testbed/pallets__flask/docs/tutorial/blog.rst

.. currentmodule:: flask

Blog Blueprint
==============

You'll use the same techniques you learned about when writing the
authentication blueprint to write the blog blueprint. The blog should
list all posts, allow logged in users to create posts, and allow the
author of a post to edit or delete it.

As you implement each view, keep the development server running. As you
save your changes, try going to the URL in your browser and testing them
out.

The Blueprint
-------------

Define the blueprint and register it in the application factory.

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``flaskr/blog.py``

    from flask import (
        Blueprint, flash, g, redirect, render_template, request, url_for
    )
    from werkzeug.exceptions import abort

    from flaskr.auth import login_required
    from flaskr.db import get_db

    bp = Blueprint('blog', __name__)

Import and register the blueprint from the factory using
:meth:`app.register_blueprint() <Flask.register_blueprint>`. Place the
new code at the end of the factory function before returning the app.

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``flaskr/__init__.py``

    def create_app():
        app = ...
        # existing code omitted

        from . import blog
        app.register_blueprint(blog.bp)
        app.add_url_rule('/', endpoint='index')

        return app


Unlike the auth blueprint, the blog blueprint does not have a
``url_prefix``. So the ``index`` view will be at ``/``, the ``create``
view at ``/create``, and so on. The blog is the main feature of Flaskr,
so it makes sense that the blog index will be the main index.

However, the endpoint for the ``index`` view defined below will be
``blog.index``. Some of the authentication views referred to a plain
``index`` endpoint. :meth:`app.add_url_rule() <Flask.add_url_rule>`
associates the endpoint name ``'index'`` with the ``/`` url so that
``url_for('index')`` or ``url_for('blog.index')`` will both work,
generating the same ``/`` URL either way.

In another application you might give the blog blueprint a
``url_prefix`` and define a separate ``index`` view in the application
factory, similar to the ``hello`` view. Then the ``index`` and
``blog.index`` endpoints and URLs would be different.


Index
-----

The index will show all of the posts, most recent first. A ``JOIN`` is
used so that the author information from the ``user`` table is
available in the result.

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``flaskr/blog.py``

    @bp.route('/')
    def index():
        db = get_db()
        posts = db.execute(
            'SELECT p.id, title, body, created, author_id, username'
            ' FROM post p JOIN user u ON p.author_id = u.id'
            ' ORDER BY created DESC'
        ).fetchall()
        return render_template('blog/index.html', posts=posts)

.. code-block:: html+jinja
    :caption: ``flaskr/templates/blog/index.html``

    {% extends 'base.html' %}

    {% block header %}
      <h1>{% block title %}Posts{% endblock %}</h1>
      {% if g.user %}
        <a class="action" href="{{ url_for('blog.create') }}">New</a>
      {% endif %}
    {% endblock %}

    {% block content %}
      {% for post in posts %}
        <article class="post">
          <header>
            <div>
              <h1>{{ post['title'] }}</h1>
              <div class="about">by {{ post['username'] }} on {{ post['created'].strftime('%Y-%m-%d') }}</div>
            </div>
            {% if g.user['id'] == post['author_id'] %}
              <a class="action" href="{{ url_for('blog.update', id=post['id']) }}">Edit</a>
            {% endif %}
          </header>
          <p class="body">{{ post['body'] }}</p>
        </article>
        {% if not loop.last %}
          <hr>
        {% endif %}
      {% endfor %}
    {% endblock %}

When a user is logged in, the ``header`` block adds a link to the
``create`` view. When the user is the author of a post, they'll see an
"Edit" link to the ``update`` view for that post. ``loop.last`` is a
special variable available inside `Jinja for loops`_. It's used to
display a line after each post except the last one, to visually separate
them.

.. _Jinja for loops: https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/templates/#for


Create
------

The ``create`` view works the same as the auth ``register`` view. Either
the form is displayed, or the posted data is validated and the post is
added to the database or an error is shown.

The ``login_required`` decorator you wrote earlier is used on the blog
views. A user must be logged in to visit these views, otherwise they
will be redirected to the login page.

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``flaskr/blog.py``

    @bp.route('/create', methods=('GET', 'POST'))
    @login_required
    def create():
        if request.method == 'POST':
            title = request.form['title']
            body = request.form['body']
            error = None

            if not title:
                error = 'Title is required.'

            if error is not None:
                flash(error)
            else:
                db = get_db()
                db.execute(
                    'INSERT INTO post (title, body, author_id)'
                    ' VALUES (?, ?, ?)',
                    (title, body, g.user['id'])
                )
                db.commit()
                return redirect(url_for('blog.index'))

        return render_template('blog/create.html')

.. code-block:: html+jinja
    :caption: ``flaskr/templates/blog/create.html``

    {% extends 'base.html' %}

    {% block header %}
      <h1>{% block title %}New Post{% endblock %}</h1>
    {% endblock %}

    {% block content %}
      <form method="post">
        <label for="title">Title</label>
        <input name="title" id="title" value="{{ request.form['title'] }}" required>
        <label for="body">Body</label>
        <textarea name="body" id="body">{{ request.form['body'] }}</textarea>
        <input type="submit" value="Save">
      </form>
    {% endblock %}


Update
------

Both the ``update`` and ``delete`` views will need to fetch a ``post``
by ``id`` and check if the author matches the logged in user. To avoid
duplicating code, you can write a function to get the ``post`` and call
it from each view.

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``flaskr/blog.py``

    def get_post(id, check_author=True):
        post = get_db().execute(
            'SELECT p.id, title, body, created, author_id, username'
            ' FROM post p JOIN user u ON p.author_id = u.id'
            ' WHERE p.id = ?',
            (id,)
        ).fetchone()

        if post is None:
            abort(404, f"Post id {id} doesn't exist.")

        if check_author and post['author_id'] != g.user['id']:
            abort(403)

        return post

:func:`abort` will raise a special exception that returns an HTTP status
code. It takes an optional message to show with the error, otherwise a
default message is used. ``404`` means "Not Found", and ``403`` means
"Forbidden". (``401`` means "Unauthorized", but you redirect to the
login page instead of returning that status.)

The ``check_author`` argument is defined so that the function can be
used to get a ``post`` without checking the author. This would be useful
if you wrote a view to show an individual post on a page, where the user
doesn't matter because they're not modifying the post.

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``flaskr/blog.py``

    @bp.route('/<int:id>/update', methods=('GET', 'POST'))
    @login_required
    def update(id):
        post = get_post(id)

        if request.method == 'POST':
            title = request.form['title']
            body = request.form['body']
            error = None

            if not title:
                error = 'Title is required.'

            if error is not None:
                flash(error)
            else:
                db = get_db()
                db.execute(
                    'UPDATE post SET title = ?, body = ?'
                    ' WHERE id = ?',
                    (title, body, id)
                )
                db.commit()
                return redirect(url_for('blog.index'))

        return render_template('blog/update.html', post=post)

Unlike the views you've written so far, the ``update`` function takes
an argument, ``id``. That corresponds to the ``<int:id>`` in the route.
A real URL will look like ``/1/update``. Flask will capture the ``1``,
ensure it's an :class:`int`, and pass it as the ``id`` argument. If you
don't specify ``int:`` and instead do ``<id>``, it will be a string.
To generate a URL to the update page, :func:`url_for` needs to be passed
the ``id`` so it knows what to fill in:
``url_for('blog.update', id=post['id'])``. This is also in the
``index.html`` file above.

The ``create`` and ``update`` views look very similar. The main
difference is that the ``update`` view uses a ``post`` object and an
``UPDATE`` query instead of an ``INSERT``. With some clever refactoring,
you could use one view and template for both actions, but for the
tutorial it's clearer to keep them separate.

.. code-block:: html+jinja
    :caption: ``flaskr/templates/blog/update.html``

    {% extends 'base.html' %}

    {% block header %}
      <h1>{% block title %}Edit "{{ post['title'] }}"{% endblock %}</h1>
    {% endblock %}

    {% block content %}
      <form method="post">
        <label for="title">Title</label>
        <input name="title" id="title"
          value="{{ request.form['title'] or post['title'] }}" required>
        <label for="body">Body</label>
        <textarea name="body" id="body">{{ request.form['body'] or post['body'] }}</textarea>
        <input type="submit" value="Save">
      </form>
      <hr>
      <form action="{{ url_for('blog.delete', id=post['id']) }}" method="post">
        <input class="danger" type="submit" value="Delete" onclick="return confirm('Are you sure?');">
      </form>
    {% endblock %}

This template has two forms. The first posts the edited data to the
current page (``/<id>/update``). The other form contains only a button
and specifies an ``action`` attribute that posts to the delete view
instead. The button uses some JavaScript to show a confirmation dialog
before submitting.

The pattern ``{{ request.form['title'] or post['title'] }}`` is used to
choose what data appears in the form. When the form hasn't been
submitted, the original ``post`` data appears, but if invalid form data
was posted you want to display that so the user can fix the error, so
``request.form`` is used instead. :data:`request` is another variable
that's automatically available in templates.


Delete
------

The delete view doesn't have its own template, the delete button is part
of ``update.html`` and posts to the ``/<id>/delete`` URL. Since there
is no template, it will only handle the ``POST`` method and then redirect
to the ``index`` view.

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``flaskr/blog.py``

    @bp.route('/<int:id>/delete', methods=('POST',))
    @login_required
    def delete(id):
        get_post(id)
        db = get_db()
        db.execute('DELETE FROM post WHERE id = ?', (id,))
        db.commit()
        return redirect(url_for('blog.index'))

Congratulations, you've now finished writing your application! Take some
time to try out everything in the browser. However, there's still more
to do before the project is complete.

Continue to :doc:`install`.