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Industrial Revolution	became known tolpuddle martyrs.chartist movement first largescale organised workingclass political movement campaigned political equality social justice.charter reforms received three million signatures rejected parliament without consideration.working people also formed friendly societies cooperative societies mutual support groups times economic hardship.enlightened industrialists robert owen also supported organisations improve conditions working class.unions slowly overcame legal restrictions right strike.general strike involving cotton workers colliers organised chartist movement stopped production across great britain.eventually effective political organisation working people achieved trades unions extensions franchise began support socialist political parties later merged become british labour party.
Industrial Revolution	luddites rapid industrialisation english economy cost many craft workers jobs.movement started first lace hosiery workers near nottingham spread areas textile industry owing early industrialisation.many weavers also found suddenly unemployed since could longer compete machines required relatively limited unskilled labour produce cloth single weaver.many unemployed workers weavers others turned animosity towards machines taken jobs began destroying factories machinery.attackers became known luddites supposedly followers ned ludd folklore figure.
Industrial Revolution	first attacks luddite movement began .luddites rapidly gained popularity british government took drastic measures using militia army protect industry.rioters caught tried hanged transported life.unrest continued sectors industrialised agricultural labourers large parts southern britain affected captain swing disturbances.threshing machines particular target hayrick burning popular activity.however riots led first formation trade unions pressure reform.
Industrial Revolution	shift productions center gravity traditional centers hand textile production india parts middle east later china could withstand competition machinemade textiles period decades destroyed hand made textile industries left millions people without work many starved.the industrial revolution also generated enormous unprecedented economic division world measured share manufacturing output.cotton expansion slavery cheap cotton textiles increased demand raw cotton previously primarily consumed subtropical regions grown little raw cotton available export.consequently prices raw cotton rose.british production grew million pounds million pounds million .invention cotton gin american eli whitney decisive event.
Industrial Revolution	allowed greenseeded cotton become profitable leading widespread growth large slave plantation united states brazil west indies.american cotton production million pounds soaring million half exported.americas cotton plantations highly efficient profitable able keep demand.u.s. civil war created cotton famine led increased production areas world including european colonies africa.effect environment origins environmental movement lay response increasing levels smoke pollution atmosphere industrial revolution.
Industrial Revolution	emergence great factories concomitant immense growth coal consumption gave rise unprecedented level air pollution industrial centers large volume industrial chemical discharges added growing load untreated human waste.first largescale modern environmental laws came form britains alkali acts passed regulate deleterious air pollution gaseous hydrochloric acid given leblanc process used produce soda ash.alkali inspector four subinspectors appointed curb pollution.responsibilities inspectorate gradually expanded culminating alkali order placed major heavy industries emitted smoke grit dust fumes supervision.the manufactured gas industry began british cities –.technique used produced highly toxic effluent dumped sewers rivers.
Industrial Revolution	gas companies repeatedly sued nuisance lawsuits.usually lost modified worst practices.city london repeatedly indicted gas companies polluting thames poisoning fish.finally parliament wrote company charters regulate toxicity.industry reached us around causing pollution lawsuits.in industrial cities local experts reformers especially took lead identifying environmental degradation pollution initiating grassroots movements demand achieve reforms.
Industrial Revolution	typically highest priority went water air pollution.coal smoke abatement society formed britain making one oldest environmental ngos.founded artist sir william blake richmond frustrated pall cast coal smoke.although earlier pieces legislation public health act required furnaces fireplaces consume smoke.also provided sanctions factories emitted large amounts black smoke.
Industrial Revolution	provisions law extended smoke abatement act include emissions soot ash gritty particles empower local authorities impose regulations.nations nationalism book nations nationalism philosopher ernest gellner argues industrial revolution economic modernization spurred creation nations.industrialisation beyond great britain continental europe industrial revolution continental europe came later great britain.started belgium france spread german states middle th century.many industries involved application technology developed britain new places.
Industrial Revolution	typically technology purchased britain british engineers entrepreneurs moved abroad search new opportunities.part ruhr valley westphalia called miniature england similarities industrial areas britain.european governments provided state funding new industries.cases iron different availability resources locally meant aspects british technology adopted.austriahungary habsburg realms became austriahungary included million inhabitants growing million .
Industrial Revolution	nationally per capita rate industrial growth averaged .however strong regional differences.railway system built period.arrived transportation slow expensive.alpine bohemian modernday czech republic regions protoindustrialization began became center first phases industrial revolution .
Industrial Revolution	textile industry main factor utilizing mechanization steam engines factory system.czech lands first mechanical loom followed varnsdorf first steam engines appearing bohemia moravia years later.textile production flourished particularly prague brno german brünn considered moravian manchester.czech lands especially bohemia became center industrialization due natural human resources.iron industry developed alpine regions smaller centers bohemia moravia.
Industrial Revolution	hungary—the eastern half dual monarchy heavily rural little industry .in prague organized first worlds fairlist worlds fairs bohemia modernday czech republic.first industrial exhibition occasion coronation leopold ii king bohemia took place clementinum therefore celebrated considerable sophistication manufacturing methods czech lands time period.technological change accelerated industrialization urbanization.gnp per capita grew roughly .per year .level growth compared favorably european nations britain france .
Industrial Revolution	germany .. however comparison germany britain austrohungarian economy whole still lagged considerably sustained modernization begun much later.belgium belgium second country industrial revolution took place first continental europe wallonia frenchspeaking southern belgium took lead.starting middle especially belgium became independent nation numerous works comprising coke blast furnaces well puddling rolling mills built coal mining areas around liège charleroi.leader transplanted englishman john cockerill.factories seraing integrated stages production engineering supply raw materials early .wallonia exemplified radical evolution industrial expansion.
Industrial Revolution	thanks coal french word houille coined wallonia region geared become nd industrial power world britain.also pointed many researchers sillon industriel especially haine sambre meuse valleys borinage liège...there huge industrial development based coalmining ironmaking.... philippe raxhon wrote period propaganda reality walloon regions becoming second industrial power world britain.sole industrial centre outside collieries blast furnaces walloon old clothmaking town ghent.professor michel de coster stated historians economists say belgium second industrial power world proportion population territory ... rank one wallonia coalmines blast furnaces iron zinc factories wool industry glass industry weapons industry... concentrated.many thcentury coal mines wallonia protected world heritage siteswallonia also birthplace strong socialist party strong trade unions particular sociological landscape.
Industrial Revolution	left sillon industriel runs mons west verviers east except part north flanders another period industrial revolution .even belgium second industrial country britain effect industrial revolution different.breaking stereotypes muriel neven isabelle devious saythe industrial revolution changed mainly rural society urban one strong contrast northern southern belgium.middle ages early modern period flanders characterised presence large urban centres ... beginning nineteenth century region flanders urbanisation degree percent remained one urbanised world.comparison proportion reached percent wallonia barely percent west european countries percent france percent britain.
Industrial Revolution	nineteenthcentury industrialisation affect traditional urban infrastructure except ghent...also wallonia traditional urban network largely unaffected industrialisation process even though proportion citydwellers rose percent .especially haine sambre meuse valleys borinage liège huge industrial development based coalmining ironmaking urbanisation fast.eighty years number municipalities inhabitants increased one hundred concentrating nearly half walloon population region.nevertheless industrialisation remained quite traditional sense lead growth modern large urban centres conurbation industrial villages towns developed around coal mine factory.communication routes small centres became populated later created much less dense urban morphology instance area around liège old town direct migratory flows.
Industrial Revolution	france industrial revolution france followed particular course correspond main model followed countries.notably french historians argue france go clear takeoff.instead frances economic growth industrialisation process slow steady th th centuries.however stages identified maurice lévyleboyerfrench revolution napoleonic wars –industrialisation along britain –economic slowdown –renewal growth .germany based leadership chemical research universities industrial laboratories germany unified became dominant worlds chemical industry late th century.
Industrial Revolution	first production dyes based aniline critical.germanys political disunity—with three dozen states—and pervasive conservatism made difficult build railways s. however trunk lines linked major cities german state responsible lines within borders.lacking technological base first germans imported engineering hardware britain quickly learned skills needed operate expand railways.many cities new railway shops centres technological awareness training germany selfsufficient meeting demands railroad construction railways major impetus growth new steel industry.observers found even late engineering inferior britains.however german unification stimulated consolidation nationalisation stateowned companies rapid growth.
Industrial Revolution	unlike situation france goal support industrialisation heavy lines crisscrossed ruhr industrial districts provided good connections major ports hamburg bremen.germany locomotives pulling passengers tons freight pulled ahead france.sweden period – sweden experienced two parallel economic movements agricultural revolution larger agricultural estates new crops farming tools commercialisation farming proto industrialisation small industries established countryside workers switching agricultural work summer industrial production winter.led economic growth benefiting large sections population leading consumption revolution starting s. protoindustries developed specialised larger industries.period witnessed increasing regional specialisation mining bergslagen textile mills sjuhäradsbygden forestry norrland.
Industrial Revolution	several important institutional changes took place period free mandatory schooling introduced first country world abolition national monopoly trade handicrafts stock company law .from sweden experienced first industrial revolution veritable explosion export dominated crops wood steel.sweden abolished tariffs barriers free trade joined gold standard .large infrastructural investments made period mainly expanding railroad network financed part government part private enterprises.new industries developed focus domestic market mechanical engineering power utilities papermaking textile.japan industrial revolution began meiji period leaders decided catch west.
Industrial Revolution	government built railroads improved roads inaugurated land reform program prepare country development.inaugurated new westernbased education system young people sent thousands students united states europe hired westerners teach modern science mathematics technology foreign languages japan foreign government advisors meiji japan.in group japanese politicians known iwakura mission toured europe united states learn western ways.result deliberate stateled industrialisation policy enable japan quickly catch up.bank japan founded used taxes fund model steel textile factories.education expanded japanese students sent study west.modern industry first appeared textiles including cotton especially silk based home workshops rural areas.
Industrial Revolution	united states late th early th centuries uk parts western europe began industrialise us primarily agricultural natural resource producing processing economy.building roads canals introduction steamboats building railroads important handling agricultural natural resource products large sparsely populated country period.important american technological contributions period industrial revolution cotton gin development system making interchangeable parts latter aided development milling machine us.development machine tools system interchangeable parts basis rise us worlds leading industrial nation late th century.oliver evans invented automated flour mill mids used control mechanisms conveyors labour needed time grain loaded elevator buckets flour discharged wagon.considered first modern materials handling system important advance progress toward mass production.the united states originally used horsepowered machinery smallscale applications grain milling eventually switched water power textile factories began built s. result industrialisation concentrated new england northeastern united states fastmoving rivers.newer waterpowered production lines proved economical horsedrawn production.
Industrial Revolution	late th century steampowered manufacturing overtook waterpowered manufacturing allowing industry spread midwest.thomas somers cabot brothers founded beverly cotton manufactory first cotton mill america largest cotton mill era significant milestone research development cotton mills future.mill designed use horsepower operators quickly learned horsedrawn platform economically unstable economic losses years.despite losses manufactory served playground innovation turning large amount cotton also developing waterpowered milling structure used slaters mill.in samuel slater – founded slater mill pawtucket rhode island.learned new textile technologies boy apprentice derbyshire england defied laws emigration skilled workers leaving new york hoping make money knowledge.founding slaters mill went textile mills.
Industrial Revolution	daniel day established wool carding mill blackstone valley uxbridge massachusetts third woollen mill established us first hartford connecticut second watertown massachusetts.john h. chafee blackstone river valley national heritage corridor retraces history americas hardestworking river blackstone.blackstone river tributaries cover kilometres mi worcester massachusetts providence rhode island birthplace americas industrial revolution.peak mills operated valley including slaters mill earliest beginnings americas industrial technological development.merchant francis cabot lowell newburyport massachusetts memorised design textile machines tour british factories .realising war ruined import business demand domestic finished cloth emerging america return united states set boston manufacturing company.
Industrial Revolution	lowell partners built americas second cottontocloth textile mill waltham massachusetts second beverly cotton manufactory.death associates built americas first planned factory town named him.enterprise capitalised public stock offering one first uses united states.lowell massachusetts using nine kilometres ⁄ miles canals kilowatts horsepower delivered merrimack river considered major contributor success american industrial revolution.shortlived utopialike walthamlowell system formed direct response poor working conditions britain.
Industrial Revolution	however especially following great famine ireland system replaced poor immigrant labour.a major u.s. contribution industrialisation development techniques make interchangeable parts metal.precision metal machining techniques developed u.s. department war make interchangeable parts small firearms.development work took place federal arsenals springfield armory harpers ferry armory.techniques precision machining using machine tools included using fixtures hold parts proper position jigs guide cutting tools precision blocks gauges measure accuracy.milling machine fundamental machine tool believed invented eli whitney government contractor built firearms part program.
Industrial Revolution	another important invention blanchard lathe invented thomas blanchard.blanchard lathe pattern tracing lathe actually shaper could produce copies wooden gun stocks.use machinery techniques producing standardised interchangeable parts became known american system manufacturing.precision manufacturing techniques made possible build machines mechanised shoe industry watch industry.industrialisation watch industry started also waltham massachusetts waltham watch company development machine tools gauges assembling methods adapted micro precision required watches.second industrial revolution steel often cited first several new areas industrial massproduction said characterise second industrial revolution beginning around although method mass manufacture steel invented sir henry bessemer invented new furnace could convert molten pig iron steel large quantities.
Industrial Revolution	however became widely available process modified produce uniform quality.bessemer steel displaced open hearth furnace near end th century.this second industrial revolution gradually grew include chemicals mainly chemical industries petroleum refining distribution th century automotive industry marked transition technological leadership britain united states germany.the increasing availability economical petroleum products also reduced importance coal widened potential industrialisation.a new revolution began electricity electrification electrical industries.introduction hydroelectric power generation alps enabled rapid industrialisation coaldeprived northern italy beginning s.by industrialisation areas created first giant industrial corporations burgeoning global interests companies like u.s. steel general electric standard oil bayer ag joined railroad ship companies worlds stock markets.new industrialism new industrialist movement advocates increasing domestic manufacturing reducing emphasis financialbased economy relies real estate trading speculative assets.new industrialism described supplyside progressivism embracing idea building stuff.
Industrial Revolution	new industrialism developed china shock resulted lost manufacturing jobs u.s. china joined world trade organization .movement strengthened reduction manufacturing jobs great recession u.s. able manufacture enough tests facemasks covid pandemic.new industrialism calls building enough housing satisfy demand order reduce profit land speculation invest infrastructure develop advanced technology manufacture green energy world.new industrialists believe united states isn’t building enough productive capital invest economic growth.causes causes industrial revolution complicated remain topic debate.
Industrial Revolution	geographic factors include britains vast mineral resources.addition metal ores britain highest quality coal reserves known time well abundant water power highly productive agriculture numerous seaports navigable waterways.some historians believe industrial revolution outgrowth social institutional changes brought end feudalism britain english civil war th century although feudalism began break black death mid th century followed epidemics population reached low th century.created labour shortages led falling food prices peak real wages around population growth began reducing wages.inflation caused coinage debasement followed precious metals supply increasing americas caused land rents often longterm leases transferred heirs death fall real terms.the enclosure movement british agricultural revolution made food production efficient less labourintensive forcing farmers could longer selfsufficient agriculture cottage industry example weaving longer term cities newly developed factories.colonial expansion th century accompanying development international trade creation financial markets accumulation capital also cited factors scientific revolution th century.
Industrial Revolution	change marrying patterns getting married later made people able accumulate human capital youth thereby encouraging economic development.until universally believed academic historians technological innovation heart industrial revolution key enabling technology invention improvement steam engine.marketing professor ronald fullerton suggested innovative marketing techniques business practices competition also influenced changes manufacturing industry.lewis mumford proposed industrial revolution origins early middle ages much earlier estimates.explains model standardised mass production printing press archetypal model industrial era clock.also cites monastic emphasis order timekeeping well fact medieval cities centre church bell ringing regular intervals necessary precursors greater synchronisation necessary later physical manifestations steam engine.the presence large domestic market also considered important driver industrial revolution particularly explaining occurred britain.nations france markets split local regions often imposed tolls tariffs goods traded among them.
Industrial Revolution	internal tariffs abolished henry viii england survived russia france spain.governments grant limited monopolies inventors developing patent system statute monopolies considered influential factor.effects patents good ill development industrialisation clearly illustrated history steam engine key enabling technology.return publicly revealing workings invention patent system rewarded inventors james watt allowing monopolise production first steam engines thereby rewarding inventors increasing pace technological development.however monopolies bring inefficiencies may counterbalance even overbalance beneficial effects publicising ingenuity rewarding inventors.watts monopoly prevented inventors richard trevithick william murdoch jonathan hornblower boulton watt sued introducing improved steam engines thereby retarding spread steam power.
Industrial Revolution	causes europe one question active interest historians industrial revolution occurred europe parts world th century particularly china india middle east pioneered shipbuilding textile production water mills much period times like classical antiquity middle ages.recent account argued europeans characterized thousands years freedomloving culture originating aristocratic societies early indoeuropean invaders.many historians however challenged explanation eurocentric also ignoring historical context.fact industrial revolution existed something global economic parity advanced regions world economy.historians suggested number factors including education technological changes see scientific revolution europe modern government modern work attitudes ecology culture.china worlds technologically advanced country many centuries however china stagnated economically technologically surpassed western europe age discovery time china banned imports denied entry foreigners.
Industrial Revolution	china also totalitarian society.china also heavily taxed transported goods.modern estimates per capita income western europe late th century roughly dollars purchasing power parity britain per capita income nearly dollars whereas china comparison dollars.india essentially feudal politically fragmented economically advanced western europe.historians david landes sociologists max weber rodney stark credit different belief systems asia europe dictating revolution occurred.religion beliefs europe largely products judaeochristianity greek thought.
Industrial Revolution	conversely chinese society founded men like confucius mencius han feizi legalism lao tzu taoism buddha buddhism resulting different worldviews.factors include considerable distance chinas coal deposits though large cities well unnavigable yellow river connects deposits sea.regarding india marxist historian rajani palme dutt said capital finance industrial revolution india instead went financing industrial revolution britain.contrast china india split many competing kingdoms decline mughal empire major ones aftermath including marathas sikhs bengal subah kingdom mysore.addition economy highly dependent two sectors—agriculture subsistence cotton appears little technical innovation.believed vast amounts wealth largely stored away palace treasuries monarchs prior british take over.economic historian joel mokyr argued political fragmentation presence large number european states made possible heterodox ideas thrive entrepreneurs innovators ideologues heretics could easily flee neighboring state event one state would try suppress ideas activities.
Industrial Revolution	set europe apart technologically advanced large unitary empires china india providing insurance economic technological stagnation.china printing press movable type india similar levels scientific technological achievement europe yet industrial revolution would occur europe china india.europe political fragmentation coupled integrated market ideas europes intellectuals used lingua franca latin shared intellectual basis europes classical heritage paneuropean institution republic letters.in addition europes monarchs desperately needed revenue pushing alliances merchant classes.small groups merchants granted monopolies taxcollecting responsibilities exchange payments state.located region hub largest varied network exchange history europe advanced leader industrial revolution.
Industrial Revolution	americas europeans found windfall silver timber fish maize leading historian peter stearns conclude europes industrial revolution stemmed great part europes ability draw disproportionately world resources.modern capitalism originated italian citystates around end first millennium.citystates prosperous cities independent feudal lords.largely republics whose governments typically composed merchants manufacturers members guilds bankers financiers.italian citystates built network branch banks leading western european cities introduced double entry bookkeeping.italian commerce supported schools taught numeracy financial calculations abacus schools.
Industrial Revolution	causes britain great britain provided legal cultural foundations enabled entrepreneurs pioneer industrial revolution.key factors fostering environment werethe period peace stability followed unification england scotlandthere internal trade barriers including england scotland feudal tolls tariffs making britain largest coherent market europe rule law enforcing property rights respecting sanctity contractsa straightforward legal system allowed formation jointstock companies corporationsfree market capitalismgeographical natural resource advantages great britain fact extensive coastlines many navigable rivers age water easiest means transportation britain highest quality coal europe.britain also large number sites water power.there two main values drove industrial revolution britain.values selfinterest entrepreneurial spirit.interests many industrial advances made resulted huge increase personal wealth consumer revolution.
Industrial Revolution	advancements also greatly benefitted british society whole.countries around world started recognise changes advancements britain use example begin industrial revolutions.a debate sparked trinidadian politician historian eric williams work capitalism slavery concerned role slavery financing industrial revolution.williams argued european capital amassed slavery vital early years revolution contending rise industrial capitalism driving force behind abolitionism instead humanitarian motivations.arguments led significant historiographical debates among historians american historian seymour drescher critiquing williams arguments econocide .instead greater liberalisation trade large merchant base may allowed britain produce use emerging scientific technological developments effectively countries stronger monarchies particularly china russia.britain emerged napoleonic wars european nation ravaged financial plunder economic collapse merchant fleet useful size european merchant fleets destroyed war royal navy.
Industrial Revolution	britains extensive exporting cottage industries also ensured markets already available many early forms manufactured goods.conflict resulted british warfare conducted overseas reducing devastating effects territorial conquest affected much europe.aided britains geographical position—an island separated rest mainland europe.another theory britain able succeed industrial revolution due availability key resources possessed.dense population small geographical size.enclosure common land related agricultural revolution made supply labour readily available.
Industrial Revolution	also local coincidence natural resources north england english midlands south wales scottish lowlands.local supplies coal iron lead copper tin limestone water power resulted excellent conditions development expansion industry.also damp mild weather conditions north west england provided ideal conditions spinning cotton providing natural starting point birth textiles industry.the stable political situation britain around following glorious revolution british societys greater receptiveness change compared european countries also said factors favouring industrial revolution.peasant resistance industrialisation largely eliminated enclosure movement landed upper classes developed commercial interests made pioneers removing obstacles growth capitalism.point also made hilaire bellocs servile state.the french philosopher voltaire wrote capitalism religious tolerance book english society letters english noting england time prosperous comparison countrys less religiously tolerant european neighbours.
Industrial Revolution	take view royal exchange london place venerable many courts justice representatives nations meet benefit mankind.jew mahometan muslim christian transact together though professed religion give name infidel none bankrupts.presbyterian confides anabaptist churchman depends quakers word.one religion allowed england government would possibly become arbitrary two people would cut one anothers throats multitude live happy peace.britains population grew – rest western europe grew –.seventy percent european urbanisation happened britain –.
Industrial Revolution	netherlands urbanised britain.possible coal coke imported cotton brick slate replaced wood charcoal flax peat thatch.latter compete land grown feed people mined materials not.yet land would freed chemical fertilisers replaced manure horses work mechanised.workhorse needs .
Industrial Revolution	.ha acres fodder even early steam engines produced four times mechanical energy.in fivesixths coal mined worldwide britain netherlands none despite europes best transport lowest taxes urbanised wellpaid literate population failed industrialise.th century european country whose cities population shrank.without coal britain would run suitable river sites mills s. based science experimentation continent steam engine developed specifically pumping water mines many britain mined water table.although extremely inefficient economical used unsaleable coal.
Industrial Revolution	iron rails developed transport coal major economic sector britain.economic historian robert allen argued high wages cheap capital cheap energy britain made ideal place industrial revolution occur.factors made vastly profitable invest research development put technology use britain societies.however two studies economic history review showed wages particularly high british spinning sector construction sector casting doubt allens explanation.transfer knowledge knowledge innovation spread several means.workers trained technique might move another employer might poached.
Industrial Revolution	common method someone make study tour gathering information could.whole industrial revolution century european countries america engaged studytouring nations like sweden france even trained civil servants technicians undertake matter state policy.countries notably britain america practice carried individual manufacturers eager improve methods.study tours common keeping travel diaries.records made industrialists technicians period incomparable source information methods.another means spread innovation network informal philosophical societies like lunar society birmingham members met discuss natural philosophy i.e.
Industrial Revolution	science often application manufacturing.lunar society flourished said like revolutionary committee far reaching eighteenthcentury revolutions industrial revolution.societies published volumes proceedings transactions.example londonbased royal society arts published illustrated volume new inventions well papers annual transactions.there publications describing technology.encyclopaedias harriss lexicon technicum abraham reess cyclopaedia – contain much value.
Industrial Revolution	cyclopaedia contains enormous amount information science technology first half industrial revolution well illustrated fine engravings.foreign printed sources descriptions des arts et métiers diderots encyclopédie explained foreign methods fine engraved plates.periodical publications manufacturing technology began appear last decade th century many regularly included notice latest patents.foreign periodicals annales des mines published accounts travels made french engineers observed british methods study tours.protestant work ethic another theory british advance due presence entrepreneurial class believed progress technology hard work.existence class often linked protestant work ethic see max weber particular status baptists dissenting protestant sects quakers presbyterians flourished english civil war.
Industrial Revolution	reinforcement confidence rule law followed establishment prototype constitutional monarchy britain glorious revolution emergence stable financial market based management national debt bank england contributed capacity interest private financial investment industrial ventures.dissenters found barred discouraged almost public offices well education englands two universities time although dissenters still free study scotlands four universities.restoration monarchy took place membership official anglican church became mandatory due test act thereupon became active banking manufacturing education.unitarians particular involved education running dissenting academies contrast universities oxford cambridge schools eton harrow much attention given mathematics sciences – areas scholarship vital development manufacturing technologies.historians sometimes consider social factor extremely important along nature national economies involved.members sects excluded certain circles government considered fellow protestants limited extent many middle class traditional financiers businessmen.given relative tolerance supply capital natural outlet enterprising members sects would seek new opportunities technologies created wake scientific revolution th century.
Industrial Revolution	criticisms industrial revolution criticised complete ecological collapse causing mental illness pollution unnatural systems organizing humanity.since start industrial revolution people criticised stating industrial revolution turned humanity nature slaves destroying world.also criticised valuing profits corporate growth life wellbeing multiple movements arose philosophically industrial revolution include groups amish primitivism.individualism humanism harsh conditions humanists individualists criticise industrial revolution mistreatiung women children turning men work machines lacked autonomy.critics industrial revolution promoted interventionist state formed new organizations promote human rights.
Industrial Revolution	primitivism primitivism argues industrial revolution created unnatural frame society world humans need adapt unnatural urban landscape humans perpetual cogs without personal autonomy.certain primitivists argue return preindustrial society others argue technology modern medicine agriculture positive humanity assuming controlled serve humanity effect natural environment.pollution ecological collapse industrial revolution criticised leading immense ecological habitat destruction certain studies state species gone extinct since humanity became dominant species earth.also led immense decrease biodiversity life earth.industrial revolution stated inherently unsustainable lead eventual collapse society mass hunger starvation resource scarcity.anthropocene anthropocene proposed epoch mass extinction coming humanity anthro greek root humanity.
Industrial Revolution	since start industrial revolution humanity permanently changed earth immense decrease biodiversity mass extinction caused industrial revolution.effects include permanent changes earths atmosphere soil forests mass destruction industrial revolution led catastrophic impacts earth.organisms unable adapt leading mass extinction remaining undergoing evolutionary rescue result industrial revolution.permanent changes distribution organisms human influence become identifiable geologic record.researchers documented movement many species regions formerly cold often rates faster initially expected.occurred part result changing climate also response farming fishing accidental introduction nonnative species new areas global travel.
Industrial Revolution	ecosystem entire black sea may changed last years result nutrient silica input eroding deforested lands along danube river.opposition romanticism industrial revolution intellectual artistic hostility towards new industrialisation developed associated romantic movement.romanticism revered traditionalism rural life recoiled upheavals caused industrialization urbanization wretchedness working classes.major exponents english included artist poet william blake poets william wordsworth samuel taylor coleridge john keats lord byron percy bysshe shelley.movement stressed importance nature art language contrast monstrous machines factories dark satanic mills blakes poem feet ancient time.
Batgirl	mary shelleys frankenstein reflected concerns scientific progress might twoedged.french romanticism likewise highly critical industry.see also footnotes references reading external links industrial revolution curlieinternet modern history sourcebook industrial revolutionbbc history home page industrial revolutionnational museum science industry website machines personalitiesfactory workers industrial revolutionthe industrial revolution – articles video pictures factsthe day world took sixpart video series university cambridge tracing question industrial revolution begin did.although character betty kane introduced publication bill finger sheldon moldoff batgirl replaced barbara gordon later came identified iconic batgirl.character debuted detective comics january writer gardner fox artist carmine infantino introduced daughter police commissioner james gordon.batgirl operates gotham city allying batman original robin dick grayson along masked vigilantes.character appeared regularly detective comics batman family several books produced dc .year barbara gordon appeared barbara kesels batgirl special retires crimefighting.subsequently appeared alan moores graphic novel batman killing joke civilian identity shot joker left paraplegic.
Batgirl	although reimagined computer expert information broker oracle editor kim yale writer john ostrander following year paralysis sparked debate portrayal women comics particularly violence depicted toward female characters.in storyline mans land character helena bertinelli known huntress briefly assumes role batgirl stripped identity batman violating stringent codes.within storyline character cassandra cain introduced.cain written daughter assassins david cain lady shiva takes mantle batgirl guidance batman oracle.became first batgirl star eponymous monthly comic book series addition becoming one prominent characters asian descent appear american comics.series canceled point companywide storyline one year later established villain head league assassins.
Batgirl	receiving harsh feedback readership later restored original conception.however character stephanie brown originally known spoiler later robin succeeds batgirl cassandra cain abandons role.stephanie brown became featured character batgirl series prior dcs new relaunch established barbara gordon recovering paralysis following surgical procedure starring title character batgirl again.barbara later returned oracle role infinite frontier currently operates batgirl oracle cassandra stephanie also serving batgirls.barbara gordon version batgirl adapted various media relating batman franchise including television film animation video games merchandise.dan didio copublisher dc comics expressed barbara bestknown version character.
Batgirl	publication history detective comics batman family appearances – following accusations homoerotic subtext depiction relationship batman robin described fredric werthams book seduction innocent female character kathy kane batwoman appeared love interest batman.dc comics introduced second female character love interest robin.betty kane batgirl arrived niece robinlike sidekick batwoman first appearing batman april .creation batman family included batman batwoman depicted parents robin batgirl depicted children extraterrestrial imp batmite family pet ace bathound caused batmanrelated comic books take wrong turn switching superheroes situational comedy.dc comics abandoned characters newly appointed batmaneditor julius schwartz judged silly therefore inappropriate.schwartz asserted characters removed considering batman related comic books steadily declined sales restored batman mythology original conception heroic vigilantism.
Batgirl	batgirl along characters batman family retconned existence following limited series crisis infinite earths.however even though batgirl exist postcrisis continuity modified version character mary elizabeth bette kane introduced superhero flamebird continues appear dc comics publications.schwartz stated asked develop new female character order attract female viewership batman television series s. executive producer william dozier suggested new character would daughter gotham citys police commissioner james gordon would adopt identity batgirl.dozier producer howie horowitz saw rough concept artwork new batgirl artist carmine infantino visit dc offices optioned character bid help sell third season abc television network.infantino reflected creation batgirl stating bob kane batgirl three stories ’s nothing bat.like pesky girl version robin.
Batgirl	knew could lot better julie came real batgirl popular almost got tv show.yvonne craig portrayed character shows third season.barbara gordon alter ego batgirl debuted detective comics million dollar debut batgirl .debut story driving costume ball dressed female version batman barbara gordon intervenes kidnapping attempt bruce wayne supervillain killer moth attracting batmans attention leading crimefighting career.although batman insists give crimefighting gender batgirl disregards objections.in civilian identity dr. barbara gordon ph.d. depicted career woman doctorate library science well head gotham city public library presumably one largest public libraries dc comics version reality.
Batgirl	given regular backup slot detective comics starting issue february alternating issues robin issue backup slot herself.frank robbins wrote nearly backups penciled first gil kane later heck.barbara gordons batgirl exceeded earlier batgirl batwoman characters popularity readers requested appear titles.although readers requested batwoman also continue appear publication dc responded fanbased acclaim criticism new character open letter detective comics stating id like say words reaction readers batgirl.readers remember batwoman batgirls years back ... romance seemed needed batmans life.
Batgirl	thanks big change foresighted editor hapless females gone good.place stands girl capable crimefighter far cry batwoman constantly rescued batman.batgirl continued appear dc comics publications throughout late supporting character detective comics addition guest appearances various titles justice league america worlds finest comicsthe brave bold adventure comics superman.earlys batgirl reveals secret identity father already discovered serves member united states house representatives.moves washington d.c. intending give career batgirl june appeared story entitled batgirls last case.julius schwartz brought back year later superman blind date clark kent establishing friendship fights alongside superman.
Batgirl	batgirl superman team twice superman dc comics presents .batgirl also gueststarred superman related titles adventure comics superman family teams supergirl.the character given starring role dcs batman family comic book debuted .original robin dick grayson became partner series two frequently referred dynamite duo batgirl robin.batgirl meets batwoman batman family retired superhero briefly returns crimefighting bronze tiger murders kane.two fight killer moth cavalier learn others secret identities.
Batgirl	batwoman retires conclusion story leaving batgirl continue crimefighting.although series ended three years publication batgirl continued appear backup stories published detective comics issue october .crisis infinite earths limited series published written order reduce complex history dc comics single continuity.although batgirl featured character role relatively small—she delivers supergirls eulogy issue part series.conclusion crisis infinite earths changed dc universe continuity many ways.following reboot barbara gordon born roger thelma gordon jim gordons niece adopted daughter post crisis continuity.
Batgirl	postcrisis supergirl arrive earth gordon established oracle many adventures shared batgirl retroactively described experienced power girl.secret origins vol.barbara gordons origin rebooted author barbara randal.within storyline gordon recounts series events led career batgirl including first encounter batman child studying martial arts tutelage sensei memorizing maps blueprints city excelling academics order skip grades pushing become star athlete.batgirl special batman killing joke dc officially retired hero oneshot comic batgirl special july written barbara kesel.
Batgirl	later year appears alan moores batman killing joke.graphic novel joker shoots paralyzes barbara gordon attempt drive father insane thereby proving batman anyone lose minds one bad day.deployed plot device cement jokers vendetta commissioner gordon batman.interview wizard moore expressed regret treatment character calling shallow illconceived.stated prior writing graphic novel asked dc problem crippling barbara gordon—who batgirl time—and remember spoke len wein editor project following discussion thenexecutive editorial director dick giordano len got back onto phone said ‘yeah okay cripple bitch.although speculation whether editors dc specifically intended characters paralysis become permanent brian cronin author superman spy comic book legends revealed noted dc hired barbara kesel write batgirl special specifically retire character set place killing joke.
Batgirl	gail simone included characters paralysis list major female characters killed mutilated depowered dubbing phenomenon women refrigerators reference green lantern story title character discovers girlfriends mutilated body refrigerator.following release graphic novel comic book editor writer kim yale discussed distasteful found treatment barbara gordon husband fellow comic writer john ostrander.rather allow character fall obscurity two decided revive character living disability—the information broker called oracle.mans land eleven years editorial retirement barbara gordon batgirl new version character introduced batman shadow bat multititle story arc mans land .batman legends dark knight new batgirl revealed helena bertinelli established dc comics superhero alternatively known huntress.
Batgirl	bertinelli eventually forced abandon mantle batgirl.mans land also marks introduction cassandra cain batman .depicted martial arts child prodigy cassandra cain written young woman partly asian descent succeeds helena bertinelli batgirl approval batman oracle.batgirl appearances – first batgirl monthly comic published cassandra cain title character.raised assassin david cain cassandra cain taught spoken language instead taught read physical movement.
Batgirl	subsequently cains form communication body language.parts characters brain normally used speech trained cain could read peoples body language predict uncanny accuracy next move.also caused brain develop learning functions different form dyslexia hampers abilities read write.despite cains disability author andersen gabrych describes characters unique form language key factor makes cain excellent detective ability walk room know something wrong based body language.first arc batgirl comic book series entitled silent running cassandra cain encounters psychic reprograms brain enabling comprehend verbal language simultaneously losing ability predict movements.issue resolved second arc series knight alone batgirl encounters assassin lady shiva agrees teach predict movement again.
Batgirl	six years debut dc comics cancelled batgirl comic book series issue ending cain relinquishing role batgirl.when dc comics continuity skipped forward one year events limited series infinite crisis cassandra cain revived leader league assassins abandoned previous characterization altruist.characters progression hero villain angered fans accompanied heavy criticism.cain reprised role batgirl titans east storyline teen titans discovered influenced mindaltering drug administered supervillain deathstroke terminator.following conclusion storyline dc comics restored cains original characterization superhero character given supporting role comic book series batman outsiders.following events batmans disappearance cassandra acting mentors orders event death handed batgirl mantle stephanie brown former spoiler robin.declining offer tim drake reclaim batgirl mantle stephanie cassandra rejoined batman family new identity blackbat.
Batgirl	currently acts hong kong representative batman inc.stephanie brown formerly spoiler briefly fourth robin takes mantle batgirl cassandra cain gives brown costume batmans orders.eventually barbara gordon approves brown newest successor — gives brown batgirl costume becomes mentor period.brown fourth incontinuity batgirl second batgirl star ongoing batgirl comic book series.new batgirl birds prey appearances – september following companywide relaunch barbara gordon stars new batgirl series—one new titles featuring companys iconic characters.conclusion limited series flashpoint establishes new continuity within dc universe characters regressing earlier age stage careers remaining modern timeline.
Batgirl	dc senior vp sales bob wayne explained titles reverting issue creative teams ability take modern approach—not character characters interact one another universe whole focus earlier part careers iconic characters.barbara gordon biological daughter james gordon barbara eileen gordon continuity.wayne also stated killing joke still happened oracle.go physical rehabilitation become seasoned nuanced character incredible diverse experiences.dan didio copublisher dc comics explained decision stating shell always recognizable batgirl.
Batgirl	series writer gail simone stated many years got write character oracle day character means me.classic barbara originally conceived big surprises.bit shock sure we’re everything respectful characters amazing legacy presenting something thrilling generation comics readers experiencing first time ...barbara gordon leaping fighting swinging gotham.citizens city look going see batgirl.absolutely thrilling.in new revised continuity events killing joke took place three years current storyline established paraplegic time barbara gordon written regained mobility undergoing experimental surgery south african clinic.
Batgirl	although resumes work batgirl one year recovery continues suffer posttraumatic stress disorder causing hesitate battle exposed gunfire could result suffering new spinal damage.character also exhibits survivor guilt due fact made full recovery paralysis others not.series writer gail simone stated character one smartest toughest women comics ...one thing book truly aftereffects something like ptsd posttraumatic stress disorder traumarelated syndromes strike even smart intellectually tough people even soldiers cops subject generally overlooked comic books.also explained method characters recovery based upon real life experiences best real world work field mobility rehabilitation coming south africa.people talking sort mystical thing like returning dead treatments surgeries restore mobility cases.
Batgirl	barbaras spine severed.makes candidate.prior release batgirl sold distribution level copies printed first run according diamond comic distributors.along action comics justice league batman batman robin batman dark knight detective comics flash green lantern superman retailers required order second printing.calvin reid publishers weekly states review first issue artwork okay though conventional simones script tries tie end previous barbara gordonoracle storyline setup new batgirl.formula murderous villains blood splattering violence high flying superheroics mixed singlewhitefemale bonding ...plus cliffhanger ending first issue offers nifty segue new world barbara gordon batgirl.
Batgirl	new york times critic george gene gustines wrote unlike dc comics read week batgirl achieves deft hat trick wellshaped reintroduction character elegant acknowledgement fundamental history establishment new status quo.mustbuy series.earning b rating review entertainment weekly ken tucker writes simone takes birds prey storytelling powers focuses newly revived barbara gordon batgirl.result burst exhilaration barbarabatgirl revels new freedom even encounters sofar notterriblychilling villain called mirror.since series relaunch september batgirl remained within top bestselling monthly comic book publications sold north america.monthly estimated sales figures follows batgirl copies ranked th overall batgirl ranked th batgirl ranked th batgirl ranked rd batgirl ranked th batgirl ranked th.
Batgirl	hardcover edition volume batgirl darkest reflection collects issues – made new york times best seller list alongside animal man hunt batman robin born kill batman detective comics wonder woman blood batwoman hydrology green lantern sinestro.additionally barbara gordon makes appearance birds prey black canary offers spot new birds prey roster.declines canarys invitation suggesting katana take place instead.series writer duane swierczynski stated batgirl join team issue .commented essential part team focus series hesitant associated characters status outlaws.in october monthly batgirl title underwent soft reboot new creative team brenden fletcher writer cameron stewart writer layouts babs tarr artist maris wicks colors.first sixissue story explored barbara gordons attempt start new life phd student hip gotham borough burnside.
Batgirl	seemingly light engaging compared gail simones darker preceding run new arc ultimately dealt babs inability fully escape earlier trauma villain revealed brain scans algorithm similar prenew oracle.reboot highly praised fun energy innovative use social media particularly tarrs art issue caused controversy depiction villain named dagger type critics saw transphobic caricature.response creative team issued joint apology revised issue subsequent collected edition batgirl vol.batgirl burnside.on march dc comics released jokerthemed variant covers various monthly series release june celebration characters th anniversary.among cover batgirl artist rafael albuquerque took inspiration killing joke.
Batgirl	cover depicts joker standing next tearful batgirl red smile painted across mouth.joker one hand holding revolver draped batgirls shoulder pointing cheek hand gesturing shoot her.the cover quickly drew criticism highlighting dark period characters history especially juxtaposed youthful optimistic direction series time.hashtag changethecover drew dozens posts twitter tumblr asking dc release variant.dc ultimately withdrew cover publication request albuquerque stated intention never hurt upset anyone art...for reason recommended dc variant cover pulled.dc rebirth batgirl batgirl birds prey – march dc comics announced would relaunching monthly titles dc rebirth event.
Batgirl	relaunch restores elements preflashpoint dc continuity maintaining elements new well.among new titles creative teams announced volume batgirl written hope larson volume batgirl birds prey written julie benson shawna benson included.critically celebrated fifth volume batgirl barbara gordon student attending burnside college trendy burnside neighborhood gotham city.comic praised fun fresh approach character batgirls realistic new costume design.infinite frontier batgirls –present dcs infinite frontier relaunch presented new status quo barbara returned role oracle suiting batgirl occasionally.
Batgirl	part supports cassandra cain stephanie brown operate batgirls sharing title.alternative versions various alterations barbara gordon batgirl appeared storylines published mainstream continuity titles.variants character within continuity often appear stories involve time travel crossover limited series zero hour crisis time followup story preceded limited series crisis infinite earths altered mainstream continuity.notable imprints dc comics elseworlds star dc comics also featured alternate versions character.the elseworlds imprint takes companys iconic characters places alternate timelines places events making heroes familiar yesterday seem fresh tomorrow.batgirl barbara gordon made several appearances elseworlds comics since .
Batgirl	character given starring roles noirstyle storyline thrillkiller sequel thrillkiller oneshot comic elseworlds finest supergirl batgirl .in dc comics launched star imprint—an ongoing series comics designed pair companys iconic characters acclaimed writers artists industry.similar elseworlds star restricted mainstream continuity establishes fresh perspective latest generation readership.according dan didio books created literally reach widest audience possible comic book audience anyone ever wanted read see anything superman batman.an alternate barbara gordon adapted frank millers star batman robin boy wonder teenage batgirl.addition another variation character set star eponymous star batgirl title written geoff johns however series cancelled prior publication.alternate versions batgirl aside barbara gordon also appeared publications dc comics.batman beyond unlimited set continuity animated series batman beyond new batgirl yearold girl named nissa.
Batgirl	batgirl futures end nov. set alternate future trio batgirls include cassandra cain stephanie brown newcomer tiffany fox—the daughter lucius fox first african american character portrayed batgirl.in alternate history dc comics bombshells universe singular batgirl.instead exists group young female vigilantes known batgirls whose ranks consist batwoman fan named harper row african american mechanic named kathy duquesne young caucasian girl named nell little singaporeanamerican dancer named alysia yeoh.digital issue collected print issue harley quinn tells pamela isley encountering belle bog appears vampire version batgirl.dc comics bombshells annual published august reveals barbara gourdon french fighter pilot world war i. lost boyfriend war traveled louisiana indeed become vampire.characterization batgirl officially represented four different characters – two claimants – beginning introduction .
Batgirl	betty kane golden age female character introduced love interest robin.betty kane batgirl depicted niece robinlike sidekick original batwoman.however editor julius schwartz asserted batgirl characters batfamily removed considering decline sales restored batman mythology original conception heroic vigilantism.crisis infinite earths storyline betty kane retconned existence.mary elizabeth bette kane reinvented version betty kane character golden age.original characterization retconned existence crisis infinite earths storyline discrepancy arose batgirl character joined west coast version teen titans simply disappeared.
Batgirl	character reintroduced bette kane alias flamebird.following infinite crisis characters past batgirl hinted part continuity.however reference included revamped origin character may may current bette kane.barbara gordon run batman television series dc editorial approached adding female character back batman family.revising character history motivation julius schwartz created barbara gordon.
Batgirl	character held role batgirl retired dc editorial decision.characters role changed paraplegic source information members batman family codenamed oracle.later restored batgirl new relaunch entire dc publication line .also case dc rebirth .suicide psychopathic brother james gordon jr. barbara ponders role batgirl becomes oracle continues support batman family behind computer screen option occasionally return role batgirl.
Batgirl	takes role mentor cassandra cain stephanie brown share title batgirl.cassandra cain mans land storyline cassandra cain given role batgirl guidance batman oracle.written daughter assassins david cain lady shiva trained early childhood read human body language instead developing verbal written communication skills part fathers conditioning mold worlds deadliest assassin.however committing first murder vows never use martialarts prowess kill.became first batgirl star eponymous monthly comic book series well one prominent characters asian descent appear american comics.
Batgirl	series cancelled cassandra cain abandoned role batgirl shortly thereafter.years later cassandra rejoined batman family moniker blackbat.new cassandra reappeared comic series batman robin eternal slightly different history.also murderer harper rows mother ally batman.called orphan became part batman family well outsiders.
Batgirl	later shares name batgirl friend stephanie brown.stephanie brown stephanie brown formerly known spoiler first incontinuity female robin apparent death .following return comics assumed role batgirl.maintained position relaunch dc imprint new .character reappeared dcu batman vol.
Batgirl	spoiler.stephanie reappears series batman eternal goes spoiler attempt thwart fathers machinations.dc rebirth joined batmans new team vigilantes became girlfriend tim drake aka red robin break up.eventually shares title batgirl friend cassandra cain.claimants helena bertinelli brief time mans land storyline helena bertinelli assumed mantle batgirl.
Batgirl	violating batmans code extreme violence stripped mantle returned alias huntress.charlotte charlie gageradcliffe cassandra cain abandoned role mystery character appeared new batgirl birds prey comic.possessing superpowers teen claimed empty mantle attempt honor character.however barbara gordon quickly dissuaded teen continuing role.charlie gageradcliffe acquiesced modified costume changed name misfit.
Batgirl	cultural impact barbara gordon cassandra cain subject academic analysis regarding portrayal women comics commentary barbara gordons batgirl focused characters connection womens liberation movement doctoral degree career librarian analysis cassandra cains batgirl focused characters double minority status woman person color.since debut dc comics publication fueled adaptation batman television series barbara gordons batgirl listed among fictional characters regarded cultural icons.author brian cronin superman spy comic book legends revealed notes following debut batgirl soon popular enough appear regularly next two decades yvonne craig certainly made impression many viewers one season portraying young ms. gordon.ign ranked barbara gordon th top comic books heroes.cassandra cains batgirl become one prominent asian characters appear american comic books understated sexuality notable contrary common sexual objectification female characters especially asian descent.
Batgirl	feminist interpretations supergirls fashion feminism fantasy history comic book heroines author mike madrid states set barbara gordon batgirl apart female characters motivation crimefighting.unlike batwoman preceded wears symbol chest girlfriend faithful handmaiden.fact pursue romantic interest batman batgirl female batman actually regard brilliant peer partner war crime way would male.historian peter sanderson observed barbara gordons batgirl reflected womens liberation movement s.during barbara kesel writing complaint dc comics negative portrayal female characters given opportunity write barbara gordon detective comics.robin anne reid women science fiction fantasy overviews wrote kesels version batgirl established character separate batman robin woman motivated men alone way.
Batgirl	secret origins batgirl special countered victimized objectified presentation barbara gordonbatgirl alan moores acclaimed killing joke .notes kesels interpretation character emphasized intelligence technological skill ability overcome fear.gail simone included characters paralysis list major female characters killed mutilated depowered dubbing phenomenon women refrigerators reference green lantern story title character discovers girlfriends mutilated body refrigerator.simone highlighted gender difference regarding treatment batman batgirl regarding paralysis stating backs broken batman broke dramatic batcave confrontation villain bane batgirl broke ambushed home shot spine joker never given chance fight.less year later batman fine.batgirl—now named oracle—was wheelchair remained many years.in superheroes superegos analyzing minds behind masks author sharon packer wrote anyone feels feminist critics overreacted gordons accident advised consult source material calling work sadistic core.brian cronin noted many readers felt violence towards barbara gordon much even moore retrospect expressed displeasure story turned out.
Batgirl	jeffrey a. brown author dangerous curves action heroines gender fetishism popular culture noted killing joke example inherent misogyny maledominated comic book industry light relatively unequal violence female characters subjected to.male characters may critically injured killed likely returned original conception female characters likely receive permanent damage.reid states although speculation behind editorial decision allow paralysis character become permanent included idea become outdated audiences grown tired batgirl bad character written badly.despite views present characters batgirl persona symbol female empowerment longheld criticism originally conceived uninspired variation batman rather standing alone leader wonder woman preexisting male counterpart.analyzing stereotypes gender jackie marsh noted male superheroes batman depicted hypermasculine antisocial female superheroes reduced childlike status names batgirl character.representation librarians image role librarian wendi arant candace r. benefiel argue batgirls portrayal librarian considered significant profession represented valuable honorable career.
Batgirl	even light fact character abandons order run united states congress barbara gordon seen given career switch even librarians would consider step up.essay librarians professionalism image stereotype reality abigail luthmann views character less favorably stating unassuming role librarian used lowvisibility disguise crimefighting alterego informationlocating skills may useful extracurricular activities direct examples given.representation asian americans cassandra cain version batgirl depicted biracial character half white half chinese notable one prominent characters asian descent appear american comic books.jeffrey a. brown states ethnicity rarely mentioned comic books asian women long history comics portrayed martial artists often exploited sex objects.however case batgirl cassandras racial identity treated implicitly explicitly.
Batgirl	costume design actually conceals entire body guise batgirl ethnicity completely unapparent.fact sexuality also understated represents shift away typical portrayals women asian women particular.controversial aspect character came one year later event reintroduced villain.abrupt shift character brought negative criticism readership.questioned change characterization writer adam beechen stated didnt present rationale cassandra going change motivating factor.
Batgirl	left come approve.that.far editors writers whoever else made decision decided good direction honestly couldnt answer.media portrayed yvonne craig characters first adaptation outside comic books took place third season batman barbara gordon discussed months earlier father batman secondseason episodes batmans waterloo duo defy.les daniels batman complete history wrote goal abc attract new audience members especially idealistic young girls less highminded older men.
Batgirl	according craig used think reason hired knew could ride motorcycle ... realized hired cartoon voice.shared criticism batgirl female superheroes television came later wonder woman bionic woman allowed engage handtohand combat screen.fights choreographed carefully imitate moves broadway showgirl use straight kick opponents face rather type kick martial artist would use.however craig also stated meet young women say batgirl role model ... say first time ever felt girls could things guys could sometimes better.think thats lovely.
Batgirl	early craig portrayed batgirl public service announcement advocate equal pay women.since batman character long history appearances television media.batgirl barbara gordon plays supporting role string animated series voiced jane webb batmansuperman hour melendy britt new adventures batman melissa gilbert batman animated series tara strong new batman adventures danielle judovits batman mae whitman batman brave bold briana cuoco harley quinn .batgirl starred alongside supergirl wonder girl super best friends forever series shorts developed lauren faust dc nation block cartoon network.barbara gordon makes two cameo appearances first season animated series young justice added recurring character season two adopted batgirl persona.dina meyer starred barbara gordon television series birds prey .although series focused role oracle series included flashbacks characters history batgirl.in film batman robin alicia silverstone played variation character barbara wilson alfred pennyworths niece.

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