testbed/pallets__flask/src/flask/cli.py

import ast
import inspect
import os
import platform
import re
import sys
import traceback
from functools import update_wrapper
from operator import attrgetter
from threading import Lock
from threading import Thread

import click
from werkzeug.utils import import_string

from .globals import current_app
from .helpers import get_debug_flag
from .helpers import get_env
from .helpers import get_load_dotenv

try:
    import dotenv
except ImportError:
    dotenv = None

try:
    import ssl
except ImportError:
    ssl = None  # type: ignore

if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
    from importlib import metadata
else:
    # Use a backport on Python < 3.10.
    #
    # We technically have importlib.metadata on 3.8+,
    # but the API changed in 3.10, so use the backport
    # for consistency.
    import importlib_metadata as metadata  # type: ignore


class NoAppException(click.UsageError):
    """Raised if an application cannot be found or loaded."""


def find_best_app(module):
    """Given a module instance this tries to find the best possible
    application in the module or raises an exception.
    """
    from . import Flask

    # Search for the most common names first.
    for attr_name in ("app", "application"):
        app = getattr(module, attr_name, None)

        if isinstance(app, Flask):
            return app

    # Otherwise find the only object that is a Flask instance.
    matches = [v for v in module.__dict__.values() if isinstance(v, Flask)]

    if len(matches) == 1:
        return matches[0]
    elif len(matches) > 1:
        raise NoAppException(
            "Detected multiple Flask applications in module"
            f" {module.__name__!r}. Use 'FLASK_APP={module.__name__}:name'"
            f" to specify the correct one."
        )

    # Search for app factory functions.
    for attr_name in ("create_app", "make_app"):
        app_factory = getattr(module, attr_name, None)

        if inspect.isfunction(app_factory):
            try:
                app = app_factory()

                if isinstance(app, Flask):
                    return app
            except TypeError as e:
                if not _called_with_wrong_args(app_factory):
                    raise

                raise NoAppException(
                    f"Detected factory {attr_name!r} in module {module.__name__!r},"
                    " but could not call it without arguments. Use"
                    f" \"FLASK_APP='{module.__name__}:{attr_name}(args)'\""
                    " to specify arguments."
                ) from e

    raise NoAppException(
        "Failed to find Flask application or factory in module"
        f" {module.__name__!r}. Use 'FLASK_APP={module.__name__}:name'"
        " to specify one."
    )


def _called_with_wrong_args(f):
    """Check whether calling a function raised a ``TypeError`` because
    the call failed or because something in the factory raised the
    error.

    :param f: The function that was called.
    :return: ``True`` if the call failed.
    """
    tb = sys.exc_info()[2]

    try:
        while tb is not None:
            if tb.tb_frame.f_code is f.__code__:
                # In the function, it was called successfully.
                return False

            tb = tb.tb_next

        # Didn't reach the function.
        return True
    finally:
        # Delete tb to break a circular reference.
        # https://docs.python.org/2/library/sys.html#sys.exc_info
        del tb


def find_app_by_string(module, app_name):
    """Check if the given string is a variable name or a function. Call
    a function to get the app instance, or return the variable directly.
    """
    from . import Flask

    # Parse app_name as a single expression to determine if it's a valid
    # attribute name or function call.
    try:
        expr = ast.parse(app_name.strip(), mode="eval").body
    except SyntaxError:
        raise NoAppException(
            f"Failed to parse {app_name!r} as an attribute name or function call."
        ) from None

    if isinstance(expr, ast.Name):
        name = expr.id
        args = []
        kwargs = {}
    elif isinstance(expr, ast.Call):
        # Ensure the function name is an attribute name only.
        if not isinstance(expr.func, ast.Name):
            raise NoAppException(
                f"Function reference must be a simple name: {app_name!r}."
            )

        name = expr.func.id

        # Parse the positional and keyword arguments as literals.
        try:
            args = [ast.literal_eval(arg) for arg in expr.args]
            kwargs = {kw.arg: ast.literal_eval(kw.value) for kw in expr.keywords}
        except ValueError:
            # literal_eval gives cryptic error messages, show a generic
            # message with the full expression instead.
            raise NoAppException(
                f"Failed to parse arguments as literal values: {app_name!r}."
            ) from None
    else:
        raise NoAppException(
            f"Failed to parse {app_name!r} as an attribute name or function call."
        )

    try:
        attr = getattr(module, name)
    except AttributeError as e:
        raise NoAppException(
            f"Failed to find attribute {name!r} in {module.__name__!r}."
        ) from e

    # If the attribute is a function, call it with any args and kwargs
    # to get the real application.
    if inspect.isfunction(attr):
        try:
            app = attr(*args, **kwargs)
        except TypeError as e:
            if not _called_with_wrong_args(attr):
                raise

            raise NoAppException(
                f"The factory {app_name!r} in module"
                f" {module.__name__!r} could not be called with the"
                " specified arguments."
            ) from e
    else:
        app = attr

    if isinstance(app, Flask):
        return app

    raise NoAppException(
        "A valid Flask application was not obtained from"
        f" '{module.__name__}:{app_name}'."
    )


def prepare_import(path):
    """Given a filename this will try to calculate the python path, add it
    to the search path and return the actual module name that is expected.
    """
    path = os.path.realpath(path)

    fname, ext = os.path.splitext(path)
    if ext == ".py":
        path = fname

    if os.path.basename(path) == "__init__":
        path = os.path.dirname(path)

    module_name = []

    # move up until outside package structure (no __init__.py)
    while True:
        path, name = os.path.split(path)
        module_name.append(name)

        if not os.path.exists(os.path.join(path, "__init__.py")):
            break

    if sys.path[0] != path:
        sys.path.insert(0, path)

    return ".".join(module_name[::-1])


def locate_app(module_name, app_name, raise_if_not_found=True):
    __traceback_hide__ = True  # noqa: F841

    try:
        __import__(module_name)
    except ImportError:
        # Reraise the ImportError if it occurred within the imported module.
        # Determine this by checking whether the trace has a depth > 1.
        if sys.exc_info()[2].tb_next:
            raise NoAppException(
                f"While importing {module_name!r}, an ImportError was"
                f" raised:\n\n{traceback.format_exc()}"
            ) from None
        elif raise_if_not_found:
            raise NoAppException(f"Could not import {module_name!r}.") from None
        else:
            return

    module = sys.modules[module_name]

    if app_name is None:
        return find_best_app(module)
    else:
        return find_app_by_string(module, app_name)


def get_version(ctx, param, value):
    if not value or ctx.resilient_parsing:
        return

    import werkzeug
    from . import __version__

    click.echo(
        f"Python {platform.python_version()}\n"
        f"Flask {__version__}\n"
        f"Werkzeug {werkzeug.__version__}",
        color=ctx.color,
    )
    ctx.exit()


version_option = click.Option(
    ["--version"],
    help="Show the flask version",
    expose_value=False,
    callback=get_version,
    is_flag=True,
    is_eager=True,
)


class DispatchingApp:
    """Special application that dispatches to a Flask application which
    is imported by name in a background thread.  If an error happens
    it is recorded and shown as part of the WSGI handling which in case
    of the Werkzeug debugger means that it shows up in the browser.
    """

    def __init__(self, loader, use_eager_loading=None):
        self.loader = loader
        self._app = None
        self._lock = Lock()
        self._bg_loading_exc = None

        if use_eager_loading is None:
            use_eager_loading = os.environ.get("WERKZEUG_RUN_MAIN") != "true"

        if use_eager_loading:
            self._load_unlocked()
        else:
            self._load_in_background()

    def _load_in_background(self):
        # Store the Click context and push it in the loader thread so
        # script_info is still available.
        ctx = click.get_current_context(silent=True)

        def _load_app():
            __traceback_hide__ = True  # noqa: F841

            with self._lock:
                if ctx is not None:
                    click.globals.push_context(ctx)

                try:
                    self._load_unlocked()
                except Exception as e:
                    self._bg_loading_exc = e

        t = Thread(target=_load_app, args=())
        t.start()

    def _flush_bg_loading_exception(self):
        __traceback_hide__ = True  # noqa: F841
        exc = self._bg_loading_exc

        if exc is not None:
            self._bg_loading_exc = None
            raise exc

    def _load_unlocked(self):
        __traceback_hide__ = True  # noqa: F841
        self._app = rv = self.loader()
        self._bg_loading_exc = None
        return rv

    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
        __traceback_hide__ = True  # noqa: F841
        if self._app is not None:
            return self._app(environ, start_response)
        self._flush_bg_loading_exception()
        with self._lock:
            if self._app is not None:
                rv = self._app
            else:
                rv = self._load_unlocked()
            return rv(environ, start_response)


class ScriptInfo:
    """Helper object to deal with Flask applications.  This is usually not
    necessary to interface with as it's used internally in the dispatching
    to click.  In future versions of Flask this object will most likely play
    a bigger role.  Typically it's created automatically by the
    :class:`FlaskGroup` but you can also manually create it and pass it
    onwards as click object.
    """

    def __init__(self, app_import_path=None, create_app=None, set_debug_flag=True):
        #: Optionally the import path for the Flask application.
        self.app_import_path = app_import_path or os.environ.get("FLASK_APP")
        #: Optionally a function that is passed the script info to create
        #: the instance of the application.
        self.create_app = create_app
        #: A dictionary with arbitrary data that can be associated with
        #: this script info.
        self.data = {}
        self.set_debug_flag = set_debug_flag
        self._loaded_app = None

    def load_app(self):
        """Loads the Flask app (if not yet loaded) and returns it.  Calling
        this multiple times will just result in the already loaded app to
        be returned.
        """
        __traceback_hide__ = True  # noqa: F841

        if self._loaded_app is not None:
            return self._loaded_app

        if self.create_app is not None:
            app = self.create_app()
        else:
            if self.app_import_path:
                path, name = (
                    re.split(r":(?![\\/])", self.app_import_path, 1) + [None]
                )[:2]
                import_name = prepare_import(path)
                app = locate_app(import_name, name)
            else:
                for path in ("wsgi.py", "app.py"):
                    import_name = prepare_import(path)
                    app = locate_app(import_name, None, raise_if_not_found=False)

                    if app:
                        break

        if not app:
            raise NoAppException(
                "Could not locate a Flask application. You did not provide "
                'the "FLASK_APP" environment variable, and a "wsgi.py" or '
                '"app.py" module was not found in the current directory.'
            )

        if self.set_debug_flag:
            # Update the app's debug flag through the descriptor so that
            # other values repopulate as well.
            app.debug = get_debug_flag()

        self._loaded_app = app
        return app


pass_script_info = click.make_pass_decorator(ScriptInfo, ensure=True)


def with_appcontext(f):
    """Wraps a callback so that it's guaranteed to be executed with the
    script's application context.  If callbacks are registered directly
    to the ``app.cli`` object then they are wrapped with this function
    by default unless it's disabled.
    """

    @click.pass_context
    def decorator(__ctx, *args, **kwargs):
        with __ctx.ensure_object(ScriptInfo).load_app().app_context():
            return __ctx.invoke(f, *args, **kwargs)

    return update_wrapper(decorator, f)


class AppGroup(click.Group):
    """This works similar to a regular click :class:`~click.Group` but it
    changes the behavior of the :meth:`command` decorator so that it
    automatically wraps the functions in :func:`with_appcontext`.

    Not to be confused with :class:`FlaskGroup`.
    """

    def command(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """This works exactly like the method of the same name on a regular
        :class:`click.Group` but it wraps callbacks in :func:`with_appcontext`
        unless it's disabled by passing ``with_appcontext=False``.
        """
        wrap_for_ctx = kwargs.pop("with_appcontext", True)

        def decorator(f):
            if wrap_for_ctx:
                f = with_appcontext(f)
            return click.Group.command(self, *args, **kwargs)(f)

        return decorator

    def group(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """This works exactly like the method of the same name on a regular
        :class:`click.Group` but it defaults the group class to
        :class:`AppGroup`.
        """
        kwargs.setdefault("cls", AppGroup)
        return click.Group.group(self, *args, **kwargs)


class FlaskGroup(AppGroup):
    """Special subclass of the :class:`AppGroup` group that supports
    loading more commands from the configured Flask app.  Normally a
    developer does not have to interface with this class but there are
    some very advanced use cases for which it makes sense to create an
    instance of this. see :ref:`custom-scripts`.

    :param add_default_commands: if this is True then the default run and
        shell commands will be added.
    :param add_version_option: adds the ``--version`` option.
    :param create_app: an optional callback that is passed the script info and
        returns the loaded app.
    :param load_dotenv: Load the nearest :file:`.env` and :file:`.flaskenv`
        files to set environment variables. Will also change the working
        directory to the directory containing the first file found.
    :param set_debug_flag: Set the app's debug flag based on the active
        environment

    .. versionchanged:: 1.0
        If installed, python-dotenv will be used to load environment variables
        from :file:`.env` and :file:`.flaskenv` files.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        add_default_commands=True,
        create_app=None,
        add_version_option=True,
        load_dotenv=True,
        set_debug_flag=True,
        **extra,
    ):
        params = list(extra.pop("params", None) or ())

        if add_version_option:
            params.append(version_option)

        AppGroup.__init__(self, params=params, **extra)
        self.create_app = create_app
        self.load_dotenv = load_dotenv
        self.set_debug_flag = set_debug_flag

        if add_default_commands:
            self.add_command(run_command)
            self.add_command(shell_command)
            self.add_command(routes_command)

        self._loaded_plugin_commands = False

    def _load_plugin_commands(self):
        if self._loaded_plugin_commands:
            return

        for ep in metadata.entry_points(group="flask.commands"):
            self.add_command(ep.load(), ep.name)

        self._loaded_plugin_commands = True

    def get_command(self, ctx, name):
        self._load_plugin_commands()
        # Look up built-in and plugin commands, which should be
        # available even if the app fails to load.
        rv = super().get_command(ctx, name)

        if rv is not None:
            return rv

        info = ctx.ensure_object(ScriptInfo)

        # Look up commands provided by the app, showing an error and
        # continuing if the app couldn't be loaded.
        try:
            return info.load_app().cli.get_command(ctx, name)
        except NoAppException as e:
            click.secho(f"Error: {e.format_message()}\n", err=True, fg="red")

    def list_commands(self, ctx):
        self._load_plugin_commands()
        # Start with the built-in and plugin commands.
        rv = set(super().list_commands(ctx))
        info = ctx.ensure_object(ScriptInfo)

        # Add commands provided by the app, showing an error and
        # continuing if the app couldn't be loaded.
        try:
            rv.update(info.load_app().cli.list_commands(ctx))
        except NoAppException as e:
            # When an app couldn't be loaded, show the error message
            # without the traceback.
            click.secho(f"Error: {e.format_message()}\n", err=True, fg="red")
        except Exception:
            # When any other errors occurred during loading, show the
            # full traceback.
            click.secho(f"{traceback.format_exc()}\n", err=True, fg="red")

        return sorted(rv)

    def main(self, *args, **kwargs):
        # Set a global flag that indicates that we were invoked from the
        # command line interface. This is detected by Flask.run to make the
        # call into a no-op. This is necessary to avoid ugly errors when the
        # script that is loaded here also attempts to start a server.
        os.environ["FLASK_RUN_FROM_CLI"] = "true"

        if get_load_dotenv(self.load_dotenv):
            load_dotenv()

        obj = kwargs.get("obj")

        if obj is None:
            obj = ScriptInfo(
                create_app=self.create_app, set_debug_flag=self.set_debug_flag
            )

        kwargs["obj"] = obj
        kwargs.setdefault("auto_envvar_prefix", "FLASK")
        return super().main(*args, **kwargs)


def _path_is_ancestor(path, other):
    """Take ``other`` and remove the length of ``path`` from it. Then join it
    to ``path``. If it is the original value, ``path`` is an ancestor of
    ``other``."""
    return os.path.join(path, other[len(path) :].lstrip(os.sep)) == other


def load_dotenv(path=None):
    """Load "dotenv" files in order of precedence to set environment variables.

    If an env var is already set it is not overwritten, so earlier files in the
    list are preferred over later files.

    This is a no-op if `python-dotenv`_ is not installed.

    .. _python-dotenv: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv#readme

    :param path: Load the file at this location instead of searching.
    :return: ``True`` if a file was loaded.

    .. versionchanged:: 1.1.0
        Returns ``False`` when python-dotenv is not installed, or when
        the given path isn't a file.

    .. versionchanged:: 2.0
        When loading the env files, set the default encoding to UTF-8.

    .. versionadded:: 1.0
    """
    if dotenv is None:
        if path or os.path.isfile(".env") or os.path.isfile(".flaskenv"):
            click.secho(
                " * Tip: There are .env or .flaskenv files present."
                ' Do "pip install python-dotenv" to use them.',
                fg="yellow",
                err=True,
            )

        return False

    # if the given path specifies the actual file then return True,
    # else False
    if path is not None:
        if os.path.isfile(path):
            return dotenv.load_dotenv(path, encoding="utf-8")

        return False

    new_dir = None

    for name in (".env", ".flaskenv"):
        path = dotenv.find_dotenv(name, usecwd=True)

        if not path:
            continue

        if new_dir is None:
            new_dir = os.path.dirname(path)

        dotenv.load_dotenv(path, encoding="utf-8")

    return new_dir is not None  # at least one file was located and loaded


def show_server_banner(env, debug, app_import_path, eager_loading):
    """Show extra startup messages the first time the server is run,
    ignoring the reloader.
    """
    if os.environ.get("WERKZEUG_RUN_MAIN") == "true":
        return

    if app_import_path is not None:
        message = f" * Serving Flask app {app_import_path!r}"

        if not eager_loading:
            message += " (lazy loading)"

        click.echo(message)

    click.echo(f" * Environment: {env}")

    if env == "production":
        click.secho(
            "   WARNING: This is a development server. Do not use it in"
            " a production deployment.",
            fg="red",
        )
        click.secho("   Use a production WSGI server instead.", dim=True)

    if debug is not None:
        click.echo(f" * Debug mode: {'on' if debug else 'off'}")


class CertParamType(click.ParamType):
    """Click option type for the ``--cert`` option. Allows either an
    existing file, the string ``'adhoc'``, or an import for a
    :class:`~ssl.SSLContext` object.
    """

    name = "path"

    def __init__(self):
        self.path_type = click.Path(exists=True, dir_okay=False, resolve_path=True)

    def convert(self, value, param, ctx):
        if ssl is None:
            raise click.BadParameter(
                'Using "--cert" requires Python to be compiled with SSL support.',
                ctx,
                param,
            )

        try:
            return self.path_type(value, param, ctx)
        except click.BadParameter:
            value = click.STRING(value, param, ctx).lower()

            if value == "adhoc":
                try:
                    import cryptography  # noqa: F401
                except ImportError:
                    raise click.BadParameter(
                        "Using ad-hoc certificates requires the cryptography library.",
                        ctx,
                        param,
                    ) from None

                return value

            obj = import_string(value, silent=True)

            if isinstance(obj, ssl.SSLContext):
                return obj

            raise


def _validate_key(ctx, param, value):
    """The ``--key`` option must be specified when ``--cert`` is a file.
    Modifies the ``cert`` param to be a ``(cert, key)`` pair if needed.
    """
    cert = ctx.params.get("cert")
    is_adhoc = cert == "adhoc"
    is_context = ssl and isinstance(cert, ssl.SSLContext)

    if value is not None:
        if is_adhoc:
            raise click.BadParameter(
                'When "--cert" is "adhoc", "--key" is not used.', ctx, param
            )

        if is_context:
            raise click.BadParameter(
                'When "--cert" is an SSLContext object, "--key is not used.', ctx, param
            )

        if not cert:
            raise click.BadParameter('"--cert" must also be specified.', ctx, param)

        ctx.params["cert"] = cert, value

    else:
        if cert and not (is_adhoc or is_context):
            raise click.BadParameter('Required when using "--cert".', ctx, param)

    return value


class SeparatedPathType(click.Path):
    """Click option type that accepts a list of values separated by the
    OS's path separator (``:``, ``;`` on Windows). Each value is
    validated as a :class:`click.Path` type.
    """

    def convert(self, value, param, ctx):
        items = self.split_envvar_value(value)
        super_convert = super().convert
        return [super_convert(item, param, ctx) for item in items]


@click.command("run", short_help="Run a development server.")
@click.option("--host", "-h", default="127.0.0.1", help="The interface to bind to.")
@click.option("--port", "-p", default=5000, help="The port to bind to.")
@click.option(
    "--cert", type=CertParamType(), help="Specify a certificate file to use HTTPS."
)
@click.option(
    "--key",
    type=click.Path(exists=True, dir_okay=False, resolve_path=True),
    callback=_validate_key,
    expose_value=False,
    help="The key file to use when specifying a certificate.",
)
@click.option(
    "--reload/--no-reload",
    default=None,
    help="Enable or disable the reloader. By default the reloader "
    "is active if debug is enabled.",
)
@click.option(
    "--debugger/--no-debugger",
    default=None,
    help="Enable or disable the debugger. By default the debugger "
    "is active if debug is enabled.",
)
@click.option(
    "--eager-loading/--lazy-loading",
    default=None,
    help="Enable or disable eager loading. By default eager "
    "loading is enabled if the reloader is disabled.",
)
@click.option(
    "--with-threads/--without-threads",
    default=True,
    help="Enable or disable multithreading.",
)
@click.option(
    "--extra-files",
    default=None,
    type=SeparatedPathType(),
    help=(
        "Extra files that trigger a reload on change. Multiple paths"
        f" are separated by {os.path.pathsep!r}."
    ),
)
@click.option(
    "--exclude-patterns",
    default=None,
    type=SeparatedPathType(),
    help=(
        "Files matching these fnmatch patterns will not trigger a reload"
        " on change. Multiple patterns are separated by"
        f" {os.path.pathsep!r}."
    ),
)
@pass_script_info
def run_command(
    info,
    host,
    port,
    reload,
    debugger,
    eager_loading,
    with_threads,
    cert,
    extra_files,
    exclude_patterns,
):
    """Run a local development server.

    This server is for development purposes only. It does not provide
    the stability, security, or performance of production WSGI servers.

    The reloader and debugger are enabled by default if
    FLASK_ENV=development or FLASK_DEBUG=1.
    """
    debug = get_debug_flag()

    if reload is None:
        reload = debug

    if debugger is None:
        debugger = debug

    show_server_banner(get_env(), debug, info.app_import_path, eager_loading)
    app = DispatchingApp(info.load_app, use_eager_loading=eager_loading)

    from werkzeug.serving import run_simple

    run_simple(
        host,
        port,
        app,
        use_reloader=reload,
        use_debugger=debugger,
        threaded=with_threads,
        ssl_context=cert,
        extra_files=extra_files,
        exclude_patterns=exclude_patterns,
    )


@click.command("shell", short_help="Run a shell in the app context.")
@with_appcontext
def shell_command() -> None:
    """Run an interactive Python shell in the context of a given
    Flask application.  The application will populate the default
    namespace of this shell according to its configuration.

    This is useful for executing small snippets of management code
    without having to manually configure the application.
    """
    import code
    from .globals import _app_ctx_stack

    app = _app_ctx_stack.top.app
    banner = (
        f"Python {sys.version} on {sys.platform}\n"
        f"App: {app.import_name} [{app.env}]\n"
        f"Instance: {app.instance_path}"
    )
    ctx: dict = {}

    # Support the regular Python interpreter startup script if someone
    # is using it.
    startup = os.environ.get("PYTHONSTARTUP")
    if startup and os.path.isfile(startup):
        with open(startup) as f:
            eval(compile(f.read(), startup, "exec"), ctx)

    ctx.update(app.make_shell_context())

    # Site, customize, or startup script can set a hook to call when
    # entering interactive mode. The default one sets up readline with
    # tab and history completion.
    interactive_hook = getattr(sys, "__interactivehook__", None)

    if interactive_hook is not None:
        try:
            import readline
            from rlcompleter import Completer
        except ImportError:
            pass
        else:
            # rlcompleter uses __main__.__dict__ by default, which is
            # flask.__main__. Use the shell context instead.
            readline.set_completer(Completer(ctx).complete)

        interactive_hook()

    code.interact(banner=banner, local=ctx)


@click.command("routes", short_help="Show the routes for the app.")
@click.option(
    "--sort",
    "-s",
    type=click.Choice(("endpoint", "methods", "rule", "match")),
    default="endpoint",
    help=(
        'Method to sort routes by. "match" is the order that Flask will match '
        "routes when dispatching a request."
    ),
)
@click.option("--all-methods", is_flag=True, help="Show HEAD and OPTIONS methods.")
@with_appcontext
def routes_command(sort: str, all_methods: bool) -> None:
    """Show all registered routes with endpoints and methods."""

    rules = list(current_app.url_map.iter_rules())
    if not rules:
        click.echo("No routes were registered.")
        return

    ignored_methods = set(() if all_methods else ("HEAD", "OPTIONS"))

    if sort in ("endpoint", "rule"):
        rules = sorted(rules, key=attrgetter(sort))
    elif sort == "methods":
        rules = sorted(rules, key=lambda rule: sorted(rule.methods))  # type: ignore

    rule_methods = [
        ", ".join(sorted(rule.methods - ignored_methods))  # type: ignore
        for rule in rules
    ]

    headers = ("Endpoint", "Methods", "Rule")
    widths = (
        max(len(rule.endpoint) for rule in rules),
        max(len(methods) for methods in rule_methods),
        max(len(rule.rule) for rule in rules),
    )
    widths = [max(len(h), w) for h, w in zip(headers, widths)]
    row = "{{0:<{0}}}  {{1:<{1}}}  {{2:<{2}}}".format(*widths)

    click.echo(row.format(*headers).strip())
    click.echo(row.format(*("-" * width for width in widths)))

    for rule, methods in zip(rules, rule_methods):
        click.echo(row.format(rule.endpoint, methods, rule.rule).rstrip())


cli = FlaskGroup(
    help="""\
A general utility script for Flask applications.

Provides commands from Flask, extensions, and the application. Loads the
application defined in the FLASK_APP environment variable, or from a wsgi.py
file. Setting the FLASK_ENV environment variable to 'development' will enable
debug mode.

\b
  {prefix}{cmd} FLASK_APP=hello.py
  {prefix}{cmd} FLASK_ENV=development
  {prefix}flask run
""".format(
        cmd="export" if os.name == "posix" else "set",
        prefix="$ " if os.name == "posix" else "> ",
    )
)


def main() -> None:
    cli.main()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()