| name,category,formula(repeating unit),crystal system,color,crystal habit,fracture,mohs scale hardness,luster,specific gravity,polish luster,optical properties,refractive index,birefringence,pleochroism,ultraviolet fluorescence,absorption spectra,ima symbol,crystal class,space group,unit cell,formula mass,cleavage,tenacity,streak,diaphaneity,2v angle,fusibility,strunz classification,twinning,dana classification,density,dispersion,solubility,satin spar,selenite,alabaster,other characteristics,colour,lustre,melting point,common impurities,hessonite,tsavorite,leuco-garnet,rosolite,alexandrite,cymophane,diagnostic features,alters to,demantoid,melanite,topazolite,achroite,indicolite,rubellite,verdelite,type,subgroups,composition,total known specimens,jmol (3d),pronunciation,appearance,"",atomic number (z),group,period,block,electron configuration,electrons per shell,phase atstp,boiling point,density (nearr.t.),whenliquid (atm.p.),critical point,heat of fusion,heat of vaporization,molar heat capacity,oxidation states,electronegativity,ionization energies,atomic radius,covalent radius,van der waals radius,natural occurrence,crystal structure,speed of sound thinrod,thermal expansion,thermal conductivity,electrical resistivity,magnetic ordering,molar magnetic susceptibility,young's modulus,shear modulus,bulk modulus,poisson ratio,mohs hardness,vickers hardness,brinell hardness,cas number,discovery,first isolation,titanclinohumite,classification,primary,secondary,fluorcanasite,frankamenite,mesh,ta98,ta2,th,fma,hackmanite,extinction,pyrope,almandine,spessartine,andradite,grossular,uvarovite,nickeloan rosasite,length fast/slow,magnetism,use/purpose,similar occurrences,alternative name,allotropes,recognized as an element by,mineral association,sapphire,ruby,emery,troostite,chinese,hanyu pinyin,ipa,yale romanization,jyutping,hokkien poj,teochew peng'im,vietnamese alphabet,hangul,hanja,revised romanization,kanji,romanization,traditionalchinese,simplified chinese,literal meaning,wade–giles,relief,optical sign,color in ppl,fabric,protoliths,tanzanite,thulite,manganophyllite |
| unakite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| nephrite,inosilicate,"ca2(mg,fe)5si8o22(oh)2[1]",monoclinic[1],"translucent to opaque and often mottled. light to dark green, yellow to brown, white, gray, black.[1]",massive[1],splintery to granular[1],6.0 to 6.5[1],dull[1],2.95+0.15−0.05[1],vitreous to greasy[1],double refractive with anomalous aggregate reaction[1],1.606 to 1.632+0.009−0.006[1],usually not detectable[1],none[1],inert[1],"vague line may be present at 500nm, but rarely any lines. rarely, in stones of exceptional gem quality, vague lines in the red part of the spectrum may be seen.[1]",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| pyrophyllite,silicate minerals,al2si4o10(oh)2,monoclinic[2] or triclinic[3],"brown green, brownish yellow, greenish, gray green, gray white","compact spherulitic aggregates of needlelike radiating crystals; as |
| fine grained foliated laminae, granular, massive",,1.5-2,pearly to dull,2.65 - 2.9,,biaxial (-),"nα=1.534-1.556, nβ=1.586-1.589, nγ=1.596-1.601",δ =0.0450-0.0620,,,,prl[1],prismatic (2/m) or pinacoidal (1),c2/c or c1,"a = 5.16å, b = 8.966(3)å, c = 9.347(6)å; α = 91.18°, β = 100.46°, γ = 89.64°; z=2",360.31 g/mol,[001] perfect,flexible inelastic,white,translucent to opaque,53-62,"infusible, exfoliates",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| leucite,tectosilicates,kalsi2o6,tetragonal,white to grey,"commonly as euhedral, pseudocubic crystals; rarely granular, massive",conchoidal,5.5 - 6,vitreous,2.45-2.50,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.508 nε = 1.509,δ = 0.001,,,,lct[1],dipyramidal (4/m) (same h-m symbol),i41/a,"a = 13.056, c = 13.751[å]; z=16",,poor on {110},brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.gb.05,common and repeated on {110} and {101},,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| volcanic ash,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| petrified wood,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| parisite,carbonate,"ca(ce,la)2(co3)3f2",monoclinic,"brown, brownish yellow, gray-yellow, grayish yellow, yellow, waxy yellow, colourless to yellow in transmitted light",acicular,,4+1⁄2,vitreous - greasy,4.34,,,,,,,,pst[1],domatic (m) (same h-m symbol),cc,"a = 12.305å, b = 7.1056å, c = 28.2478å; β = 98.246°; z=12",537.24 g/mol,,,white,transparent to translucent,,,5.bd.20b,,16a.01.05.01,4.38,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| grandidierite,nesosilicate,"(mg,fe2+)al3(bo3)(sio4)o2",orthorhombic,cyan to turquoise; bluish green,tabular,brittle,7.5,"vitreous, glassy",,,biaxial (-),1.583 - 1.639,,visible,,,gdd[1],dipyramidal h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pbnm,,,good,,white,transparent to translucent,"measured: 24° to 32°, calculated: 32°",,9.aj.05,none,54.01.01.01,2.976,strong r < v,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| perthite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| gypsum,sulfate minerals,caso4·2h2o,monoclinic,"colorless (in transmitted light) to white; often tinged other hues due to impurities; may be yellow, tan, blue, pink, dark brown, reddish brown or gray","massive, flat. elongated and generally prismatic crystals","conchoidal on {100}, splintery parallel to [001]",1.5–2 (defining mineral for 2),"vitreous to silky, pearly, or waxy",2.31–2.33,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.519–1.521 nβ = 1.522–1.523 nγ = 1.529–1.530,δ = 0.010,none,,,gp[1],prismatic (2/m) h-m symbol: (2/m),monoclinic space group: i2/a,"a = 5.679(5), b = 15.202(14) c = 6.522(6)å; β = 118.43°; z=4",,"perfect on {010}, distinct on {100}","flexible, inelastic",white,transparent to translucent,58°,5,7.cd.40,very common on {110},,,,"hot, dilute hcl","pearly, fibrous masses",transparent and bladed crystals,"fine-grained, slightly colored",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| gadolinite,nesosilicate,"(ce,la,nd,y)2febe2si2o10",monoclinic,,,,,,,,,,,,,,gad[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/n,,,,,,,,,9.aj.20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| serpentinite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| antigorite,phyllosilicateserpentine-kaolinite group,"(mg, fe)3si2o5oh4",monoclinic,"green, yellowish-green, blueish-gray",massive or platy,brittle,3.5-4,vitreous - greasy,2.5-2.6,,biaxial (-),,δ = 0.005-0.006,,,,atg[1],,,,,(001) perfect,,greenish white,,,,9.ed.15,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| humite,nesosilicates,"(mg,fe)7(sio4)3(f,oh)2.",orthorhombic,"white, yellow, dark orange, brown",,uneven to subconchoidal,6–6.5,vitreous,3.20 – 3.32,,biaxial (+),"nα =1.607-1.643, nβ=1.619-1.653, nγ=1.639-1.675",0.0320,,,,hu[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h–m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pbnm,"a = 10.24, b = 20.72 c = 4.73[å]; z=4",,poor,brittle,white,transparent,"calculated = 70-78°, measured = 68-81°",,9.af.50,,,,"weak, r > v",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| mesolite,tectosilicate zeolite,na2ca2(al2si3o10)3·8h2o,orthorhombic,"colorless, white, gray, yellowish brown","as elongated prismatic crystals, commonly in hairlike tufts and aggregates of fibers; radiating compact masses; stalactitic; porcelaneous",uneven,5,"vitreous, silky when fibrous",2.26,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.505 nβ = 1.505 nγ = 1.505,δ = 0.001,,,,mes[1],pyramidal (mm2) (same h-m symbol),fdd2,"a = 18.4049(8)å, b = 56.655(6)å, c=6.5443(4)å; z=8",,perfect on {110} and {110},"brittle, masses tough",white,"transparent to translucent, opaque",measured: 80°,,9.ga.05,characteristically twinned on {010} or {100},,,,,,,,may exhibit a small pyroelectric effect; piezoelectric,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| thulite,sorosilicate variety,"(ca,mn)2al3(sio4)(si2o7)o(oh)",orthorhombic,pink,massive,uneven to conchoidal,6.5,"vitreous, pearly on cleavage surfaces",3.10-3.38,,biaxial positive,1.69-1.70,0.006-0.018,"present, dichroism or trichroism depending on color.",,,,,,,,perfect {010} imperfect {100},,white or colorless,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| brookite,oxide minerals,tio2,orthorhombic,"deep red, reddish brown, yellowish brown, brown, or black","tabular and striated, pyramidal or pseudohexagonal",subconchoidal to irregular,5+1⁄2 to 6,submetallic,4.08 to 4.18,,biaxial (+),nα = 2.583 nβ = 2.584 nγ = 2.700,δ = 0.117,"very weak, yellowish, reddish, orange to brown",non-fluorescent,,,dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pbca,"a = 5.4558å, b = 9.1819å, c = 5.1429å; z=8",79.88 g/mol[1],"poor on {120}, in traces on {001}",brittle,"white, greyish or yellowish",opaque to translucent,calculated: 12° to 20°,,4.dd.10 (10 ed) 4/d.15-10 (8 ed),"on {120}, uncertain",4.4.5.1,,0.131 (compare to diamond at 0.044),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| inderite,mineral,mgb3o3(oh)5 · 5h2o,monoclinic,"colorless, white, pink; colorless in transmitted light",,uneven,2.5 - 3,"vitreous, greasy, pearly, dull",,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.488 nβ = 1.491 nγ = 1.505,0.017,none,none,,idr[1],prismatic (2/m),p21/b,"1,041.64 å³",279.85,"perfect on {010}, on {110} good",,,"transparent, translucent","measured 37°, calculated 52°",,6.ca.15,,26.3.1.3,1.8,"weak, r > v",soluble in hydrochloric acid,,,,pearly on cleavages,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| diaspore,oxide mineral,α-alo(oh),orthorhombic,"white, pale gray, colorless, greenish gray, brown, pale yellow, pink, purple; may exhibit color change","platey, elongated to acicular crystals; also stalactitic, foliated, scaly, disseminated and massive",conchoidal,6.5–7.0,"adamantine, vitreous, pearly on cleavage faces",3.1–3.4,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.682–1.706 nβ = 1.705–1.725 nγ = 1.730–1.752,δ = 0.048,strong,,,dsp[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h–m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pbnm,a = 4.4007(6)å b = 9.4253(13)å c = 2.8452(3)å; z=4,,"{010} perfect, {110} distinct, {100} in traces",very brittle,,transparent to translucent,measured: 84° to 86°calculated: 80° to 84°,infusible,4.fd.10,forms heart shaped twins on {021} or pseudohexagonal aggregates,,,"r < v, weak",insoluble,,,,decrepitates releasing water in closed tube on heating,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| apache tears,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| marialite,tectosilicate,na4al3si9o24cl,tetragonal,"colorless, white, grey; pink, violet, blue, yellow, brown, orange-brown, pale green or reddish","typically flat, pyramidal striated crystals; massive, granular",uneven to conchoidal,5+1⁄2–6,"vitreous, pearly, resinous",2.55–2.74,,uniaxial (-),nω = 1.539–1.550 nε = 1.532–1.541,δ = 0.007 - 0.009,,,,mar[1],dipyramidal (4/m) (same h-m symbol),i4/m,"a = 12.06å, c = 7.572(3)å; z=2",,distinct on {100} and {110},brittle,white,transparent to opaque,,,9.fb.15,,,2.5–2.62 g/cm3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| riebeckite,silicate mineral,na2(fe2+3fe3+2)si8o22(oh)2,monoclinic,"black, dark blue; dark blue to yellow-green in thin section","as prismatic crystals, commonly fibrous, asbestiform; earthy, massive",conchoidal to uneven,6,vitreous to silky,3.28–3.44,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.680–1.698 nβ = 1.683–1.700 nγ = 1.685–1.706,δ = 0.005–0.008,"x = blue, indigo; y = yellowish green, yellow brown; z = dark blue",,,rbk[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/m,"a = 9.76å, b = 18.04å c = 5.33å; β = 103.59°; z=2",,"perfect on {110}, intersecting at 56° and 124°; partings on {100} and {010}",brittle,pale to bluish gray,semitransparent,"measured: 68° to 85°, calculated: 62° to 78°",,,simple or multiple twinning parallel to {100},,,strong,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| carletonite,phyllosilicate,"kna4ca4(co3)4si8o18(f,oh)·(h2o)",tetragonal,,"prismatic crystals, massive",conchoidal,4 - 4+1⁄2,,2.45,,uniaxial (-),nω = 1.521 nε = 1.517,δ = 0.004,weak; o = pale blue; e = pale pinkish brown,,,cto[1],ditetragonal dipyramidal (4/mmm) h–m symbol: (4/m 2/m 2/m),p4/mbm,"a = 13.17å, c = 16.69å; z=4",,"perfect on {001}, good on {110}",brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.eb.20,,,,,,,,,,"colourless, light blue, dark blue, or pink",vitreous,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| peridotite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| dendrite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| sapphire,oxide mineral,"aluminium oxide, al2o3",trigonal,"typically blue, but varies","as crystals, massive and granular","conchoidal, splintery",9.0,vitreous,3.98–4.06,,abbe number 72.2,"nω = 1.768–1.772 nε = 1.760–1.763, birefringence 0.008",,strong,,,,hexagonal scalenohedral (3m) h-m symbol: (32/m),r3c,,,poor,,colorless,transparent to nearly opaque,,infusible,,both growth twins (in various orientations) and polysynthetic glide twinning on the rhombohedron [1011,,,,insoluble,,,,"coefficient of thermal expansion (5.0–6.6)×10−6/k[citation needed] |
| relative permittivity at 20 °c ε = 8.9–11.1 (anisotropic)[1]",,,"2,030–2,050 °c",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| phlogopite,"mica, phyllosilicates","kmg3(alsi3o10)(f,oh)2",monoclinic,"brown, brownish red, dark brown, yellow, yellowish brown, green, white and gray","tabular, scaly masses, rarely perfect phenocryst tablets",none,2–2.5,"pearly, sometimes slightly metallic on cleavage surfaces",2.78–2.85,,"biaxial (-), 2v=12",nα = 1.530–1.573 nβ = 1.557–1.617 nγ = 1.558–1.618,δ =0.0280–0.0450,,,,phl[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/m,,,perfect basal (001),"tough, flexible thin laminae",white,transparent to translucent,16–20°,,9.ec.20,composition twinning,,,,,,,,fluorescent,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| vesuvianite,sorosilicate,"ca10(mg, fe)2al4(sio4)5(si2o7)2(oh,f)4",tetragonal,"yellow, green, brown; colorless to white, brown-black, light green, emerald green, violet, blue-green to blue, pink, purple, red, black, commonly zoned","short pyramidal to long prismatic crystals common, massive to columnar",sub conchoidal to irregular,6–7,vitreous to resinous,3.32–3.43,,uniaxial (−),nω = 1.703–1.752nε = 1.700–1.746,0.004–0.006,slight in colored varieties,,,ves[1],ditetragonal dipyramidal (4/mmm) h-m symbol: (4/m 2/m 2/m),p4/nnc,"a = 15.52å, c = 11.82å z=2",,poor on {110} and {100} very poor on {001},brittle,white,subtransparent to translucent,,,9.bg.35,fine twin domains observed,,,,vesuvianite is virtually insoluble in acids,,,,striated lengthwise,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| variscite,phosphate minerals,alpo4·2h2o,orthorhombic,"pale to emerald-green (pale green in transmitted light), green, blue green, yellow green, pale shades of brown or yellow, rarely red and colourless to white",encrustations and reniform masses,conchoidal to splintery,4.5,vitreous to waxy,2.57 to 2.61,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.563 nβ = 1.588 nγ = 1.594,δ = 0.031,,,,var[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pbca,,,[010] perfect,,white,transparent to translucent,,,8.cd.10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| goethite,oxide minerals hydroxide subgroup,α-feo(oh),orthorhombic,yellowish to reddish to dark brown or black,"radial acicular, mammillary, botryoidal, stalactitic, massive, as encrustation, as pseudomorph; may be banded or iridescent",uneven to splintery,5.0–5.5,adamantine to dull,3.3–4.3,,,opaque to sub-translucent,,,,,gth[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h–m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pbnm,,,perfect {010},,"brown, brownish yellow to orange yellow",,,fusible at 5–5.5,4.fd.10,,,,,hcl soluble,,,,weakly magnetic,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| golden sheen sapphire,oxide mineral,"aluminium oxide, al2o3",trigonal,"typically metallic gold, copper or bronze, blue, green but varies","as crystals, massive and granular","conchoidal, splintery",9.0,vitreous,3.95–4.03,,abbe number 72.2,"nω=1.768–1.772 nε=1.760–1.763, birefringence 0.008",,strong,,,,hexagonal scalenohedral (3m) h-m symbol: (32/m),r3c,,,,,,,,infusible,,,,,,insoluble,,,,"coefficient of thermal expansion (5.0–6.6)×10−6/k |
| relative permittivity at 20°c ε = 8.9–11.1 (anisotropic).[1]",,,"2,030–2,050 °c",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| xonotlite,inosilicates,ca6si6o17(oh)2,monoclinic,"white, grey, pale pink, lemon white, colorless",,"splintery, tough",6.5,"vitreous, silky, pearly",2.70 – 2.72,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.583 nβ = 1.585 nγ = 1.595,0.012,,short uv = weak gray-white long uv = weak white,,xon[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p2/a,879.33,,"perfect, good",,white,"transparent, translucent",50°,,9.dg.35,,66.3.1.1,measured: 2.70 – 2.72 calculated: 2.71,,,,,,,,,,"fe, mn, h2o",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| pezzottaite,cyclosilicate minerals,cs(be2li)al2si6o18,trigonal,"raspberry red, orange-red, pink","flattened, tabular, equant, aggregate",conchoidal to uneven,8,vitreous,3.10,,uniaxial,1.601 to 1.620,-0.008 to 0.011,moderate dichroic,,,pez[1],ditrigonal pyramidal (3m) (same h-m symbol),r3c,,,imperfect; basal,brittle,white,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| cobaltite,sulfide mineral,coass,orthorhombic,"reddish silver white, violet steel gray to black","granular to massive, rarely as striated crystals, pseudocubic.",uneven,5.5,metallic,,,,,,,,,cbt[1],pyramidal (mm2) (same h-m symbol),pc21b,"a = 5.582å, b = 5.582å, c = 5.582å; z=4",,perfect on {001},brittle,grayish-black,opaque,,,2.eb.25,about [111] creating pseudo-cubic forms and striations,,6.33 g/cm3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| whewellite,oxalate minerals,cac2o4·h2o,monoclinic,"colorless, yellowish, brownish",equant or stout prismatic crystals,conchoidal,2.5-3,vitreous to pearly,2.23,,"biaxial (+), colorless (transmitted light)",,,,,,whe[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/c (no. 14),,,"{101} good, {010} imperfect, {001} indistinct, {110} indistinct",brittle,,transparent,,,10.ab.45,e {101} twin plane,,,,"insoluble in water, soluble in acids",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| adamite,arsenate mineral,zn2aso4oh,orthorhombic,"pale yellow, honey-yellow, brownish yellow, reddish; rarely white, colorless, blue, pale green to green, may be zoned",wedge-like prisms typically in druses and radiating clusters; also smooth botryoidal masses,uneven to subconchoidal,3.5,vitreous,4.32–4.48 measured,,biaxial (+/−),"nα=1.708 – 1.722, nβ=1.742 – 1.744, nγ=1.763 – 1.773",δ = 0.055,,,,ad[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h–m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pnnm,,,"{101}, good; {010}, poor",brittle,white to pale green,,,,8.bb.30,,41.06.06.03 olivenite group,,,,,,,may fluoresce and phosphoresce lemon-yellow under sw and lw uv.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| gyrolite,phyllosilicate,naca16(si23al)o60(oh)8·14h2o,triclinic,"white, colorless, green, yellow or brown","compact, lamellar, platy",,2+1⁄2,"vitreous, pearly",,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.535 nβ = 1.548 nγ = 1.549,δ = 0.0140,,,,gyr[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),p1,"a = 9.74, b = 9.74 c = 22.4[å]; α = 95.71° β = 91.51°, γ = 120.01°; z=4",,perfect on {001},brittle,,"transparent, translucent, opaque",,,9.ee.30,lamellar,73.2.2c.1,2.45 - 2.51,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| goldstone,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| baltic amber,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| hessonite,nesosilicate,ca3al2(sio4)3,cubic[2],"light to dark green, light to dark yellow to reddish brown, brown, orange, red, yellow, green, white, occasionally translucent to opaque pink. it is also but rarely |
| found in colorless form[2]",,conchoidal to uneven[2],6.5 to 7[2],greasy to vitreous[2],3.61 (+.15 -.04),vitreous[2],"single refractive, often anomalous double refractive[2]",1.740 (+.12 -.04)[2],none,none,near colorless to light green – inert to weak orange in longwave and weak yellow-orange in shortwave; yellow – inert to weak orange in longwave and shortwave[2],hessonite sometimes shows bands at 407 and 430nm,grs[1],hexoctahedral (m3m) h-m symbol: (4/m 3 2/m),ia3d,,,none,,brown,,,,9.ad.25,,,,.028,,,,,,,,,,yellow-red to reddish-orange,intense green to yellowish green,transparent and colorless[3],translucent to opaque pink grossularite crystals in marble from mexico,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| amazonite,tectosilicate,kalsi3o8,triclinic,"green, blue-green",prismatic,"uneven, splintery",6.0–6.5,vitreous,2.56–2.58,,,1.522–1.530,−0.008,absent,weak; olive-green,,,,,,,perfect,brittle,white,"translucent, opaque",,,,,,,none,,,,, radioactive 14.05% (k),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| prasiolite,oxide mineral,,trigonal,shades of green,hexagonal prisms,conchoidal[1],7 – lower in impure varieties[1],,2.65,,,1.544 to 1.553[2],0.009[3],,none,,,,,,,none,brittle[1],,transparent to nearly opaque,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| quartz,silicate mineral[1],sio2,α-quartz: trigonal β-quartz: hexagonal,"colorless through various colors (pink, orange, purple, dark brown) |
| to black","6-sided prism ending in 6-sided pyramid (typical), drusy, fine-grained to microcrystalline, massive",conchoidal,7– lower in impure varieties (defining mineral),vitreous– waxy to dull when massive,2.65; variable 2.59–2.63 in impure varieties,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.543–1.545 nε = 1.552–1.554,+0.009 (b-g interval),none,,,qz[2],α-quartz: trapezohedral (class 3 2) β-quartz: trapezohedral (class 6 2 2)[3],α-quartz: p3221 (no. 154)[4]β-quartz: p6222 (no. 180) or p6422 (no. 181)[5],"a = 4.9133 å, c = 5.4053 å; z=3",60.083g·mol−1,{0110} indistinct,brittle,white,transparent to nearly opaque,,,4.da.05 (oxides),"common dauphine law, brazil law and japan law",75.01.03.01 (tectosilicates),,,insoluble at stp; 1ppmmass at 400°c and 500 lb/in2 to 2600ppmmass at 500°c and 1500 lb/in2[3],,,,"lattice: hexagonal, piezoelectric, may be triboluminescent, chiral (hence optically active if not racemic)",,,1670 °c (β tridymite) 1713 °c (β cristobalite)[3],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| euclase,nesosilicate,bealsio4(oh),monoclinic,"colorless, white, pale green to deep yellowish green, greenish blue, pale blue to deep blue, and light red",prismatic crystals,conchoidal,7.5,vitreous,2.99 - 3.1,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.652 nβ = 1.655 nγ = 1.671,δ = 0.019,may be marked in shades of deep blue,,,ecs[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/a,"a = 4.763, b = 14.29 c = 4.618[å]; β = 100.25°; z=4",,"perfect, perfect on {010}, imperfect on {110} {001}",brittle,white,"transparent, translucent",50°,,9.ae.10,,,,r > v,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| jeremejevite,borate mineral,"al6b5o15(f,oh)3",hexagonal,"colorless, white, yellowish, blue, light yellow brown, aquamarine blue, rarely violet; colourless in transmitted light",prismatic,conchoidal,6.5 - 7.5,vitreous,3.28 - 3.31,,uniaxial (-),nω = 1.653 nε = 1.640,0.0130,colorless - light blue-violet,,,jer[1],dipyramidal class (6/m)h-m symbol: (6/m),p63/m,,,none observed,,white,transparent,,,6.ab.15,,,,,,,,,piezoelectric,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| pectolite,inosilicate mineral,naca2si3o8(oh),triclinic,"colorless, whitish, grayish, yellowish","tabular to acicular, radiating fibrous, spheroidal, or columnar; massive",uneven,4.5 - 5,"silky, subvitreous",2.84 - 2.90,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.594 - 1.610 nβ = 1.603 - 1.614 nγ = 1.631 - 1.642,δ = 0.037,,,,pct[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),p1,"a = 7.99å, b = 7.03å, c = 7.03å; α = 90.51°, β = 95.21°, γ = 102.53°; z=2",,perfect on {100} and {001},brittle; tough when compact,white,translucent to opaque,"measured: 50° to 63°, calculated: 42° to 60°",,,"twin axis [010] with composition plane [100], common",,,r > v weak to very strong,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| cymophane,oxide minerals,beal2o4,orthorhombic,"various shades of green, emerald-green yellow, blue, brownish to greenish black, may be raspberry-red under incandescent light when chromian; colorless, pale shades of yellow, green, or red in transmitted light","crystals tabular or short prismatic, prominently striated",conchoidal to uneven,8.5,vitreous,3.5–3.84,,biaxial (+),nα=1.745 nβ=1.748 nγ=1.754,,x = red; y = yellow-orange; z = emerald-green,,,cbrl[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pbnm,"a = 5.481å, b = 9.415å, c = 4.428å; z=4",,"distinct on {110}, imperfect on {010}, poor on {001}",brittle,white,,measured: 70°,,4.ba.05,"contact and penetration twins common, often repeated forming rosette structures",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,color change; green to red,chatoyant,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| danburite,tectosilicates,cab2(sio4)2,orthorhombic,,euhedral prismatic crystals; disseminated masses,subconchoidal to uneven,7 – 7.5,,2.93 - 3.02,,biaxial (+/-),nα = 1.627 – 1.633 nβ = 1.630 – 1.636 nγ = 1.633 – 1.639,δ = 0.006,,fluorescent and thermoluminescent (red); short uv=violet blue; long uv=blue to blue-green,,dbu[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pnam,"a = 8.038(3), b = 8.752(5) c = 7.73[å]; z=4",,{001} poor,brittle,white,transparent to translucent,88 to 90° measured,,9.fa.65,,56.3.1.1,,r < v strong,,,,,,"colourless, white, gray, brownish white, straw yellow",vitreous – greasy,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| tourmaline,cyclosilicate,"(ca,k,na, ▢)(al,fe,li,mg,mn)3(al,cr,fe,v)6(bo3)3(si,al,b)6o18(oh,f)4[1][2]",trigonal,"most commonly black, but can range from colorless to brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, pink, or hues in-between. it can also be bi-colored, or even tri-colored. rarely, it can be found as neon green or electric blue.","parallel and elongated; acicular prisms, sometimes radiating; massive; scattered grains (in granite)","uneven, small conchoidal",7.0–7.5,"vitreous, sometimes resinous",3.06+0.20−0.06[1],vitreous[1],"double-refractive, uniaxial negative[1]",nω = 1.635–1.675nε = 1.610–1.650,−0.018 to −0.040; typically about −0.020 but in dark stones it may reach −0.040[1]," |
| typically moderate to strong[1] |
| red: definite; dark red, light red |
| green: strong; dark green, yellow-green |
| brown: definite; dark brown, light brown |
| blue: strong; dark blue, light blue |
| ",pink stones; inert to very weak red to violet in long and short wave[1],"strong narrow band at 498nm, and almost complete absorption of red down to 640nm in blue and green stones; red and pink stones show lines at 458 and 451nm, as well as a broad band in the green spectrum[1]",tur[3],ditrigonal pyramidal (3m)h-m symbol: (3m),r3m (no. 160),,,indistinct,brittle,white,translucent to opaque,,,,,,2.82–3.32,0.017[1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| fire opal,mineraloid,hydrated silica. sio2·nh2o,amorphous[2],"colorless, white, yellow, red, orange, green, brown, black, blue, pink","irregular veins, in masses, in nodules",conchoidal to uneven[2],5.5–6[2],subvitreous to waxy[2],2.15+0.08−0.90[2],vitreous to resinous[2],"single refractive, often anomalous double refractive due to strain[2]","1.450+0.020−0.080mexican opal may read as low as 1.37, but typically reads 1.42–1.43[2]",none[2],none[2],"black or white body color: inert to white to moderate light blue, green, or yellow in long and short wave, may also phosphoresce, common opal: inert to strong green or yellowish green in long and short wave, may phosphoresce; fire opal: inert to moderate greenish brown in long and short wave, may phosphoresce[2]","green stones: 660nm, 470nm cutoff[2]",opl[1],,,,,none[2],,white,"opaque, translucent, transparent",,,,,,2.09 g/cm3,,"hot salt water, bases, methanol, humic acid, hydrofluoric acid",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,darkening upon heating,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| nepheline,"tectosilicate, feldspathoid","(na,k)alsio4",hexagonal,"white, gray, brown, brownish gray, or reddish white",massive granular to prismatic,subconchoidal,6,vitreous to greasy,2.55–2.65 (average: 2.59),,uniaxial (−),nω = 1.529–1.546 nε = 1.526–1.542,δ = 0.003–0.004,,,,nph[1],pyramidal (6) h–m symbol: (6),p63,,146.08 g/mol,[1010] poor,,white,,,,9.fa.05,"on [1010], [3365], and [1122]",,,,,,,,"non-radioactive, non-magnetic, non-fluorescent",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| analcime,zeolite,naalsi2o6·h2o,orthorhombic,"white, colorless, gray, pink, greenish, yellowish","typically in crystals, usually trapezohedrons, also massive to granular.",uneven to subconchoidal,5 - 5.5,vitreous,2.24 - 2.29,,isotropic; anomalously biaxial (-),n = 1.479 - 1.493,,none,"short uv = greenish blueish white long uv = green, creamy white-yellow",,anl,dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),ibca,,220.15,"indistinct on {001}, {010}, {100}",,white,transparent to subtransparent to translucent,,3.5,9.gb.05,"polysynthetic on [001], [110]",,,,,,,,weakly piezoelectric and pyroelectric; weakly electrostatic when rubbed or heated,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| moss agate,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| samarskite,oxide minerals,"(yfe3+fe2+u,th,ca)2(nb,ta)2o8",orthorhombic,"black, may have a brownish tint, brown to yellowish brown due to alteration; light to dark brown in transmitted light",crystals elongated with pyramidal terminations; commonly granular to massive,conchoidal fragments,5 - 6,vitreous - resinous,,,appears isotropic,n = 2.1–2.2,,,,,smk-y[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pbcn,"a = 5.687å, b = 4.925å c = 5.21å; z=2",,"{010}, indistinct",brittle,reddish brown,"opaque, transparent in thin fragments",,,4.db.25,,,"5.6 - 5.8, average = 5.69",,,,,, radioactive (greater than 70 bq / gram),,,,,,,,,,,,metamict,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| zunyite,sorosilicates,"al13si5o20(oh,f)18cl",isometric,"grayish white, flesh-red; colorless in thin section",crystalline - occurs as well-formed fine sized crystals,uneven,7,vitreous,2.874(5) (meas.) 2.87 - 2.90 (calc.),,isotropic,n = 1.592 - 1.600,,,,,znu[1],hextetrahedral (43m) h-m symbol: (43m),f43m,a = 13.8654 - 13.8882å; z=4,,good on {111},brittle,white,transparent to translucent with inclusions,,,9.bj.55,"on {111}, contact and penetration",,,,,,,,may fluoresce red under uv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| fergusonite,oxide minerals,reenbo4 (ree: rare-earth element),tetragonal,"black, black, brown, gray, yellow","metamict – mineral originally crystalline, now amorphous due to radiation damage",subconchoidal – fractures developed in brittle materials characterized by semi-curving surfaces,5.5–6,submetallic,,,,"2.05–2.19, isotropic",,,,,fgs[1],dipyramidal (4/m) h-m symbol: (4/m),i41/a,,245.81 g/mol (y),indistinct,,brown,,,,7.ga.05,,,"4.3–5.8, average = 5.05",,,,,,"nonmagnetic, non-fluorescent, non-radioactive",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| ferroaxinite,cyclosilicates,"(ca,fe,mn)3al2bo3si4o12oh or ca2(fe,mn)al2bsi4o15(oh)",triclinic,"reddish brown to yellow to colorless. blue, violet, grey.","tabular, wedge shaped crystals",conchoidal,6.0–7.5,vitreous,3.18–3.37,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.672–1.693 nβ = 1.677–1.701 nγ = 1.681–1.704,δ = 0.011,strong,,,ax[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),p1,,,good on {100},,white,,,,9.bd.20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| malachite,carbonate mineral,cu2co3(oh)2,monoclinic,"bright green, dark green, blackish green, with crystals deeper shades of green, even very dark to nearly black commonly banded in masses; green to yellowish green in transmitted light","massive, botryoidal, stalactitic, crystals are acicular to tabular prismatic",subconchoidal to uneven,3.5–4,adamantine to vitreous; silky if fibrous; dull to earthy if massive,3.6–4,,biaxial (–),nα = 1.655 nβ = 1.875 nγ = 1.909,δ = 0.254,,,,mlc[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/a,,221.1 g/mol,perfect on {201} fair on {010},,light green,translucent to opaque,,,5.ba.10,common as contact or penetration twins on {100} and {201}. polysynthetic twinning also present.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| cubic zirconia," |
| oxide minerals |
| ",,cubic,various,,,8.0-8.5,,5.6-6.0 g/cm3,,,2.15-2.18,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| cryolite,halide mineral,na3alf6,monoclinic,"colorless to white, also brownish, reddish and rarely black","usually massive, coarsely granular. the rare crystals are equant and pseudocubic",uneven,2.5 to 3,"vitreous to greasy, pearly on {001}",2.95 to 3.0.,,biaxial (+),"nα = 1.3385–1.339, nβ = 1.3389–1.339, nγ = 1.3396–1.34",δ = 0.001,,,,crl[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/n,"a = 7.7564(3)å, b = 5.5959(2)å, c = 5.4024(2)å; β = 90.18°; z=2",209.9 g mol−1,none observed,brittle,white,transparent to translucent,43°,,3.cb.15,"very common, often repeated or polysynthetic with simultaneous occurrence of several twin laws",11.6.1.1,,r < v,"soluble in alcl3 solution, soluble in h2so4 with the evolution of hf, which is poisonous. insoluble in water.[2]",,,,"weakly thermoluminescent. small clear fragments become nearly invisible when placed in water, since its refractive index is close to that of water. may fluoresce intense yellow under swuv, with yellow phosphorescence, and pale yellow phosphorescence under lwuv. not radioactive.",,,1012 °c,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| ammolite,"fossilized, mineralized ammonite shell","caco3 aragonite polymorph, with minor amounts of calcite, pyrite, silica, and other impurities[1]",,"gray to brown, can be radiant blue, with primarily red to green iridescence.[1]",,uneven to granular[1],3.5 - 4.5,greasy to dull[1],usually about 2.70 (varies with mineral content)[1],vitreous[1],anomalous aggregate reaction[1],usually 1.52 - 1.68 (varies with mineral content)[1],0.135 - 0.145[1],none[1],variable[1],,,,,,,no true cleavage,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| anorthite,feldspar,caal2si2o8,triclinic,"white, grayish, reddish",anhedral to subhedral granular,uneven to conchoidal,6,vitreous,2.72–2.75,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.573–1.577 nβ = 1.580–1.585 nγ = 1.585–1.590,δ = 0.012–0.013,,,,an[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),p1,"a = 8.1768, b = 12.8768 c = 14.169[å]; α = 93.17° β = 115.85°, γ = 92.22°; z=8",278.203g·mol−1,perfect [001] good [010] poor [110],brittle,white,transparent to translucent,78° to 83°,,9.fa.35,common,,,,,,,,,,,1553 °c[2],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| marcasite,sulfide mineral,fes2,orthorhombic,"tin-white on fresh surface, pale bronze-yellow, darkening on exposure, iridescent tarnish","crystals typically tabular on {010}, curved faces common; stalactitic, |
| reniform, massive; cockscomb and spearhead shapes due to twinning on {101}.",irregular/uneven,6–6.5,metallic,"4.875 calculated, 4.887 measured",,,,,"[100] creamy white; [010] light yellowish white; [001] white with rose-brown tint. anisotropism: very strong, yellow through pale green to dark green",,,mrc[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pnnm,"a = 4.436å, b = 5.414å, c = 3.381å; z=2",119.98g/mol,"cleavage: {101}, rather distinct; {110} in traces",brittle,dark-grey to black.,opaque,,,2.eb.10a,common and repeated on {101}; less common on {011}.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| smithsonite,carbonate mineral,znco3,trigonal,"white, grey, yellow, green to apple-green, blue, pink, purple, bluish grey, and brown","uncommon as crystals, typically botryoidal, reniform, spherulitic; stalactitic, earthy, compact massive","uneven, sub-conchoidal",4.5,"vitreous, may be pearly",4.4 - 4.5,,uniaxial (-),nω = 1.842 - 1.850 nε = 1.619 - 1.623,δ = 0.223 - 0.227,,may fluoresce pale green or pale blue under uv,,smt[1],hexagonal scalenohedral (3m) h-m symbol: (3 2/m),r3c,a = 4.6526(7) c = 15.0257(22)[å]; z=6,,perfect on [1011],brittle,white,translucent,,,5.ab.05,none observed,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| fluor-liddicoatite,cyclosilicate tourmaline group,ca(li2al)al6(bo3)3si6o18(oh)3f,trigonal,"usually smoky brown, but also pink, red, green, blue, or rarely white.","stout prismatic, with a curved convex trigonal outline",uneven to conchoidal,7+1⁄2,vitreous,3.02,,uniaxial (-),"no = 1.637, ne = 1.621",,"strong: o dark brown or pink, e light brown or pale pink",,,fld[1],ditrigonal pyramidal (3m) (same h-m symbol),r3m,,945.8 g/mol,poor or absent on {0001}[2],brittle,white to very light brown,transparent to translucent,,,9.ck.05 (10 ed) 8/e.19-80 (8 ed),,61.3.1.2,,,,,,,"not fluorescent, not radioactive",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| wollastonite,inosilicate mineral,"calcium metasilicate, casio3",triclinic monoclinic polytype exists,"white, colorless or gray","rare as tabular crystals—commonly massive in lamellar, radiating, compact and fibrous aggregates.",splintery to uneven,4.5 to 5.0,vitreous or dull to pearly on cleavage surfaces,2.86–3.09,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.616–1.640 nβ = 1.628–1.650 nγ = 1.631–1.653,δ = 0.015 max,,,,wo[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),p1 (1a polytype),"a = 7.925å, b = 7.32å, c = 7.065å; α = 90.055°, β = 95.217°, γ = 103.42°; z=6",116.159g/mol,perfect in two directions at near 90°,,white,transparent to translucent,measured: 36° to 60°,,9.dg.05,common,,,,"soluble in hcl, insoluble in water",,,,"heat of formation (@298): -89.61kj |
| gibbs free energy: 41.78kj",,,1540 °c,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| seashell,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| ballas,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| milarite,mineral,,hexagonal,,,,6[2],,,,,,,,,,mil[1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| howlite,inoborates,ca2b5sio9(oh)5,monoclinic,"white, colorless","massive to nodular, occurs as tabular prisms flattened parallel to [100]","conchoidal, uneven",3.5,"subvitreous, glimmering",2.53 - 2.59,,"biaxial (-), colorless (transmitted light)",nα = 1.583 - 1.586 nβ = 1.596 - 1.598 nγ = 1.600,δ = 0.017,,,,how[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/c,"a = 12.82å, b = 9.351(1)å c = 8.608(2)å; β = 104.84(2)°; z=4",,none,,white,translucent,73°,,6.cb.20,,25.3.5.1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| charlesite,sulfate mineral ettringite group,"ca6(al,si)2(so4)2b(oh4)(o,oh)12*26h2",trigonal,"colorless, white, rarely pale yellow, rarely pink","prismatic, hexagonal dipyramidal crystals",irregular/uneven,2.5,vitreous on cleavage and fracture surfaces,,,uniaxial (-),nώ = 1.492(3) n∈ = 1.475(3),,nearly colorless to pale golden yellow,there is weak violet or weak green short wave ultraviolet radiation,,chrl[1],ditrigonal pyramidal (3m) (same h-m symbol),p31c,"a = 11.16å, c = 21.21å; z=2",,perfect on {10bar10},brittle,white,transparent,,,7.dg.15,none,32.4.4.1,1.77g/cm3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| diopside,inosilicate mineral,mgcasi2o6,monoclinic,"commonly light to dark green; may be blue, brown, colorless, white to snow white, grey, pale violet","short prismatic crystals common, may be granular, columnar, massive","irregular/uneven, conchoidal",5.5 - 6.5,vitreous to dull,3.278,,biaxial (+),"nα= 1.663 - 1.699, nβ= 1.671 - 1.705, nγ= 1.693 - 1.728",δ = 0.030,,,,di[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/c,"a = 9.746å, b = 8.899å c = 5.251å; β = 105.79°; z=4",,distinct/good on {110},brittle,white,,measured: 58° to 63°,,9.da.15,simple and multiple twins common on {100} and {001},,,"weak to distinct, r>v",,,,,,,,1391 °c,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| amblygonite,phosphate minerals,"(li,na)alpo4(f,oh)",triclinic,"generally white or creamy, but can also be colorless or pale yellow, green, blue, beige, gray, brown or pink.",prismatic to columnar form,"irregular/uneven, sub-conchoidal",5.5 - 6[2],vitreous to pearly[2],2.98 - 3.11,greasy to vitreous (in gem material)[2],"double refractive, biaxial, may be either positive or negative[2]","na=1.577 - 1.591,nb=1.592 - 1.605,nc=1.596 - 1.613",.020 - .027[2],weak to none[2],"very weak green in long wave, light blue phosphorescence in long wave and short wave [2]",,aby[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),c1,,,"[100] perfect, [110] good, [011] distinct",,,,,,8.bb.05,microscopic polysynthetic twinning common,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| topaz,nesosilicate minerals,"al2sio4(f,oh)2",orthorhombic,"colorless (if there are no impurities), white, blue, brown, orange, gray, yellow, yellowish brown, green, pink, reddish pink or even red",prismatic crystal,subconchoidal to uneven,8 (defining mineral),vitreous,3.49–3.57,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.606–1.629nβ = 1.609–1.631nγ = 1.616–1.638,δ = 0.010,"weak in thick sections x = yellow; y = yellow, violet, reddish; z = violet, bluish, yellow, pink",short uv=golden yellow; long uv=cream,,tpz[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pbnm,"a = 4.65å, b = 8.8å, c = 8.4å; z=4",,[001] perfect,,white,transparent,,,9.af.35,rarely on [111][2],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| spurrite,nesosilicate,ca5(sio4)2co3,monoclinic,"gray, gray white to lilac gray",massive to granular,uneven to splintery,5,vitreous to resinous,3,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.640–1.641 nβ = 1.674–1.676 nγ = 1.679–1.681,δ = 0.039–0.040,,,,spu[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/a,,,distinct on [100],,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.ah.15,polysynthetic twins on [001] and [101],,,,,,,,green cathodoluminescence,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| phosphosiderite,phosphate minerals,hydrated iron phosphate fepo4•2h2o,monoclinic,"usually red to pink to purple, sometimes green, usually yellow veined",tabular {010} or stout prismatic [001],uneven,3.5–4,vitreous,2.74-2.76,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.692 nβ = 1.725 nγ = 1.738,0.046,visible,,,phsd[1],prismatic 2/m,p21/n (no. 14),454.76 å³,186.85,"{010} distinct, {001} indistinct",,white,"transparent, translucent","measured: 62°, calculated: 62°",,,"common on {101}, typically as interpenetration",,"2.74 - 2.76 measured, 2.76 calculated",very strong r > v,"totally soluble in hydrochloric acid, nearly insoluble in nitric acid",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| melanite,garnet group,ca3fe2(sio4)3,cubic,"yellow, greenish yellow to emerald-green, dark green; brown, brownish red, brownish yellow; grayish black, black; may be sectored","commonly well-crystallized dodecahedra, trapezohedra, or combinations, also granular to massive",conchoidal to uneven,6.5 to 7,"adamantine to resinous, dull",3.859 calculated; 3.8–3.9 measured,,"isotropic, typically weakly anisotropic",n = 1.887,,,,"demantoid – 440nm band or complete absorption at 440nm and below, may also have lines at 618, 634, 685, 690nm [2]",adr[1],hexoctahedral (m3m) h-m symbol: (4/m 3 2/m),ia3d,a = 12.056å; z=8,,none,brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.ad.25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,transparent light to dark green to yellow-green,opaque black,"transparent to translucent yellow, may show chatoyancy",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| elbaite,cyclosilicate,na(li1.5al1.5)al6si6o18(bo3)3(oh)4,trigonal,"green, red to pink, blue, orange, yellow, colorless, multicolored",prismatic; striated,sub-conchoidal,7+1⁄2,vitreous,,,uniaxial (−); moderate relief,"nω = 1.635–1.650, nε = 1.615–1.632",δ = 0.020,,,,elb[1],ditrigonal pyramidal (3m) h–m symbol: (3m),r3m,,,poor/indistinct on {1120} and {1011},,white,transparent to opaque,,,9.ck.05,,,2.9–3.2,,,,,,piezoelectric and pyroelectric,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,colorless,blue,red to pink,green,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| fordite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| turquoise,phosphate minerals,cual6(po4)4(oh)8·4h2o,triclinic,,"massive, nodular",conchoidal,5–6,waxy to subvitreous,2.6–2.9,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.610nβ = 1.615nγ = 1.650,+0.040,weak,,,tqu[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h–m symbol),,,,"perfect on {001}, good on {010}, but cleavage rarely seen",,bluish white,opaque,,fusible in heated hcl,8.dd.15,,,,,soluble in hcl,,,,,"turquoise, blue, blue-green, green",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| descloizite,vanadate mineral,"(pb,zn)2vo4oh",orthorhombic,"brownish red, red-orange, reddish to blackish brown, nearly black","zoned tabular crystals common, encrustations and plumose aggregates","irregular, sub-conchoidal",3 - 3.5,greasy,6.1 - 6.2,,biaxial (-),nα = 2.185 nβ = 2.265 nγ = 2.350,δ = 0.165,visible,,,dcz[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pnma (no. 62),"a = 7.593, b = 6.057 c = 9.416[å]; z=4",,none,brittle,orange to brownish red,transparent to opaque,85° to 90°,,8.bh.40,,,,strong r > v rarely r < v,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| narsarsukite,silicate mineral,"na4(ti,fe)4[si8o20](o,oh,f)4[1]",tetragonal,"honey to lemon-yellow, reddish brown, brownish gray, tan, pink; may be green from inclusions; may show color zoning","occurs as flat tabular to equant, striated crystals in divergent, radiating groups; massive",uneven to subconchoidal,5.5 - 7,"vitreous, pearly on {110}",2.64-2.83,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.609 nε = 1.630,δ = 0.021,weak; o = colorless to yellow; e = colorless to honey-yellow,,,nar[2],dipyramidal (4/m) h-m symbol: (4/m),i4/m,"a = 10.72, c = 7.95[å]; z=4",,good on {100} and {110},brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.dj.05,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| lawsonite,sorosilicate,caal2si2o7(oh)2·h2o,orthorhombic,"colorless, white, pale blue to grayish blue","commonly prismatic, tabular; also granular, massive",,7.5,"vitreous, greasy",3.05–3.12,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.665 nβ = 1.672–1.676 nγ = 1.684–1.686,δ = 0.019–0.021,"weak; x = blue, pale brownish yellow; y = deep bluish green, yellowish green; z = colorless, yellowish",,,lws[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),cmcm,"a = 5.847, b = 8.79, c = 13.128[å]; z=4",,"perfect on {100} and {010}, imperfect on {101}",brittle,white,translucent,measured: 84°–85°,,9.be.05,common on {101} lamellar,,,"strong, r > v",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| tiger's eye,mineral,"silica (silicon dioxide, sio2)",,,,,6.5-7,silky,2.64–2.71,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,golden to red-brown,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| spodumene,inosilicate,"lithium aluminium silicate, lial(sio3)2",monoclinic,"highly variable: white, colorless, gray, pink, lilac, violet, yellow and green, may be bicolored; emerald green - hiddenite; lilac - kunzite; yellow - triphane","prismatic, generally flattened and elongated, striated parallel to {100}, commonly massive",uneven to subconchoidal,6.5–7,"vitreous, pearly on cleavage",3.03–3.23,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.648–1.661 nβ = 1.655–1.670 nγ = 1.662–1.679,δ = 0.014–0.018,"strong in kunzite: α-purple, γ-colorless; hiddenite: α-green, γ-colorless",,,spd[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/c,"a = 9.46å, b = 8.39å c = 5.22å β = 110.17°; z=4",,"perfect prismatic, two directions {110} ∧ {110} at 87°",brittle,white,,54° to 69°,3.5,,common on {100},,,,insoluble,,,,"tenebrescence, chatoyancy",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| shattuckite,inosilicate,cu5(sio3)4(oh)2,orthorhombic,"dark and light blue, turquoise",commonly spherulitic aggregates of acicular crystals,uneven,3.5,dull to silky,4.1 (rather heavy for a non-metallic mineral),,biaxial (+),"nα = 1.753, nβ = 1.782, nγ = 1.815",,x = very pale blue; y = pale blue; z = deep blue,,,sha[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pcab,,,perfect along [010] and [100],,blue,translucent to opaque,,,9.db.40,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| poudretteite,cyclosilicate,kna2b3si12o30,hexagonal,"colorless, light pink",roughly equant barrel-shaped prismatic crystals,"conchoidal, splintery",5,vitreous (glassy),2.51,,uniaxial (+),1.511 to 1.532,0.021,colorless to pink,,,pou[1],dihexagonal dipyramidal (6/mmm) h-m symbol: (6/m 2/m 2/m),p6/mcc,"1,221.72 å³",,none,brittle,white,transparent,,,9.cm.05,,63.02.01a.08,2.51,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| cornwallite,arsenate mineral,cu5(aso4)2(oh)4,monoclinic,"verdigis green, blackish-green, emerald-green","microcrystalline radial fibrous, botryoidal to globular crusts",conchoidal,4.5,"sub-vitreous, resinous, waxy",4.17,,biaxial (+/-),nα = 1.810 - 1.820 nβ = 1.815 - 1.860 nγ = 1.850 - 1.880,δ = 0.040 - 0.060,,,,cnw[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/c,"a = 17.33å, b = 5.82å, c = 4.60å; β = 92.22°; z=2",,distinct in one direction,brittle,apple green,translucent to opaque,measured: 30° to 50°,,8.bd.05,,41.4.2.2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| palygorskite,phyllosilicate,"(mg,al)2si4o10(oh)·4(h2o)",monoclinic,"white, grayish, yellowish, gray-green","lath shaped crystals, fibrous and compact masses",,2 - 2.5,"waxy, earthy",1 - 2.6,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.522 - 1.528 nβ = 1.530 - 1.546 nγ = 1.533 - 1.548,δ = 0.011 - 0.020,x= pale yellow y=z= pale yellow-green,,,plg[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/m,"a = 12.78å, b = 17.86å, c = 5.24å; β = 95.78°; z=4",,"distinct/good, good on {110}",tough,,translucent,,,9.ee.20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| agate,chalcedony variety,sio2 silicon dioxide,trigonal or monoclinic,banded,cryptocrystalline silica,conchoidal with very sharp edges,6.5–7,waxy,2.58–2.64,,,1.530–1.540,up to +0.004 (b-g),absent,,,aga[1],,,,,none,,white,translucent,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| cerussite,carbonate mineral,lead carbonate: pbco3,orthorhombic,"colorless, white, gray, blue, or green","massive granular, reticulate, tabular to equant crystals",brittle conchoidal,3 to 3.5,"adamantine, vitreous, resinous",6.53–6.57,,biaxial (-),"nα = 1.803, nβ = 2.074, nγ = 2.076",δ = 0.273,,,,cer[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pnma [62],,,good [110] and [021],,white,transparent to translucent,,,5.ab.15,simple or cyclic contact twins,,,,,,,,may fluoresce yellow under lw uv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| chromite,oxide minerals spinel group spinel structural group,"(fe, mg)cr2o4",isometric,black to brownish black; brown to brownish black on thin edges in transmitted light,octahedral rare; massive to granular,uneven,5.5,"resinous, greasy, metallic, sub-metallic, dull",4.5–4.8,,isotropic,n = 2.08–2.16,,,,,chr[1],hexoctahedral (m3m) h-m symbol: (4/m 3 2/m),fd3m (no. 227),a = 8.344å; z=8,,"none, parting may develop along {iii}",brittle,brown,translucent to opaque,,,4.bb.05,spinel law on {ill},,,,,,,,weakly magnetic,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| tantalite,oxide minerals,"(fe,mn)ta2o6",orthorhombic,"dark black, iron-black to dark brown, reddish brown",,subconchoidal,6-6.5,submetallic to almost resinous,8.0+,,,,,,,,ttl[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pbcn (no. 60),,,good in one direction,,brownish-red to black,,,,4.db.35,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| lepidolite,phyllosilicate,"k(li,al)3(al,si,rb)4o10(f,oh)2",monoclinic,"pink, light purple, purple, rose-red, violet-gray, yellowish, white, colorless other colors possible but are rare.","tabular to prismatic pseudohexagonal crystals, scaly aggregates and massive",uneven,2.5–3,vitreous to pearly,2.8–2.9,,biaxial (-),"nα=1.525–1.548, nβ=1.551–1.58, nγ=1.554–1.586",0.0290–0.0380,"x = almost colorless; y = z = pink, pale violet",,,lpd[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),"c2/m, cm","a = 5.209(2)å, b = 9.011(5)å, c = 10.149(5)å; β = 100:77(4)°; z=2",,{001} perfect,,white,transparent to translucent,0° - 58° measured,,9.ec.20,"rare, composition plane {001}",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| thomsonite,tectosilicate,naca2al5si5o20·6h2o,orthorhombic,"colorless, white, beige, and pink",,,5-5+1⁄2,"vitreous, pearly",2.23 - 2.29,,,,,,,,thm[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),,,,perfect on {010}; good on {100},,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.ga.10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| apatite,phosphate mineral,"ca5(po4)3(f,cl,oh)",hexagonal,"transparent to translucent, usually green, less often colorless, yellow, blue to violet, pink, brown.[3]","tabular, prismatic crystals, massive, compact or granular",conchoidal to uneven[3],5[3] (defining mineral),vitreous[3] to subresinous,3.16–3.22[2],vitreous[3],"double refractive, uniaxial negative[3]","1.634–1.638 (+0.012, −0.006)[3]",0.002–0.008[3],"blue stones – strong, blue and yellow to colorless. other colors are weak to very weak.[3]","yellow stones – purplish-pink, which is stronger in long wave; blue stones– blue to light-blue in both long and short wave; green stones– greenish-yellow, which is stronger in long wave; violet stones– greenish-yellow in long wave, light-purple in short wave.[3]",,ap[1],dipyramidal (6/m) (same h-m symbol)[2],p63/m (no. 176),,,"[0001] indistinct, [1010] indistinct[2]",,white,transparent to translucent[2],,,8.bn.05,,,,0.013[3],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| stibiotantalite,oxide minerals,"sb(ta,nb)o4",orthorhombic,,,brittle-conchoidal,5.5,,,,,1.55 - 1.69,"biaxial (+), a=2.3742, b=2.4039",,,,sttl[1],,mm2,"a = 4.9, b = 11.79, c = 5.57å, z = 4; v = 321.78",336.70,,,light yellow,transparent to translucent,75.083,,04.de.30,,08.01.06.02,6 to 7.57,strong,,,,,,"yellow to dark brown, reddish",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| gaspeite,"carbonate mineral, anhydrous subgroup","(ni,fe,mg)co3",trigonal,"pale green, light grass or apple green","rhombic crystal aggregates, nodular concretions (botryoidal), massive",uneven,4.5 - 5,vitreous to dull,3.71,,uniaxial (-),nω = 1.830 nε = 1.610,δ = 0.220,,,,gpé[1],hexagonal scalenohedral (3m) h-m symbol: (3 2/m),r3c,,,{1011} good,,yellow green,translucnt,,,5.ab.05,,14.01.01.08 calcite group,,,hcl soluble,,,,weakly magnetic,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| lizardite,mineral,mg3(si2o5)(oh)4[1],trigonal,"green, brown, light yellow to white",,,2.5,"resinous, waxy, greasy",2.55,,,,,,,,lz[2],,,,,,,white,,,,9.ed.15,,71.01.2b.02,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| sérandite,inosilicates,"na(mn2+,ca)2si3o8(oh)",triclinic,,,"irregular, uneven",5 to 5.5,vitreous to greasy; fibrous aggregates are dull to silky[2],,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.668nβ = 1.671nγ = 1.703,δ = 0.035,,,,srd[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),p1,"a = 7.683(1)å, b = 6.889(1)å c = 6.747(1)å, α = 90.53(5)° β = 94.12(2)°, γ = 102.75(2)° z=2",,perfect on {001} and {100},brittle,white,"transparent, translucent",39°,,9.dg.05,"around [010] composition plane {100}, less commonly contact twin on {110}",65.2.1.5,3.34 g/cm3 (measured),r < v moderate,,,,,,salmon pink to orange,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| wernerite,tectosilicates,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,scp[1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| apophyllite,phyllosilicate,"(k,na)ca4si8o20(f,oh)·8h2o",tetragonal,"usually white, colorless; also blue, green, brown, yellow, pink, violet","prismatic, tabular, massive",uneven,4.5 - 5,vitreous; pearly,2.3 – 2.4,,,1.536,0.000 - 0.003,dichroic (colorless),,,apo[1],,p4/mnc,,,perfect on (001),,white,transparent to translucent,,,,,,,,,,,, radioactive 4.37% (k),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| graphic texture,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| leucophanite,inosilicates,"(na,ca)2besi2(o.oh.f)7",orthorhombic,,,,,,,,,,,,,,lph[1],disphenoidal (222) (same h-m symbol),p212121,,,,,,,,,9.dh.05,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| senarmontite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| gadolinium gallium garnet,synthetic mineral,gd3ga5o12[1],cubic,"transparent, colorless to light brown or yellow. may also be orange or blue.[1]",,,6.5[1] (other sources 7.5),vitreous to subadamantine[1],"7.05 (+.04, -.10)[1]",vitreous to subadamantine[1],single refractive[1],1.970 (+.060)[1],none[1],none[1],moderate to strong pinkish orange in shortwave[1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,7.08 g/cm3,.045[1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| gibbsite,hydroxide minerals,al(oh)3,monoclinic,,,,2.5-3,,2.35,,,,,,,,gbb[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/m,,,,,,,,,4.fe.10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| bauxite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| forsterite,nesosilicates,magnesium silicate (mg2sio4),orthorhombic,"colorless, green, yellow, yellow green, white","dipyramidal prisms often tabular, commonly granular or compact massive",conchoidal,7,vitreous,3.21 – 3.33,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.636 – 1.730 nβ = 1.650 – 1.739 nγ = 1.669 – 1.772,δ = 0.033 – 0.042,,,,fo[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pbnm,"a = 4.7540 å, b = 10.1971å c = 5.9806å; z=4",140.691g·mol−1,perfect on {010} imperfect on {100},,white,transparent to translucent,82°,,9.ac.05,"on {100}, {011} and {012}",,,,,,,,,,,1890 °c[2],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| ulexite,nesoborates,nacab5o6(oh)6·5h2o,triclinic,colorless to white,acicular to fibrous,uneven,2.5,vitreous; silky or satiny in fibrous aggregates,1.95 – 1.96,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.491 – 1.496 nβ = 1.504 – 1.506 nγ = 1.519 – 1.520,δ = 0.028,,"depending on fluorescent impurities, ulexite may fluoresce yellow, greenish yellow, cream, white under short waves and long waves uv",,ulx[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),p1,"a = 8.816(3)å, b = 12.87å c = 6.678(1)å; α = 90.25° β = 109.12°, γ = 105.1°; z=2",,perfect on {010} good on {110} poor on {110},brittle,white,transparent to opaque,measured: 73° to 78°,,6.ea.25,polysynthetic on {010} and {100},26.05.11.01,,,slightly soluble in water,,,,parallel fibrous masses can act as fiber optical light pipes,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| smoky quartz,silicate minerals,sio2,α-quartz: trigonal trapezohedral class 3 2; β-quartz: hexagonal 622[1],,"6-sided prism ending in 6-sided pyramid (typical), drusy, fine-grained to microcrystalline, massive",conchoidal,7– lower in impure varieties (defining mineral),,2.65; variable 2.59–2.63 in impure varieties,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.543–1.545 nε = 1.552–1.554,+0.009 (b-g interval),"weak, from red-brown to green-brown",,,,,trigonal 32,"a = 4.9133 å, c = 5.4053 å; z=3",,{0110} indistinct,brittle,white,transparent to nearly opaque,,,04.da.05,"common dauphine law, brazil law and japan law",75.01.03.01,,,insoluble at stp; 1ppmmass at 400°c and 500 lb/in2 to 2600ppmmass at 500°c and 1500 lb/in2[1],,,,"lattice: hexagonal, piezoelectric, may be triboluminescent, chiral (hence optically active if not racemic)","brown to grey, opaque",vitreous– waxy to dull when massive,1670 °c (β tridymite) 1713 °c (β cristobalite)[1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| purpurite,phosphate minerals,mn3+po4,orthorhombic,"brownish black, violet, dark pink, dark red, reddish purple",massive to granular,uneven,4-5,earthy,3.2 - 3.4,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.850(2) nβ = 1.860(2) nγ = 1.920(2),δ = 0.070,,,,pur[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pnmb,,149.91 g/mol,[100] [001] perfect,brittle,red,,38°,,8.ab.10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| pargasite,inosilicates,naca2(mg4al)(si6al2)o22(oh)2,monoclinic,"bluish green, grayish black, light brown",stout prismatic to tabular,splintery,5–6,vitreous,3.04–3.17,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.630 nβ = 1.640 nγ = 1.650,δ = 0.020 max.,,,,prg[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/m,,,{110} perfect,,,"translucent, will transmit light on thin edges.",,,,simple and lamellar - common,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| ludwigite,borate mineral,mg2fe3+bo5,orthorhombic,"pitch-black, olive-black",massive - fibrous commonly in fanlike to felted aggregates,"brittle - conchoidal - very brittle fracture producing small, conchoidal fragments.",5.5,silky to submetallic,3.6 - 3.8,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.830 - 1.850 nβ = 1.830 - 1.850 nγ = 1.940 - 2.020,δ = 0.110 - 0.170,x = y = dark green; z = dark reddish brown,,,ldw[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pbam,"a = 9.26, b = 12.26 c = 3.05[å]; z=4",195.26 g/mol,[001] perfect,,greenish black,"opaque, translucent in thin fragments",measured: 20° to 45°,,6.ab.30,,,,,slowly soluble in acid,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,limonite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| siderite,carbonate mineral,feco3,trigonal,"pale yellow to tan, grey, brown, green, red, black and sometimes nearly colorless","tabular crystals, often curved; botryoidal to massive",uneven to conchoidal,3.75–4.25,"vitreous, may be silky to pearly",3.96,,uniaxial (−),nω = 1.875 nε = 1.633,δ = 0.242,,,,sd[1],hexagonal scalenohedral (3m) h-m symbol: (3 2/m),r3c,a = 4.6916 c = 15.3796[å]; z=6,,perfect on {0111},brittle,white,translucent to subtranslucent,,,5.ab.05,lamellar uncommon on{0112},14.01.01.03,,strong,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| amber,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| citrine quartz,silicate mineral[1],sio2,α-quartz: trigonal β-quartz: hexagonal,"colorless through various colors (pink, orange, purple, dark brown) |
| to black","6-sided prism ending in 6-sided pyramid (typical), drusy, fine-grained to microcrystalline, massive",conchoidal,7– lower in impure varieties (defining mineral),vitreous– waxy to dull when massive,2.65; variable 2.59–2.63 in impure varieties,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.543–1.545 nε = 1.552–1.554,+0.009 (b-g interval),none,,,qz[2],α-quartz: trapezohedral (class 3 2) β-quartz: trapezohedral (class 6 2 2)[3],α-quartz: p3221 (no. 154)[4]β-quartz: p6222 (no. 180) or p6422 (no. 181)[5],"a = 4.9133 å, c = 5.4053 å; z=3",60.083g·mol−1,{0110} indistinct,brittle,white,transparent to nearly opaque,,,4.da.05 (oxides),"common dauphine law, brazil law and japan law",75.01.03.01 (tectosilicates),,,insoluble at stp; 1ppmmass at 400°c and 500 lb/in2 to 2600ppmmass at 500°c and 1500 lb/in2[3],,,,"lattice: hexagonal, piezoelectric, may be triboluminescent, chiral (hence optically active if not racemic)",,,1670 °c (β tridymite) 1713 °c (β cristobalite)[3],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| epidote,sorosilicates,{ca2}{al2fe3+}(sio4)(si2o7)o(oh),monoclinic,"pistachio-green, yellow-green, greenish black, brownish-green, green, black","prismatic with striations, fibrous, massive",flat regular to uneven,6–7,vitreous to resinous,3.38-3.49,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.715–1.751 nβ = 1.725–1.784 nγ = 1.734–1.797,δ = 0.019–0.046,strong,,,ep[1],prismatic (2m) (same h-m symbol),p21/m,,,{001} perfect and {100} imperfect,,greyish white,transparent to nearly opaque,,,,on [100],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| psilomelane,oxide minerals,"general formula:ba(mn2+)(mn4+)8o16(oh)4, or as (ba,h2o)2mn5o10barium manganese oxide hydroxide",monoclinic,black with gray pyrolusite bands,"botryoidal, mammillary, reniform",conchoidal and uneven,5.0 – 6.0,"sub-metallic, dull",3.7 – 4.7,vitreous to subadamantine,,,,,,,,,,,590.03 g/mol,none,,brownish black,opaque,,,,,,,,in hydrochloric acid,,,,hard black manganese oxides such as hollandite and romanechite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| anthracite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| uvarovite,nesosilicate,ca3cr2si3o12,cubic,"green, emerald-green, green-black","euhedral crystals, granular, massive","uneven, conchoidal",6.5–7.5,vitreous,3.77 - 3.81,,isotropic,n = 1.865,,,,,uv[1],hexoctahedral (m3m) h-m symbol: (4/m 3 2/m),ia3d,a = 11.99å; z=8,,,,white,"transparent, translucent",,,9.ad.25,,,,,,,,,fluorescent red in both short and long uv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| pallasite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,stony-iron," |
| main group pallasites |
| eagle station group |
| pyroxene pallasite grouplet |
| ungrouped pallasites |
| ","meteoric iron, silicates","49 main group, 5 eagle station, 2 pyroxene grouplet, 38 ungrouped (93 total)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| soapstone,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| ammonoidea,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| meionite,tectosilicate scapolite group,ca4al6si6o24co3,tetragonal,"colorless, white, grey, pink, violet, blue, yellow, orange-brown, brown",,"irregular/uneven, conchoidal",5 - 6,"vitreous, resinous, pearly",2.74 - 2.78,,,,,,,,me[1],dipyramidal (4/m) (same h-m symbol),i4/m,"a = 12.179(1)å, c = 7.571(1)å, z=2",,distinct/good on {100}{110},brittle,white,"transparent, opaque",,,9.fb.15,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| weloganite,carbonate mineral,"na2(sr,ca)3zr(co3)6·3h2o",triclinic,"yellow, pale yellow, amber, tan, white","roughly hexagonal, tapering crystals, pseudorhombohedral",conchoidal,3+1⁄2,vitreous,3.20 - 3.22,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.558 nβ = 1.646 nγ = 1.640,δ = 0.082,,,,wlg[1],pedial (1) (same h-m symbol),p1,"a = 8.966å, b = 8.98å c = 6.73å; α = 102.72° β = 116.65°, γ = 60.06°; z=1",814.16 g/mol,perfect on pseudo {0001},,white,translucent,measured: 15°,,5.cc.05,about [103] repeated at 120 degrees,15.3.4.4,,weak,,,,,pyroelectric. triboluminescent.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| diamond,native minerals,c,cubic,"typically yellow, brown, or gray to colorless. less often blue, green, black, translucent white, pink, violet, orange, purple, and red.",octahedral,irregular/uneven,10 (defining mineral),adamantine,3.52±0.01,adamantine,isotropic,2.418 (at 500nm),none,none,,,dia[1],hexoctahedral (m3m) h-m symbol: (4/m 3 2/m),fd3m (no. 227),,12.01g/mol,111 (perfect in four directions),,colorless,transparent to subtransparent to translucent,,,1.cb.10a,"spinel law common (yielding ""macle"")",1.3.6.1,"3.5–3.53g/cm3 |
| 3500–3530kg/m3",0.044,,,,,,,,pressure dependent,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,interactive image,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| anorthoclase,feldspar,"(na,k)alsi3o8",triclinic,"colorless, also white, pale creamy yellow, red, green","short prismatic crystals; tabular, rhombic, flattened along [010]",uneven,6,vitreous to pearly on cleavage planes,2.57–2.60,,biaxial (−),nα = 1.519–1.529nβ = 1.524–1.534nγ = 1.527–1.536,δ = 0.008,,,,ano[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h–m symbol),c1,"a = 8.28, b = 12.97 c = 7.15[å]; α = 91.05° β = 116.26°, γ = 90.15°; z=4",,"perfect on [001], other partings",brittle,white,transparent,measured: 34°–60°,,9.fa.30,polysynthetic twinning produces a grid pattern on [100],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| jacinth,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| manganoan calcite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| stolzite,tungstate minerals,pbwo4,tetragonal,"reddish brown, brown, yellowish gray, smoky gray, straw-yellow, lemon-yellow; may be green, orange, red",crystals dipyramidal to tabular,conchoidal to uneven,2.5 - 3,"resinous, subadamantine",8.34,,uniaxial (-),nω = 2.270 nε = 2.180 - 2.190,δ = 0.090,,,,sz[1],dipyramidal (4/m) h-m symbol: (4/m),i41/a,"a = 5.461, c = 12.049[å]; z=4",,"imperfect on {001}, indistinct on {011}",brittle,white,translucent to transparent,,,7.ga.05,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| enstatite,inosilicate,mgsio3,orthorhombic,"white, grey, green, yellow or brown - colorless in thin section.","prismatic crystals, commonly lamellar, fibrous, or massive",uneven,5 to 6,"vitreous, pearly on cleavage",3.2–3.3,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.650–1.668; nβ = 1.652–1.673; nγ = 1.659–1.679,δ = 0.009–0.011,"pink to green pleochroism diagnostic for enstatite, pale green to pale orange perpendicular to pink-green axis",,,en[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pbca,"a = 18.23, b = 8.84 c = 5.19[å]; z=8",100.387g·mol−1,good/distinct on [210],brittle,gray,translucent to opaque,55–90°,,9.da.05,simple and lamellar on [100],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| polyhalite,sulfate mineral,k2ca2mg(so4)4·2h2o,triclinic,"colorless, white, gray; often salmon-pink to brick-red from included iron oxide","typically fibrous, foliated, massive; rarely as tabular crystals; pseudo-orthorhombic",conchoidal,3.5,vitreous to resinous,2.78,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.546 - 1.548 nβ = 1.558 - 1.562 nγ = 1.567,δ = 0.021,,,,plhl[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),f1,"a = 6.95å, b = 8.88å, c = 6.95å; α = 104.06°, β = 113.94°, γ = 101.15°; z=4",,perfect on {101}; parting on {010},brittle,white,transparent,measured: 60° to 62°,,7.cc.65,"characteristically polysynthetic on {010}, {100}",,,,"soluble in water, with precipitation of gypsum and perhaps syngenite",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| beryllium,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"1560k (1287°c, 2349°f) ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,/bəˈrɪliəm/ (bə-ril-ee-əm),white-gray metallic,9.0121831±0.00000059.0122±0.0001(abridged)[1],4,group2 (alkaline earth metals),period2, s-block,[he] 2s2,"2, 2",solid,"2742k (2469°c, 4476°f) ",1.85g/cm3,1.690g/cm3 ,"5205k, mpa (extrapolated)",12.2kj/mol ,292kj/mol ,16.443j/(mol·k) ,"0,[2] +1,[3] +2 (anamphoteric oxide)",paulingscale: 1.57 ,"1st:899.5kj/mol 2nd:1757.1kj/mol 3rd:14,848.7kj/mol (more) ",empirical: 112pm ,96±3pm ,153pm ,primordial, hexagonalclose-packed (hcp),"12,890m/s (atr.t.)[4] ",11.3μm/(m⋅k) (at25°c) ,200w/(m⋅k) ,36nω⋅m (at20°c) ,diamagnetic ,−9.0×10−6cm3/mol[5],287gpa ,132gpa ,130gpa ,0.032 ,5.5 ,1670mpa ,590–1320mpa ,7440-41-7 ,louis nicolas vauquelin (1798),friedrich wöhler & antoine bussy (1828),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| alunite,sulfate minerals,kal3(so4)2(oh)6,trigonal,"yellow, red, to reddish brown, colorless if pure; may be white, pale shades of gray","fibrous to columnar, porcelaneous, commonly granular to dense massive",conchoidal,3.5– 4,"vitreous, somewhat pearly on {0001} for crystals, earthy if massive",2.6– 2.9,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.572 nε = 1.592,δ = 0.020,,,,alu[1],hexagonal scalenohedral (3m) space group: (3 2/m),r3m,"a = 6.98, c = 17.32[å]; z=3",,"on {0001}, perfect",brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,7.bc.10,,,,,,,,,"strongly pyroelectric |
| radioactive 9.44% (k)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| andesine,"plagioclase, feldspar, tectosilicate","(ca,na)(al,si)4o8, where ca/(ca + na) is between 30–50%",triclinic,"white, gray, green, yellow, flesh-red","crystals rare, to 2 cm; commonly massive or granular",uneven to conchoidal,6 – 6.5,subvitreous to pearly,2.66 – 2.68,,biaxial (+/-),nα = 1.543 – 1.554 nβ = 1.547 – 1.559 nγ = 1.552 – 1.562,δ = 0.009,,,,,pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),p1,"a = 8.155å, b = 12.9å, c = 9.16å; α = 93.917°, β = 116.3333°, γ = 89.166°; z=8",,"perfect on {001}, good on {010}",brittle,white,transparent to translucent,measured: 76° to 83°,,,"common following albite, pericline, and carlsbad twin laws",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,requires optical/chemical analysis,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| clinohumite,nesosilicate,"(mg,fe)9(sio4)4(f,oh)2",monoclinic,"brownish to orange, yellow, red","granular, prismatic, twinned",subconchoidal to uneven,6,vitreous to resinous,3.17-3.35,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.623 - 1.702 nβ = 1.636 - 1.709 nγ = 1.651 - 1.728,+0.028,"x = golden yellow, yellow-brown, deep reddish yellow; y = pale yellow, yellow-orange, light yellow; z = pale yellow, yellow-orange, colorless",,,chu[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/c,"a = 13.71å, b = 4.75å, c = 10.29å; β = 100.83°; z=2",,poor on {100},,white,transparent to translucent,measured: 52° to 90°,,,"simple, lamellar common on {100}",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"titanoan; (mg,fe2+,ti)9 [(f,oh,o)2|(sio4)4] |
| [6][7]",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| plumbogummite,phosphate minerals,pbal3(po4)2(oh)5·h2o,trigonal,"blue, grey, greenish or yellow","crystals, rare, have a hexagonal outline",uneven or sub-conchoidal,4 to 5 [2][3] or 4.5 to 5[4][5],resinous or dull,4.014,,"uniaxial (+), segments of crystals may be biaxial[5]","no = 1.653[4] or 1.653 to 1.688[5] |
| ne = 1.675[4] or 1.675 to 1.704[5] |
| |
| no = 1.722 and ne = 1.742 for ga-rich plumbogummite[6]",,none[6],,,pbg[1],hexagonal scalenohedral (3m) h-m symbol: (3 2/m),r3m,,581.14 g/mol,none,brittle,white,translucent,,,8.bl.10,,42.7.3.5,,,soluble in hot acids,,,,"non-fluorescent, not radioactive",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| strontianite,carbonate minerals,srco3,orthorhombic,"colourless, white, gray, light yellow, green or brown; colourless in transmitted light","prismatic, acicular, pseudo hexagonal, columnar to fibrous, granular, massive",subconchoidal to uneven,3+1⁄2,,3.74 to 3.78 transparent versions are heavier than the other ones,,biaxial(-),"nα = 1.52, nβ = 1.66, nγ = 1.67",0.15,,almost always fluorescent,,str[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pmcn,"a = 5.1å, b = 8.4å c = 6.0å; z=4",147.63 g/mol,"{110} nearly perfect, {021} poor, {010} traces",brittle,white,transparent to translucent,"measured: 7°, calculated: 12° to 8°",,5.ab.15 (10 ed) 5/b.04-20 (8 ed),"very common, usually contact, rarely penetration, also repeated",14.01.03.03,,,soluble in dilute hcl,,,,,,"vitreous, resinous on breaks, greasy",,,,,,,,,,celestine srso4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| tsavorite,nesosilicate,ca3al2si3o12,cubic,light to deep green,,,7 – 7.5[1],,3.60–3.68[1],,single refractive,1.740[1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0.028[1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| californite,sorosilicate,"ca10(mg, fe)2al4(sio4)5(si2o7)2(oh,f)4",tetragonal,"yellow, green, brown; colorless to white, brown-black, light green, emerald green, violet, blue-green to blue, pink, purple, red, black, commonly zoned","short pyramidal to long prismatic crystals common, massive to columnar",sub conchoidal to irregular,6–7,vitreous to resinous,3.32–3.43,,uniaxial (−),nω = 1.703–1.752nε = 1.700–1.746,0.004–0.006,slight in colored varieties,,,ves[1],ditetragonal dipyramidal (4/mmm) h-m symbol: (4/m 2/m 2/m),p4/nnc,"a = 15.52å, c = 11.82å z=2",,poor on {110} and {100} very poor on {001},brittle,white,subtransparent to translucent,,,9.bg.35,fine twin domains observed,,,,vesuvianite is virtually insoluble in acids,,,,striated lengthwise,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| hibonite,oxide minerals,"(ca,ce)(al,ti,mg)12o19",hexagonal,brownish black to black; reddish brown in thin fragments; blue in meteorite occurrence,prismatic platy to steep pyramidal crystals,subconchoidal,7+1⁄2-8,vitreous,3.84,,uniaxial (-),"nω = 1.807(2), nε = 1.79(1)",,o = brownish gray; e = gray,,,hbn[1],dihexagonal dipyramidal (6/mmm)h-m symbol: (6/m 2/m 2/m),p63/mmc,"a = 5.56, c = 21.89[å]; z=2",,"{0001} good, {1010} parting",,reddish brown,semitransparent,,,4.cc.45,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| baryte,"sulfate mineral, barite group",baso4,orthorhombic,"colorless, white, light shades of blue, yellow, grey, brown","tabular parallel to base, fibrous, nodular to massive",irregular/uneven,3-3.5,"vitreous, pearly",4.3–5,,biaxial positive,nα = 1.634–1.637nβ = 1.636–1.638nγ = 1.646–1.648,0.012,,,,brt[1],dipyramidal (mmm)h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pnma,"a = 8.884(2)å,b = 5.457(3)å,c = 7.157(2)å; z=4",,"perfect cleavage parallel to base and prism faces: {001} perfect, {210} perfect, {010} imperfect",brittle,white,transparent to opaque,,"4, yellowish green barium flame",7.ad.35,,28.03.01.01,4.48 g/cm3[2],,low,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"white color, high specific gravity, characteristic cleavage and crystals",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| kunzite,inosilicate,"lithium aluminium silicate, lial(sio3)2",monoclinic,"highly variable: white, colorless, gray, pink, lilac, violet, yellow and green, may be bicolored; emerald green - hiddenite; lilac - kunzite; yellow - triphane","prismatic, generally flattened and elongated, striated parallel to {100}, commonly massive",uneven to subconchoidal,6.5–7,"vitreous, pearly on cleavage",3.03–3.23,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.648–1.661 nβ = 1.655–1.670 nγ = 1.662–1.679,δ = 0.014–0.018,"strong in kunzite: α-purple, γ-colorless; hiddenite: α-green, γ-colorless",,,spd[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/c,"a = 9.46å, b = 8.39å c = 5.22å β = 110.17°; z=4",,"perfect prismatic, two directions {110} ∧ {110} at 87°",brittle,white,,54° to 69°,3.5,,common on {100},,,,insoluble,,,,"tenebrescence, chatoyancy",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| scapolite,tectosilicates,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,scp[1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| peridot,silicate minerals,"(mg, fe)2sio4",orthorhombic,"yellow, to yellow-green, olive-green, to brownish, sometimes a lime green, to emerald-ish hue",,conchoidal,6.5–7,vitreous to oily,3.2–4.3,,,1.64–1.70,+0.036,"weak pale yellow-green to yellow, yellow to yellow orange",,,,,,,,"poor on {010} and {110}, {010} cleavage improves with increasing iron content",,colorless,translucent to transparent,,infusible avoid thermal shock,,"uncommon, simple twinning can occur on {100}, {011},{012}, cyclic twinning on {031}",,,,slow in hcl to form gelatinous silica,,,,,,,very high,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| chiolite,mineral,na5al3f14,tetragonal,"nearly colorless, snow white",,,2.5,"vitreous, pearly, greasy",2.998,,uniaxial (-),nω = 1.349 nε = 1.342,0.007,,,,cio[1],ditetragonal dipyramidal - 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m),p4/mnc,511.06 å³,461.8711070,perfect on {001} distinct on {011},,white,"transparent, translucent",,,03.ce.05,on {011},11.06.11.01,measured: 2.998 calculated: 2.989,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| prismatine,sorosilicate,"([ ],fe,mg)(mg,al,fe)5al4si2(si,al)2(b,si,al)(o,oh,f)22",orthorhombic,"yellow brown, green brown, brown green",,,,,3.34,,biaxial (-),,,,,,prm[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),cmcm,,,,,,,,,9.bj.50,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| afghanite,tectosilicates,"(na,k)22ca10[si24al24o96](so4)6cl6",trigonal,"light blue, dark blue","lath shaped crystals, rounded grains",conchoidal,51⁄2 - 6,vitreous,2.55 - 2.65,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.523 nε = 1.529,δ = 0.006,,,,afg[1],ditrigonal pyramidal (3m) h-m symbol: (3m),p31c[2],"a = 12.796, c = 21.409[å]; z=1",,perfect {1010},,white,transparent,,,9.fb.05,,,,,,,,, radioactive 2.28% (k),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| kimberlite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| granite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,felsic,"potassium feldspar, plagioclase feldspar, and quartz","differing amounts of muscovite, biotite, and hornblende-type amphiboles",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| dravite,cyclosilicate,"(ca,k,na, ▢)(al,fe,li,mg,mn)3(al,cr,fe,v)6(bo3)3(si,al,b)6o18(oh,f)4[1][2]",trigonal,"most commonly black, but can range from colorless to brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, pink, or hues in-between. it can also be bi-colored, or even tri-colored. rarely, it can be found as neon green or electric blue.","parallel and elongated; acicular prisms, sometimes radiating; massive; scattered grains (in granite)","uneven, small conchoidal",7.0–7.5,"vitreous, sometimes resinous",3.06+0.20−0.06[1],vitreous[1],"double-refractive, uniaxial negative[1]",nω = 1.635–1.675nε = 1.610–1.650,−0.018 to −0.040; typically about −0.020 but in dark stones it may reach −0.040[1]," |
| typically moderate to strong[1] |
| red: definite; dark red, light red |
| green: strong; dark green, yellow-green |
| brown: definite; dark brown, light brown |
| blue: strong; dark blue, light blue |
| ",pink stones; inert to very weak red to violet in long and short wave[1],"strong narrow band at 498nm, and almost complete absorption of red down to 640nm in blue and green stones; red and pink stones show lines at 458 and 451nm, as well as a broad band in the green spectrum[1]",tur[3],ditrigonal pyramidal (3m)h-m symbol: (3m),r3m (no. 160),,,indistinct,brittle,white,translucent to opaque,,,,,,2.82–3.32,0.017[1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| rubellite,tourmaline[1],,,"red, pink, pinkish, violet-red",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| chalcedony,"oxide minerals, quartz group","silica (silicon dioxide, sio2)",trigonal or monoclinic,various,,"uneven, splintery, conchoidal",6–7,"waxy, vitreous, dull, greasy, silky",2.59–2.61,,,,,,,,,,,,60 g/mol,absent,,white,translucent,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| trinitite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| eosphorite,phosphate mineral,mnal(po4)(oh)2·h2o,orthorhombic,"usually pale brown, golden brown, also medium brown to dark brown; occasionally pink, rose red","prismatic in radiating sprays or spheres, massive; twinned pseudo-orthorhombic",subconchoidal to uneven,5,"vitreous, resinous",3.06 – 3.08,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.628 - 1.639 nβ = 1.648 - 1.664 nγ = 1.657 - 1.671,δ = 0.029 - 0.032,visible: x = yellow; y = pink; z = pale pink to colorless,,,eos[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),cmca,"a = 10.455(1), b = 13.501(2) c = 6.928(1)[å]; β = 90°; z=8",,poor on {100},,white,transparent to translucent,measured: 50°,,8.dd.20,may be observed on {100} and {001},,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,oxidizes to brown or black,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| metal-coated crystal,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| epidosite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| aquamarine,beryl variety,be3al2si6o18,,,,conchoidal,7.5 to 8,,2.65-2.85,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,white[1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| crocidolite,silicate mineral,na2(fe2+3fe3+2)si8o22(oh)2,monoclinic,"black, dark blue; dark blue to yellow-green in thin section","as prismatic crystals, commonly fibrous, asbestiform; earthy, massive",conchoidal to uneven,6,vitreous to silky,3.28–3.44,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.680–1.698 nβ = 1.683–1.700 nγ = 1.685–1.706,δ = 0.005–0.008,"x = blue, indigo; y = yellowish green, yellow brown; z = dark blue",,,rbk[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/m,"a = 9.76å, b = 18.04å c = 5.33å; β = 103.59°; z=2",,"perfect on {110}, intersecting at 56° and 124°; partings on {100} and {010}",brittle,pale to bluish gray,semitransparent,"measured: 68° to 85°, calculated: 62° to 78°",,,simple or multiple twinning parallel to {100},,,strong,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| larimar,inosilicate mineral,naca2si3o8(oh),triclinic,"shades of blue, blue-green","tabular to acicular, radiating fibrous, spheroidal, or columnar; massive",uneven,4.5 - 5,"silky, subvitreous",2.84 - 2.90,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.594 - 1.610 nβ = 1.603 - 1.614 nγ = 1.631 - 1.642,δ = 0.037,,,,,pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),p1,"a = 7.99å, b = 7.03å, c = 7.03å; α = 90.51°, β = 95.21°, γ = 102.53°; z=2",,perfect on {100} and {001},brittle; tough when compact,,translucent to opaque,"measured: 50° to 63°, calculated: 42° to 60°",,,"twin axis [010] with composition plane [100], common",,,r > v weak to very strong,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| ceylonite,oxide minerals spinel group spinel structural group,"(mg,fe)al2o4",isometric,"various; red to blue to mauve, dark green, brown, black","cubic, octahedral","conchoidal, uneven",7.5–8.0,vitreous,3.6–3.9,,isotropic,1.770-1.780,,absent,,,,,,,,indistinct,,white,transparent to translucent,,,,,,,,none,,,,"nonmagnetic, non-radioactive, sometimes fluorescent (red)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| clinochlore,phyllosilicates,"(mg,fe)3(si,al)4o10(oh)2·(mg,fe)3(oh)6",monoclinic 2/m; with some triclinic polymorphs.,"various shades of green; rarely yellow, red, or white.","foliated masses, scaley aggregates, disseminated flakes.",lamellar,2–2.5,"vitreous, pearly, dull",2.6–3.3,,,1.57–1.67,,,,,chl[1],,,,,perfect 001,,pale green to grey,,,,,,,,,,,,,folia flexible – not elastic,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| padparadscha,oxide mineral,"aluminium oxide, al2o3",trigonal,"typically blue, but varies","as crystals, massive and granular","conchoidal, splintery",9.0,vitreous,3.98–4.06,,abbe number 72.2,"nω = 1.768–1.772 nε = 1.760–1.763, birefringence 0.008",,strong,,,,hexagonal scalenohedral (3m) h-m symbol: (32/m),r3c,,,poor,,colorless,transparent to nearly opaque,,infusible,,both growth twins (in various orientations) and polysynthetic glide twinning on the rhombohedron [1011,,,,insoluble,,,,"coefficient of thermal expansion (5.0–6.6)×10−6/k[citation needed] |
| relative permittivity at 20 °c ε = 8.9–11.1 (anisotropic)[1]",,,"2,030–2,050 °c",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| hambergite,borate mineral,be2bo3oh,orthorhombic,"colorless, pale gray, pale yellow",prismatic crystals,,7.5,vitreous,2.347–2.372,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.554 - 1.560 nβ = 1.587 - 1.591 nγ = 1.628 - 1.631,δ = 0.074,colorless,,,hb[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pbca,"a = 9.76, b = 12.20 c = 4.43[å]; z=8",,"perfect on {010}, good on {100}",brittle,white,transparent to translucent,87°,,6.ab.05,on {110},,,,soluble in hf (hydrogen fluoride),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| yttrium iron garnet,synthetic mineral,y3fe2(feo4)3 or y3fe5o12,,green[1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,737.94[1],,,,,,,,,,5.11 g/cm3[1],,,,,,ferrimagnetic material,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| chiastolite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| fire agate,oxide mineral,"silica (silicon dioxide, sio2)","trigonal, monoclinic",blue to yellow to red,,"uneven, splintery, conchoidal",6 - 7,"waxy, vitreous, dull, greasy, silky",2.59 - 2.61,,,,,,,,,,,,60 g / mol,absent,,,translucent,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| euxenite,oxide minerals,"(y,ca,ce,u,th)(nb,ta,ti)2o6",orthorhombic,"black, brownish black,greenish black","massive, anhedral crystals in matrix",conchoidal to subconchoidal,5.5 to 6.5,"brilliant submetallic, waxy to resinous on fractures",4.7 to 5,,isotropic,n = 2.06 - 2.24,,,,,eux[1],,pcmn (no. 62),,,none,,"yellowish, grayish, or reddish brown","opaque, translucent on thin edges",,,4.dg.05,common on [201],,,,,,,,"metamict - originally crystalline, now amorphous due to radiation damage. radioactive",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| sperrylite,arsenide mineral pyrite group,ptas2,isometric,tin white,"well-formed finely crystalline, massive to reniform",conchoidal,6 - 7,metallic,10.58,,,,,,,,spy[1],diploidal (m3) h-m symbol: (2/m 3),pa3,"a = 5.967å, z=4",,indistinct on {001},brittle,black,,,,2.eb.05a,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| triplite,phosphate minerals,"(mn,fe)2(po4)(f,oh)",monoclinic,"chestnut to reddish brown, flesh-red, salmon-pink","prismatic, massive to nodular",uneven to subconchoidal,5 to 5.5,vitreous to resinous,3.5 - 3.9,,biaxial (+),"nα=1.643–1.684, nβ=1.647–1.693, nγ=1.668–1.703",,distinct; yellow-brown to reddish brown,,,trl[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),i2/a (no. 15),"a = 11.97å, b = 6.52å c = 10.09å; β = 105.62°; z=8",,"good on {001}, fair on {010}, poor on {100}",,white to brown,translucent to opaque,25 - 76°,,8.bb.10,,,,"r > v, moderate to strong",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,alters to brownish black,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| mellite,organic minerals,al2[c6(coo)6]·16h2o,tetragonal,"honey-yellow, deep red, pale shades of red, brown, gray, white;","elongated bipyramidal prismatic; as nodules and coatings, fine-grained massive",conchoidal,2-2+1⁄2,"vitreous, resinous, greasy",1.64,,uniaxial (-) may be anomalously biaxial,nω = 1.539 nε = 1.511,δ = 0.028,weak; o = yellowish brown; e = yellow,pale yellow to blue (lw & sw uv),,mel[1],ditetragonal dipyramidal (4/mmm) h-m symbol: (4/m 2/m 2/m),i41/acd,"a = 15.53å, c = 23.19å; z=8",,poor/indistinct on {023},slightly sectile,white,transparent to translucent,,,10.ac.05,,,,,,,,,pyroelectric,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| topazolite,garnet group,ca3fe2(sio4)3,cubic,"yellow, greenish yellow to emerald-green, dark green; brown, brownish red, brownish yellow; grayish black, black; may be sectored","commonly well-crystallized dodecahedra, trapezohedra, or combinations, also granular to massive",conchoidal to uneven,6.5 to 7,"adamantine to resinous, dull",3.859 calculated; 3.8–3.9 measured,,"isotropic, typically weakly anisotropic",n = 1.887,,,,"demantoid – 440nm band or complete absorption at 440nm and below, may also have lines at 618, 634, 685, 690nm [2]",adr[1],hexoctahedral (m3m) h-m symbol: (4/m 3 2/m),ia3d,a = 12.056å; z=8,,none,brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.ad.25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,transparent light to dark green to yellow-green,opaque black,"transparent to translucent yellow, may show chatoyancy",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| actinolite,inosilicates,ca2(mg4.5-2.5fe2+0.5-2.5) si8o22(oh)2,monoclinic,"pale to dark green, yellowish green, blue and black. white or grey when in asbestos","bladed, fibrous, radial",uneven,5–6,vitreous to dull,"3.00 (+0.10, -0.05)",vitreous,biaxial (-),nα = 1.613–1.628 nβ = 1.627–1.644 nγ = 1.638–1.655,0.0250-0.0270,"moderate, yellow to dark green (in stones that are transparent)",inert,faint line at 503 nm,act[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/m,,,perfect along {110}.,,white,translucent to transparent,"78–82° (calc), 84–73° (meas)",,9.de.10,simple or lamellar,,,r < v,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| tektites,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| jet,mineraloid,"variable, but rich in carbon",,"black, occasionally brown",,conchoidal,2.5–4.0,,1.3–1.4,,isotropic,1.640–1.680,,,none,,,,,,,none,brittle,brown,,,,,,,,none; opaque,,,,,,,,,"iron, sulfur",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| canasite,mineral,k3na3ca5si12o30(oh)4,monoclinic,"brownish yellow, green yellow, light green",,splintery,5 - 6,vitreous,2.707,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.534 nβ = 1.538 nγ = 1.543,0.009,none,,,cns[1],monoclinic-prismatic,,"1,596.05",,"perfect 1 direction, good 1 direction",,"white, clear","transparent, translucent",measured 58° calculated 84°,easily fusible to a transparent glass,09.dg.80,polysynthetic,78.05.04.01,2.707,weak r > v,readily decomposed by acids,,,, radioactive 1.12% (k),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,k3na3ca5si12o30f4 · h2o,"k3na3ca5(si12o30)[f,(oh)]4·(h2o)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| moonstone,orthoclase variety,"(na,k)alsi3o8",,"can be numerous colors, including blue, grey, white, pink, peach, green and brown, as well as colorless",,uneven to conchoidal,6.0,opalescent,2.61,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,white,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| tinaksite,silicate mineral,"k2na(ca,mn2+)2tio[si7o18(oh)]",triclinic,"pink, pale yellow, light brown","fibrous, crystalline or prismatic, crystalline, or radial, crystalline",,6,vitreous to glassy,2.82,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.593 nβ = 1.621 nγ = 1.666,δ = 0.073,,,,tnk[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),p1,,,"perfect in one direction, indistinct in one direction",,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.dg.75,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| millerite,sulfide mineral,nis,trigonal,,typically acicular (needle-like) often in radial sprays - also massive,uneven,3 - 3.5,metallic,5.3 - 5.5,,,,,,,,mlr[1],ditrigonal pyramidal (3m) (same h-m symbol),r3m,"a = 9.607å, c = 3.143å; z=9",,perfect on {1011} and {0112} - obscured by typical form,brittle; capillary crystals elastic,greenish black,opaque,,,2.cc.20,,,,,,,,,brittle and becomes magnetic on heating,"pale brass-yellow to bronze-yellow, tarnishes to iridescence",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| boleite,halide mineral,kpb26ag9cu24(oh)48cl62,isometric,deep prussian blue to indigo,cubic crystals,uneven,3.0 – 3.5,vitreous to pearly,5.054,,isotropic,n = 2.05,,,,,bol[1],hexoctahedral (m3m) h-m symbol: (4/m 3 2/m),pm3m,a = 15.29å; z=1,,[001] perfect,,greenish blue,translucent,,,3.db.15,,,,,,,,, radioactive 0.36% (k),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| lamproite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| pagodite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| dioptase,cyclosilicates,cu6si6o18·6h2o,trigonal,"dark teal, emerald green",six sided prisms terminated by rhombohedrons to massive,conchoidal,5,vitreous,3.28–3.35,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.652 - 1.658 nε = 1.704 - 1.710,δ = 0.052,,,,dpt[1],rhombohedral (3) h-m symbol: (3),r3 (no. 148),"a = 14.566, c = 7.778[å]; z=18",,perfect in three directions,brittle,green,transparent to translucent,,,9.cj.30,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| jadeite,pyroxene group,"naalsi2o6 or na(al,fe3+)si2o6",monoclinic,"apple-green, emerald-green, bluish green, leek-green, purplish blue, greenish white, white, black, may show green spots, rarely blue or violet; colorless in thin section. often also banded.","commonly massive, or fibrous, granular; prismatic crystals rare",splintery,6.5 - 7,"subvitreous, pearly on cleavages",3.24 to 3.43,vitreous to greasy[2],biaxial (+),nα = 1.654 - 1.673 nβ = 1.659 - 1.679 nγ = 1.667 - 1.693,δ = 0.013 - 0.020,,"dark colors are generally inert. light green – inert to weak white in long wave, generally inert in short wave; light yellow – inert to weak green in long wave, generally inert in short wave; white – inert to weak in long wave, generally inert in short wave; light purple – inert to weak white or weak brownish red in long wave, generally inert in short wave; some dyed lavender colors – moderate to strong orange in long wave, weaker in short wave[2]",,jd[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/c,,,good on [110],,white,translucent,,,9.da.25,single and lamellar twinning on [100] and [001],,,r > v; moderate to strong.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| shigaite,sulfate mineral,naal3(mn2+)6(so4)2(oh)18·12h2o[1],trigonal,"yellow, burnt orange, brown, black[5]",,,2[5],vitreous to dull[3],2.32[4],,uniaxial (-)[3],n = 1.546[4],,distinct; o = yellow; e = very pale yellow[5],non-fluorescent[4],,sga[2],rhombohedral (3) h-m symbol: (3)[3],r3[4],"a = 9.51å, c = 32.83å,[3] z=3[5]",,perfect on {0001}[5],moderately flexible[5],very pale yellow to white[5],transparent[3],,,7.dd.35[3],on {0001}[5],31.1.2.1[3],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| carnallite,halide mineral,kcl.mgcl2·6(h2o),orthorhombic,"blue, colorless, yellow, white, red",fibrous,conchoidal,2.5,greasy,1.6,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.467 nβ = 1.476 nγ = 1.494,0.0270,,,,cna[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pnna,,277.85 g/mol,none,,white,transparent to translucent,70,,3.ba.10,"by pressure, polysynthetic twin lamellae can be developed",,1.598 g/cm3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| emerald,beryl variety,be3al2(sio3)6,hexagonal (6/m 2/m 2/m) space group: p6/mсc,bluish green to green,massive to well crystalline,conchoidal,7.5–8,vitreous,average 2.76,,uniaxial (−),"nω = 1.564–1.595, nε = 1.568–1.602",δ = 0.0040–0.0070,,"none (some fracture-filling materials used to improve emerald's clarity do fluoresce, but the stone itself does not)",,,,(6/m 2/m 2/m) – dihexagonal dipyramidal,"a = 9.21 å, c = 9.19 å; z = 2",537.50,imperfect on the [0001],,white,transparent to opaque,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| bone,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,d001842,a02.0.00.000,"366, 377",h3.01.00.0.00001 ,5018,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| bowenite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| spessartine,nesosilicate garnet group,mn2+3al2(sio4)3,isometric,yellow through red,massive to crystalline,sub-conchoidal,6.5 – 7.5,vitreous,"4.19 calculated, 4.12 – 4.32 measured",,"isotropic, often anomalous double refractive",1.800,none,,,"bands at 410, 420, 430nm (or merging to form cutoff below 430nm; also bands at 460, 480, 520nm. possible weak bands at 504 or 573nm[2]",sps[1],hexoctahedral (m3m) h-m symbol: (4/m 3 2/m),ia3d,a = 11.63å; z=8,,none,brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.ad.25,,,,weak,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| oligoclase,"plagioclase, feldspar, tectosilicate","(ca,na)(al,si)4o8, where ca/(ca + na) (% anorthite) is between 10%–30%",triclinic,"usually white, with shades of grey, green, or red.[1]",,"uneven, sub-conchoidal",6 to 6.5,vitreous,2.64 to 2.66,,,nα=1.533–1.543; nβ=1.537–1.548; nγ=1.542–1.552,1st order,,,,,pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),,,,"perfect {001}, good {010} , poor {110}.",,white,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| chabazite,tectosilicate,"(ca,k2,na2)2[al2si4o12]2•12h2o",trigonal,"colorless, white, yellow, pink, red",,irregular/uneven,4-5,vitreous,2.05 - 2.2,,,,,,,,cbz[1],hexagonal scalenohedral 3m h-m symbol: (3 2/m),r3m,,,distinct/good on {1011},,white,"transparent, translucent",,,9.gd.10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| breithauptite,antimonide mineral,nickel antimonide (nisb),hexagonal,"pale copper-red, may be with violet tint","crystals rare, thin tabular or needlelike, to 1 mm; arborescent, disseminated, massive",subconchoidal to uneven,5.5,metallic,7.591–8.23 measured; 8.629 calculated,,,,,very distinct,,,bhp[1],dihexagonal dipyramidal (6/mmm) h-m symbol: (6/m 2/m 2/m),p63/mmc,"a = 3.946å, c = 5.148å, z=2",,none,brittle,reddish brown,opaque,,,2.cc.05,twin plane {1011},,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| nacre,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| tephroite,silicate mineral,mn2sio4,orthorhombic,"olive-green, bluish green, gray, °esh-red, reddish brown; pale green in thin section, may be colorless","crystals typically short, prismatic, to 4 cm, or anhedral, equidimensional. commonly in disseminated grains, compact, or massive.",uneven to conchoidal,6,vitreous to greasy,3.87 – 4.12,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.759 nβ = 1.797 nγ = 1.860,δ = 0.101,weak; x = brownish red; y = reddish; z = greenish blue.,,,tep[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pnma (no. 62),"a = 4.88(2)å, b = 10.61(2)å c = 6.24(2)å; z=4",,"{010}, distinct; {001}, imperfect",brittle,pale gray,transparent to translucent,"measured: 60° to 70°, calculated: 78°",,,uncommon on {011},,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| vivianite,phosphate mineral vivianite group,fe2+fe2+2(po4)2·8h2o,monoclinic,"colorless, very pale green, becoming dark blue, dark greenish blue, indigo-blue, then black with oxidation","flattened, elongated prismatic crystals, may be rounded or corroded; as stellate groups, incrustations, concretionary, earthy or powdery",fibrous,1.5-2,"vitreous, pearly on the cleavage, dull when earthy",2.68,,biaxial (+); moderate relief,"nα = 1.579–1.616, nβ = 1.602–1.656, nγ = 1.629–1.675[2]",δ = 0.050–0.059,"visible; x = blue, deep blue, indigo-blue; y = pale yellowish green, pale bluish green, yellow-green; z = pale yellowish green, olive-yellow",not fluorescent,,viv[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/m,"a = 10.086å, b = 13.441å c = 4.703å; β = 104.27°; z=2",501.61 g/mol,perfect on {010},"flexible, sectile","white, altering to dark blue, brown",transparent to translucent,"measured: 63° to 83.5°, calculated: 78° to 88°",,8.ce.40 (10 ed)7/c.13-40 (8 ed),translation gliding,40.3.6.1,,"r < v, weak",easily soluble in acids,,,,,,,"1,114°c (2,037°f)",,,,,,,,,metavivianite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| siilinjärvi carbonatite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| sodalite,tectosilicates without zeolitic h2o,na8(al6si6o24)cl2,cubic,"rich royal blue, green, yellow, violet, white veining common",massive; rarely as dodecahedra,conchoidal to uneven,5.5-6,dull vitreous to greasy,2.27-2.33,,isotropic,n = 1.483 - 1.487,,,"bright red-orange cathodoluminescence and fluorescence under lw and sw uv, with yellowish phosphorescence; may be photochromic in magentas",,sdl[1],hextetrahedral (43m) h-m symbol: (4 3m),p43n,a = 8.876(6)å; z=1,,poor on {110},brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,easily to a colourless glass; sodium yellow flame,9.fb.10,common on {111} forming pseudohexagonal prisms,,,,soluble in hydrochloric acid and nitric acid,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,tenebrescent; violet-red or green fading to white,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| bastnaesite,carbonate mineral,"(la, ce, y)co3f",hexagonal,"honey-yellow, reddish brown","tabular to equant striated crystals, deep grooves may resemble thin plates stack, oriented overgrowths, also granular, massive",uneven,4–5,"vitreous, greasy, pearly on basal partings",4.95–5.0,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.717–1.722 nε = 1.818–1.823,δ = 0.101 max.,"faint, e > o, colorless to pale yellow or orange",,,bsn[1],ditrigonal dipyramidal (6m2) h-m symbol: (6 m2),p62c,"a = 7.118(1)å, c = 9.762(1)å; z=6 (bastnäsite-(ce))",,"imperfect to indistinct on {1010}, parting on {0001}",brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,5.bd.20a,"dauphine law, brazil law and japan law",,,,,,,,"strongly piezoelectric; dark red cathodoluminescence, radioactive if uranium and/or thorium-rich",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| painite,borate minerals,cazral9o15(bo3),hexagonal[2],"red, brownish, orange-red","elongated crystals, pseudo-orthorhombic[4][3]",,7.5 - 8,vitreous,4.01,,uniaxial (-),"no = 1.8159, ne = 1.7875[4]",,"ruby-red parallel to [0001]; pale brownish orange or pale |
| red-orange at right angles to [0001]",,,pai[1],"dipyramidal (6/m) (same h-m symbol), although earlier reported as hexagonal (6)[3]",p63/m,"a = 8.72å, c = 8.46å; z=2",,,,red,transparent,,,6.ab.85,,7.5.2.1,,,insoluble in acids[4],,,,,,,2094[ambiguous][citation needed],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| talc,silicate mineral,mg3si4o10(oh)2,monoclinic or triclinic[2],"light to dark green, brown, white, grey, colorless","foliated to fibrous masses, rare as platey to pyramidal crystals","flat surfaces (not cleavage), fracture in an uneven pattern",1 (defining mineral),waxlike or pearly,2.58 to 2.83,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.538 – 1.550nβ = 1.589 – 1.594nγ = 1.589 – 1.600,δ = 0.051,weak in dark varieties,"short uv=orange yellow, long uv=yellow",,tlc[1],either prismatic (2m) or pinacoidal (1)[3],c2/c or c1,"a = 5.291å, b = 9.173åc = 5.290å; α = 98.68°β = 119.90°, γ = 90.09°; z=2 ora = 5.287å, b = 9.158åc = 18.95[å], β = 99.3°; z=4[3]",,perfect on {001} basal cleavage,sectile,white jot to pearl black,translucent,,,9.ec.05,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| friedelite,mineral,,,,,,4 - 5,,,,,,,,,,fdl[1],,,,,,,white,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| brazilianite,phosphate minerals,naal3(po4)2(oh)4sodium aluminium phosphate hydroxide,monoclinic,"yellow, green, colorless","prismatic crystals, may be radially-fibrous or globular druses",conchoidal,5.5,vitreous,2.98,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.602 nβ = 1.609 nγ = 1.621 - 1.623,δ = 0.019 - 0.021,,,,bzl[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/n,"a = 11.229å, b = 10.142å, c = 7.098å; β = 97.4°; z=4",,(010) distinct to good,,white,transparent to translucent,,,8.bk.05,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| obsidian,volcanic glass,,,"usually black; sometimes green or brown; rarely yellow, orange, red or blue[1]",,conchoidal,5–6[2],vitreous,c. 2.4[3],,translucent,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,texture: smooth; glassy,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| wavellite,phosphate minerals,"al3(po4)2(oh,f)3·5h2o",orthorhombic,"green to yellowish-green and greenish blue and blue. and yellow, brown, white and colorless","spherical, radial aggregates; striated prisms; crusty to stalactitic",uneven to subconchoidal,3.5 - 4,"vitreous to resinous, pearly",2.36,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.518 - 1.535 nβ = 1.524 - 1.543 nγ = 1.544 - 1.561,δ = 0.026,weak; x = greenish; z = yellowish,,,wav[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pcmn,"a = 9.621å b = 17.363å, c = 6.994å; z=4",,"[110] perfect, [101] good, [010] distinct",,white,translucent,measured: 60° to 72°,"infusable, swells and splits on heating",8.dc.50,,,,,insoluble,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| hackmanite,tectosilicates without zeolitic h2o,na8(al6si6o24)cl2,cubic,"rich royal blue, green, yellow, violet, white veining common",massive; rarely as dodecahedra,conchoidal to uneven,5.5-6,dull vitreous to greasy,2.27-2.33,,isotropic,n = 1.483 - 1.487,,,"bright red-orange cathodoluminescence and fluorescence under lw and sw uv, with yellowish phosphorescence; may be photochromic in magentas",,sdl[1],hextetrahedral (43m) h-m symbol: (4 3m),p43n,a = 8.876(6)å; z=1,,poor on {110},brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,easily to a colourless glass; sodium yellow flame,9.fb.10,common on {111} forming pseudohexagonal prisms,,,,soluble in hydrochloric acid and nitric acid,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,tenebrescent; violet-red or green fading to white,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| phenakite,nesosilicate,be2sio4,trigonal,"colorless, yellow, pink, brown","tabular, prismatic to acicular crystals often as columnar aggregates, as spherulites and granular",conchoidal,7.5 – 8,vitreous,2.93 – 3.00,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.650 - 1.656 nε = 1.667 - 1.670,δ = 0.017,,,,phk[1],rhombohedral (3) h-m symbol: (3),r3,"a = 12.438å, c = 8.231å; z=18",,"distinct on {1120}, imperfect on {1011}",brittle,,transparent to translucent,,,9.aa.05,penetration twins around {0001},,,,,,,,bright blue cathodoluminescence,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| moldavite,glass,sio2(+al2o3),amorphous,olive green,,,5.5[1] to 7[2],vitreous,2.32 to 2.38,,isotropic,1.48 to 1.54,none,absent,,,,,,,,,,,"opaque, translucent, transparent",,,,,,,none,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| cacholong,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| sapphirine,silicate mineral,"(mg,al)8(al,si)6o20",2m polytype: monoclinic 1a polytype: triclinic,,"anhedral, granular, tabular",subconchoidal to uneven,7.5,,3.40–3.58,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.701 - 1.729 nβ = 1.703 - 1.732 nγ = 1.705 - 1.734,δ = 0.004 - 0.005,"x = colorless, pale reddish, yellowish green, pale yellow; y = sky-blue, lavender-blue, bluish green; z = blue, sapphire-blue, dark blue",,,spr[1],2m polytype: prismatic (2/m) 1a polytype: pinacoidal (1),"1a polytype: p1 other polytypes: 3a, 5a, 2m, 4m","a = 11.27å, b = 14.4å c = 9.93å; β = 125.5°; z=4",,"poor to indistinct on {100}, {001}, and {010}",,white,transparent to translucent,measured: 47 to 114°,,9.dh.45,uncommon on {001},,,,,,,,,"light to dark blue or green, white, gray, pale red, yellow",vitreous,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| rhodonite,inosilicate,"(mn2+, fe2+, mg, ca)sio3",triclinic,"pink, rose-pink to brownish red, red, gray and yellow","tabular crystals, massive, granular",conchoidal to uneven,5.5–6.5,vitreous to pearly,3.57–3.76,,biaxial (+),"nα = 1.711–1.738, nβ = 1.714–1.741, nγ = 1.724–1.751",δ = 0.013,weak,,,rdn[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h–m symbol),p1,"a = 9.758 å, b = 10.499 å, c = 12.205 å; α = 108.58°, β = 102.92°, γ = 82.52°; z = 20",,"perfect on {110} and {110}, (110) ^ (110) = 92.5°; good on {001}",,white,transparent to translucent,"58° to 73° (measured), 58° (calculated)",,9.dk.05,"lamellar, composition plane {010}",65.04.01.01,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,exterior commonly black from manganese oxides,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| creedite,halide mineral,"ca3al2(so4)(f,oh)10•2(h2o)",monoclinic,"colorless, white, violet, orange","generally appears as anhedral to subhedral in matrix; bladelike prismatic and radial, drusy to granular aggregates",conchoidal,3.5 - 4,vitreous,2.71,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.461 nβ = 1.478 nγ = 1.485,δ = 0.024,,,,cee[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/c,"a = 13.91å, b = 8.58å, c = 10å; β = 94.4°; z=4",,perfect on {100},brittle,white,transparent to translucent,65°,,3.cg.15,,,,r > v strong,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| bustamite,inosilicate,camn2+si2o6[1],triclinic,light pink to brownish red pink color fades on exposure to sunlight,"usually tabular or equant to prismatic; commonly massive, often compact and fibrous",,5.5 to 6.5,vitreous,3.32 to 3.43 (observed) 3.40 (calculated),,"biaxial (-), 2v=34° to 60°","nα = 1.640 - 1.695, nβ = 1.651 - 1.708, nγ = 1.653 - 1.710[3]",δ = 0.013 - 0.015 dispersion r < v weak to strong,"weak, x and z orange, y rose",,,bst[2],pinacoidal 1 (same h-m symbol),i1,,,{100} perfect; {110} and {110} good; {010} poor,,white,translucent to transparent,,,9.dg.05 (10 ed) 8/f.18.40 (8 ed),rare. simple twins with (110) as the composition plane,65.2.1.2,,,partly soluble in hcl.[3],,,,lattice: a b1specimens from the franklin mine are fluorescent red in longwave ultraviolet light.[4] not radioactive,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| pyromorphite,phosphate mineral apatite group,pb5(po4)3cl,hexagonal,"dark green to grass-green or green, yellow, yellow-orange, reddish orange, yellow-brown, greenish-yellow or yellowish-green, shades of brown, tan, grayish, white and may be colorless; colourless or faintly tinted in transmitted light.","prismatic to acicular crystals, globular to reniform",uneven to sub-conchoidal,3.5-4,resinous to subadamantine,"7.04 measured, 7.14 calculated",,uniaxial (-) may be anomalously biaxial -,nω = 2.058 nε = 2.048,δ = 0.010,weak,may fluoresce yellow to orange under lw and sw uv,,pym[1],dipyramidal (6/m) (same h-m symbol),p63/m,,,imperfect- [1011],brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,8.bn.05,rarely on {1122},,,,,,,,piezoelectric if biaxial,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| ametrine,silicate mineral,"silica (silicon dioxide, sio2)",hexagonal,"purple , yellow",6-sided prism ending in 6-sided pyramid (typical),conchoidal,7,,2.65,,unixal (+),nω = 1.543–1.553 nε = 1.552–1.554,+0.009,amethyst section shows weak to moderate purple/reddish purple citrine section shows very weak yellow/orange [1],,,,,,,60.08 g/mol,none,,white,transparent to translucent,,,,dauphine law and brazil law,,,,insoluble in common solvents,,,,,,vitreous,1650±75°c,iron,,,,,,,distinct segments that are purple and yellow,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| proustite,sulfosalt minerals,ag3ass3,trigonal,scarlet-vermilion,"crystals prismatic and scalenohedral, massive, compact",conchoidal to uneven,2 – 2.5,adamantine,"5.57 measured, 5.625 calculated",,uniaxial (-),nω = 3.087 - 3.088 nε = 2.792,δ = 0.295 - 0.296,moderate; cochineal-red to blood-red,,,prs[1],hexagonal scalenohedral (3m) h-m symbol: (3 2/m),r3c,"a = 10.79å, c = 8.69å; z=6",,distinct on {1011},brittle,vermilion,"translucent, darkens when exposed to light",,,2.ga.05 neso-sulfarsenites,common,03.04.01.01 proustite group,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| iolite,cyclosilicate,"(mg,fe)2al4si5o18",orthorhombic,"blue, smoky blue, bluish violet; greenish, yellowish brown, gray; colorless to very pale blue in thin section in transmitted light","pseudo-hexagonal prismatic twins, as imbedded grains, and massive",subconchoidal,7 - 7.5,greasy or vitreous,2.57 - 2.66,,"usually optically (-), sometimes (+); 2v = 0-90°",nα = 1.527 - 1.560 nβ = 1.532 - 1.574 nγ = 1.538 - 1.578 indices increase with fe content.,,"x = pale yellow, green; y = violet, blue-violet; z = pale blue",,,crd[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),cccm,"a = 17.079å, b = 9.730å, c = 9.356å; z=4",,"fair on {100}, poor on {001} and {010}",brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,on thin edges,9.cj.10,"common on {110}, {130}, simple, lamellar, cyclical",61.02.01.01 cordierite group,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"resembles quartz, can be distinguished by pleochroism. can be distinguished from corundum by its lower hardness",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| väyrynenite,phosphate mineral,"mnbe(po4)(oh,f)",monoclinic,"light pink to rose-red, salmon pink, pale gray, brown",rare as elongated and striated prismatic crystals; fine-grained aggregates,uneven,5,vitreous,3.22,,biaxial (–),nα = 1.638 - 1.640 nβ = 1.658 - 1.662 nγ = 1.664 - 1.667,δ = 0.026 - 0.027,"visible x= orangish, y= red, z= dark red",,,väy[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/a,"a = 5.411(5)å, b = 14.49(2)å, c = 4.73å; β = 102.75°; z=4",,"perfect on {010}, good on {100}, fair on {001}",brittle,white,transparent to translucent,46°–55°,,8.ba.05,,,,r > v moderate,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| verd antique,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| bytownite,plagioclase feldspar,"(ca,na)[al(al,si)si2o8]",triclinic,"colorless, white, gray","rarely as crystals flattened on [010], commonly as cleavable masses or anhedral grains in massive aggregates",uneven to conchoidal,6 – 6.5,"vitreous, pearly on cleavages",2.72 – 2.74,,biaxial (+/-),nα = 1.563 - 1.572 nβ = 1.568 - 1.578 nγ = 1.573 - 1.583,δ = 0.010 - 0.011,,,,,pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),,"a = 8.178å, b = 12.870å, c = 14.187å; α = 93:5°, β = 115:9°, γ = 90:63°; z=8",,"perfect on [001], good on [010], imperfect on [110]",brittle,white,transparent to translucent,"measured: 86°, calculated: 80° to 88°",,9.fa.35,"common albite, carlsbad, and pericline twinning",76.01.03.05,,r > v strong,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| alexandrite,oxide minerals,beal2o4,orthorhombic,"various shades of green, emerald-green yellow, blue, brownish to greenish black, may be raspberry-red under incandescent light when chromian; colorless, pale shades of yellow, green, or red in transmitted light","crystals tabular or short prismatic, prominently striated",conchoidal to uneven,8.5,vitreous,3.5–3.84,,biaxial (+),nα=1.745 nβ=1.748 nγ=1.754,,x = red; y = yellow-orange; z = emerald-green,,,cbrl[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pbnm,"a = 5.481å, b = 9.415å, c = 4.428å; z=4",,"distinct on {110}, imperfect on {010}, poor on {001}",brittle,white,,measured: 70°,,4.ba.05,"contact and penetration twins common, often repeated forming rosette structures",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,color change; green to red,chatoyant,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| kainite,sulfate minerals,kmg(so4)cl·3h2o,monoclinic,"colorless; yellow, brownish, greyish-green, red, violet, blue","crystal aggregates, fibrous, massive",splintery,2.5-3,vitreous,2.15,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.494 nβ = 1.505 nγ = 1.516,δ = 0.022,"visible: x = violet, y = blue, z = yellowish",,,,prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/m,"a = 19.72, b = 16.23 c = 9.53[å]; β = 94.92°; z=16",,"{001}, perfect",brittle,white,transparent,measured: 90°,,7.df.10,,,,weak,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| copal,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| calcite,carbonate mineral,caco3,trigonal,typically colorless or creamy white - may have shades of brownish colors,"botryoidal, concretionary, druse, globular, granular, massive, rhombohedral, scalenohedral, stalactitic",conchoidal,3 (defining mineral),vitreous to pearly on cleavage surfaces,2.71,,uniaxial (−); low relief,nω = 1.640–1.660 nε = 1.486,δ = 0.154–0.174,,,,,hexagonal scalenohedral (3m) h-m symbol: (3 2/m),r3c,"a = 4.9896(2)å, c = 17.0610(11)å; z=6",,perfect on {1011} three directions with angle of 74° 55'[1],brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,infusible (decrepitates energetically)[2],5.ab.05,common by four twin laws,,,,soluble in dilute acids,,,,"may fluoresce red, blue, yellow, and other colors under either sw and lw uv; phosphorescent",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| sarcolite,mineral,"na4ca12al8si12o46(sio4,po4)(oh,h2o)4(co3,cl)",tetragonal,"flesh-pink, flesh-red, red, reddish white, colourless",,conchoidal,6,vitreous,2.91 - 2.96,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.604(1) nε = 1.615(3),0.011,,,,sco[1],dipyramidal h-m symbol: 4/m,i4/m,"2,355.78",,none,brittle,white,translucent,,,9.eh.15,,76.3.2.1,2.91 - 2.96,,"hf, hcl",,,,,,,,"ti, fe, mn, mg, sr, k, cl, p, s",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| aragonite,carbonate minerals,caco3,orthorhombic,can be a multitude of colors; but is commonly red or white.,"commonly dendritic or pseudo-hexagonal; can also be acicular, tabular, prismatic, coral-like",subconchoidal,3.5 - 4,"vitreous, waxy, resinous",2.94,,biaxial (-),nω = 1.550 nε = 1.650,δ = 0.155,,faint white-blue to blue-violet,,arg[1],,,"l a = 4.9598(5) å, b = 7.9641(9) å, and c = 5.7379(6) å at 25 °c [2]",,"good on [110], poor on {110}.",very brittle,white,"transparent, translucent, opaque",measured 18° to 19°,,,"cyclic on {110}, forms pseudohexagonal aggregates. if polysynthetic, forms fine striations parallel to [110].",,,weak,"soluble in acids, and saltwater (but takes longer)",,,,"thermodynamically unstable, morphs slowly back into calcite",,,,"commonly strontium, zirconium, lead",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,parallel,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| lapis lazuli,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,lazurite,"a mixture of other minerals, often including pyrite",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| pearl,"carbonate mineral, protein"," |
| calcium carbonate, caco3 |
| conchiolin |
| ",orthorhombic[1],"white, pink, silver, cream, brown, green, blue, black, yellow, orange, red, gold, purple, iridescent",,"uneven, various",2.5–4.5[1],,2.60–2.85[1],,," |
| common pearl: 1.52-1.66 |
| black pearl: 1.53-1.69[1] |
| ",0.156,absent," |
| white pearls: light blue to light yellow; |
| yellow and golden pearls: yellow-green, greenish brown to dark brown; |
| black pearls: commonly pink to orange-red[2] |
| ",,,,,,,none[1],,white,,,,05.8,,,,none,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| sunstone,microcline or oligoclase and orthoclase variety,"(ca,na)((al,si)2si2o8)",triclinic,"colorless, orange, yellow, red, green, blue, brown and copper shiller","euhedral crystals, granular",,6.0–6.5,,2.64–2.66,,,1.525–1.58,,,,,,,,,,001,,,transparent to translucent and opaque,,,,lamellar,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| yttrium aluminium garnet,synthetic mineral,y3al5o12,cubic,"usually colorless, but may be pink, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple",,conchoidal to uneven,8.5,vitreous to subadamantine,4.5–4.6,vitreous to subadamantine,single refractive,1.833±0.010,none,none,"colorless stones - inert to moderate orange in long wave, inert to weak orange in short wave; blue and pink stones - inert; yellow-green stones - very strong yellow in long and short wave also phosphoresces; green stones - strong red in long wave, weak red in short wave",,,,,,,none,,,,,,,,,,0.028,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| vlasovite,silicate mineral,na2zrsi4o11,monoclinic,usually colorless or brownish,crystals rare; usually grains and aggregates,irregular to conchoidal,6,greasy; vitreous to pearly on cleavage,2.97,,biaxial (-),"nx = 1.607, ny = 1.623, nz = 1.628",,(x): colorless. (y): colorless. (z): colorless.,,,vsv[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),b2/b,,425.54 g/mol,distinct on {010},brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.dm.25 (10 ed) 8/f.34-20 (8 ed),"uncommon, with twin plane {010}",66.2.2.1,,,"nearly insoluble in hcl and hno3, but dissolves easily in a mixture of hf and h2so4[2]",,,,"non-fluorescent, but altered material fluoresces yellow-orange",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| fayalite,nesosilicate,fe2sio4,orthorhombic,"greenish yellow, yellow-brown, brown; pale yellow to amber in thin section","commonly granular, compact, or massive",conchoidal,6.5 – 7.0,vitreous to resinous on fractures,4.392,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.731 – 1.824 nβ = 1.760 – 1.864 nγ = 1.773 – 1.875,δ = 0.042 – 0.051,faint,,,fa[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pbnm (no. 62),"a = 4.8211, b = 10.4779 c = 6.0889[å]; z=4",203.771g·mol−1,"{010} moderate, {100} imperfect",,white,transparent,"measured: 74° to 47°, calculated: 54° to 66°",,9.ac.05,"on [100]; also on [031], as trillings",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| triphylite,phosphate minerals,lifepo4,orthorhombic,"green–blue gray, brown–black","massive, granular, prismatic",uneven–subconchoidal,4–5,vitreous–subresinous,,,"biaxial (+), 2v = 0°–65°","nα=1.675–1.694, nβ=1.684–1.695, nγ=1.685–1.700",δ =0.0060–0.0080,,,,trp[2],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pmnb,"a = 6.0285(6) å, b = 10.3586(9) å, c = 4.7031(3) å, z = 4",,"{100} perfect, {010}imperfect, {011}poor",,white–grayish white,transparent–translucent,,,8.ab.10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| stellerite,zeolite mineral,ca(al2si7o18)•7h20,orthorhombic,"colorless to white, pink, orange","spherical, stellate, tabular",uneven,4.5,pearly,approximately 2.2,,"biaxial (-), a=1.4848, b=1.4864-1.4964, g=1.4979",,δ = 0.013,,,,ste[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),fmmm,,,perfect on {010},,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.ge.15,,,2.13 g/cm3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| llanite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| scorodite,arsenate minerals,feaso4·2h2o,orthorhombic,"green, blue-green, grey, grayish-green, blue, yellow-brown, nearly colorless, violet",,sub-conchoidal,3.5-4,"sub-adamantine, vitreous, resinous",,,biaxial (+),,,weak,,,scd[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pcab,"a = 8.937å, b = 10.278å c = 9.996å; z=8",,,,greenish-white,translucent,measured: 40° to 75° calculated: 46° to 80°,,8.cd.10,,,measured: 3.27 g/cm3 calculated: 3.276 g/cm3,relatively strong r > v,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| caledonite,sulfate minerals,cu2pb5(oh)6co3(so4)3,orthorhombic,blue; green,typically striated prismatic or tabular crystals; radial aggregates,uneven,2.5 - 3,vitreous,5.6 - 5.8,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.818(3) nβ = 1.866(3) nγ = 1.909(3),δ = 0.091,weak,,,cdo[1],pyramidal (mm2) (same h-m symbol),pmn21,"a = 20.089(7)å, b = 7.146(3)å, c = 6.56å; z=2",,[001] perfect; [100] distinct,brittle,green-white; blue-green,transparent to translucent,measured: 85°,,7.bc.50,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| stichtite,carbonate minerals,mg6cr2co3(oh)16·4h2o,trigonal,,fibrous to platy aggregates,,1.5 - 2,,2.16,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.516 nε = 1.542,δ = 0.026,weak; o = dark rose-pink to lilac e = light rose-pink to lilac,,,stt[1],hexagonal scalenohedral (3m) h-m symbol: (3 2/m),r3m,"a = 6.19, c = 46.47[å]; z=3",,perfect on {0001},"flexible, not elastic",very pale lilac to white,transparent,,,5.da.50,,,,,,,,,,lilac to rose-pink,waxy to resinous,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| fluorapophyllite,phyllosilicate,"kca4si8o20(f,oh)·8(h2o)",tetragonal,"colorless, white, pink, pale, yellow, green; in thin section, colorless",tabular to prismatic crystals; may be pseudocubic,uneven,4.5-5,"vitreous, pearly on {001}",2.33-2.37,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.530 - 1.536 nε = 1.532 - 1.538,δ = 0.002,,,,fapo[1],ditetragonal dipyramidal (4/mmm) h–m symbol: (4/m 2/m 2/m),p4/mnc,"a = 8.963(2), c = 15.804(2)[å]; z=2",,"perfect on {001}, imperfect on {110}",brittle,,transparent to translucent,,,9.ea.15,rare on {111},,,"high, may be anomalous",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| garnet,nesosilicate,the general formula x3y2(sio4)3,isometric,"virtually all colors, blue is rare",rhombic dodecahedron or cubic,conchoidal to uneven,6.5–7.5,vitreous to resinous,3.1–4.3,vitreous to subadamantine[2],"single refractive, often anomalous double refractive[2]",1.72–1.94,none,none,variable,,grt[1]," |
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| {\displaystyle 4/m{\bar {3}}2/m} |
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| ",ia3d,,,indistinct,,white,"can form with any diaphaneity, translucent is common",,,,,,,,,,,,variable magnetic attraction,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,mg3al2si3o12,fe3al2si3o12,mn3al2si3o12,ca3fe2si3o12,ca3al2si3o12,ca3cr2si3o12,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| ruby,oxide mineral variety,"aluminium oxide with chromium, al2o3:cr",trigonal,,terminated tabular hexagonal prisms,"conchoidal, splintery",9.0,"subadamantine, vitreous, pearly (on partings)",3.97–4.05,,uniaxial/−,nω=1.768–1.772 nε=1.760–1.763,0.008 to 0.010,strong: purplish-red – orangy-red,red under longwave,,,hexagonal scalenohedral (3m) h-m symbol: (3 2/m),r3c[1],,,no true cleavage,brittle,white,"transparent, translucent",,,,,,,0.018,,,,,,orangy red through strongly purplish red.,,,"cr. (sometimes :ti, fe)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| simpsonite,oxide minerals,"al4(ta,nb)3o13(oh)",trigonal,"white to cream, yellow to yellow-brown when altered","euhedral, prismatic, striated",conchoidal,7-7.5,vitreous to adamantine,6.7,,uniaxial negative,nω = 2.045 nε = 2.025,δ = 0.020,,,,spn[1],pyramidal (3) h-m symbol: (3),p3,"a = 7.37, c = 4.51[å]; z=1",813.65 g/mol,none,brittle,white,semitransparent,,,4.dc.10,,,,,,,,,blue-white cathodoluminescence and yellow fluorescence in sw uv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| benitoite,cyclosilicate,batisi3o9,hexagonal,"blue, colorless","tabular dipyramidal crystals, granular",conchoidal,6 - 6.5,vitreous,3.65,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.756 - 1.757 nε = 1.802 - 1.804,δ = 0.046,"o = colorless; e = purple, indigo, greenish blue",,,bni[1],ditrigonal dipyramidal (6m2) h-m symbol: (6 m2),p6c2,"a = 6.641, c = 9.7597(10)[å]; z=2",,[1011] poor,,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.ca.05,on {0001} by rotation,,,0.036–0.046[2],"insoluble: hcl, h2so4 soluble: hf",,,,blue fluorescence under sw uv; intense blue cathodoluminescence,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| scolecite,silicate mineral,caal2si3o10·3h2o,monoclinic,"colorless white, pink, salmon, red or green","thin prismatic needles, radiating groups and fibrous masses",irregular/uneven,5 to 5+1⁄2,"vitreous, silky when fibrous",2.16 to 2.40,,biaxial (-),nx = 1.507 to 1.513ny = 1.516 to 1.520nz = 1.517 to 1.521,,x: colourless y: colourless z: colourless [3],,,slc[1],domatic (m) (same h-m symbol),cc,,392.34 g/mol,perfect on {110} and {110},brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.ga.05 (10 ed) 8/j.21-60 (8 ed),"common on {100}, twin axis [001], rare on {001} and {110} [2]",77.1.5.5,,,soluble in common acids.,,,,"pyroelectric and piezoelectric, sometimes fluorescent yellow to brown in lw and sw uv. not radioactive.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| wulfenite,molybdate mineral,pbmoo4,tetragonal,"orange-yellow, yellow, honey-yellow, reddish-orange, rarely colorless, grey, brown, olive-green and even black",thin tabular to pyramidal,irregular to sub-conchoidal,3,"adamantine, resinous",6.5-7.0,,"uniaxial (-), may be anomalously biaxial",nω = 2.405 nε = 2.283,δ = 0.122,weak; orange and yellow,none,,wul[1],dipyramidal (4/m) h-m symbol: (4/m),i41/a,"a = 5.433, c = 12.110[å]; z=4",,"on {011}, distinct; on {001}, {013}, indistinct",brittle,white,transparent to opaque,,,7.ga.05,twins on the [001] common,,,,,,,,specimens may be piezoelectric,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| villiaumite,halide mineral,naf,cubic,"carmine-red, lavender-pink to light orange","cubic crystals rare, commonly granular, massive",,2 - 2.5,vitreous,2.79,,"isotropic; weak anomalous anisotropism, then uniaxial (–)",n = 1.327–1.328,,strong e = yellow; o = pink to deep carmine,dark red to orange and yellow fluorescence under sw and lw uv,,,hexoctahedral (m3m) h-m symbol: (4/m 3 2/m),fd3m,a = 4.63å; z=4,,"{001}, perfect",brittle,white,transparent,,,3.aa.20,,,,,soluble in water,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| mordenite,zeolite minerals,"(ca, na2, k2)al2si10o24·7h2o",orthorhombic,,,,,,,,,,,,,,mor[1],pyramidal (mm2) (same h-m symbol),cmc21,,,,,,,,,9.gd.35,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| taaffeite,oxide minerals,bemgal4o8,hexagonal,"colorless, greyish violet, violet red, red, greenish, light green, pink violet, mauve","prismatic, alluvial grains",conchoidal,8–8.5,vitreous,3.60–3.61,,uniaxial,"nω = 1.722, nε = 1.777",δ = 0.055,weak,,,tf[1],dihexagonal pyramidal (6mm) trigonal dipyramidal (3m) (magnesiotaaffeite-6n'3s and ferrotaaffeite-6n'3s),,,,imperfect/fair/absent,,white,transparent to translucent,,,4.fc.25,by reflection on (0001)?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| annabergite,arsenate minerals,ni3(aso4)2·8h2o,monoclinic,"apple-green, pale green, pale rose or pale pink, white, gray; may be zoned","usually as fibrous veinlets, crystalline crusts, or earthy; rare as well formed crystals",,1.5 – 2.5,"subadamantine, pearly on cleavages, may be dull or earthy",3.07,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.622 nβ = 1.658 nγ = 1.687,δ = 0.065,,,,anb[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/m,"a = 10.179(2), b = 13.309(3) c = 4.725(1)[å]; β = 105(1)°; z=2",,"perfect on {010}, indistinct on {100} and {102}",sectile,pale green to white,transparent to translucent,measured: 84°,,8.ce.40,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| magnesioaxinite,cyclosilicates,"(ca,fe,mn)3al2bo3si4o12oh or ca2(fe,mn)al2bsi4o15(oh)",triclinic,"reddish brown to yellow to colorless. blue, violet, grey.","tabular, wedge shaped crystals",conchoidal,6.0–7.5,vitreous,3.18–3.37,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.672–1.693 nβ = 1.677–1.701 nγ = 1.681–1.704,δ = 0.011,strong,,,ax[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),p1,,,good on {100},,white,,,,9.bd.20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| serpentine subgroup,phyllosilicates,"x3si2o5(oh)4,with x = mg2+, fe2+, ni2+, mn2+, zn2+",,"green, yellowish-green, blueish-gray (antigorite)green, brown, light yellow to white (lizardite)greyish green to white (chrysotile)",,brittle,3.5–4.0 (antigorite)2.5 (lizardite)2.5–3.0 (chrysotile),"vitreous, silky, greasy",2.2–2.9,,,,,,,,srp,,,,,almost perfect,,"white,greenish-white",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"color, cleavage",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| colemanite,inoborates,ca2b6o11·5h2o,monoclinic,"colorless, white, yellowish, grey","massive granular to coarsely crystalline, most commonly nodular.",brittle uneven to subconchoidal,4.5,vitreous,2.42,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.586 nβ = 1.592 nγ = 1.614,δ = 0.028,,,,cole[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/a,"a = 8.712(2)å, b = 11.247(3)å, c = 6.091(1)å; β = 110.12°; z=4",,"[010] perfect, [001] distinct",,white,transparent to translucent,,1.5,6.cb.10,,,,,,,,,"bright pale yellow fluorescence, may phosphoresce pale green; pyroelectric and piezoelectric at very low temperature.",,,,,,,,,,,"exfoliates on heating, produces a green flame",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| prehnite,silicate mineral,ca2al(alsi3o10)(oh)2,orthorhombic,"colorless to gray to yellow, yellow-green or white","globular, reniform to stalactitic",,6 - 6.5,vitreous - pearly,2.8 - 2.95,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.611 - 1.632nβ = 1.615 - 1.642 nγ = 1.632 - 1.665,δ = 0.021 - 0.033,,"fluorescent, short uv=blue white mild peach, long uv=yellow",,prh[1],pyramidal (mm2) (same h-m symbol),p2cm,,,distinct on [001],brittle,white,semi-transparent to translucent,,,9.dp.20 (inosilicate transitional to phyllosilicate),fine lamellar,72.1.3.1 (phyllosilicate),,weak r > v,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| zektzerite,inosilicate,"lina(zr,ti,hf)si6o15",orthorhombic,"colorless to pink, cream, or white; commonly zoned",stout pseudohexagonal prisms,,6,vitreous to pearly,2.79,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.582 nβ = 1.584 nγ = 1.584,,,light yellow,,zek[1],dipyramidal (mmm)h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),cmca,,529.66 g/mol,{100} and {010} perfect,,white,translucent to transparent,,,9.dn.05,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| hodgkinsonite,nesosilicate,zn2mnsio4(oh)2,monoclinic,,,,4+1⁄2 - 5,,,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.720 nβ = 1.741 nγ = 1.746,δ = 0.026,,,,hgk[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/a,"a = 11.76, b = 5.31 c = 8.18[å]; β = 95.42°, z=4",,,,,,,,9.ae.20,,,,r < v moderate,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| eudialyte,cyclosilicate,"na15ca6(fe,mn)3zr3sio(o,oh,h2o)3(si3o9)2(si9o27)2(oh,cl)2",trigonal,"red, magenta, brown; also blue and yellow","crystals short rhombohedral to long prismatic, granular, irregular masses",uneven,5 - 6,vitreous,2.74–3.10,,uniaxial (+/-),nω = 1.606–1.610 nε = 1.610–1.613,δ = 0.004,"weak: o= colorless, pale yellow, pink; e= pink to colorless",,,eud[1],hexagonal scalenohedral (3m) h-m symbol: (3 2/m),r3m,"a = 14.31, c = 30.15[å]; z=12",,distinct on {0001} imperfect on {1120},brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.co.10,,,,,h2so4,,,,mildly radioactive,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| olenite,cyclosilicate,"(ca,k,na, ▢)(al,fe,li,mg,mn)3(al,cr,fe,v)6(bo3)3(si,al,b)6o18(oh,f)4[1][2]",trigonal,"most commonly black, but can range from colorless to brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, pink, or hues in-between. it can also be bi-colored, or even tri-colored. rarely, it can be found as neon green or electric blue.","parallel and elongated; acicular prisms, sometimes radiating; massive; scattered grains (in granite)","uneven, small conchoidal",7.0–7.5,"vitreous, sometimes resinous",3.06+0.20−0.06[1],vitreous[1],"double-refractive, uniaxial negative[1]",nω = 1.635–1.675nε = 1.610–1.650,−0.018 to −0.040; typically about −0.020 but in dark stones it may reach −0.040[1]," |
| typically moderate to strong[1] |
| red: definite; dark red, light red |
| green: strong; dark green, yellow-green |
| brown: definite; dark brown, light brown |
| blue: strong; dark blue, light blue |
| ",pink stones; inert to very weak red to violet in long and short wave[1],"strong narrow band at 498nm, and almost complete absorption of red down to 640nm in blue and green stones; red and pink stones show lines at 458 and 451nm, as well as a broad band in the green spectrum[1]",tur[3],ditrigonal pyramidal (3m)h-m symbol: (3m),r3m (no. 160),,,indistinct,brittle,white,translucent to opaque,,,,,,2.82–3.32,0.017[1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| malaia garnet,varietal name,"(mg,mn)3al2(sio4)3 [1]",cubic [1],"light to dark slightly pinkish orange, reddish orange, yellowish orange",,conchoidal [1],7 - 7.5 [1],vitreous [1],3.78 - 3.85 [1],vitreous to subadamantine[1],"single refractive, often anomalous double refractive [1]","1.760 (+.020, -.018) [1]",none [1],none [1],inert [1],"strong lines at 410, 420, 430nm, that may merge to form cutoff below 435nm. also some combination of lines at 460, 480, 504, 520, or 573nm.[1]",,,,,,"none, may show indistinct parting [1]",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| carnelian,chalcedony variety,"silica (silicon dioxide, sio2)",trigonal,"red, orange, reddish",,"uneven, splintery, conchoidal",6.5 – 7.0,waxy to resinous,2.58 - 2.64,,uniaxial +,1.535 to 1.539,0.003 to 0.009,none,,,,,,,60 g/mol,absent,,white,translucent to opaque,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| austinite,arsenate minerals,caznaso4(oh),orthorhombic,"colourless, white to pale yellowish-white or bright green, colourless in transmitted light[4]","well developed orthorhombic crystals of bladed or acicular habit elongated parallel to the c axis, sometimes with sceptre-like terminations, also radially fibrous crusts and nodules. common forms are {110}, {111}, {1–11}, {010} and {011}.[2]",,4 to 4.5,subadamantine to silky in fibrous aggregates,4.12,,biaxial (+),"nα = 1.759, nβ = 1.763, nγ = 1.783,",0.024[2],,,,aus[1],disphenoidal (222) h-m symbol: (2 2 2),p212121[2],"a = 7.43, b = 9.00 c = 5.90[å], z=4[3]",261.38 g/mol,good in two directions parallel to the prism faces {110}[2],brittle,white,translucent to transparent,47°[2],,8.bh.35,"left- and right-handed individuals joined on {100}, with {010} and {001} coincident.[5]",41.5.1.3,,r > v weak,easily soluble in cold dilute hcl[2],,,,non-radioactive. some austinite fluoresces green under swuv.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| celestine,sulfate minerals,srso4 sometimes contains minor calcium and/or barium,orthorhombic,"white, pink, pale green, pale brown, black, pale blue, reddish, greyish; colourless or lightly tinted in transmitted light","tabular to pyramidal crystals, also fibrous, lamellar, earthy, massive granular",uneven,3.0–3.5,"vitreous, pearly on cleavages",3.95–3.97,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.619–1.622 nβ = 1.622–1.624 nγ = 1.630–1.632,δ = 0.011,weak,"yellow, white blue (both short & long uv)",,clt[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pnma,"a = 8.359å, b = 5.352å, c = 6.866å; z=4",,"perfect on {001}, good on {210}, poor on {010}",brittle,white,transparent to translucent,measured: 50°–51°,,7.ad.35,,,,moderate r < v,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| pyrargyrite,sulfosalt,ag3sbs3,trigonal,deep red to red gray,"include prismatic crystals with rhombohedral and scalenohedral faces forming terminations. massive, granular","conchoidal, uneven",2.5,adamantine,5.82,,uniaxial (–),nω = 3.084 nε = 2.881,δ = 0.203,distinct,,,pyg[1],ditrigonal pyramidal (3m) (same h-m symbol),r3c,"a = 11.047å, c = 8.719å; z=6",,"distinct on {1011}, imperfect on {0112}",brittle,dark cherry red,translucent to nearly opaque,,,2.ga.05,complex to lammellar,,,,,,,,darkens upon exposure to light; crystals are frequently striated,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| scheelite,tungstate mineral,cawo4,tetragonal,"colorless, white, gray, dark brown, brown, tan, pale yellow, yellow-orange, golden yellow, pale shades of orange, red, green, etc.; colorless in transmitted light and may be compositionally color zoned","pseudo-octahedra, massive, columnar, granular",subconchoidal to uneven,4.5–5,vitreous to adamantine,5.9–6.1,,uniaxial (+),"nω = 1.918–1.921, nε = 1.935–1.938",δ = 0.017,definite dichoric in yellow (yellow to orange-brown),,,sch[1],dipyramidal (4/m) h-m symbol: (4/m),i41/a,"a = 5.2429(3),å c = 11.3737(6)å; z=4",,"on {101}, distinct; on {112}, interrupted; on {001}, indistinct",brittle,white,transparent to opaque,,with difficulty,7.ga.05,"common, penetration and contact twins, composition plane {110} or {001}",,,,soluble in alkalis. insoluble in acids,,,,"fluorescence under short-wave uv is bright blue, bluish white to yellow. specimens with more molybdenum tend to fluoresce white to yellow, similar to powellite. occasionally fluoresces red under mid-wave uv.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| ludlamite,phosphate mineral,"(fe,mn,mg)3(po4)2·4h2o",monoclinic,apple-green to bright green,"tabular crystals; massive, granular",,3.5,"vitreous, pearly on cleavage",3.12–3.19,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.650 - 1.653 nβ = 1.669 - 1.675 nγ = 1.688 - 1.697,δ = 0.038 - 0.044,,,,lud[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/a,"a = 10.541(5), b = 4.646(4) c = 9.324(5)[å]; β = 100.52°; z=2",,"cleavage: perfect on {001}, indistinct on {100}",,pale greenish white,translucent,measured: 82°,,8.cd.20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| opal,mineraloid,hydrated silica. sio2·nh2o,amorphous[2],"colorless, white, yellow, red, orange, green, brown, black, blue, pink","irregular veins, in masses, in nodules",conchoidal to uneven[2],5.5–6[2],subvitreous to waxy[2],2.15+0.08−0.90[2],vitreous to resinous[2],"single refractive, often anomalous double refractive due to strain[2]","1.450+0.020−0.080mexican opal may read as low as 1.37, but typically reads 1.42–1.43[2]",none[2],none[2],"black or white body color: inert to white to moderate light blue, green, or yellow in long and short wave, may also phosphoresce, common opal: inert to strong green or yellowish green in long and short wave, may phosphoresce; fire opal: inert to moderate greenish brown in long and short wave, may phosphoresce[2]","green stones: 660nm, 470nm cutoff[2]",opl[1],,,,,none[2],,white,"opaque, translucent, transparent",,,,,,2.09 g/cm3,,"hot salt water, bases, methanol, humic acid, hydrofluoric acid",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,darkening upon heating,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| tanzanite,sorosilicate: zoisite variety,"(ca2al3(sio4)(si2o7)o(oh)) + (cr,sr)",orthorhombic[1],"royal blue, indigo, violet/purple",prismatic crystals with striations; massive to columnar[1][2],uneven to conchoidal[1],6.5,"vitreous, pearly on cleavage surfaces",3.10–3.38,,biaxial positive,1.69–1.70,0.006–0.018,"present, dichroism or trichroism, depending on heat treatment",,,,,pnma (no. 62),,,"perfect{010}, imperfect{100}[1]",,white or colorless,,,,09.bg.10,penetration twins,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| druzy,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| chondrodite,nesosilicates,mg5(sio4)2f2,monoclinic,"yellow, orange, red or brown, rarely colorless","typically anhedral masses or grains, or as plates flattened on {010}, {001} or {100}.[2]",conchoidal to uneven,6 to 6.5,vitreous to greasy,3.1 to 3.26,,biaxial(+),"nα = 1.592 - 1.643, nβ = 1.602 - 1.655, nγ = 1.619 - 1.675,",0.027 - 0.032,"x golden yellow to orange, y and z light yellow to almost colorless[3]",,,chn[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/a,,351.6 g/mol,poor to good on (001),brittle,grey or yellow,translucent,,,9.af.45 (10th edition) 8/b.04-20 (8th edition),"simple or multiple twinning common on {001}, also reported on {105} and {305}.[2]",52.3.2b.2,,,soluble in hcl and h2so4,,,,some specimens fluoresce orange yellow under shortwave and orange under longwave uv. not radioactive.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| algodonite,sulfide mineral,cu6as,hexagonal,"gray, silver white, steel gray, tarnishes dull bronze","massive, granular. common texture observed in granite and other igneous rock",sub-conchoidal,4,metallic,"8.38 (measured), 8.72 (calculated)",,,,,,,,ago[1],dihexagonal dipyramidal (6/mmm) h-m symbol: (6/m 2/m 2/m),p63/mmc,"a = 2.6, c = 4.228[å]; z=2",456.2 g/mol,,,,opaque,,,2.aa.10a,,,,,,,,,"non-magnetic, non-fluorescent",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| datolite,nesosilicate,cabsio4(oh),monoclinic,"colorless or white; may be grayish, yellow, green, pale green, red, pink, etc.","crystal prismatic, short to tabular; botryoidal or globular with columnar structure; granular to compact; cryptocrystalline",conchoidal to uneven,5 to 5.5,"vitreous, rarely subresinous on fracture surface",2.96 – 3.00,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.626 nβ = 1.653 - 1.654 nγ = 1.670,δ = 0.044,,fluoresces blue under sw uv,,dat[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/c,"a = 9.62, b = 7.6 c = 4.84[å]; β = 90.15°; z=4",,none,brittle,,"transparent to translucent, rarely opaque",measured: 74°,,9.aj.20,,,,r > v; weak,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| rosasite,carbonate mineral,"(cu,zn)2(co3)(oh)2",monoclinic,"blue, bluish green, green",acicular crystals as radiating fibrous clusters; botryoidal; mammillary; encrustations,"splintery, fibrous",4,"silky, vitreous to dull",4-4.2,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.672 - 1.688 nβ = 1.796 - 1.830 nγ = 1.811 - 1.831,δ = 0.139 - 0.143,strong: x = pale emerald green or colourless; y = dark emerald green or pale blue; z = dark emerald green or pale blue,,,rss[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/a,"a = 12.873(3)å, b = 9.354(3)å c = 3.156(2)å; β = 110.36(3)°; z=4",,perfect on {100} and {010},brittle,light blue or green,,measured: 33°,,5.ba.10,on {100},,,,"effervesces in cold, dilute hydrochloric acid",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,dark green,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| anyolite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| chrysocolla,"phyllosilicate minerals, mineraloids",cu2 − xalx(h2si2o5)(oh)4·nh2o (x<1)[1],orthorhombic unknown space group,"blue, cyan (blue-green), green, dark blue to black, brown, rarely yellow","massive, nodular, botryoidal","irregular/uneven, sub-conchoidal","2.5–3.5 (7 for chrysocolla chalcedony, high-silica content)",vitreous to dull,1.9–2.4,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.575–1.585 nβ = 1.597 nγ = 1.598–1.635,δ = 0.023–0.050,,,,ccl[2],,,"a = 5.7å, b = 8.9å, c = 6.7å; z=1",,none,brittle to sectile,white to a blue-green color,translucent to opaque,,,9.ed.20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| periclase,oxide minerals,mgo,isometric,"colorless, grayish white, yellow, brownish yellow, green, black","granular, generally occurs as anhedral to subhedral octahedral crystals in matrix",conchoidal,6,vitreous,3.56–3.68 (meas.) 3.58 (calc.),,isotropic,n = 1.735–1.745,,,,,per[1],hexoctahedral (m3m)h-m symbol: (4/m 3 2/m),fm3m,4.21å; z=4,,"{001} perfect; {111} imperfect, may exhibit parting on |
| {011}",brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,4.ab.25,,,,,,,,,"fluorescent, long uv=light yellow.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| yugawaralite,zeolite group,caal2si6o16 · 4h2o,monoclinic,"colorless, pink, or white",,,4.5-5,"vitreous, pearly",,,,,,,,,,,,,,"poor, indistinct",very brittle,white,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| vishnevite,tectosilicate,"(na,ca,k)6(si,al)12o24[(so4),(co3),cl2]2-4·nh2o",hexagonal,"colorless, light blue, orange-yellow, white",,,5 - 6,"vitreous, pearly",,,uniaxial (-),nω = 1.490 - 1.507 nε = 1.488 - 1.495,δ = 0.002 - 0.012,,,,vhn[1],pyramidal (6) h-m symbol: (6),p63,a = 12.7228(3) c = 5.198(3)[å]; z=1,,perfect,,white,,,,9.fb.05,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| thaumasite,sulfate minerals,"ca3si(oh)6(co3)(so4)·12h2o |
| casi(oh)6·caco3·caso4·12h2o |
| |
| casio3·caco3·caso4·15h2o",hexagonal,"colorless, white, pale yellow","prismatic, fibrous, massive, radial",subconchoidal,3.5,vitreous to silky,1.877,,uniaxial (-),nω = 1.498–1.507 nε=1.458–1.470,δ = 0.039,,,,tma[1],pyramidal (6) h-m symbol: (6),p63,"a = 11.030(7), c = 10.396(6)[å]; z=2",622.62 g/mol,indistinct,brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,7.dg.15,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| ilmenite,oxide mineral,"iron titanium oxide, fetio3",trigonal,iron-black; gray with a brownish tint in reflected light,granular to massive and lamellar exsolutions in hematite or magnetite,conchoidal to subconchoidal,5–6,metallic to submetallic,4.70–4.79,,uniaxial (–),,"strong; o = pinkish brown, e = dark brown (bireflectance)",,,,ilm[1],rhombohedral (3) h-m symbol: (3),r3 (no. 148),a = 5.08854(7) c = 14.0924(3)[å]: z=6,,absent; parting on {0001} and {1011},brittle,black,opaque,,,4.cb.05,"{0001} simple, {1011} lamellar",04.03.05.01,,,,,,,weakly magnetic,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| red beryl,cyclosilicate beryl,be3al2si6o18 with a mix of mn3+ ions,hexagonal,dark red,,,7.5-8,,,,,,,,none,,,,p6/mcc,,,,,white,,,,,extremely rare,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| anatase,oxide minerals,tio2,tetragonal,"black, reddish to yellowish brown, dark blue, gray","pyramidal (crystals are shaped like pyramids), tabular (form dimensions are thin in one direction).",subconchoidal,5.5–6,"adamantine to splendent, metallic",3.79–3.97,,"uniaxial (-), anomalously biaxial in deeply colored crystals","nω = 2.561, nε = 2.488",δ = 0.073,weak,,,ant[1],ditetragonal dipyramidal (4/mmm) h-m symbol: (4/m 2/m 2/m),i41/amd,"a = 3.7845, c = 9.5143[å]; z=4",79.88 g/mol,perfect on [001] and [011],brittle,pale yellowish white,transparent to nearly opaque,,,4.dd.05,rare on {112},,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| beryllonite,phosphate minerals,nabepo4,monoclinic,"colorless, white to pale yellow","crystals tabular {010} to short prismatic also in spherical aggregates, fibrous, massive; orthorhombic pseudo-symmetry",conchoidal,5.5 - 6,"vitreous to adamantine, may be pearly on {010}",2.8,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.552 nβ = 1.558 nγ = 1.561,δ = 0.009,,,,bel[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/n,,,"{010} perfect; {100} good, interrupted; {101} indistinct; {001} in traces",brittle,white,transparent to translucent,68°,,8.aa.10,"polysynthetic, contact and penetration twins; pseudo-hexagonal stellate forms",38.01.05.01,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| rhodizite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| tactite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| witherite,carbonate mineral,baco3,orthorhombic,"colorless, white, pale gray, with possible tints of pale-yellow, pale-brown, or pale-green","striated short prismatic crystals, also botryoidal to spherical, |
| columnar fibrous, granular, massive.",subconchoidal,3.0 - 3.5,"vitreous, resinous on fractures",4.3,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.529 nβ = 1.676 nγ = 1.677,δ = 0.148,,"fluorescent and phosphorescent, short uv=bluish white, long uv=bluish white",,wth[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pmcn,"a = 5.31å, b = 8.9å c = 6.43å; z=4",,"distinct on {010} poor on {110}, {012}",,white,subtransparent to translucent,"measured: 16°, calculated: 8°",,5.ab.15,"on {110}, universal",,,weak,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| hiddenite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| sard,chalcedony variety,"silica (silicon dioxide, sio2)",trigonal,"red, orange, reddish",,"uneven, splintery, conchoidal",6.5 – 7.0,waxy to resinous,2.58 - 2.64,,uniaxial +,1.535 to 1.539,0.003 to 0.009,none,,,,,,,60 g/mol,absent,,white,translucent to opaque,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| arfvedsonite,inosilicatesamphiboles,[na][na2][(fe2+)4fe3+][(oh)2|si8o22],monoclinic,"black, deep green on thin edges","fibrous, radial prismatic aggregates",uneven,5–6,vitreous,3.3–3.5,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.652–1.699 nβ = 1.660–1.705 nγ = 1.666–1.708,δ = 0.014,"strong: blue-greens, yellow-browns, gray-violets",,,arf[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/m,,,perfect on [110],brittle,"deep bluish gray, gray-green",translucent to opaque,,,9.de.25 (10 ed) viii/f.08-100 (8 ed),simple or lamellar parallel to [100],66.1.3c.9,,r > v strong,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| plagioclase,"feldspar mineral group, tectosilicate",naalsi3o8 – caal2si2o8,triclinic,"white, gray, or bluish white",,,6–6.5,vitreous,2.62 (albite) to 2.76 (anorthite)[2],,"biaxial (+) albite, biaxial (-) anorthite[2]","albite: nα 1.527, nβ 1.532 nγ 1.538anorthite: nα 1.577 nβ 1.585 nγ 1.590[2]",,,,,pl[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),c1,,,,,white,transparent to translucent,,,,,,,,"albite insoluble in hcl, anorthite decomposed by hcl[2]",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| crocoite,chromate minerals,lead chromate pbcro4,monoclinic,"orange, red, yellow; orange-red in transmitted light.",coarsely crystalline to acicular,conchoidal to uneven,2.5–3,"adamantine, sub-adamantine, sub-vitreous, resinous, waxy",5.9–6.1,,biaxial (+),nα = 2.290(2) nβ = 2.360(2) nγ = 2.660(2),δ = 0.370,weak,,,crc[1],prismatic (2/m)(same h-m symbol),p21/n,"a = 7.12å, b = 7.421å,c = 6.8å; β = 102.41°; z=4",,distinct on {110} indistinct on {001} and {100},sectile,yellowish orange,transparent to translucent,,,7.fa.20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| ivory,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| concretion,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| esperite,silicate mineral,pbca3zn4(sio4)4,monoclinic,white,typically massive,"conchoidal, brittle",5 - 5.5,vitreous,4.28 - 4.42,,"biaxial (-), 2v measured: 5° to 40°",nα = 1.762 nβ = 1.770 nγ = 1.774,max δ = 0.012,,,,epr[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/m,,,distinct on [010] and [100] - poor on [101],,white,subtranslucent to opaque,,,9.ab.15,,,,,,,,,brilliant yellow fluorescence under sw uv; kelly green cathodoluminescence.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| bronzite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| kutnohorite,carbonate mineral,camn2+(co3)2,trigonal,"white, pale pink or light brown",aggregates of bundled bladed crystals,subconchoidal,3.5–4,vitreous to dull,3.12,,uniaxial (-),"no = 1.710–1.727,ne = 1.519–1.535",0.191–0.192,,,,kut[1],rhombohedral (3) h-m symbol: (3),r3,330.60 å³,215.0 g/mol (end member),perfect on {1011},brittle,white to pale pink,translucent,,,5.ab.10,,14.2.1.3,3.10–3.12,,soluble in acids,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| ekanite,silicate mineral,"ca2thsi8o20 or (ca,fe,pb)2(th,u)si8o20",tetragonal,"green, yellow, dark red","pyramidal crystals, granular to massive","brittle, uneven",4.5,vitreous,2.95 - 3.28,,uniaxial (-),nω = 1.580 nε = 1.568,δ = 0.012,,,,ek[1],trapezohedral (422) h-m symbol: (4 2 2),i422,,,distinct on {101},,white,transparent to translucent,10 - 15°,,9.ea.10,,,,,,,,," radioactive, metamict",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| tugtupite,tectosilicate,na4(albesi4o12)cl,tetragonal,"white, pink, crimson, blue, green",,,4,vitreous,2.36,,,,,,,,ttp[1],disphenoidal (4) h-m symbol: (4),i4,,,,,,,,,9.fb.10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| strontium titanate,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| operculum,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| pollucite,zeolite mineral,cs(si2al)o6·nh2o,isometric,"usually colorless, also white, grey, pink, blue or violet","usually massive, rare crystals are normally trapezohedral or cubic",conchoidal to uneven,6.5 to 7,vitreous to greasy,2.7 to 3.0,,isotropic or very weakly anisotropic,1.508-1.528,,,,,pol[1],hexoctahedral (m3m) h-m symbol: (4/m 3 2/m),ia3d,a = 13.67å; z=16,,none observed,brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.gb.05,,77.1.1.2,,,"readily soluble in hf, dissolves with difficulty in hot hcl",,,,sometimes weakly fluorescent under sw and lw uv,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| aegirine,"silicate mineral, pyroxene",nafe3+[si2o6],monoclinic,"dark green, greenish black","prismatic crystals may be in sprays of acicular crystals, fibrous, in radial concretions",uneven,6,vitreous to slightly resinous,3.50 - 3.60,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.720 - 1.778 nβ = 1.740 - 1.819 nγ = 1.757 - 1.839,δ = 0.037 - 0.061,"x = emerald green, deep green; y = grass-green, deep green, yellow; z = brownish green, green, yellowish brown, yellow",,,aeg[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/c,"a = 9.658, b = 8.795 c = 5.294[å], β = 107.42°; z=4",231.00 g/mol,"good on {110}, (110) ^ (110) ≈87°; parting on {100}",brittle,yellowish-grey,translucent to opaque,"measured: 60° to 90°, calculated: 68° to 84°",,9.da.25,simple and lamellar twinning common on {100},,,moderate to strong r > v,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| dumortierite,nesosilicate,"al7bo3(sio4)3o3 or al6.5-7bo3(sio4)3(o,oh)3[1]",orthorhombic,"blue, greenish-blue, violet-blue, pale blue, red",as fibrous or columnar crystals; coarsely crystalline to intimate parallel aggregates of needles; massive,fibrous,7 - 8.5,vitreous to dull,3.3 - 3.4,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.659 - 1.678 nβ = 1.684 - 1.691 nγ = 1.686 - 1.692,δ = 0.027,strong; x = deep blue or violet; y = yellow to red-violet or nearly colorless; z = colorless or very pale blue,,,dum[2],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pmcn (no. 62),"a = 11.77å, b = 20.21å c = 4.71å; z=4",,"distinct on {100}, poor on {110}; parting on {001}",,white,transparent to translucent,"measured: 20° to 52°, calculated: 30°",,9.aj.10,"common on {110}, may produce trillings",,,r > v; strong,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| clintonite,phyllosilicate mica group,"ca(mg,al)3(al3si)o10(oh)2",monoclinic,"colorless, yellow, orange, red-brown, brown, green",tabular pseudohexagonal crystals; foliated or lamellar radiated; massive,,"3.5 on {001}, 6 at angle to {001}","vitreous, pearly, submetallic",3.0 - 3.1,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.643 - 1.648 nβ = 1.655 - 1.662 nγ = 1.655 - 1.663,δ = 0.012 - 0.015,"x = colorless, pale orange, red-brown; y = z = pale brownish yellow, pale green",,,cln[1],prismatic (2/m) or domatic (m),c2/m or (?),"a = 5.204å, b = 9.026å, c = 9.812å; β = 100.35°; z=2",,perfect on {001},brittle,"white, slightly yellow-gray",transparent to translucent,measured: 2° to 40°,,,spiral polysynthetic twinning,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| childrenite,phosphate minerals,"(fe2+,mn)2+alpo4(oh)2•h2o",orthorhombic,"yellowish brown, brown, clove-brown; colorless in transmitted light.",,"irregular/uneven, sub-conchoidal",5,"vitreous, resinous",3.11 - 3.19,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.644 - 1.649 nβ = 1.662 - 16.830 nγ = 1.671 - 1.691,δ = 0.027 - 0.042,visible,,,chd[1],pyramidal (mm2) (same h-m symbol),bba2,"a = 10.41å, b = 13.42å, c = 6.92å; z=8",,poor/indistinct on {100},,white,"transparent, translucent","measured: 40° to 45°, calculated: 50°",,8.dd.20,,,,r > v strong,soluble in acids.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| rossmanite,cyclosilicate,"(ca,k,na, ▢)(al,fe,li,mg,mn)3(al,cr,fe,v)6(bo3)3(si,al,b)6o18(oh,f)4[1][2]",trigonal,"most commonly black, but can range from colorless to brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, pink, or hues in-between. it can also be bi-colored, or even tri-colored. rarely, it can be found as neon green or electric blue.","parallel and elongated; acicular prisms, sometimes radiating; massive; scattered grains (in granite)","uneven, small conchoidal",7.0–7.5,"vitreous, sometimes resinous",3.06+0.20−0.06[1],vitreous[1],"double-refractive, uniaxial negative[1]",nω = 1.635–1.675nε = 1.610–1.650,−0.018 to −0.040; typically about −0.020 but in dark stones it may reach −0.040[1]," |
| typically moderate to strong[1] |
| red: definite; dark red, light red |
| green: strong; dark green, yellow-green |
| brown: definite; dark brown, light brown |
| blue: strong; dark blue, light blue |
| ",pink stones; inert to very weak red to violet in long and short wave[1],"strong narrow band at 498nm, and almost complete absorption of red down to 640nm in blue and green stones; red and pink stones show lines at 458 and 451nm, as well as a broad band in the green spectrum[1]",tur[3],ditrigonal pyramidal (3m)h-m symbol: (3m),r3m (no. 160),,,indistinct,brittle,white,translucent to opaque,,,,,,2.82–3.32,0.017[1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| sellaite,halide mineral,mgf2,tetragonal,colorless to white,"prismatic crystals; fibrous, radial, spherulitic",conchoidal,5–5.5,vitreous,3.15,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.378nε = 1.390,δ = 0.012,,,,sel[1],ditetragonal dipyramidal (4/mmm) h-m symbol: (4/m 2/m 2/m),p42/mnm,a = 4.6213(2) c = 3.0519(1)[å]; z=2,,perfect on {010} and {110},brittle,,transparent,,,3.ab.15,on {011},,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| hauyne,"tectosilicate, sodalite group",na3ca(si3al3)o12(so4)[1],isometric,"blue, white, gray, yellow, green, pink",dodecahedral or pseudo-octahedral,uneven to conchoidal,5 to 6,vitreous to greasy,2.4 to 2.5,,isotropic,n = 1.494 to 1.509,"none, isotropic","none, isotropic",,,hyn[2],hextetrahedral (43m) h-m symbol (4 3m),p43n,a = 9.08 - 9.13å; z=2,"1,032.43 g/mol[3]",distinct on {110},brittle,very pale blue to white,transparent to translucent,,4.5[4],9.fb.10 (10 ed) 8/j.11-30 (8 ed),common on {111},76.2.3.3,,,gelatinises in acids,,,,may fluoresce orange to pink under longwave ultraviolet light[5][6],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| selenite,sulfate mineral,caso4·2h2o,monoclinic (2/m) space group: a2/a,"brown green, brownish yellow, greenish, gray green, gray white","earthy – dull, clay-like texture with no visible crystalline affinities, (e.g. howlite)","fibrous – thin, elongated fractures produced by crystal forms or intersecting cleavages (e.g. asbestos).",2,pearly,2.9,,biaxial (+) 2v=58,"nα=1.519-1.521, nβ=1.522-1.523, nγ=1.529-1.53",δ =0.0090-0.0100,,,,,,,,172.17,"[010] perfect, [100] distinct, [011] distinct",,white,,,,,,,,,,,,,"non-radioactive, non-magnetic, fluorescent",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| hematite,oxide minerals,"iron(iii) oxide, fe2o3, α-fe2o3[1]",trigonal,"metallic grey, dull to bright ""rust-red"" in earthy, compact, fine-grained material, steel-grey to black in crystals and massively crystalline ores","tabular to thick crystals; micaceous or platy, commonly in rosettes; radiating fibrous, reniform, botryoidal or stalactitic masses, columnar; earthy, granular, oolitic",uneven to subconchoidal,5.5–6.5,metallic to splendent,5.26,,uniaxial (−),"nω = 3.150–3.220, nε = 2.870–2.940",δ = 0.280,o = brownish red; e = yellowish red,,,hem[2],hexagonal scalenohedral (3m) h–m symbol: (3 2/m),r3c (no. 167),a = 5.038(2)å; c = 13.772(12)å; z=6,,"none, may show partings on {0001} and {1011}",brittle,bright red to dark red,opaque,,,4.cb.05,penetration and lamellar,4.3.1.2,5.3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| shungite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| jasper,mineral,sio2 (with varying impurities),hexagonal,,,,6.5-7,vitreous,2.5-2.9,,,1.54-2.65,0.009,,,,,quartz (chalcedony),,,,indiscernible,,,opaque,,,,,,,,,,,,,"most commonly red, but may be yellow, brown, green or (rarely) blue",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| musgravite,oxide minerals,"(mg,fe,zn)2beal6o12",trigonal,grey green to green,,conchoidal,8–8.5,vitreous,3.62–3.68,,uniaxial,"nω = 1.739, nε = 1.735",δ = 0.014 to 0.016,,,,,,,,,,,,transparent,,,04.fc.25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| sepiolite,phyllosilicates,mg4si6o15(oh)2·6h2o,orthorhombic,"grayish white, white, white with a yellowish or reddish tinge; bluish green","compact nodular, earthy, clayey, massive; rarely fine fibrous along [001]",,2,"dull, earthy",2; dry porous masses float on water,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.520 nβ = 1.520 nγ = 1.530,δ = 0.010,,,,sep[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pnna,"a = 5.21å, b = 26.73å c = 13.5å; z=4",,,,white,opaque,"measured: 20° to 70°, calculated: 18°",,9.ee.25,,74.03.01b.01 palygorskite-sepiolite group,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| goshenite,beryl,be3al2(si6o18),,colorless[1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| beryl,cyclosilicate,be3al2si6o18,hexagonal,"green, blue, yellow, colorless, pink, and others","prismatic to tabular crystals; radial, columnar; granular to compact massive",conchoidal to irregular,7.5–8.0,vitreous to resinous,2.63–2.92,,uniaxial (−),nω = 1.564–1.595 nε = 1.568–1.602,δ = 0.0040–0.0070,weak to distinct,"none (some fracture filling materials used to improve emerald's clarity do fluoresce, but the stone itself does not). morganite has weak violet fluorescence.",,brl[1],dihexagonal dipyramidal (6/mmm) h-m symbol: (6/m 2/m 2/m),p6/mcc,"a = 9.21å, c = 9.19å; z=2",537.50g/mol,imperfect on {0001},brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.cj.05,rare,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| maw sit sit,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| iddingsite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| nambulite,inosilicate,"(li,na)mn4si5o14(oh)",triclinic,reddish orange brown,prismatic,,6.5,vitreous – adamantine,3.51,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.707 nβ = 1.710 nγ = 1.730,δ = 0.023,weak,,,nbl[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),p1,"a = 7.621, b = 11.761 c = 6.731[å]; α = 92.77° β = 95.08°, γ = 106.87°; z=2",612.13 g/mol,"{001} perfect, {100} distinct, {010} distinct",brittle,pale yellow,transparent to translucent,"(calculated) 44°, (measured) 30°",,9.dk.05,infrequent,,,r > v weak,,,,,the li analogue of natronambulite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| orthoclase,silicate mineral,kalsi3o8,monoclinic,"colorless, greenish, greyish yellow, white, pink",can be anhedral or euhedral. grains are commonly elongate with a tabular appearance.,uneven,6 (defining mineral),"vitreous, pearly on cleavage surfaces",2.55–2.63,,"biaxial (−), 2v = 65–75",nα = 1.518–1.520 nβ = 1.522–1.524 nγ = 1.522–1.525,0.0050–0.0060,,,,or[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h–m symbol),c2/m,,,has perfect cleavage on {001} and good cleavage on {010}. cleavages intersect at 90°. it can be difficult to see cleavage in thin section due to orthoclase's low relief.,,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.fa.30,typically displays carlsbad twinning. baveno and manebach twins have also been reported in orthoclase.,,,relatively strong,,,,,low negative relief;alters to sericite or clay (commonly),,,,,,,,,,,distinguishable from microcline by a lack in gridiron twinning. distinguishable from sanidine by a larger 2vx.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,parallel to cleavage,,,,,,,,no slow or fast length,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| heliotrope,mineral,sio2 (silicon dioxide),trigonal,green with red or yellow spots,,,6.5–7,vitreous,2.61,,,1.53–1.54,0.004,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| chrysoberyl,oxide minerals,beal2o4,orthorhombic,"various shades of green, emerald-green yellow, blue, brownish to greenish black, may be raspberry-red under incandescent light when chromian; colorless, pale shades of yellow, green, or red in transmitted light","crystals tabular or short prismatic, prominently striated",conchoidal to uneven,8.5,vitreous,3.5–3.84,,biaxial (+),nα=1.745 nβ=1.748 nγ=1.754,,x = red; y = yellow-orange; z = emerald-green,,,cbrl[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pbnm,"a = 5.481å, b = 9.415å, c = 4.428å; z=4",,"distinct on {110}, imperfect on {010}, poor on {001}",brittle,white,,measured: 70°,,4.ba.05,"contact and penetration twins common, often repeated forming rosette structures",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,color change; green to red,chatoyant,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| labradorite,"adularescence, tectosilicate","(ca,na)(al,si)4o8, where ca/(ca + na) (% anorthite) is 50–70%",triclinic,"gray, gray-white, brown, greenish, pale green, blue, yellow, colorless","crystals typically thin and tabular, rhombic in cross section, striated; massive",uneven to conchoidal,6–6.5,vitreous to pearly on cleavages,2.68 to 2.72,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.554–1.563nβ = 1.559–1.568nγ = 1.562–1.573,δ = 0.008-0.010,,,,,pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),,"a = 8.155å, b = 12.84å c = 10.16å; α = 93.5° β = 116.25°, γ = 89.133°; z=6",,"perfect on {001}, less perfect on {010}, intersecting at near 90°; distinct on {110}",,white,translucent to transparent,measured: 85°,,,"common by albite, pericline, carlsbad, baveno, or manebach twin laws",,,none,,,,,"labradorescence (iridescence, schiller optical effect)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| petalite,phyllosilicate,lialsi4o10,monoclinic,"colorless, grey, yellow, pink, to white",tabular prismatic crystals and columnar masses,subconchoidal,6 – 6.5,"vitreous, pearly on cleavages",2.4,,biaxial (+),"nα=1.504, nβ=1.510, nγ=1.516",δ = 0.012,,,,ptl[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p2/a,"a = 11.737å, b = 5.171å, c = 7.63å; β = 112.54°; z=2",,"perfect on {001}, poor on {201} with 38.5° angle between the two",brittle,colorless,transparent to translucent,82 – 84° measured,5,9.ef.05,"common on {001}, lamellar",,,,insoluble,,,,,,,1350 °c[2],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| linarite,sulfate minerals,pbcu[(oh)2|so4],monoclinic,deep azure blue,crystals elongated and tabular; in crusts and aggregates,conchoidal,2.5,"sub-adamantine, vitreous",5.3 - 5.5,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.809 nβ = 1.838 nγ = 1.859,δ = 0.050,x = pale blue; y = blue; z = prussian blue,,,lna[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/m,"a = 9.701(2), b = 5.65 c = 4.69[å]; β = 102.65°; z=2",,"perfect on {100}, imperfect on {001}",,pale blue,"transparent, translucent",measured: 80°,,7.bc.65,"common on {100}, also on {001}",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| monazite,phosphate minerals,"(ce,la,th)po4",monoclinic,"orange, purple, reddish brown, brown, pale yellow, pink, blue, green, gray,",commonly as prismatic or wedge-shaped crystals,conchoidal to uneven,5.0–5.5,"resinous, vitreous to adamantine",4.6–5.7 (4.98–5.43 for monazite-ce),,biaxial (+),nα = 1.770–1.793 nβ = 1.778–1.800 nγ = 1.823–1.860,,weak,,,,prismatic (2/m) (same h–m symbol),p21/n,,,distinct on [100] poor on [010],,white,translucent to opaque,10–26°,,8.ad.50,contact twins common,,,,,,,," radioactive if uranium and/or thorium-rich, dull brown cathodoluminescence, paramagnetic",,,1900–2100,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"paramagnetic, moderately strongly",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| fluorite,halide mineral,caf2,isometric,"colorless, although samples are often deeply colored owing to impurities; purple, lilac, golden-yellow, green, blue, pink, champagne, brown.","well-formed coarse sized crystals; also nodular, botryoidal, rarely columnar or fibrous; granular, massive",subconchoidal to uneven,4 (defining mineral),vitreous,3.175–3.184; to 3.56 if high in rare-earth elements,,isotropic; weak anomalous anisotropism; moderate relief,1.433–1.448,,,,,flr[1],hexoctahedral (m3m) h–m symbol: (4/m 3 2/m) (cf12),fm3m (no. 225),a = 5.4626å; z=4,,"octahedral, perfect on {111}, parting on {011}",brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,3,3.ab.25,"common on {111}, interpenetrant, flattened",,,,slightly water soluble and in hot hydrochloric acid,,,,"may be fluorescent, phosphorescent, thermoluminescent, and/or triboluminescent",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| gahnite,oxide minerals spinel group spinel structural group,znal2o4,cubic,"dark green, bluish green, blue to indigo, yellow to brown","typically octahedra, rarely as dodecahedra also massive to granular","conchoidal, uneven",7.5–8.0,vitreous,4.38–4.60,,isotropic,n = 1.79–1.80,,,,,ghn[1],hexoctahedral (m3m) h-m symbol: (4/m 3 2/m),fd3m,,,indistinct parting on [111],,grey,translucent to nearly opaque,,,4.bb.05,common on [111] produces striations,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| terbium gallium garnet,synthetic mineral,tb3ga5o12,,,,,,,,,faraday rotator material,1.95,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,paramagnetic material,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| azurite,carbonate mineral,cu3(co3)2(oh)2,monoclinic,"azure-blue, dark to pale blue; pale blue in transmitted light","massive, prismatic, stalactitic, tabular",conchoidal,3.5 to 4,vitreous,"3.773 (measured), 3.78 (calculated)",,biaxial (+),nα = 1.730 nβ = 1.758 nγ = 1.838,δ = 0.108,visible shades of blue,,,azu[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/c,"a = 5.01å, b = 5.85å c = 10.35å; β = 92.43°; z=2",344.67 g/mol,"perfect on {011}, fair on {100}, poor on {110}",brittle,light blue,transparent to translucent,"measured: 68°, calculated: 64°",,5.ba.05,"rare, twin planes {101}, {102} or {001}",,,relatively weak,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| mimetite,arsenate minerals apatite group,pb5(aso4)3cl,hexagonal,"pale to bright yellow, yellowish brown, yellow-orange, white, may be colorless","prismatic to acicular crystals; reniform, botryoidal, globular,","brittle, conchoidal",3.5 - 4,"resinous, subadamantine",7.1 - 7.24,,"uniaxial (-), anomalously biaxial",nω = 2.147 nε = 2.128,0.019,weak,,,mim[1],dipyramidal (6/m) (same h-m symbol),p63/m,"a = 10.250(2)å, c = 7.454(1)å; z=2",,[1011] imperfect,brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,8.bn.05,rare on {1122},,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| ussingite,phyllosilicate minerals,na2alsi3o8oh,triclinic,"pale to medium violet, reddish violet; sometimes barely tinted purple",,irregular/ uneven,6-7,sub-vitreous,,,,,,,,,usg[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),p1,,,,brittle,white,"transparent, translucent",,,9.eh.20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| celsian,feldspar,baal2si2o8,monoclinic,"colorless, white, yellow","short prismatic to acicular crystals, massive",,6–6.5,vitreous,3.10 to 3.39,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.580–1.584 nβ = 1.585–1.587 nγ = 1.594–1.596,"0.014, biaxial –",,,,cls[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),i2/c,"a = 8.622(4)å, b = 13.078(6)å, c = 14.411(8)å; β = 115.2°; z=8",,"perfect on {001}, good on {010}, poor on {110}",brittle,,transparent,measured: 86° to 90°,,9.fa.30,"manebach twins on (001), baveno twins (021), rare lamellar twinning",,,,,,,,[2][3][4][5],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| zeolites,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| bort,mineral variety,c,,"varies (white to yellowish in powder form, yellow to brownish in larger shards)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,diamond industryabrasivepolishinglubricant (as oil additive),diamondballasgraphitecarboncarbonadocoal,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| sillimanite,nesosilicate,al2sio5,orthorhombic,"colourless or white to grey, also brown, yellow, yellow-green, grey-green, blue-green, blue; colourless in thin section","prismatic crystals, fibrous, acicular",splintery,7,"vitreous to subadamantine, silky",3.24,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.653 - 1.661 nβ = 1.654 - 1.670 nγ = 1.669 - 1.684,δ = 0.020 - 0.022,colourless to pale brown to yellow,,,sil[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pbnm,"a = 7.47å, b = 7.66å c = 5.75å; z=4",,{010} perfect,tough,white,transparent to translucent,21 - 30°,,9.af.05,,52.02.02a.01,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| radiolarite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| cordierite,cyclosilicate,"(mg,fe)2al4si5o18",orthorhombic,"blue, smoky blue, bluish violet; greenish, yellowish brown, gray; colorless to very pale blue in thin section in transmitted light","pseudo-hexagonal prismatic twins, as imbedded grains, and massive",subconchoidal,7 - 7.5,greasy or vitreous,2.57 - 2.66,,"usually optically (-), sometimes (+); 2v = 0-90°",nα = 1.527 - 1.560 nβ = 1.532 - 1.574 nγ = 1.538 - 1.578 indices increase with fe content.,,"x = pale yellow, green; y = violet, blue-violet; z = pale blue",,,crd[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),cccm,"a = 17.079å, b = 9.730å, c = 9.356å; z=4",,"fair on {100}, poor on {001} and {010}",brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,on thin edges,9.cj.10,"common on {110}, {130}, simple, lamellar, cyclical",61.02.01.01 cordierite group,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"resembles quartz, can be distinguished by pleochroism. can be distinguished from corundum by its lower hardness",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| onyx,oxide mineral,"silica (silicon dioxide, sio2)",trigonal,various,,"uneven, conchoidal",6.5–7,"vitreous, silky",2.55–2.70,,uniaxial/+,1.530 to 1.543,,,,,,,,,60 g/mol,no cleavage,,white,translucent,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| shocked quartz,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| titanite,nesosilicate,catisio5,monoclinic,,"flattened wedge-shaped crystals, also massive",sub-conchoidal,5 to 5.5,subadamantine tending to slightly resinous,3.48 to 3.60,,biaxial (+); very high relief,nα = 1.843 – 1.950nβ = 1.870 – 2.034 nγ = 1.943 – 2.110,δ = 0.100 – 0.160,strong: x = nearly colorless; y = yellow to green; z = red to yellow-orange,,,ttn[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/a,"a = 7.057å, b = 8.707å c = 6.555å; β = 113.81°; z=4",,"distinct on [110], parting on {221}",,reddish white,translucent to transparent,17 to 40° (measured),,9.ag.15,"contact and penetration on {100}, lamellar on {221}",,,r > v strong,,,,, radioactive – may be metamict,"reddish brown, brown, gray, black, yellow, green, or red, colourless",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| rock crystal,silicate mineral[1],sio2,α-quartz: trigonal β-quartz: hexagonal,"colorless through various colors (pink, orange, purple, dark brown) |
| to black","6-sided prism ending in 6-sided pyramid (typical), drusy, fine-grained to microcrystalline, massive",conchoidal,7– lower in impure varieties (defining mineral),vitreous– waxy to dull when massive,2.65; variable 2.59–2.63 in impure varieties,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.543–1.545 nε = 1.552–1.554,+0.009 (b-g interval),none,,,qz[2],α-quartz: trapezohedral (class 3 2) β-quartz: trapezohedral (class 6 2 2)[3],α-quartz: p3221 (no. 154)[4]β-quartz: p6222 (no. 180) or p6422 (no. 181)[5],"a = 4.9133 å, c = 5.4053 å; z=3",60.083g·mol−1,{0110} indistinct,brittle,white,transparent to nearly opaque,,,4.da.05 (oxides),"common dauphine law, brazil law and japan law",75.01.03.01 (tectosilicates),,,insoluble at stp; 1ppmmass at 400°c and 500 lb/in2 to 2600ppmmass at 500°c and 1500 lb/in2[3],,,,"lattice: hexagonal, piezoelectric, may be triboluminescent, chiral (hence optically active if not racemic)",,,1670 °c (β tridymite) 1713 °c (β cristobalite)[3],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| gaylussite,carbonate mineral,na2ca(co3)2·5h2o,monoclinic,"colorless, white, yellow, and grey",tabular prismatic crystals also granular,"conchoidal, brittle",2.5,vitreous,1.93 - 1.99,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.444 nβ = 1.516 nγ = 1.523,δ = 0.079,,,,gyl[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),i2/a,,,perfect [110],,white,,,,5.cb.35,,,,,decomposes in water,,,,efflorescent,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| brucite,oxide mineral,mg(oh)2,trigonal,"white, pale green, blue, gray; honey-yellow to brownish red",tabular crystals; platy or foliated masses and rosettes – fibrous to massive,irregular,2.5 to 3,vitreous to pearly,2.39 to 2.40,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.56–1.59 nε = 1.58–1.60,0.02,,,,brc[1],hexagonal crystal family (3m)h-m symbol: (3 2/m),p3m1,"a = 3.142(1)å, c = 4.766(2)å; z=1",,perfect on {0001},sectile,white,transparent,,,4.fe.05,,,,,,,,,pyroelectric,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| clinozoisite,sorosilicates epidote group,ca2al3(si2o7)(sio4)o(oh),monoclinic,"colorless, green, gray, light green, yellow green, pink","elongated primatic crystals, striated; granular to fibrous",irregular/uneven,6-7,vitreous,3.3 - 3.4,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.706 - 1.724 nβ = 1.708 - 1.729 nγ = 1.712 - 1.735,δ = 0.006 - 0.011,,,,czo[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/m,"a = 8.879, b = 5.583 c = 10.155[å]; β = 115.50°; z=2",,perfect on {001},brittle,grayish white,transparent to translucent,14 to 90° measured,,9.bg.05a,lamellar on {100} uncommon,58.2.1a.4,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| zultanite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| zinnwaldite,phyllosilicate mineral,"klifeal(alsi3)o10(oh,f)2",monoclinic,"gray-brown, yellow-brown, pale violet, dark green, color zoning common","well-formed short prismatic or tabular crystals, pseudohexagonal, in rosettes or fan-shaped groups; lamellar or scaly aggregates; disseminated.",uneven,3.5 - 4.0,pearly to vitreous,2.9 - 3.1,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.565 - 1.625 nβ = 1.605 - 1.675 nγ = 1.605 - 1.675,0.040 - 0.050,"distinct, x = colorless to yellow-brown; y = gray-brown; z = colorless to gray-brown",,,znw[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),cc (no. 9),"a = 5.29, b = 9.14 c = 10.09[å]; β = 100.83°",,perfect basal {001},"laminae °exible, elastic",white,transparent to translucent,0 - 40°,,,"on composition plane {001}, twin axis [310]",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| dolomite,carbonate minerals,camg(co3)2,trigonal,"white, grey to pink, reddish-white, brownish-white; colourless in transmitted light","tabular crystals, often with curved faces, also columnar, stalactitic, granular, massive.",conchoidal,3.5–4.0,vitreous to pearly,2.84–2.86,,uniaxial (−),nω = 1.679–1.681 nε = 1.500,δ = 0.179–0.181,,,,dol[1],rhombohedral (3) h–m symbol: (3),r3,"a = 4.8012(1), c = 16.002[å]; z=3",,3 directions of cleavage not at right angles,brittle,white,,,,5.ab.10,common as simple contact twins,,,,poorly soluble in dilute hcl,,,,may fluoresce white to pink under uv; triboluminescent. ksp values vary between 10−19 and 10−17,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| axinite,cyclosilicates,"(ca,fe,mn)3al2bo3si4o12oh or ca2(fe,mn)al2bsi4o15(oh)",triclinic,"reddish brown to yellow to colorless. blue, violet, grey.","tabular, wedge shaped crystals",conchoidal,6.0–7.5,vitreous,3.18–3.37,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.672–1.693 nβ = 1.677–1.701 nγ = 1.681–1.704,δ = 0.011,strong,,,ax[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),p1,,,good on {100},,white,,,,9.bd.20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| tiger's eye,mineral,"silica (silicon dioxide, sio2)",,,,,6.5-7,silky,2.64–2.71,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,golden to red-brown,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| catapleiite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| almandine,nesosilicate,fe2+3al2si3o12,cubic,"reddish orange to red, slightly purplish red to reddish purple and usually dark in tone",,conchoidal[2],7.0–7.5,greasy to vitreous,4.05+0.25−0.12[2],vitreous to subadamantine[2],"single refractive, and often anomalous double refractive[2]",1.790±0.030[2],none,none,inert,"usually at 504, 520, and 573nm, may also have faint lines at 423, 460, 610 and 680–690nm[2]",alm[1],hexoctahedral (m3m) h–m symbol: (4/m 3 2/m),ia3d,,,none,,white,,,,9.ad.25,,,,0.024[2],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| powellite,molybdate minerals,camoo4,tetragonal,"straw-yellow, greenish yellow, yellow-brown, brown, colorless, may show blue to black zones","flat tabular crystals often paper-thin on {001}, may be crusty to pulverulent or massive",conchoidal,3.5-4,adamantine,4.25,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.974 nε = 1.984,δ = 0.010,o = blue; e = green,"fluoresces bright yellow under shortwave ultraviolet light, dimmer under longwave",,pwl[1],dipyramidal (4/m) (same h-m symbol),i41/a,"a = 5.222å, c = 11.425å; z=4",200.02 g/mol,"indistinct on {011}, {112} and {001}",,light yellow,transparent,,,7.ga.05,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| pyrrhotite,mineral,fe1−xs (x = 0 to 0.2),"monoclinic, with hexagonal polytypes","bronze, dark brown",tabular or prismatic in hexagonal prisms; massive to granular,uneven,3.5 – 4.5,metallic,"4.58 – 4.65, average = 4.61",,,opaque,,,,,pyh[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),a2/a,"a = 11.88å, b = 6.87å, c = 22.79å; β = 90.47°; z=26",,absent,,dark grey – black,,,3,2.cc.10,,,,,soluble in hydrochloric acid,,,,"weakly magnetic, strongly magnetic on heating; non-luminescent, non-radioactive",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| maxixe,beryl variety,be3al2si6o18,,,,conchoidal,7.5 to 8,,2.65-2.85,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,white[1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| golden beryl,cyclosilicate,be3al2si6o18,hexagonal,"green, blue, yellow, colorless, pink, and others","prismatic to tabular crystals; radial, columnar; granular to compact massive",conchoidal to irregular,7.5–8.0,vitreous to resinous,2.63–2.92,,uniaxial (−),nω = 1.564–1.595 nε = 1.568–1.602,δ = 0.0040–0.0070,weak to distinct,"none (some fracture filling materials used to improve emerald's clarity do fluoresce, but the stone itself does not). morganite has weak violet fluorescence.",,brl[1],dihexagonal dipyramidal (6/mmm) h-m symbol: (6/m 2/m 2/m),p6/mcc,"a = 9.21å, c = 9.19å; z=2",537.50g/mol,imperfect on {0001},brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.cj.05,rare,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| spinel," |
| oxide minerals |
| spinel group |
| spinel structural group |
| ",mgal2o4,cubic,"various; red, pink, blue, lavender/violet, dark green, brown, black, colourless",octahedral or flat triangular plates caused by twinning,conchoidal,7.5–8.0,vitreous,"(depending on the composition) the rare zn-rich spinel can be as high as 4.40, otherwise it averages from 3.58 to 3.61.",,isotropic,1.719,,absent,,,,hextetrahedral (43m)h–m symbol: (43m)[1][2][3],f 4 3 m (no. 216),a = 8.0898(9)å; z=8,,none,,white,transparent to opaque,,,4.bb.05,common,,,,none,,,,"weak to medium magnetic, sometimes fluorescent (red synthetic yes, natural red sometimes)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| libyan desert glass,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| iridescent,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| lazurite,tectosilicate,"(na,ca)8[(s,cl,so4,oh)2|(al6si6o24)]",isometric,"deep blue, azure, violet-blue, greenish blue","crystals occur as dodecahedra, or rarely cubes; granular, disseminated, or massive",uneven,5–5.5,vitreous,2.38–2.45,,isotropic; anomalously anisotropic,1.502–1.522,,,,,lzr[1],hextetrahedral (43m) h-m symbol: (4 3m),p43n,a = 9.09å; z=2,,imperfect on {110},brittle,,translucent to opaque,,3.5,9.fb.10,,,,,soluble in hcl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| hanksite,sulfate minerals,na22k(so4)9(co3)2cl,hexagonal,"colorless to pale yellow, may be grayish green due to clay inclusions",occurs as short prismatic to tabular hexagonal crystals,uneven,3–3.5,vitreous to dull,2.562,,uniaxial (−),"nω = 1.481, nε = 1.461",δ = 0.020,,pale yellow under lw uv,,hks[1],dipyramidal (6/m) h–m symbol: (6/m),p63/m,a = 10.465(21)å c = 21.191(43)å; z=2,,good on {0001},brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,7.bd.30,,,,,readily soluble in water,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| glimmerite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| cassiterite,oxide minerals,sno2,tetragonal,"black, brownish black, reddish brown, brown, red, yellow, gray, white; rarely colorless","pyramidic, prismatic, radially fibrous botryoidal crusts and concretionary masses; coarse to fine granular, massive",subconchoidal to uneven,6–7,"adamantine to adamantine metallic, splendent; may be greasy on fractures",6.98–7.1,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.990–2.010 nε = 2.093–2.100,δ = 0.103,"pleochroic haloes have been observed. dichroic in yellow, green, red, brown, usually weak, or absent, but strong at times",,,cst[1],ditetragonal dipyramidal (4/mmm) h-m symbol: (4/m 2/m 2/m),p42/mnm,"a = 4.7382(4)å, c = 3.1871(1)å; z=2",,"{100} imperfect, {110} indistinct; partings on {111} or {011}",brittle,white to brownish,"transparent when light colored, dark material nearly opaque; commonly zoned",,infusible,4.db.05,"very common on {011}, as contact and penetration twins, geniculated; lamellar",,,,insoluble,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| glaucophane,inosilicates sodic amphibole group,☐na2(mg3al2)si8o22(oh)2,monoclinic,"gray, navy blue, lavender-blue","slender long prisms, massive granular to columnar",brittle - conchoidal,6.0 - 6.5,vitreous - pearly,3 - 3.15,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.606 - 1.637 nβ = 1.615 - 1.650 nγ = 1.627 - 1.655,δ = 0.021,strong,,,gln[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/m,,,good on [110] and on [001],,grayish blue,translucent,,,9.de.25,,,,strong,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| hypersthene,inosilicate,"(mg,fe)sio3",orthorhombic,"gray, brown, or green",,uneven,5.5–6,vitreous to pearly,3.4–3.9,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.669 - 1.755 nβ = 1.674 - 1.763 nγ = 1.680 - 1.773,δ = 0.011 - 0.018,,,,,,,,,"{100} perfect, {010} perfect",,"greyish white, greenish",,,,8/f.02-20,on [100],,,weak,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| hexagonite,mineral variety of tremolite,ca2mg5 (si8o22) (oh)2,,"red to pink, lilac to purple","elongated, bladed crystals, granula",uneven,5.0–6.0,vitreous,,,,1.599–1.637 biaxial ( - ),0.019–0.028,"bluish–red, deep rose, deep red–violet",,,,,monoclinic – prismatic,,,[110] perfect; [010] distinct,brittle,,,,,,"simple, multiple",,,"weak, r < v",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| piemontite,sorosilicatesepidote,"ca2(al,mn3+,fe3+)3(sio4)(si2o7)o(oh)",monoclinic,"reddish-brown, reddish-black","slender prismatic, blocky to massive",uneven to splintery,6 - 6.5,vitreous,,,biaxial (+) 2v = 64 - 106,nα = 1.725 - 1.756 nβ = 1.730 - 1.789 nγ = 1.750 - 1.832,δ = 0.025 - 0.076,visible,,,pmt[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/m,,,"[001] good, [100] distinct",brittle,red,translucent to nearly opaque,,,,on [100] uncommon,,3.46 - 3.54,r>v very strong,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| lazulite,phosphate mineral,"(mg,fe2+)al2(po4)2(oh)2",monoclinic,"azure-blue, sky-blue, bluish white, yellow-green, blue-green, rarely green","tabular, acute to stubby bipyramidal crystals; granular, massive","uneven, splintery",5.5 - 6.0,vitreous,3.122 – 3.240,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.604 - 1.626 nβ = 1.626 - 1.654 nγ = 1.637 - 1.663,δ = 0.033 - 0.037,"strong: x= colorless, y= blue, z= darker blue",,,lzl[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/c,"a = 7.144(1), b = 7.278(1) c = 7.228(1)[å]; β = 120.5(1)°; z=2",,"poor to good on {110}, indistinct on {101}",brittle,white,transparent to translucent to nearly opaque,measured: 61° to 70°,infusible,8.bb.40,common by several twin laws,,,,insoluble,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| chrysoprase,mineral,sio2,trigonal,olive to applegreen,microcrystalline aggregates,"conchoidal, granular",6.0–7.0,"greasy, waxy",2.651–2.91,,,,0.004–0.009,,none,,,,,,,none,brittle,,nearly opaque to nearly transparent,,,,,,,none,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| rhodochrosite,carbonate minerals,mnco3,trigonal,"pink, rose, rose-red, red, cherry-red, yellow, yellowish grey, grey, cinnamon-brown, white, may be banded; colourless to pale rose in transmitted light.","rhombohedral and scalenohedral crystals; also commonly bladed, columnar, stalactitic, botryoidal, granular or massive","uneven, conchoidal",3.5–4,,3.7,,uniaxial (-),nω = 1.814–1.816 nε = 1.596–1.598,δ = 0.218,weak,none,,rds[1],hexagonal scalenohedral (3m) h-m symbol: (3 2/m),r3c,"a = 4.777, c = 15.67[å]; z=6",114.95 g/mol,on {1011} perfect; parting on {1012},brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,5.ab.05,on {1012} as contact and lamellar,,,,,,,,,,vitreous to pearly,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| astrophyllite,inosilicates astrophyllite group,"(k,na)3(fe++,mn)7ti2si8o24(o,oh)7",triclinic,golden brown to yellow; rarely greenish,"tabular to bladed, radiating, stellate aggregates; lamellar masses",uneven,3-4,"greasy, pearly, sub-metallic",3.2–3.4,,biaxial positive,nα = 1.680 nβ = 1.700 nγ = 1.730,0.050,strong: x= deep red-orange y= orange-yellow z= lemon-yellow,,,ast[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),a1,,,perfect on [001] imperfect on [100],,yellowish brown or white,translucent to opaque,,,9.dc.05,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| morganite,beryl[1],be3al2(si6o18),,pink,,,7.5 to 8,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| huebnerite,oxide minerals,mnwo4,monoclinic,"yellowish brown to reddish brown, blackish brown, black; deep red internal reflections in reflected light","prismatic striated crystals, tabular to flattened, in radiating groups",irregular/uneven,4-4+1⁄2,metallic to adamantine towards resinous.,7.12 - 7.18,,biaxial (+),"nα=2.17-2.2, nβ=2.22, nγ=2.3-2.32",0.1200-0.1300,"perceptible; x = yellow to green, red-orange; y = yellowish brown to greenish yellow, red-orange to red; z = green; brick-red to red",,,hbr[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/c,"a = 4.86, b = 5.78 c = 5.02 [å]; β = 90.816°, z=4",,perfect on {010},brittle,"yellow to reddish brown, greenish gray",transparent to translucent,73° measured,,4.db.30,contact twins,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| shortite,carbonate minerals,na2ca2(co3)3,orthorhombic,,,conchoidal,3,,2.6,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.531 nβ = 1.555 nγ = 1.570,0.039,,,,sot[1],pyramidal (mm2) h-m symbol: (mm2),amm2,,,"distinct/good |
| on {010}",,,transparent,,,5.ac.25,,,2.6,r < v moderate,,,,,,"colourless, light yellow, light green",vitreous,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| albite,"plagioclase, feldspar, tectosilicate",naalsi3o8 or na1.0–0.9ca0.0–0.1al1.0–1.1si3.0–2.9o8,triclinic,"white to gray, blueish, greenish, reddish; may be chatoyant","crystals commonly tabular, divergent aggregates, granular, cleavable massive",uneven to conchoidal,6–6.5,"vitreous, typically pearly on cleavages",2.60–2.65,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.528–1.533nβ = 1.532–1.537nγ = 1.538–1.542,δ = 0.010,,,,ab[1],pinacoidal (1)(same h-m symbol),c1,"a = 8.16, b = 12.87c = 7.11[å]; α = 93.45°β = 116.4°, γ = 90.28°; z=4",,"perfect on {001}, very good on {010}, imperfect on {110}",brittle,white,transparent to translucent,85–90° (low); 52–54° (high),,9.fa.35,"common giving polysynthetic striae on {001} or {010} also contact, simple and multiple",,,r < v weak,,,,,low- and high-temperature structural modifications are recognized,,,"1,100–1,120°c (2,010–2,050°f)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| tinzenite,cyclosilicates,"(ca,fe,mn)3al2bo3si4o12oh or ca2(fe,mn)al2bsi4o15(oh)",triclinic,"reddish brown to yellow to colorless. blue, violet, grey.","tabular, wedge shaped crystals",conchoidal,6.0–7.5,vitreous,3.18–3.37,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.672–1.693 nβ = 1.677–1.701 nγ = 1.681–1.704,δ = 0.011,strong,,,ax[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),p1,,,good on {100},,white,,,,9.bd.20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| zircon,nesosilicates,zirconium silicate(zrsio4),tetragonal,"reddish brown, yellow, green, blue, gray, colorless; in thin section, colorless to pale brown","tabular to prismatic crystals, irregular grains, massive",conchoidal to uneven,7.5,vitreous to adamantine; greasy when metamict.,4.6–4.7,,uniaxial (+),"nω = 1.925–1.961 nε = 1.980–2.015, 1.75 when metamict",δ = 0.047–0.055,weak,,,zrn[1],ditetragonal dipyramidal (4/mmm) h-m symbol: (4/m 2/m 2/m),i41/amd (no. 141),"a = 6.607(1), c = 5.982(1)[å]; z=4",,{110} and {111},brittle,white,transparent to opaque,,"close to 2,550 °c depend on hf,th,u,h,etc... concentrations.",9.ad.30,on {101}. crystals shocked by meteorite impact show polysynthetic twins on {112},,,,insoluble,,,,"fluorescent and radioactive,may form pleochroic halos,relief: high",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| hawk's eye,mineral,"silica (silicon dioxide, sio2)",,,,,6.5-7,silky,2.64–2.71,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,golden to red-brown,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| langbeinite,sulfate mineral,k2mg2(so4)3,cubic,"colorless with pale shades of yellow, pink, red, green, gray","as nodules, disseminated grains, bedded massive",conchoidal,3.5 - 4,vitreous,2.83,,isotropic,n = 1.5329–1.5347,,,,,lbn[1],tetartoidal (23) (same h-m symbol),p213,a = 9.92å; z=4,,,brittle,,transparent,,,7.ac.10,,,,,280 g/l (20°c);[2] slowly dissolves in water[3],,,,piezoelectric,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| mottramite,vanadate minerals,pbcu(vo4)(oh),orthorhombic,,"encrustations, aggregates of plume-like forms and radial crystals[2]","irregular/uneven, sub-conchoidal",3 - 3+1⁄2,,5.9,,usually biaxial (-) rarely biaxial (+),nα = 2.170(2) nβ = 2.260(2) nγ = 2.320(2),δ = 0.150,"visible x=y= canary yellow to greenish yellow, z= brownish yellow",,,mott[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pnma,"a = 7.68å, b = 9.27å, c = 6.03å; z=4",402.69 g/mol [2],none observed,brittle,yellowish green,"transparent, opaque","measured: 73° , calculated: 46°",,8.bh.40,,41.5.2.2,,strong r > v rarely r < v,readily soluble in acids[3],,,,,"grass-green, olive-green, yellow-green, siskin-green, blackish brown, nearly black",greasy,,zinc,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| andalusite,nesosilicates,al2sio5,orthorhombic,"pink, violet, yellow, green, white, gray; in thin section, colorless to pink or green",as euhedral crystals or columnar aggregates having nearly square cross sections; fibrous compact to massive,uneven to subconchoidal,6.5 - 7.5,vitreous,3.17 (+/- .04),,"double refractive, biaxial negative; chiastolite has anomalous aggregate reaction.[1]",nα = 1.629 - 1.640 nβ = 1.633 - 1.644 nγ = 1.638 - 1.650,δ = 0.009 - 0.010,strongly trichroic,non-fluorescent,,and,dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pnnm,"a = 7.7980å, b = 7.9031å c = 5.5566å; z=4",,"good on {110}, poor on {100}",,white,transparent to nearly opaque with inclusions,71 - 86°,,9.af.10,"on {101}, rare",,,r < v strong,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| rainbow lattice sunstone,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| indicolite,cyclosilicate,na(li1.5al1.5)al6si6o18(bo3)3(oh)4,trigonal,"green, red to pink, blue, orange, yellow, colorless, multicolored",prismatic; striated,sub-conchoidal,7+1⁄2,vitreous,,,uniaxial (−); moderate relief,"nω = 1.635–1.650, nε = 1.615–1.632",δ = 0.020,,,,elb[1],ditrigonal pyramidal (3m) h–m symbol: (3m),r3m,,,poor/indistinct on {1120} and {1011},,white,transparent to opaque,,,9.ck.05,,,2.9–3.2,,,,,,piezoelectric and pyroelectric,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,colorless,blue,red to pink,green,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| fluorapatite,phosphate mineral apatite group,ca5(po4)3f,hexagonal,"sea-green, violet, purple, blue, pink, yellow, brown, white, colorless, may be zoned",massive to prismatic crystalline,brittle to conchoidal,5,"vitreous, resinous to dull",3.1 to 3.2,,uniaxial (-),nω = 1.631 - 1.650 nε = 1.633 - 1.646,δ = 0.002,,fluorescent and phosphorescent.,,fap[1],dipyramidal (6/m) h-m symbol: (6/m),p63/m,,,indistinct,,white,transparent to opaque,,,8.bn.05,contact twins rare,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| serendibite,inosilicates,"(ca,na)2(mg,fe2+)3(al,fe3+)3[o2|(si,al,b)6o18]",triclinic,"pale yellow, blue-green, greyish blue, black",,"uncommon, conchoidal",6.5 - 7,vitreous,3.42 - 3.52 (measured) 3.47 (calculated),,biaxial (+),1.701 - 1.706,,"visible,strong, color: green, blue, yellow, light blue, bluegreen, light yellow",,,ser[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),p1,,,none observed,,white,"transparent, translucent,opaque",measured: 80°,,9.dh.40,polysynthetic on {0-11} is common,69.2.1a.6,,strong,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| sulfur,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"388.36k (115.21°c, 239.38°f) ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,lemon yellow sintered microcrystals,"[32.059,32.076]32.06±0.02(abridged)[1]",16,group16 (chalcogens),period3, p-block,[ne] 3s2 3p4,"2, 8, 6",solid,"717.8k (444.6°c, 832.3°f) ",alpha: 2.07g/cm3 beta: 1.96g/cm3 gamma: 1.92g/cm3 ,1.819g/cm3 ,"1314k, 20.7mpa ",mono: 1.727kj/mol ,mono: 45kj/mol ,22.75j/(mol·k) ,"−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (astrongly acidic oxide)",paulingscale: 2.58 ,1st:999.6kj/mol 2nd:2252kj/mol 3rd:3357kj/mol (more) ,,105±3pm ,180pm ,primordial, orthorhombic,,,0.205w/(m⋅k) (amorphous),2×1015ω⋅m (at20°c) (amorphous),diamagnetic[2] ,(α) −15.5×10−6cm3/mol (298k)[3],,,7.7gpa ,,2.0 ,,,7704-34-9 ,before 2000 bce[4],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,sulphur (british spelling),see allotropes of sulfur,antoine lavoisier (1777),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| chambersite,tektoborates,mn3b7o13cl,orthorhombic,colorless to deep purple,pseudocubic crystals,subconchoidal to uneven,7,vitreous,3.49,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.732 nβ = 1.737 nγ = 1.744,δ = 0.012,,,,cbs[1],pyramidal (mm2)(same h-m symbol),pca21,,,none,,,transparent to opaque,measured: 83°,,6.ga.05,rare as interpenetration twins on [111],,,r > v,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,color darkens when exposed to sunlight,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| sanidine,feldspar,k(alsi3o8),monoclinic,colorless to white,"tabular crystals, may be acicular",uneven,6,"vitreous, pearly on cleavage",2.52,,biaxial (−),nα = 1.518–1.525 nβ = 1.523–1.530 nγ = 1.525–1.531,δ = 0.007,,,,sa[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/m,,,"{001} perfect, {010} good",brittle,white,transparent to translucent,measured: 18°–42° (low); 15°–63° (high),,9.fa.30,carlsbad twinning common,76.01.01.02,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| papagoite,cyclosilicate,cacualsi2o6(oh)3,monoclinic,"dark blue crystals, light blue when massive","massive; cryptocrystalline, forming flat elongated crystals",brittle,5–5.5,vitreous to dull,3.25,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.607 nβ = 1.641 nγ = 1.672,δ = 0.065,trichroic,,,pap[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/m,"a = 12.92å, b = 11.49å, c = 4.69å; β = 100.81°; z=4",,imperfect in one direction,,light blue,,measured: 78°,,9.ce.05,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| pyrite,sulfide mineral,fes2,cubic,pale brass-yellow reflective; tarnishes darker and iridescent,"cubic, faces may be striated, but also frequently octahedral and pyritohedral. often inter-grown, massive, radiated, granular, globular, and stalactitic.","very uneven, sometimes conchoidal",6–6.5,"metallic, glistening",4.95–5.10,,,,,,,,py[1],diploidal (m3) h-m symbol: (2/m 3),pa3,"a = 5.417å, z=4",119.98 g/mol,indistinct on {001}; partings on {011} and {111},brittle,greenish-black to brownish-black,opaque,,2.5–3 to a magnetic globule,2.eb.05a,penetration and contact twinning,2.12.1.1,4.8–5 g/cm3,,insoluble in water,,,,paramagnetic,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| smaltite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| bornite,sulfide mineral,cu5fes4,orthorhombic,"copper red, bronze brown, purple","granular, massive, disseminated – crystals pseudocubic, dodecahedral, octahedral",uneven to subconchoidal,3–3.25,"metallic if fresh, iridescent tarnish",5.06–5.08,,,opaque,,weak but noticeable,,,bn[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pbca,"a = 10.95å, b = 21.862å, c = 10.95å; z=16",501.88 g/mol,poor on [111],brittle,grayish black,,,,2.ba.10,penetration twins on [111],,,,,,,,"magnetic after heating, iridescent",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| trapiche emerald,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| milky quartz,silicate mineral[1],sio2,α-quartz: trigonal β-quartz: hexagonal,"colorless through various colors (pink, orange, purple, dark brown) |
| to black","6-sided prism ending in 6-sided pyramid (typical), drusy, fine-grained to microcrystalline, massive",conchoidal,7– lower in impure varieties (defining mineral),vitreous– waxy to dull when massive,2.65; variable 2.59–2.63 in impure varieties,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.543–1.545 nε = 1.552–1.554,+0.009 (b-g interval),none,,,qz[2],α-quartz: trapezohedral (class 3 2) β-quartz: trapezohedral (class 6 2 2)[3],α-quartz: p3221 (no. 154)[4]β-quartz: p6222 (no. 180) or p6422 (no. 181)[5],"a = 4.9133 å, c = 5.4053 å; z=3",60.083g·mol−1,{0110} indistinct,brittle,white,transparent to nearly opaque,,,4.da.05 (oxides),"common dauphine law, brazil law and japan law",75.01.03.01 (tectosilicates),,,insoluble at stp; 1ppmmass at 400°c and 500 lb/in2 to 2600ppmmass at 500°c and 1500 lb/in2[3],,,,"lattice: hexagonal, piezoelectric, may be triboluminescent, chiral (hence optically active if not racemic)",,,1670 °c (β tridymite) 1713 °c (β cristobalite)[3],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| phosgenite,carbonate minerals,(pbcl)2co3,tetragonal,"pale yellow to yellowish brown, pale brown, smoky brown, smoky violet, colorless, pale rose, gray, yellowish gray, pale green","short prismatic crystals, granular, massive",conchoidal,2 – 3,adamantine,6.12 – 6.15,,uniaxial (+); anomalously biaxial if strained,nω = 2.118 nε = 2.145,δ = 0.027,weakly pleochroic with o - reddish and e - greenish in thick sections.,fluoresces yellow under lw and sw uv,,pho[1],ditetragonal dipyramidal (4/mmm)h-m symbol: (4/m 2/m 2/m),p4/mbm,"a = 8.16å, c = 8.883(6)å; z=4",,"distinct on {001} and {110}, indistinct on {100}","sectile, flexible perpendicular to {001}",white,transparent to translucent,,,5.be.20,,,,,"soluble in dilute nitric acid with effervescence, decomposes slowly in cold water",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| nuummite,mineral variety,(mg2)(mg5)si8o22(oh)2,,"black, grey",,conchoidal,5.5 - 6.0,vitreous/glossy,,,,1.598 - 1.697 biaxial,0.0170 - 0.230,,,,,,,,780.82 gm,perfect on 210,,,opaque,,,,none,,2.85 - 3.57,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| pyrope,nesosilicate,mg3al2(sio4)3,cubic,"blood red to black red, red, orange red, pink, some varieties are very dark, almost black, while others can take tones of purple to purple red, some chromium-rich pyropes are thermochromic, becoming green when heated.[2]","euhedra typically display rhombic dodecahedral form, but trapezohedra are not uncommon, and hexoctahedra are seen in some rare samples. massive and granular forms also occur.",conchoidal,7.0–7.5,greasy to vitreous[3],3.78+0.09−0.16 [3],vitreous[3],"single refractive, often anomalous double refractive[3]","1.74 normal, but ranges from 1.714 to over 1.742[3]","isotropic, appears black in cross-polarized light",none,inert,broad band at 564nm with cutoff at 440 to 445nm. fine gem quality pyropes may show chromium lines in the red end of the spectrum,prp[1],hexoctahedral (m3m) h–m symbol: (4/m 3 2/m),ia3d,,,none,,white,,,,9.ad.25,,,,,"insoluble in water, weakly soluble in hf",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"olivine, pyroxene, hornblende, biotite, diamond",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| goosecreekite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| charoite,silicate mineral,"k(ca,na)2si4o10(oh,f)•h2o",monoclinic,"violet, lilac, light brown","fibrous, massive",conchoidal,5 - 6,vitreous to pearly,2.54 - 2.58,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.550 nβ = 1.553 nγ = 1.559,0.009,,weakly fluorescent,,cha[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/m,,,good in three directions,,white,translucent,,,,,,,,,,,, radioactive 10.69% (k),,,,"al, fe, mn, sr, ba",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| corundum,oxide mineral – hematite group,"aluminium oxide, al2o3",trigonal,"colorless, gray, golden-brown, brown; purple, pink to red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet; may be color zoned, asteriated mainly grey and brown","steep bipyramidal, tabular, prismatic, rhombohedral crystals, massive or granular",conchoidal to uneven,9 (defining mineral)[2],adamantine to vitreous,3.95–4.10,,uniaxial (−),nω = 1.767–1.772 nε = 1.759–1.763,,none,,,crn[1],hexagonal scalenohedral (3m)h-m symbol: (3 2/m),r3c (no. 167),"a = 4.75 å, c = 12.982 å; z = 6",,none – parting in 3 directions,brittle,colorless,"transparent, translucent to opaque",,infusible,4.cb.05,polysynthetic twinning common,4.3.1.1,,,insoluble,,,,may fluoresce or phosphoresce under uv light,,,"2,044°c (3,711°f)",,,,,,,,,may alter to mica on surfaces causing a decrease in hardness,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,any color except red,red,"black granular corundum intimately mixed with magnetite, hematite, or hercynite",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| stilbite,"tectosilicate, zeolite",stilbite-ca: naca4(si27al9)o72·28(h2o)stilbite-na: na9(si27al9)o72·28(h2o),"monoclinic, also triclinic and orthorhombic","usually colorless, white or pink","thin tabular, aggregates sheaf-like or in bow-ties, also fibrous and globular.",conchoidal or uneven,3+1⁄2 to 4,"vitreous, pearly on {010}",2.12 to 2.22,,biaxial (-),"nx = 1.479 to 1.492, ny = 1.485 to 1.500, nz = 1.489 to 1.505[2][3] |
| nx = 1.484 to 1.500, ny = 1.492 to 1.507, nz = 1.494 to 1.513[4][5]",,,,,stb[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/m (monoclinic) amma (orthorhombic),,"stilbite-ca: 2,840 g/mol stilbite-na: 2,864 g/mol",perfect on {010},brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,"easily fused by blowpipe (~1050 °c) to produce a white ""enamel""[6]",9.ge.10 (10 ed) 8/j.23-30 (8 ed),very common on {001},77.1.4.3,,,decomposes in hcl[6],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| eilat stone,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| adularia,silicate mineral,kalsi3o8,monoclinic,"colorless, greenish, greyish yellow, white, pink",can be anhedral or euhedral. grains are commonly elongate with a tabular appearance.,uneven,6 (defining mineral),"vitreous, pearly on cleavage surfaces",2.55–2.63,,"biaxial (−), 2v = 65–75",nα = 1.518–1.520 nβ = 1.522–1.524 nγ = 1.522–1.525,0.0050–0.0060,,,,or[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h–m symbol),c2/m,,,has perfect cleavage on {001} and good cleavage on {010}. cleavages intersect at 90°. it can be difficult to see cleavage in thin section due to orthoclase's low relief.,,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.fa.30,typically displays carlsbad twinning. baveno and manebach twins have also been reported in orthoclase.,,,relatively strong,,,,,low negative relief;alters to sericite or clay (commonly),,,,,,,,,,,distinguishable from microcline by a lack in gridiron twinning. distinguishable from sanidine by a larger 2vx.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,parallel to cleavage,,,,,,,,no slow or fast length,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| oregon sunstone,microcline or oligoclase and orthoclase variety,"(ca,na)((al,si)2si2o8)",triclinic,"colorless, orange, yellow, red, green, blue, brown and copper shiller","euhedral crystals, granular",,6.0–6.5,,2.64–2.66,,,1.525–1.58,,,,,,,,,,001,,,transparent to translucent and opaque,,,,lamellar,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| sugilite,cyclosilicate,"kna2(fe,mn,al)2li3si12o30",hexagonal,"light brownish-yellow, purple, violet, reddish violet, pale pink, colorless","prismatic crystals, typically granular to massive",,6–6+1⁄2,vitreous,2.74,,uniaxial (-),nω = 1.610 nε = 1.607,δ = 0.003,weak,,,sug[1],dihexagonal dipyramidal (6/mmm) h-m symbol: (6/m 2/m 2/m),p6/mcc,"a = 10, c = 14[å]; z=2",,poor on {0001},,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.cm.05,,63.02.01a.09,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| staurolite,nesosilicate,"fe2+2al9o6(sio4)4(o,oh)2[1]",monoclinic,"dark reddish brown to blackish brown, yellowish brown, rarely blue; pale golden yellow in thin section",commonly in prismatic crystals,subconchoidal,7 - 7.5,subvitreous to resinous,3.74 - 3.83 meas. 3.686 calc.,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.736 - 1.747 nβ = 1.740 - 1.754 nγ = 1.745 - 1.762,δ = 0.009 - 0.015,x = colorless; y = pale yellow; z = golden yellow,,,st[2],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/m,"a = 7.86å, b = 16.6å c = 5.65å; β = 90.45°; z=2",,distinct on {010},brittle,white to grayish,transparent to opaque,"measured: 88°, calculated: 84° to 88°",,9.af.30,"commonly as 60° twins, less common as 90° cruciform twins",,,r > v; weak,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| atacamite,halide mineral,cu2cl(oh)3,orthorhombic,"bright green, dark emerald-green to blackish green","slender prismatic crystals, fibrous, granular to compact, massive",conchoidal,3 - 3.5,adamantine to vitreous,3.745 – 3.776,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.831 nβ = 1.861 nγ = 1.880,δ = 0.049,x = pale green; y = yellow-green; z = grass-green,,,ata[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pnma,"a = 6.03, b = 9.12 c = 6.865[å]; z=4",,"perfect on {010}, fair on {101}",brittle,apple green,transparent to translucent,calculated: 74°,,3.da.10a,contact and penetration with complex twinned groupings,,,"r < v, strong",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| beudantite,arsenate minerals,pbfe3(oh)6so4aso4,trigonal,"black, dark green, brown, yellowish, red, greenish yellow, brown","tabular, acute rhombohedral, pseudo-cubic, pseudo-cuboctahedral",,3.5-4.5,"vitreous, resinous",4.48,,uniaxial (-),nω = 1.957 nε = 1.943,δ = 0.014,visible,,,bdn[1],hexagonal scalenohedral (3m) h-m symbol: (3 2/m),r3m,"a = 7.32å, c = 17.02å; z=3",,distinct; good on {0001},,grayish yellow to green,"transparent, translucent",,,8.bl.10,,43.4.1.1,,,,,,,soluble in hcl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| pyroxmangite,inosilicate,mnsio3,triclinic,"pink, red, brown",,"hackly, uneven",5+1⁄2 – 6,"vitreous, pearly",3.8,,,,δ=0.018,,,,pxm[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),c1,"a = 9.69å, b = 10.5å, c = 17.39å; α = 112.17°, β = 102.85°, γ = 82.93°; v = 1,596.00å3; z=28",,"perfect on {110}, {110}, (110) ^ (110) = 92° poor on {010}, {001}",brittle,colorless,"transparent, translucent",,,9.do.05,"lamellar on {010}, simple on {001}",,,,,,,,"morphology: tabular crystals, granular massive, grainy",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| natrolite,tectosilicate,na2al2si3o10·2h2o,orthorhombic,"white, colorless, sometimes pink",acicular,"irregular, uneven",5-6,"vitreous, silky, pearly",2.25,,,,,,,,ntr[1],pyramidal (mm2) h–m symbol: (mm2),fdd2,"a = 18.27, b = 18.587 c = 6.56[å], z=8",380.22g/mol,perfect on {110},brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.ga.05 (10 ed) 8/j.21-10 (8 ed),"on {110}, {011}, {031}",77.01.05.01,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| ettringite,sulfate minerals,ca6al2(so4)3(oh)12·26h2o,trigonal,"colorless, pale yellow, milky white","acicular growth, striated prismatic crystals; fibrous to cottonlike",,2-2.5,vitreous,1.77,,uniaxial (-),"nω = 1.491, nε = 1.470",δ = 0.021,,non-fluorescent,,ett[1],ditrigonal pyramidal (3m) h-m symbol: (3m),p31c,"a = 11.23, c = 21.44[å]; z=2",,perfect on {1010},,white,transparent to opaque,,,7.dg.15,,,,,partially soluble in water,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"partially dehydration on atmospheric exposure, becomes opaque",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| demantoid,mineral,ca3fe2si3o12,cubic,light to deep green,,,6.5–7.0,adamantine,3.84,,single refractive,1.880–1.889[1],,none,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0.057,,,,,,,,,cr,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| coral,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| amethyst,silicate mineral,"silica (silicon dioxide, sio2)",trigonal,"purple, violet, dark purple",6-sided prism ending in 6-sided pyramid (typical),conchoidal,7–lower in impure varieties,vitreous/glassy,2.65 constant; variable in impure varieties,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.543–1.553 nε = 1.552–1.554,+0.009 (b-g interval),weak to moderate purple/reddish purple,,,,trapezohedral (32),p3221 (no. 154),,,none,,white,transparent to translucent,,,,"dauphine law, brazil law, and japan law",,,,insoluble in common solvents,,,,piezoelectric,,,1650±75°c,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| cinnabar,sulfide mineral,"mercury(ii) sulfide, hgs",trigonal,"cochineal-red, towards brownish red and lead-gray",rhombohedral to tabular; granular to massive and as incrustations,uneven to subconchoidal,2.0–2.5,adamantine to dull,8.176,,uniaxial (+); very high relief,nω = 2.905 nε = 3.256,δ = 0.351,,,,cin[1],trapezohedral (32) (same h–m symbol),"p3121, p3221","a = 4.145(2)å, c = 9.496(2)å, z=3",,"prismatic {1010}, perfect",slightly sectile,scarlet,transparent in thin pieces,,,2.cd.15a,"simple contact twins, twin plane {0001}",,,,1.04×10−25g/100 ml water(ksp at 25°c = 2×10−32)[2],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| fuchsite,silicate mineral,,monoclinic,light to medium green,curved aggregates,uneven,2.5,vitreous to pearly,2.8–2.9,,,,,,,,,,,,,perfect basal,,white,transparent to opaque,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| willemite,silicate mineral,zn2sio4,trigonal,"colorless to white, gray, black, flesh-red, burgundy-red, pink, brown, dark brown, mahogany-brown, honey-yellow, yellow, apple-green, blue, pastel green, light blue, azure-blue","fibrous, botryoidal to massive",irregular to conchoidal,5.5,vitreous to resinous,3.9– 4.2,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.691– 1.694 nε = 1.719– 1.725,δ = 0.028,,,,wlm[1],rhombohedral (3) (same h-m symbol),r3,,,"{0001}, {1120} - imperfect",,,transparent to opaque,,,9.aa.05 (10 ed) 8/a.01-20 (8 ed),,51.1.1.2,,,,,,,strongly fluorescent; may be phosphorescent,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,zinc is partly replaced by manganese,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| cuprite,oxide mineral,cu2o,cubic,"dark red to conchineal red, sometimes almost black","cubic, octahedral, and dodecahedral crystals; as hairlike capillary forms, earthy, compact granular and massive",conchoidal to uneven,3.5 to 4,"adamantine, sub-metallic, earthy",6.14,,isotropic,n = 2.849,,visible,,,cpr[1],hexoctahedral (m3m) h-m symbol: (4/m 3 2/m),pn3m,a = 4.2685å; v = 77.77å3; z=2,,fair in four directions forming octahedrons,brittle,shining metallic brownish-red,"transparent, translucent",,,4.aa.10,penetration twins,4.1.1.1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| wardite,phosphate minerals,naal3(po4)2(oh)4·2(h2o),tetragonal,"white, colorless, pale green, blue-green, yellow-green, pale yellow, yellow pink.","dipyramidal pseudo-octahedral crystals, striated; radial, fibrous, encrustations",,5,vitreous,2.81 - 2.87,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.586 - 1.594 nε = 1.595 - 1.604,δ = 0.009,,,,wd[1],trapezohedral (422) h-m symbol: (4 2 2),p41212,"a = 7.03(1), c = 19.04(1)å; z=4",,perfect on {001},,,transparent to opaque,0.0,,8.dl.10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| microlite,oxide minerals,"(na,ca)2ta2o6(o,oh,f)",cubic,,,,,,,,,,,,,,mic[1],,fd3m (no. 227),,,,,,,,,04.dh.15,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| pumpellyite,sorosilicate,,monoclinic,olive green to bluish green,,uneven,5.5-6,"vitreous, dull",3.2,,,,,,,,pmp[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),a2/m,,,good in two directions,brittle,white,translucent,,,9.bg.20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| seraphinite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| jade,mineral,,monoclinic,"virtually all colors, mostly green",intergrown grainy or fine fibrous aggregate,splintery,6–7,,2.9–3.38,,,1.600–1.688,0.020–0.027,absent,,,,,,,,none,brittle,,"translucent, opaque",,,,,,,none,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,翡翠,fěicuì,[fèɪ.tsʰwêɪ],yuhk,fei2ceoi3,húi-chhùi,hui1cui3,ngọc,"옥, 비취","玉, 翡翠","ok, bichwi","玉, 翡翠","gyoku, hisui",,,,,,,,,,,, |
| hemimorphite,sorosilicates,zn4si2o7(oh)2·h2o,orthorhombic,"white, grey","polar crystals, with different or hemimorphic ends. also coxcomb masses, mammillary, stalactitic, or massive",uneven to conchoidal,4.5-5,"vitreous, adamantine, rarely silky",3.516 - 3.525,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.614 nβ = 1.617 nγ = 1.636,δ = 0.022,,,,hmp[1],pyramidal (mm2) h-m symbol: (mm2),imm2,"a = 8.367(5), b = 10.73 c = 5.155(3)[å]; z=2",,"perfect on {110}, poor on {101}, {001} rare",brittle,white,transparent to translucent,"measured: 46°, calculated: 44°",,9.bd.10,rare on {001},,,,soluble in acid,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| hydrogrossular,nesosilicate,ca3al2(sio4)3−x(oh)4x,cubic,"green to bluish green, pink, white, gray",massive,conchoidal,7–7.5,vitreous,4.15+0.05−0.03,vitreous to subadamantine,"single refractive, anomalous aggregate reaction",1.810+0.004−0.020,none,none,inert,"dark green hydrogrossular often shows cutoff below 460 nm. other color stones may show line around 463 nm, indicating some idocrase content",hgrs[1],,,,,none,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| helenite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| cancrinite,feldspathoid,na6ca2[(co3)2|al6si6o24]·2h2o,hexagonal,"grey-green, white, yellow, blue, orange, reddish",rare as prismatic crystals; typically massive,irregular/uneven,5–6,"vitreous, greasy, pearly",2.42 – 2.51,,uniaxial (+/-),nω = 1.507 – 1.528 nε = 1.495 – 1.503,δ = 0.012 – 0.025,,,,ccn[1],pyramidal (6) (same h-m symbol),p63,"a = 12.67(9)å, c = 5.15(4)å; z=1",,"perfect on {1010}, poor on {0001}",brittle,white,"transparent, translucent",,,9.fb.05,rare – lamellar,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| nosean,sodalite - (feldspathoid),na8al6si6o24(so4),cubic,,,,,,,,,,,,,,nsn[1],hextetrahedral (43m) h-m symbol: (4 3m),p43m,,,,,,,,,9.fb.10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| rutile,oxide minerals,tio2,tetragonal,"brown, reddish brown, blood red, red, brownish yellow, pale yellow, yellow, pale blue, violet, rarely grass-green, grayish black; black if high in nb–ta","acicular to prismatic crystals, elongated and striated parallel to [001]",uneven to sub-conchoidal,6.0–6.5,adamantine to metallic,4.23 increasing with nb–ta content,,uniaxial (+),"nω = 2.613, nε = 2.909 (589nm)",0.296 (589nm),weak to distinct brownish red-green-yellow,,,rt[1],ditetragonal dipyramidal (4/mmm) h-m symbol: (4/m 2/m 2/m),p42/mnm,"a = 4.5937å, c = 2.9587å; z=2",,"{110} good, {100} moderate, parting on {092} and {011}",,bright red to dark red,"opaque, transparent in thin fragments",,fusible in alkali carbonates,4.db.05,"common on {011}, or {031}; as contact twins with two, six, or eight individuals, cyclic, polysynthetic",,,strong,insoluble in acids,,,,strongly anisotropic,,,,"fe, nb, ta",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| kyanite,nesosilicate,al2sio5,triclinic,"blue, white, rarely green, light gray to gray, rarely yellow, pink, orange, and black, can be zoned",columnar; fibrous; bladed,splintery,4.5-5 parallel to one axis 6.5-7 perpendicular to that axis,vitreous to white,3.53 - 3.65 measured; 3.67 calculated,,biaxial (-); high relief,nα = 1.712 - 1.718 nβ = 1.720 - 1.725 nγ = 1.727 - 1.734,δ = 0.012 - 0.016,"trichroic, colorless to pale blue to blue",,,ky[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),p1,"a = 7.1262(12)å b = 7.852(10)å c = 5.5724(10)å α = 89.99(2)°, β = 101.11(2)° γ = 106.03(1)°; z=4",,[100] perfect [010] imperfect with 79° angle between,brittle,white,transparent to translucent,78°-83°,,9.af.15,lamellar on {100},,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| boracite,tektoborates,mg3b7o13cl,orthorhombic,"colorless, white, gray, brown, orange, yellow, pale green, dark green, blue-green, or blue; colorless in transmitted light","crystalline, disseminated (pseudocubic)","irregular/uneven, conchoidal",7 - 7.5,vitreous - adamantine,2.95,,biaxial (+),"nα=1.658 - 1.662,nβ=1.662 - 1.667,nγ=1.668 - 1.673",δ = 0.010–0.011,none,none,,boc[1],pyramidal (mm2) (same h-m symbol),pca21,"a = 8.577(6)å, b = 8.553(8)å, c = 12.09(1)å; z=4",392.03 g/mol,none,brittle,white,subtransparent to translucent,82°,,6.ga.05,rarely as penetration twins,25.06.01.01,2.91 - 3.10,0.024 (weak),very slowly soluble in h2o; slowly but completely soluble in hcl,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| sphalerite,sulfide mineral,"(zn,fe)s",cubic,"light to dark brown, red-brown, yellow, red, green, light blue, black and colourless.",euhedral crystals – occurs as well-formed crystals showing good external form. granular – generally occurs as anhedral to subhedral crystals in matrix.,uneven to conchoidal,3.5–4,"adamantine, resinous, greasy",3.9–4.2,,isotropic,nα = 2.369,,,,,sp[1],hextetrahedral (43m) h-m symbol: (4 3m),f43m (no. 216),a = 5.406å; z=4,,perfect dodecahedral on [011],,"brownish white, pale yellow","transparent to translucent, opaque when iron-rich",,,2.cb.05a,"simple contact twins or complex lamellar forms, twin axis [111]",02.08.02.01,,,,,,,"non-radioactive, non-magnetic, fluorescent and triboluminescent.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,interactive image,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| andradite,garnet group,ca3fe2(sio4)3,cubic,"yellow, greenish yellow to emerald-green, dark green; brown, brownish red, brownish yellow; grayish black, black; may be sectored","commonly well-crystallized dodecahedra, trapezohedra, or combinations, also granular to massive",conchoidal to uneven,6.5 to 7,"adamantine to resinous, dull",3.859 calculated; 3.8–3.9 measured,,"isotropic, typically weakly anisotropic",n = 1.887,,,,"demantoid – 440nm band or complete absorption at 440nm and below, may also have lines at 618, 634, 685, 690nm [2]",adr[1],hexoctahedral (m3m) h-m symbol: (4/m 3 2/m),ia3d,a = 12.056å; z=8,,none,brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.ad.25,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,transparent light to dark green to yellow-green,opaque black,"transparent to translucent yellow, may show chatoyancy",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| grossular,nesosilicate,ca3al2(sio4)3,cubic[2],"light to dark green, light to dark yellow to reddish brown, brown, orange, red, yellow, green, white, occasionally translucent to opaque pink. it is also but rarely |
| found in colorless form[2]",,conchoidal to uneven[2],6.5 to 7[2],greasy to vitreous[2],3.61 (+.15 -.04),vitreous[2],"single refractive, often anomalous double refractive[2]",1.740 (+.12 -.04)[2],none,none,near colorless to light green – inert to weak orange in longwave and weak yellow-orange in shortwave; yellow – inert to weak orange in longwave and shortwave[2],hessonite sometimes shows bands at 407 and 430nm,grs[1],hexoctahedral (m3m) h-m symbol: (4/m 3 2/m),ia3d,,,none,,brown,,,,9.ad.25,,,,.028,,,,,,,,,,yellow-red to reddish-orange,intense green to yellowish green,transparent and colorless[3],translucent to opaque pink grossularite crystals in marble from mexico,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| feldspar,tectosilicate,kalsi3o8– naalsi3o8– caal2si2o8,triclinic or monoclinic,"pink, white, gray, brown, blue",,along cleavage planes,6.0–6.5,vitreous,2.55–2.76,,,1.518–1.526,first order,none,,,fsp[1],,,,,two or three,,white,opaque,,,,,,2.56,,,,,,exsolution lamellae common,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| chrysotile,phyllosilicateskaolinite-serpentine group,mg3(si2o5)(oh)4(ideal),monoclinic: clinochrysotile (most common)orthorhombic: orthochrysotile and parachrysotile (both rare),,acicular,fibrous,2.5–3,,,,biaxial positive,"nα = 1.569, nγ = 1.570",0.001 (max),,,,ctl[1],clinochrysotile: prismatic (2/m)orthochrysotile and parachrysotile: pyramidal (mm2),clinochrysotile: c2/morthochrysotile and parachrysotile: ccm21,,277.11 g/mol (ideal),,,white,translucent,,"dehydrates at 550–750°c (1,022–1,382°f)",9.ed.15,,,2.53g/ml,relatively weak,insoluble in waterfibres degrade in dilute acid,,,,,white to greyish green,silky,"600–850°c (1,112–1,562°f) (decomposes)",,,,,,,,"white to grayish green thin, flexible curved fiber",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,parallel,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| hureaulite,phosphate minerals,mn2+5(po3oh)2(po4)2·4h2o,monoclinic,,"crystals are short prismatic parallel to (100) or equant, sometimes thick tabular, also massive or imperfectly fibrous[2]",uneven,3.5,,"3.18 - 3.2 (measured), 3.23 (calculated)",,biaxial (-),nα = 1.640 – 1.654 nβ = 1.649 – 1.659 nγ = 1.655 – 1.662,δ = 0.012,"x colourless, y yellow to pale rose, z reddish yellow to reddish brown",,,hur[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/c,a = 17.594(10)å b = 9.086(5)å c = 9.404(5)å β = 96.67(8)°; z=4,728.65 g/mol,{100} good,brittle,nearly white,transparent to translucent,greater than 60°,,8.cb.10 (10 ed) 7/c.04-10 (8 ed),,39.2.1.1,,"r<v, very strong[3]",easily soluble in acids.,,,,,"orange, red, yellow, brown, grey or nearly colourless",vitreous to greasy,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| magnesite,carbonate mineral,mgco3,trigonal,"colorless, white, pale yellow, pale brown, faintly pink, lilac-rose","usually massive, rarely as rhombohedrons or hexagonal prisms",conchoidal,3.5 – 4.5,vitreous,3.0 – 3.2,,uniaxial (-),nω=1.508 – 1.510 nε=1.700,0.191,,,,mgs[1],hexagonal scalenohedral (3m)h-m symbol: (3 2/m),r3c,,,[1011] perfect,brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,infusible,5.ab.05,,,,,effervesces in hot hcl,,,,may exhibit pale green to pale blue fluorescence and phosphorescence under uv; triboluminescent,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| olivine,nesosilicateolivine groupolivine series,"(mg,fe)2sio4",orthorhombic,yellow to yellow-green,massive to granular,conchoidal,6.5–7.0,vitreous,3.2–4.5[2][3][4][5],,biaxial (+),nα = 1.630–1.650nβ = 1.650–1.670nγ = 1.670–1.690,δ = 0.040,,,,ol[1],,pbnm (no. 62),,,poor,brittle,colorless or white,transparent to translucent,,,9.ac.05,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| bayldonite,arsenate minerals,pbcu3(aso4)2(oh)2,monoclinic,"green, apple-green",mammillary crust,"irregular/uneven, conchoidal, sub-conchoidal, fibrous",4+1⁄2,"resinous, waxy, greasy",,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.951 nβ = 1.970 nγ = 1.991,0.040,non-pleochroic,,,bay[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/c,,,none observed,brittle,siskin green to apple green,"transparent, translucent",89°,,8.bh.45,pseudoscalenohedral trillings with the composition plane,,"5.24–5.65 g/cm3 (measured), 5.707 g/cm3 (calculated)",r < v strong,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,y^elongation = 45°; x=b,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| asbestos,silicate minerals,,"orthorhombic, monoclinic","green, red, yellow, white, gray, blue","amorphous, granular, massive",fibrous,2.5.6.0,silky,2.4–3.3,,biaxial,1.53–1.72,0.008,,non-fluorescent,,,,,,277.11 g,prismatic,,white,,20° to 60°,,09.ed.15,,71.01.02d.03,,relatively weak,,,,,,,,"400 to 1,040°c (752 to 1,904°f)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,parallel or oblique,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| realgar,sulfide mineral,as4s4 or ass,monoclinic,"red to yellow-orange; in polished section, pale gray, with abundant yellow to red internal reflections","prismatic striated crystals; more commonly massive, coarse to fine granular, or as incrustations",,1.5–2,resinous to greasy,3.56,,biaxial (-),nα = 2.538 nβ = 2.684 nγ = 2.704,δ = 0.166,nearly colorless to pale golden yellow,,,rlg[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/n (no. 14),a = 9.325(3)å b = 13.571(5)å c = 6.587(3)å β = 106.43°; z=16,,"good on {010}; less so on {101}, {100}, {120}, and {110}","sectile, slightly brittle",red-orange to red,transparent,40°,,2.fa.15a,contact twins on {100},,,"r > v, very strong",,,,,"toxic and carcinogenic. |
| disintegrates on long exposure to light to a powder composed of pararealgar or arsenolite and orpiment.",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| agrellite,inosilicates,naca2si4o10f,triclinic,"white, grayish-white, greenish-white","lath - shaped like a small, thin plaster lath, rectangular in shape",,5.5,pearly,2.88,,biaxial,nα = 1.567 nβ = 1.579 nγ = 1.581,δ = 0.014,,,,are[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),p1,,,perfect [110],,white,translucent,,,9.dh.75,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| phosphophyllite,phosphate minerals,hydrated zinc phosphate (zn2fe(po4)2·4h2o),monoclinic,blue-green to colourless,prismatic,conchoidal,3.5,vitreous,3.1,,biaxial (-),"nα = 1.595 - 1.599, nβ = 1.614 - 1.617, nγ = 1.616 - 1.620",0.021,,,,pp[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/c,,448.40 g/mol,"[100] perfect, [010] distinct, [102] distinct",,white,transparent,"measured 44°, calculated 34°",,8.ca.40,common,,,,,,,,,,,,manganese,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| kaolinite,phyllosilicates kaolinite-serpentine group,"al2si2o5(oh)4, or in oxide notation: al2o3·2sio2·2h2o",triclinic,"white to cream, sometimes red, blue or brown tints from impurities and pale-yellow; also often stained various hues, tans and browns being common.","rarely as crystals, thin plates or stacked. more commonly as microscopic pseudohexagonal plates and clusters of plates, aggregated into compact, claylike masses",,2–2.5,pearly to dull earthy,2.16–2.68,,biaxial (–),"nα = 1.553–1.565, nβ = 1.559–1.569, nγ = 1.569–1.570",,,,,kln[1],pedial (1) (same h-m symbol),p1,"a = 5.13å, b = 8.89å c = 7.25å; α = 90° β = 104.5°, γ = 89.8°; z=2",,perfect on {001},flexible but inelastic,white,,"measured: 24° to 50°, calculated: 44°",,9.ed.05,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,gāolǐng shí,[káʊ.lìŋʂɨ̌],,,,,,,,,,,高嶺石,高岭石,"""gaoling stone""",kao1-ling3 shih2,,,,,,,, |
| richterite,inosilicates,na(naca)mg5si8o22(oh)2#,monoclinic,"brown, yellow, red, or green",prismatic; acicular or asbestiform,"uneven, brittle",5-6,vitreous,3.0-3.5,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.615 nβ = 1.629 nγ = 1.636,δ = 0.021,"strong: pale yellow, orange, and red",,,rct[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/m,,,perfect,,pale yellow,transparent to translucent,68° measured,,9.de.20,simple or multiple parallel to {100},,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| legrandite,arsenate minerals,zn2(aso4)(oh)·(h2o),monoclinic,"bright yellow, wax-yellow, colorless","crystalline, prismatic, typically in sprays or sheaflike aggregates",conchoidal,4.5-5,vitreous,3.98–4.01,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.675 - 1.702 nβ = 1.690 - 1.709 nγ = 1.735 - 1.740,δ = 0.060,x = y = colorless to yellow z = yellow,,,leg[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/c,"a = 12.805(2), b = 7.933(1) c = 10.215(2)[å]; β = 104.23°; z=8",,"imperfect, poor one {100}",brittle,white,transparent to translucent,measured: 50°,,8.dc.10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| microcline,tectosilicate,kalsi3o8,,"white, grey, greyish yellow, yellowish, tan, salmon-pink, bluish green, green.",can be anhedral or euhedral. grains are commonly elongate with a tabular appearance. may contain lamellae which formed from exsolved albite.,uneven,6-6.5,vitreous,2.5-2.6,,biaxial negative,nα = 1.514 - 1.529 nβ = 1.518 - 1.533 nγ = 1.521 - 1.539,up to first order white (roughly 0.007),n/a,,,mcc[1],,p1 (no. 2),,,has perfect cleavage parallel to {001} and good cleavage on {010}. cleavages intersect at 90°41'. it can be difficult to see cleavage in thin section due to microcline's low relief.,brittle,white,"transparent, translucent",65–88°,,,"typically displays albite twinning and pericline twinning. this combination leads to a grid pattern, hence microcline displays gridiron twinning. can also display carlsbad twinning, simple twins, or lack twinning altogether. lamellae in microcline are discontinuous and ""pinch and swell."" |
| photomicrograph of thin section of microcline showing crosshatched crystal twinning (in cross polarized light)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"gridiron twinning distinguishes microcline from other feldspars. distinguishable from plagioclase because the lamellae in plagioclase are continuous and do not ""pinch and swell.""",commonly alters to sericite or clay.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,inclined extinction to cleavage,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,low negative relief,biaxial negative,colorless,,,,, |
| azurmalachite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| wilkeite,nesosilicates apatite structural group,ca10(sio4)3(so4)3f2[1],hexagonal,"light red, yellow, bluish green or colorless","acicular or hexagonal prismatic crystals, and fine-grained aggregates",conchoidal,4+1⁄2,sub-resinous to vitreous[3],3.03 to 3.07,,uniaxial (-),"nω = 1.638(2), nε = 1.632(2);[4] |
| nω = 1.655, nε = 1.650[5]",,,,,fel[2],dipyramidal (6/m) h-m symbol: (6/m),p63/m,,503.55 g/mol,imperfect on {0001},very brittle,white with a weak bluish tint,transparent to translucent,,,9.ah.25 (10 ed) 8/b.27-10 (8 ed),,52.04.09.03,,,easily soluble in dilute hydrochloric and nitric acids[3],,,,sometimes fluorescent. not radioactive.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| cavansite,silicate mineral,ca(vo)si4o10·4(h2o),orthorhombic,brilliant sky-blue to greenish blue,radiating acicular prismatic crystals commonly as spherulitic rosettes,,3 - 4,"vitreous, pearly",2.25 - 2.33,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.542(2) nβ = 1.544(2) nγ = 1.551(2),δ = 0.009,visible: x=z= colorless y= blue,,,cav[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h–m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pcmn,"a = 9.792(2)å, b = 13.644(3)å, c = 9.629(2)å; z=4",,good on {010},brittle,bluish-white,transparent,measured: 52°,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| quartzite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,non-foliated,quartz sandstone,,, |
| zoisite,sorosilicate - epidote group,ca2al3(sio4)(si2o7)o(oh),orthorhombic,"white, gray, greenish brown, greenish gray, pink, blue, purple",prismatic crystals with striations; massive to columnar,uneven to conchoidal,6 to 7,"vitreous, pearly on cleavage surfaces",3.10–3.36,,biaxial positive,nα = 1.696 - 1.700 nβ = 1.696 - 1.702 nγ = 1.702 - 1.718,0.006-0.018,x = pale pink to red-violet; y = nearly colorless to bright pink or deep blue; z = pale yellow to yellow-green,,,zo[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pnma,,,perfect {010} imperfect {100},,white or colorless,transparent to translucent,,,9.bg.10,,58.2.1b.1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"gem-quality zoisite, blue-purple",pink, |
| aventurine,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| biotite,phyllosilicate,"k(mg,fe)3(alsi3o10)(f,oh)2",monoclinic,"dark brown, greenish-brown, blackish-brown, yellow",massive to platy,micaceous,2.5–3.0,vitreous to pearly,2.7–3.3[2],,biaxial (-),nα = 1.565–1.625 nβ = 1.605–1.675 nγ = 1.605–1.675,δ = 0.03–0.07,strong,none,,bt[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/m,,,perfect on the {001},"brittle to flexible, elastic",white,transparent to translucent to opaque,,,,"common on the [310], less common on the {001}",,,r < v (fe rich); r > v weak (mg rich),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"k(fe,mg,mn)3alsi3o10(oh)2" |
| erythrite,arsenate mineral,co3(aso4)2·8h2o,monoclinic,"crimson to peach-red, pale rose, or pink, may be zoned","radial or stellate aggregates, fibrous, drusy; usually powdery and massive - rarely as striated prismatic crystals",,1.5 - 2.5,"subadamantine, pearly on cleavages",3.06,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.626 - 1.629 nβ = 1.662 - 1.663 nγ = 1.699 - 1.701,δ = 0.073,visible: x = pale pinkish to pale rose; y = pale violet to pale violet-rose; z = deep red,,,ery[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/m,,,perfect on {010}; poor on {100} and {102}.,sectile,pale red to pink,transparent to translucent,,,8.ce.40,,40.03.06.03,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| sinhalite,mineral,,orthorhombic,,,,6+1⁄2-7,,,,,,,,,,shl[1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,3.475-3.5,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| flint,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| chlorastrolite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| rhodolite,"pyrope variety, nesosilicate","(mg,fe)3al2(sio4)3",cubic,light to dark purplish red through reddish purple,,conchoidal,7.0–7.5,greasy to vitreous,3.84±0.10,vitreous,"single refractive, often anomalous double refractive",1.760+0.010−0.020,none,none,inert,"usually at 504, 520, and 573nm, may also have faint lines at 423, 460, 610, and 680–690nm",,,,,,"none, may show indistinct parting",,,,,,,,,,0.026,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| londonite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| anhydrite,sulfate mineral,caso4,orthorhombic,"colorless to pale blue or violet if transparent; white, mauve, rose, pale brown or gray from included impurities","rare tabular and prismatic crystals. usually occurs as fibrous, parallel veins that break off into cleavage fragments. also occurs as grainy, massive, or nodular masses",conchoidal,3.5,pearly on {010} vitreous to greasy on {001} vitreous on {100},2.97,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.567–1.574 nβ = 1.574–1.579 nγ = 1.609–1.618,δ = 0.042–0.044,for violet varieties x = colorless to pale yellow or rose y = pale violet or rose z = violet.,,,anh[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h–m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),amma,"a = 6.245(1)å, b = 6.995(2)åc = 6.993(2)å; z=4",,"[010] perfect [100] perfect [001] good, resulting in pseudocubic fragments",brittle,white,transparent to translucent,56–84°,2,7.ad.30,simple or repeatedly on {011} common; contact twins rare on {120},28.3.2.1,,,,,,,some specimens fluoresce; many more fluoresce after heating,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| tremolite,inosilicates,ca2(mg5.0-4.5fe2+0.0-0.5)si8o22(oh)2,monoclinic,"white, gray, lavender to pink, light green, light yellow","elongated prismatic, or flattened crystals; also as fibrous, granular or columnar aggregates",,5 – 6,vitreous and silky,2.99 – 3.03,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.599 - 1.612 nβ = 1.613 - 1.626 nγ = 1.625 - 1.637,δ = 0.026,,"short uv=yellow, long uv=range pink",,tr[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/m (no. 12),"a = 9.84å, b = 18.02å c = 5.27å; β = 104.95°; z=2",,perfect on {110} at 56° and 124°; partings on {010} and {100},brittle,white,transparent to translucent,measured: 86° to 88°,,9.de.10,"simple or multiple, common parallel to {100}; rarely parallel to {001}",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| hardystonite,sorosilicates,ca2znsi2o7,tetragonal,"light brownish white, pale greyish-white, very pale pink",massive granular,,3-4,"vitreous, resinous, greasy, dull",3.396–3.443,,uniaxial (-),nω = 1.672 nε = 1.661,,,purple to violet blue in short wave ultraviolet light,,hdy[1],scalenohedral (42m) h-m symbol: (4 2m),p421m,a = 7.8287(16)å c = 5.0140(2)å; z=2,,"[001] good, [100] and [110] fair",brittle,,transparent to translucent,,,9.bb.10,,55.4.2.2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,hydrothermal alteration to clinohedrite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| heliodor,cyclosilicate,be3al2si6o18,hexagonal,"green, blue, yellow, colorless, pink, and others","prismatic to tabular crystals; radial, columnar; granular to compact massive",conchoidal to irregular,7.5–8.0,vitreous to resinous,2.63–2.92,,uniaxial (−),nω = 1.564–1.595 nε = 1.568–1.602,δ = 0.0040–0.0070,weak to distinct,"none (some fracture filling materials used to improve emerald's clarity do fluoresce, but the stone itself does not). morganite has weak violet fluorescence.",,brl[1],dihexagonal dipyramidal (6/mmm) h-m symbol: (6/m 2/m 2/m),p6/mcc,"a = 9.21å, c = 9.19å; z=2",537.50g/mol,imperfect on {0001},brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.cj.05,rare,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| halite,halide mineral,nacl,cubic[2],"colorless or white when pure. impurities produce any color but usually yellow, gray, black, brown, red (depends on isotopes and purity for various colours)[2]","predominantly cubes and in massive sedimentary beds, but also granular, fibrous and compact",conchoidal,2.0–2.5,vitreous,2.17,,isotropic,n = 1.544,,,,,hl[1],hexoctahedral (m3m) h-m symbol: (4/m 3 2/m),fm3m,a = 5.6404(1) å; z = 4,58.433g/mol,"perfect {001}, three directions cubic",brittle,white,transparent to translucent,,,3.aa.20,,,,,water-soluble,,,,"salty flavor, fluorescent",,,800.7°c,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| sardonyx,oxide mineral,"silica (silicon dioxide, sio2)",trigonal,various,,"uneven, conchoidal",6.5–7,"vitreous, silky",2.55–2.70,,uniaxial/+,1.530 to 1.543,,,,,,,,,60 g/mol,no cleavage,,white,translucent,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| zincite,oxide mineral,"(zn,mn)o",hexagonal,"orange, yellow-orange to deep red, red, rarely yellow, rarely green and colorless to white","disseminated – occurs in small, distinct particles dispersed in matrix.",conchoidal,4,subadamantine to resinous,5.64–5.68,,uniaxial (+),"nω = 2.013, nε = 2.029",δ = 0.016,,,,znc[1],dihexagonal pyramidal (6mm) h-m symbol: (6mm),p63mc,,,"on {1010}, perfect; parting on {0001}",brittle,yellowish orange,"translucent, transparent in thin fragments",,,4.ab.20,on {0001},04.02.02.01,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| pietersite,mineral,"silica (silicon dioxide, sio2)",,,,,6.5-7,silky,2.64–2.71,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,golden to red-brown,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| neptunite,phyllosilicate,"kna2li(fe2+,mn2+)2ti2si8o24",monoclinic,black; deep red-brown in thin fragments,prismatic or tabular,conchoidal,5-6,vitreous,3.19 - 3.23,,biaxial (+),"nα=1.69-1.6908, nβ=1.6927-1.7, nγ=1.7194-1.736",0.0294-0.0452,"x=yellow-orange, y=orange, z=deep red",,,npt[1],domatic (m) (same h-m symbol),cc,"a = 16.427(2), b = 12.478(2) c = 9.975(1)å; β = 115.56(1)°; z=4",,{110} good,brittle,brown to red brown,nearly opaque,36° to 49°,,9.eh.05,interpenetrant on {301},70.04.01.01,,,,,,,piezoelectric,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| spessartite,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| sylvite,halide mineral,kcl,isometric,"colorless to white, pale gray, pale blue; may be yellowish red |
| to red due to hematite inclusions","as cubes and octahedra; columnar, in crusts, coarse granular, massive",uneven,2,vitreous,1.993,,isotropic,1.4903,,visible in colored crystals,none,,syl[1],hexoctahedral (m3m) h-m symbol: (4/m 3 2/m),fm3m,a = 6.2931å; z=4,74.55 g/mol,"perfect on [100], [010], [001]",brittle to ductile,white,transparent to translucent,,,3.aa.20,,,,,soluble in water,,,,salty to bitter taste,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| covellite,sulfide mineral,copper sulfide:cus,hexagonal,"indigo-blue or darker, commonly highly iridescent, brass-yellow to deep red",thin platy hexagonal crystals and rosettes also massive to granular.,,1.5 - 2,"submetallic, inclining to resinous to dull",4.6 - 4.8,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.450 nε = 2.620,,"marked, deep blue to pale blue",,,cv[1],dihexagonal dipyramidal (6/mmm) h–m symbol (6/m 2/m 2/m),p63/mmc,"a = 3.7938å, c = 16.341å; z=6",,perfect on {0001},flexible,lead gray,opaque,,2.5,2.ca.05a,,02.08.12.01,,,,,,,micaceous cleavage,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| smoky quartz,silicate minerals,sio2,α-quartz: trigonal trapezohedral class 3 2; β-quartz: hexagonal 622[1],,"6-sided prism ending in 6-sided pyramid (typical), drusy, fine-grained to microcrystalline, massive",conchoidal,7– lower in impure varieties (defining mineral),,2.65; variable 2.59–2.63 in impure varieties,,uniaxial (+),nω = 1.543–1.545 nε = 1.552–1.554,+0.009 (b-g interval),"weak, from red-brown to green-brown",,,,,trigonal 32,"a = 4.9133 å, c = 5.4053 å; z=3",,{0110} indistinct,brittle,white,transparent to nearly opaque,,,04.da.05,"common dauphine law, brazil law and japan law",75.01.03.01,,,insoluble at stp; 1ppmmass at 400°c and 500 lb/in2 to 2600ppmmass at 500°c and 1500 lb/in2[1],,,,"lattice: hexagonal, piezoelectric, may be triboluminescent, chiral (hence optically active if not racemic)","brown to grey, opaque",vitreous– waxy to dull when massive,1670 °c (β tridymite) 1713 °c (β cristobalite)[1],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| kurnakovite,nesoborates,mgb3o3(oh)5·5h2o,triclinic,white; colorless in transmitted light,aggregates of prismatic crystals,,2+1⁄2 - 3,vitreous,1.847 - 1.852,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.488 - 1.491 nβ = 1.508 - 1.510 nγ = 1.515 - 1.525,δ = 0.027 - 0.034,,,,kko[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),p1,"a = 8.3479(1) b = 10.6068(1) c = 6.4447(1)[å] α = 98.846°, β = 108.981° γ = 105.581°; z=2",,poor to indistinct on {010},,white,transparent to translucent,measured: 60° to 80°,,6.ca.20,twinning uncommon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| herderite,phosphate mineral,"cabe(po4)(f,oh)",monoclinic,,"occurs as prismatic tabular crystals, pseudo-orthorhombic or pseudo-hexagonal; fibrous botryoidal to spheroidal aggregates",subconchoidal,5 - 5.5,,3.02,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.556 - 1.592 nβ = 1.578 - 1.610 nγ = 1.589 - 1.620,δ = 0.033,,fluoresces violet under uv; cathodoluminesces and phosphoresces pinkish orange under x-rays,,hrd[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),p21/a,"a = 4.81, b = 7.7, c = 9.82[å]; β = 90.1°; z=4",,indistinct on {110},,,transparent - translucent,calculated: 70°,,8.ba.10,on {100} or {001} as fishtail contact,,,,,,,,,"colourless, pale yellow, greenish-white",vitreous,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| manganaxinite,cyclosilicates,"(ca,fe,mn)3al2bo3si4o12oh or ca2(fe,mn)al2bsi4o15(oh)",triclinic,"reddish brown to yellow to colorless. blue, violet, grey.","tabular, wedge shaped crystals",conchoidal,6.0–7.5,vitreous,3.18–3.37,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.672–1.693 nβ = 1.677–1.701 nγ = 1.681–1.704,δ = 0.011,strong,,,ax[1],pinacoidal (1) (same h-m symbol),p1,,,good on {100},,white,,,,9.bd.20,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| nickeline,arsenide mineral,nickel arsenide (nias),hexagonal,pale copper red with blackish tarnish. white with strong yellowish pink hue on polished section strongly anisotropic,"massive columnar to reniform, rarely as distorted, horizontally striated, {1011} terminated crystals",conchoidal,5 - 5.5,metallic,7.8,,,,,strong (reflected light),,,nc[1],dihexagonal dipyramidal (6/mmm) h-m symbol: (6/m 2/m 2/m),p63/mmc,"a = 3.602å, c = 5.009å; z=2",,"{1010} imperfect, {0001} imperfect",brittle,brownish black,opaque,,2,2.cc.05,on {1011} producing fourlings,,,,,,,,garlic odor on heating,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| chalcopyrite,sulfide mineral,cufes2,tetragonal,"brass yellow, may have iridescent purplish tarnish.","predominantly the disphenoid and resembles a tetrahedron, commonly massive, and sometimes botryoidal.",irregular to uneven,3.5–4,metallic,4.1–4.3,,opaque,,,,,,ccp[1],scalenohedral (42m) h-m symbol: (4 2m),i42d,"a = 5.289å, c = 10.423å; z=4",183.54 g/mol,indistinct on {011},brittle,greenish black,opaque,,,2.cb.10a,penetration twins,,,,soluble in hno3,,,,magnetic on heating,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| schizolite,mineral,nacamnsi3o8(oh),triclinic,pale red or pink to brownish,bladed,splintery,5.5,"vitreous, sub-vitreous",,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.626(3) nβ = 1.630(2) nγ = 1.661(2),0.035,non-pleochroic,,,szl[1],triclinic-pinacoidal,p1,359.40 å³,,"{100} , {001}",brittle,,"transparent, translucent","measured 71° (4), calculated 40°",,,,,3.17,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| wurtzite,sulfide mineral,"(zn,fe)s",hexagonal,"brownish black, orange brown, reddish brown, black.",radial clusters and colloform crusts and masses. also as tabular crystals,uneven - irregular,3.5-4,"resinous, brilliant submetallic on crystal faces","4.09 measured, 4.10 calculated",,uniaxial (+),nω = 2.356 nε = 2.378,δ = 0.022,,,,wur[1],dihexagonal pyramidal (6mm) h-m symbol: (6mm),p63mc,,,[1120] and [0001],,light brown,translucent,,,2.cb.45,,02.08.07.01,,,,,,,"nonmagnetic, non-radioactive",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,interactive image,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| kornerupine,borosilicates,"(mg,fe2+)4(al,fe3+)6(sio4,bo4)5(o,oh)2",orthorhombic,"colorless, white, grey, greenish, bluish, brown, black","prismatic crystals, radiating, massive, fibrous",,6 to 7,vitreous,3.29 - 3.35,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.660 - 1.671 nβ = 1.673 - 1.683 nγ = 1.674 - 1.684,δ = 0.014,"x = colorless to green; y = colorless, pale brownish yellow, pale yellowish green; z = pale brownish green, green, light amber",,,krn[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),cmcm,"a = 15.99, b = 13.7, c = 6.7[å]; z=4",,good on {110},,white,transparent to translucent and opaque,measured: 3° to 48°,,9.bj.50 (10 ed) viii/b.31-10 (8 ed),,58.01.01.01,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| anglesite,sulfate minerals,pbso4,orthorhombic,"colorless to white, commonly tinted gray; orange, yellow, green, blue, rarely violet","granular, banded, nodular to stalactitic",conchoidal,2.5–3.0,"adamantine crystals, dull when massive earthy",6.3,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.878 nβ = 1.883 nγ = 1.895,,,,,ang[1],dipyramidal (mmm) h-m symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m),pnma,,,"[001] good, [210] distinct",brittle,white,transparent to translucent,"75° (measured), 68° (calculated)",1.5,7.ad.35,,28.3.1.3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| vanadinite,vanadate minerals apatite group,pb5(vo4)3cl,hexagonal,,"prismatic or nodular; may be acicular, hairlike, fibrous; rarely rounded, globular",uneven to conchoidal,3–4,,6.8–7.1 (measured) 6.95 (calculated),,uniaxial (-),"nω = 2.416, nε = 2.350",δ = 0.066,,none,,vna[1],dipyramidal (6/m) h-m symbol: (6/m),p63/m,"a = 10.3174, c = 7.3378[å]; z=2",1416.27g/mol,none,brittle,brownish yellow,"transparent, translucent or opaque",,,8.bn.05,,,,,,,,,,"bright red, orange-red, red-brown, brown, yellow, whitish, grey or colourless or weakly tinted in transmitted light; pale straw-yellow;. may be concentrically zoned",resinous to sub-adamantine,"3,470°f (1,910°c)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| pentlandite,sulfide mineral,"iron nickel sulfide: (fe,ni)9s8",isometric,yellowish bronze,hexoctahedral rare; massive to granular,conchoidal,3.5–4,metallic,4.6–5.0,,,,,,,,pn[1],hexoctahedral (m3m) h-m symbol: (4/m 3 2/m),fm3m,"a = 9.928 å, z = 4",771.94 g/mol,absent – octahedral parting on {111},brittle,light bronze-brown[2][3][4][5]greenish black[6][7][8],opaque,,1.5–2,2.bb.15a,,2.7.1.1,4.6–5 g/cm3,,,,,,becomes magnetic upon heating,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| muscovite,phyllosilicate,"kal2(alsi3o10)(f,oh)2",monoclinic,"white, grey, silvery",massive to platy,micaceous,2–2.5 parallel to {001} 4 right angle to {001},"vitreous, silky, pearly",2.76–3,,biaxial (-),nα = 1.552–1.576 nβ = 1.582–1.615 nγ = 1.587–1.618,δ = 0.035 – 0.042,weak when colored,none,,ms[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/c,"a = 5.199å, b = 9.027å, c = 20.106å, β = 95.78°; z=4",,perfect on the {001},elastic,white,transparent to translucent,,,9.ec.15,"common on the [310], less common on the {001}",71.02.02a.01,,r > v weak,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
| augelite,phosphate mineral,al2(po4)(oh)3,monoclinic,"colorless to white, may be yellowish to pale rose, greenish",tabular to prismatic or acicular crystals; massive,uneven,4 - 4.5,"vitreous, pearly on {110} cleavage",2.696,,biaxial (+),nα = 1.574 nβ = 1.576 nγ = 1.588,δ = 0.014,,,,aul[1],prismatic (2/m) (same h-m symbol),c2/m,"a = 13.124(6), b = 7.988(5) c = 5.0633(3)[å] β = 112.25(2)°; z=4",,"perfect on {110}, good on {201}, imperfect on {001} and {101}",brittle,white,transparent,measured: 50°,,8.be.05,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |
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