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"wright" is an archaic English term for a craftsman or builder (as in a wheelwright or cartwright). The words combine to indicate a person who has "wrought" words, themes, and other elements into a dramatic form—a play. (The homophone with "write" is coincidental.) The first recorded use of the term "playwright" is fro...	History Early playwrights The earliest playwrights in Western literature with surviving works are the Ancient Greeks. These early plays were for annual Athenian competitions among play writers held around the 5th century BC. Such notables as Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes established forms still reli...
parties which came together to create the AWS. It claims to have provided training in political campaigning, communications training and research which helped organise and create the AWS. It also states that once the AWS was in government, it organised an advertising campaign for the Polish government in order to stop ...	In 1997 the coalition was joined by RS AWS, and by the Freedom Union. Jerzy Buzek of RS AWS became Prime Minister of Poland. The International Republican Institute, a US federal government-funded organisation loosely associated with the United States Republican Party, claims credit for having played a major role in uni...
to the centre-right and it adopted more conservative policies. It entered the government again following the 2007 parliamentary election, and since 2015 it has served in the opposition. Today, it is positioned in the centre and leans towards the centre-right, and besides holding agrarian and conservative views, it is a...	establish a parliamentary system in Poland. However, the party soon found itself targeted with intimidation, arrests and violence by the communist secret police. The communists also formed a rival ersatz 'Peasants' party' controlled by them, in order to confuse voters. The January 1947 parliamentary election was heavil...
came in third place with 13.2% of the vote, which saw 53 of its candidates elected to the Sejm. Unfortunately for UP, the party was the only one of the four component parties of the LiD alliance not to have any of its candidates elected. In 2011 parliamentary elections its candidates joined the electoral lists of SLD. ...	parliamentary elections, and LiD came in third place with 13.2% of the vote, which saw 53 of its candidates elected to the Sejm. Unfortunately for UP, the party was the only one of the four component parties of the LiD alliance not to have any of its candidates elected. In 2011 parliamentary elections its candidates jo...
States University of Washington University of Wisconsin System University of Wisconsin–La Crosse University of Wisconsin–Madison University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee University of Wyoming Other countries University of Warsaw, Poland University of Wuppertal, Germany University of Würzburg, Germany Other uses uw (digraph) U...	to: Universities Canada University of Waterloo University of Windsor University of Winnipeg United States University of Washington University of Wisconsin System University of Wisconsin–La Crosse University of Wisconsin–Madison University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee University of Wyoming Other countries University of Warsaw...
of Past Years (1113 AD), it is stated that Old East Slavic Кавкасийскыѣ горы (Kavkasijskyě gory) came from Ancient Greek Καύκασος (Kaúkasos; later Greek pronunciation Káfkasos)), which, according to M. A. Yuyukin, is a compound word that can be interpreted as the "Seagull's Mountain" (καύ-: καύαξ, καύηξ, ηκος ο, κήξ, κ...	the region in the 1st century BC with the annexation of the kingdom of Colchis, which was later turned into the province of Lazicum. The next 600 years was marked by a conflict between Rome and Sassanid Empire for the control of the region. In western Georgia the eastern Roman rule lasted until the Middle Ages. Middle ...
whom Busch met in Munich. Helen Who Couldn't Help It, which was soon translated into other European languages, satirizes religious hypocrisy and dubious morality: Ein guter Mensch gibt gerne acht, Ob auch der andre was Böses macht; Und strebt durch häufige Belehrung Nach seiner Beß'rung und Bekehrung A saintly person l...	satires refer to contemporary events, such as Monsieur Jacques à Paris during the Siege of 1870 (Monsieur Jacques à Paris während der Belagerung von 1870). Busch biographer Manuela Diers declares the story "tasteless work, drawing on anti-French emotions and mocking the misery of French people in Paris, which is occupi...
Gardens were conceived by Maderno. In the 18th century, Ferdinando Fuga built the long wing called the Manica Lunga, which stretched 360 meters along via del Quirinale. In front lies the sloping Piazza del Quirinale where the pair of gigantic Roman marble "Horse Tamers" representing Castor and Pollux, found in the Bath...	air of the Quirinal Hill attracted aristocrats and papal families that built villas where the gardens of Sallust had been in antiquity. A visit to the villa of Cardinal Luigi d'Este in 1573 convinced Pope Gregory XIII to start the building of a summer residence the following year, in an area considered healthier than t...
Magna Carta (15 June 1215). Since King John now held his kingdom as a fief of the Holy See the Pope espoused his cause and excommunicated the barons. For refusing to publish the excommunication Stephen was suspended from all ecclesiastical functions by the papal commissioners and on 4 November this sentence was confirm...	in his local cathedral school. Stephen studied at the University of Paris and lectured there on theology until 1206, when Pope Innocent III, with whom he had formed a friendship in Paris, called him to Rome and made him cardinal-priest of San Crisogono, Rome. His piety and learning had already won him prebends in Paris...
will meet the preconditions specified as required for that operation. Where this assumption is considered too risky (as in multi-channel or distributed computing), the inverse approach is taken, meaning that the server component tests that all relevant preconditions hold true (before, or while, processing the client co...	programming, where the supplier is responsible for figuring out what to do when a precondition is broken. More often than not, the supplier throws an exception to inform the client that the precondition has been broken, and in both cases—DbC and defensive programming alike—the client must figure out how to respond to t...
and that it be greater than or equal to zero. In object-oriented programming Preconditions in object-oriented software development are an essential part of design by contract. Design by contract also includes notions of postcondition and class invariant. The precondition for any routine defines any constraints on objec...	the program developer's viewpoint, this constitutes the routine caller's portion of the contract. The caller then is obliged to ensure that the precondition holds prior to calling the routine. The reward for the caller's effort is expressed in the called routine's postcondition. Eiffel example The routine in the follow...
based on a caller-provided argument a_hour. The postcondition follows the keyword ensure. In this example, the postcondition guarantees, in cases in which the precondition holds (i.e., when a_hour represents a valid hour of the day), that after the execution of set_hour, the class attribute hour will have the same valu...	of a factorial is always an integer and greater than or equal to 1. So a program that calculates the factorial of an input number would have postconditions that the result after the calculation be an integer and that it be greater than or equal to 1. Another example: a program that calculates the square root of an inpu...
off, causing it to crash and explode. Should Miller fail to stop Web Spinner in time, he will instead be taken to the arms factory; and should Miller fail to pursue Kantaris in time, he will instead be taken to Kantaris' office in the lounge. The second path, which can only be accessed if there are less than 22 seconds...	is sent to rescue a kidnapped woman from a ruthless tyrant seeking to reclaim control of their former country from a new regime. A port of the game for the PlayStation was released in 1997, as part of a bundle coinciding with the launch of the Guncon light gun controller, and featured a add-on pack of additional stages...
testing, but even more so with performance testing, due to the end-to-end nature of its scope. It is crucial for a performance test team to be involved as early as possible, because it is time-consuming to acquire and prepare the testing environment and other key performance requisites. Tools Performance testing is mai...	cause the system to perform badly. Many performance tests are undertaken without setting sufficiently realistic, goal-oriented performance goals. The first question from a business perspective should always be, "why are we performance-testing?". These considerations are part of the business case of the testing. Perform...
the portion of the CDA intended to protect children from indecent speech as too broad. On June 26, 1997, the Supreme Court upheld the Philadelphia court's decision in Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, stating that the indecency provisions were an unconstitutional abridgement of the First Amendment because they di...	the bill would have a chilling effect on the availability of medical information. Online civil liberties organizations arranged protests against the bill, such as the Black World Wide Web protest, which encouraged webmasters to make their sites' backgrounds black for 48 hours after its passage, and the Electronic Front...
when hiders are caught they help the seeker locate the remaining hiders. In one variant, once all hiders have been located, the game then becomes a game of tag where the seeker chases after all the other players and the first person tagged becomes the seeker for the next round. In another, the hiders who are found help...	most common way of ending is the player chosen as "it" locates all players; the player found first is the loser and is chosen to be "it" in the next game. The player found last is the winner. Another common variation has the seeker counting at "home base"; the hiders can either remain hidden or they can come out of hid...
Bay Coal Company, eventually a subsidiary of the Black Diamond Coal Mining Company. After a hundred years of extensive mining beneath present-day Bellingham, the last mine closed in 1955. In the early 1890s, three railroad lines arrived, connecting the bay cities to a nationwide market of builders. In 1889, Pierre Corn...	Beach, South, South Hill, Sunnyland, Whatcom Falls, WWU (including the campus), and York. Climate Bellingham's climate is generally mild and typical of the Puget Sound region. The year-long average daily high and low temperatures are , respectively. Western Whatcom County has a marine oceanic climate that is strongly i...
The explorer Nikolai Przhevalsky played a major role in popularising an exotic view of "the Orient" and advocating imperial expansion. "The Five" Russian composers were prominent 19th-century Russian composers who worked together to create a distinct national style of classical music. One hallmark of "The Five" compose...	Orientalist Painters Society changed the consciousness of practitioners towards the end of the 19th century, since artists could now see themselves as part of a distinct art movement. As an art movement, Orientalist painting is generally treated as one of the many branches of 19th-century academic art; however, many di...
thriller Crack Movement, a Mexican literary movement Crack (band), a Spanish progressive rock group Crack (album), an album by Z-RO Cracks (album), an album by Nabiha The Crack, first album by The Ruts Crack Magazine, a UK-based European music and culture monthly The Crack (magazine), a free culture magazine covering t...	Crack (magazine), a free culture magazine covering the North East of England Slang Crack, slang for intergluteal cleft Gaining entry Safe cracking, the process of opening a safe without the combination or the key Software Crack (password software), a UNIX/Linux password hacking program for systems administrators Softwa...
It is said that while presiding over the torture of a band of Christians, he asked them what reward they expected to receive from God. They replied, "Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither have entered into the heart of man, the things which God hath prepared for them that love him." He was so amazed at their courag...	Natalia came to visit him, dressed as a boy, to ask for his prayers when he entered Heaven. The executioners wanted to burn the bodies of the dead, but a storm arose and quenched the fire. Natalia recovered one of Adrian's hands. Historicity The accuracy of the recorded story has been questioned. A second Hadrian, is s...
five people on the floor at one time: the camera crew, an actor and Stone. Co-producer Clayton Townsend has said that the hardest part was getting the permission to restore the building to the way it looked back in 1963. It took five months of negotiation. The production spent $4 million to restore Dealey Plaza to 1963...	84% based on 64 reviews, with an average rating of 7.70/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "As history, Oliver Stone's JFK is dubious, but as filmmaking it's electric, cramming a ton of information and excitement into its three-hour runtime and making great use of its outstanding cast." On Metacritic, the film ...
four sections, describing the movement's objectives in political, social, military and financial fields. Politically, the Manifesto calls for: Universal suffrage with a lowered voting age to 18 years, and voting and electoral office eligibility for all ages 25 and up; Proportional representation on a regional basis; Vo...	most other European nations); Representation at government level of newly created national councils by economic sector; The abolition of the Italian Senate (at the time, the Senate, as the upper house of parliament, was by process elected by the wealthier citizens, but were in reality direct appointments by the king. I...
compass is the most familiar compass type. It functions as a pointer to "magnetic north", the local magnetic meridian, because the magnetized needle at its heart aligns itself with the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field. The magnetic field exerts a torque on the needle, pulling the North end or pole of ...	gon) system instead, where a right angle is 100 grads to give a circle of 400 grads. Dividing grads into tenths to give a circle of 4000 decigrades has also been used in armies. Most military forces have adopted the French "millieme" system. This is an approximation of a milli-radian (6283 per circle), in which the com...
angles of a triangle varies with size) AAA is sufficient for congruence on a given curvature of surface. CPCTC This acronym stands for Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent, which is an abbreviated version of the definition of congruent triangles. In more detail, it is a succinct way to say that if t...	There are a few possible cases: If two triangles satisfy the SSA condition and the length of the side opposite the angle is greater than or equal to the length of the adjacent side (SSA, or long side-short side-angle), then the two triangles are congruent. The opposite side is sometimes longer when the corresponding an...
Messiah. Differently from the Five Holy Wounds of Christ, some mystics like Francis of Assisi and father Pio of Petralcina reported a spontaneous regression and closure of their stigmata in the days following their death. Both of them claimed to have received the divine stigmata in their hands as well as in their feet....	Sergio Luzzatto recounted that in 1919, according to one document in the Vatican's archive, Pio had requested carbolic acid from a pharmacist. She said it was for sterilizing syringes used for vaccination. Amico Bignami in a report wrote that the wounds were caused by "neurotic necrosis". He suggested they had been inf...
traveled in Italy and Spain. He was greatly influenced by Melanchthon's Loci theologici, which put an end to his doubts. In 1549 Languet went to Wittenberg, where he was kindly received by Melanchthon as a guest, frequently accompanying him on his travels and being on intimate terms with his friends. Expelled from Fran...	the Peace of Saint Germain. On this occasion Languet advocated the equal recognition of both confessions, but the answer was the St Bartholomew's Day massacre; having narrowly escaped death, he left France in October 1572, and returned there only once more, shortly before his death. From 1573 to 1576 he was at the cour...
both temporary restraining orders and preliminary injunctions, the goal is usually to preserve the status quo until the court is able to decide the case. Temporary restraining orders A special kind of injunction that may be issued before trial is called a "temporary restraining order" or TRO. A TRO may be issued withou...	the law. An injunction can require someone to do something, like clean up an oil spill or remove a spite fence. Or it can prohibit someone from doing something, like using an illegally obtained trade secret. An injunction that requires conduct is called a "mandatory injunction." An injunction that prohibits conduct is ...
games, books, etc., particularly in North American usage "Franchise" (short story), a 1955 short story by Isaac Asimov Dem Franchize Boyz, an American hip hop group from Atlanta Franchise Times, a business magazine for franchises in the United States "Franchise" (song), a 2020 song by Travis Scott Sports Franchise, a t...	by a local government to a private cable television company Passenger rail franchising in Great Britain, a system of contracting out the operation of the passenger services on the railways of Great Britain Franchise, a clause used by insurance companies as a threshold for policy payments, as in deductible Franchise, po...
Despite Graves's own "pure and innocent" view of Johnstone, Graves's cousin Gerald wrote in a letter that Johnstone was: "not at all the innocent fellow I took him for, but as bad as anyone could be". Johnstone remained a subject for Graves's poems despite this. Communication between them ended when Johnstone's mother ...	man. The intensity of their early relationship is demonstrated in Graves's collection Fairies and Fusiliers (1917), which contains many poems celebrating their friendship. Sassoon remarked upon a "heavy sexual element" within it, an observation supported by the sentimental nature of much of the surviving correspondence...
non-binding intergovernmental agreement Mathematics Compact element, those elements of a partially ordered set that cannot be subsumed by a supremum of any directed set that does not already contain them Compact operator, a linear operator that takes bounded subsets to relatively compact subsets, in functional analysis...	topological space such that every open cover has a finite subcover Quasi-compact morphism, a morphism of schemes for which the inverse image of any quasi-compact open set is again quasi-compact Other uses Compact car, a classification of automobile size Compact sport utility vehicle Compact (cosmetics), a case containi...
Relation among other classes The following relations are known between PSPACE and the complexity classes NL, P, NP, PH, EXPTIME and EXPSPACE (note that ⊊, meaning strict containment, is not the same as ⊈): From the third line, it follows that both in the first and in the second line, at least one of the set containment...	alternative characterization of PSPACE is the set of problems decidable by an alternating Turing machine in polynomial time, sometimes called APTIME or just AP. A logical characterization of PSPACE from descriptive complexity theory is that it is the set of problems expressible in second-order logic with the addition o...
telecommunications encryption terms. This list is derived in part from the Glossary of Telecommunication Terms published as Federal Standard 1037C. A5/1a stream cipher used to provide over-the-air communication privacy in the GSM cellular telephone standard. Bulk encryption Cellular Message Encryption Algorithma block ...	Codress message COMSEC equipment Cryptanalysis Cryptographic key CRYPTO (International Cryptology Conference) Crypto phone Crypto-shredding Data Encryption Standard (DES) Decipher Decode Decrypt DECT Standard Cipher Descrambler Dncipher Encode Encoding law Encrypt End-to-end encryption group IMSI-catcheran eavesdroppin...
Vienna when Paris fell to the Prussians. The form of operetta continued to evolve through the First World War. There are some common characteristics among operettas that flourished from the mid-1850s through the early 1900s, beginning with the French opéra-bouffe. They contain spoken dialogue interspersed between music...	Younger to bring the genre to Austria-Hungary. Offenbach also traveled to the US and England educating musicians on the more than 100 operettas he wrote during his lifetime. This international travel resulted in the appearance of strong national schools in both nations. By the 1870s, however, Offenbach's popularity dec...
development Hypermutations during the synthesis of vertebrate antibodies. Synthesis In a scholarly article published in October 2009, NASA scientists reported having reproduced uracil from pyrimidine by exposing it to ultraviolet light under space-like conditions. This suggests that one possible natural original source...	aspartate, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. C4H4N2O2 → H3NCH2CH2COO− + NH4+ + CO2 Oxidative degradation of uracil produces urea and maleic acid in the presence of H2O2 and Fe2+ or in the presence of diatomic oxygen and Fe2+. Uracil is a weak acid. The first site of ionization of uracil is not known. The negative charge is ...
of the Earldom of Ormond. The 7th Earl of Ormond died in 1515, leaving his daughters, Margaret Boleyn and Anne St Leger, as co-heiresses. In Ireland, the great-great-grandson of the third earl, Sir Piers Butler, contested the will and claimed the earldom himself. He was already in possession of Kilkenny Castle, the ear...	Anne and Cromwell and that "not a trace can be found of a Cromwellian conspiracy against Anne ... Cromwell became involved in the royal marital drama only when Henry ordered him onto the case." Cromwell did not manufacture the accusations of adultery, though he and other officials used them to bolster Henry's case agai...
historical and cultural importance, the region near Tequila was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006, the Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila. Mexican laws state that tequila can only be produced in the state of Jalisco and limited municipalities in the states of Guanajuato, Michoacán,...	to speed the rate of fermentation. When inoculum is added, fermentation can take approximately 20 hours to 3 days. If inoculum is not added, fermentation could take up to 7 days. The rate of fermentation is a key factor in the quality and flavor of tequila produced. Worts fermented slowly are best because the amount of...
to approximate x to a greater degree of accuracy. Bearing this in mind, one may define the remaining axioms that the family of sets about x is required to satisfy. Definitions Several definitions are given here, in an increasing order of technicality. Each one is a special case of the next one. Euclidean space A subset...	always, both and belong to the topology. The interval is open in because it belongs to the Euclidean topology. If were to have an open complement, it would mean by definition that were closed. But does not have an open complement; its complement is which does belong to the Euclidean topology since it is not a union of ...
of sets may have an empty intersection without being disjoint. Additionally, while a collection of less than two sets is trivially disjoint, as there are no pairs to compare, the intersection of a collection of one set is equal to that set, which may be non-empty. For instance, the three sets have an empty intersection...	collection of mutually disjoint non-empty sets whose union is X. Every partition can equivalently be described by an equivalence relation, a binary relation that describes whether two elements belong to the same set in the partition. Disjoint-set data structures and partition refinement are two techniques in computer s...
July 1916. The wound initially appeared so severe that military authorities erroneously reported to his family that he had died. While mourning his death, Graves's family received word from him that he was alive, and put an announcement to that effect in the newspapers. Graves later regretted omitting from the book the...	married life; all phases bearing witness to the "particular mode of living and thinking" that constitute a poetic sensibility. Laura Riding, Graves's lover, is credited with being a "spiritual and intellectual midwife" to the work. Pre-war life Graves undertook climbing, stating "the sport made all others seem trivial....
feuding with the nobility of Brandenburg led Frederick to withdraw to his castle at Cadolzburg in 1425 and transfer the regency of the margravate to his son John in 1426 (Frederick, however, remained elector). After 1427 he organized the imperial war against the Hussites and subsequently provided substantial assistance...	restored security. Frederick also became a member of the Parakeet Society and of the League of Constance. At the Council of Constance (30 April 1415) Sigismund granted Frederick the titles of Margrave and Prince-elector of Brandenburg. On 21 October 1415 the Brandenburg states meeting in a Landtag asked him to rule in ...
Margraviate of Brandenburg, to Frederick I, Brandenburg's first Hohenzollern ruler, and his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Frederick, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut, and Maddalena Visconti. The latter was a daughter of Bernabò Visconti and Beatrice della Scala. As the second son, his brothers included John the Alchemist and Alb...	electoral stronghold culminated in open revolt, when the citizens flooded the excavation of the future Stadtschloss. Nevertheless, Frederick II prevailed, had the palace built and the city's rights decisively curtailed. In 1453, Frederick II, in his position as the Margrave of Brandenburg, was sent a letter from Rhodes...
many different sets of prototiles for a tiling: translating or rotating any one of the prototiles produces another valid set of prototiles. However, every set of prototiles has the same cardinality, so the number of prototiles is well defined. A tessellation is said to be monohedral if it has exactly one prototile. Ape...	the plane or of any other space is a cover of the space by closed shapes, called tiles, that have disjoint interiors. Some of the tiles may be congruent to one or more others. If is the set of tiles in a tessellation, a set of shapes is called a set of prototiles if no two shapes in are congruent to each other, and eve...
end of Dorado are in the current epoch at opposition on about 5 December when thus visible from sunset to sunrise from equatorial points such as Ecuador, the Congos, Uganda, Kenya and Indonesia and for part of the night in nearby months. Below about 28° south the galaxy is always sufficiently above the horizon to be co...	that it was a barred dwarf spiral galaxy before its spiral arms were disrupted, likely by tidal interactions from the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) and the Milky Way's gravity. With a declination of about −70°, the LMC is visible as a faint "cloud" from the southern hemisphere of the Earth and from as far north as 20° N...
blue-flight suit with an oxygen helmet. Launch Entry Suit first used on STS-26 (1988), the first flight after the Challenger disaster. It was a partial pressure suit derived from a USAF model. It was used from 1988 to 1998. Advanced Crew Escape Suit used on the Space Shuttle starting in 1994. The Advanced Crew Escape S...	which is why many modern space suits do not use , but (this is a slight overcorrection, as alveolar partial pressures at sea level are slightly less than the former). In space suits that use 20.7 kPa, the astronaut gets only 20.7 kPa − 11.6 kPa = of oxygen, which is about the alveolar oxygen partial pressure attained a...
may have been committed to writing, the promise shall, under no circumstances, be broken." In 860 AD, Pope Nicholas I wrote a letter to Boris I of Bulgaria in reply to questions regarding differences between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox practices. Pope Nicholas describes how in the Western church the man gives h...	adopting the tradition, the history of the engagement ring can only be reliably traced as far back as ancient Rome. In many countries, engagement rings are placed on the ring finger of the left hand. At one time it was believed that this finger contained a vein (the vena amoris) that led to the heart. This idea was pop...
corresponding angles taken in the same sequence are equal in measure. However, proportionality of corresponding sides is not by itself sufficient to prove similarity for polygons beyond triangles (otherwise, for example, all rhombi would be similar). Likewise, equality of all angles in sequence is not sufficient to gua...	the Pythagorean theorem. Similar triangles also provide the foundations for right triangle trigonometry. Other similar polygons The concept of similarity extends to polygons with more than three sides. Given any two similar polygons, corresponding sides taken in the same sequence (even if clockwise for one polygon and ...
distance, is the minimum number of moves a king must make on a chessboard, in order to travel between two squares. Distance measures in cosmology are complicated by the expansion of the universe, and by effects described by the theory of relativity (such as length contraction of moving objects). Theoretical distances T...	Erdős number or the Bacon number—the number of collaborative relationships away a person is from prolific mathematician Paul Erdős and actor Kevin Bacon, respectively. In psychology, human geography, and the social sciences, distance is often theorized not as an objective metric, but as a subjective experience. Distanc...
papacy. He was the first King of the Romans not to be crowned in Aachen. In September 1563 he was crowned King of Hungary by the Archbishop of Esztergom, Nicolaus Olahus, and on his father's death, in July 1564, he succeeded to the empire and to the kingdoms of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia. The new emperor had already ...	also to consolidate his nephew's Catholic faith. Maximilian temporarily acted as the emperor's representative in Spain, however not as stadtholder of the Habsburg Netherlands as he had hoped for. To his indignation, King Ferdinand appointed his younger brother Ferdinand II administrator in the Kingdom of Bohemia, never...
An upper bound of is called a (or , or ) of if for all upper bounds of in ( is less than or equal to any other upper bound). Existence and uniqueness Infima and suprema do not necessarily exist. Existence of an infimum of a subset of can fail if has no lower bound at all, or if the set of lower bounds does not contain ...	bound of is called a (or , or ) of if for all upper bounds of in ( is less than or equal to any other upper bound). Existence and uniqueness Infima and suprema do not necessarily exist. Existence of an infimum of a subset of can fail if has no lower bound at all, or if the set of lower bounds does not contain a greates...
his successor, John X, was elected. Lando is thought to have been the candidate of Count Theophylact I of Tusculum and Senatrix Theodora, who were the most powerful couple in Rome at the time. The Theophylacti controlled papal finances through their monopoly of the office of vestararius, and also controlled the Roman m...	early April, when his successor, John X, was elected. Lando is thought to have been the candidate of Count Theophylact I of Tusculum and Senatrix Theodora, who were the most powerful couple in Rome at the time. The Theophylacti controlled papal finances through their monopoly of the office of vestararius, and also cont...
they had legal implications: Richard III of England had his older brother's children declared illegitimate on the grounds their father had been betrothed to another woman when he married their mother. A betrothal is considered to be a 'semi-binding' contract. Normal reasons for invalidation of a betrothal include: Reve...	be formed by the exchange of vows in the future tense ("I will take you as my wife/husband," instead of "I take you as my wife/husband"), but sexual intercourse consummated the vows, making a binding marriage rather than a betrothal. Although these betrothals could be concluded with only the vows spoken by the couple, ...
ancient history Human ancestors have manufactured objects using stone and other tools since long before the emergence of Homo sapiens approximately 200,000 years ago. The earliest methods of stone tool making, known as the Oldowan "industry", date back to at least 2.3 million years ago, with the earliest direct evidenc...	by human hands") and facture. Its earliest usage in the English language was recorded in the mid-16th century to refer to the making of products by hand. History and development Prehistory and ancient history Human ancestors have manufactured objects using stone and other tools since long before the emergence of Homo s...
pine). Some species of pines (e.g. bishop pine) need fire to regenerate, and their populations slowly decline under fire suppression regimens. Pine trees are beneficial to the environment, they can remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Although several studies have indicated that after the establishment of pine pl...	arising from the same point. Many pines are uninodal, producing just one such whorl of branches each year, from buds at the tip of the year's new shoot, but others are multinodal, producing two or more whorls of branches per year. Foliage Pines have four types of leaf: Seed leaves (cotyledons) on seedlings are borne in...
a position Centre (ice hockey), a position Center (rugby league), a position Center (rugby union), a position Center fielder, often called "center", a position in baseball Other uses Center (politics), a political outlook or position The Center (political party), a political party in Switzerland Center (band), a Russia...	Centre (department), Haiti Centre Department (Ivory Coast) Centre (Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg constituency) Centru (development region) (Centre), Romania Center, Celje, Slovenia Center District, Ljubljana, Slovenia Center District, Maribor, Slovenia Centre, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain Sports Center (gridiron foot...
with these desires is that they fail to substantially increase a person's happiness, and at the same time require effort to obtain and are desired by people due to false beliefs that they are actually necessary. It is for this reason that they should be avoided. Vain and empty: These desires are neither innate to human...	is hungry is an example of a natural but not necessary desire. The main problem with these desires is that they fail to substantially increase a person's happiness, and at the same time require effort to obtain and are desired by people due to false beliefs that they are actually necessary. It is for this reason that t...
his life. Many of his published Bibles included commentary which upset the Catholic theologians of the Sorbonne who sought to censor Estienne's work. Eventually, overcome by the prejudice of the Sorbonne, Estienne and his family fled to Geneva where he continued his printing uncensored, publishing many of the works of ...	authors' works he published from 1541 to 1545. Scholars suggest that Estienne's trouble with his published Bibles and the Catholic Church led him to publish more authors of Latin Classics as a buffer. Many of Estienne's published classics, especially the Greek editions (which were printed with typefaces made by Claude ...
an edition of Diodorus Siculus based on his earlier discoveries. In 1565, he printed a large French Bible. The following year he published his best-known French work, the Apologie pour Hérodote. Some passages being considered objectionable by the Geneva consistory, he was compelled to cancel the pages containing them. ...	his training, he traveled to Italy, England, and Flanders, where he learned Spanish and busied himself in collecting and collating manuscripts for his father's press. Around 1551, Robert Estienne fled to Geneva with his family, including Henri Estienne, to escape religious persecution in Paris. The same year, he transl...
its approximation grows approximately as . The idea is that dividing the function by appropriate normalizing functions, and looking at the limiting behavior of the result, can tell us much about the limiting behavior of the original function itself. Informally, something along these lines happens when the sum, , of ind...	the function and its approximation grows approximately as . The idea is that dividing the function by appropriate normalizing functions, and looking at the limiting behavior of the result, can tell us much about the limiting behavior of the original function itself. Informally, something along these lines happens when ...
be obtained from (varying) the action with a specific Lagrangian density that is given by: If one varies this with respect to one gets the Adjoint Dirac equation. Meanwhile, if one varies this with respect to one gets the Dirac equation. Physical interpretation Identification of observables The critical physical questi...	In the limit , the Dirac equation reduces to the Weyl equation, which describes relativistic massless spin- particles. Dirac Lagrangian Both the Dirac equation and the Adjoint Dirac equation can be obtained from (varying) the action with a specific Lagrangian density that is given by: If one varies this with respect to...
In prospective studies of 47,XYY boys identified by newborn screening programs, the IQ scores of 47,XYY boys were usually slightly lower than those of their siblings. In Edinburgh, fifteen 47,XYY boys with siblings identified in a newborn screening program had an average 104.0 verbal IQ and 106.7 performance IQ, while ...	Y-chromosome results from nondisjunction during cell division during a post-zygotic mitosis in early embryonic development. This can produce 46,XY/47,XYY mosaics. Diagnosis 47,XYY syndrome is not usually diagnosed until learning issues are present. The syndrome is diagnosed in an increasing number of children prenatall...
to separate properly during cell division, the egg or sperm may end up with a second copy of one of the chromosomes. (See non-disjunction.) If such a gamete results in fertilization and an embryo, the resulting embryo may also have an entire copy of the extra chromosome. Terminology The number of chromosomes in the cel...	have an entire copy of the extra chromosome. Terminology The number of chromosomes in the cell where trisomy occurs is represented as, for example, 2n+1 if one chromosome shows trisomy, 2n+1+1 if two show trisomy, etc. "Full trisomy", also called "primary trisomy", means that an entire extra chromosome has been copied....
graphene layers, as its resistivity value increases and thus electron mobility decreases. Forecasts and roadmaps In April 2005, Gordon Moore stated in an interview that the projection cannot be sustained indefinitely: "It can't continue forever. The nature of exponentials is that you push them out and eventually disast...	observation was even seen as a self-fulfilling prophecy. The doubling period is often misquoted as 18 months because of a prediction by Moore's colleague, Intel executive David House. In 1975, House noted that Moore's revised law of doubling transistor count every 2 years in turn implied that computer chip performance ...
opposite (longest) side into. This is the right triangle altitude theorem. Circumcircle and incircle The triangle can be inscribed in a semicircle, with one side coinciding with the entirety of the diameter (Thales' theorem). The circumcenter is the midpoint of the longest side. The longest side is a diameter of the ci...	c respectively), and medians ma, mb, mc is a right triangle if and only if any one of the statements in the following six categories is true. All of them are of course also properties of a right triangle, since characterizations are equivalences. Sides and semiperimeter Angles A and B are complementary. Area where P is...
his father became bedridden with bowel cancer. Chemistry Because of the new racial laws and the increasing intensity of prevalent fascism, Levi had difficulty finding a supervisor for his graduation thesis, which was on the subject of Walden inversion, a study of the asymmetry of the carbon atom. Eventually taken on by...	Sixth Day and Other Tales. In 1974 Levi arranged to go into semi-retirement from SIVA in order to have more time to write. He also wanted to escape the burden of responsibility for managing the paint plant. 1975–1987 In 1975 a collection of Levi's poetry was published under the title (The Bremen Beer Hall). It was publ...
unfolded. The agents of this prosperity, personified by the rider of the white horse, are these five emperors wearing crowns, who reigned with absolute authority and power under the guidance of virtue and wisdom, the armies being restrained by their firm and gentle hands. This interpretation points out that the bow was...	points out that Commodus, who had nothing to wish for and everything to enjoy, that beloved son of Marcus Aurelius who ascended the throne with neither competitor to remove nor enemies to punish, became the slave of his attendants who gradually corrupted his mind. His cruelty degenerated into habit and became the rulin...
section. Online readership takes various forms. Overall global views of an online database of over 100,000 articles are 10.8m by 7m unique users according to Google Analytics, . On social media there are 3.5m+ Twitter followers, 3.5m+ Facebook followers and 100,000+ Instagram followers . Staff and contributors Emily Wi...	An editorially separate organisation publishes a monthly Dutch-language edition. First published on 22 November 1956, New Scientist has been available in an online form since 1996. Sold in retail outlets (paper edition) and on subscription (paper and/or online), the magazine covers news, features, reviews and commentar...
complexity theory. His citation reads: For his advancement of our understanding of the complexity of computation in a significant and profound way. His seminal paper, The Complexity of Theorem Proving Procedures, presented at the 1971 ACM SIGACT Symposium on the Theory of Computing, laid the foundations for the theory ...	him. The definition of the complexity class AC0 and its hierarchy AC are also introduced by him. According to Don Knuth the KMP algorithm was inspired by Cook's automata for recognizing concatenated palindromes in linear time. Awards and honors Cook was awarded an NSERC E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowship in 1977, a Kil...
Autocode on the Ferranti Mercury by Leslie Fox. He then went to Moscow State University as a British Council exchange student, where he studied machine translation under Andrey Kolmogorov. Research and career In 1960, Hoare left the Soviet Union and began working at Elliott Brothers Ltd, a small computer manufacturing ...	algorithms, operating systems, formal verification, and concurrent computing. His work earned him the Turing Award, usually regarded as the highest distinction in computer science, in 1980. Hoare developed the sorting algorithm quicksort in 1959–1960. He developed Hoare logic, an axiomatic basis for verifying program c...
2.5 kilometres (1.5 mi) above sea level between 19° and 20° north latitude and 98°45’ to 99°20’ west longitude, is the ancient core of Mexico. Anahuac is a Nahuatl name which means "close to water." It can be broken down like this: A(tl) + nahuac. Atl means "water" and nahuac, which is a relational word that can be aff...	Anahuac is a Nahuatl name which means "close to water." It can be broken down like this: A(tl) + nahuac. Atl means "water" and nahuac, which is a relational word that can be affixed to a noun, means "close to." Anahuac is sometimes used interchangeably with "Valley of Mexico", but Anahuac properly designates the south-...
of Chronicler or Historian of Aragon; its holders included Jerónimo Zurita y Castro, the De Argensola brothers, Bartolomé and Lupercio, Juan Costa and Jerónimo Martel. Much of the work produced by Aragonese writers challenged Philip II's version of events and were censored by the central government. In retaliation, the...	of Calatayud, Teruel, Soria and Guadalajara. However, these reforms were delayed by Ferdinand VII's refusal to accept the constitution and finally implemented in 1822 during the 1820-23 Trienio Liberal. When Ferdinand was restored by French Bourbon forces in 1823, he abolished the Constitution along with the provincial...
term first used by David Cooper in 1967) defined a movement that vocally challenged the fundamental claims and practices of mainstream psychiatry. While most of its elements had precedents in earlier decades and centuries, in the 1960s it took on a national and international character, with access to the mass media and...	in their questioning of the medicalisation of "madness". Those critiques occurred at a time when physicians had not yet achieved hegemony through psychiatry, however, so there was no single, unified force to oppose. Nevertheless, there was increasing concern at the ease with which people could be confined, with frequen...
It is the name given to a specific prayer that occurs in these liturgies, and is the name given to the music pieces that accompany the text of this prayer. The use of the title "Lamb of God" in liturgy is based on , in which St. John the Baptist, upon seeing Jesus, proclaims "Behold, the Lamb of God, who takes away the...	name under which the "Lamb of God" is honoured within the Catholic Mass and other Christian liturgies descending from the Latin liturgical tradition. It is the name given to a specific prayer that occurs in these liturgies, and is the name given to the music pieces that accompany the text of this prayer. The use of the...
In the late 1970s, Philips developed LaserDisc technology, producing an optically read, 12 inch disc that would contain recorded video material. In the early 1980s, Philips worked with Sony to create a standard for optical audio discs (CDs), using the technology developed for the LaserDisc. Teamed with Sony, Philips us...	for the use of the Philips brand. The purchase agreement was terminated by Philips in October because of breach of contract and the consumer electronics operations remain under Philips. Philips said it would seek damages for breach of contract in the US$200-million sale. In April 2016, the International Court of Arbitr...
by the Moscow Art Theatre. Even after his plays were banned from the theatres, Bulgakov wrote a comedy about Ivan the Terrible's visit into 1930s Moscow. His play Batum (Батум, 1939) about the early years of Stalin was prohibited by the premier himself. Bulgakov later reflected his experience of being a Soviet playwrig...	critical satire of liberal nihilism and the communist mentality. It contains a few bold hints to the communist leadership; e.g. the name of the drunkard donor of the human organ implants is Chugunkin ("chugun" is cast iron) which can be seen as a parody on the name of Stalin ("stal'" is steel). It was adapted as a comi...
and was asked by Motorola to develop what turned into BASIC09 for the then-new Motorola 6809 processor. Having written BASIC09, they decided it needed an operating system underlying it, and they created the first version of OS-9. OS-9 was ported to the 68000 family of processors and, after being rewritten mostly in C, ...	Dragon. Over time, Microware concentrated on industrial customers and neglected the hobbyist base that was porting a great many Unix packages and utilities to OS-9. Microware products RT68 – the original product for the 6800 OS-9 and OS-9000 – real-time operating systems for a wide range of embedded CPU architectures. ...
now collected his Poetical Writings in two volumes. He found no difficulty in obtaining a grant for foreign travel from the government, and he left Denmark for the first time, joining Steffens at the University of Halle in August 1805. Here he wrote the first of his great historical tragedies, Hakon Jarl, which he sent...	his pen that we possess. In the summer of 1802, when Oehlenschläger had an old Scandinavian romance, as well as a volume of lyrics in the press, the young Norse philosopher, Henrik Steffens (1773–1845), returned to Copenhagen after a long visit to Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854) in Germany. He was full o...
a UEFA Super Cup and two European Cups. During this time Forest signed Trevor Francis, Britain's first £1 million footballer, who joined the club in February 1979 from Birmingham City. The city was the site of race riots in 1958, centred on the St Ann's neighbourhood. During the second half of the 20th century Nottingh...	of Nottingham's expansion of its Jubilee Campus. The schools and aerial photographers, H Tempest Ltd, were Nottingham-based for many years, until relocating to St Ives, Cornwall January 1959. In 2015, Nottingham was ranked in the top 10 UK cities for job growth (from 2004 to 2013), in the public and private sectors. An...
engaged in competition for Indian trade in what is now the state of Alabama between roughly the 1690s and the 1750s, at which point the French and Indian War broke out. It was the North American front of the Seven Years' War between these two nations in Europe. Though the French claimed the territory as their own and a...	levels of warfare. Governor Moore energetically supported the Confederate war effort. Even before hostilities began, he seized Federal facilities, sent agents to buy rifles in the Northeast and scoured the state for weapons. Despite some resistance in the northern part of the state, Alabama joined the Confederate State...
d'Urgell (Catalonia). The pareage, a feudal institution recognizing the principle of equality of rights shared by two rulers, gave the small state its territory and political form. Andorra's borders have remained unchanged since 1278. Andorra was briefly annexed to the Crown of Aragon twice, in 1396 and 1512. 20th and ...	the Marca Hispanica, the buffer states created by Charlemagne to keep the Islamic Moors from advancing into Christian France. Tradition holds that Charlemagne granted a charter to the Andorran people in return for their fighting the Moors. In the 9th century, Charlemagne's grandson, Charles the Bald, named the Count of...
successors. They have been seen as providing a foundation for subsequent reforms extending into the 20th century. Upon his death in 1790, Joseph was briefly succeeded by his younger brother Leopold VII. Leopold II (1790–1792) Joseph's death proved a boon for Austria, as he was succeeded by his younger brother, Leopold ...	exercise in democracy failed and was dissolved in 1502. Attempts at creating a unified state were not very successful, but rather re-emerged the idea of the three divisions of Austria that existed prior to the unification of Frederick and Maximilian. Short of funds for his various schemes he relied heavily on banking f...
Franz Josef II became the first Prince of Liechtenstein to take up permanent residence in Liechtenstein. During World War II, Liechtenstein remained neutral, while family treasures within the war zone were brought to Liechtenstein (and London) for safekeeping. At the close of the conflict, Czechoslovakia and Poland, ac...	(German Reichstag), although its head was elevated to princely rank in the late 17th century. Early modern era The area that was to become Liechtenstein was invaded by both Austrian and Swedish troops during the Thirty Years' War of 1618–1648. During the 17th century the country was afflicted by a plague and also by th...
carefully analyzed to reduce the time and effort required in the preparation of meals. It was unveiled in 1929 at a Women's Exposition. She is also credited with the invention of the foot-pedal trash can, adding shelves to the inside of refrigerator doors (including the butter tray and egg keeper), and wall-light switc...	duplicate recordings of sales checks. In 1926, when Johnson & Johnson hired her as a consultant to do marketing research on sanitary napkins, Gilbreth and the firm benefited in three ways. First, Johnson & Johnson could use her training as a psychologist in the measurement and analysis of attitudes and opinions. Second...
was a Swedish actress, novelist and film director. Early life Zetterling was born in Västerås, Sweden to a working class family. She started her career as an actress at the age of 17 at Dramaten, the Swedish national theatre, appearing in war-era films. Career Zetterling appeared in film and television productions span...	Having gained a reputation as a sex symbol in dramas and thrillers, she was equally effective in comedies, and was active in British television in the 1950s and 1960s. She began directing and publishing novels and non-fiction in the early 1960s, her films starting with political documentaries and a short film titled Th...
1550) January 20 – Sebastian Franck, German humanist (d. 1543) January 29 – Katharina von Bora, German nun, wife of Martin Luther (d. 1552) February 10 – Thomas Platter, Swiss humanist scholar and writer (d. 1582) March 22 – Johann Carion, German astrologer and chronicler (d. 1537) March 31 – Pope Pius IV (d. 1565) May...	Paris, constructed under Charles VI of France, collapses into the Seine. November 5 – The Catholicon is published in Tréguier (Brittany). This Breton–French–Latin dictionary had been written in 1464 by Jehan Lagadeuc. It is the first dictionary of either French or Breton. November 23 – Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the ...
Fernel, French physician (d. 1558) Anne Seymour, Duchess of Somerset, English noblewoman (d. 1587) Gonzalo de Sandoval, Spanish conquistador (d. 1528) Margareta Eriksdotter Vasa, Swedish noblewoman (d. 1536) Johann Wild, German preacher (d. 1554) probable Francesco Berni, Italian poet (d. 1536) John Heywood, English pl...	– The Catholic Monarchs issue the ordinance of Medina del Campo, creating a money system based on the copper maravedí, creating the peso of 34 maravedis. In the next three centuries, this system will dominate international payments. It will be used in almost all parts of the Americas and large parts of Asia. It is the ...
aristocrat and general (d. 1550) November 23 – Clément Marot, French poet of the Renaissance period (d. 1544) December 20 – Joseph ha-Kohen, Spanish-born French Jewish historian and physician (d. 1575) December 21 – Elisabeth Corvinus, Hungarian princess (d. 1508) date unknown Lazare de Baïf, French diplomat and author...	(link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December February – Pietro Bembo's Petri Bembi de Aetna Angelum Chalabrilem liber, a description of a journey to Mount Etna, is published in Venice by Aldus Manutius, the first book printed in the old-style serif or humanist typeface cut by Fr...
II is deposed and killed, and his uncle Na'od succeeds him as Emperor of Ethiopia. November 9 – The House of Medici is expelled from Florence. November 10 – Fra Luca Pacioli's Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalità is published in Venice, containing the first printed account of algebra in the v...	geometria, proportioni et proportionalità is published in Venice, containing the first printed account of algebra in the vernacular, and the first published description of the double-entry accounting system. November 17 – Italian War of 1494–98: The armies of Charles VIII of France enter Florence. December 25 – Second ...
after three years of imprisonment. September – Battle of Vrpile Gulch in southern Croatia: Forces of the Ottoman Empire are defeated by those of the Kingdom of Croatia. November – The pretender Perkin Warbeck begins a campaign to take the English throne, with a landing in Ireland. November 7 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman ...	years of imprisonment. September – Battle of Vrpile Gulch in southern Croatia: Forces of the Ottoman Empire are defeated by those of the Kingdom of Croatia. November – The pretender Perkin Warbeck begins a campaign to take the English throne, with a landing in Ireland. November 7 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and ...
and Martí Joan de Galba, is published. Aldus Manutius moves to Venice. John Colet receives his M.A. from Magdalen College, Oxford. Johann Reuchlin meets Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. Merchants carry coffee from Yemen to Mecca (approximate date). Battle of Chocontá: The northern (zaque) tribes of the pre-Columbian Muis...	(d. 1553) April – Vittoria Colonna, Italian poet (d. 1547) April 4 – Vojtěch I of Pernstein, Bohemian nobleman (d. 1534) May 17 – Albert, Duke of Prussia, last Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (d. 1568) June 28 – Albert of Mainz, German elector and archbishop (d. 1545) July 25 – Amalie of the Palatinate, Duchess co...
along the Grand Canal of China, all the way to Beijing, and then finally back across the Yalu River into Korea. His written commentary on Chinese customs, foreign and domestic trade, and transport in places such as Hangzhou and Suzhou, are valuable records of Ming era culture and commerce. June 11 – Battle of Sauchiebu...	becomes Duchess of Brittany at the age of 11. Her marriage to King Charles VIII in 1491 effectively ends Breton independence from France. Date unknown Jasper Tudor, 1st Duke of Bedford, takes possession of Cardiff Castle. Michelangelo Buonarroti becomes apprentice to Domenico Ghirlandaio. The city of Bikaner in western...
Medina del Campo between England and Spain includes provision for a marriage between Arthur, the son of King Henry VII of England, and Princess Catherine of Aragon. June 29 – King James IV grants Andrew, Lord Gray, the lands and Barony of Lundie in Scotland. July 17 – Delhi Sultanate: Sikandar Lodi succeeds Bahlul Khan...	between England and Spain includes provision for a marriage between Arthur, the son of King Henry VII of England, and Princess Catherine of Aragon. June 29 – King James IV grants Andrew, Lord Gray, the lands and Barony of Lundie in Scotland. July 17 – Delhi Sultanate: Sikandar Lodi succeeds Bahlul Khan Lodi as sultan. ...
A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami. April 21 – The adoption of the Sentència Arbitral de Guadalupe ends the War of the Remences, in the Principality of Catalonia. Date unknown Tízoc, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies. Some sources suggest that he was poisoned, others that he was the victim of "sorcery" or illness. He is succeede...	– Andrea del Sarto, Italian painter (d. 1530) July 25 – Albrecht VII, Duke of Mecklenburg (1503–1520), then Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (1520–1547) (d. 1547) July 28 – Pieter Gillis, French philosopher (d. 1533) August 3 – Imperia Cognati, Italian courtesan (d. 1512) August 23 – Sigismund von Herberstein, Austrian dipl...
Battle of Bosworth: King Richard III of England is defeated by (rival claimant to the throne of England) Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond; Richard dies in battle, and Henry Tudor becomes King Henry VII of England (although Henry marks this battle as August 21, so that he can declare all his opponents traitors). September ...	of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1518) June 20 – Astorre III Manfredi, Italian noble (d. 1502) June 24 Johannes Bugenhagen, German religious reformer (d. 1558) Elizabeth of Denmark, Electress of Brandenburg (1502–1535) (d. 1555) July 20 – Giovanni Battista Ramusio, Italian geographer (d. 1557) August 22 – Beatus Rhenanus, Germ...
are formed in Austria. The King of Portugal appoints a commission of mathematicians to perfect tables, to help seamen find their latitude. Maximilian I, Duke of Burgundy, orders foreign merchants to leave Bruges. Most merchants move to Antwerp, greatly contributing to its growth as an international trading center. Batt...	January 17 – George Spalatin, German religious reformer (d. 1545) February 21 – Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg (1499–1535) (d. 1535) March 4 – George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1543) April 12 Maharana Sangram Singh, Rana of Mewar (d. 1528) Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, Italian architect (d. 1546)...
Treaty of Arras divides the Burgundian Netherlands between King Louis XI of France and Archduke Maximilian I of Habsburg. Date unknown Ivan III renounces the Mongol Khanate rule over Russia. Johannes Trithemius becomes a novice, at the abbey of St. Martin at Sponheim, in the Diocese of Mainz. The first edition of Eucli...	19 – A Portuguese fleet, commanded by Diogo de Azambuja, arrives at the mouth of the River Benya on the Gold Coast, where the fort of São Jorge da Mina (Elmina Castle) is erected. January 25 – Probable first printing of the Torah, in Bologna. February 28 –The village of Alhama de Granada in Spain is taken by Christian ...
together with his wife Isabella I, Queen of Castile, over most of the Iberian peninsula. January 25 – The Treaty of Constantinople is signed between the Ottoman Empire and Republic of Venice; Venice will cede Argo, Negroponte, Lemnos and Shkodër, and pay an annual tribute of 10,000 golden ducati. April 25 – Ratificatio...	Hungary, led by Pál Kinizsi and István Báthory, defeats that of the Ottoman Empire in Transylvania, Hungary, leaving at least 10,000 Turkish dead. Ongoing The plague breaks out in Florence. Johann Neumeister prints a new edition of Juan de Torquemada's Meditations, or the Contemplations of the Most Devout. Births March...
the first dated book to be printed in Hebrew, in Reggio di Calabria. Conrad of Megenberg's book, Buch der Natur, is published in Augsburg. In Wallachia, Radu cel Frumos loses the throne (for the last time) and is again replaced by Basarab Laiotă. Births January 9 – Crinitus, Italian humanist (d. 1507) January 29 – Giul...	Buonarroti, Italian sculptor (d. 1564) March 12 – Luca Gaurico, Italian astrologer (d. 1558) March 30 – Elisabeth of Culemborg, German noble (d. 1555) June 29 – Beatrice d'Este, duchess of Bari and Milan (d. 1497) September 6 Artus Gouffier, Lord of Boissy, French nobleman and politician (d. 1519) Sebastiano Serlio, It...
October 13 – Mariotto Albertinelli, High Renaissance Italian painter of the Florentine school (d. 1515) December 24 – Bartolomeo degli Organi, Italian musician (d. 1539) date unknown Anacaona, Taino queen and poet (d. 1503) Juan Diego, Mexican Catholic saint (d. 1548) Giacomo Pacchiarotti, Italian painter (d. 1539 or 1...	patent system. July 25 – By signing the Treaty of London, Charles the Bold of Burgundy agrees to support Edward IV of England's planned invasion of France. December 12 – Upon the death of Henry IV of Castile, a civil war ensues between his designated successor Isabella I of Castile, and her niece Juana, who is supporte...
city council of Amsterdam prohibits snowball fights: "Neymant en moet met sneecluyten werpen nocht maecht noch wijf noch manspersoon." ("No one shall throw with snowballs, neither men nor (unmarried) women.") Date unknown The first printed edition of Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy is published in Foligno. The Kingdom ...	venenis eorumque remediis are published. Volterra, a town in Italy, is sacked by Florentine soldiers. The Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Saint Peter in York, commonly known as York Minster, is declared complete and consecrated. Births January 17 – Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, Italian condottiero and Duke of Urbin...
with an Inca victory. The Chimor Empire is absorbed into the Inca Empire. Births January 1 – Magnus I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, German noble (d. 1543) February 16 – Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prince of Calenberg (1491–1540) (d. 1540) April 7 – Edward Stafford, 2nd Earl of Wiltshire (d. 1498) April 9 – Giovanni ...	to flee England to seek support from his brother-in-law, Charles the Bold of Burgundy. October 3 – Warwick releases Henry VI of England from the Tower of London, and restores him to the throne. November 28 – Emperor Lê Thánh Tông of Vietnam launches a naval expedition against Champa, beginning the Cham–Annamese War. De...

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