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Norton 360	versions prior .also installed separate liveupdate program updates nortonbranded software.user must uninstall norton internet security liveupdate component manually.liveupdate component purposely left behind update nortonbranded products present.symantec developed norton removal tool remove registry keys values along files folders.
Norton 360	uninstaller must run twice initially computer restart requiring second restart.uninstallation remove subscription data preserved prevent users installing multiple trial copies.windows service packs norton version .installed users encountered incompatibilities upgrading windows xp service pack windows vista service pack .users report numerous invalid windows registry keys added tool named fixcss.exe resulting empty device manager missing devices wireless network adapters.
Norton 360	symantec initially blamed microsoft incompatibilities since accepted partial responsibility.dave cole senior director product management acknowledged users running norton products experiencing problems said numbers small.cole also said symantec done extensive testing products windows xp sp issue encountered.cole blamed microsoft related xp sp.microsoft recommended users contact windows customer support.resolve problem symantec issued fix intended users upgrading.
Norton 360	symantec also recommends disabling tamper protection component release dubbed symprotect.tool remove added registry entries available symantec.windows vista sarah hicks symantecs vice president consumer product management voiced concern windows vista bits patchguard feature.patchguard designed microsoft ensure integrity kernel part operating system interacts hardware.rootkits may hide operating systems kernel complicating removal.
Norton 360	mike dalton european president mcafee said decision build wall around kernel assumption cant breached ridiculous claiming microsoft preventing security vendors effectively protecting kernel promoting security product windows live onecare.hicks said symantec mind competition onecare.symantec later published white paper detailing patchguard instructions obtain patchguard exploit.negotiations investigations antitrust regulators microsoft decided allow security vendors access kernel creating special api instructions.subscription expiration norton comes oneyear subscription activated upon installation valid three home computers.
Dell Software	expiration subscription blocks access program updates shuts antivirus firewall well.tools bundled password manager user saved passwords also inaccessible.users often understand completely exposed pcs become infected viruses.see also norton internet securitynorton antivirus references external links norton homepagenortondell software created merging various acquisitions mainly quest software sonicwall dell inc. thirdlargest maker pcs privately held company build software offerings data center cloud management information management mobile workforce management security data protection organizations sizes.history dell inc. formed dell software group february series acquisitions strengthened company’s focus software services.new group helped unify acquisitions included following companies among otherskace networks specializing computer appliances systems management software security application virtualization systems management products.kace specialize software inventory distribution operating system deployment mobile device management.february company acquired kace networks leader systems management appliances.
Dell Software	terms deal disclosed.boomi makers atomsphere ondemand integration technology uses pure saas technology connect combination saas cloud onpremises applications without needing install maintain integration software appliances.november dell acquired softwareasaservice saas integration leader boomi.terms deal disclosed.appassure software developed series backup tools windows linux servers.appassure provides global deduplication overall reduced recovery time enhanced scalability granular objectlevel recovery files applicationlevel objects emails.february dell acquired backup disaster recovery software tool provider appassure software reston va. appassure delivered percent revenue growth growth prior three years.
Dell Software	appassure supports physical servers vmware hyperv xenserver.deal represents first acquisition since dell formed software division former ca ceo john swainson.dell added keep appassure’s employees invest company.sonicwall creators various internet appliances primarily directed content control network security.applications include devices services managing network firewalls unified threat management utm virtual private networks vpn backup recovery anti spam systems email.march usa today said dell agreed buy sonicwall acquisition completed may .
Dell Software	company patents sonicwall develops security products network data security provider.quest software makers toad software productivity tool used millions database professionals.quest also produced products help develop manage monitor protect packaged custom software applications.july dell announced buying quest software.acquisition completed september .enstratius providers cloudcomputing infrastructuremanagement platform addresses governance issues associated deploying systems public private hybrid clouds.public private clouds supported well configuration management tools chef puppet.
Dell Software	enstratius platform supports saas onpremises deployment models.statsoft provider advanced analytics tools help organizations better understand business predict change increase agility control critical systems.capabilities data mining predictive analytics desktop data modeling data visualization statsoft enables users forecast trends identify sales opportunities explore “whatif” scenarios reduce occurrence fraud business risks.statsoft founded acquired dell march .terms transaction disclosed.on march john swainson became president dell software.previously swainson senior advisor silver lake partners global private equity firm.
Dell Software	prior silver lake ceo director ca inc. early .purpose forming new group build dell’s software capabilities provide research organizational support achieving michael dell’s vision delivering endtoend solutions customers.on june dell software announced agreement purchased private equity firm francisco partners hedge fund manager elliott management.on november sale dell software francisco partners elliott management completed company relaunched quest software.legally named quest software known marketplace quest.quest software tool provider focus enabling innovation less administration.quest products built unique ip inhouse engineers guided community users backed global support team.
Dell Software	solutions dell software offered endtoend solutions address challenges several business technology areas including six key onesdata protectionendpoint managementidentity access managementinformation managementnetwork securitywindows server management migrationdata protection software deduplication appliances offer customized backup replication recovery systems physical virtual application cloud environments.solutions provide management tools enterprise backup recovery virtual protection applicationspecific data protection disaster recovery uninterrupted productivity.also help organizations prevent intrusions block malware gather application intelligence.endpoint management solutions simplify management diverse array endpoint systems devices including desktops laptops servers chromebooks mobile devices virtual workspaces networkconnected noncomputing devices.solutions allow organizations deploy systems conduct asset inventory automate operating system application patch management manage software updates.identity access management solutions allow organizations govern identities manage privileged accounts control access.help organizations achieve identity data privileged access governance simplify secure access management users groups enable control audit administrative access secure automated policybased workflows.information management solutions simplify data access analysis management.
Database	integrate legacy systems enable organizations manage complex big data ensure data accuracy integrate applications data across onsite cloud environments streamline business intelligence automate development database management tasks.network security solutions provide intrusion prevention malware protection application intelligence control realtime traffic visualization inspection secure sockets layer ssl–encrypted sessions gateway.also enable organizations manage visualize analyze audit report across numerous appliances deployed remote sites centralized console.windows server management migration solutions automate administrative functions active directory exchange lync sharepoint office microsoft platforms.solutions enable organizations migrate consolidate restructure missioncritical application environments customize windows platforms manage governance risk compliance windows environments.referencessmall databases stored file system large databases hosted computer clusters cloud storage.design databases spans formal techniques practical considerations including data modeling efficient data representation storage query languages security privacy sensitive data distributed computing issues including supporting concurrent access fault tolerance.a database management system dbms software interacts end users applications database capture analyze data.dbms software additionally encompasses core facilities provided administer database.sum total database dbms associated applications referred database system.often term database also used loosely refer dbms database system application associated database.computer scientists may classify database management systems according database models support.
Database	relational databases became dominant s. model data rows columns series tables vast majority use sql writing querying data.nonrelational databases became popular collectively referred nosql use different query languages.terminology overview formally database refers set related data way organized.access data usually provided database management system dbms consisting integrated set computer software allows users interact one databases provides access data contained database although restrictions may exist limit access particular data.dbms provides various functions allow entry storage retrieval large quantities information provides ways manage information organized.because close relationship term database often used casually refer database dbms used manipulate it.outside world professional information technology term database often used refer collection related data spreadsheet card index size usage requirements typically necessitate use database management system.existing dbmss provide various functions allow management database data classified four main functional groupsdata definition – creation modification removal definitions define organization data.update – insertion modification deletion actual data.retrieval – providing information form directly usable processing applications.
Database	retrieved data may made available form basically stored database new form obtained altering combining existing data database.administration – registering monitoring users enforcing data security monitoring performance maintaining data integrity dealing concurrency control recovering information corrupted event unexpected system failure.both database dbms conform principles particular database model.database system refers collectively database model database management system database.physically database servers dedicated computers hold actual databases run dbms related software.database servers usually multiprocessor computers generous memory raid disk arrays used stable storage.hardware database accelerators connected one servers via highspeed channel also used large volume transaction processing environments.dbmss found heart database applications.
Database	dbmss may built around custom multitasking kernel builtin networking support modern dbmss typically rely standard operating system provide functions.since dbmss comprise significant market computer storage vendors often take account dbms requirements development plans.databases dbmss categorized according database models support relational xml types computer run server cluster mobile phone query languages used access database sql xquery internal engineering affects performance scalability resilience security.history sizes capabilities performance databases respective dbmss grown orders magnitude.performance increases enabled technology progress areas processors computer memory computer storage computer networks.concept database made possible emergence direct access storage media magnetic disks became widely available mid earlier systems relied sequential storage data magnetic tape.subsequent development database technology divided three eras based data model structure navigational sqlrelational postrelational.the two main early navigational data models hierarchical model codasyl model network model.
Database	characterized use pointers often physical disk addresses follow relationships one record another.the relational model first proposed edgar f. codd departed tradition insisting applications search data content rather following links.relational model employs sets ledgerstyle tables used different type entity.mids computing hardware become powerful enough allow wide deployment relational systems dbmss plus applications.early however relational systems dominated largescale data processing applications remain dominant ibm db oracle mysql microsoft sql server searched dbms.dominant database language standardised sql relational model influenced database languages data models.object databases developed overcome inconvenience object–relational impedance mismatch led coining term postrelational also development hybrid object–relational databases.the next generation postrelational databases late became known nosql databases introducing fast key–value stores documentoriented databases.
Database	competing next generation known newsql databases attempted new implementations retained relationalsql model aiming match high performance nosql compared commercially available relational dbmss.navigational dbms introduction term database coincided availability directaccess storage disks drums mids onwards.term represented contrast tapebased systems past allowing shared interactive use rather daily batch processing.oxford english dictionary cites report system development corporation california first use term database specific technical sense.as computers grew speed capability number generalpurpose database systems emerged mids number systems come commercial use.interest standard began grow charles bachman author one product integrated data store ids founded database task group within codasyl group responsible creation standardization cobol.
Database	database task group delivered standard generally became known codasyl approach soon number commercial products based approach entered market.the codasyl approach offered applications ability navigate around linked data set formed large network.applications could find records one three methodsuse primary key known calc key typically implemented hashingnavigating relationships called sets one record anotherscanning records sequential orderlater systems added btrees provide alternate access paths.many codasyl databases also added declarative query language end users distinct navigational api.however codasyl databases complex required significant training effort produce useful applications.ibm also dbms known information management system ims.ims development software written apollo program system.
Database	ims generally similar concept codasyl used strict hierarchy model data navigation instead codasyls network model.concepts later became known navigational databases due way data accessed term popularized bachmans turing award presentation programmer navigator.ims classified ibm hierarchical database.idms cincom systems total database classified network databases.ims remains use .
Database	relational dbms edgar f. codd worked ibm san jose california one offshoot offices primarily involved development hard disk systems.unhappy navigational model codasyl approach notably lack search facility.wrote number papers outlined new approach database construction eventually culminated groundbreaking relational model data large shared data banks.in paper described new system storing working large databases.instead records stored sort linked list freeform records codasyl codds idea organize data number tables table used different type entity.table would contain fixed number columns containing attributes entity.
Database	one columns table designated primary key rows table could uniquely identified crossreferences tables always used primary keys rather disk addresses queries would join tables based key relationships using set operations based mathematical system relational calculus model takes name.splitting data set normalized tables relations aimed ensure fact stored thus simplifying update operations.virtual tables called views could present data different ways different users views could directly updated.codd used mathematical terms define model relations tuples domains rather tables rows columns.terminology familiar came early implementations.codd would later criticize tendency practical implementations depart mathematical foundations model based.the use primary keys useroriented identifiers represent crosstable relationships rather disk addresses two primary motivations.
Database	engineering perspective enabled tables relocated resized without expensive database reorganization.codd interested difference semantics use explicit identifiers made easier define update operations clean mathematical definitions also enabled query operations defined terms established discipline firstorder predicate calculus operations clean mathematical properties becomes possible rewrite queries provably correct ways basis query optimization.loss expressiveness compared hierarchic network models though connections tables longer explicit.in hierarchic network models records allowed complex internal structure.example salary history employee might represented repeating group within employee record.relational model process normalization led internal structures replaced data held multiple tables connected logical keys.for instance common use database system track information users name login information various addresses phone numbers.
Database	navigational approach data would placed single variablelength record.relational approach data would normalized user table address table phone number table instance.records would created optional tables address phone numbers actually provided.as well identifying rowsrecords using logical identifiers rather disk addresses codd changed way applications assembled data multiple records.rather requiring applications gather data one record time navigating links would use declarative query language expressed data required rather access path found.finding efficient access path data became responsibility database management system rather application programmer.
Database	process called query optimization depended fact queries expressed terms mathematical logic.codds paper picked two people berkeley eugene wong michael stonebraker.started project known ingres using funding already allocated geographical database project student programmers produce code.beginning ingres delivered first test products generally ready widespread use .ingres similar system r number ways including use language data access known quel.time ingres moved emerging sql standard.ibm one test implementation relational model prtv production one business system discontinued.
Database	honeywell wrote mrds multics two new implementations alphora dataphor rel.dbms implementations usually called relational actually sql dbmss.in university michigan began development micro information management system based d.l.childs settheoretic data model.micro used manage large data sets us department labor u.s. environmental protection agency researchers university alberta university michigan wayne state university.ran ibm mainframe computers using michigan terminal system.
Database	system remained production .integrated approach attempts made build database systems integrated hardware software.underlying philosophy integration would provide higher performance lower cost.examples ibm system early offering teradata britton lee inc. database machine.another approach hardware support database management icls cafs accelerator hardware disk controller programmable search capabilities.long term efforts generally unsuccessful specialized database machines could keep pace rapid development progress generalpurpose computers.
Database	thus database systems nowadays software systems running generalpurpose hardware using generalpurpose computer data storage.however idea still pursued certain applications companies like netezza oracle exadata.late sql dbms ibm started working prototype system loosely based codds concepts system r early s. first version ready work started multitable systems data could split data record optional stored single large chunk.subsequent multiuser versions tested customers time standardized query language – sql – added.codds ideas establishing workable superior codasyl pushing ibm develop true production version system r known sqlds later database db.larry ellisons oracle database simply oracle started different chain based ibms papers system r. though oracle v implementations completed wasnt oracle version ellison beat ibm market .stonebraker went apply lessons ingres develop new database postgres known postgresql.
Database	postgresql often used global missioncritical applications .org .info domain name registries use primary data store many large companies financial institutions.in sweden codds paper also read mimer sql developed mids uppsala university.project consolidated independent enterprise.another data model entity–relationship model emerged gained popularity database design emphasized familiar description earlier relational model.later entity–relationship constructs retrofitted data modeling construct relational model difference two become irrelevant.desktop ushered age desktop computing.new computers empowered users spreadsheets like lotus database software like dbase.
Database	dbase product lightweight easy computer user understand box.c. wayne ratliff creator dbase stated dbase different programs like basic c fortran cobol lot dirty work already done.data manipulation done dbase instead user user concentrate rather mess dirty details opening reading closing files managing space allocation.dbase one top selling software titles early s. objectoriented along rise objectoriented programming saw growth data various databases handled.programmers designers began treat data databases objects.
Database	say persons data database persons attributes address phone number age considered belong person instead extraneous data.allows relations data relations objects attributes individual fields.term object–relational impedance mismatch described inconvenience translating programmed objects database tables.object databases object–relational databases attempt solve problem providing objectoriented language sometimes extensions sql programmers use alternative purely relational sql.programming side libraries known object–relational mappings orms attempt solve problem.
Database	nosql newsql xml databases type structured documentoriented database allows querying based xml document attributes.xml databases mostly used applications data conveniently viewed collection documents structure vary flexible highly rigid examples include scientific articles patents tax filings personnel records.nosql databases often fast require fixed table schemas avoid join operations storing denormalized data designed scale horizontally.in recent years strong demand massively distributed databases high partition tolerance according cap theorem impossible distributed system simultaneously provide consistency availability partition tolerance guarantees.distributed system satisfy two guarantees time three.reason many nosql databases using called eventual consistency provide availability partition tolerance guarantees reduced level data consistency.newsql class modern relational databases aims provide scalable performance nosql systems online transaction processing readwrite workloads still using sql maintaining acid guarantees traditional database system.use cases databases used support internal operations organizations underpin online interactions customers suppliers see enterprise software.databases used hold administrative information specialized data engineering data economic models.
Database	examples include computerized library systems flight reservation systems computerized parts inventory systems many content management systems store websites collections webpages database.classification one way classify databases involves type contents example bibliographic documenttext statistical multimedia objects.another way application area example accounting music compositions movies banking manufacturing insurance.third way technical aspect database structure interface type.section lists adjectives used characterize different kinds databases.an inmemory database database primarily resides main memory typically backedup nonvolatile computer data storage.
Database	main memory databases faster disk databases often used response time critical telecommunications network equipment.an active database includes eventdriven architecture respond conditions inside outside database.possible uses include security monitoring alerting statistics gathering authorization.many databases provide active database features form database triggers.a cloud database relies cloud technology.database dbms reside remotely cloud applications developed programmers later maintained used endusers web browser open apis.data warehouses archive data operational databases often external sources market research firms.warehouse becomes central source data use managers endusers may access operational data.
Database	example sales data might aggregated weekly totals converted internal product codes use upcs compared acnielsen data.basic essential components data warehousing include extracting analyzing mining data transforming loading managing data make available use.a deductive database combines logic programming relational database.a distributed database one data dbms span multiple computers.a documentoriented database designed storing retrieving managing documentoriented semi structured information.documentoriented databases one main categories nosql databases.an embedded database system dbms tightly integrated application software requires access stored data way dbms hidden applications endusers requires little ongoing maintenance.enduser databases consist data developed individual endusers.examples collections documents spreadsheets presentations multimedia files.several products exist support databases.
Database	much simpler fullfledged dbmss elementary dbms functionality.a federated database system comprises several distinct databases dbms.handled single database federated database management system fdbms transparently integrates multiple autonomous dbmss possibly different types case would also heterogeneous database system provides integrated conceptual view.sometimes term multidatabase used synonym federated database though may refer less integrated e.g.without fdbms managed integrated schema group databases cooperate single application.case typically middleware used distribution typically includes atomic commit protocol acp e.g.twophase commit protocol allow distributed global transactions across participating databases.a graph database kind nosql database uses graph structures nodes edges properties represent store information.
Database	general graph databases store graph distinct specialized graph databases triplestores network databases.an array dbms kind nosql dbms allows modeling storage retrieval usually large multidimensional arrays satellite images climate simulation output.in hypertext hypermedia database word piece text representing object e.g.another piece text article picture film hyperlinked object.hypertext databases particularly useful organizing large amounts disparate information.example useful organizing online encyclopedias users conveniently jump around text.world wide web thus large distributed hypertext database.a knowledge base abbreviated kb kb δ special kind database knowledge management providing means computerized collection organization retrieval knowledge.
Database	also collection data representing problems solutions related experiences.a mobile database carried synchronized mobile computing device.operational databases store detailed data operations organization.typically process relatively high volumes updates using transactions.examples include customer databases record contact credit demographic information businesss customers personnel databases hold information salary benefits skills data employees enterprise resource planning systems record details product components parts inventory financial databases keep track organizations money accounting financial dealings.a parallel database seeks improve performance parallelization tasks loading data building indexes evaluating queries.the major parallel dbms architectures induced underlying hardware architecture areshared memory architecture multiple processors share main memory space well data storage.shared disk architecture processing unit typically consisting multiple processors main memory units share storage.sharednothing architecture processing unit main memory storage.probabilistic databases employ fuzzy logic draw inferences imprecise data.realtime databases process transactions fast enough result come back acted right away.a spatial database store data multidimensional features.queries data include locationbased queries like closest hotel area.a temporal database builtin time aspects example temporal data model temporal version sql.specifically temporal aspects usually include validtime transactiontime.a terminologyoriented database builds upon objectoriented database often customized specific field.an unstructured data database intended store manageable protected way diverse objects fit naturally conveniently common databases.
Database	may include email messages documents journals multimedia objects etc.name may misleading since objects highly structured.however entire possible object collection fit predefined structured framework.established dbmss support unstructured data various ways new dedicated dbmss emerging.database management system connolly begg define database management system dbms software system enables users define create maintain control access database.
Database	examples dbmss include mysql postgresql microsoft sql server oracle database microsoft access.the dbms acronym sometimes extended indicate underlying database model rdbms relational oodbms object oriented ordbms object–relational model.extensions indicate characteristic ddbms distributed database management systems.the functionality provided dbms vary enormously.core functionality storage retrieval update data.codd proposed following functions services fullyfledged general purpose dbms providedata storage retrieval updateuser accessible catalog data dictionary describing metadatasupport transactions concurrencyfacilities recovering database become damagedsupport authorization access update dataaccess support remote locationsenforcing constraints ensure data database abides certain rulesit also generally expected dbms provide set utilities purposes may necessary administer database effectively including import export monitoring defragmentation analysis utilities.core part dbms interacting database application interface sometimes referred database engine.often dbmss configuration parameters statically dynamically tuned example maximum amount main memory server database use.
Database	trend minimize amount manual configuration cases embedded databases need target zeroadministration paramount.the large major enterprise dbmss tended increase size functionality involved thousands human years development effort lifetime.early multiuser dbms typically allowed application reside computer access via terminals terminal emulation software.client–server architecture development application resided client desktop database server allowing processing distributed.evolved multitier architecture incorporating application servers web servers end user interface via web browser database directly connected adjacent tier.a generalpurpose dbms provide public application programming interfaces api optionally processor database languages sql allow applications written interact database.special purpose dbms may use private api specifically customized linked single application.example email system performing many functions generalpurpose dbms message insertion message deletion attachment handling blocklist lookup associating messages email address forth however functions limited required handle email.
Database	application external interaction database via application program interfaces dbms.range database tool allows users execute sql queries textually graphically web site happens use database store search information.application program interface programmer code interactions database sometimes referred datasource via application program interface api via database language.particular api language chosen need supported dbms possible indirectly via preprocessor bridging api.apis aim database independent odbc commonly known example.
Database	common apis include jdbc ado.net.database languages database languages specialpurpose languages allow one following tasks sometimes distinguished sublanguagesdata control language dcl – controls access datadata definition language ddl – defines data types creating altering dropping tables relationships among themdata manipulation language dml – performs tasks inserting updating deleting data occurrencesdata query language dql – allows searching information computing derived information.database languages specific particular data model.notable examples includesql combines roles data definition data manipulation query single language.one first commercial languages relational model although departs respects relational model described codd example rows columns table ordered.sql became standard american national standards institute ansi international organization standardization iso .
Database	standards regularly enhanced since supported varying degrees conformance mainstream commercial relational dbmss.oql object model language standard object data management group.influenced design newer query languages like jdoql ejb ql.xquery standard xml query language implemented xml database systems marklogic exist relational databases xml capability oracle db also inmemory xml processors saxon.sqlxml combines xquery sql.a database language may also incorporate features likedbmsspecific configuration storage engine managementcomputations modify query results like counting summing averaging sorting grouping crossreferencingconstraint enforcement e.g.automotive database allowing one engine type per carapplication programming interface version query language programmer convenience storage database storage container physical materialization database.comprises internal physical level database architecture.also contains information needed e.g.
Database	metadata data data internal data structures reconstruct conceptual level external level internal level needed.databases digital objects contain three layers information must stored data structure semantics.proper storage three layers needed future preservation longevity database.putting data permanent storage generally responsibility database engine a.k.a.storage engine.
Database	though typically accessed dbms underlying operating system often using operating systems file systems intermediates storage layout storage properties configuration setting extremely important efficient operation dbms thus closely maintained database administrators.dbms operation always database residing several types storage e.g.memory external storage.database data additional needed information possibly large amounts coded bits.data typically reside storage structures look completely different way data look conceptual external levels ways attempt optimize best possible levels reconstruction needed users programs well computing additional types needed information data e.g.
Database	querying database.some dbmss support specifying character encoding used store data multiple encodings used database.various lowlevel database storage structures used storage engine serialize data model written medium choice.techniques indexing may used improve performance.conventional storage roworiented also columnoriented correlation databases.materialized views often storage redundancy employed increase performance.common example storing materialized views consist frequently needed external views query results.
Database	storing views saves expensive computing time needed.downsides materialized views overhead incurred updating keep synchronized original updated database data cost storage redundancy.replication occasionally database employs storage redundancy database objects replication one copies increase data availability improve performance simultaneous multiple enduser accesses database object provide resiliency case partial failure distributed database.updates replicated object need synchronized across object copies.many cases entire database replicated.
Database	security database security deals various aspects protecting database content owners users.ranges protection intentional unauthorized database uses unintentional database accesses unauthorized entities e.g.person computer program.database access control deals controlling person certain computer program allowed access information database.information may comprise specific database objects e.g.record types specific records data structures certain computations certain objects e.g.
Database	query types specific queries using specific access paths former e.g.using specific indexes data structures access information.database access controls set special authorized database owner personnel uses dedicated protected security dbms interfaces.this may managed directly individual basis assignment individuals privileges groups elaborate models assignment individuals groups roles granted entitlements.data security prevents unauthorized users viewing updating database.using passwords users allowed access entire database subsets called subschemas.
Database	example employee database contain data individual employee one group users may authorized view payroll data others allowed access work history medical data.dbms provides way interactively enter update database well interrogate capability allows managing personal databases.data security general deals protecting specific chunks data physically i.e.corruption destruction removal e.g.see physical security interpretation parts meaningful information e.g.looking strings bits comprise concluding specific valid creditcard numbers e.g.
Database	see data encryption.change access logging records accessed attributes changed changed.logging services allow forensic database audit later keeping record access occurrences changes.sometimes applicationlevel code used record changes rather leaving database.monitoring set attempt detect security breaches.transactions concurrency database transactions used introduce level fault tolerance data integrity recovery crash.
Database	database transaction unit work typically encapsulating number operations database e.g.reading database object writing acquiring releasing lock etc.abstraction supported database also systems.transaction well defined boundaries terms programcode executions included transaction determined transactions programmer via special transaction commands.the acronym acid describes ideal properties database transaction atomicity consistency isolation durability.migration database built one dbms portable another dbms i.e.
Database	dbms cannot run it.however situations desirable migrate database one dbms another.reasons primarily economical different dbmss may different total costs ownership tcos functional operational different dbmss may different capabilities.migration involves databases transformation one dbms type another.transformation maintain possible database related application i.e.
Database	related application programs intact.thus databases conceptual external architectural levels maintained transformation.may desired also aspects architecture internal level maintained.complex large database migration may complicated costly onetime project factored decision migrate.spite fact tools may exist help migration specific dbmss.
Database	typically dbms vendor provides tools help importing databases popular dbmss.building maintaining tuning designing database application next stage building database.typically appropriate generalpurpose dbms selected used purpose.dbms provides needed user interfaces used database administrators define needed applications data structures within dbmss respective data model.user interfaces used select needed dbms parameters like security related storage allocation parameters etc..when database ready data structures needed components defined typically populated initial applications data database initialization typically distinct project many cases using specialized dbms interfaces support bulk insertion making operational.
Database	cases database becomes operational empty application data data accumulated operation.after database created initialized populated needs maintained.various database parameters may need changing database may need tuned tuning better performance applications data structures may changed added new related application programs may written add applications functionality etc.backup restore sometimes desired bring database back previous state many reasons e.g.cases database found corrupted due software error updated erroneous data.achieve backup operation done occasionally continuously desired database state i.e.
Database	values data embedding databases data structures kept within dedicated backup files many techniques exist effectively.decided database administrator bring database back state e.g.specifying state desired point time database state files used restore state.static analysis static analysis techniques software verification applied also scenario query languages.particular abstract interpretation framework extended field query languages relational databases way support sound approximation techniques.
Database	semantics query languages tuned according suitable abstractions concrete domain data.abstraction relational database system many interesting applications particular security purposes fine grained access control watermarking etc.miscellaneous features dbms features might includedatabase logs – helps keeping history executed functions.graphics component producing graphs charts especially data warehouse system.query optimizer – performs query optimization every query choose efficient query plan partial order tree operations executed compute query result.may specific particular storage engine.tools hooks database design application programming application program maintenance database performance analysis monitoring database configuration monitoring dbms hardware configuration dbms related database may span computers networks storage units related database mapping especially distributed dbms storage allocation database layout monitoring storage migration etc.increasingly calls single system incorporates core functionalities build test deployment framework database management source control.borrowing developments software industry market offerings devops database.
Database	design modeling first task database designer produce conceptual data model reflects structure information held database.common approach develop entity–relationship model often aid drawing tools.another popular approach unified modeling language.successful data model accurately reflect possible state external world modeled example people one phone number allow information captured.designing good conceptual data model requires good understanding application domain typically involves asking deep questions things interest organization like customer also supplier product sold two different forms packaging product different products plane flies new york dubai via frankfurt one flight two maybe even three.
Database	answers questions establish definitions terminology used entities customers products flights flight segments relationships attributes.producing conceptual data model sometimes involves input business processes analysis workflow organization.help establish information needed database left out.example help deciding whether database needs hold historic data well current data.having produced conceptual data model users happy next stage translate schema implements relevant data structures within database.process often called logical database design output logical data model expressed form schema.whereas conceptual data model theory least independent choice database technology logical data model expressed terms particular database model supported chosen dbms.
Database	terms data model database model often used interchangeably article use data model design specific database database model modeling notation used express design.the popular database model generalpurpose databases relational model precisely relational model represented sql language.process creating logical database design using model uses methodical approach known normalization.goal normalization ensure elementary fact recorded one place insertions updates deletions automatically maintain consistency.the final stage database design make decisions affect performance scalability recovery security like depend particular dbms.often called physical database design output physical data model.key goal stage data independence meaning decisions made performance optimization purposes invisible endusers applications.
Database	two types data independence physical data independence logical data independence.physical design driven mainly performance requirements requires good knowledge expected workload access patterns deep understanding features offered chosen dbms.another aspect physical database design security.involves defining access control database objects well defining security levels methods data itself.models database model type data model determines logical structure database fundamentally determines manner data stored organized manipulated.popular example database model relational model sql approximation relational uses tablebased format.common logical data models databases includenavigational databaseshierarchical database modelnetwork modelgraph databaserelational modelentity–relationship modelenhanced entity–relationship modelobject modeldocument modelentity–attribute–value modelstar schemaan object–relational database combines two related structures.physical data models includeinverted indexflat fileother models includemultidimensional modelarray modelmultivalue modelspecialized models optimized particular types dataxml databasesemantic modelcontent storeevent storetime series model external conceptual internal views database management system provides three views database datathe external level defines group endusers sees organization data database.
Database	single database number views external level.the conceptual level unifies various external views compatible global view.provides synthesis external views.scope various database endusers rather interest database application developers database administrators.the internal level physical level internal organization data inside dbms.concerned cost performance scalability operational matters.deals storage layout data using storage structures indexes enhance performance.
Database	occasionally stores data individual views materialized views computed generic data performance justification exists redundancy.balances external views performance requirements possibly conflicting attempt optimize overall performance across activities.while typically one conceptual logical physical internal view data number different external views.allows users see database information businessrelated way rather technical processing viewpoint.example financial department company needs payment details employees part companys expenses need details employees interest human resources department.thus different departments need different views companys database.the threelevel database architecture relates concept data independence one major initial driving forces relational model.
Database	idea changes made certain level affect view higher level.example changes internal level affect application programs written using conceptual level interfaces reduces impact making physical changes improve performance.the conceptual view provides level indirection internal external.one hand provides common view database independent different external view structures hand abstracts away details data stored managed internal level.principle every level even every external view presented different data model.practice usually given dbms uses data model external conceptual levels e.g.
Database	relational model.internal level hidden inside dbms depends implementation requires different level detail uses types data structure types.separating external conceptual internal levels major feature relational database model implementations dominate st century databases.research database technology active research topic since academia research development groups companies example ibm research.research activity includes theory development prototypes.notable research topics included models atomic transaction concept related concurrency control techniques query languages query optimization methods raid more.the database research area several dedicated academic journals example acm transactions database systemstods data knowledge engineeringdke annual conferences e.g.
Database	acm sigmod acm pods vldb ieee icde.see also notes references sources reading ling liu tamer m. özsu eds..encyclopedia database systems p. illus.isbn .gray j. reuter a. transaction processing concepts techniques st edition morgan kaufmann publishers .kroenke david m. david j. auer.
Database	database concepts.rd ed.new york prentice .raghu ramakrishnan johannes gehrke database management systemsabraham silberschatz henry f. korth s. sudarshan database system conceptslightstone s. teorey t. nadeau t. .physical database design database professionals guide exploiting indexes views storage more.morgan kaufmann press.
Rsync	isbn .teorey t. lightstone s. nadeau t. database modeling design logical design th edition morgan kaufmann press .isbn external links db file extension – information files db extensioncommonly found unixlike operating systems gpl.orlater license.rsync written c single threaded application.rsync algorithm type delta encoding used minimizing network usage.zlib may used additional data compression ssh stunnel used security.rsync facility typically used synchronizing software repositories mirror sites used package management systems.rsync typically used synchronizing files directories two different systems.example command rsync localfile userremotehostremotefile run rsync use ssh connect user remotehost.
Rsync	connected invoke remote hosts rsync two programs determine parts local file need transferred remote file matches local one.rsync also operate daemon mode rsyncd serving receiving files native rsync protocol using rsync syntax.history andrew tridgell paul mackerras wrote original rsync first announced june .similar function invocation rdist rdist c created ralph campbell released berkeley software distribution.tridgell discusses design implementation performance rsync chapters ph.d. thesis .currently maintained wayne davison.because flexibility speed scriptability rsync become standard linux utility included popular linux distributions.
Rsync	ported windows via cygwin grsync sfu freebsd netbsd openbsd macos.use similar cp rcp scp rsync requires specification source destination least one must local.generic syntaxwhere src file directory list multiple files directories copy dest file directory copy square brackets indicate optional parameters.rsync synchronize unix clients central unix server using rsyncssh standard unix accounts.used desktop environments example efficiently synchronize files backup copy external hard drive.scheduling utility cron carry tasks automated encrypted rsyncbased mirroring multiple hosts central server.examples command line mirror freebsd might look like rsync avz delete ftp.de.freebsd.orgfreebsd pubfreebsdthe apache http server supports rsync updating mirrors.
Rsync	rsync avz delete safelinks rsync.apache.orgapachedist pathtomirrorthe preferred simplest way mirror putty website current directory use rsync.rsync auh rsyncrsync.chiark.greenend.org.ukftpuserssgtathamputtywebsitemirror .a way mimic capabilities time machine macossee also time rsync machine tym.make full backup system root directorydelete files directories within directory extremely fast connection rsync process operates communicating another rsync process sender receiver.startup rsync client connects peer process.transfer local file systems mounted host peer created fork setting suitable pipes connection.remote host involved rsync starts process handle connection typically secure shell.
Rsync	upon connection command issued start rsync process remote host uses connection thus established.alternative remote host runs rsync daemon rsync clients connect opening socket tcp port possibly using proxy.rsync numerous command line options configuration files specify alternative shells options commands possibly full path port numbers.besides using remote shells tunnelling used remote ports appear local server rsync daemon runs.possibilities allow adjusting security levels state art naive rsync daemon enough local network.algorithm determining files send default rsync determines files differ sending receiving systems checking modification time size file.
Rsync	time size different systems transfers file sending receiving system.requires reading file directory information quick miss unusual modifications change neither.rsync performs slower comprehensive check invoked checksum.forces full checksum comparison every file present systems.barring rare checksum collisions avoids risk missing changed files cost reading every file present systems.determining parts file changed rsync utility uses algorithm invented australian computer programmer andrew tridgell efficiently transmitting structure file across communications link receiving computer already similar identical version structure.the recipient splits copy file chunks computes two checksums chunk md hash weaker easier compute rolling checksum.
Rsync	sends checksums sender.the sender computes checksum rolling section version file size chunks used recipients.recipient calculates checksum chunks starting full multiples chunk size sender calculates checksum sections starting address.rolling checksum calculated sender matches checksum calculated recipient section candidate transmitting content section location recipients file instead.case sender uses computationally expensive md hash verify senders section recipients chunk equal.note section sender may start address chunk recipient.
Rsync	allows efficient transmission files differ insertions deletions.sender sends recipient parts file match along information merge existing blocks recipients version.makes copies identical.the rolling checksum used rsync based mark adlers adler checksum used zlib based fletchers checksum.if senders recipients versions file many sections common utility needs transfer relatively little data synchronize files.typical data compression algorithms used files similar uncompressed may different compressed thus entire file need transferred.compression programs gzip provide special rsyncable mode allows files efficiently rsynced ensuring local changes uncompressed file yield local changes compressed file.rsync supports key features aid significantly data transfers backup.
Rsync	include compression decompression data block block using zlib support protocols ssh stunnel.variations rdiff utility uses rsync algorithm generate delta files difference file file b like utility diff different delta format.delta file applied file turning file b similar patch utility.rdiff works well binary files.the rdiffbackup script maintains backup mirror file directory either locally remotely network another server.rdiffbackup stores incremental rdiff deltas backup possible recreate backup point.the librsync library used rdiff independent implementation rsync algorithm.
Rsync	use rsync network protocol share code rsync application.used dropbox rdiffbackup duplicity utilities.the acrosync library independent crossplatform implementation rsync network protocol.unlike librsync wirecompatible rsync protocol version .released reciprocal public license used commercial rsync software acrosync.duplicity variation rdiffbackup allows backups without cooperation storage server simple storage services like amazon s. works generating hashes block advance encrypting storing server.retrieves incremental backup.
Rsync	rest data also stored encrypted security purposes.as macos .later special e extendedattributes switch allows retaining much hfs file metadata syncing two machines supporting feature.achieved transmitting resource fork along data fork.zsync rsynclike tool optimized many downloads per file version.zsync used linux distributions ubuntu distributing fast changing beta iso image files.zsync uses http protocol .zsync files precalculated rolling hash minimize server load yet permit diff transfer network optimization.rclone opensource tool inspired rsync focuses cloud high latency storage.
Acceptance testing	supports different providers provides rsynclike interface cloud storage.rsync applications see also casyncremote differential compressionlist tcp udp port numbersgrsync app based rsync graphical user interface notes references external links official website rsync algorithm rsync examples use rsyncmay involve chemical tests physical tests performance tests.in systems engineering may involve blackbox testing performed system example piece software lots manufactured mechanical parts batches chemical products prior delivery.in software testing istqb defines acceptance testing formal testing respect user needs requirements business processes conducted determine whether system satisfies acceptance criteria enable user customers authorized entity determine whether accept system.acceptance testing also known user acceptance testing uat enduser testing operational acceptance testing oat acceptance testdriven development atdd field acceptance testing.acceptance criteria criteria system component must satisfy order accepted user customer authorized entity.a smoke test may used acceptance test prior introducing build software main testing process.overview testing set activities conducted facilitate discovery andor evaluation properties one items test.individual test known test case exercises set predefined test activities developed drive execution test item meet test objectives including correct implementation error identification quality verification valued detail.
Acceptance testing	test environment usually designed identical close possible anticipated production environment.includes facilities hardware software firmware procedures andor documentation intended used perform testing software.uat oat test cases ideally derived collaboration business customers business analysts testers developers.essential tests include business logic tests well operational environment conditions.business customers product owners primary stakeholders tests.test conditions successfully achieve acceptance criteria stakeholders reassured development progressing right direction.user acceptance test uat criteria agile software development usually created business customers expressed business domain language.
Acceptance testing	highlevel tests verify completeness user story stories played sprintiteration.operational acceptance test oat criteria regardless using agile iterative sequential development defined terms functional nonfunctional requirements covering key quality attributes functional stability portability reliability.process acceptance test suite may need performed multiple times test cases may executed within single test iteration.the acceptance test suite run using predefined acceptance test procedures direct testers data use stepbystep processes follow expected result following execution.actual results retained comparison expected results.actual results match expected results test case test case said pass.quantity nonpassing test cases breach projects predetermined threshold test suite said pass.
Acceptance testing	system may either rejected accepted conditions previously agreed sponsor manufacturer.the anticipated result successful test executiontest cases executed using predetermined dataactual results recordedactual expected results compared andtest results determined.the objective provide confidence developed product meets functional nonfunctional requirements.purpose conducting acceptance testing completed provided acceptance criteria met expected sponsors signoff product developmentenhancement satisfying defined requirements previously agreed business product providerdeveloper.user acceptance testing user acceptance testing uat consists process verifying solution works user.system testing ensuring software crash meets documented requirements rather ensures solution work user i.e.tests user accepts solution software vendors often refer beta testing.this testing undertaken subjectmatter expert sme preferably owner client solution test provide summary findings confirmation proceed trial review.
Acceptance testing	software development uat one final stages project often occurs client customer accepts new system.users system perform tests line would occur reallife scenarios.it important materials given tester similar materials end user have.testers given reallife scenarios three common difficult tasks users represent undertake.the uat acts final verification required business functionality proper functioning system emulating realworld conditions behalf paying client specific large customer.software works required without issues normal use one reasonably extrapolate level stability production.user tests usually performed clients endusers normally focus identifying simple cosmetic problems spelling errors showstopper defects software crashes testers developers identify fix issues earlier unit testing integration testing system testing phases.uat executed test scenarios.test scenarios usually differ system functional test cases represent player user journey.
Acceptance testing	broad nature test scenario ensures focus journey technical systemspecific details staying away clickbyclick test steps allow variance users behaviour.test scenarios broken logical days usually actor playercustomeroperator system backoffice front end changes.in industry common uat factory acceptance test fat.test takes place installation equipment.time testers check equipment meets specification also fully functional.fat usually includes check completeness verification contractual requirements proof functionality either simulation conventional function test final inspection.the results tests give clients confidence system perform production.
Acceptance testing	may also legal contractual requirements acceptance system.operational acceptance testing operational acceptance testing oat used conduct operational readiness prerelease product service system part quality management system.oat common type nonfunctional software testing used mainly software development software maintenance projects.type testing focuses operational readiness system supported andor become part production environment.acceptance testing extreme programming acceptance testing term used agile software development methodologies particularly extreme programming referring functional testing user story software development team implementation phase.the customer specifies scenarios test user story correctly implemented.
Acceptance testing	story one many acceptance tests whatever takes ensure functionality works.acceptance tests blackbox system tests.acceptance test represents expected result system.customers responsible verifying correctness acceptance tests reviewing test scores decide failed tests highest priority.acceptance tests also used regression tests prior production release.
Acceptance testing	user story considered complete passed acceptance tests.means new acceptance tests must created iteration development team report zero progress.types acceptance testing typical types acceptance testing include followinguser acceptance testingthis may include factory acceptance testing fat i.e.testing done vendor product system moved destination site site acceptance testing sat may performed users site.operational acceptance testingalso known operational readiness testing refers checking done system ensure processes procedures place allow system used maintained.may include checks done backup facilities procedures disaster recovery training end users maintenance procedures security procedures.contract regulation acceptance testingin contract acceptance testing system tested acceptance criteria documented contract system accepted.
Acceptance testing	regulation acceptance testing system tested ensure meets governmental legal safety standards.factory acceptance testingacceptance testing conducted site product developed performed employees supplier organization determine whether component system satisfies requirements normally including hardware well software.alpha beta testingalpha testing takes place developers sites involves testing operational system internal staff released external customers.beta testing takes place customers sites involves testing group customers use system locations provide feedback system released customers.latter often called field testing.list acceptancetesting frameworks concordion specification example sbe frameworkconcordion.net acceptance testing .netcucumber behaviordriven development bdd acceptance test frameworkcapybara acceptance test framework ruby web applicationsbehat bdd acceptance framework phplettuce bdd acceptance framework pythonfabasoft app.test automated acceptance testsframework integrated test fitfitnesse fork fitgauge software test automation framework thoughtworksimacrositsnat java ajax web framework builtin server based functional web testing capabilities.maveryx test automation framework functional testing regression testing gui testing datadriven codeless testing desktop web applications.mocha popular web acceptance test framework based javascript node.jsranorexrobot frameworkseleniumspecification example specswatir see also acceptance samplingconference room pilotdevelopment stagedynamic testingengineering validation testgrey box testingtestdriven developmentwhite box testingfunctional testing manufacturing references reading hambling brian van goethem pauline .user acceptance testing step step guide.
Computer appliance	swindon bcs learning development ltd. isbn .external links acceptance test engineering guide microsoft patterns practicesusing customer tests drive development methods toolsacceptance tdd explained methods toolsdevices became known appliances similarity role management home appliance generally closed sealed serviceable user owner.hardware software delivered integrated product may even preconfigured delivery customer provide turnkey solution particular application.unlike general purpose computers appliances generally designed allow customers change software underlying operating system flexibly reconfigure hardware.another form appliance virtual appliance similar functionality dedicated hardware appliance distributed software virtual machine image hypervisorequipped device.overview traditionally software applications run top generalpurpose operating system uses hardware resources computer primarily memory disk storage processing power networking bandwidth meet computing needs user.main issue traditional model related complexity.
Computer appliance	complex integrate operating system applications hardware platform complex support afterwards.by tightly constraining variations hardware software appliance becomes easily deployable used without nearly wide deep knowledge.additionally problems errors appear supporting staff rarely needs explore deeply understand matter thoroughly.staff needs merely training appliance management software able resolve problems.in forms computer appliance model customers benefit easy operations.appliance exactly one combination hardware operating system application software preinstalled factory.prevents customers needing perform complex integration work dramatically simplifies troubleshooting.
Computer appliance	fact turnkey operation characteristic driving benefit customers seek purchasing appliances.to considered appliance hardware device needs integrated software supplied package.distinguishes appliances home grown solutions solutions requiring complex implementations integrators valueadded resellers vars.the appliance approach helps decouple various systems applications example data center.resource decoupled theory also centralized become shared among many systems centrally managed optimized without requiring changes system.tradeoffs computer appliance approach major disadvantage deploying computer appliance since designed supply specific resource often include customized operating system running specialized hardware neither likely compatible systems previously deployed.customers lose flexibility.one may believe proprietary embedded operating system operating system within application make appliance much secure common cyber attacks.
Computer appliance	however opposite true.security obscurity poor security decision appliances often plagued security issues evidenced proliferation iot devices.types appliances variety computer appliances reflects wide range computing resources provide applications.examplesstorage appliancesprovide massive amounts storage additional higher level functionality ex disk mirroring data striping multiple attached systems using transparent local storage area networks computer paradigm.network appliancesare general purpose routers provide firewall protection transport layer security tls messaging access specialized networking protocols like ebxml message service bandwidth multiplexing multiple systems frontend.backup disaster recovery appliancescomputer appliances integrated backup software backup targets sometimes hypervisors support local dr protected servers.often gateway full draas solution.firewall security appliancescomputer appliances designed protect computer networks unwanted traffic.iiot mes gateway appliancescomputer appliances designed translate data bidirectionally control systems enterprise systems.
Computer appliance	proprietary embedded firmware applications running appliance use pointtopoint connections translate data field devices native automation protocols mes systems apis odbc restful interfaces.antispam appliancesfor email spamsoftware appliancesa software application might combined enough operating system jeos run industry standard hardware virtual machine.essence software distribution firmware running computer appliance.virtual machine appliancesconsist hypervisor style embedded operating system running appliance hardware.hypervisor layer matched hardware appliance cannot varied customer customer may load operating systems applications onto appliance form virtual machines.consumer appliances aside deployment within data centers many computer appliances directly used general public.includedigital video recorderresidential gatewaynetworkattached storage nasvideo game consoleconsumer uses stress need appliance easy installation configuration operation little technical knowledge necessary.
Computer appliance	appliances industrial automation world industrial automation rich appliances.appliances hardened withstand temperature vibration extremes.appliances also highly configurable enabling customization meet wide variety applications.key benefits appliance automation arereduced downtime failed appliance typically replaced cots commercial offtheshelf replacement task quickly easily reloaded backup.highly scalable appliances typically targeted solutions area plant process.requirements change scalability achieved installation another appliance.
Computer appliance	automation concepts easily replicated throughout enterprise standardizing appliances perform needed tasks opposed development custom automation schemes task.low tco total cost ownership appliances developed tested supported automation product vendors undergo much broader level quality testing custom designed automation solutions.use appliances automation reduce level testing needed individual application.reduced design time appliances perform specific functions although highly configurable typically self documenting.enables appliance based solutions transferred engineer engineer minimal need training documentation.types automation appliancesplc programmable logic controller programmable logic controllers appliances typically used discrete control offer wide range input output options.configured standardized programming languages iec.slc single loop controller single loop controllers appliances monitor input variable effect change control output manipulated variable hold input variable setpoint.pac programmable automation controller programmable automation controllers appliances embody properties plcs slcs enabling integration analog discrete control.universal gateway universal gateway appliance ability communicate variety devices respective communication protocols affect data transactions them.increasingly important manufacturing strives improve agility quality production rates production costs reduce downtime enhanced mm machine machine communications.eatms enterprise appliance transaction modules enterprise appliance transaction modules appliances affect data transactions plant floor automation systems enterprise business systems.
Computer appliance	communicate plant floor equipment various vendor automation protocols communicate business systems database communication protocols jms java message service sql structured query language.internal structure several design patterns adopted computer appliance vendors shown below.since whole concept appliance rests keeping implementation details away end user difficult match patterns specific appliances particularly since change without affecting external capabilities performance.special chip vendor builds asic without separate software operating system.appliance limited interface usually terminal console webbased allow basic configuration staff.manufacturer often provides way accessing deeper configuration mechanisms.
Computer appliance	azul systems vega java compute appliance example special hardware modifications chip enable java application scaling.special software kernel vendor uses creates generalpurpose computer designs new operating system integrates application operating system.ciscos ios example unixlike operating system firewall functions networkfirewall configuration commands built it.sometimes device also sealed consumer access reinstall operating system replace another operating system.consumer may also restricted small group configuration commands detailed lower level functions operating system available vendor.locked approach carried closer type device comes appearing like asic device.specialized application offtheshelf computers operating systems used user interface box designed user cannot access anything computer except application interface vendor created.
Computer appliance	since underlying computing architecture locked essentially invisible becomes difficult discern device really functions top general purpose hardware operating systems.linux bsd lesser degree become operating system choice type appliance.recently term software appliance also used describe prepackaged blackbox combination.virtual appliance hardware disappeared entirely become socalled virtual appliance also known virtual software appliance using one number virtual machine technologies.within virtual machine essentially stack software plus operating system specialized application alternative.sometimes techniques mixed.example vpn appliance might contain limited access software firewall running linux encryption asic speed vpn access.some computer appliances use solid state storage others use hard drive load operating system.

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