File size: 6,515 Bytes
d21cb06 | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 | .. currentmodule:: flask
Application Setup
=================
A Flask application is an instance of the :class:`Flask` class.
Everything about the application, such as configuration and URLs, will
be registered with this class.
The most straightforward way to create a Flask application is to create
a global :class:`Flask` instance directly at the top of your code, like
how the "Hello, World!" example did on the previous page. While this is
simple and useful in some cases, it can cause some tricky issues as the
project grows.
Instead of creating a :class:`Flask` instance globally, you will create
it inside a function. This function is known as the *application
factory*. Any configuration, registration, and other setup the
application needs will happen inside the function, then the application
will be returned.
The Application Factory
-----------------------
It's time to start coding! Create the ``flaskr`` directory and add the
``__init__.py`` file. The ``__init__.py`` serves double duty: it will
contain the application factory, and it tells Python that the ``flaskr``
directory should be treated as a package.
.. code-block:: none
$ mkdir flaskr
.. code-block:: python
:caption: ``flaskr/__init__.py``
import os
from flask import Flask
def create_app(test_config=None):
# create and configure the app
app = Flask(__name__, instance_relative_config=True)
app.config.from_mapping(
SECRET_KEY='dev',
DATABASE=os.path.join(app.instance_path, 'flaskr.sqlite'),
)
if test_config is None:
# load the instance config, if it exists, when not testing
app.config.from_pyfile('config.py', silent=True)
else:
# load the test config if passed in
app.config.from_mapping(test_config)
# ensure the instance folder exists
try:
os.makedirs(app.instance_path)
except OSError:
pass
# a simple page that says hello
@app.route('/hello')
def hello():
return 'Hello, World!'
return app
``create_app`` is the application factory function. You'll add to it
later in the tutorial, but it already does a lot.
#. ``app = Flask(__name__, instance_relative_config=True)`` creates the
:class:`Flask` instance.
* ``__name__`` is the name of the current Python module. The app
needs to know where it's located to set up some paths, and
``__name__`` is a convenient way to tell it that.
* ``instance_relative_config=True`` tells the app that
configuration files are relative to the
:ref:`instance folder <instance-folders>`. The instance folder
is located outside the ``flaskr`` package and can hold local
data that shouldn't be committed to version control, such as
configuration secrets and the database file.
#. :meth:`app.config.from_mapping() <Config.from_mapping>` sets
some default configuration that the app will use:
* :data:`SECRET_KEY` is used by Flask and extensions to keep data
safe. It's set to ``'dev'`` to provide a convenient value
during development, but it should be overridden with a random
value when deploying.
* ``DATABASE`` is the path where the SQLite database file will be
saved. It's under
:attr:`app.instance_path <Flask.instance_path>`, which is the
path that Flask has chosen for the instance folder. You'll learn
more about the database in the next section.
#. :meth:`app.config.from_pyfile() <Config.from_pyfile>` overrides
the default configuration with values taken from the ``config.py``
file in the instance folder if it exists. For example, when
deploying, this can be used to set a real ``SECRET_KEY``.
* ``test_config`` can also be passed to the factory, and will be
used instead of the instance configuration. This is so the tests
you'll write later in the tutorial can be configured
independently of any development values you have configured.
#. :func:`os.makedirs` ensures that
:attr:`app.instance_path <Flask.instance_path>` exists. Flask
doesn't create the instance folder automatically, but it needs to be
created because your project will create the SQLite database file
there.
#. :meth:`@app.route() <Flask.route>` creates a simple route so you can
see the application working before getting into the rest of the
tutorial. It creates a connection between the URL ``/hello`` and a
function that returns a response, the string ``'Hello, World!'`` in
this case.
Run The Application
-------------------
Now you can run your application using the ``flask`` command. From the
terminal, tell Flask where to find your application, then run it in
development mode. Remember, you should still be in the top-level
``flask-tutorial`` directory, not the ``flaskr`` package.
Development mode shows an interactive debugger whenever a page raises an
exception, and restarts the server whenever you make changes to the
code. You can leave it running and just reload the browser page as you
follow the tutorial.
.. tabs::
.. group-tab:: Bash
.. code-block:: text
$ export FLASK_APP=flaskr
$ export FLASK_ENV=development
$ flask run
.. group-tab:: Fish
.. code-block:: text
$ set -x FLASK_APP flaskr
$ set -x FLASK_ENV development
$ flask run
.. group-tab:: CMD
.. code-block:: text
> set FLASK_APP=flaskr
> set FLASK_ENV=development
> flask run
.. group-tab:: Powershell
.. code-block:: text
> $env:FLASK_APP = "flaskr"
> $env:FLASK_ENV = "development"
> flask run
You'll see output similar to this:
.. code-block:: none
* Serving Flask app "flaskr"
* Environment: development
* Debug mode: on
* Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/ (Press CTRL+C to quit)
* Restarting with stat
* Debugger is active!
* Debugger PIN: 855-212-761
Visit http://127.0.0.1:5000/hello in a browser and you should see the
"Hello, World!" message. Congratulations, you're now running your Flask
web application!
If another program is already using port 5000, you'll see
``OSError: [Errno 98]`` or ``OSError: [WinError 10013]`` when the
server tries to start. See :ref:`address-already-in-use` for how to
handle that.
Continue to :doc:`database`.
|