testbed/pallets__flask/docs/tutorial/tests.rst

.. currentmodule:: flask

Test Coverage
=============

Writing unit tests for your application lets you check that the code
you wrote works the way you expect. Flask provides a test client that
simulates requests to the application and returns the response data.

You should test as much of your code as possible. Code in functions only
runs when the function is called, and code in branches, such as ``if``
blocks, only runs when the condition is met. You want to make sure that
each function is tested with data that covers each branch.

The closer you get to 100% coverage, the more comfortable you can be
that making a change won't unexpectedly change other behavior. However,
100% coverage doesn't guarantee that your application doesn't have bugs.
In particular, it doesn't test how the user interacts with the
application in the browser. Despite this, test coverage is an important
tool to use during development.

.. note::
    This is being introduced late in the tutorial, but in your future
    projects you should test as you develop.

You'll use `pytest`_ and `coverage`_ to test and measure your code.
Install them both:

.. code-block:: none

    $ pip install pytest coverage

.. _pytest: https://pytest.readthedocs.io/
.. _coverage: https://coverage.readthedocs.io/


Setup and Fixtures
------------------

The test code is located in the ``tests`` directory. This directory is
*next to* the ``flaskr`` package, not inside it. The
``tests/conftest.py`` file contains setup functions called *fixtures*
that each test will use. Tests are in Python modules that start with
``test_``, and each test function in those modules also starts with
``test_``.

Each test will create a new temporary database file and populate some
data that will be used in the tests. Write a SQL file to insert that
data.

.. code-block:: sql
    :caption: ``tests/data.sql``

    INSERT INTO user (username, password)
    VALUES
      ('test', 'pbkdf2:sha256:50000$TCI4GzcX$0de171a4f4dac32e3364c7ddc7c14f3e2fa61f2d17574483f7ffbb431b4acb2f'),
      ('other', 'pbkdf2:sha256:50000$kJPKsz6N$d2d4784f1b030a9761f5ccaeeaca413f27f2ecb76d6168407af962ddce849f79');

    INSERT INTO post (title, body, author_id, created)
    VALUES
      ('test title', 'test' || x'0a' || 'body', 1, '2018-01-01 00:00:00');

The ``app`` fixture will call the factory and pass ``test_config`` to
configure the application and database for testing instead of using your
local development configuration.

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``tests/conftest.py``

    import os
    import tempfile

    import pytest
    from flaskr import create_app
    from flaskr.db import get_db, init_db

    with open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'data.sql'), 'rb') as f:
        _data_sql = f.read().decode('utf8')


    @pytest.fixture
    def app():
        db_fd, db_path = tempfile.mkstemp()

        app = create_app({
            'TESTING': True,
            'DATABASE': db_path,
        })

        with app.app_context():
            init_db()
            get_db().executescript(_data_sql)

        yield app

        os.close(db_fd)
        os.unlink(db_path)


    @pytest.fixture
    def client(app):
        return app.test_client()


    @pytest.fixture
    def runner(app):
        return app.test_cli_runner()

:func:`tempfile.mkstemp` creates and opens a temporary file, returning
the file descriptor and the path to it. The ``DATABASE`` path is
overridden so it points to this temporary path instead of the instance
folder. After setting the path, the database tables are created and the
test data is inserted. After the test is over, the temporary file is
closed and removed.

:data:`TESTING` tells Flask that the app is in test mode. Flask changes
some internal behavior so it's easier to test, and other extensions can
also use the flag to make testing them easier.

The ``client`` fixture calls
:meth:`app.test_client() <Flask.test_client>` with the application
object created by the ``app`` fixture. Tests will use the client to make
requests to the application without running the server.

The ``runner`` fixture is similar to ``client``.
:meth:`app.test_cli_runner() <Flask.test_cli_runner>` creates a runner
that can call the Click commands registered with the application.

Pytest uses fixtures by matching their function names with the names
of arguments in the test functions. For example, the ``test_hello``
function you'll write next takes a ``client`` argument. Pytest matches
that with the ``client`` fixture function, calls it, and passes the
returned value to the test function.


Factory
-------

There's not much to test about the factory itself. Most of the code will
be executed for each test already, so if something fails the other tests
will notice.

The only behavior that can change is passing test config. If config is
not passed, there should be some default configuration, otherwise the
configuration should be overridden.

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``tests/test_factory.py``

    from flaskr import create_app


    def test_config():
        assert not create_app().testing
        assert create_app({'TESTING': True}).testing


    def test_hello(client):
        response = client.get('/hello')
        assert response.data == b'Hello, World!'

You added the ``hello`` route as an example when writing the factory at
the beginning of the tutorial. It returns "Hello, World!", so the test
checks that the response data matches.


Database
--------

Within an application context, ``get_db`` should return the same
connection each time it's called. After the context, the connection
should be closed.

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``tests/test_db.py``

    import sqlite3

    import pytest
    from flaskr.db import get_db


    def test_get_close_db(app):
        with app.app_context():
            db = get_db()
            assert db is get_db()

        with pytest.raises(sqlite3.ProgrammingError) as e:
            db.execute('SELECT 1')

        assert 'closed' in str(e.value)

The ``init-db`` command should call the ``init_db`` function and output
a message.

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``tests/test_db.py``

    def test_init_db_command(runner, monkeypatch):
        class Recorder(object):
            called = False

        def fake_init_db():
            Recorder.called = True

        monkeypatch.setattr('flaskr.db.init_db', fake_init_db)
        result = runner.invoke(args=['init-db'])
        assert 'Initialized' in result.output
        assert Recorder.called

This test uses Pytest's ``monkeypatch`` fixture to replace the
``init_db`` function with one that records that it's been called. The
``runner`` fixture you wrote above is used to call the ``init-db``
command by name.


Authentication
--------------

For most of the views, a user needs to be logged in. The easiest way to
do this in tests is to make a ``POST`` request to the ``login`` view
with the client. Rather than writing that out every time, you can write
a class with methods to do that, and use a fixture to pass it the client
for each test.

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``tests/conftest.py``

    class AuthActions(object):
        def __init__(self, client):
            self._client = client

        def login(self, username='test', password='test'):
            return self._client.post(
                '/auth/login',
                data={'username': username, 'password': password}
            )

        def logout(self):
            return self._client.get('/auth/logout')


    @pytest.fixture
    def auth(client):
        return AuthActions(client)

With the ``auth`` fixture, you can call ``auth.login()`` in a test to
log in as the ``test`` user, which was inserted as part of the test
data in the ``app`` fixture.

The ``register`` view should render successfully on ``GET``. On ``POST``
with valid form data, it should redirect to the login URL and the user's
data should be in the database. Invalid data should display error
messages.

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``tests/test_auth.py``

    import pytest
    from flask import g, session
    from flaskr.db import get_db


    def test_register(client, app):
        assert client.get('/auth/register').status_code == 200
        response = client.post(
            '/auth/register', data={'username': 'a', 'password': 'a'}
        )
        assert response.headers["Location"] == "/auth/login"

        with app.app_context():
            assert get_db().execute(
                "SELECT * FROM user WHERE username = 'a'",
            ).fetchone() is not None


    @pytest.mark.parametrize(('username', 'password', 'message'), (
        ('', '', b'Username is required.'),
        ('a', '', b'Password is required.'),
        ('test', 'test', b'already registered'),
    ))
    def test_register_validate_input(client, username, password, message):
        response = client.post(
            '/auth/register',
            data={'username': username, 'password': password}
        )
        assert message in response.data

:meth:`client.get() <werkzeug.test.Client.get>` makes a ``GET`` request
and returns the :class:`Response` object returned by Flask. Similarly,
:meth:`client.post() <werkzeug.test.Client.post>` makes a ``POST``
request, converting the ``data`` dict into form data.

To test that the page renders successfully, a simple request is made and
checked for a ``200 OK`` :attr:`~Response.status_code`. If
rendering failed, Flask would return a ``500 Internal Server Error``
code.

:attr:`~Response.headers` will have a ``Location`` header with the login
URL when the register view redirects to the login view.

:attr:`~Response.data` contains the body of the response as bytes. If
you expect a certain value to render on the page, check that it's in
``data``. Bytes must be compared to bytes. If you want to compare text,
use :meth:`get_data(as_text=True) <werkzeug.wrappers.Response.get_data>`
instead.

``pytest.mark.parametrize`` tells Pytest to run the same test function
with different arguments. You use it here to test different invalid
input and error messages without writing the same code three times.

The tests for the ``login`` view are very similar to those for
``register``. Rather than testing the data in the database,
:data:`session` should have ``user_id`` set after logging in.

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``tests/test_auth.py``

    def test_login(client, auth):
        assert client.get('/auth/login').status_code == 200
        response = auth.login()
        assert response.headers["Location"] == "/"

        with client:
            client.get('/')
            assert session['user_id'] == 1
            assert g.user['username'] == 'test'


    @pytest.mark.parametrize(('username', 'password', 'message'), (
        ('a', 'test', b'Incorrect username.'),
        ('test', 'a', b'Incorrect password.'),
    ))
    def test_login_validate_input(auth, username, password, message):
        response = auth.login(username, password)
        assert message in response.data

Using ``client`` in a ``with`` block allows accessing context variables
such as :data:`session` after the response is returned. Normally,
accessing ``session`` outside of a request would raise an error.

Testing ``logout`` is the opposite of ``login``. :data:`session` should
not contain ``user_id`` after logging out.

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``tests/test_auth.py``

    def test_logout(client, auth):
        auth.login()

        with client:
            auth.logout()
            assert 'user_id' not in session


Blog
----

All the blog views use the ``auth`` fixture you wrote earlier. Call
``auth.login()`` and subsequent requests from the client will be logged
in as the ``test`` user.

The ``index`` view should display information about the post that was
added with the test data. When logged in as the author, there should be
a link to edit the post.

You can also test some more authentication behavior while testing the
``index`` view. When not logged in, each page shows links to log in or
register. When logged in, there's a link to log out.

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``tests/test_blog.py``

    import pytest
    from flaskr.db import get_db


    def test_index(client, auth):
        response = client.get('/')
        assert b"Log In" in response.data
        assert b"Register" in response.data

        auth.login()
        response = client.get('/')
        assert b'Log Out' in response.data
        assert b'test title' in response.data
        assert b'by test on 2018-01-01' in response.data
        assert b'test\nbody' in response.data
        assert b'href="/1/update"' in response.data

A user must be logged in to access the ``create``, ``update``, and
``delete`` views. The logged in user must be the author of the post to
access ``update`` and ``delete``, otherwise a ``403 Forbidden`` status
is returned. If a ``post`` with the given ``id`` doesn't exist,
``update`` and ``delete`` should return ``404 Not Found``.

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``tests/test_blog.py``

    @pytest.mark.parametrize('path', (
        '/create',
        '/1/update',
        '/1/delete',
    ))
    def test_login_required(client, path):
        response = client.post(path)
        assert response.headers["Location"] == "/auth/login"


    def test_author_required(app, client, auth):
        # change the post author to another user
        with app.app_context():
            db = get_db()
            db.execute('UPDATE post SET author_id = 2 WHERE id = 1')
            db.commit()

        auth.login()
        # current user can't modify other user's post
        assert client.post('/1/update').status_code == 403
        assert client.post('/1/delete').status_code == 403
        # current user doesn't see edit link
        assert b'href="/1/update"' not in client.get('/').data


    @pytest.mark.parametrize('path', (
        '/2/update',
        '/2/delete',
    ))
    def test_exists_required(client, auth, path):
        auth.login()
        assert client.post(path).status_code == 404

The ``create`` and ``update`` views should render and return a
``200 OK`` status for a ``GET`` request. When valid data is sent in a
``POST`` request, ``create`` should insert the new post data into the
database, and ``update`` should modify the existing data. Both pages
should show an error message on invalid data.

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``tests/test_blog.py``

    def test_create(client, auth, app):
        auth.login()
        assert client.get('/create').status_code == 200
        client.post('/create', data={'title': 'created', 'body': ''})

        with app.app_context():
            db = get_db()
            count = db.execute('SELECT COUNT(id) FROM post').fetchone()[0]
            assert count == 2


    def test_update(client, auth, app):
        auth.login()
        assert client.get('/1/update').status_code == 200
        client.post('/1/update', data={'title': 'updated', 'body': ''})

        with app.app_context():
            db = get_db()
            post = db.execute('SELECT * FROM post WHERE id = 1').fetchone()
            assert post['title'] == 'updated'


    @pytest.mark.parametrize('path', (
        '/create',
        '/1/update',
    ))
    def test_create_update_validate(client, auth, path):
        auth.login()
        response = client.post(path, data={'title': '', 'body': ''})
        assert b'Title is required.' in response.data

The ``delete`` view should redirect to the index URL and the post should
no longer exist in the database.

.. code-block:: python
    :caption: ``tests/test_blog.py``

    def test_delete(client, auth, app):
        auth.login()
        response = client.post('/1/delete')
        assert response.headers["Location"] == "/"

        with app.app_context():
            db = get_db()
            post = db.execute('SELECT * FROM post WHERE id = 1').fetchone()
            assert post is None


Running the Tests
-----------------

Some extra configuration, which is not required but makes running
tests with coverage less verbose, can be added to the project's
``setup.cfg`` file.

.. code-block:: none
    :caption: ``setup.cfg``

    [tool:pytest]
    testpaths = tests

    [coverage:run]
    branch = True
    source =
        flaskr

To run the tests, use the ``pytest`` command. It will find and run all
the test functions you've written.

.. code-block:: none

    $ pytest

    ========================= test session starts ==========================
    platform linux -- Python 3.6.4, pytest-3.5.0, py-1.5.3, pluggy-0.6.0
    rootdir: /home/user/Projects/flask-tutorial, inifile: setup.cfg
    collected 23 items

    tests/test_auth.py ........                                      [ 34%]
    tests/test_blog.py ............                                  [ 86%]
    tests/test_db.py ..                                              [ 95%]
    tests/test_factory.py ..                                         [100%]

    ====================== 24 passed in 0.64 seconds =======================

If any tests fail, pytest will show the error that was raised. You can
run ``pytest -v`` to get a list of each test function rather than dots.

To measure the code coverage of your tests, use the ``coverage`` command
to run pytest instead of running it directly.

.. code-block:: none

    $ coverage run -m pytest

You can either view a simple coverage report in the terminal:

.. code-block:: none

    $ coverage report

    Name                 Stmts   Miss Branch BrPart  Cover
    ------------------------------------------------------
    flaskr/__init__.py      21      0      2      0   100%
    flaskr/auth.py          54      0     22      0   100%
    flaskr/blog.py          54      0     16      0   100%
    flaskr/db.py            24      0      4      0   100%
    ------------------------------------------------------
    TOTAL                  153      0     44      0   100%

An HTML report allows you to see which lines were covered in each file:

.. code-block:: none

    $ coverage html

This generates files in the ``htmlcov`` directory. Open
``htmlcov/index.html`` in your browser to see the report.

Continue to :doc:`deploy`.