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README.md
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# Note: other available arguments include ''max_samples'', etc
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dataset = load_from_hub("
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# Launch the App
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# Dataset Card for
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<!-- Provide a quick summary of the dataset. -->
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This is a [FiftyOne](https://github.com/voxel51/fiftyone) dataset with 7000 samples.
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# Load the dataset
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# Note: other available arguments include 'max_samples', etc
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dataset = load_from_hub("
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# Launch the App
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session = fo.launch_app(dataset)
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```
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#
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### Dataset Description
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<!-- Provide a longer summary of what this dataset is. -->
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- **Curated by:** [More Information Needed]
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- **Funded by [optional]:** [More Information Needed]
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- **Shared by [optional]:** [More Information Needed]
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- **Language(s) (NLP):** en
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- **License:** [More Information Needed]
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### Dataset Sources [optional]
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<!-- Provide the basic links for the dataset. -->
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- **Repository:** [More Information Needed]
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- **Paper [optional]:** [More Information Needed]
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- **Demo [optional]:** [More Information Needed]
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## Uses
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<!-- Address questions around how the dataset is intended to be used. -->
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### Direct Use
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<!-- This section describes suitable use cases for the dataset. -->
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[More Information Needed]
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### Out-of-Scope Use
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<!-- This section addresses misuse, malicious use, and uses that the dataset will not work well for. -->
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[More Information Needed]
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## Dataset Structure
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<!-- This section provides a description of the dataset fields, and additional information about the dataset structure such as criteria used to create the splits, relationships between data points, etc. -->
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### Curation Rationale
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###
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#### Who are the annotators?
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<!-- This section describes the people or systems who created the annotations. -->
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[More Information Needed]
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#### Personal and Sensitive Information
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<!-- State whether the dataset contains data that might be considered personal, sensitive, or private (e.g., data that reveals addresses, uniquely identifiable names or aliases, racial or ethnic origins, sexual orientations, religious beliefs, political opinions, financial or health data, etc.). If efforts were made to anonymize the data, describe the anonymization process. -->
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[More Information Needed]
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## Bias, Risks, and Limitations
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<!-- This section is meant to convey both technical and sociotechnical limitations. -->
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[More Information Needed]
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### Recommendations
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<!-- This section is meant to convey recommendations with respect to the bias, risk, and technical limitations. -->
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Users should be made aware of the risks, biases and limitations of the dataset. More information needed for further recommendations.
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## Citation [optional]
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<!-- If there is a paper or blog post introducing the dataset, the APA and Bibtex information for that should go in this section. -->
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**BibTeX:**
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[More Information Needed]
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##
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# Note: other available arguments include ''max_samples'', etc
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dataset = load_from_hub("Voxel51/STONE")
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# Launch the App
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'
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# Dataset Card for STONE
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STONE is a large-scale multi-modal dataset for off-road 3D traversability prediction, collected by autonomous ground vehicles across four outdoor environments in South Korea. It provides 7,000 keyframes with surround-view imagery from 6 cameras (1904×1200), 128-channel LiDAR scans (230K points), and voxel-level traversability annotations classifying terrain into free, traversable, potentially traversable, and non-traversable regions. Following the nuScenes format, the dataset includes 3D obstacle bounding boxes, ego-pose trajectories, and synchronized multi-sensor data at ~10 Hz. This FiftyOne version contains a stratified sample of 35 scenes (200 frames each) from the full 279-scene collection, organized as grouped samples with 7 slices per keyframe (6 cameras + 1 LiDAR 3D scene).
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This is a [FiftyOne](https://github.com/voxel51/fiftyone) dataset with 7000 samples.
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# Load the dataset
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# Note: other available arguments include 'max_samples', etc
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dataset = load_from_hub("Voxel51/STONE")
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# Launch the App
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session = fo.launch_app(dataset)
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```
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# STONE — FiftyOne Dataset Card
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STONE is a large-scale multi-modal dataset for **off-road 3D traversability prediction**, collected by an autonomous ground vehicle (UGV) across four outdoor environments in South Korea. The dataset follows the nuScenes format and provides surround-view camera imagery, 128-channel LiDAR scans, and voxel-level traversability annotations.
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- **Paper:** Park et al., *"STONE: A Scalable Multi-Modal Surround-View 3D Traversability Dataset for Off-Road Robot Navigation"*, ICRA 2026
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- **arXiv:** https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.09175
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- **License:** CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 (dataset) · Apache 2.0 (code)
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- **Format:** nuScenes / Occ3D-nuScenes
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- **Project Page: https://konyul.github.io/STONE-dataset/**
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## FiftyOne Dataset Structure
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The dataset is a **grouped dataset** — one group per keyframe, with seven slices:
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| Slice | Media type | Content |
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| `CAM_FRONT` | `image` | 1904 × 1200 JPEG, front-facing camera |
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| `CAM_FRONT_LEFT` | `image` | 1904 × 1200 JPEG |
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| `CAM_FRONT_RIGHT` | `image` | 1904 × 1200 JPEG |
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| `CAM_BACK` | `image` | 1904 × 1200 JPEG |
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| `CAM_BACK_LEFT` | `image` | 1904 × 1200 JPEG |
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| `CAM_BACK_RIGHT` | `image` | 1904 × 1200 JPEG |
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| `LIDAR_TOP` | `3d` | `.fo3d` scene (LiDAR + Traversability + Trajectory layers) |
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## Sample Fields
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These fields are present on **every sample** across all seven slices.
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### Identity & Provenance
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| Field | Type | Description |
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| `channel` | `StringField` | Sensor name: `CAM_FRONT`, `CAM_BACK`, …, `LIDAR_TOP` |
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| `sample_token` | `StringField` | nuScenes sample token (shared across all 7 slices in a group) |
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| `scene_token` | `StringField` | nuScenes scene token |
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| `scene_name` | `StringField` | Human-readable scene ID, e.g. `scene-0053` |
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| `location` | `StringField` | Recording site: `siheung_lake`, `siheung_farmland`, `siheung_land`, `kwangmyeong_land` |
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| `vehicle` | `StringField` | Vehicle ID: `n001` – `n004` |
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| `timestamp` | `IntField` | Unix timestamp in microseconds |
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### nuScenes Metadata (matching the official nuScenes guide)
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| Field | Type | Description |
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| `token` | `StringField` | `sample_data` token for this specific sensor record |
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| `ego_pose_token` | `StringField` | Token into `ego_pose.json` — vehicle pose at this timestamp |
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| `calibrated_sensor_token` | `StringField` | Token into `calibrated_sensor.json` — intrinsics & extrinsics |
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| `is_key_frame` | `BooleanField` | Always `True` (STONE only contains keyframes) |
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| `prev` | `StringField` | Previous `sample_data` token for this sensor (empty at scene start) |
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| `next` | `StringField` | Next `sample_data` token for this sensor (empty at scene end) |
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| `sample_prev` | `StringField` | Previous nuScenes sample token in the scene |
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| `sample_next` | `StringField` | Next nuScenes sample token in the scene |
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### Labels
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| Field | Type | Slices | Description |
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|---|---|---|---|
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| `ground_truth` | `fo.Detections` | LIDAR_TOP | 3D obstacle annotations. Each `fo.Detection` carries `location=[x,y,z]`, `rotation=[roll,pitch,yaw]`, `dimensions=[l,w,h]` in the LiDAR sensor frame, plus `num_lidar_pts` and `instance_token` |
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| `cuboids` | `fo.Polylines` | cameras | 3D bounding boxes projected onto each camera as wireframe outlines using `fo.Polyline.from_cuboid()`. Filtered to boxes with all corners in front of the camera |
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| `ground_truth_2d` | `fo.Detections` | cameras | Flat 2D bounding boxes from the pre-computed `bbox_2d` field in `sample_annotation.json`. Normalised `[x, y, w, h]` in `[0, 1]` space |
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| `terrain` | `fo.Classification` | all | Dominant traversability class in the frame's voxel grid. `label` ∈ `{free, traversable, potentially_traversable, non_traversable}`. `confidence` = fraction of labeled voxels in that class |
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| `trajectory_2d` | `fo.Polylines` | cameras | Projected path of the next 30 ego-pose waypoints (~3 seconds ahead) into the camera image plane. Present on ~83% of frames (absent near scene end) |
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### Traversability Fractions
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These fields are on all slices, derived from `gts/<scene>/<token>/labels.npz`.
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| Field | Type | Description |
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| `pct_free` | `FloatField` | Fraction of labeled voxels classified as Free (class 0) |
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| `pct_traversable` | `FloatField` | Fraction classified as Traversable (class 1) |
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| `pct_potentially_traversable` | `FloatField` | Fraction classified as Potentially Traversable (class 2) |
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| `pct_non_traversable` | `FloatField` | Fraction classified as Non-Traversable (class 3) |
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## LIDAR_TOP `.fo3d` Scene
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Each LIDAR_TOP sample points to a `.fo3d` scene file containing three stacked point cloud layers:
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| Layer | Shading | Source | Description |
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| `LiDAR` | `height` | `samples/LIDAR_TOP/*.pcd` | 230,400-point raw scan from Hesai OT128. Points coloured by Z elevation via the viridis colorscale |
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| `Traversability` | `rgb` | `samples/VOXEL_OVERLAY/*_voxels.pcd` | ~140K points from the same scan, coloured by traversability class. Each point's class is looked up from the voxel grid after transforming from LiDAR sensor frame to ego frame |
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| `Trajectory` | `rgb` | `samples/TRAJECTORY/*_traj.pcd` | All 200 ego-pose waypoints for the scene, transformed to the current frame's LiDAR sensor frame. Blue = past · White = current · Yellow = future |
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Camera configuration: `defaultCameraPosition = {x: -15, y: 0, z: 10}` (15 m behind, 10 m above), `up = "Z"` (NuScenes Z-up convention), set via `dataset.app_config.plugins["3d"]`.
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---
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## Traversability Classes
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| Class ID | Label | `terrain.label` value | Colour in viewer |
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| 0 | Free | `free` | 🟢 green `rgb(50, 230, 50)` |
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| 1 | Traversable | `traversable` | 🟡 yellow `rgb(230, 230, 50)` |
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| 2 | Potentially Traversable | `potentially_traversable` | 🟠 orange `rgb(255, 153, 0)` |
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| 3 | Non-Traversable | `non_traversable` | 🔴 red `rgb(230, 25, 25)` |
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The voxel grid has shape `(200, 200, 16)` — a 40 m × 40 m × 3.2 m volume centred on the vehicle at 0.2 m resolution. Value `255` = unoccupied.
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---
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## Citation
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```bibtex
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@inproceedings{park2026stone,
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title={STONE: A Scalable Multi-Modal Surround-View 3D Traversability Dataset for Off-Road Robot Navigation},
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author={Park, Konyul and Kim, Daehun and Oh, Jiyong and Yu, Seunghoon and Park, Junseo
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and Park, Jaehyun and Shin, Hongjae and Cho, Hyungchan and Kim, Jungho and Choi, Jun Won},
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booktitle={Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)},
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year={2026}
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}
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```
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