README.md

---
language:
- bg
- cs
- da
- de
- en
- es
- et
- fr
- hr
- hu
- it
- lt
- lv
- nl
- no
- pl
- pt
- ro
- sk
- sl
- sv
license: mit
task_categories:
- text-retrieval
- sentence-similarity
tags:
- entity-linking
- occupations
- multilingual
- ranking
- information-retrieval
- ESCO
configs:
- config_name: aut_q_de_c_de
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: aut_q_de_c_de/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: aut_q_de_c_de/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: aut_q_de_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: aut_q_de_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: aut_q_de_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: bel_q_fr_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: bel_q_fr_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: bel_q_fr_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: bel_q_fr_c_fr
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: bel_q_fr_c_fr/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: bel_q_fr_c_fr/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: bel_q_nl_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: bel_q_nl_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: bel_q_nl_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: bel_q_nl_c_nl
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: bel_q_nl_c_nl/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: bel_q_nl_c_nl/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: bgr_q_bg_c_bg
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: bgr_q_bg_c_bg/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: bgr_q_bg_c_bg/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: bgr_q_bg_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: bgr_q_bg_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: bgr_q_bg_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: cze_q_cs_c_cs
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: cze_q_cs_c_cs/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: cze_q_cs_c_cs/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: cze_q_cs_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: cze_q_cs_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: cze_q_cs_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: deu_q_de_c_de
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: deu_q_de_c_de/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: deu_q_de_c_de/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: deu_q_de_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: deu_q_de_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: deu_q_de_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: dnk_q_da_c_da
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: dnk_q_da_c_da/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: dnk_q_da_c_da/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: dnk_q_da_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: dnk_q_da_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: dnk_q_da_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: esp_q_es_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: esp_q_es_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: esp_q_es_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: esp_q_es_c_es
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: esp_q_es_c_es/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: esp_q_es_c_es/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: est_q_et_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: est_q_et_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: est_q_et_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: est_q_et_c_et
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: est_q_et_c_et/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: est_q_et_c_et/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: fra_q_fr_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: fra_q_fr_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: fra_q_fr_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: fra_q_fr_c_fr
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: fra_q_fr_c_fr/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: fra_q_fr_c_fr/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: hrv_q_hr_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: hrv_q_hr_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: hrv_q_hr_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: hrv_q_hr_c_hr
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: hrv_q_hr_c_hr/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: hrv_q_hr_c_hr/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: hun_q_hu_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: hun_q_hu_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: hun_q_hu_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: hun_q_hu_c_hu
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: hun_q_hu_c_hu/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: hun_q_hu_c_hu/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: ita_q_it_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: ita_q_it_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: ita_q_it_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: ita_q_it_c_it
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: ita_q_it_c_it/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: ita_q_it_c_it/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: ltu_q_lt_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: ltu_q_lt_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: ltu_q_lt_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: ltu_q_lt_c_lt
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: ltu_q_lt_c_lt/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: ltu_q_lt_c_lt/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: lva_q_lv_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: lva_q_lv_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: lva_q_lv_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: lva_q_lv_c_lv
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: lva_q_lv_c_lv/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: lva_q_lv_c_lv/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: nld_q_nl_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: nld_q_nl_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: nld_q_nl_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: nld_q_nl_c_nl
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: nld_q_nl_c_nl/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: nld_q_nl_c_nl/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: nor_q_no_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: nor_q_no_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: nor_q_no_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: nor_q_no_c_no
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: nor_q_no_c_no/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: nor_q_no_c_no/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: pol_q_pl_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: pol_q_pl_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: pol_q_pl_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: pol_q_pl_c_pl
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: pol_q_pl_c_pl/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: pol_q_pl_c_pl/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: prt_q_pt_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: prt_q_pt_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: prt_q_pt_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: prt_q_pt_c_pt
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: prt_q_pt_c_pt/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: prt_q_pt_c_pt/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: rou_q_ro_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: rou_q_ro_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: rou_q_ro_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: rou_q_ro_c_ro
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: rou_q_ro_c_ro/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: rou_q_ro_c_ro/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: svk_q_sk_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: svk_q_sk_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: svk_q_sk_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: svk_q_sk_c_sk
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: svk_q_sk_c_sk/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: svk_q_sk_c_sk/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: svn_q_sl_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: svn_q_sl_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: svn_q_sl_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: svn_q_sl_c_sl
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: svn_q_sl_c_sl/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: svn_q_sl_c_sl/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: swe_q_sv_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: swe_q_sv_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: swe_q_sv_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: swe_q_sv_c_sv
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: swe_q_sv_c_sv/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: swe_q_sv_c_sv/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: usa_q_en_c_de_en_es_fr_it_nl_pl_pt
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: usa_q_en_c_de_en_es_fr_it_nl_pl_pt/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: usa_q_en_c_de_en_es_fr_it_nl_pl_pt/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
- config_name: usa_q_en_c_en
  data_files:
  - split: queries
    path: usa_q_en_c_en/queries-00000-of-00001.parquet
  - split: corpus
    path: usa_q_en_c_en/corpus-00000-of-00001.parquet
---

# MELO Benchmark

This dataset contains the **Multilingual Entity Linking of Occupations (MELO) Benchmark**
for easy loading with the HuggingFace `datasets` library.

## Dataset Description

MELO is a collection of 48 datasets for evaluating the linking of entity mentions in
21 languages to the ESCO Occupations multilingual taxonomy. It was built using
high-quality, pre-existent human annotations.

**Original paper abstract:**
> We present the Multilingual Entity Linking of Occupations (MELO) Benchmark, a new
> collection of 48 datasets for evaluating the linking of entity mentions in 21 languages
> to the ESCO Occupations multilingual taxonomy. MELO was built using high-quality,
> pre-existent human annotations. We conduct experiments with simple lexical models and
> general-purpose sentence encoders, evaluated as bi-encoders in a zero-shot setup, to
> establish baselines for future research.

**Original repository:** [https://github.com/Avature/melo-benchmark](https://github.com/Avature/melo-benchmark)

## Dataset Structure

Each subset (configuration) contains two splits:

- **`queries`**: Query texts with their relevant corpus element indices
- **`corpus`**: Corpus element texts

### Schema

**queries split:**
| Column | Type | Description |
|--------|------|-------------|
| `text` | `string` | The query surface form |
| `labels` | `list[int]` | Indices of relevant corpus elements |

**corpus split:**
| Column | Type | Description |
|--------|------|-------------|
| `text` | `string` | The corpus element surface form |

## Usage

```python
from datasets import load_dataset

# Load a specific subset
ds = load_dataset("federetyk/MELO-Benchmark", "ita_q_it_c_it")

# Access the data
query_surface_forms = ds["queries"]["text"]
corpus_surface_forms = ds["corpus"]["text"]
label_lists = ds["queries"]["labels"]

# Example: Get relevant corpus texts for the first query
query_idx = 0
print(f"Query: {query_surface_forms[query_idx]}")
print(f"Relevant corpus elements:")
for corpus_idx in label_lists[query_idx]:
    print(f"  - {corpus_surface_forms[corpus_idx]}")
```

## Available Subsets

The subset names follow the pattern: `{country}_q_{query_lang}_c_{corpus_lang(s)}`

| Subset ID | Task Name | Source Taxonomy | Query Lang | # Queries | Target Taxonomy | Corpus Lang | # Corpus |
|-----------|-----------|-----------------|------------|-----------|-----------------|-------------|----------|
| `usa_q_en_c_en` | USA-en-en | O*NET | en | 633 | ESCO v1.1.0 | en | 33,813 |
| `usa_q_en_c_de_en_es_fr_it_nl_pl_pt` | USA-en-xx † | O*NET | en | 633 | ESCO v1.1.0 | xx | 150,140 |
| `aut_q_de_c_de` | AUT-de-de | Austria | de | 1,120 | ESCO v1.1.0 | de | 19,782 |
| `aut_q_de_c_en` | AUT-de-en | Austria | de | 1,120 | ESCO v1.1.0 | en | 33,813 |
| `bel_q_fr_c_fr` | BEL-fr-fr | Belgium | fr | 328 | ESCO v1.0.3 | fr | 15,227 |
| `bel_q_fr_c_en` | BEL-fr-en | Belgium | fr | 328 | ESCO v1.0.3 | en | 33,609 |
| `bel_q_nl_c_nl` | BEL-nl-nl | Belgium | nl | 328 | ESCO v1.0.3 | nl | 24,070 |
| `bel_q_nl_c_en` | BEL-nl-en | Belgium | nl | 328 | ESCO v1.0.3 | en | 33,609 |
| `bgr_q_bg_c_bg` | BGR-bg-bg | Bulgaria | bg | 4,438 | ESCO v1.0.3 | bg | 21,082 |
| `bgr_q_bg_c_en` | BGR-bg-en | Bulgaria | bg | 4,438 | ESCO v1.0.3 | en | 33,609 |
| `cze_q_cs_c_cs` | CZE-cs-cs | Czechia | cs | 988 | ESCO v1.0.9 | cs | 13,333 |
| `cze_q_cs_c_en` | CZE-cs-en | Czechia | cs | 988 | ESCO v1.0.9 | en | 33,583 |
| `deu_q_de_c_de` | DEU-de-de | Germany | de | 1,779 | ESCO v1.0.3 | de | 19,135 |
| `deu_q_de_c_en` | DEU-de-en | Germany | de | 1,779 | ESCO v1.0.3 | en | 33,609 |
| `dnk_q_da_c_da` | DNK-da-da | Denmark | da | 734 | ESCO v1.0.8 | da | 10,410 |
| `dnk_q_da_c_en` | DNK-da-en | Denmark | da | 734 | ESCO v1.0.8 | en | 33,583 |
| `esp_q_es_c_es` | ESP-es-es | Spain | es | 1,580 | ESCO v1.0.8 | es | 16,502 |
| `esp_q_es_c_en` | ESP-es-en | Spain | es | 1,580 | ESCO v1.0.8 | en | 33,583 |
| `est_q_et_c_et` | EST-et-et | Estonia | et | 1,068 | ESCO v1.0.8 | et | 4,956 |
| `est_q_et_c_en` | EST-et-en | Estonia | et | 1,068 | ESCO v1.0.8 | en | 33,583 |
| `fra_q_fr_c_fr` | FRA-fr-fr | France | fr | 1,435 | ESCO v1.0.9 | fr | 15,217 |
| `fra_q_fr_c_en` | FRA-fr-en | France | fr | 1,435 | ESCO v1.0.9 | en | 33,583 |
| `hrv_q_hr_c_hr` | HRV-hr-hr | Croatia | hr | 2,347 | ESCO v1.0.3 | hr | 17,390 |
| `hrv_q_hr_c_en` | HRV-hr-en | Croatia | hr | 2,347 | ESCO v1.0.3 | en | 33,609 |
| `hun_q_hu_c_hu` | HUN-hu-hu | Hungary | hu | 362 | ESCO v1.0.8 | hu | 16,923 |
| `hun_q_hu_c_en` | HUN-hu-en | Hungary | hu | 362 | ESCO v1.0.8 | en | 33,583 |
| `ita_q_it_c_it` | ITA-it-it | Italy | it | 362 | ESCO v1.0.8 | it | 16,199 |
| `ita_q_it_c_en` | ITA-it-en | Italy | it | 362 | ESCO v1.0.8 | en | 33,583 |
| `ltu_q_lt_c_lt` | LTU-lt-lt | Lithuania | lt | 3,849 | ESCO v1.0.8 | lt | 17,824 |
| `ltu_q_lt_c_en` | LTU-lt-en | Lithuania | lt | 3,849 | ESCO v1.0.8 | en | 33,583 |
| `lva_q_lv_c_lv` | LVA-lv-lv | Latvia | lv | 3,251 | ESCO v1.0.8 | lv | 9,733 |
| `lva_q_lv_c_en` | LVA-lv-en | Latvia | lv | 3,251 | ESCO v1.0.8 | en | 33,583 |
| `nld_q_nl_c_nl` | NLD-nl-nl | Netherlands | nl | 2,605 | ESCO v1.0.3 | nl | 24,070 |
| `nld_q_nl_c_en` | NLD-nl-en | Netherlands | nl | 2,605 | ESCO v1.0.3 | en | 33,609 |
| `nor_q_no_c_no` | NOR-no-no | Norway | no | 96 | ESCO v1.0.8 | no | 7,821 |
| `nor_q_no_c_en` | NOR-no-en | Norway | no | 96 | ESCO v1.0.8 | en | 33,583 |
| `pol_q_pl_c_pl` | POL-pl-pl | Poland | pl | 1,937 | ESCO v1.0.3 | pl | 8,879 |
| `pol_q_pl_c_en` | POL-pl-en | Poland | pl | 1,937 | ESCO v1.0.3 | en | 33,609 |
| `prt_q_pt_c_pt` | PRT-pt-pt | Portugal | pt | 379 | ESCO v1.0.3 | pt | 11,671 |
| `prt_q_pt_c_en` | PRT-pt-en | Portugal | pt | 379 | ESCO v1.0.3 | en | 33,609 |
| `rou_q_ro_c_ro` | ROU-ro-ro | Romania | ro | 3,273 | ESCO v1.0.8 | ro | 14,833 |
| `rou_q_ro_c_en` | ROU-ro-en | Romania | ro | 3,273 | ESCO v1.0.8 | en | 33,583 |
| `svk_q_sk_c_sk` | SVK-sk-sk | Slovakia | sk | 2,040 | ESCO v1.0.8 | sk | 12,899 |
| `svk_q_sk_c_en` | SVK-sk-en | Slovakia | sk | 2,040 | ESCO v1.0.8 | en | 33,583 |
| `svn_q_sl_c_sl` | SVN-sl-sl | Slovenia | sl | 3,222 | ESCO v1.0.8 | sl | 15,487 |
| `svn_q_sl_c_en` | SVN-sl-en | Slovenia | sl | 3,222 | ESCO v1.0.8 | en | 33,583 |
| `swe_q_sv_c_sv` | SWE-sv-sv | Sweden | sv | 2,883 | ESCO v1.1.1 | sv | 7,506 |
| `swe_q_sv_c_en` | SWE-sv-en | Sweden | sv | 2,883 | ESCO v1.1.1 | en | 33,802 |

† The `usa_q_en_c_de_en_es_fr_it_nl_pl_pt` subset contains a multilingual corpus with texts in German, English, Spanish, French, Italian, Dutch, Polish, and Portuguese.

## Subset Naming Convention

- `{country}`: ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 country code (e.g., `ita` for Italy, `usa` for USA)
- `q_{lang}`: Query language (ISO 639-1 code)
- `c_{lang(s)}`: Corpus language(s) (one or more ISO 639-1 codes)

Examples:
- `ita_q_it_c_it`: Italian queries, Italian corpus (Italy)
- `ita_q_it_c_en`: Italian queries, English corpus (Italy)
- `usa_q_en_c_de_en_es_fr_it_nl_pl_pt`: English queries, multilingual corpus (USA)

## Citation

If you use this dataset, please cite the original MELO Benchmark paper:

```bibtex
@inproceedings{retyk2024melo,
  title        = {{MELO: An Evaluation Benchmark for Multilingual Entity Linking of Occupations}},
  author       = {Federico Retyk and Luis Gasco and Casimiro Pio Carrino and Daniel Deniz and Rabih Zbib},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Recommender Systems for Human Resources
                  (RecSys in {HR} 2024), in conjunction with the 18th {ACM} Conference on
                  Recommender Systems},
  year         = {2024},
  url          = {https://recsyshr.aau.dk/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/RecSysHR2024-paper_2.pdf},
}
```

## License

This dataset is licensed under the MIT License. See the
[LICENSE](https://github.com/Avature/melo-benchmark/blob/main/LICENSE) file for more information.