich Program for Longevity, Disease Reversal, and Sustained Weight Loss (2020) ISBN 978-0062249319\n\n\n== See also ==\nNeal D. Barnard\nT. Colin Campbell\nMichael Greger\nMichael Klaper\nJohn A. McDougall\nMichael Pollan\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nOfficial website\nJoel Fuhrman at IMDb<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "public_health": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 2892129,
      "num_docs": 3266,
      "example": "Dave Wilson Nursery is a family-owned and operated nursery that specializes in the wholesale growth of fruit trees for home gardens. It was established in 1938 and based in Modesto, California, and has become one of the largest growers of deciduous fruit, nut, and shade trees in the United States, cultivating over 1000 acres on a four-year rotation and producing more than two million trees annually.\nThe nursery is known for being a significant licensee and propagator of new fruit varieties developed by Zaiger's Genetics, including the Pluot and the Aprium. \n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n   Official Dave Wilson Nursery website<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 334465,
      "num_docs": 377,
      "example": " in 1992 to develop dairy products factories throughout China, to Nestlé; on the merger of Kwik Save with Somerfield, Dairy Farm sold its 11% holding for US$290 million. Dairy Farm acquired 25% of the \"No Frills\" Kwik Save Group in 1987; Sold the 108-store Simago chain in Spain acquired in 1990.\nIn March 2000, Dairy Farm sold its half share in DFI Géant, the Taiwan hypermarket opened in 1998 back to Casino, its joint venture partner.\nIn 2001, the company sold the 287-store Franklins chain in Australia which it acquired in 1978. Its Hong Kong–based distribution business, Sims Trading, was sold to CITIC Pacific.\nIn June 2002, the 61-store Woolworths chain in New Zealand acquired in 1990, was sold for US$337 million.\nIn 2004, the Group's Hong Kong ice manufacturing business which began in 1918 was sold for US$107 million.\nIn 2023, the Group's Malaysian food retailing business was sold to Macrovalue Sdn Bhd and in 2025, the Group's Singaporean food retailing business was sold to Macrovalue Pte Ltd.\nOn 19 April 2024, DFI's subsidiary PT Hero Supermarket Tbk announced it would divest its supermarket businesses along with the rights to the Hero brand to PT Hero Retail Nusantara for 135 billion rupiahs.\n\n\n== Controversy ==\nWellcome, a major food retailer owned by Dairy Farm Group, have been cited by the Taiwanese government for 33 labor violations in Taiwan. These include instances of maintaining unsafe work spaces that potentially endangered employees, having staff members work unpaid overtime beyond legal limitations, and refusing pay and rest time to employees.\n\n\n== See also ==\nThe Hongs\nWellcome/Food World\nMaxim's\nCold Storage\nJasons Market Place/Market Place by Jasons\nGiant\nMannings/Guardian\nRustan's\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nOfficial website<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "pharmacology": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 3575828,
      "num_docs": 3941,
      "example": "ist may contain up to 25% corn and/or rice.  American pilsners have “significantly less flavor, hops, and bitterness than traditional European Pilsners,” according to the Beer Judge Certification Program.\nAustralian-style Pilsner\nLight straw to golden colour with more crisp, clean earthy taste.\n\n\n== See also ==\nBeer by region\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nGesellschaft für Geschichte des Brauwesens e.V. (GGB)\nDie Kunst des Bierbrauens<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 448041,
      "num_docs": 491,
      "example": "), The Melodians song \"Rivers of Babylon\" (based on Psalm 137, where the captivity of Babylon is contrasted with the freedom in Zion), the Bad Brains song \"Leaving Babylon\", the Damian Marley song featuring Nas \"Road to Zion\", The Abyssinians' \"Forward Unto Zion\" and Kiddus I's \"Graduation in Zion\", which is featured in the 1977 cult roots rock reggae film Rockers, and \"Let's Go to Zion\" by Winston Francis. Reggae groups such as Steel Pulse and Cocoa Tea also have many references to Zion in their various songs.\nThe Jewish longing for Zion, starting with the deportation and enslavement of Jews during the Babylonian captivity, was adopted as a metaphor by Christian black slaves in the United States.\nThus, Zion symbolizes a longing by wandering peoples for a safe homeland. This could be an actual place such as Ethiopia for Rastafari or Israel for the Jews.\nRastafari, while not identifying as \"Jews\", identify themselves and Africa as Zion. Specifically, Ethiopia is acknowledged as the mountains of Zion. Further, Rastafari ontology views all Africans as God's Chosen People. This differs from Judaic narratives.\n\n\n== The Bahá’í Faith ==\nReferences to Zion occur in the writings of the Bahá’í Faith. Bahá’u’lláh, the prophet-founder of the Bahá’í Faith wrote, concerning the Bahá’í Revelation,\n\nThe time foreordained unto the peoples and kindreds of the earth is now come. The promises of God, as recorded in the holy Scriptures, have all been fulfilled. Out of Zion hath gone forth the Law of God, and Jerusalem, and the hills and land thereof, are filled with the glory of His Revelation.\nCall out to Zion, O Carmel, and announce the joyful tidings: He that was hidden from mortal eyes is come! His all-conquering sovereignty is manifest; His all-encompassing splendor is revealed. \n\n\n== Mount Zion today ==\n\nToday, Mount Zion refers to a hill south of the Old City's Armenian Quarter, not to the Temple Mount. This apparent misidentification dates at least from the 1st century AD, when Josephus calls Jerusalem's Western Hill \"Mount Zion\". The Abbey of the Dormition and King David's Tomb are located upon the hill currently called Mount Zion.\n\n\n== See also ==\nBeulah (land)\nBook of Micah\nJerusalem of Gold\nNames of Jerusalem\nNew Jerusalem\nNew world order (Baháʼí)\nPrisoners of Zion\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\n\"Zion\". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.\nLudlow, D. H. (Ed.) (1992). Vol 4. Encyclopedia of Mormonism. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.\nMcConkie, B. R. (1966). Mormon Doctrine. (2nd ed). Utah: Bookcraft.\nSteven Zarlengo: Daughter of Zion: Jerusalem's Past, Present, and Future. Dallas: Joseph Publishing, 2007.\n\n\n== Further reading ==\nBatto, Bernard F.; Roberts, Kathryn L. (2004). David and Zion: Biblical Studies in Honor of J. J. M. Roberts. Winona Lake, Ill.: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 1-57506-092-2.\nShatz, Adam, \"We Are Conquerors\" (review of Tom Segev, A State at Any Cost: The Life of David Ben-Gurion, Head of Zeus, 2019, 804 pp., ISBN 978 1 78954 462 6), London Review of Books, vol. 41, no. 20 (24 October 2019), pp. 37–38, 40–42. \"Segev's biography... shows how central exclusionary nationalism, war and racism were to Ben-Gurion's vision of the Jewish homeland in Palestine, and how contemptuous he was not only of the Arabs but of Jewish life outside Zion. [Liberal Jews] may look at the state that Ben-Gurion built, and ask if the cost has been worth it.\" (p. 42 of Shatz's review.)<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "computer_science": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 3051847,
      "num_docs": 3438,
      "example": " Scott\". 15 July 2007. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007.\nInterview with Ridley Scott at Texas Archive of the Moving Image<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 334761,
      "num_docs": 380,
      "example": " this is an exploitation of the coincidental name collision between.com command files and.com commercial web sites.\n\n\n== See also ==\nDOS API\nCMD file (CP/M)\nComparison of executable file formats\nFat binary\nExecutable compression\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nCOM 101 – a DOS executable walkthrough<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "artificial_intelligence": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 6443236,
      "num_docs": 6764,
      "example": "\n\n\n== External links ==<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 524433,
      "num_docs": 563,
      "example": "-in.\nMicrosoft was the first company to participate in the PRISM surveillance program, according to leaked NSA documents obtained by The Guardian and The Washington Post in June 2013, and acknowledged by government officials following the leak. The program authorizes the government to secretly access data of non-US citizens hosted by American companies without a warrant. Microsoft has denied participation in such a program.\nJesse Jackson believes Microsoft should hire more minorities and women. In 2015, he praised Microsoft for appointing two women to its board of directors.\nIn 2020, Salesforce, the manufacturer of the Slack platform, complained to European regulators about Microsoft due to the integration of the Teams service into Office 365. Negotiations with the European Commission continued until the summer of 2023, but, as it became known to the media, they reached an impasse. Microsoft is now facing an antitrust investigation.\nIn June 2024, Microsoft Corp. faced a potential EU fine after regulators accused it of abusing market power by bundling its Teams video-conferencing app with its Office 365 and Microsoft 365 software. The European Commission issued a statement of objections, alleging Microsoft's practice since 2019 gave Teams an unfair market advantage and limited interoperability with competing software. Despite Microsoft's efforts to avoid deeper scrutiny, including unbundling Teams, regulators remained unconvinced. This action followed a 2019 complaint from Slack, which was later acquired by Salesforce. Microsoft's Teams usage soared during the pandemic, growing from 2 million daily users in 2017 to 300 million in 2023. The company has a history of antitrust battles in the U.S. and Europe, with over €2 billion in EU fines previously imposed for similar abuses.\n\n\n==== Involvement in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict ====\nIn October 2024, Microsoft fired two employees, software engineers Ibtihal Aboussad and Vaniya Agrawal, who organized an unauthorized vigil at its Redmond headquarters to honor Palestinians killed in the Gaza war. The employees, part of the group \"No Azure for Apartheid\", sought to address the company's involvement in the Israeli government's use of its technology. In February 2025, the Associated Press reported that the Israeli military was utilizing Microsoft-developed artificial intelligence tools in its military and intelligence operations against the people of Gaza. In May 2025, Microsoft issued an unsigned statement confirming that these services had been made available to Israel, while denying that these tools were employed during the massacre of the people of Gaza. On March 20, 2025, before an event at Seattle's Great Hall with Brad Smith and Steve Ballmer, protestors projected \"Microsoft powers genocide\" on the wall. Subsequently, two employees interrupted AI executive Mustafa Suleyman at a speaking event on April 4, 2025, in protest at the company's support of Israel. After the disruptions at these events, Microsoft contacted the FBI in search of assistance in surveilling its pro-Palestinian employees and their allies. The Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement added Microsoft to its list of targets for partnering \"with the apartheid regime of Israel and its prison system\". In August 2025 it was reported that Microsoft provides storage for mass-surveilled Palestinian phone calls that have been used to identify bombing targets in Gaza. On 20 August, 20 Microsoft employees and their allies were arrested after refusing to disperse from a protest on Microsoft's Redmond, Washington campus.\nIn November 2024, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) launched an investigation into Microsoft, focusing on potential antitrust violations related to its cloud computing, AI, and cybersecurity businesses. The probe scrutinized Microsoft's bundling of cloud services with products like Office and security tools, as well as its growing AI presence through its partnership with OpenAI. This inquiry is part of broader efforts by the U.S. government to curb the power of major tech companies, especially under FTC chair Lina Khan. Concerns were raised about Microsoft's licensing practices potentially locking customers into its services and its AI investments possibly sidestepping regulatory oversight.\nIn June 2025 Microsoft helped suspend the email account of an International Criminal Court (ICC) prosecutor in the Netherlands who was investigating Israel for war crimes in order to comply with a Trump executive order. In June 2025, a UN expert's report named Microsoft as being \"central to Israel's surveillance apparatus and the ongoing Gaza destruction.\"\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of mergers and acquisitions by Microsoft\nMicrosoft engineering groups\nMicrosoft Enterprise Agreement\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\nBundled references\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website \nMicrosoft on OpenSecrets, a website that tracks and publishes data on campaign finance and lobbying \nBusiness data for Microsoft Corporation:<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "information_theory": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 4141041,
      "num_docs": 4498,
      "example": ". eds. Growing up Fatherless in Antiquity, Cambridge University Press, 2009.\nParkin, Tim, & Pomeroy, Arthur, Roman Social History, a Sourcebook, Routledge, 2007. ISBN 978-0-415-42675-6.\nSevery, Beth, Augustus and the family at the birth of the Roman Empire, Routledge, 2003. ISBN 0-415-30959-X.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nGeorge Long, \"Patria Potestas\", in William Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities London, John Murray, 1875, pp. 873–875.\n\"Roman Law\", in Catholic Encyclopedia New York, Robert Appleton, 1913.\nOlga Tellegen-Couper, \"A Short History of Roman Law\".<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 452515,
      "num_docs": 497,
      "example": " (which had belonged to Oller's father), frequently mentioned in Vilaniu and La bogeria; and the Moragas family summer house, called \"Maiola\" in Oller's writings, a neoclassical building from the early eighteenth century that became a retreat for the well-to-do families of Valls in the nineteenth century. These locations are also linked with Oller's cousin and mentor Josep Yxart. Some of these settings were used in the film adaptation of La febre d'or.\nIn Barcelona, Oller placed scenes of La febre d'or at the Portal de la Pau, near today's Barceloneta district, and described the demolition of the sea wall and the opening of the city to the sea. He also set parts of La bogeria in the same area. Finally, the former convent of Santa Mònica (today the Arts Santa Mònica Centre) serves as the backdrop for the baptism scene in La papallona (The Butterfly).\n\n\n== Further reading ==\nCasacuberta, Margarida. Narcís Oller: Realisme i naturalisme. Barcelona: Edicions 62, 1996.\nCasacuberta, Margarida. \"La novel·la catalana de la Restauració: Narcís Oller i el realisme europeu.\" In: Història de la literatura catalana. Part moderna, vol. 6. Barcelona: Ariel, 1986, pp. 115–144.\nComas i Güell, Montserrat. \"Narcís Oller, Víctor Balaguer i La febre d'or.\" Del Penedès, Winter 2005–2006. Available online at RACO.\nHistòria de la Literatura Catalana. Vol. 1. Col·leccionable del diari Avui. Barcelona: Edicions 62, pp. 309–319.\nPujol, Joan. \"Narcís Oller and the Realist Novel.\" Hispania, vol. 55, no. 3, 1972, pp. 480–487.\nShaw, Donald. Modern Catalan Literature. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1997.\nYates, Alan. Narcís Oller. Twayne's World Authors Series. Boston: Twayne, 1979.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nNarcís Oller biography and works at Catalan Literature Online\n Media related to Narcís Oller at Wikimedia Commons\n\nWorks by Narcís Oller at Project Gutenberg\nNarcís Oller at the Association of Catalan Language Writers. (in English, Spanish, and Catalan)\n\"Narcís Oller\". lletrA-UOC – Open University of Catalonia.\nWorks by Narcís Oller at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "cryptography": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 4854956,
      "num_docs": 5207,
      "example": " Highness Princess Juliana of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Duchess of Mecklenburg, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld, etc.\nAfter her accession to the throne, Juliana's official title was: \"Her Majesty, Juliana, Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Duchess of Mecklenburg, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld, etc, etc, etc\". Upon her abdication, she resumed her pre-regnal marital title and style.\n\n\n=== Arms ===\n\n\n== Issue ==\n\n\n== Ancestry ==\n\n\n== Legacy ==\nShortly after her birth, the inhabitants of a small village near Den Helder asked permission from Queen Wilhelmina to name their village after the young princess. They received permission and they named their village Julianadorp.\nPrincess Juliana Park in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada is named after her.\nPrincess Juliana International Airport in St. Maarten is named after her.\nQueen Juliana Bridge in Willemstad, Curaçao is named after her.\nShe is commemorated in space, in the name of the asteroid 816 Juliana.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nQueen Juliana (1909-2004) at the Dutch Royal House website\nNetherlands Coronation (1948), newsreel on the British Pathé YouTube Channel\nNewspaper clippings about Juliana of the Netherlands in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 542890,
      "num_docs": 585,
      "example": "The official flag of Wallis and Futuna is the French national flag, as it is a French territory. Wallis and Futuna has a locally used unofficial flag which bears the French flag in the canton.\n\n\n== Description ==\nThe unofficial flag of Wallis and Futuna features a red saltire on a white square, which in turn is placed on a red field (alternatively, a larger white cross pattée is used). The cross is shifted a little off centre toward the fly (outer edge). The cross pattée is also shifted slightly downwards. The flag of France, outlined in white on two sides, is in the upper hoist quadrant. This flag is used to represent Wallis and Futuna at events such as the Pacific Games. For official occasions, the French flag is used.\n\n\n== Subdivision flags ==\nThe three constituent kingdoms of Wallis and Futuna have separate royal standards:\n\n\n== Historical flags ==\n\n\n== See also ==\nFlag of France\nCoat of arms of Wallis and Futuna\nFlags of New Caledonia\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nWallis and Futuna (France) at Flags of the World<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "statistics": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 3759848,
      "num_docs": 4100,
      "example": " and theatre.\nTrinity College, Dublin, Collegiate chapel (c. 1775–1797). In use as chapel.\n\n\n=== Scotland ===\nDunmore Pineapple, Falkirk, attributed (1761)\nDuddingston House, Duddingston, house, stables and temple (1763–68)\n26 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh (1769)\nDundas House, (now The Royal Bank of Scotland), St Andrew Square, Edinburgh (1771–74)\n\n\n=== Sweden ===\nRåda säteri, manor house in Härryda just outside of Gothenburg, (1770–72)\nPartille herrgård, manor house in Partille just outside of Gothenburg, (1772–73)\nSvartsjö Palace, concept for remodeling of the royal gardens, (1773–74).\n\n\n== Gallery of architectural works ==\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\nSummerson, John (1970). Architecture in Britain, 1530 to 1830. Pelican History of Art. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.\nMichael Snodin (Ed.), Sir William Chambers, V&A Publishing ISBN 1851771824\n\n\n== Further reading ==\n\nHis predecessors ended up in a small town called Hartsville Tennessee with the youngest blood son to be born in the line to have William as their middle name.(written by Jon William Chambers son of James William Allen Chambers, grandson of Fred William Chambers)\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nWorks by William Chambers at Project Gutenberg\nWorks by or about William Chambers at the Internet Archive\nWorks by William Chambers at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) \nA Dissertation on Oriental Gardening (London, 1772)\nSir William Chambers architectural drawings, circa 1769–1796. Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University.<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 358473,
      "num_docs": 399,
      "example": "s13040-017-0155-3. PMC 5721660. PMID 29234465.\n\n\n== Further reading ==\nChristian, Brian; Griffiths, Tom (April 2017), \"Chapter 7: Overfitting\", Algorithms To Live By: The computer science of human decisions, William Collins, pp. 149–168, ISBN 978-0-00-754799-9\n\n\n== External links ==\nThe Problem of Overfitting Data – Stony Brook University\nWhat is \"overfitting,\" exactly? – Andrew Gelman blog\nCSE546: Linear Regression Bias / Variance Tradeoff – University of Washington\nWhat is Underfitting – IBM<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "electrical_engineering": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 3903037,
      "num_docs": 4270,
      "example": "ide.\n\n\n== Society and culture ==\nThe French writer René Daumal intoxicated himself by inhalation of carbon tetrachloride which he used to kill the beetles he collected, to \"encounter other worlds\" by voluntarily plunging himself into intoxications close to comatose states.\nCarbon tetrachloride is listed (along with salicylic acid, toluene, sodium tetraborate, silica gel, methanol, potassium carbonate, ethyl acetate and \"BHA\") as an ingredient in Peter Parker's (Spider-Man) custom web fluid formula in the book The Wakanda Files: A Technological Exploration of the Avengers and Beyond.\nAustralian YouTuber Tom of Explosions&Fire and Extractions&Ire made a video on extracting carbon tetrachloride from an old fire extinguisher in 2019, and later experimenting with it by mixing it with sodium, and the chemical gained a fan base called \"Tet Gang\" on social media (especially on Reddit). The channel owner later used carbon tetrachloride-themed designs in the channel's merch.\nIn the Ramones song \"Carbona Not Glue\" released in 1977, the narrator says that huffing the vapours of Carbona, a carbon tetrachloride-based stain remover, was better than huffing glue. They later removed the song from the album as Carbona was a corporate trademark.\n\n\n=== Famous deaths from carbon tetrachloride poisoning ===\nEvalyn Bostock (1917–1944), British actress who died from accidentally drinking carbon tetrachloride after mistaking it for her drink while working in a photographic darkroom.\nHarry Edwards (1887–1952), an American director who died from carbon tetrachloride poisoning shortly after directing his first television production.\nZilphia Horton (1910–1956), American musician and activist who died from accidentally drinking a glass full of carbon tetrachloride-based typewriter cleaning fluid that she mistook for water.\nMargo Jones (1911–1955), American stage director who was exposed to the fumes of carbon tetrachloride that was used to clean off paint from a carpet. She died a week later from kidney failure.\nJim Beck (1919–1956), American record producer, died after exposure to carbon tetrachloride fumes while cleaning recording equipment.\nTommy Tucker (1933–1982), American blues singer, died after using carbon tetrachloride in floor refinishing.\n\n\n== Gallery ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nInternational Chemical Safety Card 0024\nNIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. \"#0107\". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).\n\"Carbon Tetrachloride (Group 2B)\". International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) – Summaries & Evaluations. 71: 401. 1999.\nIARC Monograph: \"Carbon Tetrachloride\"\nToxicological profile for carbon tetrachloride\nEnvironmental health criteria for carbon tetrachloride\nCarbon tetrachloride MSDS at Hazardous Chemical Database\nSubstance profile at ntp.niehs.nih.gov\nChemSub Online: Carbon tetrachloride<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 447860,
      "num_docs": 485,
      "example": " mask, leaving the body structure unchanged from earlier versions of the same models. Also, a 40-foot CompoBus prototype incorporating the new styling was also produced.\nNABI utilized various manufacturing arrangements throughout its history. Initially, rolling shells were assembled in Hungary and shipped to Anniston for finishing until 2011, when it began transitioning to produce its metal-structured products in Anniston; the transition was complete in late 2012. These metal-structured buses consisted of the standard-floor model 416 (40-foot length), the low-floor Model LFW (produced in 31-foot, 35-foot and 40-foot lengths) and the low-floor BRT (produced in 42-foot and 60-foot lengths). CompoBus shells were assembled at Kapsovár and finished in Anniston until the end of production in 2013.\n\n\n=== Under New Flyer, 2013–2015 ===\nOn April 30, 2013, after completing a large order of CompoBuses for the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, NABI produced its final CompoBus in Hungary. At the same time, NABI elected to discontinue promotion of its Hungarian Sirius bus, thus ending all production in Hungary and relegating all manufacturing and final assembly activities to its facilities in the USA.\n\nOn June 21, 2013, New Flyer Industries announced the acquisition of North American Bus Industries, Inc from Cerberus Capital Management, L.P. (Cerberus) for $79 million. The deal was completed later that day. However, New Flyer continued the NABI name for its existing bus products, which continued in production for the time being. This made NABI a subsidiary of New Flyer, using the legal name of NABI Bus, LLC. The Blue Bird school bus production assets were not included in the sale to New Flyer; they remain owned by Cerberus.\nA second restyling was implemented in March 2014. In June 2014, New Flyer announced that the NABI product line would be discontinued after existing orders are filled. The last bus, a 40-LFW which was built for the Dallas Area Rapid Transit system, was completed in late October 2015. Since then, New Flyer has exclusively produced its Xcelsior heavy-duty transit bus product line at the former NABI Anniston plant, under the new name of New Flyer of America, Inc. New Flyer invested $20 million to retool the plant for Xcelsior production in 2015; a second expansion of the plant to 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2), costing an additional $25 million, was announced in September 2017 and opened in November 2018.\n\n\n== Models ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nNABI Bus\nUnofficial delivery list of Ikarus USA, American Ikarus, and NABI buses<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "mechanical_engineering": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 4345995,
      "num_docs": 4681,
      "example": "-12B\nProduction version of the YF-12A with various improvements such as an increased combat radius from 1,200 to 1,350 nautical miles and an improved fire control system with increased bomber detection range from 100 to 125 miles; canceled before production could begin.\nYF-12C\nFictitious designation for an SR-71 provided to NASA for flight testing. The YF-12 designation was used to keep SR-71 information out of the public domain. From 1971 to 1978, 61-7951 was temporarily loaned to NASA from the Air Force as \"YF-12C #06937\".\n\n\n== Operators ==\n United States\nUnited States Air Force\nNASA\n\n\n== Accidents and incidents ==\n24 July 1971 YF-12A 60-6936 (Article 1003) was lost in an accident near Edwards Air Force Base, California, United States.\n\n\n== Aircraft on display ==\n\nYF-12A\nYF-12A, AF Ser. No. 60-6935 (Article 1002) – at the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, Ohio. This aircraft has small patches in its skin, on the starboard side below the cockpit. The patches cover holes caused by the \"spurs\" of a crewman who had to evacuate the plane after an emergency landing.\nSR-71C, AF Ser. No. 61-7981 (portion of the former YF-12A AF Ser. No. 60-6934) is on display at the Hill Aerospace Museum, Hill AFB, Utah.\n\n\n== Specifications (YF-12A) ==\n\nData from Lockheed's SR-71 'Blackbird' FamilyGeneral characteristics\nCrew: 2; pilot and fire control officer (FCO)\nLength: 101 ft 8 in (30.97 m)\nWingspan: 55 ft 7 in (16.95 m)\nHeight: 18 ft 6 in (5.64 m)\nWing area: 1,795 sq ft (167 m2)\nAspect ratio: 1.7\nEmpty weight: 60,730 lb (27,604 kg)\nGross weight: 124,000 lb (56,200 kg)\nMax takeoff weight: 140,000 lb (63,504 kg)\nPowerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney J58 (JTD11D-20A) afterburning turbojet with compressor bleed bypass, 20,500 lbf (91 kN) thrust each dry, 31,500 lbf (140 kN) with afterburner\nPerformance\n\nMaximum speed: 2,275 mph (3,661 km/h, 1,977 kn) at 80,000 ft (24,000 m)\nMaximum speed: Mach 3.35\nCombat range: 3,000 mi (4,800 km, 2,600 nmi)\nService ceiling: 90,000 ft (27,400 m)\nRate of climb: 11,820 ft/min (60 m/s)\nThrust/weight: 0.44\nArmament\n\nMissiles: 3× Hughes AIM-47A air-to-air missiles located internally in fuselage bays\nAvionics\n\nHughes AN/ASG-18 look-down/shoot-down fire control radar\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nRelated development\n\nLockheed A-12\nM-21 drone carrier\nLockheed SR-71 Blackbird\n\nRelated lists\n\nList of military aircraft of the United States\nList of Lockheed aircraft\nList of fighter aircraft\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n=== Notes ===\n\n\n=== Citations ===\n\n\n=== Bibliography ===\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nMach 3+: NASA/USAF YF-12 Flight Research, 1969–1979 by Peter W. Merlin (PDF book)\nYF-12A Flight Manual and YF-12A #60-6935 Photos on SR-71.org\nYF-12 fact sheet on USAF Museum site\nWhere are they now? Map of the location of every Blackbird\nUSAF Aircraft Serial Numbers for 1960, including all A-12s, YF-12As, and M-21s\nNASA videos: Take-off, Mid-air Refueling\nThe Lockheed Martin YF-12 NASA documentary<|endoftext|>"
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    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 490416,
      "num_docs": 528,
      "example": " Ouroboros programs ==\nThe quine concept can be extended to multiple levels of recursion, giving rise to  \"ouroboros programs\", or quine-relays. This should not be confused with multiquines.\n\n\n=== Example ===\nThis Java program outputs the source for a C++ program that outputs the original Java code.\n\nSuch programs have been produced with various cycle lengths:\n\nHaskell → Python → Ruby\nPython → Bash → Perl\nC → Haskell → Python → Perl\nHaskell → Perl → Python → Ruby → C → Java\nRuby → Java → C# → Python\nC → C++ → Ruby → Python → PHP → Perl\nRuby → Python → Perl → Lua → OCaml → Haskell → C → Java → Brainfuck → Whitespace → Unlambda\nRuby → Scala → Scheme → Scilab → Shell (bash) → S-Lang → Smalltalk → Squirrel3 → Standard ML →... → Rexx (128 (and formerly 50) programming languages)\nWeb application → C (web application source code consists of HTML, JavaScript, and CSS)\n\n\n== Multiquines ==\nDavid Madore, creator of Unlambda, describes multiquines as follows:\n\n\"A multiquine is a set of r different programs (in r different languages – without this condition we could take them all equal to a single quine), each of which is able to print any of the r programs (including itself) according to the command line argument it is passed. (Cheating is not allowed: the command line arguments must not be too long – passing the full text of a program is considered cheating).\"\n\nA multiquine consisting of 2 languages (or biquine) would be a program which:\n\nWhen run, is a quine in language X.\nWhen supplied with a user-defined command line argument, would print a second program in language Y.\nGiven the second program in language Y, when run normally, would also be a quine in language Y.\nGiven the second program in language Y, and supplied with a user-defined command line argument, would produce the original program in language X.\nA biquine could then be seen as a set of two programs, both of which are able to print either of the two, depending on the command line argument supplied.\nTheoretically, there is no limit on the number of languages in a multiquine.\nA 5-part multiquine (or pentaquine) has been produced with Python, Perl, C, NewLISP, and F#\nand there is also a 25-language multiquine.\n\n\n== Polyglot ==\nSimilar to, but unlike a multiquine, a polyglot program is a computer program or script written in a valid form of multiple programming languages or file formats by combining their syntax. A polyglot program is not required to have a self-reproducing quality, although a polyglot program can also be a quine in one or more of its possible ways to execute.\nUnlike quines and multiquines, polyglot programs are not guaranteed to exist between arbitrary sets of languages as a result of Kleene's recursion theorem, because they rely on the interplay between the syntaxes, and not a provable property that one can always be embedded within another.\n\n\n== Radiation-hardened ==\nA radiation-hardened quine is a quine that can have any single character removed and still produces the original program with no missing character.  Of necessity, such quines are much more convoluted than ordinary quines, as is seen by the following example in Ruby:\n\n\n== Automatic generation ==\nUsing relational programming techniques, it is possible to generate quines automatically by transforming the interpreter (or equivalently, the compiler and runtime) of a language into a relational program, and then solving for a fixed point.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Further reading ==\nDouglas Hofstadter: Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid\nKen Thompson: \"Reflections on Trusting Trust\" (Communications of the ACM, 27(8):761-3)\n\n\n== External links ==<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "civil_engineering": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 3963573,
      "num_docs": 4328,
      "example": " model. Ben Collins-Sussman, one of the designers of Subversion, believes a centralised model would help prevent \"insecure programmers\" from hiding their work from other team members during development. Some users of version control systems see the centralised model as detrimental; famously, Linus Torvalds attacked Subversion's model and its developers.\nSubversion often does not deal well with the filename normalization performed by the HFS+ filesystem. This can cause problems when files with accented characters in their names are added to the repository on a non-HFS+ filesystem and the repository is then used with HFS+.\n\n\n=== Subversion tags and branches ===\nRevision numbers are difficult to remember in any version-control system. For this reason, most systems offer symbolic tags as user-friendly references to them. Subversion does not have such a feature and what its documentation recommends to use instead is very different in nature. Instead of implementing tags as references to points in history, Subversion recommends making snapshot copies into a well-known subdirectory (\"tags/\") in the space of the repository tree. Only a few predefined references are available: HEAD, BASE, PREV and COMMITTED.\nThis history-to-space projection has multiple issues:\n\nTo address such issues, posters on the Subversion mailing lists have suggested a new feature called \"labels\" or \"aliases\". SVN labels would more closely resemble the \"tags\" of other systems such as CVS or Git. The fact that Subversion has global revision numbers opens the way to a very simple label → revision implementation. Yet as of 2013, no progress has been made and symbolic tags are not in the list of the most wanted features.\n\n\n== Development and implementation ==\nCollabNet has continued its involvement with Subversion, but the project runs as an independent open source community. In November 2009, the project was accepted into the Apache Incubator, aiming to become part of the Apache Software Foundation's efforts. Since March 2010, the project is formally known as Apache Subversion, being a part of the Apache Top-Level Projects.\nIn October 2009, WANdisco announced the hiring of core Subversion committers as the company moved to become a major corporate sponsor of the project. This included Hyrum Wright, president of the Subversion Corporation and release manager for the Subversion project since early 2008, who joined the company to lead its open source team.\nThe Subversion open-source community does not provide binaries, but potential users can download binaries from volunteers. While the Subversion project does not include an official graphical user interface (GUI) for use with Subversion, third parties have developed a number of different GUIs, along with a wide variety of additional ancillary software.\nWork announced in 2009 included SubversionJ (a Java API) and implementation of the Obliterate command, similar to that provided by Perforce. Both of these enhancements were sponsored by WANdisco.\nThe Subversion committers normally have at least one or two new features under active development at any one time. The 1.7 release of Subversion in October 2011 included a streamlined HTTP transport to improve performance and a rewritten working-copy library.\nIn 2002, a design contest was held to select the logo for Subversion. The original entries can be found here as well as the votes for each logo. The current logo received the most votes in the contest.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nList of version-control software\nComparison of version-control software\nComparison of Subversion clients\nList of software that uses Subversion\nTortoiseSVN\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n=== Footnotes ===\n\n\n=== Sources ===\n\n\n== Further reading ==\nDispelling Subversion FUD by Ben Collins-Sussman (Subversion developer), link broken as of 2013-03-07 (Internet Archive.org Wayback Machine 2011-07-18 captured version, \"last updated\" 2004-12-21)\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website<|endoftext|>"
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    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 453892,
      "num_docs": 493,
      "example": " be combined with MOSFETs in an integrated circuit by using a BiCMOS process of wafer fabrication to create circuits that take advantage of the application strengths of both types of transistor.\n\n\n=== Amplifiers ===\n\nOne of the most prominent early uses of the transistor was in consumer products such as the transistor radio which began production in 1954. The use of transistors in handheld radios and would also jumpstart a small Japanese company named Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo K.K. to prominence with its TR-55 transistor radio bearing the name the company would soon change to match: Sony. The follow-on pocket-sized Sony TR-63 and several larger models by other manufacturers cemented the transistor and miniaturized electronics as critical to the new, portable consumer device market for decades to come.\nThe transistor parameters α and β characterize the current gain of the BJT. It is this gain that allows BJTs to be used as the building blocks of electronic amplifiers. The three main BJT amplifier topologies are:\n\nCommon emitter\nCommon base\nCommon collector\n\n\n=== Temperature sensors ===\n\nBecause of the known temperature and current dependence of the forward-biased base–emitter junction voltage, the BJT can be used to measure temperature by subtracting two voltages at two different bias currents in a known ratio.\n\n\n=== Logarithmic converters ===\nBecause base–emitter voltage varies as the logarithm of the base–emitter and collector–emitter currents, a BJT can also be used to compute logarithms and anti-logarithms. A diode can also perform these nonlinear functions but the transistor provides more circuit flexibility.\n\n\n=== Avalanche pulse generators ===\nTransistors may be deliberately made with a lower collector to emitter breakdown voltage than the collector to base breakdown voltage. If the emitter–base junction is reverse biased the collector emitter voltage may be maintained at a voltage just below breakdown. As soon as the base voltage is allowed to rise, and current flows avalanche occurs and impact ionization in the collector base depletion region rapidly floods the base with carriers and turns the transistor fully on. So long as the pulses are short enough and infrequent enough that the device is not damaged, this effect can be used to create very sharp falling edges.\nSpecial avalanche transistor devices are made for this application.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nBipolar transistor biasing\nGummel plot\nInsulated gate bipolar transistor\nMultiple-emitter transistor\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Bipolar junction transistors at Wikimedia Commons<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "chemical_engineering": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 3033042,
      "num_docs": 3412,
      "example": "Zen in the Art of Archery (Zen in der Kunst des Bogenschießens) is a book by German philosophy professor Eugen Herrigel, published in 1948, about his experiences studying Kyūdō, a form of Japanese archery, when he lived in Japan in the 1920s. It is credited with introducing Zen to Western audiences in the late 1940s and 1950s.\n\n\n== Origin ==\nHerrigel (1884–1955) was a German professor of philosophy, with a special interest in mysticism. From 1924 to 1929 he taught philosophy in Japan, and studied Kyūdō (the art of the Japanese bow) under a master named Awa Kenzô. Awa taught kyūdō in a way that was regarded by some as a mystical religion, called Daishadokyo. Daishadokyo was an approach to kyūdō that placed great emphasis on the spiritual aspect and differed from much of the mainstream practice at the time.  In 1936, Herrigel wrote a 20-page essay about his experiences, and then in 1948 expanded the essay into a short book. The book was translated into English in 1953 and Japanese in 1955.\n\n\n== Book ==\nThe book sets forth theories about motor learning.  Herrigel has an accepting spirit towards unconscious control of outer activity that Westerners heretofore considered to be wholly under conscious control.  For example, a central idea in the book is how, through years of practice, a physical activity becomes effortless both mentally and physically, as if our physical memory (known today as \"muscle memory\") executes complex and difficult movements without conscious control from the mind.\n\nHerrigel describes Zen in archery as follows: (...) The archer ceases to be conscious of himself as the one who is engaged in hitting the bull's-eye which confronts him. This state of unconscious is realized only when, completely empty and rid of the self, he becomes one with the perfecting of his technical skill, though there is in it something of a quite different order which cannot be attained by any progressive study of the art (...)\n\n\n== Influence ==\nHerrigel's book may have inspired Tim Gallwey's 1974 book The Inner Game of Tennis. Both Herrigel and Gallwey approach sport and life as opportunities for learning inner cooperation.  \nZen in the Art of Archery also relates to the \"inner child\" idea in humanistic psychology. Later literature either discusses balancing the \"inner game\" and the \"outer game\" or counseling approaches to accessing, communicating and collaborating with the inner child beyond sports.\nThe title \"Zen in the Art of Archery\" most likely inspired the titles of many other works, either directly or indirectly. Foremost among these is Robert Pirsig's 1974 book Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance. More than 200 works have been created with similar titles, including Ray Bradbury's 1990 book Zen in the Art of Writing, as well as Zen and the Art of Poker, Zen and the Art of Knitting, Crazy Legs Conti: Zen and the Art of Competitive Eating, and so on.\nJ. D. Salinger's fictional character Seymour Glass applied one aspect of Zen archery—aiming by deliberately not taking aim—to playing the children's game of marbles.\nThe wider theme of many of these works is that a regular routine can have a spiritual dimension.\n\n\n== Criticism ==\nBoth Arthur Koestler and Gershom Scholem accused Herrigel's book of being influenced by and justifying the politics of the Nazi party on the pages of Encounter magazine. Scholem also accuses Herrigel's widow of editing his writing and hiding the fact that he was an active member of the Nazi party and the Nazi organization the Militant League for German Culture.\nOthers, such as Shoji Yamada in his book Shots in the Dark, claim that many of the conversations between Herrigel and Awa Kenzo were altered or completely fabricated by the author.\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\nHerrigel, Eugen (January 26, 1999). Zen in the Art of Archery (Later Printing ed.). Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0375705090.\nO'Brien, Liam (November 2003). Zen in the Art of Archery: A Practitioner's View (pdf) (Speech). The Buddhist Society, London. Retrieved 14 March 2016.\nPirsig, Robert (April 25, 2006). Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry Into Values (Reprint ed.). HarperTorch. ISBN 978-0060589462.\nStevens, John (February 20, 2007). Zen Bow, Zen Arrow: The Life and Teachings of Awa Kenzo, The Archery Master From Zen in the Art of Archery. Shambhala. ISBN 978-1590304426..<|endoftext|>"
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    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 422158,
      "num_docs": 462,
      "example": " Ras, they are also referred to as Ras superfamily GTPases. Small GTPases generally serve as molecular switches and signal transducers for a wide variety of cellular signaling events, often involving membranes, vesicles or cytoskeleton. According to their primary amino acid sequences and biochemical properties, the many Ras superfamily small GTPases are further divided into five subfamilies with distinct functions: Ras, Rho (\"Ras-homology\"), Rab, Arf and Ran. While many small GTPases are activated by their GEFs in response to intracellular signals emanating from cell surface receptors (particularly growth factor receptors), regulatory GEFs for many other small GTPases are activated in response to intrinsic cell signals, not cell surface (external) signals.\n\n\n==== Myosin-kinesin superfamily ====\nThis class is defined by loss of two beta-strands and additional N-terminal strands. Both namesakes of this superfamily, myosin and kinesin, have shifted to use ATP.\n\n\n===== Large GTPases =====\nSee dynamin as a prototype for large monomeric GTPases.\n\n\n=== SIMIBI class ===\nMuch of the SIMIBI class of GTPases is activated by dimerization. Named after the signal recognition particle (SRP), MinD, and BioD, the class is involved in protein localization, chromosome partitioning, and membrane transport. Several members of this class, including MinD and Get3, has shifted in substrate specificity to become ATPases.\n\n\n==== Translocation factors ====\n\nFor a discussion of Translocation factors and the role of GTP, see signal recognition particle (SRP).\n\n\n== Other GTPases ==\nWhile tubulin and related structural proteins also bind and hydrolyze GTP as part of their function to form intracellular tubules, these proteins utilize a distinct tubulin domain that is unrelated to the G domain used by signaling GTPases.\nThere are also GTP-hydrolyzing proteins that use a P-loop from a superclass other than the G-domain-containing one. Examples include the NACHT proteins of its own superclass and McrB protein of the AAA+ superclass.\n\n\n== See also ==\nG protein-coupled receptors\nGrowth factor receptor\nSeptins\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nGTPase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)\nMBInfo - RhoGTPases<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "aerospace_engineering": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 4581397,
      "num_docs": 4925,
      "example": " Feature Films\nAir Force One at IMDb\nAir Force One at the TCM Movie Database<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 516570,
      "num_docs": 553,
      "example": " F-AKDI\n\n\n=== March ===\nDornier Do Y\nMarch 30 – Polikarpov I-6\n\n\n=== April ===\nRWD-3\nApril 29 - Polikarpov I-5\n\n\n=== May ===\nMitsubishi K3M (Allied reporting name \"Pine\")\nBerliner-Joyce XFJ-1\nCessna CR-2\nCurtiss XP-10\nMay 6 – Boeing Monomail\nMay 16 – Blériot 110\nMay 28 – Blackburn Segrave\n\n\n=== June ===\nCurtiss XP-17 Hawk\nJune 12 – Handley Page H.P. 38, prototype of the Handley Page Heyford\nJune 28 – Avro 621, prototype of the Avro Tutor and Avro Sea Tutor\n\n\n=== July ===\nSaunders A.7 Severn\nJuly 18 - Blackburn Sydney\n\n\n=== August ===\nAugust 24 – Latécoère 380\n\n\n=== September ===\nLockheed Altair\nSeptember 1 - Berliner-Joyce P-16\nSeptember 12 - Taylor E-2\nSeptember 24 - Short Rangoon\n\n\n=== October ===\nPZL P.7\nOctober 5 – Junkers Ju 52\nOctober 10 – Short S.15 K.F.1, prototype of the Kawanishi H3K\nOctober 13 – Junkers Ju 52/1m\nOctober 16 – Saro A.21 Windhover ZK-ABW\nOctober 22 – Fairchild 100\n\n\n=== November ===\nFirst week of November – Couzinet 20\nNovember 14 – Handley Page HP.42\nNovember 18 – Boeing Model 96, later redesignated Boeing XP-9\nNovember 25 – Fairey Hendon\nNovember 27 – Bernard 80 GR\n\n\n=== December ===\nCurtiss XP-21\nWestland C.O.W. Gun Fighter\nDecember 22 - Tupolev ANT-6\n\n\n== Entered service ==\nPolikarpov R-5 with the Soviet Air Force\nSaro A17 Cutty Sark\n\n\n=== January ===\nJanuary 1 – Avro 618 Ten with Australian National Airways\n\n\n=== May ===\nMay 1 – Curtiss F8C Helldiver, the first United States Navy dive bomber designed as such, with Fighter Squadron 1 (VF-1B) aboard USS Saratoga (CV-3)\n\n\n=== July ===\nLevasseur PL.7 with French Naval Aviation aboard the aircraft carrier Béarn\n\n\n=== November ===\nNovember 9 – Ford RR-4, a version of the Ford Trimotor, with the U.S. Navy.\n\n\n== Retirements ==\nCurtiss P-1 Hawk by the United States Army Air Corps\n\n\n=== May ===\nCurtiss TS-1 by the United States Navy\n\n\n== References ==<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "materials_science": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 4016291,
      "num_docs": 4373,
      "example": " 44, no. 4 (February 1970), pp. 24–27\n\"Verb List, 1967–68,\" First published in Avalanche [New York], no. 2 (Winter 1971), pp. 20–21\n\"Skullcracker Stacking Series,\" In Scott, Gail R., A Report on the Art & Technology Program of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art 1967–1971, pp. 299–300, Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1971\nJackson, Ward, and Richard Serra; \"Richard Serra,\" Art Now: New York 3, no. 3 (September 1971), p. 4\nSerra, Richard, \"Statements,\" Artforum 10, no. 1 (September 1971), p. 64\n\"On Frame, on Color-Aid,\" Artforum 10, no. 1 (September 1971), p. 64\nJonas, Joan, and Richard Serra; \"Paul Revere,\" Artforum 10, no. 1 (September 1971), pp. 65–67\nSerra, Richard, and Rosalind Krauss; ed. \"Shift.\" Arts Magazine 47, no. 6 (April 1973), pp. 49–55\nSerra, Richard, and Clara Weyergraf; \"St. John's Rotary Arc,\" Artforum 19, no. 1 (September 1980), pp. 52–55\n\"Notes from Sight Point Road,\" Originally published in Perspecta: The Yale Architectural Journal, no. 19 (1982), pp. 172–81\nEdited and printed as \"Extended Notes from Sight Point Road\" in Richard Serra: Neuere Skulpturen in Europa 1977–1985 (Eine Auswahl)/Recent Sculpture in Europe 1977–1985 (Selected), pp. 11–15\n\"Letter from Richard Serra to President Ronald Reagan\" [in Portuguese and English], Lo Spazio Umano [Portugal], no. 2 (April–July 1985), pp. 89–92, bilingual, Portuguese and English\n\"Serra Writes the President,\" Art & Artists 14, no. 3 (May–June 1985), special supplement, pp. 3, 22\n\"Notes on Drawing,\" First published in Güse, Ernst-Gerhard, ed. Richard Serra, pp. 66–68, New York: Rizzoli, 1988\n\"Weight,\" In Richard Serra: 10 Sculptures for the Van Abbe, pp. 10–12, Exh. cat. Stedelijk Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, 1988, bilingual in Dutch and English\n\"'Tilted Arc'—A Precedent?\" [letter to the editor], The New York Times, April 30, 1989, sec. 2, p. 5\n\"'Tilted Arc' Destroyed,\" Art in America 77, no. 5 (May 1989), pp. 34–47, cover\n\"Artists Have Rights to Their Works,\" The Des Moines Sunday Register, October 29, 1989, pp. 3C\n\"The Yale Lecture, January 1990,\" Kunst & Museumjournaal [Amsterdam: English edition] 1, no. 6 (1990), pp. 23–33\n\"Art and Censorship\". Critical Inquiry. 17 (3): 574–581. April 1991. doi:10.1086/448597.\n\"Afangar Series,\" Open City, no. 2 (1993), pp. 101–7\n\"Donald Judd, 1928-1994\" [eulogy. Parkett, nos. 40–41 (1994), pp. 176–79\n\"Basel, 18. January 1994/Basel, January 18, 1994,\" In Martin Schwander, ed., Richard Serra: Intersection Basel, pp. 72–79, Basel: Christoph Merian Verlag and Düsseldorf: Richter Verlag, 1996, ISBN 9783928762526. OCLC 37725722\n\"Notes on The Matter of Time,\" In Richard Serra: The Matter of Time, p. 141, Bilbao: Museo Guggenheim Bilbao, and Göttingen: Steidl Verlag, 2005, ISBN 9788495216434, OCLC 66529716\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nHand Catching Lead, 1968\nOne Ton Prop (House of Cards), 1969\nStrike: To Roberta and Rudy, 1969–71\nRailroad Turnbridge, 1976\nBerlin Block (For Charlie Chaplin), 1977\nTilted Arc, 1981\nRichard Serra: Torqued Ellipses at Dia Beacon\nThe Matter of Time, 1994–2005\nEast-West/West-East, 2014\nEqual, 2015<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 490638,
      "num_docs": 524,
      "example": "The Hitachi H8 is a large family of 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit microcontrollers made by Renesas Technology, originating in the early 1990s within Hitachi Semiconductor. The original design, the H8/300, was an 8-bit processor that had a 16-bit registers and ALU that allowed some 16-bit operations. Two upgraded versions were introduced, the H8/300L that expanded the instructions to become a full 16-bit machine while being optimized for low cost, and the H8/300H which further expanded the registers to allow 32-bit operations and was optimized for low-power/high-performance roles. Many variations exist.\nThe entire line was sold to Renesas in 2003. Renesas continues to sell the designs as of 2023, but only to existing customers. An administrator on the Renesas user community boards commented in 2011 that there are no plans for further development of H8 based products. H8 was supported in the Linux kernel starting with version 4.2 but support was removed in version 5.19.\nFor higher performance needs, Hitachi introduced its SuperH family of 32-bit RISC-like microcontrollers, which have largely replaced the H8.\n\n\n== Variants ==\nSubfamilies include the 8/16-bit H8/300 and H8/500, the 16/32-bit H8/300H and H8S and the 32-bit H8SX series, each with dozens of different variants, varying by speed, selection of built-in peripherals such as timers, interrupts and serial ports, and amounts of ROM, flash memory and RAM. Built-in ROM and flash memory tends to range from 16 KB to 1024 KB, and RAM from 512 B to 512 KB.\nThe basic architecture of the H8 is patterned after the DEC PDP-11 architecture, with eight 16-bit registers (the H8/300H and H8S have an additional bank of eight 16-bit registers), and a variety of addressing modes. Unlike the PDP-11 however, the H8 architecture employs big-endian byte ordering.\nBoth H8/300H and H8S have eight 32-bit registers, each of which can be treated as one 32-bit register, two 16-bit registers, or two 8-bit registers, with the H8S having an internal 32-bit configuration. Several companies provide compilers for the H8 family, and there is a complete GCC port, including a simulator. There are also various hardware emulators available.\nThe family is continued with the H8SX 32-bit controllers.\n\n\n== Applications ==\n\nH8S may be found in digital cameras, the Cybiko handheld computers, some ThinkPad notebooks, printer controllers, smart cards, chess computers, music synthesizers such as the Yamaha FS1R, Roland SC-55 and Roland JV880 and in various automotive subsystems. The LEGO Mindstorms RCX, an advanced robot toy/educational tool, uses the H8/300. An H8/3002 was used as a sound processor by Namco for various games it made in the late 1990s, notably those using its System 12 architecture and by Yamaha for the DB50XG and DB60XG daughterboards and the SW60XG ISA bus sound card.\nH8/500 was being also used on a Nokia 2110 phone.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nRenesas Electronics\nOnline training for Renesas products\nA community support forum<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "robotics": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 2673703,
      "num_docs": 2876,
      "example": " fps to 60 fps, HD widescreen rendering using a new HUD that occupies less of the screen, plus optional high-resolution sprites and textures.\nIn July 2011, with permission from Bungie, Daniel Blezek released a version of the original Marathon (and later released the second and third games) for Apple's iPhone and iPad for free (with in-app purchases), running on an iOS port of the Aleph One engine. At the same time, Bungie open-sourced Marathon Infinity under GNU GPL-3.0-or-later, leaving the original Marathon as the only title which has not been open-sourced. The iPad build was further updated in 2019. A community made conversion of Pathways Into Darkness to Aleph One has also been produced.\nWith Bungie's blessing, the team developing the Aleph One engine released the open-sourced Marathon trilogy on Steam for free from May to August 2024.\n\n\n== Reception and legacy ==\nWired considered the Marathon Trilogy a prominent part of Macintosh gaming history for its innovative features previously unseen in mainstream games. The series also presented a grand science-fiction story told through in-game terminals, in contrast to a usual lack of detailed narrative in first-person shooters; Bungie carried this concept of an FPS with a strong narrative focus into the Halo series. When reviewing the trilogy box set, Macworld praised the amount of content and the ability to edit levels.\nIn May 2023, an archive said to be the largest historic collection of Marathon items was placed on the Internet Archive. At well over 10,000 Marathon maps, the source centers on the Trilogy's 3rd party versions of solo, network, and scenario entries between the initial December 1994 Marathon release through early 2023.\n\n\n=== Modifications ===\nAfter Marathon was released in 1994, players began to create mods in the form of custom maps, shapes, sounds, and physics files. Larger total conversion mods may or may not be set in the Marathon universe. Before the official development tools were released with Infinity, most map development was done with fan-built tools such as Pfhorte, created in March 1995.\n\"Vulcan\" was a map editor used in the creation of all three games, but it was not released to the public until Marathon Infinity was published, by which time it had been polished and renamed \"Forge\". \"Anvil\" is the sister program to Forge and is used to edit shapes (graphics), sounds, and physics. Both Anvil and Forge ran only in the Classic Mac OS, but newer tools have been created by the community for modern platforms.\nThe need for royalty-free fonts to be distributed with the engine and games led to the creation of an OFL-licensed version of Bank Gothic and of Modula Tall, fonts originally used by Bungie in connection with the games.\nSome of the more ambitious total conversions created by fans include Marathon Eternal and Marathon Rubicon, which are both \"sequels\" of a sort to the events in the Trilogy, and the total conversion Apotheosis X. In a different vein is Excalibur: Morgana's Revenge, originally released in March 1997, then updated in 2000 and 2007. An original scenario mixing sci-fi and medieval themes, it builds a single-player campaign using new textures and sound assets as well as musical scores. A game entitled Wheels! was also produced in 1998 to assist in training power wheelchair operation for children with disabilities.\n\n\n=== Relaunch ===\n\nDuring a May 2023 PlayStation showcase, Bungie announced a new Marathon game. The new game is a Player versus player extraction shooter that takes place within the canon of Marathon, with events occurring on Tau Ceti IV, where a console ship remains in orbit, and its 30,000 passengers have mysteriously disappeared. Players take on the role of cybernetic Runners to seek wealth and treasure on the planet. The new Marathon game will release on PlayStation 5, Windows, and Xbox Series X/S, but not for MacOS despite the original game being an exclusive for that system, and will support cross-play and cross-save between these platforms.\n\n\n== See also ==\nPathways into Darkness, the predecessor to Marathon\nDamage Incorporated, Prime Target, and ZPC, three commercial games created using the licensed Marathon 2 game engine\nExcalibur: Morgana's Revenge, former mod made standalone with Aleph One\nSensory Overload, another Mac exclusive sprite based first-person shooter\n\n\n== References ==\nBibliography\n\nCitations\n\n\n== External links ==\nThe Trilogy Release\nThe official Xbox Live Arcade port of Marathon 2: Durandal\nAleph One, a source port of the Marathon trilogy to modern systems that has Bungie's official blessing<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 329867,
      "num_docs": 350,
      "example": "el as Puanga, said to be a daughter of Rehua (Antares), the chief of all-stars. Its heliacal rising presages the appearance of Matariki (the Pleiades) in the dawn sky, marking the Māori New Year in late May or early June. The Moriori people of the Chatham Islands, as well as some Maori groups in New Zealand, mark the start of their New Year with Rigel rather than the Pleiades. Puaka is a southern name variant used in the South Island.\nIn Japan, the Minamoto or Genji clan chose Rigel and its white color as its symbol, calling the star Genji-boshi (源氏星), while the Taira or Heike clan adopted Betelgeuse and its red color. The two powerful families fought the Genpei War; the stars were seen as facing off against each other and kept apart only by the three stars of Orion's Belt.\n\n\n== In modern culture ==\nThe MS Rigel was originally a Norwegian ship, built in Copenhagen in 1924. It was requisitioned by the Germans during World War II and sunk in 1944 while being used to transport prisoners of war. Two US Navy ships have borne the name USS Rigel. The SSM-N-6 Rigel was a cruise missile program for the US Navy that was cancelled in 1953 before reaching deployment.\n\nThe Rigel Skerries are a chain of small islands in Antarctica, renamed after originally being called Utskjera. They were given their current name as Rigel was used as an astrofix. Mount Rigel, elevation 1,910 m (6,270 ft), is also in Antarctica.\n\n\n== See also ==\nOrion in Chinese astronomy\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nNASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: Rigel and the Witch Head Nebula (15 January 2018)\nNASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: A Blazing Fireball between the Orion Nebula and Rigel (16 November 2015)\nDecember double star of the month – beta Orionis Astronomical Society of Southern Africa\nMy Favorite Double Star AAVSO<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "psychology": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 5046142,
      "num_docs": 5390,
      "example": "\n\nText of law of Richard I Archived August 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine\n\"Has anyone actually ever been tarred and feathered?\" at The Straight Dope\nRichard L. Bushman, Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling, Alfred Knopf, 2005, ISBN 1-4000-4270-4<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 441698,
      "num_docs": 479,
      "example": "Vladimir Naumovich Vapnik (Russian: Владимир Наумович Вапник; born 6 December 1936) is a statistician, researcher, and academic. He is one of the main developers of the Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory of statistical learning and the co-inventor of the support-vector machine method and support-vector clustering algorithms.\n\n\n== Early life and education ==\nVladimir Vapnik was born to a Jewish family in the Soviet Union. He received his master's degree in mathematics from the Uzbek State University, Samarkand, Uzbek SSR in 1958 and Ph.D in statistics at the Institute of Control Sciences, Moscow in 1964. He worked at this institute from 1961 to 1990 and became Head of the Computer Science Research Department.\n\n\n== Academic career ==\nAt the end of 1990, Vladimir Vapnik moved to the USA and joined the Adaptive Systems Research Department at AT&T Bell Labs in Holmdel, New Jersey. While at AT&T, Vapnik and his colleagues did work on the support-vector machine (SVM), which he also worked on much earlier before moving to the USA. They demonstrated its performance on a number of problems of interest to the machine learning community, including handwriting recognition. The group later became the Image Processing Research Department of AT&T Laboratories when AT&T spun off Lucent Technologies in 1996. In 2001, Asa Ben-Hur, David Horn (Israeli physicist), Hava Siegelmann and Vapnik developed Support-Vector Clustering, which enabled the algorithm to categorize inputs without labels—becoming one of the most ubiquitous data clustering applications in use. Vapnik left AT&T in 2002 and joined NEC Laboratories in Princeton, New Jersey, where he worked in the Machine Learning group. He also holds a Professor of Computer Science and Statistics position at Royal Holloway, University of London since 1995, as well as a position as Professor of Computer Science at Columbia University, New York City since 2003. As of February 1, 2021, he has an h-index of 86 and, overall, his publications have been cited 226597 times. His book on \"The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory\" alone has been cited 91650 times.\nOn November 25, 2014, Vapnik joined Facebook Artificial Intelligence Research (now Meta AI), where he is working alongside his longtime collaborators Jason Weston, Léon Bottou, Ronan Collobert, and Yann LeCun.\nIn 2016, he also joined Peraton Labs.\n\n\n== Honors and awards ==\nVladimir Vapnik was inducted into the U.S. National Academy of Engineering in 2006. He received the 2005 Gabor Award from the International Neural Network Society, the 2008 Paris Kanellakis Award, the 2010 Neural Networks Pioneer Award, the 2012 IEEE Frank Rosenblatt Award, the 2012 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science from the Franklin Institute, the 2013 C&C Prize from the NEC C&C Foundation, the 2014 Kampé de Fériet Award, the 2017\nIEEE John von Neumann Medal. In 2018, he received the Kolmogorov Medal from University of London and delivered the Kolmogorov Lecture. In 2019, Vladimir Vapnik received\nBBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award.\n\n\n== Selected publications ==\nOn the uniform convergence of relative frequencies of events to their probabilities, co-author A. Y. Chervonenkis, 1971\nNecessary and sufficient conditions for the uniform convergence of means to their expectations, co-author A. Y. Chervonenkis, 1981\nEstimation of Dependences Based on Empirical Data, 1982\nThe Nature of Statistical Learning Theory, 1995\nStatistical Learning Theory (1998). Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 0-471-03003-1.\nEstimation of Dependences Based on Empirical Data, Reprint 2006 (Springer), also contains a philosophical essay on Empirical Inference Science, 2006\n\n\n== See also ==\nAlexey Chervonenkis\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nPhotograph of Professor Vapnik\nVapnik's brief biography from the Computer Learning Research Centre, Royal Holloway\nInterview by Lex Fridman<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "sociology": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 5062748,
      "num_docs": 5397,
      "example": "380-X\nTen Years of UserFriendly.Org, Manning Dec 2008, ISBN 978-1-935182-12-2 a 1000-page hardback collection of every script with some comments by the author.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n=== Story notes ===\n\n\n== External links ==\nFrazer, JD ‘Illiad’, User Friendly (Website), archived from the original on August 1, 2001, retrieved September 4, 2001.\nUFies (User Friendly users and fans Website).\nUser Friendly comic archive on Archive.org<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 595743,
      "num_docs": 637,
      "example": " Archived from the original on October 11, 1999.\nSietzman, Michael (December 6, 2017) [2009]. \"My Nazi Can Beat Up Your Nazi\". Huffington Post.\nAmira, Dan; Godwin, Mike (March 8, 2013). \"Mike Godwin on Godwin's Law, Whether Nazi Comparisons Have Gotten Worse, and Being Compared to Hitler by His Daughter\". \"Intelligencer\" department. New York.<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "economics": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 4942514,
      "num_docs": 5276,
      "example": "to-number simple substitution cipher. The season 1 finale encodes a message with all three. In the second season, Vigenère ciphers are used in place of the various monoalphabetic ciphers, each using a key hidden within its episode.\nIn the Artemis Fowl series by Eoin Colfer there are three substitution ciphers; Gnommish, Centaurean and Eternean, which run along the bottom of the pages or are somewhere else within the books.\nIn Bitterblue, the third novel by Kristin Cashore, substitution ciphers serve as an important form of coded communication.\nIn the 2013 video game BioShock Infinite, there are substitution ciphers hidden throughout the game in which the player must find code books to help decipher them and gain access to a surplus of supplies.\nIn the anime adaptation of The Devil Is a Part-Timer!, the language of Ente Isla, called Entean, uses a substitution cipher with the ciphertext alphabet AZYXEWVTISRLPNOMQKJHUGFDCB, leaving only A, E, I, O, U, L, N, and Q in their original positions.\n\n\n== See also ==\nBan (unit) with Centiban Table\nCopiale cipher\nDictionary coder – Family of lossless data compression algorithms\nLeet\nVigenère cipher\nTopics in cryptography\nMusical Substitution Ciphers\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nMonoalphabetic Substitution Breaking A Monoalphabetic Encryption System Using a Known Plaintext Attack<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 646554,
      "num_docs": 681,
      "example": "talk is a Unix text chat program, originally allowing messaging only between the users logged on to one multi-user computer—but later extended to allow chat to users on other systems.\nAlthough largely superseded by IRC and other modern systems, it is still included with most Unix-like systems today, including Linux, BSD systems and macOS.\n\n\n== History ==\nSimilar facilities existed on earlier system such as Multics, CTSS, PLATO, and NLS. Early versions of talk did not separate text from each user. Thus, if each user were to type simultaneously, characters from each user were intermingled. Since slow teleprinter keyboards were used at the time (11 characters per second maximum), users often could not wait for each other to finish. It was common etiquette for a long typing user to stop when intermingling occurred to see the listener's interrupting response. This is much the same as interrupting a long monologue when speaking in person. More modern versions use curses to break the terminal into multiple zones for each user, thus avoiding intermingling text.\nIn 1983, a new version of talk was introduced as a Unix command with 4.2BSD, and would also accommodate electronic conversations between users on different machines. Follow-ons to talk included ntalk, Britt Yenne's ytalk and Roger Espel Llima's utalk. ytalk was the first of these to allow conversations between more than two users, and was written in part to allow communication between users on computers with different endianness. utalk uses a special protocol over UDP (instead of TCP used by the rest) that is more efficient and allows edition of the entire screen. All of these programs split the interface into different sections for each participant. The interfaces did not convey the order in which statements typed by different participants would be reassembled into a log of the conversation. Also, all three programs are real-time text, where they transmit each character as it was typed. This leads to a more immediate feel to the discussion than recent instant messaging clients or IRC. Users more familiar with other forms of instant text communication would sometimes find themselves in embarrassing situations by typing something and deciding to withdraw the statement, unaware that other participants of the conversation had seen every keystroke happen in real time.\nA similar program exists on VMS systems called phone.\n\n\n== Security ==\nA popular program called \"flash\", which sent malformed information via the talk protocol, was frequently used by pranksters to corrupt the terminal output of the unlucky target in the early 1990s. It did this by including terminal commands in the field normally designated for providing the name of the person making the request. When the victim would receive the talk request, the name of the person sending the request would be displayed on their screen. This would cause the terminal commands to execute, rendering the person's display unreadable until they reset it. Later versions of talk blocked flash attempts and alerted the user that one had taken place. Later it became clear that, by sending different terminal commands, it is even possible to have the user execute commands. As it has proven impossible to fix all programs that output untrusted data to the terminal, modern terminal emulators have been rewritten to block this attack, though some may still be vulnerable.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of Unix commands\nTalker, a chat system\nwrite (Unix)\nwall (Unix)\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "philosophy": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 4851038,
      "num_docs": 5197,
      "example": " Archive\nWorks by John Locke at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) \nWork by John Locke at Online Books\nThe Works of John Locke\n1823 Edition, 10 volumes on PDF files, and additional resources Archived 10 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine\nJohn Locke Manuscripts Archived 13 October 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive\nUpdated versions of Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Second Treatise of Government, Letter on Toleration and Conduct of the Understanding, edited (i.e. modernised and abridged) by Jonathan Bennett\n\n\n=== Resources ===\n\"John Locke\". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.\n\"John Locke: Epistemology\". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.\n\"John Locke: Political Philosophy\". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.\nRickless, Samuel. \"Locke on Freedom\". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.\nJohn Locke Bibliography Archived 13 October 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive\nLocke Studies An Annual Journal of Locke Research Archived 13 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine\nHewett, Caspar, John Locke's Theory of Knowledge, UK: The great debate.\nThe Digital Locke Project, NL, archived from the original on 1 January 2014, retrieved 27 February 2007.\nPortraits of Locke, UK: NPG, archived from the original on 24 May 2008, retrieved 18 April 2007.\nHuyler, Jerome, Was Locke a Liberal? (PDF), Independent, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009, retrieved 2 August 2008, a complex and positive answer.\nKraynak, Robert P. (March 1980). \"John Locke: from absolutism to toleration\". American Political Science Review. 74 (1): 53–69. doi:10.2307/1955646. JSTOR 1955646. S2CID 146901427.<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 550366,
      "num_docs": 587,
      "example": " at the 2015 Congress of Future Science and Technology Leaders.\nIn the 2016 United States Senate election in New Hampshire, Kamen endorsed Kelly Ayotte, appearing in an ad supporting her.\n\n\n== See also ==\nInsulin pump\nNorth Dumpling Island\nSlingShot\n\n\n== Index ==\n\n\n=== Works cited ===\nStone, Brad (2007). Gearheads: The Turbulent Rise of Robotic Sports. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-8732-3.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nDean Kamen at IMDb\nDean Kamen at TED<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "history": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 4318609,
      "num_docs": 4667,
      "example": " in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopoulos\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 648.\nKazhdan, Alexander (1991), The Oxford Dictionary Of Byzantium, Oxford University Press\nNeville, Leonora (2018), \"Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos\", Guide to Byzantine Historical Writing, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-03998-8<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 450691,
      "num_docs": 489,
      "example": " Have Known.\nEnglish author Jonathan Stroud published his book The Amulet of Samarkand in 2003. The book contains no allusions to Samarkand other than namesake.\nThe city of Samarkand is famous for being the subject of an Uzbek tale called \"The Rendezvous at Samarkand.\"\nIt was recounted by a 12th-century Persian storyteller and mystic, Farid Al-Din Attar.\nIn a legendary Baghdad, ruled by a powerful caliph, lived a young, healthy vizier. He seemed to have his whole life ahead of him. One day, he went to the city market, incognito, as he often did. Amidst the stalls of the spice merchants, he encountered a skeletal woman, who turned around as he passed and reached out to him. The vizier, a wise man, immediately recognized death. Terrified by what he saw, he begged his caliph to let him flee Baghdad, explaining that death was here and wanted to take him. His only hope was to immediately saddle his fastest horse and gallop off far from the city. The caliph therefore granted him permission to leave and asked him where he would be going. The vizier replies that to escape death, he is going to Samarkand, the desert city, on the edge of the kingdom, on the borders of Asia and the Middle East, thinking he will be safe there, far from the death that lurks in Baghdad! However, the caliph also decides to go to the market to check for the presence of death. He recognizes her very quickly and addresses her without fear, asking her the meaning of the gesture she made towards the vizier. \"It was only a gesture of surprise...\" replies death \"Because I saw him in Baghdad while I must take him tonight in Samarkand...\"\nThis tale illustrates the inevitability of human destiny in the face of death. \nThis tale also inspired Agatha Christie to title her novel \"Appointment with Death.\"\n\n\n== Notable people ==\nBakhtiyor Fazilov\nTakhmina Ikromova, Uzbek rhythmic gymnast\nIgor Sarukhanov, Russian pop musician, composer and artist of Armenian descent\n\n\n== See also ==\nSamarkand non\nThe Mongol Invasion (trilogy)\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== Citations ==\n\n\n== General and cited references ==\nAzim Malikov, \"Cult of saints and shrines in the Samarqand province of Uzbekistan\". International Journal of Modern Anthropology. No. 4. 2010, pp. 116–123.\nAzim Malikov, \"The politics of memory in Samarkand in post-Soviet period\". International Journal of Modern Anthropology. (2018) Vol. 2. Issue No. 11. pp. 127–145.\nAzim Malikov, \"Sacred lineages of Samarqand: history and identity\". Anthropology of the Middle East, Volume 15, Issue 1, Summer 2020, рp. 34–49.\nAlexander Morrison, Russian Rule in Samarkand 1868–1910: A Comparison with British India (Oxford, OUP, 2008) (Oxford Historical Monographs).\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nForbes, Andrew, & Henley, David: Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Bukhara and Samarkand (CPA Media).\nSamarkand – Silk Road Seattle Project, University of Washington\nThe history of Samarkand, according to Columbia University's Encyclopædia Iranica (archived 11 March 2007)\nSamarkand – Crossroad of Cultures, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization\nKropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). \"Samarkand (city)\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). pp. 112–113.\nGCatholic – former Latin Catholic bishopric\nSamarkand: Photos, History, Sights, Useful information for travelers\nAbout Samarkand in Uzbekistan Latest (archived 18 August 2018)\nTilla-Kori Madrasa was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List Archived 2019-07-02 at the Wayback Machine<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "linguistics": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 2810444,
      "num_docs": 3206,
      "example": "ritic letters Ĉ, Ĝ, Ĥ, Ĵ, Ŝ, Ŭ have their own signs, and J and Z are distinct from other alphabets, as none of the Signuno letters involve motion.\nDigits are formed by extending the fingers from the index to the pinkie for 1 to 4, from the pinkie to the thumb (keeping the middle finger down) for 6 to 9, and from the thumb to index for 11 and 12; the last two are used for months and hours. Zero is represented by the fist, 5 by the whole hand extended, and 10 as the letter X.\n\n\n== Other scripts ==\n\nThe Shavian alphabet, which was designed for English, was modified for use with Esperanto by John Wesley Starling. Though not widely used, at least one booklet has been published with sample Shavian texts. Not all letters are equivalent to their English values, and special forms of the letters ⟨n⟩ and ⟨s⟩ have been added for the accusative case ending and verbal inflections; the grammatical endings and the words la 'the', aŭ 'or' and kaj 'and' are written as ligatures.\nThe vowels necessarily differ from English. Esperanto a e i o u take the letters for English /æ ɛ ɪ ə ɒ/, with more regard to graphic symmetry than phonetic faithfulness in the cases of o and u. C takes the letter for /θ/, the Castilian value of c before e and i, and ĥ that for /ŋ/, the inverse of the letter for /h/. The most divergent letters are those for m and n, which are /ʊ uː/ in English, but which are graphically better suited to be distinct letters than English Shavian /m n/.\nThe US television series Resident Alien uses an invented script that does not distinguish u and v, and ignores diacritics, to transcribe Esperanto as the alien language. It is written right to left.\n\nThe Cyrillic script has also been adapted to write Esperanto.\n\nThe 2017 Japanese-language visual novel The Expression Amrilato and its 2021 sequel Distant Memoraĵo feature a language named Juliamo that is actually Esperanto in a modified Latin alphabet.\n\n\n== Computer input ==\nThe Esperanto alphabet is part of the Latin-3 and Unicode character sets, and is included in WGL4.\nThe code points and HTML entities for the Esperanto characters with diacritics and the spesmilo sign are:\n\n\n== See also ==\nOrthography\nĈ, Ĝ, Ĥ, Ĵ, Ŝ, Ŭ, ₷\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 350504,
      "num_docs": 397,
      "example": "Joseph Charles Mardrus, otherwise known as \"Jean-Charles Mardrus\" (1868–1949), was a French physician, poet, and a noted translator. Today he is best known for his translation of the Thousand and One Nights from Arabic into French, which was published from 1898 to 1904, and was in turn rendered into English by Edward Powys Mathers. A newer edition, Le livre des mille nuits et une nuit, was published in 1926–1932.\n\n\n== Biography ==\nMardrus was born in Cairo, Egypt in 1868 to a Catholic family of Armenian-descent, and studied in Lebanon before settling in Paris, France.\nAs a doctor for the French government, he worked throughout Morocco and the Far East. He produced other translations, some illustrated by the Swiss engraver François-Louis Schmied (1873–1941). He married the novelist and poet Lucie Delarue-Mardrus on 5 June 1900. In 1914 he met Gabrielle Bralant (\"Cobrette\"), whom he would later marry, and he and Lucie separated in the following year.\nElvira Buder (born 1918) claimed to have travelled from Egypt via Greece with Mardrus in the 1930s with the intention of attending the Sorbonne. Soon after arriving in Paris war broke out and she found herself pregnant and in France on an Italian passport. Buder left France for Italy when the Germans occupied Paris, although she claimed that Mardrus was not the father of her child. Much later they met for the last time when Buder had just married E.W.N. Mallows, son of C.E. Mallows Charles Edward Mallows. Mardrus was a friend of Louis Aragon and introduced Buder to him.\n\n\n== Works ==\nLes Mille et Une Nuits (The 1001 Nights, edited by Robert Laffont; in the Bouquins collection)\nL’Apocalypse qui est la révélation\nLe Livre des Morts de l’Ancienne Égypte\nLe Cantique des Cantiques\nLe Livre des Rois\nSucre d’amour (1926), illustrated by François-Louis Schmied\nLa Reine de Saba (1918)\nLa Reine de Saba et divers autres contes (1921)\nLe Marié Magique (1930), Société des Bibliophiles Franco-Suisses Illustrations de Antoine Bourdelle Jean Saude\nLe Koran, commissioned by the French government in 1925\nLe Paradis musulman (1930), illustrated by François-Louis Schmied\nToute-Puissance de l'Adepte  (Le Livre de la Vérité de Parole) 1932\n\n\n== References ==<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "anthropology": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 4340521,
      "num_docs": 4682,
      "example": ", W. Kenneth & Christiansen, Eric H. (1998). Earth's Dynamic Systems (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-745373-3.\nMiran, Jonathan (2017). \"The Red Sea\". In Armitage, David; Bashford, Alison; Sivasundaram, Sujit (eds.). Oceanic Histories. pp. 156–181. doi:10.1017/9781108399722. ISBN 978-1-108-39972-2.\nPotts, D.T.; Gillies, Sean; Scalfano, Perry; Talbert, R.; Elliott, Tom; Becker, Jeffrey (2 March 2021). \"Places: 39290 (Arabicus Sinus/Erythr(ae)um/Rubrum Mare)\". Pleiades. Retrieved 2 June 2023.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nRed Sea Coral Reefs\nRed Sea Photography<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 448715,
      "num_docs": 486,
      "example": "Ammonite is the extinct Canaanite language of the Ammonite people mentioned in the Bible, who used to live in modern-day Jordan, and after whom its capital Amman is named. Only fragments of their language survive—chiefly the 9th century BC Amman Citadel Inscription, the 7th–6th century BC Tel Siran bronze bottle, and a few ostraca. As far as can be determined from the small corpus, it was extremely similar to Biblical Hebrew, with some possible Aramaic influence including the use of the verb ‘bd (עבד) instead of the more common Biblical Hebrew ‘śh (עשה) for'make'. The only other notable difference with Biblical Hebrew is the sporadic retention of feminine singular -t (’šħt 'cistern', but ‘lyh 'high [fem.]'.) Ammonite also appears to have possessed largely typical correspondences of diphthongs, with words such as ywmt (יומת *yawmōt, 'days')  both preserving /aw/ and showing a shift to /o/, and other words such as yn (ין 'wine') exhibiting a shift of /ay/ to ē (yēn < *yayn) much like Hebrew.\nIt was first described as a separate language in 1970 by Italian Orientalist Giovanni Garbini. Subsequently, a number of inscriptions previously identified as Hebrew, Phoenician, or Aramaic were reclassified, as a result of consensus around the similarity of the Amman Theatre Inscription, Amman Citadel Inscription, Tell Siren Bottle, Heshbon Ostraca, and Tell el-Mazer Ostraca.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\nCohen, D, ed. (1988). \"Les Langues Chamito-semitiques\". Les langues dans le monde ancien et moderne, part 3. Paris: CNRS.\nAufrecht, Walter E. (2019). A Corpus of Ammonite Inscriptions (2nd ed.). University Park, PA: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-344-7.\nAhituv, Shmuel (1995). \"Reviewed Works: A Corpus of Ammonite Inscriptions by Walter E. Aufrecht; Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions, Corpus and Concordance by G.I. Davies\". Israel Exploration Journal. 45 (1). Israel Exploration Society: 73–75. JSTOR 27926371.<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "political_science": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 4584699,
      "num_docs": 4918,
      "example": "picius Severus. However, Suetonius writes that, \"since the Jews constantly made disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus, the [emperor Claudius] expelled them from Rome\" (\"Iudaeos impulsore Chresto assidue tumultuantis Roma expulit\"). These expelled \"Jews\" may have, in fact, been early Christians, although Suetonius is not explicit in either direction. In his mention of Priscilla and Aquila, the author of the Christian book of Acts includes the couple among the \"Jews\" affected by Claudius' expulsion of Jews from Rome (Acts 18:2).\n\n\n==== Martyrdoms of Peter and Paul ====\nThe earliest evidence suggesting that Nero ordered the execution of an apostle is found in the First Epistle of Clement, which was sent to the Christian community in Corinth and is traditionally dated c. AD 96. The apocryphal Ascension of Isaiah, a Christian text from the 2nd century, relates, \"the slayer of his mother, who himself (even) this king, will persecute the plant which the Twelve Apostles of the Beloved have planted. Of the Twelve one will be delivered into his hands\"—this is interpreted as referring to Nero.\nBishop Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 275–339) was the first to report that Paul the Apostle was beheaded and Peter was crucified in Rome during the reign of Nero. He claims Nero's persecution resulted in the deaths of Peter and Paul, but without specific orders. However, first-century accounts suggest Paul survived his two years in Rome, traveled to Hispania, and was tried again in Rome before his death.\nPeter is said to have been crucified upside-down in Rome during Nero's reign in the apocryphal Acts of Peter (c. 200). The account ends with Paul still alive and Nero abiding by God's command not to persecute Christians any longer. By the fourth century, a number of writers were stating that Nero killed Peter and Paul.\n\n\n==== Antichrist ====\nThe Sibylline Oracles (books 5 and 8), written in the second century, speak of Nero returning and bringing destruction. Within Christian communities, these writings, along with others, fueled the belief that Nero would be resurrected as the Antichrist. In 310, Lactantius wrote that Nero \"suddenly disappeared, and even the burial place of that noxious wild beast was nowhere to be seen. This has led some persons of extravagant imagination to suppose that, having been conveyed to a distant region, he is still reserved alive; and to him they apply the Sibylline verses.\" Lactantius maintains that it is not right to believe this.\nIn 422, Augustine of Hippo, referring to 2 Thessalonians 2:1–11, that he believed that Paul mentioned the coming of the Antichrist. Although he rejects the view, Augustine mentions that many Christians believed Nero was or would return as the Antichrist. He wrote that, \"in saying, 'For the mystery of iniquity doth already work,' he alluded to Nero, whose deeds already seemed to be as the deeds of Antichrist.\"\nSome modern Christian biblical scholars, such as Delbert Hillers (Johns Hopkins University) of the American Schools of Oriental Research and the editors of the Oxford Study Bible and HarperCollins Study Bible, contend that the number of the beast in the Book of Revelation is a code for Nero, a view that is also supported in Roman Catholic biblical commentaries. The claim is in regard to the \"Babylon\" mentioned in Revelation 17:1–18, which, according to Scott G. Sinclair, in the period of the book's authorship, referred to Rome (e.g., 1 Peter 5:13).\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of Roman emperors\nRoman pharaoh\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\n\n\n=== Ancient sources ===\n\n\n=== Modern sources ===\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nInternational Society for Neronian Studies\nNero, Roman Emperor, Encyclopædia Britannica online\nThe Roman Empire in the First Century: Nero, PBS.org\nNero (37 AD – 68 AD), BBC.co.uk\nEmperor Nero: Facts & Biography, Live Science online\nRoman Emperor Nero: Rethinking Nero, National Geographic online<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 568646,
      "num_docs": 605,
      "example": " and paternal aunt, Catherine of Austria. They were married at Salamanca on 12 November 1543. The marriage produced one son in 1545, after which Maria died four days later due to haemorrhage:\n\nCarlos, Prince of Asturias (8 July 1545 – 24 July 1568), died unmarried at the age of 23 and without issue.\n\n\n=== Second marriage ===\nPhilip's second wife was his first cousin once removed, Queen Mary I of England. The marriage, which took place on 25 July 1554 at Winchester Cathedral, was political. By this marriage, Philip became jure uxoris King of England and Ireland, although the couple was apart more than together as they ruled their respective countries. The marriage produced no children, although there was a false pregnancy, and Mary died in 1558, ending Philip's reign in England and Ireland.\n\n\n=== Third marriage ===\nPhilip's third wife was Elisabeth of Valois, the eldest daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici. The original ceremony was conducted by proxy (the Duke of Alba standing in for Philip) at Notre Dame prior to Elisabeth's departure from France. The actual ceremony was conducted in Guadalajara upon her arrival in Spain. During their marriage (1559–1568) they conceived five daughters, though only two of the girls survived. Elisabeth died a few hours after the loss of her last child. Their children were:\n\nMiscarried twin daughters (August 1564)\nIsabella Clara Eugenia (12 August 1566 – 1 December 1633, aged 67), married Albert VII, Archduke of Austria\nCatherine Michaela (10 October 1567 – 6 November 1597, aged 30), married Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, and had issue\nJoan (3 October 1568) died shortly after birth.\n\n\n=== Fourth marriage ===\nPhilip's fourth and final wife was his niece, Anna of Austria. Pope Pius V initially refused to grant Philip the dispensation needed to marry Anna, citing biblical prohibitions and the danger of birth defects. The pope reluctantly gave his permission when Philip threatened to abandon the Holy League in their fight against the Ottoman Turks. By contemporary accounts, this was a convivial and satisfactory marriage (1570–1580) for both Philip and Anna. This marriage produced four sons and one daughter. Anna died of heart failure 8 months after giving birth to Maria in 1580.\nTheir children were:\n\nFerdinand, Prince of Asturias (4 December 1571 – 18 October 1578, aged six)\nCharles Laurence (12 August 1573 – 30 June 1575, aged one)\nDiego Félix (15 August 1575 – 21 November 1582, aged seven)\nPhilip III of Spain (14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621, aged 42)\nMaria (14 February 1580 – 5 August 1583, aged three).\n\n\n== Ancestry ==\n\n\n== Male-line family tree ==\n\n\n== See also ==\nLibrary of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial\nDescendants of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile\nThe empire on which the sun never sets\nList of Spanish monarchs\nRoyal Armoury of Madrid\nRuy Gómez de Silva, 1st Prince of Éboli\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== Citations ==\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nLetters of Philip II, King of Spain 1592–1597, online edition at Brigham Young University\n\"Philip II. of Spain\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. XVIII (9th ed.). 1885. pp. 743–746.\nHerbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Philip II\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\nPortraits of Philip II, King of Spain at the National Portrait Gallery, London<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "law": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 4796625,
      "num_docs": 5129,
      "example": " the whole card face, was reduced in size to a strip on the card's right incorporating the hologram. This allowed issuing banks to customize the appearance of the card. Similar changes were implemented with MasterCard cards. Today, cards may be co-branded with various merchants, airlines, etc., and marketed as \"reward cards\".\nOn older Visa cards, holding the face of the card under an ultraviolet light will reveal the dove picture, dubbed the Ultra-Sensitive Dove, as an additional security test. (On newer Visa cards, the UV dove is replaced by a small V over the Visa logo.)\nBeginning in 2005, the Visa standard was changed to allow for the hologram to be placed on the back of the card, or to be replaced with a holographic magnetic stripe (\"HoloMag\"). The HoloMag card was shown to occasionally cause interference with card readers, so Visa eventually withdrew designs of HoloMag cards and reverted to traditional magnetic strips.\n\n\n== Signatures ==\nVisa made a statement on January 12, 2018, that the signature requirement would become optional for all EMV contact or contactless chip-enabled merchants in North America starting in April 2018.  It was noted that the signatures are no longer necessary to fight fraud and the fraud capabilities have advanced allowing this elimination leading to a faster in-store purchase experience.  Visa was the last of the major credit card issuers to relax the signature requirements.  The first to eliminate the signature was MasterCard Inc. followed by Discover Financial Services and American Express Co.\n\n\n== Sponsorships ==\n\n\n=== Olympics and Paralympics ===\nVisa has been a worldwide sponsor of the Olympic Games since 1986 and the International Paralympic Committee since 2002. Visa is the only card accepted at all Olympic and Paralympic venues. Its current contract with the International Olympic Committee and International Paralympic Committee as the exclusive services sponsor will continue through 2032 and 2020 respectively. This includes the Singapore 2010 Youth Olympic Games, London 2012 Olympic Games, the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games, the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Olympic Games, the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games, the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, and the Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games.\nIn 2002, Visa became the first global sponsor of the IPC. Visa extended its partnership with the International Paralympic Committee through 2020, which includes the 2010 Vancouver Paralympic Winter Games, the 2012 London Paralympic Games, 2014 Sochi Paralympic Games, 2018 Pyeongchang Paralympic Games, 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games and 2022 Beijing Paralympic Games.\n\n\n=== Others ===\n\nVisa was the jersey sponsor of Argentina's national basketball team at the 2015 FIBA Americas Championship in Mexico City.\nVisa is the shirt sponsor for the Argentina national rugby union team, nicknamed the Pumas. Also, Visa sponsors the Copa Libertadores and the Copa Sudamericana, the most important football club tournaments in South America.\nSince 1995, Visa has sponsored the U.S. National Football League (NFL) and a number of NFL teams, including the San Francisco 49ers whose practice jerseys display the Visa logo. Visa's sponsorship of the NFL extended through the 2014 season.\nUntil 2005, Visa was the exclusive sponsor of the Triple Crown thoroughbred tournament.\nVisa sponsored the Rugby World Cup first from the 1995 Rugby World Cup was held in South Africa until 12 years later, when the 2007 Rugby World Cup, was held in France.\nIn 2007, Visa became the sponsor of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. The FIFA partnership provides Visa with global rights to a broad range of FIFA activities – including both the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup and the FIFA Women's World Cup.\nStarting from the 2012 season, Visa became a partner of the Caterham F1 Team. Visa is also known for motorsport sponsorship in the past: it sponsored PacWest Racing's IndyCar team in 1995 and 1996, with drivers Danny Sullivan and Mark Blundell respectively.\nVisa was a jersey sponsor of professional gaming (esports) team SK Gaming for 2017\nVisa is the main sponsor of the Argentine Hockey Confederation. The Visa logo is present on both the men's and women's playing kits.\nVisa and Cash App are the co-title sponsors of the rebranded Scuderia AlphaTauri Formula One team as Visa Cash App RB from 2024 onwards and will also appear in the team's F1 Academy entry. Visa also signed a sponsorship deal with Red Bull Racing.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nOfficial website (in most cases, will automatically redirect to a localized version of Visa.com based on the user's location)\nVisa Inc. on OpenSecrets, a website that tracks and publishes data on campaign finance and lobbying \nBusiness data for Visa:<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 546258,
      "num_docs": 583,
      "example": "\nA 2018 hobbyist implementation, psPILOT, based in part on the IEEE standard, was implemented using Microsoft's PowerShell scripting language.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Further reading ==\nJohn Starkweather (1985). User's guide to Pilot. Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-937755-6.<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "education": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 2958421,
      "num_docs": 3336,
      "example": " with a salute, \"Sir, I'm Sergeant Jenkins and I'm reporting\".  Jenkins' court-martial began and ended on 3 November 2004.  He was the longest-missing deserter to return to the US military.\nRepresented by Captain James D. Culp, Jenkins' single-day court-martial (United States v. Jenkins) was convened by United States Army, Japan on 3 November 2004.  Colonel Denise Vowell was judge for the bench trial.  In accordance with his pre-trial agreement, Jenkins pled guilty to desertion and aiding the enemy (the latter for teaching English in North Korea).  Vowell sentenced him to \"six months' confinement, total forfeiture of all pay and allowances, reduction to the lowest enlisted grade, and a dishonorable discharge.\"  Major General Elbert N. Perkins, the general court-martial convening authority, changed the confinement to 30 days, and approved the remainder of the sentence, to be in the brig at United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka—where, Captain King H. Dietriech assured reporters, \"there will be no special treatment for Private Jenkins.\"\nJenkins spent only 25 days in the brig; he was released early for good conduct on 27 November 2004.  Having waived \"his post-trial and appellate rights\", Jenkins' demotion and dishonorable discharge were executed on 18 July 2005.  Portions of the court-martial were incorporated into Daniel Gordon's documentary about US servicemembers who defected to North Korea, Crossing the Line.\n\nBBC News reported that Jenkins may have received only the 30-day sentence because of the intelligence he provided the US.  In 2009, Jenkins told Vice that in addition to receiving a sergeant's salary while in prison—a monthly rate of $2,367.90 (equivalent to $3,942 in 2024)—he spent his time working with military intelligence.  According to Jenkins, the sentence was \"all a big set-up for the outside world so it looked like justice was done. After all, I betrayed my country and people wanted to see me get punished for that – but I was just helping the government with what I knew. They just gave me the shortest sentence possible with a week off for good behaviour so it didn't seem like I was let off the hook.\"\n\n\n=== Civilian life ===\nAfter his release from prison, Jenkins lived with his family in Soga's Sado childhood home.  In June 2005, he visited the United States with his wife and children.  They travelled to his home town of Rich Square, North Carolina, where Charles was reunited with his 91-year-old mother, whom he had not seen in four decades.  Jenkins' mother and sister still lived in the state when he expatriated from North Korea.  When his mother died at the age of 94, Jenkins again travelled to Rich Square to bury her.\nJenkins continued to fear that agents of Kim Jong Il would retaliate against him in Japan; he was unable to eat sashimi out of fear it would make him sick from the memories; and he was more fluent in Korean than English.  To record what he remembered and experienced, Jenkins published a memoir in 2008: The Reluctant Communist.  In Japan, Jenkins fostered an interest in motorcycling; he was featured on the cover of Mr. Bike, a Japanese motorcycle-enthusiast magazine.\nThe Japanese Ministry of Justice expedited Jenkins' application for permanent residency, which was awarded on 15 July 2008.  Jenkins worked in Sado selling senbei at a local museum.  Treated like a celebrity, he frequently posed for photographs with Japanese patrons, at times up to 300 per hour.  In Japan, he was credited with helping bring global attention to the North Korean abductions of Japanese citizens.\nOn 11 December 2017, Jenkins collapsed outside his Sado home, and later died of cardiovascular disease.\n\n\n== See also ==\nRoy Chung – American defector to North Korea (c. 1957 – c. 2004)\nTravis King – American soldier and failed defector to North Korea (born 2000)\nJoseph T. White – American defector to North Korea (1961–1985)\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Further reading ==\nCard, James (November–December 2006). \"Escape from Pyongyang\". Foreign Policy. ISSN 0015-7228.\nJenkins, Charles Robert; Frederick, Jim (March 2008). The Reluctant Communist: My Desertion, Court-Martial, and Forty-Year Imprisonment in North Korea. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520259997.\n\n\n== External links ==\nCharles Robert Jenkins at IMDb\n Media related to Charles Robert Jenkins at Wikimedia Commons<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 283009,
      "num_docs": 324,
      "example": "Robert James Dell’Oro Thomson (born 11 March 1961) is an Australian journalist and business executive. He has been the chief executive of News Corp since 2013.\n\n\n== Early life ==\nThomson was born in Torrumbarry, Victoria, and studied at Christian Brothers College in St Kilda East, and at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. \n\n\n== Career ==\nThomson started work as a copyboy at The Herald (now the Herald Sun) in Melbourne in 1979. In 1983, he became senior feature writer for The Sydney Morning Herald, and two years later became Beijing correspondent for The Sydney Morning Herald as well as the Financial Times. Thomson then became a Tokyo correspondent for the Financial Times in 1989. Thomson was appointed the Financial Times foreign news editor in 1994 and in 1996 became editor of the Financial Times weekend edition. While at Sydney Morning Herald, Thomson wrote a series on Australian judges, which was published as a book in 1987, The Judges: A Portrait of an Australian Judiciary. In 1998, Thomson became U.S. managing editor of the Financial Times.\nIn 2007, Thomson was one of the first media executives to criticise Google and big tech for the disaggregation of content and publication of falsehoods, and to pressure them for a higher share of advertising value. He has been known to use alliterative expressions to call out those companies, such as platforms for \"the fake, the faux and the fallacious\", and \"tech tapeworms.\" Thomson called for new terms of trade for tech platforms to allow viable business models for creators and to benefit broader society.\nIn May 2008, he was appointed managing editor of The Wall Street Journal, having previously been the editor of The Times.\nHe received an honorary doctorate from RMIT University in 2010.\nIn January 2013, Thomson became the chief executive of News Corp.\nIn 2023, Thomson has decried the unauthorised use of journalistic content by generative AI and the resulting existential risk posed to media companies. Thomson and several other media leaders have called for compensation by tech companies that are developing and employing AI. Speaking in May 2023 at INMA, a media conference, Thomson summed up the industry's outrage, saying \"[media's] collective IP is under threat and for which we should argue vociferously for compensation.\"  He said that AI was \"designed so the reader will never visit a journalism website, thus fatally undermining that journalism.\"\nIn June 2025, it was reported that News Corp had extended Thomson's contract as its chief executive until June 2030.\n\n\n== Personal life ==\nOne of his ancestors was named Arturo Dell'Oro, and came from Domodossola, in northern Italy. He is married to Wang Ping, the daughter of a general in the Chinese People's Liberation Army.\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nRobert Thomson lecture online: From the editorial desk of The Times, RMIT School of Applied Communication Public Lecture series<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "art": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 3896592,
      "num_docs": 4256,
      "example": " were dismissed in the defendants' favour, as Narrative Ark provided insufficient evidence for their claims.\n\n\n== Reception ==\nThe comic has been received positively. Destructoid praised the comic series, especially the earlier issues during the 1990s, for adding more backstory and character interaction than was presented in the Sonic video games for the Sega Genesis.\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nKnuckles the Echidna (comics)\nSonic the Comic\nSonic Universe\nSonic X (comics)\nArchie Comics\nMega Man (Archie Comics)\nSonic Boom (comics)\nSonic the Hedgehog (IDW)\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nArchie Comics' Sonic the Hedgehog homepage (archived)\nSEGA's official page for the Sonic comics (archived)\nInterview: Daryl Edelman On His Comic Book Journeys & More! Interview with Editor for Sonic the Hedgehog comic book, Daryl Edelman, by Nicholas Yanes (archived)<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 383398,
      "num_docs": 425,
      "example": " first title was The Dead: Kingdom of Flies with another, Church of Hell, published in 2009. Both have Simon Bisley on art duties. Grant was a part of Renegade Arts Entertainment which, with Berserker Comics, was co-publishing Channel Evil, a four-issue mini-series with art by Shane Oakley.\n\n\n=== 2010s ===\nIn 2013 Grant teamed with Robin Smith to create Scott vs Zombies, commissioned by Edinburgh's Artlink with support from Creative Scotland. In 2012, he completed the award-winning Canadian children's graphic novel The Loxleys and the War of 1812, now in its second edition.\nIn 2016 Grant and John Wagner created a new comic for BHP Comics. Drawn by Dan Cornwell, Rok of the Reds tells the story of a dangerous intergalactic outlaw, Rok of Arkady, who, while on the run, hides on Earth by taking over the body and life of troubled football star Kyle Dixon.\nIn 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Grant led a local community project in the village of Moniaive to produce a comic about the virus and the residents' community spirit.\n\n\n== Awards ==\nGrant received an Inkpot Award in 1992.\n\n\n== Personal life ==\nGrant was married to Sue Grant, and had a daughter, Shalla. The Grants lived in Moniaive, Dumfriesshire. He died on 20 July 2022, survived by Sue, Shalla and four grandchildren.\n\n\n== Bibliography ==\n\n\n== See also ==\nCategory:Works by Alan Grant (writer)\nList of comic creators\nList of Comics Journal interview subjects\nList of Scottish writers\nList of science fiction authors\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nObituary at 2000ad.com\nAlan Grant at IMDb\nAlan Grant at Barney\nAlan Grant at the Grand Comics Database\nAlan Grant at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "music": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 4081693,
      "num_docs": 4419,
      "example": "; substitute – 2003)\nKenny Suarez – drums, percussion (1988–1992)\nSteve \"Mick\" Feldman – vocals (1988–1990)\nRobert Tepper – vocals (1990–1992)\nBurt Diaz – keyboards (1993)\nDenny Artache – guitar, vocals (1993)\nDoug Bossey – guitar (1994–1995)\nEric Barnett – guitar, vocals (1995–2002, 2015–2021)\nDamian Bujanda – keyboards, vocals (1999)\nLarry Rust – keyboards, vocals (1999–2005)\nCharlie Marinkovich – guitar, vocals (2002–2012)\nMartin Gerschwitz – keyboards, vocals (2005–2012, 2018–2021)\nPhil Parlapiano – keyboards, vocals (2015–2018, substitute – 2012)\nMichael Green – percussion, vocals (2015–2019)\nRay Weston – drums, percussion (2015–2020; substitute – 2010, 2020)\nDave Meros – bass (2015–2021; substitute – 2006)\nBernie Pershey – drums (2020–2021)\nSupporting musicians\n\nManny Bertematti – drums, percussion (substitute – 1971)\nDonny Vosburgh – drums (guest – 1987)\nDoug Freedman – drums, percussion (substitute – 1989)\nJoAnne Kurman-Montana – backing vocals (live – 1989)\nCecelia Noel – backing vocals (live – 1989)\nOly Larios – bass (substitute – 2001)\nKen Chalupnik – bass (substitute – 2006)\n\n\n=== Lineups ===\n\n\n== Discography ==\n\n\n=== Studio albums ===\n\n\n=== Live albums ===\n\n\n=== Compilation albums ===\nEvolution: The Best of Iron Butterfly (1971)\nStar Collection (1973)\nRare Flight (1988)\nLight & Heavy: The Best of Iron Butterfly (1993)\n\n\n=== Box sets ===\nUnconscious Power: An Anthology 1967–1971 (2020)\n\n\n=== EPs ===\n\"Iron Butterfly Theme\" b/w \"Look for the Sun\", \"Possession\"\nRadio EP: \"Iron Butterfly Theme\", \"Possession\" b/w \"Get Out of My Life Woman\", \"Unconscious Power\"\n\"In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida\", \"Flowers and Beads\" b/w \"My Mirage\"\n\n\n=== Singles ===\n\n\n== Videography ==\nIn-A-Gadda-Da-Vida (Rhino Home Video, R3-2215) 1995\n(Contained video performances of \"Easy Rider\" (3:21), \"In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida\" (17:03) and \"Butterfly Bleu\" (19:51))\n\nRock 'N' Roll Greats In Concert! (Passport Video) 2004\n(Contained video performances of the full concert at Itchycoo Park in 1999)\n\n\n== Citations ==\n\n\n== General and cited references ==\nBuckley, Peter (2003). The Rough Guide to Rock. London: Rough Guides. ISBN 1-84353-105-4.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nOfficial website \nCollectors website with discography Archived 2017-09-22 at the Wayback Machine\nIron Butterfly Performances\nIron Butterfly All Music Guide Entry\nIron Butterfly discography at Discogs\nIron Butterfly at IMDb<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 455984,
      "num_docs": 491,
      "example": "\nLundi Gras\nMad Monday\nMiracle Monday\nPlough Monday\nShrove Monday\nWet Monday\nWhit Monday\n\n\n== See also ==\nMonday Club\nMonday demonstrations\nMonday Night Football\nMonday Night Raw\nWCW Monday Nitro\nMonday Night War\nSaint Monday\nCleveland Elementary School shooting (San Diego), purportedly carried out due to dislike for Mondays\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n=== Notes ===\n\n\n=== Sources ===\nBarnhart, Robert K. (1995). The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-270084-7\n\n\n== External links ==<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "literature": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 4359067,
      "num_docs": 4700,
      "example": "нтър за либерални стратегии, 2007. ISBN 978-954-90758-8-5. с. 22.\nThe Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Literature, 1901–1950. // Nobelprize.org.\nSCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica: Vazov Point.\nНацева, Розалина, Любен Иванов, Инес Лазарова, Петя Кръстева. Каталог на българските банкноти. Българска народна банка. С., 2004. ISBN 954-9791-74-2, с. 107\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nWorks by Ivan Vazov at Project Gutenberg\nWorks by or about Ivan Vazov at the Internet Archive\nWorks by Ivan Vazov at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) \nVazov, I. Under the Yoke. A Romance of Bulgarian Liberty. With an Introduction by E. Gosse. A New and Revised Edition. London, 1912\nIvan Vazov’s place in Bulgaria’s heritage\nIvan Vazov – The revolutionary poet\nChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Bulgaria/Language\". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 510791,
      "num_docs": 552,
      "example": "A. titled Straight Outta Compton was released; however, Arabian Prince was not portrayed in the film. After the release film, Prince said to VladTV: \"A lot of the scenes in real life, I was there—I'm just not there in the film, which I'm like, if you're gonna write me out of a movie, shoot some other scenes. Don't write scenes where I was there.\" Some of the pivotal scenes would be choosing the name for the band, the tour and the infamous Detroit concert. He also remembers himself as the main opposer to Jerry Heller about the royalties and the money, a role that in the film was instead given to Ice Cube.\nThe following year, N.W.A. was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, but again, Arabian Prince was not included nor mentioned.\nIn 2018, Arabian Prince appeared on the AmeriKKKant album of industrial-metal band Ministry. He made a second appearance on Ministry's 2021 album Moral Hygiene.\n\n\n== Other ventures ==\nAside from his music career, he worked in special effects, 3D animation and video games.\n\n\n== Discography ==\n\n\n=== Solo ===\nStrange Life (Rapsur, 1984)\nIt Ain’t Tough (Rapsur, 1985)\nTake You Home Girl / Innovator (Rapsur, 1985)\nSituation Hot (Street Kut, 1986)\nFreak City (Macola, 1986)\nProfessor X (Saga) (Techno Kut, 1989)\nBrother Arab (Orpheus, 1989)\nWhere's My Bytches (Da Bozak, 1993)\nSimple Planet / Beatdabeat (Stones Throw, 2008)\n\n\n=== Compilations ===\nSituation Hot (Macola, 1990)\nInnovative Life: The Anthology, 1984–1989 (Stones Throw, 2008)\nProfessor X (Clone, 2007/2008)\n\n\n=== With Bobby Jimmy and the Critters ===\nUgly Knuckle Butt (1985)\nRoaches: The Beginning (1986)\nBack and Proud (1987)\n\n\n=== With N.W.A ===\n\"Panic Zone\" (single) (1987)\nN.W.A. and the Posse (1987)\nStraight Outta Compton  (1989)\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\nInterview with Arabian Prince & Biography on westcoastpioneers\nAugust 2008 Interview with L.A. Record\nArabian Prince RBMA lecture\nArabian Prince: What Happened After N.W.A. and the Posse? Archived 2015-04-05 at the Wayback Machine at Phoenix New Times\nDJ Arabian Prince Interview at NAMM Oral History Library (2020)<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "architecture": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 3764967,
      "num_docs": 4123,
      "example": " Cosimo acquired from Niccoli would later be the cornerstone of the Laurentian Library, a library in Florence founded by Cosimo's grandson, Lorenzo de' Medici.\n\n\n=== Philosophy ===\nIn the realm of philosophy, Cosimo, influenced by the lectures of Gemistus Plethon, supported Marsilio Ficino and his attempts at reviving Neo-Platonism. Cosimo commissioned Ficino's Latin translation of the complete works of Plato (the first ever complete translation) and collected a vast library that he shared with intellectuals such as Niccolò de' Niccoli and Leonardo Bruni. He also established a Platonic Academy in Florence in 1445. He provided his grandson Lorenzo de' Medici with an education in the studia humanitatis. Cosimo certainly had an influence on Renaissance intellectual life, but it was Lorenzo who would later be deemed to have been the greatest patron.\n\n\n== Fictional depictions ==\nRoberto Rossellini's three-part television miniseries The Age of the Medici (1973) has Cosimo as its central character (the original Italian title is L'età di Cosimo de' Medici, meaning \"The Age of Cosimo de' Medici\"). The first part, The Exile of Cosimo, and the second part, The Power of Cosimo, focus on Cosimo's political struggles and on his patronage of the arts and sciences in Florence. Cosimo is portrayed by Italian actor Marcello Di Falco.\nFrank Spotnitz's eight-part television series Medici: Masters of Florence (2016) depicts the rise of the powerful banking family after the death of Giovanni (played by Dustin Hoffman), as his son Cosimo (Richard Madden) takes over as head of the family. The sixteen-part sequel, Medici (2019–2020), follows the career of Cosimo's grandson, Lorenzo the Magnificent (Daniel Sharman).\n\n\n== See also ==\nHistory of Florence\nFlorentine Renaissance art\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n=== Works cited ===\nTomas, Natalie R. (2003). The Medici Women: Gender and Power in Renaissance Florence. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-0777-1.\n\n\n== Further reading ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nThe Medici Family.com: Cosimo I\nPBS.org: Medici – Godfathers of the Renaissance\nInternet Archive.org: Cosimo de' Medici (1899) – biography by K. Dorothea Ewart Vernon.\n(in English) – BIVIO: Biblioteca Virtuale On-Line: Biography in \"Le vite\" from Vespasiano da Bisticci<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 404777,
      "num_docs": 446,
      "example": "Le Méridien Hong Kong, Cyberport (Chinese: 香港數碼港艾美酒店) is a 170-room hotel forming part of the Cyberport digital community development in Hong Kong's Telegraph Bay, in Southern District. It opened on 20 April 2004 and is operated by Le Méridien, a design-focused brand of Marriott International.\nLe Méridien was awarded a 10-year management contract for this hotel to be built at the Cyberport complex. The hotel has been listed by British newspaper The Independent as one of the five best \"hi-tech hotels\".\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of buildings and structures in Hong Kong\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nLe Meridien Cyberport website<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "oceanography": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 3520124,
      "num_docs": 3885,
      "example": " port of Eros, hence the stereotypical bow and arrow of Cupid.\nIn 2016, the Embarcadero was named on the list of \"11 Most Endangered Historic Places\" in the US by the National Trust for Historic Preservation, citing \"the dual natural threats of sea-level rise and seismic vulnerability\" to the seawall.\n\n\n== Subway station ==\nEmbarcadero Station, a BART and Muni Metro subway station, is located at the foot of Market Street, one block from The Embarcadero. While not in the original transit system plans, it has become the most highly trafficked BART station. As it is an infill station, the design is unique among the Market Street subway.\n\n\n== Embarcadero Center ==\n\nEmbarcadero Center consists of four 30- to 45-story buildings and the Hyatt Regency San Francisco, located between the Ferry Building and the foot of Market Street. Until 2001, there was a viewing deck on top of the Embarcadero Center. During the winter holidays, the edges of all four buildings are illuminated, the effect resembling the outlines of four giant books on a shelf.\n\n\n== Embarcadero Plaza ==\n\nAt the eastern end of Market Street is Embarcadero Plaza, opened in 1972 and originally named Justin Herman Plaza, for M. Justin Herman, head of the San Francisco Redevelopment Agency from 1959 to 1971.\n\n\n== Education ==\nRight along the Embarcadero Center is the Embarcadero YMCA, the city's flagship branch of a group of a dozen locales. The center features the unique Youth Chance High School, an alternative high school that is a magnet for troubled students from throughout the Bay Area.\nThe Embarcadero area was the test site for one of the most famous experiments in urban planning education, when in 1978 renowned architecture and planning theorist Christopher Alexander - famous for his \"pattern language\" - took his students from the University of California Berkeley to the site with the aim of reimagining it as something that would grow organically over time. The results were published in 1987 as the book A New Theory of Urban Design (1987).\n\n\n== Seawall upgrade and enhancements projects ==\nThe Embarcadero seawall is over a century old, originally constructed between 1878 and 1916, and is in need of upgrades in order to ensure its integrity in the event of a major earthquake. As of February 2018 the Port of San Francisco, the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency, and several other departments are partnering to deliver a project to upgrade the seawall and adjoining public spaces. The project is expected to cost at least $2 billion, and the city successfully passed a ballot measure to issue $425 million in bonds to finance part of the project in November 2016.\n\n\n== Gallery ==\n\n\n== See also ==\n\nA Trip Down Market Street, a historic film showing the Embarcadero and Ferry Building in 1906\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to The Embarcadero (San Francisco) at Wikimedia Commons<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 312009,
      "num_docs": 358,
      "example": "Salmon Bay (Lushootseed: šilšul) is a portion of the Lake Washington Ship Canal, which passes through the city of Seattle, linking Lake Washington to Puget Sound, lying west of the Fremont Cut. It is the westernmost section of the canal and empties into Puget Sound's Shilshole Bay. Because of the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks, the smaller, western half of the bay is salt water, and the eastern half is fresh water (though not without saline contamination: see Lake Union).\n\n\n== History ==\nBefore the construction of the Ship Canal, Salmon Bay was entirely salt water and subject to the tides. The bay was the permanent home of the Shilshole people, a Lushootseed-speaking people closely related to the Duwamish. The Lushootseed name of the bay is šilšul, which is the origin of the name of the Shilshole people (šilšulabš). Along the north side of the bay was a village (also called šilšul) of the Shilshole, which by the late 19th century, had two longhouses (each 60'x120') and a larger potlatch house. At this time, the headman of the village was Shilshole Curly. Although much of the population left the village, a community still remained living in the village until the early 1900s. The village was destroyed in the 1910s and the residents removed. Some assimilated into the local community while others moved to local reservations. The last remaining resident of the village was Salmon Bay Charlie until he was evicted and removed to the Port Madison Reservation.\nBeginning in 1916, the level of the bay was raised by 20 feet (6.1 m) as the Ballard Locks formed a dam. East of the locks, Salmon Bay is spanned by the Ballard Bridge, a bascule bridge that carries 15th Avenue traffic between Ballard and Interbay; its predecessor was built across the bay in 1891. West of the locks, it is spanned by the Salmon Bay Bridge that carries the BNSF Railway railroad tracks between Ballard and Magnolia.\nIn the 1920s, an archaeological dig of the western parts of the site of the former Shilshole village was conducted by A. G. Colley. Archaeologists found many tools, including those made of iron, as a result of the dig.\n\n\n== References ==<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "meteorology": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 4354098,
      "num_docs": 4690,
      "example": "année des accidents et des pertes\" [A Crane in the Storm, Lufthansa at war: VI: 1944, a Year of Accidents and Losses]. Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (123): 34–49. ISSN 1243-8650.\nNeulen, Hans-Werner (August 2003). \"Une grue dans la tempête, la Lufthansa en guerre: VII: 1945, jusqu'à la fin amère\" [A Crane in the Storm, Lufthansa at war: VII: 1945, Until the Bitter End]. Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (125): 34–44. ISSN 1243-8650.\n\n\n== External links ==\nOfficial website \nDocuments and clippings about Lufthansa in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW\n Media related to Lufthansa at Wikimedia Commons<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 479547,
      "num_docs": 525,
      "example": ": A Technopolitical Disaster\" (PDF). Studies in Intelligence. CIA. Winter 1984. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2019.<|endoftext|>"
    }
  },
  "geography": {
    "train": {
      "total_tokens": 3914990,
      "num_docs": 4273,
      "example": " to cartooning, but he pointed me into art in general and showed me a way of understanding how within one artist, there could exist this pop culture impulse and a fine art impulse.\"\n\n\n== Archives and awards ==\n\nEmshwiller won one of the inaugural Hugo Awards in 1953, as the previous year's best \"Cover Artist\" (a tie with Hannes Bok). Cover artists and interior illustrators were not thereafter distinguished by the Hugo Award for Best Artist under various names; he won four more during the 1960s under the current \"Professional Artist\" distinction. On June 16, 2007, he became the third artist inducted by the Science Fiction Hall of Fame. His paintings of aliens were displayed in the Alien Encounters exhibition of the Science Fiction Museum, which houses the hall of fame, at that time (September 10, 2006, to October 30, 2007).\nHis papers are archived at the California Institute of Arts.\n\n\n== Personal life ==\n\nCarol and Ed Emshwiller had three children—Eve Emshwiller, screenwriter Susan Emshwiller (Pollock) and actor-novelist Stoney Peter Emshwiller (The Host, Short Blade). Family members, including his brother Maclellan Emshwiller, often served as models in his illustrations. Carol and Eve Emshwiller can be seen on a Galaxy Science Fiction cover (January 1957).\nEmshwiller died of cancer on July 27, 1990, in Santa Clarita, California, where he was cremated.\n\n\n== Books ==\nOrtiz, Luis, Ed Emshwiller, Carol Emshwiller, and Alex Eisenstein. Emshwiller: Infinity x Two: The Art & Life of Ed & Carol Emshwiller. New York: Nonstop Press, 2007. ISBN 978-1-933065-09-0.\n\n\n== See also ==\n \n\n\n== Explanatory notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nEmsh and Coye\nWorks by Ed Emshwiller at Project Gutenberg\nBiography at The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction\nEd Emshwiller at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database\n\"Ed Emshwiller biography\". Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame.<|endoftext|>"
    },
    "test": {
      "total_tokens": 411525,
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      "example": " Melbourne are located near the street, with the hub Flinders Street station at its southern end and, further north, the underground Melbourne Central station at the intersection of La Trobe Street. The Metro Tunnel is being constructed under Swanston Street, and should be completed in 2025.\nSwanston Street is also a major route for commuting cyclists to and through the city, with bike lanes from the northern suburbs and from St Kilda Road in the south, and the Capital City Trail on the Southbank of the Yarra River.\nThe parking of tour buses along the street caused controversy in September 2008 when a young cyclist was killed by a bus as it turned out of a parking spot. There had previously been calls to the council to relocate the large buses from the street where there was little space between buses and trams.\nSwanston Street was previously served by bus services to Gardenvale and Middle Brighton. When Melbourne-Brighton Bus Lines' licence periodically came up for review, the Melbourne City Council and Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board always opposed. Finally the buses were removed from Swanston Street in October 1989, by which time they were operated by the Public Transport Corporation.\n\n\n== In popular culture ==\nSwanston Street was the shooting location for the 1976 video for AC/DC's song \"It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)\". It led to a nearby street being renamed ACDC Lane in honour of the music video.\nIt is also referenced in The Distillers' song \"Dismantle Me\", as singer Brody Dalle is originally from Melbourne, as well as TISM's song \"Get Thee in My Behind Satan\" and Courtney Barnett's \"Elevator Operator\".\nJane Halifax (Rebecca Gibney) of the Halifax f.p. television series is shown living in an apartment at 339 Swanston Street (Jensen House; now converted into a UniLodge) opposite the State Library.\n\n\n== Gallery ==\n\n\n== See also ==\n Australian roads portal\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== External links ==\n Media related to Swanston Street at Wikimedia Commons<|endoftext|>"
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      "example": " formed House Space Committee (later Science and Astronautics), reportedly because his seniority entitled him to a more important post on Armed Services than he was considered capable of handling. He was reappointed in 1961. It was Brooks who proposed a civilian, rather than military, space program. On May 4, 1961, his committee sent a memo to then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson on this subject. U.S. President John F. Kennedy's speech which prompted the development of the Apollo program was delivered a few weeks later.\nThe Overton Brooks Veterans Administration Medical Center at 510 East Stoner Street in Shreveport south of Interstate 20 and viewed from along the Clyde Fant Parkway is named in his honor.\nTwo conservative legislative assistants to Representative Brooks, Ned Touchstone and Billy McCormack, went on to careers of their own in advocacy journalism and the Christian ministry.\n\n\n=== 1961 Rules Committee vote ===\n\n\n== Death and legacy ==\nA few months after the roll call vote on enlargement of the House Rules Committee, Brooks died of a heart attack at Bethesda Naval Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland.\nSpeaker Rayburn died exactly two months after Brooks.\nBrooks was a member of the Masonic Lodge, the Shriners, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, American Legion, Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the Kiwanis International.\nBrooks is interred at Forest Park Cemetery East in Shreveport, the resting place of many Shreveport politicians. He was Episcopalian.\nThe Veterans Administration Hospital in Shreveport was renamed for Brooks in 1988.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of members of the United States Congress who died in office (1950–1999)\n\n\n== References ==\n\nhttp://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000884\nKen Hechler, The Endless Space Frontier. A History of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, 1959–1978 (Univelt, 1982) ISBN 0-87703-157-6 (hardback), ISBN 0-87703-158-4 (paperback)\n\"Overton Brooks,\" A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography, Vol. 1 (1988)<|endoftext|>"
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      "example": "Oscar Tschirky (1866 – November 6, 1950) was a Swiss-American restaurateur who was maître d'hôtel of Delmonico's Restaurant and subsequently the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in Manhattan, New York, United States. He was widely known as \"Oscar of the Waldorf\" and published a large cookbook.\n\n\n== Early life and education ==\nOscar Tschirky was born in 1866 in Le Locle, Switzerland. He left for the United States in 1883, settling in New York City.\n\n\n== Career ==\nWorking first as a busboy, or commis waiter, in the Hoffman House shortly after his arrival in New York, he participated in the rise of exclusive restaurants. He became known as maître d'hôtel of Delmonico's Restaurant and subsequently the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in Manhattan, New York. He was widely known as \"Oscar of the Waldorf\".\nBecause of his association with the restaurant, he capitalized on his association with food, although he had never worked as a chef. He published a large cookbook. He is also pictured on a relish bottle displayed in the lobby of the Waldorf-Astoria, along with other photos of him at the major events during his tenure as maître d'hôtel. He is credited with having created Waldorf salad and for aiding in the popularization of Thousand Island dressing. Tschirky is also credited with developing the preparation of Eggs Benedict, although differing accounts make this hard to confirm.\nTschirky had a farm in New Paltz, New York, where he hosted picnics for friends and family as well as other chefs.  In later years the property was purchased by the Philantropique Society and was operated as a retirement home for chefs. It later opened to the general public and was known as The Culinarians' Home.\nCornell University holds the Oscar Tschirky papers and his noted collection of menus (Cornell University School of Hotel Administration).  Karl Schriftgiesser's biography of Tshirky, Oscar of the Waldorf (1943), rather, reads much like an autobiography.  Most of Oscar Tschirky's recollections therein are devoted to the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel and its founder, George C. Boldt, and his wife, Louise Kehrer Boldt.\n\n\n== References ==<|endoftext|>"
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      "example": " violence. His suspicion of the nobility led him to suspicions of the Sture family, then headed by Svante Stensson Sture, the brother-in-law of Erik's father. King Erik first acted against the family in 1566, accusing Svante's son Nils of treason, but commuted the sentence and instead sent Nils to Lorraine, supposedly to arrange a marriage with Princess Renata of Lorraine. However, Erik had determined to marry his mistress Karin Månsdotter and in 1567, on Nils's return and suspicious of high treason, he killed several members of the family in the so-called Sture Murders, Erik himself stabbing Nils Svantesson Sture. The king probably thought of the killing as an execution rather than murder.\n\n\n== Downfall ==\nAfter the Sture murders, Duke John was imprisoned and Erik's conflict with the nobility came to its climax. Early in 1568, Erik seemed to recover his reason, and attempted to reconcile with his brother on the condition that the latter recognize Erik's marriage with Karin Månsdotter. This marriage was solemnized in July, Karin was crowned queen, and their infant son Gustav pronounced prince-royal. However, in the fall of 1568, asserting Erik's insanity, the dukes and the nobles rebelled, and after some resistance, Erik was imprisoned by John, who took power on 30 September. Jöran Persson was assigned much of the blame for the actions directed against the nobility during Erik XIV's reign and was executed shortly after John III had incarcerated Erik, who was legally dethroned in January 1569 by the Riksdag.\n\n\n== Imprisonment and death ==\nFor the next eight years the ex-king was a source of anxiety to the new government. Three rebellions – the 1569 Plot, the Mornay Plot and the 1576 Plot – with the object of releasing and reinstating him, had to be suppressed, and Erik was held as a prisoner in many different castles in both Sweden and Finland. He died in prison in Örbyhus Castle. According to a tradition starting with Johannes Messenius, his final meal was a poisoned bowl of pea soup. A document signed by his brother, John III, and a nobleman, Bengt Bengtsson Gylta (1514–74), gave Erik's guards in his last prison authorization to poison him if anyone tried to release him. His body was later exhumed and modern forensic analysis revealed evidence of lethal arsenic poisoning.\n\n\n== Family and descendants ==\n\nErik XIV had several relationships before his marriage.\nWith Agda Persdotter:\n\nVirginia Eriksdotter (1559–1633; living descendants)\nConstantia Eriksdotter (1560–1649; living descendants)\nLucretia Eriksdotter (1564–after 1574) died young.\nWith Karin Jacobsdotter:\n\nAn unnamed child, died April 1565.\nErik XIV married Karin Månsdotter (1550–1612) on 4 July 1568; their children were:\n\nSigrid (1566–1633; born before the marriage), lady-in-waiting, wife of two noblemen.\nGustav (1568–1607; born before the marriage), mercenary\nHenrik (1570–74)\nArnold (1572–73)\n\n\n== Erik XIV in literature ==\nThe life of Erik XIV is the subject of an 1899 play by Swedish playwright August Strindberg (1849–1912), which was later adapted into a film, Karin Månsdotter. The love story of Erik XIV and Karin Månsdotter is the subject of a 1942 historical novel Karin Månsdotter by Mika Waltari.\n\n\n== See also ==\nList of Swedish monarchs\nList of Finnish monarchs and Heads of State\nHistory of Sweden\nHistory of Sweden (1523–1611)\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\nThis article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). \"Eric XIV.\". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 738–739.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nBiography of Erik XIV\n\"Eric XIV.\". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.\nVasa – Adelsvapen-Wiki<|endoftext|>"
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      "example": " short term respiratory exposure to phosphine gas should not exceed 1 ppm. The Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health level is 50 ppm. Overexposure to phosphine gas causes nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, thirst, chest tightness, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), muscle pain, chills, stupor or syncope, and pulmonary edema. Phosphine has been reported to have the odor of decaying fish or garlic at concentrations below 0.3 ppm. The smell is normally restricted to laboratory areas or phosphine processing since the smell comes from the way the phosphine is extracted from the environment. However, it may occur elsewhere, such as in industrial waste landfills. Exposure to higher concentrations may cause olfactory fatigue.\n\n\n=== Fumigation hazards ===\nPhosphine is used for pest control, but its usage is strictly regulated due to high toxicity. Gas from phosphine has high mortality rate and has caused deaths in Sweden and other countries.\nBecause the previously popular fumigant methyl bromide has been phased out in some countries under the Montreal Protocol, phosphine is the only widely used, cost-effective, rapidly acting fumigant that does not leave residues on the stored product. Pests with high levels of resistance toward phosphine have become common in Asia, Australia and Brazil. High level resistance is also likely to occur in other regions, but has not been as closely monitored. Genetic variants that contribute to high level resistance to phosphine have been identified in the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase gene. Identification of this gene now allows rapid molecular identification of resistant insects.\n\n\n=== Explosiveness ===\nPhosphine gas is denser than air and hence may collect in low-lying areas. It can form explosive mixtures with air, and may also self-ignite.\n\n\n== In fiction ==\nAnne McCaffrey's Dragonriders of Pern series features genetically engineered dragons that breathe fire by producing phosphine by extracting it from minerals of their native planet.\nIn the 2008 pilot of the crime drama television series Breaking Bad, Walter White poisons two rival gangsters by adding red phosphorus to boiling water to produce phosphine gas. However, this reaction in reality would require white phosphorus instead, and for the water to contain sodium hydroxide.\n\n\n== See also ==\nDiphosphane, H2P−PH2, simplified to P2H4\nDiphosphene, HP=PH\n\n\n== Notes ==\n\n\n== References ==\n\n\n== Further reading ==\nFluck, E. (1973). \"The Chemistry of Phosphine\". Topics in Current Chemistry. Fortschritte der Chemischen Forschung. 35: 1–64. doi:10.1007/BFb0051358. ISBN 3-540-06080-4. S2CID 91394007.\nWorld Health Organization (1988). Phosphine and Selected Metal Phosphides. Environmental Health Criteria. Vol. 73. Geneva: Joint sponsorship of UNEP, ILO and WHO.\n\n\n== External links ==\n\nInternational Chemical Safety Card 0694\nCDC – Phosphine – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic<|endoftext|>"
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      "example": "Hatred (Russian: Ненaвисть, romanized: Nenavist) is a 1977 Soviet action adventure film directed by Samvel Gasparov.\n\n\n== Plot ==\nThis drama explores the way that war tears families apart.\nHatred is set in a small village in the Ukraine, in which dying man Bulgya tries to reconcile his three estranged sons, who have been scattered by the Russian Civil War. The elder son, Stepan served with the White Army, the middle son Fyodor served with the Red Army while the youngest, Mitka left home with no allegiances and no idea where to go. Contrary to Bulgya's hopes, the reunion is a cool one.\nWhen Bulgya dies, the brothers are drawn together. They bury their father and promptly leave the village. But as soon as they pass the gates, a band of horsemen in Red Army uniforms burst into the village, killing the villagers, and burning their homes. The brothers set off in pursuit without any idea of who they are chasing. They do not know if they are really Red Army officers or if they are White Guards in disguise. Eventually Stepan recognises a fellow soldier from the White Guards and realises his loyalties are divided. He tries to play both sides, first betraying his brothers to the White Guards, and then helping them to escape. Fyodor and Mitka take a White Colonel prisoner, and on his way from the estate, Stepan hears gunshots. Rushing off after them, he realises he has become a stranger to the Whites as well.\n\n\n== External links ==\nHatred at IMDb<|endoftext|>"
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      "example": "\n\"Literary witness to century of turmoil\" China Daily (2003-11-24)\n\"Chinese literary icon Ba Jin dies\" (BBC)\nA giant of Chinese literature \"A giant of Chinese literature\" ~ The Sydney Morning Herald' (21 October 2005)]\nBa Jin at Anarchist Archives\n\"When the Snow Melted\" Translated by Tang Sheng at Words Without Borders\nPa Chin: A Literary and Revolutionary Chinese Anarchist ~ YemenTimes Newspaper Archived 2011-06-08 at the Wayback Machine\nBa Jin: Life and Works\nBa Jin. A Portrait by Kong Kai Ming at Hong Kong Baptist University Library<|endoftext|>"
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