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  ---
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  license: cc-by-4.0
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- configs:
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- - config_name: google
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- data_files:
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- - split: train
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- path: google/train-*
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- - split: validation
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- path: google/validation-*
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- - split: test
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- path: google/test-*
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- - config_name: ign
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- data_files:
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- - split: train
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- path: ign/train-*
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- - split: validation
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- path: ign/validation-*
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- - split: test
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- path: ign/test-*
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- dataset_info:
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- - config_name: google
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- features:
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- - name: identifiant
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- dtype: string
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- - name: image
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- dtype: image
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- - name: mask
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- dtype: image
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- - name: has_mask
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- dtype: bool
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- - name: split
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- dtype: string
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- - name: surface
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- dtype: float32
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- - name: azimuth
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- dtype: float32
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- - name: tilt
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- dtype: float32
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- - name: kWp
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- dtype: float32
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- - name: departement
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- dtype: int32
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- - name: city
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- dtype: string
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- - name: dateInstalled
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- dtype: string
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- - name: typeInstallation
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- dtype: int32
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- - name: countArrays
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- dtype: int32
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- - name: countInverters
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- dtype: int32
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- - name: isIntegrated
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- dtype: bool
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- - name: selfConsumption
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- dtype: bool
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- splits:
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- - name: train
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- num_bytes: 2447133010
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- num_examples: 20707
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- - name: validation
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- num_examples: 3817
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- - name: test
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- num_examples: 3884
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- download_size: 3341481346
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- dataset_size: 3340089442
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- - config_name: ign
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- features:
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- - name: identifiant
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- dtype: string
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- - name: image
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- dtype: image
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- - name: mask
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- dtype: image
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- - name: has_mask
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- dtype: bool
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- - name: split
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- dtype: string
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- - name: surface
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- dtype: float32
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- - name: azimuth
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- dtype: float32
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- - name: tilt
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- dtype: float32
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- - name: kWp
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- dtype: float32
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- - name: departement
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- dtype: int32
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- - name: city
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- dtype: string
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- - name: dateInstalled
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- dtype: string
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- - name: typeInstallation
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- dtype: int32
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- - name: countArrays
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- dtype: int32
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- - name: countInverters
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- dtype: int32
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- - name: isIntegrated
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- dtype: bool
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- dtype: bool
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- splits:
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- - name: validation
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- - name: test
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- num_bytes: 694527761
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- num_examples: 2593
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- download_size: 4783574371
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- dataset_size: 4773741180
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  ---
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ---
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  license: cc-by-4.0
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+ task_categories:
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+ - image-segmentation
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+ - image-classification
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+ language: []
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+ tags:
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+ - solar-panels
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+ - photovoltaic
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+ - remote-sensing
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+ - aerial-imagery
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+ - segmentation
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+ - distribution-shift
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+ - france
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+ - belgium
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+ pretty_name: BDAPPV
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+ size_categories:
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+ - 10K<n<100K
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ---
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+
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+ # BDAPPV — Aerial Images of Rooftop Photovoltaic Installations
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+
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+ BDAPPV is a dataset of aerial images of rooftop PV installations in France and Belgium,
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+ with segmentation masks and installation metadata. Images are provided by two aerial
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+ imagery providers (Google and IGN), making it suitable for both segmentation/classification
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+ benchmarks and **distribution shift** evaluation across imagery sources.
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+
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+ **Paper:** [Kasmi et al., Scientific Data, 2023](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-01951-4)
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+
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+ ---
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+
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+ ## Dataset overview
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+
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+ | Provider | Images | Positifs (masks) | Négatifs | Note |
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+ |----------|--------|-----------------|----------|------|
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+ | Google | 28,408 | 13,303 | 15,105 | 399 images excluded (no metadata entry) |
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+ | IGN | 17,325 | 7,685 | 9,640 | |
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+
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+ - Images are 400×400 px PNG files.
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+ - Google images are a superset: every IGN installation also has a Google image.
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+ - Masks are binary PNGs (same resolution as images).
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+
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+ ---
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+
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+ ## Data structure
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+
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+ ```
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+ bdappv/
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+ ├── google/
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+ │ ├── img/ # 28,408 images (28,807 raw − 399 excluded)
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+ │ └── mask/ # 13,303 segmentation masks
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+ ├── ign/
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+ │ ├── img/ # 17,325 images
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+ │ └── mask/ # 7,685 segmentation masks
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+ ├── annotations.csv # manifest: one row per (installation × provider)
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+ ├── metadata.csv # installation-level metadata
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+ └── README.md
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+ ```
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+
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+ ---
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+
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+ ## Loading the dataset
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+
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+ ```python
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+ from datasets import load_dataset
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+
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+ # Google imagery (default)
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+ ds = load_dataset("gabrielkasmi/bdappv", "google")
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+
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+ # IGN imagery
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+ ds = load_dataset("gabrielkasmi/bdappv", "ign")
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+ ```
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+
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+ Each example contains:
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+
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+ ```python
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+ {
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+ "identifiant": "OSIBG1RDEDJ", # installation ID
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+ "image": <PIL Image>, # 400×400 aerial image
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+ "mask": <PIL Image>, # segmentation mask (None if has_mask=False)
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+ "has_mask": True, # False = negative sample (no panel)
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+ "split": "train", # train / val / test
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+ "surface": 22.0, # panel surface (m²)
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+ "azimuth": -20.0, # panel azimuth (degrees)
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+ "tilt": 20.0, # panel tilt (degrees)
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+ "kWp": 3010.0, # peak power (Wp)
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+ "departement": 31, # French department code
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+ "city": "Castanet-Tolosan",
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+ "dateInstalled": "2007-09-01",
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+ ...
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+ }
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+ ```
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+
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+ ---
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+
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+ ## Recommended usage patterns
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+
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+ ### Segmentation (positives only)
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+
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+ ```python
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+ ds = load_dataset("gabrielkasmi/bdappv", "google")
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+ train_seg = ds["train"].filter(lambda x: x["has_mask"])
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+ # 13,303 images with masks across all splits
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Binary classification (panel / no panel)
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+
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+ ```python
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+ # Both providers have validated negatives
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+ ds_google = load_dataset("gabrielkasmi/bdappv", "google") # 13,303 pos / 15,105 neg
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+ ds_ign = load_dataset("gabrielkasmi/bdappv", "ign") # 7,685 pos / 9,640 neg
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+ # has_mask is the binary label (True = panel present)
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+ ```
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+
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+ ### Distribution shift benchmark (cross-provider)
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+
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+ The intended protocol for evaluating robustness to imagery distribution shift:
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+
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+ ```python
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+ train = load_dataset("gabrielkasmi/bdappv", "google", split="train")
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+ test = load_dataset("gabrielkasmi/bdappv", "ign", split="test")
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+ # Train on Google, evaluate on IGN — same installations, different sensors
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+ ```
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+
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+ Note: pooling both providers for training is not recommended as a default setup.
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+ Google and IGN images of the same installation share the same ground truth object;
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+ pooling them amounts to domain augmentation rather than independent data, and
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+ conflates the distribution shift signal. If you want to pool, build a custom
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+ dataloader merging both configs.
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+
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+ ---
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+
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+ ## Train / val / test split
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+
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+ Split is based on **spatial holdout by French department** to prevent geographic
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+ leakage between splits. All Belgian and small-department installations are assigned
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+ to train.
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+
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+ | Split | Installations | Departments |
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+ |-------|--------------|-------------|
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+ | train | 20,707 (73%) | all others |
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+ | val | 3,817 (13%) | 3, 9, 11, 23, 44, 47, 52, 54, 59, 66, 72, 82, 88, 92 |
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+ | test | 3,884 (14%) | 2, 4, 6, 15, 16, 32, 38, 42, 51, 64, 67, 85, 91 |
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+
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+ The split is fixed and deterministic (seed=42). Do not re-split to ensure
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+ comparability with published results.
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+
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+ ---
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+
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+ ## Licenses
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+
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+ This dataset combines components under different licenses:
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+
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+ | Component | License |
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+ |-----------|---------|
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+ | Segmentation masks & annotations | [CC-BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) |
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+ | Installation metadata | [CC-BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) |
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+ | Google aerial images | [Google Earth Engine ToS](https://cloud.google.com/maps-platform/terms) — **non-commercial use only** |
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+ | IGN aerial images | [Etalab Open License 2.0](https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/licence-ouverte-open-licence/) — free incl. commercial use |
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+
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+ **Important:** the Google imagery restricts commercial use. For commercial applications,
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+ use the IGN configuration only (`load_dataset("gabrielkasmi/bdappv", "ign")`).
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+
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+ ---
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+
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+ ## Citation
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+
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+ ```bibtex
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+ @article{kasmi2023bdappv,
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+ title = {A crowdsourced dataset of aerial images with annotated solar
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+ photovoltaic arrays and installation metadata},
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+ author = {Kasmi, Gabriel and Saint-Drenan, Yves-Marie and Trebosc, David
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+ and Jolivet, Rapha{\"e}l and Leloux, Jonathan and Sarr, Babacar
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+ and Dubus, Laurent},
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+ journal = {Scientific Data},
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+ volume = {10},
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+ number = {1},
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+ pages = {59},
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+ year = {2023},
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+ publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
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+ doi = {10.1038/s41597-023-01951-4}
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+ }
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+ ```