[ { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Linked data associated with Anacardium in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Linked data": { "ChemSpider ID": "4515054", "Wikipedia Link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur", "PubChem URL": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5362487" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Linked data associated with CORTODOXONE in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Linked data": { "ChemSpider ID": "389582", "Wikipedia Link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clascoterone", "PubChem URL": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/440707" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Linked data associated with 3-hydroxybutyric in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Linked data": { "ChemSpider ID": "428", "Wikipedia Link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Β-Hydroxybutyric_acid", "PubChem URL": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/441" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Linked data associated with 2-oxobutanoic in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Linked data": { "ChemSpider ID": "57", "Wikipedia Link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Α-Ketobutyric_acid", "PubChem URL": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/58" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Linked data associated with 2'-deoxycytidine in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Linked data": { "ChemSpider ID": "13117", "Wikipedia Link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxycytidine", "PubChem URL": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/13711" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Linked data associated with ALDOSTERONE in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Linked data": { "ChemSpider ID": "5633", "Wikipedia Link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone", "PubChem URL": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5839" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Linked data associated with beta-alanine in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Linked data": { "ChemSpider ID": "234", "Wikipedia Link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Β-Alanine", "PubChem URL": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/239" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Linked data associated with acetoacetic in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Linked data": { "ChemSpider ID": "94", "Wikipedia Link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoacetic_acid", "PubChem URL": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/96" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Linked data associated with 2'-Deoxyinosine in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Linked data": { "ChemSpider ID": "58569", "Wikipedia Link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyinosine_monophosphate", "PubChem URL": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/135398593" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Linked data associated with citric in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Linked data": { "ChemSpider ID": "305", "Wikipedia Link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid", "PubChem URL": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/311" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Linked data associated with gamma-aminobutyric in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Linked data": { "ChemSpider ID": "116", "Wikipedia Link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA", "PubChem URL": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/119" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Linked data associated with fumaric in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Linked data": { "ChemSpider ID": "10197150", "Wikipedia Link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumaric_acid", "PubChem URL": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/444972" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Linked data associated with estriol in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Linked data": { "ChemSpider ID": "5553", "Wikipedia Link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estriol", "PubChem URL": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5756" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Linked data associated with L-alanine in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Linked data": { "ChemSpider ID": "5735", "Wikipedia Link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine", "PubChem URL": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5950" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Linked data associated with METHYLAMINE in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Linked data": { "ChemSpider ID": "6089", "Wikipedia Link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylamine", "PubChem URL": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6329" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Linked data associated with L-Lactic in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Linked data": { "ChemSpider ID": "96860", "Wikipedia Link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid", "PubChem URL": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/107689" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Linked data associated with inosine in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Linked data": { "ChemSpider ID": "21241953", "Wikipedia Link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inosine", "PubChem URL": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/135398641" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Linked data associated with 692-04-6 in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Linked data": { "ChemSpider ID": "83801", "Wikipedia Link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyllysine", "PubChem URL": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/92832" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Ontological data associated with ammonia in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Ontological data": { "Multilingual Description": "अमोनिया एक रंगहीन एल्कलाइन गैस है और वायुमंडल में सबसे ज़्यादा पाए जाने वाले नाइट्रोजन वाले कंपाउंड में से एक है।", "Molecular formula": "H_{3}N", "Average mass": "17.031", "Monoisotopic mass": "17.026549", "Descriptions": "Ammonia is a colourless alkaline gas and is one of the most abundant nitrogen-containing compounds in the atmosphere. It is an irritant with a characteristic pungent odor that is widely used in industry. Inasmuch as ammonia is highly soluble in water and, upon inhalation, is deposited in the upper airways, occupational exposures to ammonia have commonly been associated with sinusitis, upper airway irritation, and eye irritation. Acute exposures to high levels of ammonia have also been associated with diseases of the lower airways and interstitial lung. Small amounts of ammonia are naturally formed in nearly all tissues and organs of the vertebrate organism. Ammonia is both a neurotoxin and a metabotoxin. In fact, it is the most common endogenous neurotoxin. A neurotoxin is a compound that causes damage to neural tissue and neural cells. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Ammonia is recognized to be central in the pathogenesis of a brain condition known as hepatic encephalopathy, which arises from various liver diseases and leads to a build up ammonia in the blood (hyperammonemia). More than 40% of people with cirrhosis develop hepatic encephalopathy. Part of the neurotoxicity of ammonia arises from the fact that it easily crosses the blood-brain barrier and is absorbed and metabolized by the astrocytes, a population of cells in the brain that constitutes 30% of the cerebral cortex. Astrocytes use ammonia when synthesizing glutamine from glutamate. The increased levels of glutamine lead to an increase in osmotic pressure in the astrocytes, which become swollen. There is increased activity of the inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system, and the energy supply to other brain cells is decreased. This can be thought of as an example of brain edema. The source of the ammonia leading to hepatic encaphlopahy is not entirely clear. The gut produces ammonia, which is metabolized in the liver, and almost all organ systems are involved in ammonia metabolism. Colonic bacteria produce ammonia by splitting urea and other amino acids, however this does not fully explain hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy. The alternative explanation is that hyperammonemia is the result of intestinal breakdown of amino acids, especially glutamine. The intestines have significant glutaminase activity, predominantly located in the enterocytes. On the other hand, intestinal tissues only have a little glutamine synthetase activity, making it a major glutamine-consuming organ. In addition to the intestine, the kidney is an important source of blood ammonia in patients with liver disease. Ammonia is also taken up by the muscle and brain in hepatic coma, and there is confirmation that ammonia is metabolized in muscle. Excessive formation of ammonia in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients has also been demonstrated, and it has been shown that some Alzheimer's disease patients exhibit elevated blood ammonia concentrations. Ammonia is the most important natural modulator of lysosomal protein processing. Indeed, there is strong evidence for the involvement of aberrant lysosomal processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) in the formation of amyloid deposits. Inflammatory processes and activation of microglia are widely believed to be implicated in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Ammonia is able to affect the characteristic functions of microglia, such as endocytosis, and cytokine production. Based on these facts, an ammonia-based hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease has been suggested (PMID: 17006913, 16167195, 15377862, 15369278). Chronically high levels of ammonia in the blood are associated with nearly twenty different inborn errors of metabolism including: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency, 3-methyl-crotonylglycinuria, argininemia, argininosuccinic aciduria, beta-ketothiolase deficiency, biotinidase deficiency, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase deficiency, carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency, citrullinemia type I, hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome, hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome, isovaleric aciduria, lysinuric protein intolerance, malonic aciduria, methylmalonic aciduria, methylmalonic aciduria due to cobalamin-related disorders, propionic acidemia, pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, and short chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SCAD deficiency). Many of these inborn errors of metabolism are associated with urea cycle disorders or impairment to amino acid metabolism. High levels of ammonia in the blood (hyperammonemia) lead to the activation of NMDA receptors in the brain. This results in the depletion of brain ATP, which in turn leads to release of glutamate. Ammonia also leads to the impairment of mitochondrial function and calcium homeostasis, thereby decreasing ATP synthesis. Excess ammonia also increases the formation of nitric oxide (NO), which in turn reduces the activity of glutamine synthetase, and thereby decreases the elimination of ammonia in the brain (PMID: 12020609). As a neurotoxin, ammonia predominantly affects astrocytes. Disturbed mitochondrial function and oxidative stress, factors implicated in the induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition, appear to be involved in the mechanism of ammonia neurotoxicity. Ammonia can also affect the glutamatergic and GABAergic neuronal systems, the two prevailing neuronal systems of the cortical structures. All of these effects can lead to irreversible brain damage, coma, and/or death. Infants with urea cycle disorders and hyperammonia initially exhibit vomiting and increasing lethargy. If untreated, seizures, hypotonia (poor muscle tone, floppiness), respiratory distress (respiratory alkalosis), and coma can occur. Adults with urea cycle disorders and hyperammonia will exhibit episodes of disorientation, confusion, slurred speech, unusual and extreme combativeness or agitation, stroke-like symptoms, lethargy, and delirium. Ammonia also has toxic effects when an individual is exposed to ammonia solutions. Acute exposure to high levels of ammonia in air may be irritating to skin, eyes, throat, and lungs and cause coughing and burns. Lung damage and death may occur after exposure to very high concentrations of ammonia. Swallowing concentrated solutions of ammonia can cause burns in the mouth, throat, and stomach. Splashing ammonia into eyes can cause burns and even blindness." } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Ontological data associated with urea in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Ontological data": { "Multilingual Description": "यूरिया एक बहुत ज़्यादा घुलनशील ऑर्गेनिक कंपाउंड है जो लिवर में अमीनो एसिड के डिएमिनेशन से बनने वाले अमोनिया से बनता है।", "Molecular formula": "CD_{4}N_{2}O", "Average mass": "64.08", "Monoisotopic mass": "64.05747", "Descriptions": "Urea is a highly soluble organic compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Urea is formed in a cyclic pathway known simply as the urea cycle. In this cycle, amino groups donated by ammonia and L-aspartate are converted to urea. Urea is essentially a waste product; it has no physiological function. It is dissolved in blood (in humans in a concentration of 2.5 - 7.5 mmol/liter) and excreted by the kidney in the urine. In addition, a small amount of urea is excreted (along with sodium chloride and water) in human sweat. Urea is found to be associated with primary hypomagnesemia, which is an inborn error of metabolism." } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Ontological data associated with 3-hydroxybutyric in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Ontological data": { "Multilingual Description": "3-हाइड्रॉक्सीब्यूटिरिक एसिड (CAS: 300-85-6), जिसे बीटा-हाइड्रॉक्सीब्यूटानोइक एसिड भी कहा जाता है, लिवर और रीनल ग्लूकोनियोजेनेसिस के लिए मांसपेशियों से निकलने वाले ब्रांच्ड-चेन अमीनो एसिड (मुख्य रूप से वेलिन) का एक आम पार्शियल-डिग्रेडेशन प्रोडक्ट है।", "Molecular formula": "C_{4}H_{8}O_{3}", "Average mass": "104.105", "Monoisotopic mass": "104.047344", "Descriptions": "3-Hydroxybutyric acid (CAS: 300-85-6), also known as beta-hydroxybutanoic acid, is a typical partial-degradation product of branched-chain amino acids (primarily valine) released from muscle for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. This acid is metabolized by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (catalyzes the oxidation of 3-hydroxybutyrate to form acetoacetate, using NAD+ as an electron acceptor). The enzyme functions in nervous tissues and muscles, enabling the use of circulating hydroxybutyrate as a fuel. In the liver mitochondrial matrix, the enzyme can also catalyze the reverse reaction, a step in ketogenesis. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a chiral compound having two enantiomers, D-3-hydroxybutyric acid and L-3-hydroxybutyric acid, and is a ketone body. Like the other ketone bodies (acetoacetate and acetone), levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate in blood and urine are raised in ketosis. In humans, 3-hydroxybutyrate is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA and can be used as an energy source by the brain when blood glucose is low. Blood levels of 3-hydroxybutyric acid levels may be monitored in diabetic patients to look for diabetic ketoacidosis. Persistent mild hyperketonemia is a common finding in newborns. Ketone bodies serve as an indispensable source of energy for extrahepatic tissues, especially the brain and lung of developing mammals. Another important function of ketone bodies is to provide acetoacetyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA for the synthesis of cholesterol, fatty acids, and complex lipids. During the early postnatal period, acetoacetate (AcAc) and beta-hydroxybutyrate are preferred over glucose as substrates for the synthesis of phospholipids and sphingolipids in accord with requirements for brain growth and myelination. Thus, during the first two weeks of postnatal development, when the accumulation of cholesterol and phospholipids accelerates, the proportion of ketone bodies incorporated into these lipids increases. On the other hand, an increased proportion of ketone bodies is utilized for cerebroside synthesis during the period of active myelination. In the lung, AcAc serves better than glucose as a precursor for the synthesis of lung phospholipids. The synthesized lipids, particularly dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, are incorporated into surfactant, and thus have a potential role in supplying adequate surfactant lipids to maintain lung function during the early days of life (PMID: 3884391). 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is found to be associated with fumarase deficiency and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, which are inborn errors of metabolism. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid is a metabolite of Alcaligenes and can be produced from plastic metabolization or incorporated into polymers, depending on the species (PMID: 7646009, 18615882)." } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Ontological data associated with 3-Ureidopropionic in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Ontological data": { "Multilingual Description": "यूरिडोप्रोपियोनिक एसिड, जिसे 3-यूरिडोप्रोपेनोएट या N-कार्बामॉयल-बीटा-एलानिन भी कहा जाता है, यूरिया नाम के ऑर्गेनिक कंपाउंड की क्लास से संबंधित है", "Molecular formula": "C_{4}H_{8}N_{2}O_{3}", "Average mass": "132.119", "Monoisotopic mass": "132.053492", "Descriptions": "Ureidopropionic acid, also known as 3-ureidopropanoate or N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as ureas. Ureas are compounds containing two amine groups joined by a carbonyl (C=O) functional group. Ureidopropionic acid is an intermediate in the metabolism of uracil. More specifically, it is a breakdown product of dihydrouracil and is produced by the enzyme dihydropyrimidase. It is further decomposed into beta-alanine via the enzyme beta-ureidopropionase. Ureidopropionic acid is essentially a urea derivative of beta-alanine. High levels of ureidopropionic acid are found in individuals with beta-ureidopropionase (UP) deficiency (PMID: 11675655). Enzyme deficiencies in pyrimidine metabolism are associated with a risk for severe toxicity against the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Ureidopropionic acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gram beans, broccoli, climbing beans, oriental wheat, and mandarin orange (clementine, tangerine). This could make ureidopropionic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods." } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Ontological data associated with 2-oxobutanoic in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Ontological data": { "Multilingual Description": "2-कीटोब्यूटिरिक एसिड, जिसे अल्फा-कीटोब्यूटिरेट या 2-ऑक्सोब्यूटिरेट भी कहा जाता है, शॉर्ट-चेन कीटो एसिड और डेरिवेटिव के रूप में जाने जाने वाले ऑर्गेनिक कंपाउंड की क्लास से संबंधित है", "Molecular formula": "C_{4}H_{6}O_{3}", "Average mass": "102.089", "Monoisotopic mass": "102.031694", "Descriptions": "2-Ketobutyric acid, also known as alpha-ketobutyrate or 2-oxobutyrate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as short-chain keto acids and derivatives. These are keto acids with an alkyl chain the contains less than 6 carbon atoms. 2-Ketobutyric acid is a substance that is involved in the metabolism of many amino acids (glycine, methionine, valine, leucine, serine, threonine, isoleucine) as well as propanoate metabolism and C-5 branched dibasic acid metabolism. It is also one of the degradation products of threonine. It can be converted into propionyl-CoA (and subsequently methylmalonyl CoA, which can be converted into succinyl CoA, a citric acid cycle intermediate), and thus enter the citric acid cycle. More specifically, 2-ketobutyric acid is a product of the lysis of cystathionine." } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Ontological data associated with 3-Iodo-L-tyrosine in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Ontological data": { "Multilingual Description": "అయోడోటైరోసిన్ అనేది L-టైరోసిన్ యొక్క అయోడేటెడ్ ఉత్పన్నం", "Molecular formula": "C_{9}H_{10}INO_{3}", "Average mass": "307.087", "Monoisotopic mass": "306.970541", "Descriptions": "Iodotyrosine is an iodated derivative of L-tyrosine. This is an early precursor to L-thyroxine, one of the primary thyroid hormones. In the thyroid gland, iodide is trapped, transported, and concentrated in the follicular lumen for thyroid hormone synthesis. Before trapped iodide can react with tyrosine residues, it must be oxidized by thyroid peroxidase. Iodotyrosine is made from tyrosine via thyroid peroxidase and then further iodinated by this enzyme to make the di-iodo and tri-iodo variants. Two molecules of di-iodotyrosine combine to form T4, and one molecule of mono-iodotyrosine combines with one molecule of di-iodotyrosine to form T3." } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Ontological data associated with Adenosine in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Ontological data": { "Multilingual Description": "El adenosín 3', 5'-difosfato o PAP es un nucleótido estrechamente relacionado con el ADP", "Molecular formula": "C_{10}H_{15}N_{5}O_{10}P_{2}", "Average mass": "427.203", "Monoisotopic mass": "427.029415", "Descriptions": "Adenosine 3', 5'-diphosphate or PAP is a nucleotide that is closely related to ADP. It has two phosphate groups attached to the 5' and 3' positions of the pentose sugar ribose (instead of pyrophosphoric acid at the 5' position, as found in ADP), and the nucleobase adenine. PAP is converted to PAPS by Sulfotransferase and then back to PAP after the sulfotransferase reaction. Sulfotransferase (STs) catalyze the transfer reaction of the sulfate group from the ubiquitous donor 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to an acceptor group of numerous substrates. This reaction, often referred to as sulfuryl transfer, sulfation, or sulfonation, is widely observed from bacteria to humans and plays a key role in various biological processes such as cell communication, growth and development, and defense. PAP also appears to a role in bipolar depression. Phosphatases converting 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate (PAP) into adenosine 5'-phosphate are of fundamental importance in living cells as the accumulation of PAP is toxic to several cellular systems. These enzymes are lithium-sensitive and we have characterized a human PAP phosphatase as a potential target of lithium therapy." } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Ontological data associated with cytidine in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Ontological data": { "Multilingual Description": "السيتيدين هو نيوكليوزيد يتكون من قاعدة السيتوزين المرتبطة بسكر د-ريبوز خماسي الكربون", "Molecular formula": "C_{9}H_{13}N_{3}O_{5}", "Average mass": "243.219", "Monoisotopic mass": "243.085521", "Descriptions": "Cytidine is a nucleoside that is composed of the base cytosine linked to the five-carbon sugar D-ribose. Cytidine is a pyrimidine that besides being incorporated into nucleic acids, can serve as a substrate for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. It is a precursor of cytidine triphosphate (CTP) needed in the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) biosynthetic pathways. These variations probably reflect the species differences in cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that converts cytidine to uridine in the body. The transport of cytidine into the brain's extracellular fluid, and then into neurons and glia, are essential prerequisites for cytidine to be utilized in the brain. An efficient mechanism mediating the brain uptake of circulating cytidine has not yet been demonstrated. The biosynthesis of PC, the most abundant phosphatide in the brain, via the Kennedy pathway requires phosphocholine and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a cytidine nucleotide involved in the rate-limiting step. The enzyme that converts CTP to endogenous CDP-choline (CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase) is unsaturated at physiological brain CTP levels. APOBEC is a family of enzymes that has been discovered with the ability to deaminate cytidines on RNA or DNA. The human apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G protein (APOBEC3G, or hA3G), provides cells with an intracellular antiretroviral activity that is associated with the hypermutation of viral DNA through cytidine deamination. Indeed, hA3G belongs to a family of vertebrate proteins that contains one or two copies of a signature sequence motif unique to cytidine deaminases (CTDAs) (PMID: 16769123, 15780864, 16720547)." } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Ontological data associated with 1190-00-7 in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Ontological data": { "Multilingual Description": "جليسيريل فوسفوريل إيثانولامين هو ناتج تحلل الغشاء الناتج عن انقسام مجموعة الليبيد من أحماض جليسيروفوسفات الإيثانولامين الدهنية", "Molecular formula": "C_{5}H_{14}NO_{6}P", "Average mass": "215.142", "Monoisotopic mass": "215.055874", "Descriptions": "Glycerylphosphorylethanolamine is a membrane breakdown product resulting from the cleavage of the lipid group from glycerophosphoethanlomine fatty acids (i.e. phosphatidylethanolamine). It acts as a growth stimulant for hepatocytes." } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Ontological data associated with Homogentisic in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Ontological data": { "Multilingual Description": "尿黑酸，又称黑素酸，是酪氨酸和苯丙氨酸分解代谢的中间产物。", "Molecular formula": "C_{8}H_{8}O_{4}", "Average mass": "168.148", "Monoisotopic mass": "168.042259", "Descriptions": "Homogentisic acid, also known as melanic acid, is an intermediate in the breakdown or catabolism of tyrosine and phenylalanine. It is generated from the compound p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate through the enzyme p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dehydrogenase. The resulting homogentisic acid is then broken down into 4-maleylacetoacetate via the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase. Homogentisic acid is also found in other organisms. For instance, it can found in Arbutus unedo (strawberry-tree) honey, in the bacterial plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris as well as in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica where it is associated with the production of brown pigments. Homogentisic acid can be oxidatively dimerized to form hipposudoric acid, one of the main constituents of the 'blood sweat' of hippopotamuses. When present in sufficiently high levels, homogentisic acid can function as an osteotoxin and a renal toxin. An osteotoxin is a substance that causes damage to bones and/or joints. A renal toxin causes damage to the kidneys. Chronically high levels of homogentisic acid are associated with alkaptonuria (OMIM: 203500), an inborn error of metabolism. Alkaptonuria is a rare inherited genetic disorder in which the body cannot process the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. It is caused by a mutation in the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.5), which leads to an accumulation of homogentisic acid in the blood and tissues. Homogentisic acid and its oxidized form benzoquinone acetic acid are excreted in the urine, giving it an unusually dark color. The accumulating homogentisic acid (and benzoquinone acetic acid) causes damage to cartilage (ochronosis, leading to osteoarthritis) and heart valves as well as precipitating as kidney stones and stones in other organs. More specifically, homogentisic acid can be converted to benzoquinone acetic acid (BQA), and the resulting BQA can be readily converted to polymers that resemble the dark skin pigment melanin. These polymers are deposited in the collagen, a connective tissue protein, of particular tissues such as cartilage. This process is called ochronosis (as the tissue looks ochre); ochronotic tissue is stiffened and unusually brittle, impairing its normal function and causing damage. Homogentisic acid is the primary precursor of melanin synthesis in Vibrio cholerae." } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Ontological data associated with gluconolactone in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Ontological data": { "Multilingual Description": "葡萄糖酸内酯，也称为葡萄糖酸-δ-内酯或GDL（葡萄糖酸），属于葡萄糖酸内酯类有机化合物。", "Molecular formula": "C_{6}H_{10}O_{6}", "Average mass": "178.14", "Monoisotopic mass": "178.047738", "Descriptions": "Gluconolactone, also known as glucono-delta-lactone or GDL (gluconate), belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gluconolactones. These are polyhydroxy acids (PHAs) containing a gluconolactone molecule, which is characterized by a tetrahydropyran substituted by three hydroxyl groups, one ketone group, and one hydroxymethyl group. Gluconolactone is a lactone of D-gluconic acid. Gluconolactone can be produced by enzymatic oxidation of D-glucose via the enzyme glucose oxidase. It is a fundamental metabolite found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals. Gluconolactone has metal chelating, moisturizing and antioxidant activities. Its ability in free radicals scavenging accounts for its antioxidant properties. Gluconolactone, is also used as a food additive with the E-number E575. In foods it is used as a sequestrant, an acidifier or a curing, pickling, or leavening agent. Gluconolactone is also used as a coagulant in tofu processing. Gluconolactone is widely used as a skin exfoliant in cosmetic products, where it is noted for its mild exfoliating and hydrating properties. Pure gluconolactone is a white odorless crystalline powder. It is pH-neutral, but hydrolyses in water to gluconic acid which is acidic, adding a tangy taste to foods. Gluconic acid has roughly a third of the sourness of citric acid. One gram of gluconolactone yields roughly the same amount of metabolic energy as one gram of sugar." } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Ontological data associated with estradiol in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Ontological data": { "Multilingual Description": "雌二醇是哺乳动物中最有效的雌激素类固醇。", "Molecular formula": "C_{18}H_{24}O_{2}", "Average mass": "272.388", "Monoisotopic mass": "272.17763", "Descriptions": "Estradiol is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids. Estradiol is produced in the ovaries. The ovary requires both luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to produce sex steroids. LH stimulates the cells surrounding the follicle to produce progesterone and androgens. The androgens diffuse across the basement membrane to the granulosa cell layer, where, under the action of FSH, they are aromatized to estrogens, mainly estradiol. The ovary shows cyclical activity, unlike the testis that is maintained in a more or less constant state of activity. Hormone secretions vary according to the phase of the menstrual cycle. In the developing follicle LH receptors (LH-R) are only located on the thecal cells and FSH receptors (FSHR) on the granulosa cells. The dominant pre-ovulatory follicle develops LH-Rs on the granulosa cells prior to the LH surge. Thecal cells of the preovulatory follicle also develop the capacity to synthesize estradiol and this persists when the thecal cells become incorporated into the corpus luteum. After ovulation, the empty follicle is remodelled and plays an important role in the second half or luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. This phase is dominated by progesterone and, to a lesser extent, estradiol secretion by the corpus luteum. estradiol is also synthesized locally from cholesterol through testosterone in the hippocampus and acts rapidly to modulate neuronal synaptic plasticity. Localization of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) in spines in addition to nuclei of principal neurons implies that synaptic ERalpha is responsible for rapid modulation of synaptic plasticity by endogenous estradiol. estradiol is a potent endogenous antioxidant which suppresses hepatic fibrosis in animal models, and attenuates induction of redox sensitive transcription factors, hepatocyte apoptosis and hepatic stellate cells activation by inhibiting a generation of reactive oxygen species in primary cultures. This suggests that the greater progression of hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in men and postmenopausal women may be due, at least in part, to lower production of estradiol and a reduced response to the action of estradiol. estradiol has been reported to induce the production of interferon (INF)-gamma in lymphocytes, and augments an antigen-specific primary antibody response in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. IFN-gamma is a potent cytokine with immunomodulatory and antiproliferative properties. Therefore, female subjects, particularly before menopause, may produce antibodies against hepatitis B virus e antigen and hepatitis B virus surface antigen at a higher frequency than males with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. The estradiol-Dihydrotestosterone model of prostate cancer (PC) proposes that the first step in the development of most PC and breast cancer (BC) occurs when aromatase converts testosterone to estradiol. (PMID: 17708600, 17678531, 17644764)." } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Ontological data associated with METHYLAMINE in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Ontological data": { "Multilingual Description": "Метиламин образуется эндогенно в результате катаболизма аминов, и его уровень в тканях повышается при некоторых патологических состояниях, включая диабет", "Molecular formula": "CH_{5}N", "Average mass": "31.058", "Monoisotopic mass": "31.042199", "Descriptions": "Methylamine occurs endogenously from amine catabolism and its tissue levels increase in some pathological conditions, including diabetes. Interestingly, methylamine and ammonia levels are reciprocally controlled by a semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase activity that deaminates methylamine to formaldehyde with the production of ammonia and hydrogen peroxide. Methylamine also targets the voltage-operated neuronal potassium channels, probably inducing release of neurotransmitter(s). Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) catalyzes the deamination of primary amines. Such deamination has been shown capable of regulating glucose transport in adipose cells. It has been independently discovered that the primary structure of vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is identical to SSAO. Increased serum SSAO activities have been found in patients with diabetic mellitus, vascular disorders, and Alzheimer's disease. The SSAO-catalyzed deamination of endogenous substrates like methylamine led to production of toxic formaldehyde. Chronic elevated methylamine increases the excretion of malondialdehyde and microalbuminuria. Amine oxidase substrates such as methylamine have been shown to stimulate glucose uptake by increasing the recruitment of the glucose transporter GLUT4 from vesicles within the cell to the cell surface. Inhibition of this effect by the presence of semicarbazide and catalase led to the suggestion that the process is mediated by the hydrogen peroxide produced in the oxidation of these amines (PMID: 16049393 , 12686132 , 17406961). Methylamine has been identified as a uremic toxin according to the European Uremic Toxin Working Group (PMID: 22626821)." } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Ontological data associated with inosine in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Ontological data": { "Multilingual Description": "L'inosine, également appelée hypoxanthosine ou inotine, appartient à la classe des composés organiques appelés nucléosides puriques", "Molecular formula": "C_{10}H_{12}N_{4}O_{5}", "Average mass": "268.229", "Monoisotopic mass": "268.080769", "Descriptions": "Inosine, also known as hypoxanthosine or inotin, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine nucleosides. Purine nucleosides are compounds comprising a purine base attached to a ribosyl or deoxyribosyl moiety. Inosine is formed when hypoxanthine is attached to a ribose ring a beta-N9-glycosidic bond. Inosine is an intermediate in the degradation of purines and purine nucleosides to uric acid. Inosine is also an intermediate in the purine salvage pathway. Inosine occurs in the anticodon of certain transfer RNA molecules and is essential for proper translation of the genetic code in wobble base pairs. Inosine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to plants to humans. Inosine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, inosine can be biosynthesized from inosinic acid through its interaction with the enzyme known as cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase. In addition, inosine can be converted into hypoxanthine and ribose 1-phosphate through its interaction with the enzyme known as purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Altered levels of inosine have also been associated with purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency and xanthinuria type I, both of which are inborn errors of metabolism. Animal studies have suggested that inosine has neuroprotective properties. It has been proposed as a potential treatment for spinal cord injury (PMID: 16317421) and for administration after stroke, as inosine appears to induce axonal rewiring (PMID: 12084941). After ingestion, inosine is metabolized into uric acid, which has been found to be a natural antioxidant and peroxynitrite scavenger. As such, inosine may have potential benefits to patients with multiple sclerosis and Parkinson‚Äôs disease (PMID: 19425822). Inosine can also be produced by gut bacteria and appears to have a number of beneficial effects. Inosine, has been shown to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma signaling in human colon epithelial cells. Furthermore, exogenous treatment of inosine has been found to protect against DSS-induced colitis in rodents by improving adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR)/PPAR-gamma-dependent mucosal barrier functions (PMID: 33820558). Microbiome-derived inosine has also been shown to modulate the response to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy in cancer models. In particular, decreased gut barrier function induced by immunotherapy increases systemic translocation of bacterially derived inosine and activates antitumor T cells. The effect of inosine is dependent on T cell expression of the adenosine A2A receptor and requires co-stimulation. Inosine appears to have other roles in non-mammalian system. For instance, it has been found to be an important feed stimulant by itself or in combination with certain amino acids in some species of farmed fish. For example, inosine and inosine-5-monophosphate have been reported as specific feeding stimulants for turbot fry, (Scophthalmus maximus) and Japanese amberjack." } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Ontological data associated with Acetyl-L-carnitine in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Ontological data": { "Multilingual Description": "La L-acétylcarnitine (acétylcarnitine ou ALC ou LAC) est un ester acétique de la carnitine qui facilite le passage de l'acétyl-CoA dans la matrice extracellulaire. Mitochondries de mammifères lors de l'oxydation des acides gras", "Molecular formula": "C_{9}H_{17}NO_{4}", "Average mass": "203.238", "Monoisotopic mass": "203.115758", "Descriptions": "L-Acetylcarnitine (Acetylcarnitine or ALC or LAC) is an acetic acid ester of carnitine that facilitates the movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids. Acetylcarnitine is an endogenous compound widely distributed in many tissues, including brain. Chemically, acetylcarnitine is the acetylated derivative of the amino acid L-carnitine whose function is generally correlated with regulation of energy metabolism within mitochondria. The synthesis of acetylcarnitine is catalyzed by the enzyme carnitine acetyltransferase (CAT), which is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane as well as in endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisome. CAT promotes the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-Coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) to carnitine, thereby producing acetylcarnitine and free CoA (PMID: 29267192 ). After being synthetized, acetylcarnitine is transported outside mitochondria into the cytosol by the enzyme carnitine/acetylcarnitine translocase (CACT). This is a crucial metabolic reaction for beta-oxidation of fatty acids whereby acetylcarnitine facilitates the transport of acetyl-CoA across mitochondrial membranes (PMID: 29267192 ). In addition to his metabolic role, L-acetylcarnitine possesses unique neuroprotective, neuromodulatory, and neurotrophic properties. acetylcarnitine is mobile throughout the plasma membranes and can rapidly cross blood-brain barrier. Indeed, acetylcarnitine can be transported by the high-affinity sodium-dependent organic cation/transporter (OCTN2), which is functionally expressed in cells forming the blood-brain barrier (PMID: 29267192 ). A wide range of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the multiplicity of acetylcarnitine activities within nervous tissues. In particular, it has been demonstrated that acetylcarnitine modulates the activity of nerve growth factor (NGF) and enhances the expression of NGF receptors in striatum/hippocampus during development (PMID: 29267192 ). Moreover, acetylcarnitine modulates different neurotransmitter systems, including the GABAergic, dopaminergic, and cholinergic system by increasing acetyl-CoA content and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity. This may play an important role in counteracting various neurodegenerative disease processes (PMID: 15363640 ).  In rodent models, L-acetylcarnitine has been found to be critical for hippocampal function and to induce rapid and lasting antidepressant-like effects via epigenetic mechanisms of histone acetylation (PMID: 30061399). More recently, levels of acetylcarnitine have been found to be reduced in people with major depressive disorder (MDD) (PMID: 30061399). In contrast to the positive neurotrophic effects for L-acetylcarnitine, it has been found that high blood levels of acetylcarnitine (>12 µmol/L) can be associated with inflammation or infection. Increases in acylcarnitine levels, especially for short-chain acylcarnitines such as acetylcarnitine appear to arise from the release of these compounds from the liver during infection or periods of stress/trauma. This is done to support increased levels of fatty acid beta-oxidation, which is needed for the production and synthesis of B and T-cells (macrophages, neutrophils) to fight infections or traumatic injuries. Interestingly, those suffering from sepsis or septicemia can have very high L-acetylcarnitine levels. It has been found that those with L-acetylcarnitine levels >20 µmol/L have up to 5X greater risk of dying (PMID: 30379669). This likely reflects a severe dysregulation of acylcarnitine production from a dysregulated immune system or damage to the liver. Overall, levels of L-acetylcarnitine correlate with the severity of organ dysfunction, inflammation and infection in sepsis and can serve as a prognostic biomarker for mortality prediction." } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Ontological data associated with 692-04-6 in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Ontological data": { "Multilingual Description": "La Nε-acétyl-L-lysine, également appelée Nε-acétyllysine ou N6-acétyllysine, appartient à la classe des composés organiques appelés N-acyl-α-aminoacides", "Molecular formula": "C_{8}H_{16}N_{2}O_{3}", "Average mass": "188.227", "Monoisotopic mass": "188.116092", "Descriptions": "N-epsilon-Acetyl-L-lysine also known as Nepsilon-Acetyllysine or N6-Acetyllysine, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as N-acyl-alpha amino acids. N-acyl-alpha amino acids are compounds containing an alpha amino acid which bears an acyl group at one of its nitrogen atoms. N-epsilon-Acetyl-L-lysine can also be classified as an alpha amino acid or a derivatized alpha amino acid. Technically, N-epsilon-Acetyl-L-lysine is a biologically available sidechain, N-capped form of the proteinogenic alpha amino acid L-lysine. Unlike L-lysine, acetylated lysine derivatives such as N-epsilon-Acetyl-L-lysine are zwitterionic compounds. These are molecules that contains an equal number of positively- and negatively-charged functional groups. N-epsilon-Acetyl-L-lysine is found naturally in eukaryotes ranging from yeast to plants to humans. N-acetyl amino acids can be produced either via direct synthesis of specific N-acetyltransferases or via the proteolytic degradation of N-acetylated proteins (often histones) by specific hydrolases. N-epsilon-Acetyl-L-lysine can be biosynthesized from L-lysine and acetyl-CoA via the enzyme known as Lysine N-acetyltransferase. Post-translational lysine-acetylation is one of two major modifications of lysine residues in various proteins - either N-terminal or N-alpha acetylation or N6 (sidechain) acetylation. Side-chain acetylation of specific lysine residues in the N-terminal domains of core histones is a biochemical marker of active genes. Acetylation is now known to play a major role in eukaryotic transcription. Specifically, acetyltransferase enzymes that act on particular lysine side chains of histones and other proteins are intimately involved in transcriptional activation. By modifying chromatin proteins and transcription-related factors, these acetylases are believed to regulate the transcription of many genes. The best-characterized mechanism is acetylation, catalyzed by histone acetyltransferase (HAT) enzymes. HATs function enzymatically by transferring an acetyl group from acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) to the amino group of certain lysine side chains within a histone's basic N-terminal tail region. Within a histone octamer, these regions extend out from the associated globular domains, and in the context of a nucleosome, they are believed to bind the DNA through charge interactions (positively charged histone tails associated with negatively charged DNA) or mediate interactions between nucleosomes. Lysine acetylation, which neutralizes part of a tail region's positive charge, is postulated to weaken histone-DNA or nucleosome-nucleosome interactions and/or signal a conformational change, thereby destabilizing nucleosome structure or arrangement and giving other nuclear factors, such as the transcription complex, more access to a genetic locus. In agreement with this is the fact that acetylated chromatin has long been associated with states of transcriptional activation. Specific recognition of N6-acetyl-L-lysine is a conserved function of all bromodomains found in different proteins, recognized as an emerging intracellular signalling mechanism that plays critical roles in regulating gene transcription, cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, DNA repair, and cytoskeletal organization (PMID: 9169194 , 10827952 , 17340003 , 16247734 , 9478947 , 10839822). N-acetylated amino acids, such as N-epsilon-Acetyl-L-lysine can be released by an N-acylpeptide hydrolase from histones going through proteolytic degradation (PMID: 16465618). Many N-acetylamino acids are classified as uremic toxins if present in high abundance in the serum or plasma (PMID: 26317986; PMID: 20613759). Uremic toxins are a diverse group of endogenously produced molecules that, if not properly cleared or eliminated by the kidneys, can cause kidney damage, cardiovascular disease and neurological deficits (PMID: 18287557)." } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Ontological data associated with 2-Oxopentanedioic in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Ontological data": { "Multilingual Description": "L'acide oxoglutarique, également connu sous les noms d'α-cétoglutarate, d'acide α-cétoglutarique, d'AKG ou d'acide 2-oxoglutarique, est classé comme γ-cétoacide ou dérivé de γ-cétoacide", "Molecular formula": "C_{5}H_{6}O_{5}", "Average mass": "146.098", "Monoisotopic mass": "146.021523", "Descriptions": "Oxoglutaric acid, also known as alpha-ketoglutarate, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, AKG, or 2-oxoglutaric acid, is classified as a gamma-keto acid or a gamma-keto acid derivative. gamma-Keto acids are organic compounds containing an aldehyde substituted with a keto group on the C4 carbon atom. alpha-Ketoglutarate is considered to be soluble (in water) and acidic. alpha-Ketoglutarate is a key molecule in the TCA cycle, playing a fundamental role in determining the overall rate of this important metabolic process (PMID: 26759695). In the TCA cycle, AKG is decarboxylated to succinyl-CoA and carbon dioxide by AKG dehydrogenase, which functions as a key control point of the TCA cycle. Additionally, AKG can be generated from isocitrate by oxidative decarboxylation catalyzed by the enzyme known as isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). In addition to these routes of production, AKG can be produced from glutamate by oxidative deamination via glutamate dehydrogenase, and as a product of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transamination reactions (mediated by branched-chain amino acid transaminases) in which glutamate is a common amino donor. AKG is a nitrogen scavenger and a source of glutamate and glutamine that stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits protein degradation in muscles. In particular, AKG can decrease protein catabolism and increase protein synthesis to enhance bone tissue formation in skeletal muscles (PMID: 26759695). Interestingly, enteric feeding of AKG supplements can significantly increase circulating plasma levels of hormones such as insulin, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (PMID: 26759695). It has recently been shown that AKG can extend the lifespan of adult C. elegans by inhibiting ATP synthase and TOR (PMID: 24828042). In combination with molecular oxygen, alpha-ketoglutarate is required for the hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline in the production of type I collagen. A recent study has shown that alpha-ketoglutarate promotes TH1 differentiation along with the depletion of glutamine thereby favouring Treg (regulatory T-cell) differentiation (PMID: 26420908). alpha-Ketoglutarate has been found to be associated with fumarase deficiency, 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex deficiency, and D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, which are all inborn errors of metabolism (PMID: 8338207). Oxoglutaric acid has been found to be a metabolite produced by Corynebacterium and yeast (PMID: 27872963) (YMDB)." } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Taxonomy associated with ammonia in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Taxonomy": { "narrow": "Ammonia gas, Ammonia anhydrous, Ammonia, anhydrous, Anhydrous ammonia, Liquid Ammonia, Aqueous ammonia, Ammonia (anhydrous), Ammonia, Ammonia solution concentrated, Ammonia Standard: NH3 @ 10 microg/mL in H2O, Ammonia Standard: NH3 @ 100 microg/mL in H2O, Ammonia Standard: NH3 @ 1000 microg/mL in H2O, Ammonia Standard: NH3 @ 10000 microg/mL in H2O, Ammonia anhydrous, 99.98%, Ammonia, anhydrous, >=99.98%, Ammonia anhydrous 170g Lecture bottle, Ammonia solution 1.0 M in isopropanol, Ammonia, puriss., anhydrous, >=99.95%, R-717", "broader": "Smelling Salt, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 005302, Dowex(R) 66 free base, Dowex(R) Marathon(TM) WBA free base, free base" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Taxonomy associated with 3-Ureidopropionic in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Taxonomy": { "narrow": "N-Carbamoyl-beta-alanine, beta-Ureidopropionic acid, N-(aminocarbonyl)-beta-alanine, beta-Alanine, N-(aminocarbonyl)-, Carbamoyl-beta-Ala-OH, .beta.-Alanine, N-(aminocarbonyl)-, beta-Ureidopropionate, N-Carbamyl-beta-alanine, N-Carbamoyl-.beta.-alanine, CARBAMOYL-.BETA.-ALANINE, N-(AMINOCARBONYL)-.BETA.-ALANINE, N-CARBAMYL-BETA-ALANINE, BETA-UREIDOPROPIONATE, 3-Ureidopropionic acid Solution in Acetonitrile, 1000ug/mL", "broader": "3-Ureidopropionic acid, 3-(carbamoylamino)propanoic acid, 3-ureidopropanoic acid, 3-[(aminocarbonyl)amino]propanoic acid, 3-Ureidopropionic Acid, Ureidopropanoic acid, 3-Ureido-Propionic Acid, Propanoic acid, 3-ureido-, Ureidopropionic acid (Standard), 3-Ureidopropionic acid, >=98.0% (T), PROPANOIC ACID, 3-((AMINOCARBONYL)AMINO)-, 3-Ureidopropanoic Acid, 3-(Aminocarbonylamino)Propanoic Acid" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Taxonomy associated with l-ascorbic in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Taxonomy": { "narrow": "L-Ascorbic acid, meets USP testing specifications, Ascorbic acid [USP:INN:BAN:JAN], ASCORBIC ACID [FCC], L-Ascorbic acid, FCC, FG, L-Ascorbic acid, reagent grade, ASCORBIC ACID [USP-RS], Ascorbic acid (JP18/USP/INN), L-Ascorbic acid ACS reagent grade, L-Ascorbic acid, AR, >=99.5%, ASCORBIC ACID [USP MONOGRAPH], L-Ascorbic acid, ACS reagent, >=99%, L-Ascorbic acid, reagent grade, crystalline, L-Ascorbic acid, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.0%, L-Ascorbic acid, JIS special grade, >=99.0%, L-Ascorbic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 99%, L-Ascorbic acid, BioXtra, >=99.0%, crystalline, L-Ascorbic acid, p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, 99.7%, L-Ascorbic acid, powder, cell culture tested, gamma-irradiated, Ascorbic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, L-Ascorbic acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ACS reagent, >=99%, L-Ascorbic acid, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., 99.7-100.5% (oxidimetric)", "broader": "l-ascorbic acid, L(+)-Ascorbic acid, Cevitamic acid, L-Lyxoascorbic acid, L-Xyloascorbic acid, L-(+)-Ascorbic Acid, L-3-Ketothreohexuronic acid lactone, L-threo-Hex-2-enonic acid, gamma-lactone, Ascorbic acid, l-, Hex-2-enonic acid gamma-lactone, L-threo-, Vitamin c (as ascorbic acid), Ascorbic Acid, Monosodium Salt, Acid, Ascorbic, L Ascorbic Acid, Acid, L-Ascorbic, Ascorbic Acid 5%, Ascorbic Acid 1505, L-Threoascorbic acid, L-threo-Ascorbic acid, L-Ascorbic acid (GMP), L-Ascorbic acid 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, Xyloascorbic acid, L-, [14C]ascorbic acid, Ascorbic acid [BAN:INN:JAN], [14C]-ascorbic acid, ascorbic acid (vit C), Ester C, L-Ascorbic acid, free radical form, L-Ascorbic acid, 99%, Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid), ASCORBIC ACID [II], ASCORBIC ACID [MI], L-Ascorbic acid (Standard), ASCORBIC ACID [INN], ASCORBIC ACID [JAN], L-Ascorbic Acid, Free Acid, ASCORBIC ACID [FHFI], ASCORBIC ACID [HSDB], ASCORBIC ACID [VANDF], L-Ascorbic acid, cell culture, ASCORBIC ACID [MART.], ASCORBIC ACID [WHO-DD], ASCORBIC ACID [WHO-IP], L-Ascorbic acid, >=99.0%, ASCORBIC ACID [ORANGE BOOK], L-Threoascorbic acid, Antiscorbutic factor, Vitamin C, (R)-5-((S)-1, 2-Dihydroxyethyl)-3, 4-dihydroxyfuran-2(5H)-one, ASCORBIC ACID [EP MONOGRAPH], L-Ascorbic acid, analytical standard, L-Ascorbic acid, mixt. with vitamin B, gamma-lactone L-threo-Hex-2-enonic acid, L-Ascorbic acid, plant cell culture tested, Ascorbic Acid (L-Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin C), L-Ascorbic acid, BioUltra, >=99.5% (RT), L-Ascorbic acid, tested according to Ph.Eur., L-Ascorbic acid, puriss. p.a., >=99.0% (RT), Ascorbic acid, British Pharmacopoeia (BP) Reference Standard, Ascorbic acid, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, L-Ascorbic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), L-Ascorbic acid, suitable for cell culture, suitable for plant cell culture, >=98%" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Taxonomy associated with 5'-adenylic in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Taxonomy": { "narrow": "My-beta-Den, 5'-ADENYLIC ACID [FCC], 5-Adenylic acid (sodium hydrate), 5'-ADENYLIC ACID [USP-RS], Adenosine-3(+2')-monophosphoric acid monohydrate*, Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-Agarose, lyophilized powder, 9H-Purin-6-amine, 9-(5-O-phosphono-.beta.-D-ribofuranosyl)-, 9H-purin-6-amine, 9-(5-O-phosphono-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-, [(2R, 3S, 4R, 5R)-5-adenin-9-yl-3, 4-dihydroxy-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methyl dihydrogen phosphate, hydrate, Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-Agarose, lyophilized powder, Contains lactose stabilizers that must be removed prior to use.", "broader": "5'-adenylic acid, Adenosine, mono(dihydrogen phosphate) (ester), {[(2R, 3S, 4R, 5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3, 4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy}phosphonic acid, (((2R, 3S, 4R, 5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3, 4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl)methoxy)phosphonic acid, 5' Adenylic Acid, Acid, 2'-Adenylic, Acid, 5'-Adenylic, adenylic acid, Ergadenylic acid, Muscle adenylic acid, Adenosine-5'-monophosphoric acid, Adenosine 5'-phosphoric acid, Adenosine-5-monophosphoric acid, Adenylic acid (VAN), Adenosine 5'-monophosphoric acid, 5-adenylic acid, 5'adenylic acid, 5'-AMP free acid, 5'-ADENYLIC ACID [MI], 5 inverted exclamation mark -Adenylic Acid" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Taxonomy associated with beta-alanine in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Taxonomy": { "narrow": "beta-Aminopropionic acid, omega-Aminopropionic acid, beta Alanine Hydrochloride, Hydrochloride, beta-Alanine, beta Alanine, Monosodium Salt, beta Alanine, Monopotassium Salt, H-beta-Ala-OH, beta-Ala, Alanine, beta-, beta-Aminopropionsaeure, .beta.-Aminopropionic acid, 3-Aminopropanoic Acid (beta-Alanine), beta-ALANINE-13C3-15N, beta-alanin, ALANINE, BETA, Alanine-beta, Beta Alanine, Pamidronate Disodium Pentahydrate Imp. A (EP), Pamidronate Imp. A (EP), Calcium Pantothenate Impurity A, Pamidronate Disodium Pentahydrate Impurity A, Pamidronate Impurity A, beta-Aminopropanoate, beta-Aminopropionate, omega-Aminopropionate, beta-Alanine, 99%, beta-Aminopropanoic acid, ALANINE, .BETA.-, .omega.-Aminopropionic acid, BETA-ALANINE [VANDF], .BETA.-ALANINE [MI], BETA ALANINE [USP-RS], BETA-ALANINE [WHO-DD], beta-Alanine, >=98%, FG, .BETA.-ALANINE [FHFI], beta-Alanine (6CI, 8CI, 9CI), beta-Alanine, analytical standard, beta-Alanine, BioXtra, >=99.0% (NT), beta-Alanine, BioUltra, >=99.0% (NT), beta-Alanine(Discontinued, See C4X-161310), beta-Alanine, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Beta Alanine, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard, Certified Reference Material, beta-Alanine, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture", "broader": "3-Aminopropanoic acid, 3-Aminopropionic acid, 3 Aminopropionic Acid, Propanoic acid, 3-amino-, 3-amino-propionic acid, aminopropionic acid, b-Aminopropanoic acid, b-Aminopropionic acid, 3-amino-Propanoic acid, Propanoic acid, amino-" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Taxonomy associated with L-carnitine in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Taxonomy": { "narrow": "gamma-Trimethyl-beta-hydroxybutyrobetaine, gamma-Trimethyl-ammonium-beta-hydroxybutirate, L-gamma-trimethyl-beta-hydroxybutyrobetaine, delta-carnitine, Levocarnitine (JAN/USP/INN), Levocarnitine [USAN:USP:INN:BAN], L-CARNITINE [FCC], LEVOCARNITINE [USP-RS], LEVOCARNITINE [USP MONOGRAPH], gamma-L-trimethyl-beta-hydroxybutyrobetaine, Levocarnitine, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard", "broader": "3-Carboxy-2-hydroxy-N, N, N-trimethyl-1-propanaminium hydroxide, inner salt, 1-Propanaminium, 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-N, N, N-trimethyl-, hydroxide, inner salt, (R)-, L-Carnitine inner salt, (L-3-Carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium hydroxide, inner salt, (3-Carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethyl-ammonium hydroxide, inner salt, 1-Propanaminium, 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-N, N, N-trimethyl-, inner salt, (R)-, Ammonium, (3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethyl-, hydroxide, inner salt, L-, L-carnitine Base, 1-Propanaminium, 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-N, N, N-trimethyl-, hydroxide, inner salt, 1-Propanaminium, 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-N, N, N-trimethyl-, inner salt, (2R)-, (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-(trimethylamino)butanoic acid, (2r)-3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-n, n, n-trimethyl-1-propanaminium inner salt, (R)-(3-Carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium hydroxide, inner salt, Ammonium, (3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethyl-, hydroxide, inner salt, 3-hydroxy-4-trimethylammoniobutanoic acid, L-Carnitine inner salt, synthetic, >=98%, 1-Propanaminium, 3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-N, N, N-trimethyl-, inner salt, (2R)- (9CI), Ammonium, (3-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethyl-, hydroxide, inner salt, L- (8CI)" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Taxonomy associated with cholesterol in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Taxonomy": { "narrow": "Cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, 3-beta-Hydroxycholest-5-ene, Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3.beta.)-, delta(sup 5)-Cholesten-3-beta-ol, 5-Cholesten-3.beta.-ol, Cholest-5-en-3.beta.-ol, 5, 6-Cholesten-3.beta.-ol, 3.beta.-Hydroxycholest-5-ene, .DELTA.5-Cholesten-3-.beta.-ol, Cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3.beta.)- #, Liquid crystal CN/9, 57-88-5(solution), CHOLESTEROL [USP-RS], 5:6-Cholesten-3.beta.-ol, Cholesterol, Sigma Grade, >=99%, Cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3-.beta.)-, Cholesterol, >=95% (GC), powder, Ash, free, Cholesterol, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, >=92.5%, Cholesterol, powder, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, >=99%, Cholesterol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard", "broader": "Cholesteryl alcohol, Cholesterol base H, Nimco cholesterol base H, Nimco cholesterol base No. 712" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Taxonomy associated with dimethylamine in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Taxonomy": { "narrow": "Dimethylamine (anhydrous), Dimethylamine, anhydrous, Dimethylamine anhydrous, Dimethylamine, 40% aqueous solution, Dimethylamine solution purum 33% in absolute ethanol (~5.6 M), Dimethylamine anhydrous (dot), Dimethylamine, anhydrous, >=99%, Dimethylamine solution 2M in Ethanol, Dimethylamine solution 2M in Methanol, Dimethylamine solution 1.9-2.2 M in THF, Dimethylamine, anhydrous [UN1032] [Flammable gas]", "broader": "dimethyl-amine, dimethyl amine, dimetyl amine, N, N dimethyl amine, N, N-dimethyl amine, N, N-dimethyl amine, UN 1160 (Salt/Mix), Molybdoceric acid (H8 Ce Mo12 O42), eicosahydrate" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Taxonomy associated with citric in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Taxonomy": { "narrow": "Citric acid, anhydrous, Anhydrous citric acid, Citric acid anhydrous, beta-Hydroxytricarballylic acid, Citric acid, anhydrous, CLENPIQ COMPONENT ANHYDROUS CITRIC ACID, ACD Solution Modified, BETA-HYDROXY-TRICARBOXYLIC ACID, 2-Hydroxy-1, 2, 3-propanetricarboxylic Acid, Anhydrous, .beta.-Hydroxytricarballylic acid, Citric Acid Anhydrous, 2-Hydroxypropane-1, 2, 3-tricarboxylic acid, Anhydrous citrate, Citric acid, anhydrous [USP:JAN], beta-Hydroxytricarballylate, Citric acid anhydrous (JAN), Citric Acid, anhydrous, USP, Citric acid, anhydrous (USP), Anhydrous citric acid (JP18), Citric Acid, anhydrous, granular, Citric acid, Electrophoresis Grade, ANHYDROUS CITRIC ACID [II], ANHYDROUS CITRIC ACID [JAN], CITRIC ACID, ANHYDROUS [VANDF], ANHYDROUS CITRIC ACID [MART.], Citric Acid, anhydrous, fine granular, Citric acid, LR, anhydrous, >=99%, Citric acid, >=99.5%, FCC, FG, Citric acid, ACS reagent, >=99.5%, Citric Acid, anhydrous powder, A.C.S., CITRIC ACID, ANHYDROUS [WHO-IP], Citric Acid, anhydrous granular, A.C.S., Citric acid, SAJ first grade, >=99.5%, ANHYDROUS CITRIC ACID [USP MONOGRAPH], CITRIC ACID, ANHYDROUS [EP IMPURITY], Citric acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 99%, CITRIC ACID, ANHYDROUS [USP IMPURITY], Citric acid, BioUltra, anhydrous, >=99.5% (T), Citric acid, meets USP testing specifications, anhydrous, Citric acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, CITRIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF CRANBERRY LIQUID PREPARATION) [DSC], Citric acid, anhydrous, cell culture tested, plant cell culture tested, Citric acid, anhydrous, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, Citric acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ACS reagent, >=99.5%, Citric acid, Anhydrous, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard, Certified Reference Material, Citric acid, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, E330, anhydrous, 99.5-100.5% (based on anhydrous substance)", "broader": "2-hydroxypropane-1, 2, 3-tricarboxylic acid, 1, 2, 3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, 2-hydroxy-1, 2, 3-propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-Hydroxytricarballylic acid, 3-Carboxy-3-hydroxypentane-1, 5-dioic acid, Citric acid monoglyceride, Citric acid bp, Citric acid, hydrous, Citric acid, hydrous, 2-hydroxy-1, 2, 3-propanetricarboxyic acid, 2-hydroxy-1, 2, 3-propane-tricarboxylic acid, 2-Hydroxypropanetricarboxylic acid, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 021801, Citric acid, 99%, Citric acid [USAN:JAN], 1, 3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, Citric acid (8CI), K-Lyte (Salt/Mix), Citraclean (Salt/Mix), K-Lyte/Cl (Salt/Mix), CITRIC ACID [MI], K-Lyte DS (Salt/Mix), CITRIC ACID [FHFI], CITRIC ACID [HSDB], CITRIC ACID [WHO-DD], Citric acid, analytical standard, Citric acid, p.a., 99.5%, 2-Hydroxy-1, 3-propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-Hydroxy-1, 2, 3-propane tricarboxylic acid, 1, 2, 3-Propanetricarboxylio acid, 2-hydroxy-, 1, 2, 3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy- (9CI), Citric acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), 1, 2, 3-PROPANETRICARBOXYLIC ACID, 2-HYDROXY (CITRIC ACID), CITRIC ACID (CONSTITUENT OF GARCINIA CAMBOGIA AND GARCINIA INDICA) [DSC]" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Taxonomy associated with glycolic in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Taxonomy": { "narrow": "alpha-Hydroxyacetic acid, Glycolic Acid 7% Toning Solution, .alpha.-Hydroxyacetic acid, Glycolate Standard: C2H3O3- @ 1000 microg/mL in H2O, alpha-Hydroxyacetate, Hydroxyacetic acid solution, Glycolic Acid, Crystal, Reagent, Glycolic acid - 70% aqueous solution, Glycolic acid solution, 70 wt. % in H2O, Glycolic acid, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%, Glycolic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, Hydroxyacetic Acid Solution in Water, 100ug/mL, Hydroxyacetic Acid Solution in Water, 1000ug/mL, Glycolic acid, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ReagentPlus(R), 99%", "broader": "2-Hydroxyacetic acid, hydroxyacetic acid, Glycollic acid, Hydroxyethanoic acid, 2-Hydroxyethanoic acid, Jungshea Glycolic Acid Pads, pari 30% Glycolic Acid Peel, pari 70% Glycolic Acid Peel, GLYCOLIC Acid 35 Skin Chemical Peel, GLYCOLIC Acid 50 Skin Chemical Peel, GLYCOLIC Acid 70 Skin Chemical Peel, AHA Glycolic Acid Foam Cleanser (Sulfate-Free)-7.5 oz, Acetic acid, hydroxy-, Acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 000101, 2-Hydroxyacetic acid, 2-Hydroxyethanoic acid, GlyPure, hydroxy-acetic acid, (R)-hydroxy ester, a-Hydroxyacetic acid, 2-hydroxy acetic acid, 2-hydroxy-acetic acid, 2-hydroxyl ethanoic acid, Glycolic acid (Standard), Glycolic acid 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, GLYCOLIC ACID [MI], Glycolic acid (7CI, 8CI), GLYCOLIC ACID [VANDF], Glycolic acid, p.a., 98%, GLYCOLIC ACID [MART.], Acetic acid, hydroxy- (9CI), GLYCOLIC ACID [WHO-DD], HYDROXYACETIC ACID [HSDB], Glycolic acid, >=97.0% (T), (2S)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid, Glycolic acid, ReagentPlus(R), 99%, HYDROXYACETIC ACID, HYDROXYETHANOIC ACID, Glycolic acid, BioXtra, >=98.0% (titration), Hydroxyacetic acid, Hydroxyethanoic acid, Glycollic acid, Glycolic acid, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), Glycolic Acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard, Certified Reference Material" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Taxonomy associated with 3-Glycerophosphate in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Taxonomy": { "narrow": "Glycerol alpha-phosphate, D, L-alpha-glycerol-phosphate, alpha-Phosphoglycerol, alpha-glycerophosphoric acid, Glycerophosphoric Acid, Alpha-, rac-Glycerol 1-phosphate sodium salt hydrate, a-Glycerol phosphate sodium salt hydrate, DL-Glycerol-1-phosphate sodium salt hydrate, DL-Glycerol-3-phosphate sodium salt hydrate, Sodium 3-phosphoglycerate hydrate, Sodium DL-glycerophosphate hydrate, .alpha.-Phosphoglycerol, glycerol-alpha-phosphate, .alpha.-Glycerophosphate, Glycerol .alpha.-phosphate, .alpha.-Glycerophosphoric acid, Glycerophosphoric acid (35% aqueous solution), rac-Glycerol 1-phosphate sodium salt hydrate, >=95.0% (TLC), Glycerophosphoric acid - 35% aqueous solution, mixture of isomers", "broader": "Glycerophosphoric acid, 1-Glycerophosphoric acid, Glycerophosphoric acid I, Glycerophosphoric Acid Sodium Salt Hydate, Racemic, (2, 3-dihydroxypropoxy)phosphonic acid, GLYCEROPHOSPHORIC ACID [MI]" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Taxonomy associated with gluconolactone in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Taxonomy": { "narrow": "delta-gluconolactone, D-glucono-1, 5-lactone, D-Gluconic acid lactone, D-Gluconic acid delta-lactone, 1, 5-D-Gluconolactone, Glucono delta lactone, Gluconic delta-lactone, delta-D-Gluconolactone, Gluconolactone [USP], Gluconolactone (USP), Glucono delta-lactone, D-delta-Gluconolactone, D-Gluconic delta-lactone, glucono-delta-lactone, D-Aldonolactone, D-(+)-Gluconic acid delta-lactone, beta-Glucono-1, 5-lactone, D-Gluconic acid-delta-lactone, D-threo-Aldono-1, 5-lactone, Gluconic Acid Anhydride, Gluconic acid, delta-lactone, D-, Glucono .delta. lactone, Glucono .delta.-lactone, .delta.-D-Gluconolactone, Gluconic Acid delta-Lactone, d-Gluconic acid .delta.-lactone, D-Gluconic acid, .delta.-lactone, d-gluconic acid d-lactone, .delta.-Gluconolactone, D-glucono-delta-lactone, D-Gluconic acid-1, 5-lactone, D-(+)-Gluconic acid d-lactone, delta-Aldonolactone, delta gluconolactone, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5-Pentahydroxycaproic acid delta-lactone, D-(+)-Dextronic acid delta-lactone, D-Glucono-d-lactone, D-glucono1, 5-lactone, gluconic acid d-lactone, delta-delta-Gluconolactone, 1, 5-delta-Gluconolactone, delta-Gluconic acid lactone, delta-Glucono-delta-lactone, delta-Glucono-1, 5-lactone, delta-Gluconic delta-lactone, delta-Gluconic acid d-lactone, D-(+)-Glucono-delta-lactone, D-Gluconic acid 1, 5-lactone, GLUCONOLACTONE [USP-RS], delta-Gluconic acid 1, 5-lactone, delta-Gluconic acid delta-lactone, delta-Gluconic acid-1, 5-lactone, delta-Gluconic acid-delta-lactone, D-(+)-Gluconic acid-delta lactone, delta-(+)-Gluconic acid d-lactone, GLUCONO DELTA-LACTONE [FCC], GLUCONO-DELTA-LACTONE [VANDF], GLUCONOLACTONE [USP MONOGRAPH], delta-(+)-Gluconic acid-delta lactone, D-(+)-Gluconic acid delta-lactone, >=99.0%, Gluconolactone, meets USP testing specifications, D-(+)-Gluconic acid delta-lactone, analytical standard, Gluconolactone, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard", "broader": "Gluconic acid lactone, D-(+)-Gluconic acid, A-lactone, Gluconic acid lactone (6CI), D(+)-Gluconic acid gamma-lactone" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Taxonomy associated with maleic in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Taxonomy": { "narrow": "cis-butenedioic acid, cis-1, 2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, cis-2-Butenedioic acid, cis-but-2-enedioic acid, Polymaleic Acid (Aqueous Solution), Cis-butenedioate, cis-2-Butenedioate, cis-but-2-enedioate, MALEIC ACID [USP-RS], MALEIC ACID [USP IMPURITY], 1, 2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, cis-, Polymaleic acid, 48% aqueous solution, Maleic acid, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%, Maleic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, Maleic acid, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, PMA, (Z)-2-Butenedioic acid homopolymer, Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride", "broader": "Toxilic acid, Maleinic acid, Malenic acid, (2Z)-but-2-enedioic acid, (Z)-Butenedioic acid, 2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)-, 2-Butenedioic acid (Z)-, (Z)-2-Butenedioic acid, Butenedioic acid, (Z)-, (Z)-but-2-enedioic acid, 1, 2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (Z), (2Z)-2-Butenedioic acid, But-2-enedioic acid, 2-Butenedioic acid, (Z)-, (2Z)but-2-enedioic acid, Maleic acid [NF], (2Z)-Butene-2-dioic acid, Maleic acid [NA2215] [Corrosive], Maleic acid, 99%, Maleic acid (8CI), Butenedioic acid, (Z)-, Maleic Acid (Standard), MALEIC ACID [II], MALEIC ACID [MI], Maleic acid [NA2215], MALEIC ACID [HSDB], MALEIC ACID [MART.], 2-butenedioic acid, (2Z)-, MALEIC ACID [WHO-DD], (2Z)-2-Butenedioic acid #, Maleic acid, for synthesis, 99%, MALEIC ACID [EP MONOGRAPH], 2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)- (9CI), Maleic acid [NA2215] [Corrosive], Maleic acid, tested according to Ph.Eur., MALIC ACID IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY], Maleic acid, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.0% (HPLC), Maleic acid, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, Maleic acid, Standard for quantitative NMR, TraceCERT(R), Maleic acid, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard, Certified Reference Material" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Taxonomy associated with L-histidine in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Taxonomy": { "narrow": "(S)-alpha-amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoic acid, (S)-alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid, alpha-Amino-4(or 5)-imidazolepropionic acid, 1H-Imidazole-4-propanoic acid, alpha-amino-, (S)-, alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid, S-Histidine, L-beta-(4-Imidazolyl)alanin, L-beta-(4-Imidazolyl)-alpha-alanin, alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionic acid, (S)-, Histidine (USP/INN), L-HISTIDINE [FCC], L-HISTIDINE [USP-RS], HISTIDINE [USP MONOGRAPH], (S)-alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoate, (S)-alpha-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propionate, L-Histidine, SAJ special grade, >=98.5%, L-Histidine, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, >=99%, 1H-Imidazole-4-propanoic acid, .alpha.-amino-, (S)-, L-Histidine, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, L-Histidine, cell culture tested, meets EP, USP testing specifications, from non-animal source", "broader": "(2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid, (2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoic acid, (S)-a-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoic acid, (2S)-2-amino-3-(imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid, (S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid, L-Histidine Base, (S)-2-Amino-3-(4-imidazolyl)propionic acid, (2S)-2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid hydrochloride, L-2-Amino-3-(4-imidazolyl)propionic acid, amino-4-imidazoleproprionic acid, amino-1H-imidazole-4-propanoic acid, (S)-2-Amino-3-(imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Taxonomy associated with isocitric in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Taxonomy": { "narrow": "D-isocitrate", "broader": "1-Hydroxypropane-1, 2, 3-tricarboxylic acid, 3-carboxy-2, 3-dideoxypentaric acid, 1-Hydroxytricarballylic acid, 3-Carboxy-2, 3-dideoxy-1-hydroxypropan-1, 2, 3-tricarboxylic acid, DL-Isocitric acid, 1-Hydroxy-1, 2, 3-propanetricarboxylic acid, pentaric acid, 3-carboxy-2, 3-dideoxy-, Isocitrate acid, Isocitric acid (8CI), 3-carboxy-2, 3-dideoxy-Pentaric acid, 1, 2, 3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 1-hydroxy-, Pentaric acid, 3-carboxy-2, 3-dideoxy- (9CI), 3-Carboxy-2, 3-dideoxypentaric acid, 1-Hydroxy-1, 2, 3-propanetricarboxylic acid" } } }, { "instruction": "You are an expert Chemistry retrieval system. When responding to user queries, follow these (1) & (2) instructions: (1) DO NOT REASON THE OUTPUT, ONLY RETRIEVE AS IT IS (2) DO NOT REPEAT SENTENCES IN THE OUTPUT", "input": "Retrieve the Taxonomy associated with Methylmalonic in the Chemistry domain.", "output": { "Taxonomy": { "narrow": "alpha-methylmalonic acid, Methylmalonic acid Solution in Methanol, 1000ug/mL", "broader": "2-Methylmalonic acid, 2-Methylpropanedioic acid, Isosuccinic acid, Propanedioic acid, methyl-, 1, 1-Ethanedicarboxylic acid, Malonic acid, methyl-, methylpropanedioic acid, 2-methyl-propanedioic acid, Acid, Methylmalonic, METHYL MALONIC ACID, Methylpropanedioic acid, Methylmalonate, methyl-Malonic acid, 2-methyl-malonic acid, methyl-Propanedioic acid, Methylmalonic acid, 99%, Methylmalonic acid (Standard), Propanedioic acid, methyl- (9CI), PROPANEDIOIC ACID, 2-METHYL-, 2-Methylmalonic acid 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, 2-Methylpropanedioic acid, Methylpropanedioic acid, 1, 1-Ethanedicarboxylic acid" } } } ]