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README.md
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---
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license: cc-by-4.0
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path: ign/test-*
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dataset_info:
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- config_name: google
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features:
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- name: identifiant
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dtype: string
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- name: image
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dtype: image
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- name: mask
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dtype: image
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- name: has_mask
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dtype: bool
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- name: split
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dtype: string
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- name: surface
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dtype: float32
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dtype: float32
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dtype: float32
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- name: kWp
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dtype: float32
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- name: departement
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dtype: int32
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- name: city
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dtype: string
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- name: dateInstalled
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dtype: string
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- name: typeInstallation
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dtype: int32
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dtype: int32
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dtype: int32
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- name: isIntegrated
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dtype: bool
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- name: selfConsumption
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dtype: bool
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splits:
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- name: train
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num_bytes: 2447133010
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num_examples: 20707
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- name: validation
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num_bytes: 441348728
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num_examples: 3817
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- name: test
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num_bytes: 451607704
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num_examples: 3884
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download_size: 3341481346
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dataset_size: 3340089442
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- config_name: ign
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features:
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- name: identifiant
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dtype: string
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- name: image
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dtype: image
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- name: mask
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dtype: image
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- name: has_mask
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dtype: bool
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- name: split
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dtype: string
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- name: surface
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dtype: float32
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- name: azimuth
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dtype: float32
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dtype: float32
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- name: kWp
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dtype: float32
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- name: departement
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dtype: int32
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- name: city
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dtype: string
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- name: dateInstalled
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dtype: string
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- name: typeInstallation
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dtype: int32
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- name: countArrays
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dtype: int32
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- name: countInverters
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dtype: int32
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- name: isIntegrated
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dtype: bool
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- name: selfConsumption
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dtype: bool
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splits:
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- name: train
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num_bytes: 3204106988
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num_examples: 11526
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- name: validation
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num_bytes: 875106431
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num_examples: 3206
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- name: test
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num_bytes: 694527761
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num_examples: 2593
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download_size: 4783574371
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dataset_size: 4773741180
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---
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---
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license: cc-by-4.0
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+
task_categories:
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+
- image-segmentation
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+
- image-classification
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language: []
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tags:
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+
- solar-panels
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- photovoltaic
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- remote-sensing
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- aerial-imagery
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- segmentation
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- distribution-shift
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- france
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- belgium
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pretty_name: BDAPPV
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+
size_categories:
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+
- 10K<n<100K
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---
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+
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+
# BDAPPV — Aerial Images of Rooftop Photovoltaic Installations
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+
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BDAPPV is a dataset of aerial images of rooftop PV installations in France and Belgium,
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with segmentation masks and installation metadata. Images are provided by two aerial
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imagery providers (Google and IGN), making it suitable for both segmentation/classification
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benchmarks and **distribution shift** evaluation across imagery sources.
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+
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+
**Paper:** [Kasmi et al., Scientific Data, 2023](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-01951-4)
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+
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+
---
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+
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+
## Dataset overview
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+
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+
| Provider | Images | Positifs (masks) | Négatifs | Note |
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+
|----------|--------|-----------------|----------|------|
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+
| Google | 28,408 | 13,303 | 15,105 | 399 images excluded (no metadata entry) |
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+
| IGN | 17,325 | 7,685 | 9,640 | |
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+
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- Images are 400×400 px PNG files.
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- Google images are a superset: every IGN installation also has a Google image.
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- Masks are binary PNGs (same resolution as images).
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+
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---
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+
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## Data structure
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+
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```
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+
bdappv/
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├── google/
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│ ├── img/ # 28,408 images (28,807 raw − 399 excluded)
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│ └── mask/ # 13,303 segmentation masks
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├── ign/
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│ ├── img/ # 17,325 images
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│ └── mask/ # 7,685 segmentation masks
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├── annotations.csv # manifest: one row per (installation × provider)
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├── metadata.csv # installation-level metadata
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└── README.md
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```
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+
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---
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+
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+
## Loading the dataset
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+
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```python
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from datasets import load_dataset
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# Google imagery (default)
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ds = load_dataset("gabrielkasmi/bdappv", "google")
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+
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# IGN imagery
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ds = load_dataset("gabrielkasmi/bdappv", "ign")
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```
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+
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Each example contains:
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```python
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+
{
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+
"identifiant": "OSIBG1RDEDJ", # installation ID
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"image": <PIL Image>, # 400×400 aerial image
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"mask": <PIL Image>, # segmentation mask (None if has_mask=False)
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"has_mask": True, # False = negative sample (no panel)
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"split": "train", # train / val / test
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+
"surface": 22.0, # panel surface (m²)
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+
"azimuth": -20.0, # panel azimuth (degrees)
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+
"tilt": 20.0, # panel tilt (degrees)
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+
"kWp": 3010.0, # peak power (Wp)
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+
"departement": 31, # French department code
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+
"city": "Castanet-Tolosan",
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+
"dateInstalled": "2007-09-01",
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+
...
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+
}
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+
```
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+
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+
---
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+
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## Recommended usage patterns
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+
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### Segmentation (positives only)
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+
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+
```python
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+
ds = load_dataset("gabrielkasmi/bdappv", "google")
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+
train_seg = ds["train"].filter(lambda x: x["has_mask"])
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+
# 13,303 images with masks across all splits
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+
```
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+
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+
### Binary classification (panel / no panel)
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+
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```python
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+
# Both providers have validated negatives
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+
ds_google = load_dataset("gabrielkasmi/bdappv", "google") # 13,303 pos / 15,105 neg
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+
ds_ign = load_dataset("gabrielkasmi/bdappv", "ign") # 7,685 pos / 9,640 neg
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+
# has_mask is the binary label (True = panel present)
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+
```
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+
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+
### Distribution shift benchmark (cross-provider)
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+
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+
The intended protocol for evaluating robustness to imagery distribution shift:
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+
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+
```python
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train = load_dataset("gabrielkasmi/bdappv", "google", split="train")
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test = load_dataset("gabrielkasmi/bdappv", "ign", split="test")
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# Train on Google, evaluate on IGN — same installations, different sensors
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+
```
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+
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+
Note: pooling both providers for training is not recommended as a default setup.
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+
Google and IGN images of the same installation share the same ground truth object;
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+
pooling them amounts to domain augmentation rather than independent data, and
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conflates the distribution shift signal. If you want to pool, build a custom
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dataloader merging both configs.
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+
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+
---
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+
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## Train / val / test split
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+
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+
Split is based on **spatial holdout by French department** to prevent geographic
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leakage between splits. All Belgian and small-department installations are assigned
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to train.
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+
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+
| Split | Installations | Departments |
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+
|-------|--------------|-------------|
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+
| train | 20,707 (73%) | all others |
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+
| val | 3,817 (13%) | 3, 9, 11, 23, 44, 47, 52, 54, 59, 66, 72, 82, 88, 92 |
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| test | 3,884 (14%) | 2, 4, 6, 15, 16, 32, 38, 42, 51, 64, 67, 85, 91 |
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+
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The split is fixed and deterministic (seed=42). Do not re-split to ensure
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+
comparability with published results.
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+
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+
---
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+
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## Licenses
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+
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+
This dataset combines components under different licenses:
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+
| Component | License |
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|-----------|---------|
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| Segmentation masks & annotations | [CC-BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) |
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+
| Installation metadata | [CC-BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) |
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+
| Google aerial images | [Google Earth Engine ToS](https://cloud.google.com/maps-platform/terms) — **non-commercial use only** |
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+
| IGN aerial images | [Etalab Open License 2.0](https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/licence-ouverte-open-licence/) — free incl. commercial use |
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+
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+
**Important:** the Google imagery restricts commercial use. For commercial applications,
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use the IGN configuration only (`load_dataset("gabrielkasmi/bdappv", "ign")`).
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+
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---
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+
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+
## Citation
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| 167 |
+
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+
```bibtex
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+
@article{kasmi2023bdappv,
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+
title = {A crowdsourced dataset of aerial images with annotated solar
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+
photovoltaic arrays and installation metadata},
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| 172 |
+
author = {Kasmi, Gabriel and Saint-Drenan, Yves-Marie and Trebosc, David
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+
and Jolivet, Rapha{\"e}l and Leloux, Jonathan and Sarr, Babacar
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+
and Dubus, Laurent},
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+
journal = {Scientific Data},
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+
volume = {10},
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| 177 |
+
number = {1},
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+
pages = {59},
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+
year = {2023},
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| 180 |
+
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
|
| 181 |
+
doi = {10.1038/s41597-023-01951-4}
|
| 182 |
+
}
|
| 183 |
+
```
|