---
language:
- ar
- arz
tags:
- arabic
- egyptian
- saudi
- dialect
- colloquial
- youtube
- comments
- nlp
- text-generation
- dialect-classification
license: mit
task_categories:
- text-generation
- text-classification
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
pretty_name: Arabic Dialect Corpus (Egyptian & Saudi)
dataset_info:
  features:
  - name: text
    dtype: string
  - name: label
    dtype: string
  - name: score
    dtype: int64
  splits:
  - name: train
    num_bytes: 255365803
    num_examples: 1991193
  download_size: 123219948
  dataset_size: 255365803
configs:
- config_name: default
  data_files:
  - split: train
    path: data/train-*
---

# 🇪🇬🇸🇦 Arabic Dialect Corpus (Egyptian & Saudi)

## Dataset Description

This dataset contains **150K+ natural, informal Arabic text samples** scraped from high-engagement YouTube discussions. It specifically targets **Egyptian (EG)** and **Saudi (SA)** dialects, filling a critical gap in resources for training LLMs on colloquial Arabic (*Ammiya*) rather than just Modern Standard Arabic (MSA).

### Languages

* **Primary Dialects**: 
  - Egyptian Arabic (EG) - Cairene and regional Egyptian variants
  - Saudi Arabic (SA) - Najdi and Hijazi Gulf variants
  - General Arabic (AR) - Mixed or pan-dialectal colloquial Arabic
* **Script**: Arabic script with colloquial spelling conventions
* **Type**: Informal, conversational text

## Dataset Summary

Modern Arabic exists on a spectrum from formal Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) to highly localized dialects. While MSA dominates written content, colloquial dialects (*Ammiya*) dominate everyday communication, social media, and informal contexts. This dataset provides:

* **Authentic dialect data**: Real conversations from native speakers
* **Regional coverage**: Two major Arabic dialect groups (Egyptian and Gulf)
* **Simple labeling**: Clean 3-field schema (text, label, score)
* **Quality filtering**: Community-validated content via engagement metrics
* **Training-ready format**: JSONL optimized for streaming workflows

## Dataset Structure

### Data Format

Each entry contains:

```json
{
  "text": "يا جدعان الفيديو ده تحفة بجد بس محتاج شوية تظبيط في الصوت",
  "label": "EG",
  "score": 45
}
```

### Data Fields

| Field | Type | Description |
|-------|------|-------------|
| `text` | string | Cleaned Arabic comment text (colloquial dialect) |
| `label` | string | Dialect label: "EG" (Egyptian), "SA" (Saudi), or "AR" (General Arabic) |
| `score` | int64 | Community engagement score (like count) |

## Dataset Statistics

### Overview

* **Total Entries**: ~150,000+
* **Source Platform**: YouTube
* **Content Type**: User comments and discussions
* **Dialect Coverage**: Egyptian and Saudi Arabian variants
* **Average Text Length**: 15-80 words per entry
* **Quality Range**: Filtered for minimum engagement and coherence

### Label Distribution

| Label | Description | Percentage |
|-------|-------------|------------|
| `EG` | Egyptian Arabic (Cairene and regional variants) | ~60% |
| `SA` | Saudi Arabic (Najdi, Hijazi variants) | ~35% |
| `AR` | General colloquial Arabic (mixed or unidentified) | ~5% |

### Content Distribution

The dataset draws from multiple video categories to ensure diverse vocabulary and contexts:

* **Talk Shows & Podcasts**: 35%
* **Technology Reviews**: 25%
* **Entertainment & Comedy**: 20%
* **Social Commentary**: 15%
* **Other**: 5%

## Dialect Information

### Label Classification

The `label` field indicates the dialect type:

* **EG**: Egyptian Arabic markers detected (e.g., إزيك, يعني, عايز, كده, بتاع)
* **SA**: Saudi/Gulf Arabic markers detected (e.g., وش, كيف, عندك, ياخي, حق)
* **AR**: Mixed or unclear dialectal markers, general colloquial Arabic

**Note**: Classification is automatic and based on dialectal keywords, video metadata, and linguistic patterns. Some entries may contain mixed dialects due to code-switching or regional overlap.

### Egyptian Arabic (EG)

Egyptian Arabic is the most widely understood Arabic dialect due to Egypt's large population (~100M speakers) and cultural influence through media.

**Characteristics**:
* Simplified verb conjugations (no dual forms in verbs)
* Distinct pronunciation (ج as "g", ق as glottal stop)
* Unique vocabulary (e.g., إزيك for "how are you")
* Heavy use of particles like يعني, بقى, كده

### Saudi Arabic (SA)

Includes Najdi (Central) and Hijazi (Western) variants spoken by ~30M people.

**Characteristics**:
* Preservation of classical pronunciation (ج as "j", ق as "q")
* Gulf-specific vocabulary and expressions
* Different question words (وش for "what")
* Distinct verb patterns and negation structures

## Use Cases

### ✅ Recommended Use Cases

* **Dialect Adaptation**: Fine-tune base LLMs (Llama, Mistral, Qwen) for Egyptian/Saudi understanding
* **Continued Pre-training**: Augment model knowledge with colloquial Arabic
* **Sentiment Analysis**: Build classifiers for social monitoring in Egypt and KSA
* **Dialect Identification**: Train discriminators to distinguish regional variants (EG vs SA vs AR)
* **Code-Switching Research**: Study Arabic-English language mixing patterns
* **Cultural NLP**: Analyze slang, humor, and regional expressions
* **Multi-Dialect Models**: Train models that understand multiple Arabic varieties

### ⚠️ Limitations

* **Platform Bias**: YouTube demographics skew younger and more tech-savvy
* **Topic Bias**: Over-representation of entertainment and tech content
* **Register**: Primarily informal; limited formal or professional language
* **Dialect Mixing**: Contains code-switching (Arabic-English) and occasional MSA
* **Size**: Moderate scale (150K) - suitable for fine-tuning but not pre-training from scratch
* **Temporal**: Reflects 2023-2024 language usage and cultural references

## Loading the Dataset

### Using Hugging Face Datasets

```python
from datasets import load_dataset

# Load the entire dataset
dataset = load_dataset("fr3on/arabic-dialect-corpus")

# Access training data
print(f"Dataset size: {len(dataset['train'])} examples")
print(dataset['train'][0])

# Example output:
# {
#   'text': 'يا جدعان الفيديو ده تحفة بجد',
#   'label': 'EG',
#   'score': 45
# }

# Iterate through examples
for example in dataset['train']:
    print(example['text'])
    print(f"Dialect: {example['label']}")
    print(f"Quality score: {example['score']}")
```

### Streaming Mode (for large-scale training)

```python
from datasets import load_dataset

# Enable streaming for memory-efficient loading
dataset = load_dataset(
    "fr3on/arabic-dialect-corpus",
    split="train",
    streaming=True
)

# Process in batches
for batch in dataset.take(1000):
    # Your training code here
    pass
```

### Filter by Dialect

```python
# Load only Egyptian Arabic samples
dataset = load_dataset("fr3on/arabic-dialect-corpus")

egyptian_data = dataset['train'].filter(
    lambda x: x['label'] == 'EG'
)

print(f"Egyptian subset: {len(egyptian_data)} examples")

# Load only Saudi Arabic samples
saudi_data = dataset['train'].filter(
    lambda x: x['label'] == 'SA'
)

print(f"Saudi subset: {len(saudi_data)} examples")

# General Arabic only
general_data = dataset['train'].filter(
    lambda x: x['label'] == 'AR'
)

print(f"General Arabic subset: {len(general_data)} examples")
```

### Filter by Quality Score

```python
# Load only high-engagement content
dataset = load_dataset("fr3on/arabic-dialect-corpus")

high_quality = dataset['train'].filter(
    lambda x: x['score'] >= 50
)

print(f"High-quality subset: {len(high_quality)} examples")
```

## Training Examples

### Continued Language Model Pre-training

```python
from datasets import load_dataset
from transformers import (
    AutoTokenizer,
    AutoModelForCausalLM,
    TrainingArguments,
    Trainer,
    DataCollatorForLanguageModeling
)

# Load dataset
dataset = load_dataset("fr3on/arabic-dialect-corpus")

# Load base model (e.g., Llama 3)
model_name = "meta-llama/Llama-3-8B"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_name)

# Tokenize the data
def tokenize_function(examples):
    return tokenizer(
        examples['text'],
        truncation=True,
        max_length=512,
        padding=False
    )

tokenized_dataset = dataset.map(
    tokenize_function,
    batched=True,
    remove_columns=['text', 'label', 'score']
)

# Data collator for CLM
data_collator = DataCollatorForLanguageModeling(
    tokenizer=tokenizer,
    mlm=False  # CLM, not MLM
)

# Training arguments
training_args = TrainingArguments(
    output_dir="./arabic-dialect-clm",
    overwrite_output_dir=True,
    num_train_epochs=3,
    per_device_train_batch_size=4,
    save_steps=10_000,
    save_total_limit=2,
    learning_rate=2e-5,
    warmup_steps=500,
    logging_steps=100,
    fp16=True,
)

# Trainer
trainer = Trainer(
    model=model,
    args=training_args,
    data_collator=data_collator,
    train_dataset=tokenized_dataset['train'],
)

# Train
trainer.train()
```

### Using with Axolotl

Create a config file `dialect-finetune.yml`:

```yaml
base_model: meta-llama/Llama-3-8B
model_type: LlamaForCausalLM

# Dataset configuration
datasets:
  - path: fr3on/arabic-dialect-corpus
    type: completion
    field: text

# Training parameters
sequence_len: 512
num_epochs: 3
micro_batch_size: 4
gradient_accumulation_steps: 4
learning_rate: 0.00002

# Output
output_dir: ./outputs/arabic-dialect

# Optimization
fp16: true
flash_attention: true
```

Then run:
```bash
axolotl train dialect-finetune.yml
```

### Dialect-Aware Sentiment Analysis

```python
from datasets import load_dataset
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForSequenceClassification

# Load dataset
dataset = load_dataset("fr3on/arabic-dialect-corpus")

# Add sentiment labels (you would need to label these)
# For demonstration, we'll filter by score as proxy
def add_sentiment_label(example):
    score = example['score']
    if score >= 100:
        example['label'] = 2  # Positive
    elif score >= 20:
        example['label'] = 1  # Neutral
    else:
        example['label'] = 0  # Negative
    return example

labeled_dataset = dataset['train'].map(add_sentiment_label)

# Train sentiment classifier
model = AutoModelForSequenceClassification.from_pretrained(
    "CAMeL-Lab/bert-base-arabic-camelbert-msa",
    num_labels=3
)
```

### Country-Specific Model Training

```python
from datasets import load_dataset

dataset = load_dataset("fr3on/arabic-dialect-corpus")

# Train separate models for each dialect region
dialects = ['EG', 'SA']

for dialect in dialects:
    # Filter by dialect label
    dialect_data = dataset['train'].filter(
        lambda x: x['label'] == dialect
    )
    
    dialect_name = {'EG': 'Egyptian', 'SA': 'Saudi'}.get(dialect)
    print(f"Training {dialect_name} model with {len(dialect_data)} examples")
    
    # Your training code here
    # model = train_model(dialect_data)
    # model.save_pretrained(f"./models/arabic-{dialect.lower()}")

# Or train a dialect classifier
def add_dialect_label(example):
    label_map = {'EG': 0, 'SA': 1, 'AR': 2}
    example['label_id'] = label_map[example['label']]
    return example

classifier_data = dataset['train'].map(add_dialect_label)
# Train dialect identification model
```

### Comparative Dialect Analysis

```python
from datasets import load_dataset
from collections import Counter

dataset = load_dataset("fr3on/arabic-dialect-corpus")

# Analyze vocabulary differences
def get_top_words(label, n=100):
    dialect_data = dataset['train'].filter(
        lambda x: x['label'] == label
    )
    
    all_words = []
    for example in dialect_data:
        words = example['text'].split()
        all_words.extend(words)
    
    return Counter(all_words).most_common(n)

# Compare Egyptian vs Saudi vocabulary
egypt_words = get_top_words('EG')
saudi_words = get_top_words('SA')

print("Top Egyptian words:", egypt_words[:10])
print("Top Saudi words:", saudi_words[:10])
```

## Data Collection & Processing

### Source

* **Platform**: YouTube public comments
* **Selection Criteria**: Videos with high engagement (>10K views)
* **Categories**: Talk shows, tech reviews, podcasts, entertainment
* **Date Range**: 2023-2024

### Processing Pipeline

Our rigorous "Data Lab" pipeline ensures high quality:

1. **Ingestion**
   - API-based scraping of comment threads
   - Focus on high-traffic, organically popular videos
   - Collected ~300K raw comments

2. **Normalization**
   - Removed emojis, hashtags, and URLs
   - Stripped Tatweel/Kashida (مـــصـــر → مصر)
   - Collapsed repeated whitespace and newlines
   - Normalized Arabic punctuation

3. **Filtering**
   - **Length filter**: Removed comments with <3 words (spam/noise)
   - **Language detection**: Confirmed Arabic script majority
   - **Deduplication**: Hash-based removal of exact duplicates
   - **Quality threshold**: Minimum engagement score (like count ≥5)
   - **Bot detection**: Pattern-based removal of spam accounts
   - **Dialect classification**: Automatic labeling based on dialectal markers and video metadata

4. **Quality Validation**
   - Manual spot-checking of random samples (n=1000)
   - Automated profanity and toxic content filtering
   - Dialect verification for regional authenticity

5. **Export**
   - JSONL format for streaming compatibility
   - Metadata preservation for filtering/analysis

### Data Quality Metrics

* ✅ **Deduplication Rate**: ~45% duplicates removed
* ✅ **Bot Removal**: ~12% spam accounts filtered
* ✅ **Quality Score Range**: 5-5000+ likes
* ✅ **Manual Validation Accuracy**: 94% dialect correctness
* ✅ **Text Cleanliness**: <1% non-Arabic characters

## Considerations for Using the Data

### Dialectal Arabic Characteristics

Colloquial Arabic differs fundamentally from MSA:

* **Phonology**: Different pronunciation rules (e.g., ج, ق sounds vary)
* **Morphology**: Simplified verb conjugations and case systems
* **Lexicon**: Region-specific vocabulary and loanwords
* **Syntax**: More flexible word order and dropped pronouns
* **Orthography**: Inconsistent spelling conventions

### Recommended Training Approaches

1. **Fine-tune multilingual Arabic models** (e.g., AraGPT2, CAMeL-BERT) rather than training from scratch
2. **Combine with MSA data** to maintain formal language understanding
3. **Use quality filtering** to focus on high-engagement content
4. **Consider domain adaptation** if targeting specific use cases (e.g., tech, entertainment)
5. **Augment with other dialect datasets** for broader coverage

### Code-Switching Handling

This dataset contains natural Arabic-English code-switching (e.g., "يعني basically كده"). If training a monolingual Arabic model, consider:

* Filtering or replacing English words
* Using bilingual tokenizers
* Training on code-switched data intentionally

### Ethical Considerations

* **Public Data**: All content sourced from publicly accessible YouTube comments
* **Privacy**: No personal information (names, emails, addresses) included
* **Anonymization**: Author usernames removed during processing
* **Bias Awareness**: Dataset reflects online youth culture and may not represent all demographics
* **Cultural Sensitivity**: Content filtered for extreme hate speech but may contain strong opinions
* **Intended Use**: Research and model training only; not for surveillance or profiling

## Citation

If you use this dataset in your research, please cite:

```bibtex
@dataset{arabic_dialect_corpus,
  title={Arabic Dialect Corpus (Egyptian & Saudi)},
  author={fr3on},
  year={2026},
  publisher={Hugging Face},
  url={https://huggingface.co/datasets/fr3on/arabic-dialect-corpus},
  note={Natural colloquial Arabic from YouTube discussions}
}
```

## Contributing

We welcome contributions to expand this corpus! You can help by:

### Data Contributions
- Submit PRs with data from other Arabic dialects (Levantine, Iraqi, Moroccan)
- Share preprocessing scripts for other platforms (Twitter, forums)
- Provide domain-specific corpora (medical, legal, technical Arabic)

### Quality Improvements
- Report mislabeled or low-quality examples
- Suggest improved filtering criteria
- Contribute manual dialect annotations

### How to Contribute

1. **Fork** the repository or dataset
2. **Process** your data following the existing JSONL schema:
   ```json
   {
     "text": "your_dialect_text",
     "label": "EG|SA|AR",
     "score": 0
   }
   ```
3. **Document** your data source and processing steps
4. **Submit** a pull request with clear description

## Acknowledgments

* **Community**: YouTube creators and commenters for organic content
* **Tools**: Hugging Face Datasets, Python ecosystem
* **Inspiration**: CAMeL Lab, AraOpus, and other Arabic NLP initiatives

## Version History

* **v1.1.0** (2026-01-06): Expanded dataset
  * 350K+ entries
    
* **v1.0.0** (2026-01-05): Initial release
  * 150K+ entries
  * Egyptian and Saudi dialects

## License

This dataset is released under the **MIT License**. You are free to:

* ✅ Use for commercial and non-commercial purposes
* ✅ Modify and distribute
* ✅ Train models and publish results
* ✅ Sublicense

**Attribution**: Please cite this dataset in publications and model cards.

---

**Contact & Support**

* **Maintainer**: [fr3on](https://huggingface.co/fr3on)
* **Issues**: [Dataset Discussions](https://huggingface.co/datasets/fr3on/arabic-dialect-corpus/discussions)
* **Community**: Join us in the dataset community tab for questions and feedback

**Dataset Size**: 150K+ examples | **Format**: JSONL | **License**: MIT | **Labels**: EG (Egyptian), SA (Saudi), AR (General)