[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Audit and Accountability?

[Assistant]
According to Risk Management Framework for Information Systems and Organizations_ A System Life Cycle Approach for Security and Privacy:

This publication describes the Risk Management Framework (RMF) and provides guidelines for applying the RMF to information systems and organizations. The RMF provides a disciplined, structured, and flexible process for managing security and privacy risk that includes information security categorization; control selection, implementation, and assessment; system and common control authorizations; and continuous monitoring. The RMF includes activities to prepare organizations to execute the framework at appropriate risk management levels. The RMF also promotes near real-time risk management and ongoing information system and common control authorization through the implementation of continuous monitoring processes; provides senior leaders and executives with the necessary information to make efficient, cost-effective, risk management decisions about the systems supporting their missions and business functions; and incorporates security and privacy into the system development life cycle. Executing the RMF tasks links essential risk management processes at the system level to risk management processes at the organization level. In addition, it establishes responsibility and accountability for the controls implemented within an organization's information systems and inherited by those systems.


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for System and Services Acquisition?

[Assistant]
According to Validated Products List 1995 no. 4_ Programming Languages, Database Language SQL, Graphics, POSIX, Computer Security, Product Data - IGES, OSI:

NCR C Development Toolkit
Release 2;
NIST-95/1303;
8/1 /96

SCO OpenServer Development
System Release 5;
NIST-95/1941;

The FIPS PUB 128-1 requires the use of application profiles. In particular, FIPS PUB 128-1 requires
the use of military specification MIL-D-28003A, commonly known as the Continuous Acquisition and
Life-Cycle Support (CALS) CGM Application Profile (AP).

Validated Products List 1995 no. 4_ Programming Languages, Database Language SQL, Graphics, POSIX, Computer Security, Product Data - IGES, OSI


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Identification and Authentication?

[Assistant]
According to PDA Forensic Tools_ an Overview and Analysis:

Unlike the situation with personal computers, the number and variety of toolkits for PDAs and other handheld devices is considerably limited.  Not only are there fewer specialized tools and toolkits, but also the range of devices over which they operate is typically narrowed to only the most popular families of PDA devices - those based on the Pocket PC and Palm OS.  Moreover, the tools require that the examiner have full access to the device (i.e. the device is not protected by some authentication mechanism or the examiner can satisfy any authentication mechanism encountered).  While a couple of toolkits support a full range of acquisition, examination, and reporting functions, the remaining tools focus mainly on a single function.  Table 2 lists opensource and commercially available tools and the facilities they provide for each PDA family. The abbreviation NA means that the tool at the left of the row is not applicable to the device at top of the column.

Password Protected Devices: Not Applicable - If a 4-digit pin or alphanumeric password is employed for user authentication, ActiveSync prompts for the information.  Until the proper entry is made, communications/connectivity is not permitted.

Device Content Acquisition: Pocket PC 2003, officially known as Windows Mobile, requires ActiveSync 3.7 to synchronize data between a PC and the device.  However, PDA Seizure version 2.5.0.0 was not able to successfully make a connection to the device with ActiveSync 3.7.  In order to acquire information, ActiveSync 3.7 had to be uninstalled and replaced with ActiveSync 3.5.  Thereafter, acquiring information proceeded as expected, with no connectivity problems encountered.  The acquisition process for the devices, took approximately 30-60 minutes.

PDA Forensic Tools_ an Overview and Analysis


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Awareness and Training?

[Assistant]
According to Recommendations for Discrete Logarithm-based Cryptography_ Elliptic Curve Domain Parameters:

................................4                  | Overview of Elliptic Curves ...............................................................................................4             |
| 2.1.1.
| Curves in Short-Weierstrass Form..............................................................................4                               |                                                                                |
| 2.1.2. | Montgomery Curves....................................................................................................4                        |                                                                                |
| 2.1.3. | Twisted Edwards Curves ............................................................................................5                          |                                                                                |
| 2.2.1. | Curves in Short-Weierstrass Form..............................................................................5                               |                                                                                |
|                                                                                | Recommended Curves for U.S. Federal Government Use .............................................6                                             | Recommended Curves for U.S. Federal Government Use .............................................6                                        |
| 3.1.1.

Recommendations for Discrete Logarithm-based Cryptography_ Elliptic Curve Domain Parameters


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Supply Chain Risk Management?

[Assistant]
According to IoT Device Cybersecurity Guidance for the Federal Government_ Establishing IoT Device Cybersecurity Requirements:

document should refer to NIST SP 800-161 Revision 1, Cyber Supply Chain Risk Management Practices for Systems and Organizations [800-161] to understand these responsibilities and supporting practices.
In addition to the specifics of the device and how it works, organizations should also consider the practices of the manufacturer in the development and on-going support of the IoT device. Secure development, supply chain, and maintenance (e.g., vulnerability management and patching) practices can help mitigate the introduction of vulnerabilities and possibly reduce likelihood and/or impact of adverse events. Consider:

IoT Device Cybersecurity Guidance for the Federal Government_ Establishing IoT Device Cybersecurity Requirements


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Audit and Accountability?

[Assistant]
According to Guidelines for the Secure Deployment of IPv6:

This section provides general information about IPv6 as a foundation for later sections.  The rest of this section is a resource for understanding the similarities and differences between IPv4 and IPv6, with a focus on addressing (RFC 4291).  Section 3.1 discusses IPv6 addresses, how the IPv6 address space is used, and IPv6 address types and scope.  This is followed by a review of IPv4 addressing and IPv4 Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) addressing.  Then IPv4 and IPv6 addressing are summarized and compared.  Section 3.2 covers IPv6 address allocation.  IPv6 headers, their formats, and fields are discussed in Section 3.3.  Sections 3.4 through 3.7 cover extension headers, ICMPv6, IPv6 routing, and IPv6 Domain Name System (DNS) respectively.

IPsec coverage for multicast is incomplete.  If a multicast group has more than one sender, the replay protection mechanism does not work.  More importantly, IKE is a unicast UDP protocol that only works between two parties, so automated key management for multicast IPsec is lacking. For additional details about using IPsec with IPv6 multicast, see Section 5.3.3.

To enhance accountability, many organizations may prefer to use DHCPv6 and disable autoconfiguration to force authentication prior to gaining an IPv6 address.  This also aids with forensics if there are verifiable logs that show which user had been leased which IPv6 address at a given time.  Those logs will provide corroborating evidence in a forensic case. Another security enhancement related to DHCPv6 use is that DHCPv6 is more resilient to pool consumption attack.  Because the DHCPv6 pool is typically comprised of an entire /64 subnet there are many addresses in the pool.  Therefore, it is unlikely that an attacker will be able to claim all the IPv6 addresses in the pool to cause the next legitimate user's request to get rejected because all the addresses have been leased out.

Guidelines for the Secure Deployment of IPv6


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Security Assessment?

[Assistant]
According to A Security Perspective on the Web3 Paradigm:

Opinions and evaluations of the utility and feasibility of the Web3 vision are out of scope for this document, which takes no position on whether the Web3 vision can or should be implemented. For readers who are interested in learning about the case for Web3 adoption, a by some Web3 proponents and does not take a position on them.

Since Web3 is still in the early stages of development, domain-specific best practices have not been established, and Web3 will need to build on existing best practices for software development. Web3 developers will also need to actively monitor for exploits, mitigate attacks, and quickly deploy fixes to reduce the impact of attacks. Errors and bugs can be present at any technology layer within Web3, from the blockchain itself to user interfaces, web servers, operating systems, smart contracts, data oracles, cross-chain bridges, wallet software, and even hardware. Since bugs in one layer of technology can adversely affect another layer, developers will need to monitor all layers for vulnerabilities. Testing, updating, and maintaining up-to-date information on current vulnerabilities and mitigations will help to reduce or eliminate the impact of bugs. may have many anonymous contributors with different priorities and ethics. Blockchains, cryptocurrency, and Web3 applications may not have established methods for developers to disclose bugs or errors, and end users may not know the software layer at which a specific bug

A Security Perspective on the Web3 Paradigm


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC Level 2 require for Security Assessment?

[Assistant]
According to Assessing Security Requirements for Controlled Unclassified Information:

assessment; assessment method; assessment object; assessment procedure; assurance; Controlled Unclassified Information; coverage; FISMA; NIST Special Publication 800-171; NIST Special Publication 800-53A; nonfederal organization; nonfederal system; security assessment; security requirement.

- System development life cycle responsibilities (e.g., program managers, mission/business owners, information owners/stewards, system designers and developers, system/security engineers, systems integrators)
- Acquisition or procurement responsibilities (e.g., contracting officers)
- System, security, or risk management and oversight responsibilities (e.g., authorizing officials, chief information officers, chief information security officers, system owners, information security managers)
- Security assessment and monitoring responsibilities (e.g., auditors, system evaluators, assessors, independent verifiers/validators, analysts)

- Federal perspective : The entity establishing and conveying security assessment requirements in contractual vehicles or other types of agreements
- Nonfederal perspective : The entity responding to and complying with the security assessment requirements set forth in contracts or agreements

Assessing Security Requirements for Controlled Unclassified Information


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Supply Chain Risk Management?

[Assistant]
According to Analyzing Collusion Threats in the Semiconductor Supply Chain:

## Analyzing Collusion Threats in the Semiconductor Supply Chain

Rekhi S, Amberiadis K, Akib AA, Srivastava A (2025) Analyzing Collusion Threats in the Semiconductor Supply Chain. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Cybersecurity White Paper (CSWP) NIST CSWP 46. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.CSWP.46

This work proposes a framework for analyzing threats related to the semiconductor supply chain. The framework introduces a metric that quantifies the severity of different threats subjected to a collusion of adversaries from different stages of the supply chain. Two different case studies are provided to describe the real-life application of the framework. The metrics and analysis aim to guide security efforts and optimize the trade-offs of hardware security and costs.

Analyzing Collusion Threats in the Semiconductor Supply Chain


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Awareness and Training?

[Assistant]
According to Computer Security Division 2006 Annual Report:

s' Association (FISSEA), the Federal Computer Security  Program Managers' Forum (FCSM Forum), the Small Business Corner, and the Program Review for Information Security Management Assistance (PRISMA).
- Evaluate  security  policies  and  technologies  from  the  private sector and national security systems for potential Federal agency use -  Host  a  growing  repository  of  Federal  agency  security  practices, public/private  security  practices,  and  security  configuration  checklists for  IT  products. In  conjunction  with  the  Government  of  Canada's Communications  Security  Establishment,  CSD  leads  the  Cryptographic Module Validation Program (CMVP). The Common Criteria Evaluation and Validation Scheme (CCEVS) and CMVP facilitate security testing of IT products usable by the Federal government. - Solicit recommendations of the Information Security and Privacy Advisory  Board  on  draft  standards  and  guidelines -Solicit recommendations of the Board regularly at quarterly meetings. - Provide outreach, workshops, and briefings -  Conduct  ongoing awareness  briefings  and  outreach  to  our  customer  community  and beyond  to  ensure  comprehension  of  guidance  and  awareness  of planned and future activities. We also hold workshops to identify areas our customer community wishes addressed, and to scope guidance in a collaborative and open format. - Satisfy annual NIST reporting requirement - Produce an annual report as a NIST Interagency Report (IR). The 2003, 2004, and 2005 Annual Reports are available via the Web or upon request.

Computer Security Division 2006 Annual Report


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Incident Response?

[Assistant]
According to Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) Version 1.2 Validation Program Test Requirements:

The SCAP specification describes the SCAP components at a high level and how the components relate to each other within the context of SCAP.  The SCAP specification does not define the SCAP components in detail; each component has its own standalone specification document or reference.  The SCAP components were created and are maintained by several entities, including NIST, the MITRE Corporation, the National Security Agency (NSA), and the Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST).

Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams

Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) Version 1.2 Validation Program Test Requirements


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Audit and Accountability?

[Assistant]
According to Guidelines for Evaluating Differential Privacy Guarantees:

erential Privacy With Other Data Releases . . . | Mixing Differential Privacy With Other Data Releases . . . |  27 |
| 2.7. | Auditing and Empirical Measures of Privacy                       | . . . .
. . |  28 |
| 3. Differentially Private Algorithms . . . . . . . . | 3. Differentially Private Algorithms . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . |  29 |
| 3.1. | Basic Mechanisms and Common Elements . | . . . . . . |  29 |
| 3.2. | Utility and Accuracy . . . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |  31 |
| 3.3. | Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . . . |  35 |
|                                                      | 3.3.1. | Systemic Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |  36 |
|                                                      | 3.3.2. | Human Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |  37 |
|                                                      | 3.3.3. | Statistical Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |  38 |
| 3.4. | Analytics Queries . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |  40 |
|                                                      | 3.4.1. | Counting Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |  40 |
|                                                      | 3.4.2. | Summation Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |  43 |
|                                                      | 3.4.3. | Average Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |  44 |
|                                                      | 3.4.4. | Min/Max Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |  44 |
| 3.5. | Machine Learning                                                 | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |  44 |

Guidelines for Evaluating Differential Privacy Guarantees


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What additional guidance does Cybersecurity of Genomic Data provide? (Part 3)

[Assistant]
to the individual, industry, and government because it has multiple intrinsic properties that in combination make it different from other types of data that possess only a subset of these properties.
The characteristics of genomic data compared to other datasets raise some correspondingly unique cybersecurity and privacy concerns that are inadequately addressed with current policies, guidance documents, and technical controls. This report describes current practices in cybersecurity and privacy risk management for protecting genomic data, along with relevant challenges and concerns identified during 2022 NCCoE-hosted workshops with bioeconomy stakeholders and subsequent related research. Gaps that were identified by stakeholders include: practices across the lifecycle concerning genomic data generation; safe and responsible sharing of genomic data; monitoring the systems processing genomic data; lack of specific guidance documents addressing the unique needs of genomic data processors; and regulatory/policy gaps with respect to national security and privacy threats in the collection, storage, sharing, and aggregation of human genomic data. The report proposes a set of solution ideas that address real-life use cases occurring at various stages of the genomic data lifecycle along with candidate mitigation strategies and the expected benefits of the solutions. The solutions recorded in this report reflect the bioeconomy workshop stakeholders' proposed actions and activities. ## Keywords

Cyberbiosecurity; cybersecurity; genomic data; genomics; human genome; privacy. ## Reports on Computer Systems Technology

The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the nation's measurement and standards infrastructure.

Planning
System and Services Acquisition
Physical Protection
Awareness and Training
Incident Response
Supply Chain Risk Management
Configuration Management
Maintenance
Security Assessment
System and Communications Protection
Media Protection
Risk Assessment
Audit and Accountability
Personnel Security
Identification and Authentication
Access Control
System and Information Integrity


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for System and Information Integrity?

[Assistant]
According to Security Guidelines for Storage Infrastructure:

'…the extent to which an entity is threatened by a potential circumstance or event. Risk typically is a function of: (i) the adverse impacts that would arise if the circumstance or event occurs; and (ii) the likelihood of occurrence. Information system-related security risks arise from the loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability of information or information systems. These risks reflect the potential adverse impacts to organizational operations (including mission, functions, image, or reputation), organizational assets, individuals, other organizations, and the Nation.' [28]

- (a) Cover all data assets of the enterprise irrespective of where they reside (i.e., on-premises or in the cloud). It is acceptable to refrain from protecting data assets with no significance to the organization, or that can be re-created from other protected data sources within the required RTO, but such omissions should be documented. - (b) Be organized by the type of data involved (e.g., Tier 1, Tier 2, etc.). - (c) Consider data integrity at the application and business process levels (e.g., if two components should be recovered to the same point in time to function properly, then federated consistency mechanisms or equivalent should be planned and implemented). - (d) Consider the required restoration speed to meet business or regulatory requirements - so that implementation would be based on technology stacks with appropriate characteristics (e.g., disk-based, point-in-time copies such as snapshots or clones, vs. tape or over-WAN recovery). - (a) Monitor the execution of backups based on policy and associated notification mechanisms. - (b) Periodically test backups (at least monthly for critical data) to verify their integrity and their ability to be restored.

Security Guidelines for Storage Infrastructure


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Incident Response?

[Assistant]
According to Guide to Test, Training, and Exercise Programs for IT Plans and Capabilities:

Organizations have information technology (IT) plans in place, such as contingency and computer security incident response plans, so that they can respond to and manage adverse situations involving IT. These plans should be maintained in a state of readiness, which should include having personnel trained to fulfill their roles and responsibilities within a plan, having plans exercised to validate their content, and having systems and system components tested to ensure their operability in an operational environment specified in a plan. These three types of events can be carried out efficiently and effectively through the development and implementation of a test, training, and exercise (TT&E) program. Organizations should consider having such a program in place because tests, training, and exercises are so closely related. For example, exercises and tests offer different ways of identifying deficiencies in IT plans, procedures, and training. This document provides guidance on designing, developing, conducting, and evaluating TT&E events so that organizations can improve their ability to prepare for, respond to, manage, and recover from adverse events that may affect their missions. The scope of this document is limited to TT&E events for single organizations, as opposed to large-scale events involving multiple organizations, involving internal IT operational procedures for emergencies. This document does not address TT&E for a specific type of IT plan; rather, the TT&E methodology described in this document can be applied to TT&E events built around any IT plan or around an IT emergency-handling capability that is not necessarily documented in a plan, such as computer security incident response. Organizations should conduct TT&E events periodically; following organizational changes, updates to an IT plan, or the issuance of new TT&E guidance; or as otherwise needed.

Guide to Test, Training, and Exercise Programs for IT Plans and Capabilities


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Maintenance?

[Assistant]
According to The Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC):

5.      Maintenance  Agency. Department  of  Commerce,  National  Institute  of  Standards and Technology, Information Technology Laboratory (ITL).
6.  Applicability. This Standard is applicable to all Federal departments and agencies for the protection of sensitive unclassified information that is not subject to Title 10 United States Code Section 2315 (10 USC 2315) and that is not within a national security system as  defined  in  Title  44  United  States  Code  Section  3502(2)  (44  USC  3502(2)).  The adoption and use of this Standard is available to private and commercial organizations.
7.    Specifications. Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 198-1, The KeyedHash Message Authentication Code (HMAC) (affixed).
8. Implementations. The authentication mechanism described in this Standard may be implemented  in  software,  firmware,  hardware,  or  any  combination  thereof.  NIST  has developed a Cryptographic Module Validation Program that will test implementations for conformance  with  this  HMAC  Standard.  Information  on  this  program  is  available  at http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/STM/index.html.

The Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC)


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Risk Assessment?

[Assistant]
According to Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation_ Galois_Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC:

The  Counter  mode  decryption  function  has  a  vulnerability  that  is  arguably  more  serious. Counter-mode ciphertext is 'malleable' in the sense that flipping any of its bits will induce the corresponding bits of the plaintext to flip upon decryption.  Therefore, if an adversary knows a plaintext-ciphertext pair and can induce the decryption function to use the counter blocks from the known pair, then, by choosing which bits to flip in the known ciphertext, the adversary can control the result of decryption, up to the length of the known plaintext.

This  vulnerability  motivates  combining  the  Counter  mode  encryption  mechanism  with  an authentication  mechanism,  such  as  occurs  in  GCM.    The  idea  is  to  prevent  the  adversary's altered  ciphertext  from  being  accepted  as  valid.    However,  as  detailed  in  Ref.  [5],  the authentication assurance in GCM crucially depends on the uniqueness of the IVs.

Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation_ Galois_Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What additional guidance does IoT Device Cybersecurity Guidance for the Federal Government_ IoT Device Cybersecurity Requirement Catalog provide? (Part 2)

[Assistant]
approval of appropriate federal officials exercising policy authority over such systems. This guideline is consistent with the requirements of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-130.
Nothing in this publication should be taken to contradict the standards and guidelines made mandatory and binding on federal agencies by the Secretary of Commerce under statutory authority. Nor should these guidelines be interpreted as altering or superseding the existing authorities of the Secretary of Commerce, Director of the OMB, or any other federal official. This publication may be used by nongovernmental organizations on a voluntary basis and is not subject to copyright in the United States. Attribution would, however, be appreciated by NIST. National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-213A Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 800-213A, 94 pages (November 2021) CODEN: NSPUE2

This publication is available free of charge from: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-213A

Certain  commercial  entities,  equipment,  or  materials  may  be  identified  in  this  document  in  order  to  describe  an experimental  procedure  or  concept  adequately. Such  identification  is  not  intended  to  imply  recommendation  or endorsement by NIST, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. There may be references in this publication to other publications currently under development by NIST in accordance with its assigned statutory responsibilities. The information in this publication, including concepts and methodologies, may  be  used  by  federal  agencies  even  before  the  completion  of  such  companion  publications. Thus,  until  each publication is completed, current requirements, guidelines, and procedures, where they exist, remain operative.

IoT Device Cybersecurity Guidance for the Federal Government_ IoT Device Cybersecurity Requirement Catalog


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Supply Chain Risk Management?

[Assistant]
According to NIST Privacy Framework_ A Tool for Improving Privacy Through Enterprise Risk Management, Version 1.0:

Figure 8 displays entities as having distinct roles, but some may have multiple roles, such as an organization and providing retail products to also the measures it may take to manage data processing ecosystem encompasses may have multiple component suppliers. providing services to other organizations

In circumstances where it may not be possible to impose a set of privacy requirements on the supplier, the objective should be to make the best buying decision among multiple suppliers, given a carefully determined list of privacy requirements. Often, this means some degree of trade-off, comparing multiple products or services with known gaps to the Profile. If the system, product, or service purchased did not meet all of the objectives described in the Profile, an organization could address the residual risk through mitigation measures or other management actions. - Privacy Risk Management Process -Organizational privacy risk management practices are not formalized, and risk is managed in an ad hoc and sometimes reactive manner. Prioritization of privacy activities may not be directly informed by organizational risk management priorities, privacy risk assessments, or mission or business objectives. - Integrated Privacy Risk Management Program -There is limited awareness of privacy risk at the organizational level. The organization implements privacy risk management on an irregular, case-by-case basis due to varied experience or information gained from outside sources. The organization may not have processes that enable the sharing of information about data processing and resulting privacy risks within the organization. - Data Processing Ecosystem Relationships - There is limited understanding of an organization's role(s) in the larger ecosystem with respect to other entities (e.g., buyers, suppliers, service providers, business associates, partners).

NIST Privacy Framework_ A Tool for Improving Privacy Through Enterprise Risk Management, Version 1.0


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Supply Chain Risk Management?

[Assistant]
According to Cybersecurity Framework Profile for Electric Vehicle Extreme Fast Charging Infrastructure:

| | Introduction .........................................................................................................................1 | Introduction .........................................................................................................................1 | |---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | | Purpose.........................................................................................................................2 | | | | Scope............................................................................................................................2 | | | | Audience | .......................................................................................................................4 | | Intended Use........................................................................................................................5 | Intended Use........................................................................................................................5 | | | | EV/XFC Cybersecurity Mission Objectives.......................................................................5 | EV/XFC Cybersecurity Mission Objectives.......................................................................5 | | | Mission Objective 1: Deliver Reliable Performance through Secure Communications.6 | | | | Mission Objective 2: Maintain Resilience of the XFC Infrastructure..............................7 | | | | Mission Objective 3: Build and Maintain Trustworthy Relationships with Partners and Customers..............................................................................................................7 | | | | Mission Objective 4: Maintain Continuity of Operations................................................8 | | | | Overview of the Cybersecurity Framework ......................................................................8 | | | | The Framework Core ....................................................................................................9 | | | | Sector-Level Profiles | ...................................................................................................12 | | | XFC Baseline Profile .........................................................................................................12 | | | | Identify Function..........................................................................................................12 | | | 5.1.1.

Cybersecurity Framework Profile for Electric Vehicle Extreme Fast Charging Infrastructure


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for System and Services Acquisition?

[Assistant]
According to Application Container Security Guide:

CM-6, CP-2, CP-4, IR-2, IR-3, IR-8, PE-6, SC-5, SC-7, SI-3, SI-4, SI-7 | EO 13587; NIST SP 800-61 | | MA-2, Controlled Maintenance | CM-3, CM-4, MA-4, MP-6, PE-16, SA-12, SI-2 | | | MA-4, Nonlocal Maintenance | AC- 2, AC-3, AC-6, AC-17, AU-2, AU-3, IA-2, IA-4, IA-5, IA-8, MA-2, MA-5, MP-6, PL-2, SC-7, SC-10, SC-17 | FIPS 140-2, 197, 201; NIST SPs 800-63, 800-88; CNSS Policy 15 | | PL-2, System Security Plan | AC-2, AC-6, AC-14, AC-17, AC-20, CA-2, CA-3, CA-7, CM-9, CP-2, IR-8, MA-4, MA-5, MP-2, MP-4, MP-5, PL-7, PM-1, PM-7, PM-8, PM-9, PM-11, SA-5, SA-17 | NIST SP 800-18 | | PL-4, Rules of Behavior | AC-2, AC-6, AC-8, AC-9, AC-17, AC-18, AC-19, AC-20, AT-2, AT-3, CM-11, IA-2, IA-4, IA-5, MP-7, PS-6, PS-8, SA-5 | NIST SP 800-18 | | RA-2, Security Categorization | CM-8, MP-4, RA-3, SC-7 | FIPS 199; NIST SPs 800-30, 800-39, 800-60 | | RA-3, Risk Assessment | RA-2, PM-9 | OMB Memorandum 04-04; NIST SPs 800-30, 800-39; https://idmanagement.gov/ | | SA-10, Developer Configuration Management | CM-3, CM-4, CM-9, SA-12, SI-2 | NIST SP 800-128 | | SA-11, Developer Security Testing and Evaluation | CA-2, CM-4, SA-3, SA-4, SA-5, SI-2 | ISO/IEC


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for System and Services Acquisition?

[Assistant]
According to Recommendation for Stateful Hash-Based Signature Schemes:

There may be references in this publication to other publications currently under development by NIST in accordance with its assigned statutory responsibilities. The information in this publication, including concepts and methodologies, may  be  used  by  federal  agencies  even  before  the  completion  of  such  companion  publications. Thus,  until  each publication is completed, current requirements, guidelines, and procedures, where they exist, remain operative. For planning  and  transition  purposes,  federal  agencies  may  wish  to  closely  follow  the  development  of  these  new publications by NIST. The  Information  Technology  Laboratory  (ITL)  at  the  National  Institute  of  Standards  and Technology  (NIST)  promotes  the  U.S. economy  and  public  welfare  by  providing  technical leadership  for  the  Nation's  measurement  and  standards  infrastructure. ITL  develops  tests,  test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analyses to advance the development  and  productive  use  of  information  technology. ITL's  responsibilities  include  the development of management, administrative, technical, and physical standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of other than national security-related information in federal information systems. The Special Publication 800-series reports on ITL's research, guidelines, and outreach  efforts  in  information  system  security,  and  its  collaborative  activities  with  industry, government, and academic organizations. This publication supplements FIPS 186 [4] by specifying two additional digital signature schemes, both of which are stateful hash-based signature (HBS) schemes: the Leighton-Micali Signature (LMS) system [2] and the eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme (XMSS) [1], along with their multi-tree variants, the Hierarchical Signature System (HSS) and multi-tree XMSS (XMSS MT ).

Recommendation for Stateful Hash-Based Signature Schemes


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Audit and Accountability?

[Assistant]
According to Enterprise Impact of Information and Communications Technology Risk_ Governing and Managing ICT Risk Programs Within an Enterprise Risk Portfolio:

| Executive Summary................................................................................................................. 1   | Executive Summary................................................................................................................. 1   | Executive Summary................................................................................................................. 1   |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|                                                                                | Introduction ...................................................................................................................... | 5                                                                                |
| 1.1                                                                                | Purpose and Scope.................................................................................................... | 5                                                                                |
| 1.2                                                                                | Document Structure....................................................................................................

Enterprise Impact of Information and Communications Technology Risk_ Governing and Managing ICT Risk Programs Within an Enterprise Risk Portfolio


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What additional guidance does Building Secure Microservices-based Applications Using Service-Mesh Architecture provide? (Part 3)

[Assistant]
aft publications during public comment periods and provide feedback to NIST. Many NIST cybersecurity publications, other than the ones noted above, are available at https://csrc.nist.gov/publications.
## Comments on this publication may be submitted to:

National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive (Mail Stop 8930) Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930

Attn: Computer Security Division, Information Technology Laboratory Email: sp800-204a-comments@nist.gov

All comments are subject to release under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). ## Reports on Computer Systems Technology

The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the Nation's measurement and standards infrastructure. ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analyses to advance the development and productive use of information technology. ITL's responsibilities include the development of management, administrative, technical, and physical standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of other than national security-related information in Federal information systems. The Special Publication 800-series reports on ITL's research, guidelines, and outreach efforts in information system security, and its collaborative activities with industry, government, and academic organizations. ## Abstract

The increasing trend in building microservices-based applications calls for addressing security in all aspects of service-to-service interactions due to their unique characteristics. The distributed cross-domain nature of microservices needs secure token service (STS), key management and encryption services for authentication and authorization, and secure communication protocols.

Building Secure Microservices-based Applications Using Service-Mesh Architecture


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Planning?

[Assistant]
According to Guide to Information Technology Security Services:

Planning ..................................................................................5-6 | | | 5.2.2 | Incident Handling..........................................................................................5-7 | | | 5.2.3 | Testing..........................................................................................................5-8 | | | 5.2.4 | Training ........................................................................................................5-9 | | 5.3 | Technical Security Services...................................................................................5-11 | Technical Security Services...................................................................................5-11 | | | 5.3.1 | Firewalls .....................................................................................................5-11 | | | 5.3.2 | Intrusion Detection .....................................................................................5-11 | | | 5.3.3 | Public Key Infrastructure ............................................................................5-12 | | Appendix A-REFERENCES.................................................................................................A-1 | Appendix A-REFERENCES.................................................................................................A-1 | Appendix A-REFERENCES.................................................................................................A-1 | | Appendix B-ACRONYM LIST..............................................................................................B-1 | Appendix B-ACRONYM LIST..............................................................................................B-1 | Appendix B-ACRONYM LIST..............................................................................................B-1 | | Appendix C-SERVICE AGREEMENT OUTLINE................................................................

Guide to Information Technology Security Services


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Security Assessment?

[Assistant]
According to Assessing Information Security Continuous Monitoring (ISCM) Programs_ Developing an ISCM Program Assessment:

ot the results of the ISCM program or the continuous monitoring technologies used . An effective ISCM program assessment provides consistent results regardless of the entity conducting the assessment.
This publication does not prescribe the assessment of individual controls nor the examination of control assessment results as part of the ISCM program assessment.

Assessing Information Security Continuous Monitoring (ISCM) Programs_ Developing an ISCM Program Assessment


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Maintenance?

[Assistant]
According to Key Performance Indicators for Process Control System Cybersecurity Performance Analysis:

The  Process  Control  System  emulates  an  industrial  continuous manufacturing  system,  a manufacturing  process  to produce  or  process  materials  continuously,  where  the  materials  are moving,  going  through  chemical  reactions,  or  undergoing  mechanical  or  thermal  treatment continuously.  Continuous  manufacturing  usually  implies  a  24x7  operation  with  infrequent maintenance  shutdowns  and  is  contrasted  with batch  manufacturing.  Examples  of  continuous manufacturing systems include chemical production, oil refining, natural gas processing, and waste water treatment.

Once in the run mode, the Plant Simulator will start sending and receiving sensor and actuator values to and from the PLC. The OPC server polls the PLC at a data rate of 10Hz to exchange sensor and actuator values. The OPC server will send updated sensor values to the subscribing clients, namely, the Controller, HMI, and Data Historian. The OPC server operates in exceptionreport  mode,  meaning  it  will  only  send  updates  to  clients  when  the  data  changes.  When  the

A control counter is added to the DeviceNet interface and the PLC. This control counter increments every simulation cycle of the Plant Simulator and in turn updates the PLC through the DeviceNet. By measuring the round trip time of the counter, it serves as a control value for network latency between the Plant Simulator and the Controller.

Key Performance Indicators for Process Control System Cybersecurity Performance Analysis


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What additional guidance does Guidelines for Securing Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) provide? (Part 3)

[Assistant]
ves from the Department of Justice and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. ## Trademark Information

All trademarks and registered trademarks belong to their respective organizations.
## Table of Contents

| Executive Summary.................................................................................................................vi                                                                         | Executive Summary.................................................................................................................vi                                                                         | Executive Summary.................................................................................................................vi                                                                         |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1. | Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1                                                                        | Introduction ......................................................................................................................

Guidelines for Securing Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for System and Communications Protection?

[Assistant]
According to Best Practices for Privileged User PIV Authentication:

e IA-2 control enhancements (1), (3), (6), (8), (11), and (12). |
| IA-4, Identifier Management                                        | Manage information system identifiers for all privileged users.
|
| IA-5, Authenticator Management                                     | Manage information system authenticators for all privileged users. IA-5 control enhancements of particular interest include (1), (2), and (11). |
| IA-8, Identification and Authentication (Non-Organizational Users) | Uniquely identify and authenticate each privileged user. Also, see IA-8 control enhancements (1) and (5). |
| SC-8, Transmission Confidentiality and Integrity                   | Protect the confidentiality and integrity of all communications related to privileged user authentication and privileged sessions. |
| SC-10, Network Disconnect                                          | Terminate network connections from privileged accounts after a defined period of inactivity. |
| SI-2, Flaw Remediation                                             | Apply patches and other updates to correct vulnerabilities in protocols, services, etc. used for privileged user authentication. |
| SI-4, Information System Monitoring                                | Perform ongoing monitoring of all privileged account usage. SI-4 control enhancements of particular interest include (20). |

Best Practices for Privileged User PIV Authentication


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Maintenance?

[Assistant]
According to Measurement Guide for Information Security_ Volume 1 — Identifying and Selecting Measures:

ooks like for that system, which in turn allows the organization to identify deviations from that 'normal.' This is a foundational piece of the information security measurement and assessment process.
|
| Control Assessment   | Exploratory Data Analysis     | At the control level, a multi-factor/comparative box plot could be used to compare the key characteristics or unusual data in a data set monitoring a control. |
| Control Assessment   | Bayesian/predictive           | The Bayesian/predictive method may be used to make decisions about the frequency of equipment maintenance using SP 800-53 control MA-6(2), Timely Maintenance | Predictive Maintenance, and historical data about organizational equipment. |

Measurement Guide for Information Security_ Volume 1 — Identifying and Selecting Measures


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Physical Protection?

[Assistant]
According to Computer Security Division 2015 Annual Report:

The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the Nation's measurement and standards infrastructure. ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analyses to advance the development and productive use of information technology. ITL's responsibilities include the development of management, administrative, technical, and physical standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of other than national security-related information in federal information systems. The Special Publication 800-series reports on ITL's research, guidelines, and outreach efforts in information system security, and its collaborative activities with industry, government, and academic organizations.

Computer Security Division 2015 Annual Report


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What additional guidance does Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity, Version 1.0 provide? (Part 3)

[Assistant]
nd the private sector, uses a common language to address and manage cybersecurity risk in a cost-effective way based on business needs without placing additional regulatory requirements on businesses.
The Framework focuses on using business drivers to guide cybersecurity activities and considering cybersecurity risks as part of the organization's risk management processes. The Framework consists of three parts: the Framework Core, the Framework Profile, and the Framework Implementation Tiers. The Framework Core is a set of cybersecurity activities, outcomes, and informative references that are common across critical infrastructure sectors, providing the detailed guidance for developing individual organizational Profiles. Through use of the Profiles, the Framework will help the organization align its cybersecurity activities with its business requirements, risk tolerances, and resources. The Tiers provide a mechanism for organizations to view and understand the characteristics of their approach to managing cybersecurity risk. The Executive Order also requires that the Framework include a methodology to protect individual privacy and civil liberties when critical infrastructure organizations conduct cybersecurity activities. While processes and existing needs will differ, the Framework can assist organizations in incorporating privacy and civil liberties as part of a comprehensive cybersecurity program. The Framework enables organizations - regardless of size, degree of cybersecurity risk, or cybersecurity sophistication - to apply the principles and best practices of risk management to improving the security and resilience of critical infrastructure. The Framework provides organization and structure to today's multiple approaches to cybersecurity by assembling standards, guidelines, and practices that are working effectively in industry today.

Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity, Version 1.0


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Physical Protection?

[Assistant]
According to The NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0:

Ideally, the CSF will be used to address cybersecurity risks alongside other risks of the enterprise, including those that are financial, privacy, supply chain, reputational, technological, or physical in nature. - improvement opportunities for the organization's policies, plans, processes, procedures, and practices that support cybersecurity risk management to inform efforts under all six Functions. - PROTECT (PR) -Safeguards to manage the organization's cybersecurity risks are used. Once assets and risks are identified and prioritized, PROTECT supports the ability to secure those assets to prevent or lower the likelihood and impact of adverse cybersecurity events, as well as to increase the likelihood and impact of taking advantage of opportunities. Outcomes covered by this Function include identity management, authentication, and access control; awareness and training; data security; platform security (i.e., securing the hardware, software, and services of physical and virtual platforms); and the resilience of technology infrastructure. - DETECT (DE) -Possible cybersecurity attacks and compromises are found and analyzed. DETECT enables the timely discovery and analysis of anomalies, indicators of compromise, and other potentially adverse events that may indicate that cybersecurity attacks and incidents are occurring. This Function supports successful incident response and recovery activities. - RESPOND (RS) -Actions regarding a detected cybersecurity incident are taken. RESPOND supports the ability to contain the effects of cybersecurity incidents. Outcomes within this Function cover incident management, analysis, mitigation, reporting, and communication. - RECOVER (RC) -Assets and operations affected by a cybersecurity incident are restored. RECOVER supports the timely restoration of normal operations to reduce the effects of cybersecurity incidents and enable appropriate communication during recovery efforts.

The NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Security Assessment?

[Assistant]
According to Proceedings of the Cybersecurity for Direct Digital Manufacturing (DDM) Symposium:

-  Current research in Cyber Physical Systems is focused on Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, but Additive Manufacturing is different. -  Researchers were able to intercept a job initialization file and decode it, allowing attackers to potentially alter printer parameters mid-print. The STL (or newer AMF) standard files are especially vulnerable to attacks which alter a design. -  The presenters described an experiment run on students at Virginia Tech. Seven groups of students were given an 'extra credit' assignment to design a standard dog bone, print it, and test it. An exploit was easily developed which inserted a void in the STL file. Students failed to recognize any anomalies prior to printing and testing. No students correctly diagnosed the anomalies as a cybersecurity problem. -  Recommendations include improved quality control processes, hashing, improved process monitoring, and operator training. -  Some attendees commented that other forms of manufacturing have similar vulnerabilities. -  Cybersecurity solutions should be built under the assumption that manufacturers are not cybersecurity experts. 2500 Plus machine) using Nylon 12 powder. Upon testing, all  of  the  specimens  containing  voids fractured at the void location, while the specimens without voids failed normally. The average reduction in yield load was 14%, from 1085N to 930N, and the strain at  failure  was  reduced  from 10.4% to 5.8%. Abstract - Applying meaningful and assessing impactful cybersecurity controls are ongoing and significant challenges for the Direct Digital Manufacturing (DDM) Community. These issues will be significant as the technology moves into the mainstream manufacturing supply chain. This presentation will, therefore, address cybersecurity threats to DDM, including insight into potential attack scenarios and motivations, gained through direct observations.

Proceedings of the Cybersecurity for Direct Digital Manufacturing (DDM) Symposium


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Security Assessment?

[Assistant]
According to 1989 Computer Security and Privacy Plans (CSPP) Review Project_ A First-Year Federal Response to the Computer Security Act of 1987 (Final Report):

| BURROWS                                  | AND                                      |                                          | PATRICK R. | GALLAGHER,                               | JR. | . | . V    |                                          |                                          |                                          |                                          |                                          |                                          |                                          |                                          |                                          |                                          |
| LETTER                                                    | FROM                                     | EUGENE F. | TROY                                     | AND                                      | CHRISTOPHER                              |                                          | P. BYTHEWOOD,                            |                                          | JR.

1989 Computer Security and Privacy Plans (CSPP) Review Project_ A First-Year Federal Response to the Computer Security Act of 1987 (Final Report)


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What is CMMC practice AC.L2-3.1.2 (NIST 3.1.2)?

[Assistant]
According to Security of SQL-Based Implementations of Product Data Exchange Using STEP:

3.1.2 Inference and Aggregation

Inference and aggregation are not addressed in the SQL specifications, but can be addressed through add-on tools. 3.1.2).

Security of SQL-Based Implementations of Product Data Exchange Using STEP


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Security Assessment?

[Assistant]
According to Case Studies in Cyber Supply Chain Risk Management_ Mayo Clinic:

evelopment practices. Moreover, complex medical devices invoke specialized requirements, such as detailed design diagrams, evidence of rigorous vulnerability assessments, and supporting documentation.
At the conclusion of the assessment, the OIS provides a cybersecurity risk report to SCM who assists the business proponent in making a procurement decision based on this report and on the supplier's bankability and regulatory status. Suppliers must conduct external information security assessments and penetration tests annually, and the Mayo Clinic reserves the right to verify conformance with site audits at the suppliers' facilities. The Mayo Clinic declines to work with suppliers that present high instability or cybersecurity supply chain risk if they cannot effectively mitigate those risks.

Case Studies in Cyber Supply Chain Risk Management_ Mayo Clinic


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Personnel Security?

[Assistant]
According to Privacy Protection in the United States_ A 1991 Survey of Laws and Regulations Affecting Privacy in the Public and Private Sector Including a List of :

Restricts Federal agencies from disclosing personal data except for publicly announced purposes, and requires agencies (1) to keep an accounting of extra-agency disclosures, (2) to instruct record management personnel in the requirements of the Act and the rules for its implementation, and (3) to "establish appropriate administrative, technical, and physical safeguards to insure the security and confidentiality of records . ''

Employment Records Statutes -Prohibit employers from collecting information about a job applicant's race, sex, color, religion, national origin, and other attributes. Allow individuals access to personnel records held by their employers. See . Cal. Lab. Code § 1198.5; Colo. Rev. Stat. § 24-24-301; Conn. Gen. Stat. § 31-128a; Del. Code tit. 19, § 723; Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 378-1; 111. Stat. ch. 48, § 2001; Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 26, § 631; Mass. Gen. Laws ch, 149, § 52C; Mich. Comp. Laws § 423.501; Nev . Rev. Stat. § 613.075; N.H. Rev. Stat. § 275.56; Ohio Rev. Code § 4113.23; Or. Rev. Stat. § 652.750; Pa. Stat. tit. 43, § 1321; R.I. Gen. Laws § 28-6.4-1; S.D. Codified Laws § 3-6A-31; Wash. Rev. Code 49 . 12.250.

The Privacy Act also generally prohibits Federal agencies from disclosing personal data except for publicly announced purposes, and requires agencies (1) to keep an accounting of extra-agency disclosures, (2) to instruct record management personnel in the requirements of the Act and the rules for its implementation, and (3) to "establish appropriate administrative, technical, and physical safeguards to insure the security and confidentiality of records." 5 U.S.C. 552a.

Privacy Protection in the United States_ A 1991 Survey of Laws and Regulations Affecting Privacy in the Public and Private Sector Including a List of


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Incident Response?

[Assistant]
According to Cloud Computing Synopsis and Recommendations:

|                                                                                | 6.4.1                                                                                | Lack of Portability between PaaS Clouds................................................... | 6-4                                                                                |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|                                                                                | 6.4.2                                                                                | Event-based Processor Scheduling ........................................................... | 6-4                                                                                |
|                                                                                | 6.4.3                                                                                | Security Engineering of PaaS Applications ................................................

Cloud Computing Synopsis and Recommendations


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for System and Services Acquisition?

[Assistant]
According to Security Strategies for Microservices-based Application Systems:

There may be references in this publication to other publications currently under development by NIST in accordance with its assigned statutory responsibilities. The information in this publication, including concepts and methodologies, may be used by federal agencies even before the completion of such companion publications. Thus, until each publication is completed, current requirements, guidelines, and procedures, where they exist, remain operative. For planning and transition purposes, federal agencies may wish to closely follow the development of these new publications by NIST. The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the Nation's measurement and standards infrastructure. ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analyses to advance the development and productive use of information technology. ITL's responsibilities include the development of management, administrative, technical, and physical standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of other than national security-related information in Federal information systems. The Special Publication 800-series reports on ITL's research, guidelines, and outreach efforts in information system security, and its collaborative activities with industry, government, and academic organizations. Microservices architecture is increasingly being used to develop application systems since its smaller codebase facilitates faster code development, testing, and deployment as well as optimization of the platform based on the type of microservice, support for independent development teams, and the ability to scale each component independently.

Security Strategies for Microservices-based Application Systems


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Configuration Management?

[Assistant]
According to General Access Control Guidance for Cloud Systems:

A cloud system that deploys the SaaS model can be accessible over a network by an end user utilizing various client devices (e.g., a thin client interface, such as a web browser, for accessing a web-based email application) or via a program with the correct set of interfaces whose execution would enable communication with a cloud application. In the SaaS model, an application user is limited  to  user-specific  application  configuration  settings  and  does  not  manage  or  control  the underlying cloud infrastructure, which typically includes the network, servers, operating systems, storage, or individual applications. The PaaS model in a cloud system allows developers to create and deploy applications onto the cloud  infrastructure  using  programming  languages,  libraries,  services,  and  tools. A  software developer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over the deployed applications (software) and, possibly, configuration settings for the application-hosting environment. SaaS  applications  provide  application-specific  access  control  configurations  for  different  user applications, and in this case, user policies for each application are enforced by the SaaS provider. This configuration does not support collaboration between the SaaS provider and the consumer's access control infrastructure. For example, while large organizations often employ on-premises access  control  systems  for  managing  their  users  centrally  and  efficiently,  SaaS  applications typically  provide  organizations  with  an  AC  configuration  interface  for  managing  AC  policies, which forces the AC policies to be stored and evaluated on the SaaS provider's side. This approach might  result  in  disclosing  sensitive  data  required  for  evaluating  the  AC  policies  to  the  SaaS provider.

General Access Control Guidance for Cloud Systems


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Configuration Management?

[Assistant]
According to Security Considerations for Remote Electronic UOCAVA Voting:

Election officials that administer elections use the election management console. The election management console provides an interface to the voting system so administrative task, such as the configuration of ballots, defining the time and date to cast ballots, setting up the tallying rules for the election contests, and the generation of election reports, can be completed. The election management console can be located in the same place as the voting system or may be at some other location (such as the office of the election officials).

install and configure applications or have unrestricted access to the remote electronic voting system equipment. Election officials will have access to election data, such as cast ballots and system event logs, on the remote electronic voting system that most other authorized users may not. Access to the election data may allow a malicious election official to modify the results of the election, monitor how people vote, and provide incorrect ballot configurations.

Similar to the voter and voters' platform, the election official and election management console may pose a threat to the voting system without the election official's knowledge. If the election management console contains malware, the console may try to prevent ballots from being cast, alter ballot configurations, monitor how voters vote, and use the election official's credential to gain and expand access to damage the voting system, change election results, and harm the credibility of the election results. Although the election official is not actively participating in attacking the remote electronic voting system, the console they use to interact with the voting system poses a threat that appears to be from an election official.

Security Considerations for Remote Electronic UOCAVA Voting


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Security Assessment?

[Assistant]
According to Guide for Security-Focused Configuration Management of Information Systems:

- Individuals with system and information security management and oversight responsibilities (e.g., chief information officers, senior agency information security officers, and authorizing officials);
- Individuals with system development responsibilities (e.g., program and project managers, mission/application owners, system designers, system and application programmers);
- Individuals with security implementation and operational responsibilities (e.g., system owners, information owners and stewards, system administrators, system security officers); and
- Individuals with system and information security assessment and monitoring responsibilities (e.g., auditors, Inspectors General, assessors/assessment teams).

- -Configuration Monitoring - process for assessing or testing the level of compliance with the established baseline configuration and mechanisms for reporting on the configuration status of items placed under CM.

Configuration change control is the documented process for managing and controlling changes to the configuration of a system or its constituent CIs. Configuration change control for the system involves the systematic proposal, justification, implementation, test/evaluation, review, and disposition of changes to the system, including upgrades and modifications. Configuration change control is applied to include changes to components of the system, changes to the configuration settings for information technology products, emergency/unscheduled changes, and changes to remediate flaws. Changes are controlled from the time the change is proposed to the implementation and testing of the change. Each step in the change process is clearly articulated along with the responsibilities and authorities of the roles involved.

Guide for Security-Focused Configuration Management of Information Systems


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Awareness and Training?

[Assistant]
According to Glossary of Computer Security Terminology:

handshaking procedures | 1) A dialogue between a user and a computer, a computer and another computer, a program and another program for the purpose of Identifying a user and authenticating identity.
A sequence of questions and answers is used based on information either previously stored in the computer or supplied to the computer by the Initiator of the dialogue. (AR 380-380; FIPS PUB 39)               |
|                        | 2) Synonymous with PASSWORD DIALOGUE. |
| hardware security      | Computer equipment features or devices used in an ADP system to preclude unauthorized data access. (AR 380-380)                                                                                |
| hash total             | The use of specific mathematical formulae to produce a quantity that is (often appended to and) used as a check-sum or validation parameter for the data that it protects. (WB)                                                                                |
| hidden sections        | Menu options, or entire sub-menus, not visible or accessible to a user due to lack of adequate authorization. (BBD)                                                                                |

Glossary of Computer Security Terminology


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Configuration Management?

[Assistant]
According to Sample Statement of Work for Federal Computer Security Services_ For use In-House or Contracting Out:

Security is not a one-time activity. It Is an integral part of the installation/system lifecycle. The activities described by the SOWs in this document generally require either periodic upddting or appropriate revision. These changes are made when configurations and other conditions and circumstances change significantly, or as required by federal regulations.

- o review of the operating system and its installation;
- o backup and restore procedures;
- o review of system exits;
- o verification of audit trails;
- o review of handling and availability of system logs;
- o identification of change control procedures (installation of new software releases);
- o check for procedures which ensure that software patches are kept current;
- o review of installation for integrity;
- o review interfaces to access control package (if installed);
- o identification of primary access control software and files and procedures for ensuring that all software runs under its control;
- o review of access authorizations for appropriateness and completeness; and
- o review of interfaces with the access control package for integrity.

- o methods for developing and documenting application controls;
- o adherence to SDLC:
- a review of quality assurance and testing procedures;
- change control procedures for corrections and enhancements;
- o check for procedures which ensure that software patches are kept current;
- o system documentation and security standards and adherence to both; and
- o application operation and access to applications.

Sample Statement of Work for Federal Computer Security Services_ For use In-House or Contracting Out


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Maintenance?

[Assistant]
According to Measurement Guide for Information Security_ Volume 2 — Developing an Information Security Measurement Program:

ner RK (2020) Integrating Cybersecurity and Enterprise Risk Management (ERM). (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Interagency or Internal Report (IR) NIST IR 8286.
https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8286
- [7] National Institute of Standards and Technology (2006) Minimum Security Requirements for Federal Information and Information Systems. (U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC), Federal Information Processing Standards Publication (FIPS) 200. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.200
- [8] Software Quality Group (2021) Metrics and Measures. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD). Available at https://www.nist.gov/itl/ssd/softwarequality-group/metrics-and-measures
- [9] Chew E, Swanson MA, Stine KM, Bartol N, Brown A, Robinson W (2008) Performance Measurement Guide for Information Security. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Special Publication (SP) NIST SP 800-55, Rev. 1. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-55r1
- [10] Schroeder K, Trinh H, Pillitteri VY (2024) Measurement Guide for Information Security: Volume 1 - Identifying and Selecting Measures. (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Special Publication (SP) NIST SP 800-55v1. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-55v1

Measurement Guide for Information Security_ Volume 2 — Developing an Information Security Measurement Program


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Identification and Authentication?

[Assistant]
According to Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation_ Galois_Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC:

| Table of Contents | Table of Contents | Table of Contents | Table of Contents | |-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 1 | PURPOSE...........................................................................................................................................................1 | PURPOSE...........................................................................................................................................................1 | PURPOSE...........................................................................................................................................................1 | | 2 | AUTHORITY.....................................................................................................................................................1 | AUTHORITY.....................................................................................................................................................1 | AUTHORITY.....................................................................................................................................................1 | | 3 | INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................................1 | INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................................1 | INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................................1 | | 4 DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS.................................................................................2 | 4 DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS.................................................................................2 | 4 DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS.................................................................................2 | 4 DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS.................................................................................2 | | 4.1 | 4.1 | DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................................2 | | | 4.2 | 4.2 | SYMBOLS ....................................................................................................................................................5 | | | 4.2.1 | 4.2.1 | Variables................................................................................................................................................5 | | | 4.2.2 | 4.2.2 | Operations and Functions .....................................................................................................................6 | | | 5 ELEMENTS OF GCM......................................................................................................................................7 | 5 ELEMENTS OF GCM......................................................................................................................................7 | 5 ELEMENTS OF GCM......................................................................................................................................7 | | | 5.1 | 5.1 | BLOCK CIPHER ............................................................................................................................................7 | | | 5.2 | 5.2 | TWO GCMFUNCTIONS ...............................................................................................................................7 | | | 5.2.1 | 5.2.1 | Authenticated Encryption Function .......................................................................................................8 | | | 5.2.2 | 5.2.2 | Authenticated Decryption Function.......................................................................................................9 | | | 5.3 | 5.3 | PRIMITIVES FOR CONFIDENTIALITY AND AUTHENTICATION........................................................................9 | | | 6 MATHEMATICAL COMPONENTS OF GCM...........................................................................................10 | 6 MATHEMATICAL COMPONENTS OF GCM...........................................................................................10 | 6 MATHEMATICAL COMPONENTS OF GCM...........................................................................................10 | | |

Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation_ Galois_Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC


[System] You are a CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification) expert with deep knowledge of NIST SP 800-171, SP 800-172, and defense contractor cybersecurity requirements. You provide accurate guidance on CMMC compliance, CUI protection, and DoD security controls.

[User] What does CMMC require for Awareness and Training?

[Assistant]
According to Guide to Secure Web Services:

| Background to Web Services and Their Relationship to Security..............................2-1 | Background to Web Services and Their Relationship to Security..............................2-1 | | | 2.1 | Introducing Web Services........................................................................................2-1 | Introducing Web Services........................................................................................2-1 | | | | 2.1.1 | Web Service Discovery ................................................................................2-1 | | | | 2.1.2 | Web Service Messaging...............................................................................2-2 | | | | 2.1.3 | Web Portals..................................................................................................2-3 | | | | 2.1.4 | Web Service Roles, Modes, and Properties.................................................2-3 | | | | 2.1.5 | Coordination: Orchestration and Choreography...........................................2-5 | | | 2.2 | Elements of Security................................................................................................2-7 | Elements of Security................................................................................................2-7 | | | 2.3 | Web Services Security Dimensions.........................................................................2-8 | Web Services Security Dimensions.........................................................................2-8 | | | | 2.3.1 | Secure Messaging........................................................................................2-8 | | | | 2.3.2 | Protecting Resources ...................................................................................2-8 | | | | 2.3.3 | Negotiation of Contracts...............................................................................2-9 | | | | 2.3.4 | Trust Relationships.....................................................................................2-10 | | | | 2.3.5 | Requirements for Secure Software | ............................................................2-11 | | | Meeting | the Requirements for Securing Web Services .........................................2-11 | | | 2.4 | 2.4.1 | Secure Web Service Standards Stack .......................................................2-11 | | | | 2.4.2 | Relationship of Web Service Security Requirements to Standards............2-13 | | | 2.5 | Core Services ........................................................................................................2-13