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Duplicate from nvidia/AudioSkills

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Co-authored-by: Sreyan Ghosh <SreyanG-NVIDIA@users.noreply.huggingface.co>

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  1. .gitattributes +60 -0
  2. README.md +327 -0
  3. assets/000000786159.31.wav +3 -0
  4. assets/Ch6Ae9DT6Ko_00-04-03_00-04-31.wav +3 -0
  5. assets/FPSbCAANfbJLVSwD.mp3 +3 -0
  6. assets/WhDJDIviAOg_120_10.mp3 +3 -0
  7. assets/Why_do_we_ask_questions_converted.wav +3 -0
  8. assets/dogs_barking_in_sync_with_the_music.wav +3 -0
  9. assets/song_1.mp3 +3 -0
  10. assets/song_2.mp3 +3 -0
  11. assets/t_837b89f2-26aa-4ee2-bdf6-f73f0dd59b26.wav +3 -0
  12. assets/unlikely_existence_of_banjo_and_rain_sounds_at_the_same_time_in_the_training_data.wav +3 -0
  13. assets/videoplayback_superman.wav +3 -0
  14. audioskills_xl/AudioSet.json +3 -0
  15. audioskills_xl/AudioSet_SL.json +3 -0
  16. audioskills_xl/BBC_Sound_Effects.json +3 -0
  17. audioskills_xl/Clotho-v2.json +3 -0
  18. audioskills_xl/CochlScene.json +3 -0
  19. audioskills_xl/CountingQA.json +3 -0
  20. audioskills_xl/ESC-50.json +3 -0
  21. audioskills_xl/FMA.json +3 -0
  22. audioskills_xl/FSD50k.json +3 -0
  23. audioskills_xl/Freesound.json +3 -0
  24. audioskills_xl/GTZAN.json +3 -0
  25. audioskills_xl/MACS.json +3 -0
  26. audioskills_xl/MSD.json +3 -0
  27. audioskills_xl/MagnaTagATune.json +3 -0
  28. audioskills_xl/Medley-Pitch-DB.json +3 -0
  29. audioskills_xl/Medley-solos-DB.json +3 -0
  30. audioskills_xl/MusicBench.json +3 -0
  31. audioskills_xl/MusicCaps.json +3 -0
  32. audioskills_xl/SONNISS.json +3 -0
  33. audioskills_xl/SoundBible.json +3 -0
  34. audioskills_xl/SoundDescs.json +3 -0
  35. audioskills_xl/TUT_Urban.json +3 -0
  36. audioskills_xl/UrbanSound8K.json +3 -0
  37. audioskills_xl/VGG.json +3 -0
  38. audioskills_xl/VoxCeleb2.json +3 -0
  39. audioskills_xl/WavCaps.json +3 -0
  40. audioskills_xl/WavText5K.json +3 -0
  41. audioskills_xl/YouTube8M.json +3 -0
  42. licenses/NVIDIA-OneWay-Noncommercial-License_22Mar2022-research.docx +0 -0
.gitattributes ADDED
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+ *.7z filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.arrow filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.bin filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.bz2 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.ckpt filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.ftz filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.gz filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.h5 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.joblib filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.lfs.* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.lz4 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.mds filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.mlmodel filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.model filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.msgpack filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.npy filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.npz filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.onnx filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.ot filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.parquet filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.pb filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.pickle filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.pkl filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.pt filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.pth filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.rar filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.safetensors filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ saved_model/**/* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.tar.* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.tar filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.tflite filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.tgz filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.wasm filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.xz filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.zst filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *tfevents* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ # Audio files - uncompressed
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+ *.pcm filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.sam filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.raw filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ # Audio files - compressed
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+ *.aac filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.flac filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.mp3 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.ogg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.wav filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ # Image files - uncompressed
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+ *.bmp filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.gif filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.tiff filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ # Image files - compressed
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+ *.jpg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.jpeg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.webp filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ # Video files - compressed
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+ *.mp4 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.webm filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *json filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
README.md ADDED
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+ ---
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+ language:
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+ - en
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+ license: other
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+ size_categories:
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+ - 1M<n<10M
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+ task_categories:
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+ - audio-text-to-text
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+ tags:
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+ - synthetic
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+ - audio-llm
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+ - audio-question-answering
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+ - reasoning
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+ - speech
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+ - sound
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+ - music
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+ paper: https://huggingface.co/papers/2507.08128
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+ code: https://github.com/NVIDIA/audio-flamingo
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+ configs:
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+ - config_name: default
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+ data_files:
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+ - split: wavtext5k
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+ path: audioskills_xl/WavText5K.json
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+ - split: sonniss
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+ path: audioskills_xl/SONNISS.json
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+ - split: musiccaps
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+ path: audioskills_xl/MusicCaps.json
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+ - split: bbc_sound_effects
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+ path: audioskills_xl/BBC_Sound_Effects.json
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+ - split: audioset
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+ path: audioskills_xl/AudioSet.json
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+ - split: musicbench
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+ path: audioskills_xl/MusicBench.json
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+ - split: youtube8m
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+ path: audioskills_xl/YouTube8M.json
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+ - split: macs
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+ path: audioskills_xl/MACS.json
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+ - split: esc50
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+ path: audioskills_xl/ESC-50.json
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+ - split: counting_qa
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+ path: audioskills_xl/CountingQA.json
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+ - split: magnatagattune
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+ path: audioskills_xl/MagnaTagATune.json
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+ - split: fsd50k
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+ path: audioskills_xl/FSD50k.json
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+ - split: voxceleb2
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+ path: audioskills_xl/VoxCeleb2.json
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+ - split: fma
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+ path: audioskills_xl/FMA.json
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+ - split: urbansound8k
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+ path: audioskills_xl/UrbanSound8K.json
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+ - split: sounddescs
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+ path: audioskills_xl/SoundDescs.json
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+ - split: medley_solos_db
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+ path: audioskills_xl/Medley-solos-DB.json
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+ - split: medley_pitch_db
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+ path: audioskills_xl/Medley-Pitch-DB.json
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+ - split: gtzan
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+ path: audioskills_xl/GTZAN.json
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+ - split: clotho_v2
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+ path: audioskills_xl/Clotho-v2.json
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+ - split: freesound
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+ path: audioskills_xl/Freesound.json
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+ - split: cochlescene
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+ path: audioskills_xl/CochlScene.json
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+ - split: wavcaps
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+ path: audioskills_xl/WavCaps.json
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+ - split: msd
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+ path: audioskills_xl/MSD.json
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+ - split: vggsound
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+ path: audioskills_xl/VGG.json
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+ - split: tut_urban
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+ path: audioskills_xl/TUT_Urban.json
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+ - split: soundbible
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+ path: audioskills_xl/SoundBible.json
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+ - split: audioset_sl
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+ path: audioskills_xl/AudioSet_SL.json
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+ ---
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+
80
+ # AudioSkills-XL Dataset
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+
82
+ [Project page](https://research.nvidia.com/labs/adlr/AF3/) | [Paper](https://huggingface.co/papers/2507.08128) | [Code](https://github.com/NVIDIA/audio-flamingo)
83
+
84
+ ## Dataset Description
85
+
86
+ **AudioSkills-XL** is a large-scale audio question-answering (AQA) dataset designed to develop (large) audio-language models on expert-level reasoning and problem-solving tasks over short audio clips (≤30 seconds). It expands upon the original AudioSkills collection by adding approximately **4.5 million new QA pairs**, resulting in a total of **~10 million** diverse examples. The release includes the full dataset, including AudioSkills and AudioSkills-XL. The dataset is partitioned into subsets based on each audio’s source dataset:
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+
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+ 1. **WavText5K (`WavText5K.json`)**
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+ - Domain: Sound
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+ - Link to original dataset: https://github.com/microsoft/WavText5K
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+
92
+ 2. **SONNISS (`SONNISS.json`)**
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+ - Domain: Sound
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+ - Link to original dataset: https://sonniss.com/
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+
96
+ 3. **MusicCaps (`MusicCaps.json`)**
97
+ - Domain: Sound
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+ - Link to original dataset: https://huggingface.co/datasets/google/MusicCaps
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+
100
+ 4. **BBC Sound Effects (`BBC_Sound_Effects.json`)**
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+ - Domain: Sound
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+ - Link to original dataset: [NA](https://sound-effects.bbcrewind.co.uk/)
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+
104
+ 5. **AudioSet (`AudioSet.json`)**
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+ - Domain: Sound
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+ - Link to original dataset: https://research.google.com/audioset/ Can also be downloaded from https://github.com/JishengBai/AudioSetCaps
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+
108
+ 6. **MusicBench (`MusicBench.json`)**
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+ - Domain: Music
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+ - Link to original dataset: https://huggingface.co/datasets/amaai-lab/MusicBench
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+
112
+ 7. **YouTube-8M (`YouTube8M.json`)**
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+ - Domain: Sound, Speech
114
+ - Link to original dataset: https://research.google.com/youtube8m/. Can also be downloaded from https://github.com/JishengBai/AudioSetCaps.
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+
116
+ 8. **MACS (`MACS.json`)**
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+ - Domain: Sound
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+ - Link to original dataset: https://zenodo.org/records/5114771
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+
120
+ 9. **ESC-50 (`ESC-50.json`)**
121
+ - Domain: Sound
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+ - Link to original dataset: https://github.com/karolpiczak/ESC-50
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+
124
+ 10. **CountingQA (`CountingQA.json`)**
125
+ - Domain: Sound
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+ - Link to original dataset: [Google Drive](https://drive.google.com/file/d/163YvlQ6gzDt7pskMa3pKGZ0vg422Je2F/view?usp=sharing)
127
+ - Additional Note: This split has both counting and temporal QAs.
128
+
129
+ 11. **MagnaTagATune (`MagnaTagATune.json`)**
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+ - Domain: Music
131
+ - Link to original dataset: http://mirg.city.ac.uk/codeapps/the-magnatagatune-dataset
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+
133
+ 12. **FSD50k (`FSD50k.json`)**
134
+ - Domain: Sound
135
+ - Link to original dataset: https://zenodo.org/records/4060432
136
+
137
+ 13. **VoxCeleb2 (`VoxCeleb2.json`)**
138
+ - Domain: Speech
139
+ - Link to original dataset: https://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~vgg/data/voxceleb/
140
+ - Note: Audio paths follow the pattern `voxceleb-2/dev/aac/id07175/GDQK8Nu5-cA/combined.wav`. In each folder (`voxceleb-2/dev/aac/id07175/`), all WAV files were merged in chronological order to create the final combined file (`combined.wav`).
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+
142
+ 14. **FMA (`FMA.json`)**
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+ - Domain: Music
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+ - Link to original dataset: https://github.com/mdeff/fma
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+
146
+ 15. **Music4ALL (`Music4ALL.json`)**
147
+ - Domain: Music
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+ - Link to original dataset: https://github.com/amaai-lab/Music4All
149
+ - Additional Note: Please email the corresponding authors with approved license for access to this JSON.
150
+
151
+ 16. **UrbanSound8K (`UrbanSound8K.json`)**
152
+ - Domain: Sound
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+ - Link to original dataset: https://urbansounddataset.weebly.com/urbansound8k.html
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+
155
+ 17. **SoundDescs (`SoundDescs.json`)**
156
+ - Domain: Sound
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+ - Link to original dataset: https://github.com/akoepke/audio-retrieval-benchmark
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+
159
+ 18. **Medley-solos-DB (`Medley-solos-DB.json`)**
160
+ - Domain: Music
161
+ - Link to original dataset: https://zenodo.org/records/3464194
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+
163
+ 19. **Medley-Pitch-DB (`Medley-Pitch-DB.json`)**
164
+ - Domain: Music
165
+ - Link to original dataset: https://zenodo.org/records/3464194
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+
167
+ 20. **GTZAN (`GTZAN.json`)**
168
+ - Domain: Music
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+ - Link to original dataset: https://github.com/chittalpatel/Music-Genre-Classification-GTZAN
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+
171
+ 21. **Clotho-v2 (`Clotho-v2.json`)**
172
+ - Domain: Sound
173
+ - Link to original dataset: https://zenodo.org/records/4783391
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+
175
+ 22. **Freesound (`Freesound.json`)**
176
+ - Domain: Sound
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+ - Link to original dataset: https://freesound.org. Can also be downloaded from https://github.com/XinhaoMei/WavCaps
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+
179
+ 23. **CochlScene (`CochlScene.json`)**
180
+ - Domain: Sound
181
+ - Link to original dataset: https://github.com/cochlearai/cochlscene
182
+
183
+ 24. **WavCaps (`WavCaps.json`)**
184
+ - Domain: Sound
185
+ - Link to original dataset: https://github.com/XinhaoMei/WavCaps
186
+
187
+ 25. **Million Song Dataset (`MSD.json`)**
188
+ - Domain: Music
189
+ - Link to original dataset: http://millionsongdataset.com/.
190
+
191
+ 26. **VGGSound (`VGG.json`)**
192
+ - Domain: Sound
193
+ - Link to original dataset: https://github.com/amirabd/vggsound
194
+
195
+ 27. **TUT_Urban (`TUT_Urban.json`)**
196
+ - Domain: Sound
197
+ - Link to original dataset: https://dcase-repo.github.io/dcase_datalist/datasets/scenes/tut_asc_2018_mobile_eval.html
198
+
199
+ 28. **SoundBible (`SoundBible.json`)**
200
+ - Domain: Sound
201
+ - Link to original dataset: http://soundbible.com
202
+
203
+ 29. **AudioSet_SL (`AudioSet_SL.json`)**
204
+ - Domain: Sound
205
+ - Link to original dataset: https://research.google.com/audioset/ Can also be downloaded from https://github.com/JishengBai/AudioSetCaps
206
+
207
+
208
+ By releasing AudioSkills-XL, researchers can train models on a broad spectrum of audio reasoning tasks. **Please note that we only provide the text QA annotations. Due to licensing constraints, we do not host the original audio files. Users are responsible for retrieving the corresponding audio clips from their original sources (e.g., YouTube8M, LibriSpeech, Music4All) using the wav file name from the "sound" tag in the JSONs and dowloading the dataset from the URLs mentioned.**
209
+
210
+ ## Sample Usage
211
+ To download the dataset files, you can use `git lfs`:
212
+ ```bash
213
+ git lfs install
214
+ git clone git@hf.co:datasets/nvidia/AudioSkills-XL
215
+ ```
216
+
217
+ ## Dataset Owner(s)
218
+ NVIDIA Corporation
219
+
220
+ ## Dataset Creation Date
221
+ 2025/07/10
222
+
223
+ ## License / Terms of Use
224
+ The use of AudioSkills-XL is governed by the [NVIDIA OneWay Noncommercial License](licenses/NVIDIA-OneWay-Noncommercial-License_22Mar2022-research.docx).
225
+ Synthetic data generation may be subject to OpenAI’s [Terms of Use](https://openai.com/policies/terms-of-use). Additionally, audios may be governed by its own dataset license, which users should review before downloading or using the audio content.
226
+
227
+ ## Intended Usage
228
+ AudioSkills-XL (and AudioSkills) is intended to support:
229
+ - Training and fine-tuning (large) audio-language models for expert-level reasoning over audio.
230
+
231
+ ## Dataset Characterization
232
+ AudioSkills-XL focuses on seven primary skills for sounds and music:
233
+ - **Temporal Reasoning:** Understanding temporal relationships in audio (order, attribute changes, referring, grounding).
234
+ - **Attribute Identification:** Recognizing specific event properties (e.g., loudness, speaker gender).
235
+ - **Counting:** Quantifying occurrences of target sounds at varying difficulty levels.
236
+ - **Contextual Sound Event Reasoning:** Inferring the purpose or cause of a sound in its acoustic context.
237
+ - **Contextual Speech Event Reasoning:** Explaining spoken utterances in relation to surrounding sounds or dialogue.
238
+ - **Information Extraction:** Pulling out detailed facts, entities, or responses from audio content.
239
+ - **General Reasoning:** Addressing complex questions that combine multiple reasoning skills.
240
+
241
+ and 6 primary skills for speech:
242
+
243
+ - **Sarcasm Identification:** Inferring sarcasm from speech by analyzing content, tone, and emotional cues.
244
+ - **Emotional State Reasoning:** Identifying a speaker’s emotion, reasoning about its cause, and explaining any emotion flips.
245
+ - **Topic Relationship Reasoning:** Determining how two ideas or topics relate within the conversation.
246
+ - **Information Extraction (IE):** Needle QA, Causal QA, Response QA, and Topic QA for extracting specific facts, causes, responses, or main topics.
247
+ - **Summarization:** Producing a concise summary of the speech content.
248
+ - **Order:** Temporal Order, Temporal Attribute, Temporal Referring, and Temporal Grounding to locate and sequence topics over time.
249
+
250
+ Each example is a pair of a short audio clip (≤30 s) and a corresponding QA item. Audio encompasses environmental sounds, speech (primarily English), and music. Audios are sourced from open-source datasets (see Table 6 in paper appendix). Text QA is generated using a variety of methods mentioned in the paper. Metadata from the original datasets (if available) is used to for QA generation.
251
+
252
+ ## Data Curation Method
253
+ - Audio is drawn from several open-source datasets. Some audios are synthetically generated.
254
+ - Available metadata (e.g., captions, transcripts, etc.) from respective datasets is curated. Additional meta-data (if required) is generated (see paper for details).
255
+ - LLMs are used to generate QA pairs from the meta-data using expert-designed reasoning prompts.
256
+ - Dataset curation had human-in-the-loop, where prompts and data sources were iteratively refined based on model outputs.
257
+
258
+ ## Data Collection Method
259
+ Hybrid: Human, Synthetic and Automated
260
+
261
+ ## Labeling Method
262
+ Synthetic
263
+
264
+ ## Dataset Format
265
+ - **Modality**: Audio (WAV/MP3/FLAC) + Text (JSON)
266
+ - **JSON Schema Example**:
267
+ ```json
268
+ [
269
+ {
270
+ "id": "ID",
271
+ "sound": "Name of the wav file.",
272
+ "duration": "The duration in floating point.",
273
+ "conversations": [
274
+ {
275
+ "from": "human",
276
+ "value": "<sound>
277
+ The Question."
278
+ },
279
+ {
280
+ "from": "gpt",
281
+ "value": "The Answer."
282
+ }
283
+ ]
284
+ },
285
+ ]
286
+ ```
287
+
288
+ **Note:** While the `duration` field is accurate in most cases, it may be incorrect in some files and should be treated as a placeholder. If your code relies on audio durations, we recommend recalculating them. Please also note that all QA pairs are intended to correspond to the entire audio clip, not just a segment.
289
+
290
+ ## Reference(s):
291
+ - Audio Flamingo 3
292
+ ```
293
+ @misc{goel2025audioflamingo3advancing,
294
+ title={Audio Flamingo 3: Advancing Audio Intelligence with Fully Open Large Audio Language Models},
295
+ author={Arushi Goel and Sreyan Ghosh and Jaehyeon Kim and Sonal Kumar and Zhifeng Kong and Sang-gil Lee and Chao-Han Huck Yang and Ramani Duraiswami and Dinesh Manocha and Rafael Valle and Bryan Catanzaro},
296
+ year={2025},
297
+ eprint={2507.08128},
298
+ archivePrefix={arXiv},
299
+ primaryClass={cs.SD},
300
+ url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.08128},
301
+ }
302
+ ```
303
+ - Audio Flamingo
304
+ ```
305
+ @inproceedings{kong2024audio,
306
+ title={Audio Flamingo: A Novel Audio Language Model with Few-Shot Learning and Dialogue Abilities},
307
+ author={Kong, Zhifeng and Goel, Arushi and Badlani, Rohan and Ping, Wei and Valle, Rafael and Catanzaro, Bryan},
308
+ booktitle={International Conference on Machine Learning},
309
+ pages={25125--25148},
310
+ year={2024},
311
+ organization={PMLR}
312
+ }
313
+ ```
314
+
315
+ - Audio Flamingo 2
316
+ ```
317
+ @article{ghosh2025audio,
318
+ title={Audio Flamingo 2: An Audio-Language Model with Long-Audio Understanding and Expert Reasoning Abilities},
319
+ author={Ghosh, Sreyan and Kong, Zhifeng and Kumar, Sonal and Sakshi, S and Kim, Jaehyeon and Ping, Wei and Valle, Rafael and Manocha, Dinesh and Catanzaro, Bryan},
320
+ journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.03983},
321
+ year={2025}
322
+ }
323
+ ```
324
+ ## Ethical Considerations:
325
+ NVIDIA believes Trustworthy AI is a shared responsibility and we have established policies and practices to enable development for a wide array of AI applications. When downloaded or used in accordance with our terms of service, developers should work with their internal model team to ensure this model meets requirements for the relevant industry and use case and addresses unforeseen product misuse.
326
+
327
+ Please report security vulnerabilities or NVIDIA AI Concerns [here](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/support/submit-security-vulnerability/).
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