Culver City, at the western border of
Los Angeles, is shown in white on the relief
map at the head of this article. As in the

a
1 4
geles area, its switch- 2 95260
AR 3 | 2345 65 go 2
ing equipment is of AS ro
central-office arrange- DISCONNECT 9 REMARKS *«278-2345-| 2071 45-03! -262-4321--23-06+«
ments are shown by Z| 36
CONNECT P

ELAPSED TIME
diagrams of Figure 1.
With both methods,
the calls are routed
through step-by-step ATTEMPTS

Fig. 2—One form of manual ticket at left, and the new mechanically
prepared ticket at the right which gives all the necessary information
as a series of numbers in a single line

times of beginning and end of
the connection in hours, min-
utes, and tenths of minutes.
When these tickets reach the
accounting department,
elapsed time may be obtained
by subtracting the CONNECT

time from the DISCONNECT
time, and the proper charges
are written in. The automatic
ticketer, on the other hand,
presents all necessary informa-
tion as a series of numbers in a
single line as shown at the
right of Figure 2. What these
various numbers represent is
indicated above the ticket.
Seven digit spaces are avail-
able for the month, day, and
hour: two for the month, two
for the day, and three for the
hour, which is given in hours
and tenths of hours. The par-
ticular call shown was made on
December 7 at 14.5 hours,
which, since the time is reck-
oned from midnight, repre-
sents 2:30 P.M. to the nearest
six minutes. The two digits
following the called number,
although printed together, rep-
resent different things. The
first digit indicates the calling
subscriber’s class of service,
and the second, the number of
message units chargeable for
the initial interval, which may
be three or five minutes. The
information conveyed by this
second digit is used for deter-
mining the proper charge to
make for the total elapsed
time, which is shown in whole
minutes by the last two digits.

Some of the apparatus re-
quired to secure the informa-
tion printed is associated with the call until
disconnect occurs, but other apparatus is
required only for short intervals of various
lengths. As in crossbar offices, certain units
of common equipment are provided which
may be used with any of the trunks, and are
connected to the ticketing circuit proper
only for brief intervals as needed. These
various units and their lines of association
are indicated in Figure 4.

Senders control the progress of the call,
and in addition to recording and transmitting
the desired number, they also control the

printing of most of the information on the
ticket. As soon as the ticketing circuit is
seized, a sender is connected to it, and begins
recording the digits dialed by the subscriber.
Since at least part of the office code has al-
ready been dialed by this time, and since the
sender must also know the number of the
calling line to properly control the printing
of the ticket, it, in turn, associates itself with
an IDENTIFIER to get the information. The
IDENTIFIER determines the office code by
finding the level reached by the selector
preceding the ticketing trunk. It determines
the calling subscriber’s number by connect-
ing to the THOUSAND NUMBER Circuits, of
which there is one for each thousand num-
bers in the local office. With this information
available, the sender connects to the mes-
sage ticketer, and at once starts printing the
ticket. At the proper time, it calls in a pay
AND HOUR Circuit to secure the month, day,
and hour. The 1pENTIFIER has also given the
sender the class of service and the message
units for the initial interval, and thus the
sender now has all needed information for
printing the ticket except the elapsed time.

As soon as the sender gets the called-
office code from the IDENTIFIER it begins

transmitting it over the trunk, and then
sends the subscriber’s number, which it has
recorded in the meantime. The IDENTIFIER
and DAY AND HOUR Circuits are released as
soon as the necessary information is ob-
tained from them, and as soon as the full
number of the called subscriber has been
transmitted and the ticket printed, the
sender disconnects itself. Apparatus forming
part of the ticketing circuit starts to time the
call as soon as the called subscriber answers,
and at disconnect, it automatically prints
the chargeable time.

The finished ticket is of the same size as
those used at toll boards, but the paper for it
is supplied to the ticketing machine in a roll.
From this roll the paper is passed through
drive rollers, thence between the lower rim
of the type wheel and a printing hammer,
and then through guides to the cutting knife
and the hopper. The general relationship of
the major units of the ticketer is shown 1n
Figure 5, and front and rear views of the
ticketer itself, in Figure 6. A type wheel,
carrying twelve characters—the ten digits
from zero to nine, a dash, and an asterisk—
is mounted on one end of a shaft which also
carries an index wheel, a friction clutch

through which a small motor drives it, and a
pair of interconnected brushes—one riding
on a contact ring, and the other over a set
of twelve stationary segments. Each com-
mutator segment corresponds to one charac-
ter on the type wheel, and when the brush
js on any particular segment, the character
corresponding to that segment on the type
wheel is in position for printing. Voltage ap-
plied to a segment by the control circuit
energizes the print magnet which lifts the
print hammer to force the paper against the
character. With the same motion a metal

finger called the sTaBBER is pressed between
two teeth on the index wheel to hold the type
wheel stationary while the impression of the
character is being made. As the magnet re-
leases, a finger connected to the armature
rotates a ratchet on the drive roll to step the
paper ahead.

The slipping clutch permits continuous
running of the motor in spite of the inter-
mittent rotation of the type wheel. Contacts
operated by the armature of the print mag-
net indicate when the magnet is fully oper-
ated, so that the voltage can be removed

and also when the magnet is fully released,
so that the printing of the next character can
be started. The type wheel rotates at about
375 rpm and printing is at the rate of about
seven characters per second.

Automatic ticketing was selected for the
Los Angeles network in preference to an-
other direct-dialing method known as zone
registration, which has been used to some
extent in other dial systems. Under the latter
plan the subscriber message register is oper-
ated more than once on answer of the called
subscriber in accordance with the rate to the
called office, and is operated further for each
overtime interval. Several factors favor
ticketing for the Los Angeles area. The per-
centage of subscribers having message-rate
service is relatively low, particularly in the
suburbs, and the registers which it would
be necessary to buy for flat rate subscribers
would be used only on the zone calls. Certain
circuit difficulties would have to be overcome
to make it possible to operate the registers in
the existing step-by-step offices more than
once on the same call. Finally, the individual
record provided for each call is of value in
answering inquiries regarding bills, and this
advantage increases in importance as the

Tue Autuor: O. A. Frienp, after graduating
from the University of Michigan in 1910 with
the degree of B.E.E.,
joined the A T & T
and was assigned to
development of power
equipment. Entering
the Army early in
World War I, he
served in the Re-
search and Inspection
Division of the Signal
Corps in France. He
returned tothe D&R
at the time the ma-
chine switching pro-
gram of the Bell System was getting under way,
and became associated with the development of
the step-by-step type of dial equipment. When
the D & R combined with the Laboratories in
1934, he became Step-by-Step Engineer in what
is now the Switching Engineering Department,
and has been engaged in further development of
the step-by-step system.

O* July 16, 1920, an earthquake shook
Los Angeles, and rumors spread that
the ‘Magic Isle” of Catalina had sunk into
the sea. Earlier on this same day, Catalina
had been linked to the mainland by tele-
phone, and thus to dispel this rumor, it
was necessary only to .

the town of Avalon on
the island. This new
telephone link was no
ordinary service ex-
tension. The thirty-
mile stretch of ocean
between Avalon and
Long Beach was
bridged by radio; for
the first time a radio
link was made an in-
tegral part of a tele-
phone system. Al-
though the Arlington-
Paris experiment had
demonstrated the pos-
sibility of long dis-
tance radio telephony nearly five years
earlier, this was the first time reliance had
been placed on radio to give regular day-in
day-out public telephone service.

When the need arose for telephone service
to Catalina, cable communication could not
have been provided without considerable
delay, and radio was turned to as an al-
ternative. This was shortly after World War
I, and the development of a line of standard
radio equipment had been undertaken by the
Engineering Department of the Western
Electric Company as a post-war project. Al-
though not ready for manufacture, designs
were sufficiently advanced to permit mak-
ing the equipment in the laboratory.

In establishing this link, telephone and
radio technicians joined hands to do a job
that had never been done before—the
bridging by radio of a gap between sections
of wire telephone plant to provide public
telephone service. The circuit established,

between the Los Angeles toll board and the
Avalon switchboard, was made up of twenty-
five miles of wire circuit on the mainland,
thirty-two miles of radio link, and one mile
of wire line on the island. It was handled
just as any wire toll circuit, and could be
_ switched at the Los
a Angeles end to connect
with circuits to all

The radio stations
were at Long Beach,
on the Pacific shore
south of Los Angeles,
and at Pebbly Beach,
just south of Avalon
near the southern end
of Catalina. The trans-
mitters had a carrier
output of about 100
watts, and two-way
communication was
obtained by using two
frequencies — 638 kc
from California to
Catalina, and 750 ke
in the opposite direction. These channels
are in what is now the most desirable region
of the broadcast band, but at that time
broadcasting was still in the future.

The Catalina radio circuit was popular
from the first, and carried such a large
amount of traffic that two operators were
necessary at each end to handle it. So
popular was it, as a matter of fact, that
within a year or two, additional facilities
were urgently required. Since the trend of
traffic indicated that many more channels
would shortly be needed, submarine cables
were decided upon, and the radio circuit was
removed about three years after its opening.
It had conclusively demonstrated that radio
telephone links were eminently practicable,
and it indicated the most promising direc-
tions for further developments to take. It
was the forerunner of the present radio tele-
phone services of the Bell System, which prior
to the war reached some seventy countries.

cate operation because the desired
dimensions must be reached to within a
very few millionths of an inch. The crystal is
brought to approximately the required
thickness in a lapping machine of the general
type already described in the Recorp.*
The final finishing laps are made by hand,
however, since the process is short, and the
crystal must be tested for its proper fre-
quency at frequent intervals. This final lap-
ping was formerly accomplished by placing
the crystal on a lap like those used in the
machine, and moving it around with the
finger. This method, however, was subject
to all the irregularities of the earlier machine
methods. Following the design of the new
machine lapper, therefore, a new hand lap-
ping outfit was designed and a new tech-
~ *REcORD, June, 1944, DP. 435-

nique outlined that gave much improved
results, and has greatly expedited the finish-
ing process in the Western Electric plants.

The objectives of the design were to secure
an even pressure over the entire face of the
crystal, to allow the crystal to rotate as it
passed over the lap, to have the crystal over-
ride both inner and outer peripheries of the
laps at each passage across it so as to avoid
the tendency to excessive grinding on the
outer sections of the crystal, and to secure
essentially even wear over the entire surface
of the lap so that it would remain flat. None
of these objectives were very satisfactorily
attained with the earlier hand method. It
was almost impossible to secure uniform
pressure by moving the crystal with the
finger, and rotation of the crystal was
negligible. In addition, over-running of the
lap was very irregularly if at all obtained,
and the tendency to excessive grinding over

To secure evenly distributed pressure on
the surface of the crystal, a glass carrier was
designed. This is shown at the right of
Figure 1. One surface of this carrier is ground
optically flat, and the other has a small in-
dentation at the center. In operation, a
wetted crystal is slid onto the flat surface to
which it adheres, and is then placed on the
lap with the carrier on top of it, and the
crystal moved over the surface by placing
the point of the stylus, shown at the left of
Figure 1, in the socket in the top of the re-
tainer. Pressure applied at this point is dis-
tributed evenly over the surface of the lap in
contact with the crystal. Moreover, as the
retainer is pushed around by the stylus, the
effect of the friction is to rotate the crystal
and the retainer, thus giving rotational mo-
tion in addition to that of translation.

To secure regulated over-shooting of the
crystal at both inner and outer peripheries of
the lap, a lap holder was designed that would
permit the crystal retainer to move off the
lap a fixed amount at both its edges. This

Tue AutHor: G. M. THurston of the Com-
mercial Products Development Department en-
tered the student
course of the Engi-
neering Department
of the Western Elec-
tric Company in
191g. He then joined
the radio research
group where he was
concerned with cir-
cuit development. He
Was associated with
the development of
transatlantic radio
and in this connec-
tion made a field survey of the transatlantic
short-wave project. He was also closely asso-
ciated with the development of ship-to-shore
radio, particularly the initial installation on the
Leviathan.

From 1922 to 1926 he studied at Columbia Uni-
versity and in 1927 at the Polytechnic Institute
of Brooklyn. Since 1930 most of Mr. Thurston’s
work has been concerned with investigations of
quartz crystals. This has covered dimensioning
and lapping techniques and the development
of testing equipment.

holder, shown in Figure 1, has a low round
projection in the center that fits inside the
lap and holds it securely in place. Arising
from the center of this projection is a cylin-
der that is smaller than the central opening
of the lap by just the amount of over-carry
desired. Around the outer periphery of the
lap, and the same distance from it as the
central cylinder is from the inner periphery,
is a ring to limit the extreme outer position
of the crystal retainer. The operating tech-
nique is to move the crystal in looping arcs
between the outer and inner stops, and at
the same time to carry it around the lap.
Thirty small loops for one round trip of the
lap are specified.

As may be discovered by reference to the
article already referred to, this motion is
almost exactly the same as that provided in
the new precision machine lapper. In making
the finishing laps, however, hand lapping 1s
much quicker because the frequent re-
movals of the crystal from the lap to test for
frequency, while quite simple with the hand
outfit, become complicated and slow with
the machine. This new device and technique
gives the speed of hand lapping and yet re-
tains precision of the best machine lapping.
Because of this advantage the time required
to train girls for this hand lapping process
has been drastically reduced.

matically routed to a cordless switch-
board where operators set up the connec-
tion through the switching train by “writing
up” the proper code on keys. In any such
system, the general problem is to arrange
the distributing circuits so that an idle
operator can be promptly found and con-
nected to the trunk regardless of the number
of positions occupied at the time. On the
other hand, the number of positions pro-
vided for any particular office and the
number of them occupied for any existing
load must be kept as small as practicable in
order to avoid excessive operating and
equipment costs.

Analysis shows that operating efficiency
increases with the size of the group of
operators, and thus the greatest operating
efficiency is secured if all the trunks can be
given access to all the positions. The amount
of equipment necessary to give this uni-
versal interconnection becomes excessive,
however, and economy frequently makes it
necessary to divide the operators into
groups, each group serving a portion of the

incoming trunks. Although maximum eff-
ciency is not secured when this is done, it
can be approached fairly closely since the
increase in efficiency tapers off as the groups
become larger, while the cost of the equip-
ment increases.

In the past, call distribution has been ac-
complished by using step-by-step, panel, or
rotary switches, and the results have been
very satisfactory. None of these methods
could be readily adapted to the new toll
office, however, because of the large number
of leads per trunk that must be handled.
Because of the exigencies of toll switching,
a simple tap connection to the trunks 1s not
adequate; the incoming trunk for a brief
interval of the switching period must be
carried to the switchboard and then back to
the toll switching train, thus forming a loop.
Because of the use of four-wire switching,
moreover, and of other factors of the crossbar
toll system, these operator loops each re-
quire sixteen leads, and this large number of
leads cannot easily be obtained with any of
the types of switches formerly used. In the
crossbar toll office, therefore, crossbar link
frames are used to distribute the calls to the

the link frames, and thus have access to all
forty loops. Because of the splitting of the
frame into two halves, only one half is
needed to illustrate the arrangement of
trunks, links, and loops. This arrangement
is shown in Figure 1, where the six secondary
switches of the half shown are at the right,
and the upper and lower of the six primary
switches are at the left. The lower three
secondary switches supply the sixteen con-
ductors for each of ten loops, and the three
upper, for another ten loops, and thus each
half frame supplies twenty loops.

Each primary switch is split so as to form
five units, each with ten horizontals and two
verticals, and thus the six primary switches
of each half frame provide thirty such two-
by-ten units. Again because of the sixteen
leads required, three of the two-by-ten
units are used for each loop, and thus the
thirty units provide for one hundred trunks
—ten for each group of three two-by-ten
units. The three two-by-five units for each
set of ten trunks may not all be on the same
switch; two of them may be on one and one
on the switch above or below it.

In Figure 1, each line represents six wires,
the number that can be handled by each
crosspoint of the crossbar switches. If one
line is allowed to represent all sixteen wires,
the interconnections for a complete frame
would be as indicated in Figure 2. Here, one
ten-by-ten secondary switch represents three
on the actual frames, and each two-by-ten

yan TO
-- OPERATOR
NO. 99 at -- LOOP NO.I9
9 9 9 “16 wiRES
rss
Oo! 23 89 9 Io 9 9
| SWITCHES T
UPLICATE 4 PS4 =16 WIRES
ITCHES SHOWN
9 9 9
67 89 9} oO 9] oO 9
-
| -- OPERATOR
LOOP
>
16 WIRES 16 WIRES

Fig. 1—One-half of operator link frame. Each line represents six wires, the number that can be
handled by each crosspoint of the crossbar switches

PRIMARY SECONDARY three frames, all the No. 1
=" loops to another and all the
TAHT = No. 2 loops to the third. These
i -0 w three frames are called key-
© frames, and are numbered o,
' % 1, and 2 to correspond to the
numbers of the loops they
mans serve. Since forty operators
S can handle calls from more
than three hundred trunks,
3 other frames are added as
. .
needed. The horizontal termi-
GROUP ATT — nals of the secondary switches
TRUNKS @ of each added frame are multi.
pled to one of the key-frames,
= but each of the additional
frames serves a different group
TEN 74 of one hundred trunks.
TRUNKS T
The use of key-frames per-

positions. The three loops to
each position are marked 0, 1,
and 2, and all the No. o loops
are connected to one of the

Fig. 3—Temporary multipling arrangements using the key-
frame system are shown by the dashed lines. This multipling
is removed when additional loops are required

frames because each additional frame is per-
manently multipled to one of the key-
frames. This temporary multipling is indi-
cated by the dashed lines on Figure 3 which
show the general scheme of key-frames.
Should these unoccupied positions later be
filled, it is necessary only to remove the
temporary multipling, and run the addi-
tional loops to their assigned positions.
Forty operator positions will probably be
sufficient for most of the toll crossbar instal-
lations. Some of the very large cities, how-
ever, may require more than forty positions,
and to provide for them, a second arrange-
ment has been devised that will handle a
maximum of eighty positions. This is the ar-
rangement provided at Philadelphia, for
although there are only thirty-two positions
at the present time, it is expected that the
number will soon be greater than forty.
The general scheme of arrangement for the
eighty-position unit is similar to that for the
forty, but six key-frames are used instead of
three. These key-frames are divided into
three odd and three even frames. The
former handle the odd switchboard positions
and the latter, the even. Thus, the forty
odd positions of the board—positions 1, 3, 5,

through 77, 79—will be served by the three
key-frames Nos. 1, 3, and 5, while the forty
even positions—2, 4, 6 through 78, 80—will
be served by the three key-frames Nos. 0, 2,
and 4. In this way, a doubling in size is pos-
sible without any radical difference in the
general arrangement.

THe Autuor: F. A. Parsons received the
E.E. degree from Cornell University in 1937,
and at once joined
the Technical Staff of
the Laboratories.
After spending some
time on relay design,
and in the toll labora-
tories group, he trans-
ferred to toll facil-
ities. Here he worked
on the requirements
for crossbar toll
switching systems,
and was intimately
associated with the
design of the No. 4 system recently installed in
Philadelphia. In February, 1941, Mr. Parsons
left the Laboratories on a military leave of
absence, and is now a major with the Bomb
Disposal Group of the United States Army.

For the Fifth War Loan Drive now under way and which closes
July 8, the U. S. Treasury suggested as a goal an investment of $100
in bonds per employee during the months of June and July. The
Laboratories, however, through the decision of its Bond Committee, set
itself a higher goal. It had been struggling to maintain a payroll
allotment of 10 per cent of total pay including overtime. It had exceeded
that during the Fourth Drive, through the three months’ allotment.
When these were completed its percentage dropped to about 8% per cent
from over 10% per cent. For the Fifth Drive it set a goal of 10 per cent
plus an extra week’s standard pay—not including overtime—dis-
tributed through twelve weeks during July, August and September.
This 1s a hard goal to attain but it is easy compared to the goals the
boys are gaining in France, Italy and the Pacific. Can’t we do that
little extra? The Laboratories Bond Committee knows we can; and the
statistics as of June 23 show that we are three-quarters of the way to
the goal. Give a good hard push and the goal is reached.

U.S. Army’s latest anti-aircraft gun—the 4.7 inch, equipped with the M-10 Electrical Director designed
by the Laboratories. Upper left, the projectile ready for its fuse to be set. Upper right, the fuse Setter
slides down, rotates the fuse to the proper position, and returns. The tray swings down into line with
the breech; the lever at the left rams the powder charge and projectile and the breech closes. Center, gun
drill at the Weapons-of-War show at Washington. Lower left, Tracker for the M-1o Director. Lower
right, computer and altitude converter. Normally a tarpaulin over five bows roofs the trailer

eth anniversary of Walter S.
Gifford’s service in the Bell Sys-
tem. As a young man about to
graduate from Harvard in the
year 1904, Mr. Gifford wrote a
letter asking for a job with the
General Electric Company. The
business world and its connections
were new to him and he made the
mistake of addressing the enve-
lope to the Chicago address of the
Western Electric Company. In his
letter of application he said, among
other things, ““Now if there is only
some position (no matter what,
provided there will be a fair chance
for a rise if it is deserved), in the
General Electric Company, I
should like to try it and would
endeavor to suit.” This letter,
though misdirected, won Mr. Gifford an
interview and he was invited to file an appli-
cation for a position with the Western Elec-
tric Company.

In the application form Mr. Gifford stated
that his father was a lumber dealer in Salem,
Massachusetts, and in reply to the question
as to what work he would prefer and what
special training he had fitting him for it,
he said, ‘‘Good office work—no special train-
ing, however.” As references he gave two of
his professors at Harvard, the principal of
his high school, and the family doctor. The
letters of recommendation written by these
men were all favorable, and one concluded
with this sentence: “I judge him to be a
man of promise.” It was pointed out that
he had entered Harvard when but sixteen
years of age and had completed the four-year
course in only three years, thus graduating
at the unusually early age of nineteen. The
Principal of his high school said: “I can
recommend him in the strongest terms to

anyone desiring a reliable, honest, and hard-
working young man.” These recommenda-
tions, made by men who were without in-
fluence in the worldly sense, proved to be
prophetic. Mr. Gifford’s rise in the industry
of his own choosing was as rapid and as
brilliant as ‘his scholastic career had been.

In July, 1904, he started with the West-
ern Electric Company in Chicago as a clerk
in the payroll department at a salary of $10
a week and two years later he came to the
New York headquarters of that company as
a clerk in the Secretary’s office at $24 a
week. Five years after entering the business
he transferred to the American Telephone
and ‘Telegraph Company in Boston and did
general accounting work at a salary of $275
per month. His rise in the Company to the
positions of Chief Statistician, Comptroller,
Vice-President, and finally to that of Presi-
dent, bears testimony to his industry, in-
tegrity and ability.

known. Neither in his employment nor in
his subsequent rise did family influence or
the influence of so-called “‘powerful inter-
ests”? play any part in his development. By
the application of his outstanding talents to
the tasks which have confronted him, he has
reached his present position of leadership in
the business world, and by his unfailing
courtesy and kindness he has won a warm
place in the hearts of all who know him.

Telephone work is not normally haz-
ardous, but emergencies do arise, and hardly
a day passes without a striking example of
courage, resourcefulness, or devotion to duty
on the part of a telephone worker some-
where. Those telephone people who distin-
guish themselves through outstanding “‘acts
of noteworthy public service” receive awards
that are provided by the Theodore N. Vail
Memorial

Kor 1943, twenty-six awards were made to
telephone men and women—and six of these
awards were for especially conspicuous
merit. The citations accompanying the
higher awards were:

“To Frederick Richard Hoffman, of The
Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Com-
pany of Virginia, for initiative and prompt,
intelligent and courageous action in the
rescue of a man who had come in contact
with a high voltage wire, a silver medal and
five hundred dollars.”

“To Louis G. de Lyon, Alfred H. Gerlach,
Alexander Mikolasy, William Mohrhoff,
and Louis J. Rom, all of the Western Elec-
tric Company of New York, for prompt
action, initiative and extreme courage in
the face of grave personal danger during an
emergency prior to and following an ex-
plosion of hydrogen gas, each a silver medal
and five hundred dollars.’ Of this group,
Mr. de Lyon gave his life, and the award is
presented posthumously to his wife, Mrs.
Elfrida J. de Lyon.

In addition, a group of Southwestern Bell
Telephone Company employees has received
special recognition. They remained on duty
under extremely trying conditions after an
explosion in the Jefferson Central Office
building at St. Louis where they worked had
demolished walls, shattered glass, and filled
the building with dust, smoke and fumes.

During a recent visit at Murray Hill, Mr. W. B. Bell, President of the American Cyanamid
Company, and Dr. R. B. Barnes of his staff were accompanied by Dr. Buckley and Mr. C. P.
Cooper, Vice-President of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. In the photograph,
Mr. Bell stands at Dr. Buckley’s right and Mr. Cooper is at his left. In the back row, from left
to right, are R. R. Williams, R. M. Burns, R. A. Haislip, W. H. Martin and Dr. Barnes

Later he went to England during the
“Blitz” to study at first hand the work of
the Bomb Disposal Group. He returned then

Sine to the Aberdeen Proving Ground to_be-
come director of research for this group
there. Major Parsons, for having taken
apart an unexploded bomb in England,
wears the special Bomb-Disposal insignia

on his sleeve—a red bomb outlined in yellow
Lieut. Commander Clarence Unnevehr on a dead-black background.

CoMMANDER UNNEVEHR spent a day at All Bomb Disposal men are volunteers,
West Street recently while on leave. This though only officers do the actual nerve-
was his first return to the States in almost tingling job of taking the “cranky” things
two years. He left the Laboratories in No- apart. A colonel in this group remarked,
vember, 1940, and has since seen a great deal ‘In our branch of the service you only make
of action in the South Pacific. He partici- one mistake. You’re either an expert or
pated in the battle at Rennell Island which — you’re dead.”
was a part of the Guadalcanal campaign. ~

Later he also saw action in the New Georgia Lieut. Col. W. J. Galbraith
and Bougainville campaigns. He expects to “Just a line to the gang to let you know
return to the Pacific area. that I can tell you I am in India, in the CBI

(China-Burma-India) Theater. Had a very
Major Frank A. Parsons long but interesting trip and saw quite a

One of the most interesting, and probably bit of the ‘world on the way. India is an
the smallest branch of the United States interesting country with its native bearers
Army, is the Bomb Disposal Group. Most carrying immense loads on their heads,
of the men in this group have an engineering everyone chewing betel-nut. I suppose this
background. Mayor Frank A. Parsons, a js the hottest part of the year and soon the
member of the Laboratories, is now in Eng- monsoon season starts, which is just about as

When Major Parsons first came to the
Laboratories he spent some time in the relay Lieut. Col. J. M. Hayward
design and the toll laboratories groups be- “The trip down here to Australia was un-

fore transferring to the Toll Facilities De- believably fast considering the distance. |
partment where he worked on requirements Once we took off from the West Coast we
for toll crossbar switching systems. When were in the air almost constantly by night i
Mr. Parsons left the Laboratories for the or day. The time spent on the ground during (
Army, he was sent to the Aberdeen Proving — the four stops we made was very short, with
Ground in Maryland where he was in the exception of the stop at Guadalcanal ie
charge of instruction on a pistol range. where we had a little more time to clean up, =

We regret that in last month’s issue a photo-
graph of H. V. Berlin with Lieut. George
Bukur’s name under it was published. Both
are overseas, Private Berlin somewhere in the
Pacific and Lieut. Bukur in China

shave and eat at a table. Without any scen-
ery to look at other than water and clouds, we
passed the time reading, sleeping, eating or
playing gin-rummy. The fall weather here
is very mild and clear. The hotel accommo-
dations in the one I’m in—reserved for
colonels—are the kind my _ grandfather
might have enthused about and the food just
is not prepared properly. I doubt if I will
be here long enough to get used to walking
and riding on the left side of the street, and
the money, in pounds—shillings—pence—
with the florin (2S) and ha’penny too, are
still confusing me. Have yet to see a
kangaroo or a fuzzy-wuzzy, but soldiers and
women in uniform rule the town at all
times. Best regards to all.”

Lizur. GeorGeE Bukur writes from some-
where in China, “I finally arrived safely
and in good shape. I’m sure I’ll never want
to travel again when I get home! I used
about every mode of transportation known
before finally reaching my destination.

“China is a very interesting country and
much better than India as far as food and
climate are concerned. | am at an American
camp where the food and quarters are fair.
My knowledge of Mandarin helps a great
deal and I am now an instructor in the
language. The surrounding terrain is indeed
beautiful. My only regret is that I have no
photographic equipment to record some of
the unusual things I have seen.

“Chinese ten dollar bills are worth eight
cents in our money. There is very little to
buy here in the way of souvenirs, ‘and what
there 1 is Costs outrageous prices.

“Our daily program is a long one, with
breakfast at 5:30 a.m. and supper at 6:00
p-m., so don’t gripe about overtime in the
office! If you think a uniform is glamorous,
you should see it when one is standing in
three feet of mud. You haven’t lived until
you've eaten water buffalo. It would taste
like leather in the States but it’s heaven
over here.”

Bertrand H. Sommer
Capet-MIpsHIPMAN BERTRAND H. Som-
MER of the Merchant Marine returned to
visit West Street recently, after two seven-
month cruises in the Mediterranean.

oratories have been on military leaves of
absence (see page 463), of which 33 leaves
have been completed. The 813 active leaves
were divided as follows:

There were also 17 members on merchant
marine leaves and 27 members on personal
leaves for war work.

Robert Beattie James F. Madden
John J. Cozine Henry G. Petzinger
Betty J. Dean Joan E. Schubert
Albert H. Diegler Frederick A. Soltow
Edward J. Dixon Albert R. Strnad
Howard S. Hopkins William A. Sumner

Donald E. Blesse Ensign F. W. Lindberg
Eugene J. Breiding Domenick Maccia
Edward A. Hake Peder M. Ness
Herbert E. Henrikson T. T. O’Shaughnessy
Paul A. Hopf Seferin E. Pulis
William E. Howard William L. Rohr
Joseph Kocan Ellsworth R. Rosen
Edward B. Kopetz Herbert L. Smith
David J. Van Slooten

During his trips he stopped at a number of
ports in Italy, Sicily, and North Africa. The
surprise German raid on the Allied port of
Bari, Italy, last December took place just
the day before Sommer arrived there. His
was one of the first ships to enter the harbor
after the bombing.

He spent Christmas Day in Bari, where
he received one of his copies of the Recorp.
New Year’s Day he spent in Augusta,
Sicily, where he found that the city had
been bombed by the Germans during a raid
the previous day.

The cruises were a part of his preliminary
training. Cadet Sommer will now take
further training at the Merchant Marine
Academy in Long Island. When he has com-
pleted the course he is taking there, he will
be commissioned a Third Officer in the
Merchant Marine or an Ensign in the
Naval Reserve.

writes from the South Pacific,
“Have moved about on this hot and humid
jungle island quite a bit—done some flying
over tremendous mountain ranges and blue-
green seas. It is a wild and unhospitable
country, largely unexplored, with a most un-

pleasant climate. I can’t tell you where I
am now or have been, of course, but the
jungle everywhere presses in closely. Few
wild animals are to be seen—just some wild
pigs, wallabies (miniature kangaroos), and
lots of snakes. We shot several snakes re-
cently. Two were four feet iong, and one
over thirteen feet by actual measurement. It
took five men to hold the largest one up
for camera shots.

“At last I am now doing the work I came
to do. It is a real pleasure to work with Bell
Lab prints, texts, and KS parts again.
I am in charge of a base shop here where we
maintain and repair a highly specialized bit of
equipment. It is not particularly strenuous,
but each problem is a challenge and it takes
all my electrical experience plus the training
that I had received in the Laboratories to
find the trouble.”

“When I came back from furlough I
started on a five-week course of intensive
training. In that short space of time I
learned the basic principles of jungle war-
fare. Recently, however, I was sent to
Silver Springs, Florida, with a detachment to
help in the filming of a motion picture of

the Navy. I had the pleasure of being in the
company of men who have fought in all the
major engagements of the South Pacific.
I can honestly say that I learned more, from
my short association with those men, than I
have since I’ve been in the Marine Corps.
You yourself would thrill to hear some of
their stories. The picture took only a short
time to film and as a result, after only three
weeks, I found myself back with my old
outfit. I wish I could tell you what the film
was about and what we Marines did, but I
have promised to keep all that information
to myself as it is a military secret.”

“The Fighter Control Squadron in my
address gives as clear a picture of my work
as is permitted. I have had a good deal of
field experience in this type work since the
North African campaign started, working
with both American and British personnel.
I had the great good fortune of being one of
two officers from this theater who were
selected to return to the States for special
schooling. I had six weeks there, and spent
two days at the Labs visiting the old gang.”

Lieut. Thomas Pariseau, stationed at Gore
Field, Mont., recently announced the birth of
“Tommy ITT”

“School is darned interesting and I really
like it. I graduated third in the class from
Grove City, first Marine, but two sailors
beat me, with a 95.7 average.

“T'll really be in shape when I leave this
place. It’s a second boot camp. Parris Island
exercises, Judo lessons, obstacle course,
aerial gunnery practice, run the _ island

(three miles), drill under arms—and some
flying time. And it really tires me—I sure
am soft after being in the hospital so long.
But I’ll toughen up.”

CuHarites H. Doersam, Jr., has been
given a personal leave of absence to work
with the Naval Research Laboratories.

Lieut. THomas M. Pepe and Josepu A.
FAIRBROTHER have been transferred from
the Navy to the Marines.

Lieut. Warp K. Sr. has been
stationed for some time at New Delhi, India,
with the U.S.A.F. of the China-Burma-India
Command. A recent letter states that he 1s
recovering satisfactorily from a severe illness.

Harry W. Doutmar is now with the
Seabees in the Hawaiian Islands, doing elec-
trical work there. “I have been receiving the
Recorb quite regularly. The December and
January issues containing articles on the de-
velopment of the Electrical Director were
especially interesting, as they brought back
memories of the days when I was working
with the group that developed it.”

Berry Kenny from the Accounting De-
partment has been sent to the Naval Air
Station at Pensacola, Florida, for a course In
Aviation Free Gunnery Instruction.

RECENT visitors included Ligut. Eowarp
Fiuipovits, formerly of the “‘Model Shop,”
who hopes to fly a P-47 pursuit plane shortly;
and Lieut. ARTHUR PALMER of the same
department who received his wings at Craig
Field; PereR SHEARER on furlough from
Camp Robinson.

JosepH P. REppINGTON is “just about
over the hardest hurdle of the Marine Corps
—boot camp—at Parris Island, South
Carolina.”

Haroip W. Rarmert writes, “I have just
completed five months of sea duty on board
a merchant ship acting as the Navy radio-
man. We stopped at several interesting
places including Egypt, Arabia, Ceylon, and
India. The old saying, ‘Join the Navy and
see the world,’ fitted my experiences per-
fectly. At present I am a candidate for the
Navy’s V12 officers training and will start
college in July.”

“My PARTICULAR work is still in the in-
terests of bettering the communications
facilities of the Naval establishments,”

Lr. ArtHUR PALMER PETER SHEARER
writes Ligur. CommManperR Ratpu_ H.
Mitter from Washington, D. C.

“ENGLAND Is a nice place in the spring,”
writes ALFRED Wickstrom, “but I’ll take
New York any time!”

Roserr T. Durrey visited the Labora-
tories when he was in New York recently.

In thirteen months of Army life Walter
Sokolosky has been stationed in twelve different
bases. His most recent one is Bradley Field,
from which he expects to be sent to a port of
embarkation for overseas duty

WarreEN E. WILson reports, “I must say,
it is interesting training here at Camp
Wolters, Texas, in spite of the heavy work.
Give my best to all of the gang at the Labs,
and tell them to write.”

Aviation Capet Tuomas R. Harpen
writes that he is now at the State Teachers’
College in Fitchburg, Mass., taking ele-
mentary flight training.

From a Signal Training Regiment at
Camp Murphy, Florida, Haro.ip H. Horr-
MAN writes, ““There’s plenty of work for us
to do but an occasional trip to West Palm
Beach ought to break the monotony.”

R. J. LaFrance is in a Seabee Battalion
somewhere in the Southwest Pacific.

Vicror S1Lzer has become * * * instructor
at the Boca Raton Field Air Base in Florida.

“My PRESENT assignment as a flight in-
structor is very pleasant and at times inter-
esting,” writes Ensicn J. R. Boyte, who is
now stationed at the Naval Air Station in
Glenview, Illinois.

THE Recorp has been notified that Lizur.
Coronet Witiiam H. Epwarps has re-
ceived orders for active overseas duty.

McAtevey of the Wac writes,
“Spent a very enjoyable furlough in Edin-
burgh, and from there went to Loch Lomond
for a day.”

James J. Viccers has been transferred
to Camp Plauche in Louisiana. He sends
“Regards to the boys in the coil room.”

CHARLES HeEmpeEL, stationed at Camp
Blanding, Florida, writes, “I received my
May issue of the Recorp. In it I saw a
picture of Watson RicHarpson, and I
would like to say hello to him through the
ReEcorp.”

Lieut. KennetH E. Waters is overseas
with an A.A.A. Battalion; Witiiam G.
PimPL is now overseas with New York APO
number; Rospert D. Nostranp is on active
sea duty; Joun Marko, A.S.T.U., is at
Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Vir-
ginia; and Frank Sarpinua is with the
Merchant Marine.

Aviation Caper James M. Hoacianp,
Jx., has completed his college training course
at Syracuse University and is awaiting as-
signment for pre-flight training.

cently completed training in the Merchant
Marine, receiving his commission at Fort
Schuyler, is now on active sea duty with
the Navy.

On A RECENT visit to the Laboratories
Aviation Cadet JosepH KEL ty told that he
has completed his primary flight training
at the Bunker Hill Naval Air Station in
Peru, Indiana, and now expects to be sent
to Pensacola, Florida, for advanced training.

Ropertr ErcHHorn visited West Street
before leaving for Corpus Christi, his last
basic training base, where he hopes to win
his wings.

Recent visitors to West Street have in-
cluded Ropert SEymMour, who trained at
Camp Crowder in Switchboard Operation
and Installation and is now overseas; JOHN
A. Zweic, who is assigned to Camp Rey-
nolds replacement center; Ligut. THomas
B. Horton, recently commissioned pilot at
George Field; and Frank C, Wanirts.

Tuomas Fox, on a visit to West Street,
had many interesting experiences to relate
about students whom he instructs at Fort
Monmouth. At one time he had a trapper

from the Northwest who was to learn how
to repair telephones and switchboards—and
the man had only seen three telephones in his
life before joining the Army.

As cusrop1An of enlisted men’s service
records at New Castle Army Base, Louis
Bett has learned much about personnel
work, he said when he visited the Lab-
oratories recently.

Wituiam L. Farmer, Jr., been
selected by the Army to study medicine. He
is now taking a Pre-Medical Course at State
College, Pennsylvania.

Crit. Epwarp H. Bues from a San Fran-
cisco A.P.O. number says, “Greetings from
a far corner of the world. Although a long
distance away we have been getting V-mail
letters at an average of ten days from
New York City.”

RutH RypsBerc of the Marine Corps
Women’s Reserve sends regards to everyone
at the Laboratories.

Aviation Capet Martin E. Jounson
writes: “Upon completion of my pre-flight

training at Chapel Hill last month, I moved
on to the Naval primary air base located at
Grosse Ile, Michigan, where I’m getting my
first taste of real flying.”

Ensicn Rosert H. Licut, now stationed
at Princeton, says he is learning from the
ground up the “whys” of some of the equip-
ment the Labs are building.

CoMMANDER Ropman D. DeKay writes
that he is “still paddling around in the
Pacific, looking for Japs.”

Henry WipMann is in a Submarine Di-
vision of the Navy with a San Francisco
post office address.

Captain FREDERICK B. Mone has
completed courses at the Signal Corps
School at Fort Monmouth, and is now over-
seas; H. Burcess now has
a New York A.P.O. address; and WARREN
FE. THACKER sends regards to his friends in
the Labs from Camp Claiborne, Louisiana.

Donatp J. OaKLEy, in the Navy, writes,
“T am stationed at a Naval Air Base in the
South Pacific.”

AFTER SPENDING seventeen months in
New Guinea, Ligur. MALLEry rather
hopes his next address will be from another
climate, preferably New York.

RECENT PROMOTIONS among members of
the Laboratories in the service: LIEUTENANT
Fveretr C. Watsman; MarILyNn
Pearson, Aviation Machinist’s Mate 2/c in
the Waves; Ser. J. B. KENNeEpy, Technician
Fourth Grade rating; Lizur. CoLone
THomas A. McCann, now serving overseas,
attached to General Eisenhower’s Head-
quarters; SEconp Ligur. Georce N.
in the Air Forces; Caprain LERoy G. Ratn-
HART; SECOND GREGORY CHABRA In
the Air Forces; Lieu. ComMANDER Harry
C. Hart, U.S.N.R.; Lizur. ComManper
Joun R. Sackman, now overseas with a
San Francisco Post Office address; First
Lieut. Ratpw D. Horne, Jr., pilot of an
Fighth A.A.F. Flying Fortress, now in
England; Seconp Lieu. Ropert F. HEALY;
Seconp Ligur. Gerard E. Davis; Srarr
SERGEANT M. EHLER.

Lieut. Ropert F. HEALy, who was com-
missioned a pilot at Victoria, Texas, has
been assigned to Enid Air Field as an in-
structor. During his leave, Lieut. Healy
visited the Photocopy Department where he
was employed before entering service.

RicHarp Rarrerty is taking a specialist
training course in the operation of the
Electrical Gun Director at Aberdeen Prov-
ing Ground in Maryland.

Caper. Ernest C. GRraAuNAS, now in
Australia after a ‘“‘short stay in New
Guinea”; Lizur. CoLtonet R. O. Forp,
from a New York A.P.O. address; RoBERr
S. DrypEN, now overseas; L. M. Cassano
in the Seabees; THomMas J. O’NEILL, now in

England; Lizur. Co. A. Specur,
on temporary duty, expects to return to the
States some time this summer; ALFRED O,
ScHWARz, from an advanced area of the
Pacific; RaymMonp S. YERDEN, now overseas
in the Marine Corps.

Harold Jaffee, G. C. Barry, Isabelle M. Ken-
nedy, Captain B. M. Froehly, S/Sgt. C. E.
Underhill, W. M. Ehler, Adele Aboutok, K. G,
Oestreicher, K. A. Josephson, Edward Schoum,
Grace M. Connor, Kay R. Parsons, Lieut.
G. M. Richards, James Campbell, Alfred Bertin,
A. F. Schweizer, R. F. Logan, W. F. Edwards,
Jr., H. C. De Valve, Jr., Lt. P. W. Foy, D. W.
Webster, P. A. Walz, J. R. Merchant, Matthew
Tomb, W. E. Springer, R. F. Rennick, Lieut.
Commander J. B. Newsom, E. J. Moskal, J. H.
Geiger, W. R. Frees, Sara Dolin, L. J. Antonucci,
R. H. Funck, W. B. Sage.

MEMBERS OF THE LABORATORIES on
military leaves of absence who haven’t been
receiving the Recorp due to incorrect ad-
dresses are given below. The editors would
like any information concerning them.

George A. Carlson —_ Richard H. Koehn
Stanley W. Erickson Ellsworth A. Lichtenberger
David N. Fulton Peter F. McGann

Lieut. and Mrs. Gregory Chabra, both of the
Laboratories, had this picture taken during a
visit to West Street, shortly after Lieut.
Chabra won his wings. He is now at the Naval
Research Laboratory in Washington

F. B. Jewett, on May 17, addressed the
meeting of the Esso Research Club at Eliza-
beth on the subject of Some Applications of
Physics and Engineering in the War Effort.
On May 22 he attended the preview of the
Second Edition of the Air Power Show of the
Army Air Forces at the New York Museum
of Science and Industry, and, as President
of the Museum, made the opening remarks.
On the evening of May 24 he spoke before
the Maryland Historical Society in Balti-
more on the subject One Hundred Years of
Electrical Communication in the United
States. This meeting was in celebration of a
joint centennial of the founding of the
Maryland Historical Society and the sending
of the first telegraph message by Morse from
Washington to Baltimore.

A page abstract of Dr. Jewett’s address,
The Promise of Technology, presented in the
second series of conferences on Post-War
Goals and Economic Reconstruction held
under the auspices of the Institute on Post-
War Reconstruction of New York Uni-
versity, was published in the April 22 issue
of Nature (London).

O. B. BLackweELt represented the Lab-
oratories at the Centennial Telegraph Din-
ner which was held in Washington.

W. G. B. Tuomas, and R. J.
HEFFNER attended the evening session of
the annual meeting of the National In-
dustrial Conference Board in New York
City on May 18. This session was devoted
to an exploration of the Opportunities and
Problems of Post-War Employment. After-
noon conferences on related subjects were
attended by Mr. Heffner, J. S. Epwarps
and C. W. F. Hauner.

THE Laporarories assisted the New York
Telephone Company in providing an exhibit
of communications apparatus at New York
University in connection with their recent
Morse Centennial celebration.

McLenpon, Editor of Popular
Science Monthly, together with two of his
associates, R. C. Witson and Goprrey
Hammonp, visited Murray Hill.

Major N. H. Staucurer, formerly a
member of the Laboratories staff at which
time he was active in early radio develop-
ments, also visited Murray Hill. He was ac-
companied by Dr. D. H. Teeter and Dr.
H. C. Pollack of the NDRC.

THE 1944 ROSTER of officers and com-
mittee membership in the Institute of
Radio Engineers follows: Treasurer, R. A.
Heising; Board of Directors, F. B. Llewellyn;
Admissions, Lloyd Espenschied and F. A.

W. P. Fengler W. H. Scheer L. L. Lockrow o Years
to Years Polo Grafal Frederick Schrepfer Abe Maiman 3

C. F, Chapman Hast J. G. Segelken R. H. McMahon F. J. Boyle
C. I. Cronburg J. ‘ Heincelman  H. G. Seifried R: E. J. Poole H. C. Harrison
Ba Bois R. J. Hluboky aon Wendelen Weis
." Heiss, Jr. A. B. Horgan, Jr. A. M. Skellett W. E. Whitworth C. G. Von Zastrow
NV. A. Jakob L. C. Hosek A. H. Smalenbach L. S. Youn ling R. H. Wilson
Viggo Marcussen Clara Imler R. R. Stevens :
J. H. Ross J. A. Kater W. J. Thompson 4
Margaret Wehner James Keegan W. H. Tidd a: incited 35 Years
E. I Yacunski Eunice Kiefer Alice Todd G. C. Berndt HHI

W. J. Albershej Neil McLaughlin Charles Gittenberger H.C. Spryer
pibersheim A. McLean 20 Years M. J. Harriot
J. C. BI: ank “™ 5. M. Meehan od E. Barker C. M. Hemmer
M. EF. Campbell A. F. Pomeroy J. F. Chaney H. J. Rostkas 40 Years
G. J. Christ W. C. Prendergast ‘4 R_ DP’heedene D. H. Mann A.G. Ki
R. A. Cushman Iru Price E. K. Eberhart A. S. Miller, Jr. . G. Kingman
W. H. Doherty Alice Reilly €.. G. Emery vi Ronci
A. R. Ell Marjorie Remsen E. B. Ferrell H. O. Siegmund 45 Years
N.S. Ewing Julius Rohr L. O. Goodman R. F. Squires
1. E. Fair P. W. Rounds R. M. C. Greenidge VV. P. Thorp C. G. Spencer

Polkinghorn; 4wards, R. K. Potter; Board
of Editors, G. W. Gilman, F. B. Llewellyn,
FE. L. Nelson, E. C. Wente, G. W. Willard
and William Wilson; Constitution and Laws,
R. A. Heising, chairman; Executive, R. A.
Heising, vice-chairman, and F. B. Llewellyn;
Investment, R. A. Heising, chairman; Mem-
bership, W. H. Doherty; Nominations,
Ralph Bown, chairman, and F. B. Llewellyn;
Papers, ¥. B. Llewellyn, chairman, H. A.
Affel, Fk. W. Cunningham, E. B. Ferrell,
D. K. Martin, G. G. Muller and S. A.
Schelkunoff; Public Relations, P. B. Findley;
and Sections, R. A. Heising, chairman, and
F. A. Polkinghorn.

Technical committee memberships are as
follows: Annual Review, C. R. Burrows;
Electroacoustics, G. G. Muller, chairman,
and L. J. Sivian; Electronics, EF. 1. Chaffee,
S. B. Ingram, A. L. Samuel and J. R.
Wilson; Facsimile, Pierre Mertz; Radio Re-
ceivers, H. B. Fischer; Radio Wave Propa-
gation, C. R. Burrows, chairman; Standards,
C. R. Burrows and G. G. Muller; Symbols,
C. R. Burrows; Television, A. G. Jensen;
and Transmitters and Antennas, J. ¥. Mor-
rison and J. S. Schelleng.

K. K. Darrow has been appointed a
member of the Committee on American
Scientific and Technical Bibliography of the
National Research Council to compile a
bibliography of American scientific and tech-
nical books. This work is intended to pro-
vide book-sellers and libraries throughout

Please put your RECORD in the
“Correspondence-Out’” box when you
are through with it so that it can be
sent to a Serviceman’s family.

the world with an annotated catalog of the
best American books in those fields.

K. G. Compron presented a paper, Cor-
rosion Protection of Metals, before the Ontario
Chapter of the American Society for Metals.

D. A. McLean, accompanied by R. P.
Lutz of Hawthorne, visited the Mount
Holly, Pa., plant of the Schweitzer Paper
Company to discuss capacitor problems.
G. T. Kouman and Mr. McLean later
visited their Elizabeth plant for the same
purpose.

FE. C. Larsen attended a symposium,
sponsored by the Powdered Metals Associa-
tion, on powder metallurgy, held at the
Waldorf-Astoria.

G. H. Witirams visited Hawthorne in
connection with plastics and adhesive mat-
ters and G. GoopMAN on problems connected
with the production of ceramics.

R. G. Humpnrey, formerly of the Chemi-
cal Laboratories, has been transferred to
the Hudson Street plant of the Western
Electric Company as division chief of the
Vacuum Tube Shop.

C. V. LunpBerc visited Point Breeze and
Kearny to confer on thermoplastic rubber
tape developments.

S. B. InGram was the author of Electronic
Circuit Design, published in the May issue
of Electronics.

G. C. SourHwortu spoke on Recent Re-
searches and Post-War Radio at a meeting of
the Yale chapter of Sigma Xi on May 17.
Before the Dayton Chapter of the Institute
of Radio Engineers, at a meeting held on
May 25, he discussed Microwaves and the
Hollow-Pipe Technic.

R. G. McCurpy, H. O. Srecmunp, N. Y.
PriessMAN, C. B. GREEN and J. R. FLEGAL
discussed thermistors at the Naval Ord-
nance Laboratory in Washington.

Ar THE Hawthorne Plant of Western Elec-
tric Company in Chicago, W. J. Kine dis-
cussed high-voltage cables and connectors;
C. A. WEBBER, cables; and A. J. GRossMAN,
special networks. Mr. Grossman also went

to the Derry (Pa.) plant of the Westing-
house Electric and Manufacturing Com-
pany on matters pertaining to ceramic
bushings.

H. H. Gienn and H. H. Sraesner con-
ferred with engineers of the Bureau of Ships
in Washington on cord and cable specifica-
tion requirements. Mr. Staebner was also at
Point Breeze on cord-design problems.

R. T. Srapes, at the Boston Insulated
Wire and Cable Company, discussed special
types of cables.

R.R. MacGrecor visited the Camp Evans
Signal Laboratory and the Fort Mon-
mouth Signal Laboratory in connection with
tests on transformers.

J. Nuner, at the Magnetic Windings
Company at Easton, Pa., discussed trans-
former problems.

A. B. Haines visited the Sharon plant of
the Westinghouse Electric and Manufac-
turing Company on moisture-proofing of
transformers.

C. A. McJounstron, with H. W. Buden-
bender of Hawthorne, visited the Line Ma-
terial Company at Zanesville, Ohio, in re-
gard to the manufacture of transformers.

J. E. Rances visited the Pittsburgh plant
of the Westinghouse Electric and Manu-
facturing Company on matters pertaining
to hermetically sealed terminals.

J. R. BarpsLey was at Hawthorne in con-
nection with the approval of tool-made
samples of loading-coil cases.

M. WuirEHEAD visited the Aerovox Cor-
poration at New Bedford, Mass., to discuss
electrolytic capacitors.

W. CLaypen and P. T. Hicearns visited
the step-by-step telephone offices at Sharon,
Pa., and Jacksonville, Fla., in connection
with step-by-step field studies.

R. C. Jones was at Point Breeze to discuss
substituting synthetic rubber in type-J
carrier cables.

A. L. Fox, A. L. Ricuey, J. H. Gray,
F. D. Watpron and B. Dysart visited
Princeton in connection with experimental
installations of coaxial cable.

V. B. Pike visited Chicago, Cleveland,
and Detroit with reference to the improve-
ment in drainage switches installed to mini-
mize damage by electrolysis of lead-covered
underground cables.

A T & T, went to Richmond to discuss the
inspection of poles with engineers of The
Chesapeake and Potomac Company.

R. H. Coxrey presided at the Annual
Meeting of the American Wood-Preservers’
Association at Chicago. He also visited the
Forest Products Laboratory at Madison,
Wisconsin, and the Valentine Clark Corpo-
ration at St. Paul to discuss problems relat-
ing to the preservation of timber.

J. W. Van ve Water, field engineer of the
Quality Assurance Department at Omaha,
recently received a letter from W. R.
Johnson, vice-president and general man-
ager of the Northwestern Bell Telephone
Company, commending him for his assistance
in restoring telephone service at the Norfolk
(Nebr.) central office following a serious
flood. In charge of fire protection and flood
control equipment for the Omaha Civilian
Defense Organization, Mr. Van de Water got
pumping and other equipment to the central
office promptly and, working day and night
for several days, helped get the office back
into service. Following this, he moved the
equipment to a number of other business
buildings where telephone company per-
sonnel helped him pump them out.

W. L. Dawson was at the Patent Office
in Richmond relative to patent matters.

THE LABoratorigEs were represented in
interference proceedings at the Patent
Office in Richmond by G. C. Lorp before
the Board of Interference Examiners.

I. A. McCorkenDALe appeared before
the Board of Appeals at the Patent Office in
Washington relative to an application for
patent.

G. B. THomas, R. A. DELLEr, R. J. HErr-
NER, M. B. Lone, and E. W. Warers at-
tended the spring meeting of the Mid-
Atlantic Section, Society for the Promotion
of Engineering Education, held in Camden
on May 6.

Kk. D. Leamer has recently delivered a
series of four lectures to a class on labor rela-
tions conducted under the auspices of the
Engineering, Science and Management War

Miss M. C. Brarnarp, from May I to 3,
visited five Pennsylvania schools—Bryn
Mawr, the University of Pennsylvania,
Drexel Institute, Temple University and
Pennsylvania State College—to recruit col-
lege women for technical positions with the
Laboratories. On May 4 and 5 she at-
tended a conference, War and Post-War Em-
ployment and Its Demands for Educational
Adjustment, held in Washington by the In-
stitute of Women’s Professional Relations.

DurinG THE month of May, Mrs. E. D.
Dodge visited high schools in the New York
City area to recruit girls for messenger and
mail clerk positions.

In THE April issue of The Review of Scien-
tific Instruments J. N. SHivE reviews the
book Electronic Physics by L. G. Hector,
H. S. Lein and C. E. Scouter; W. A. SHEw-
HART, Treatment of Experimental Data by
A. G. Worthing; and K. K. Darrow, The
Life of J. J. Thomson by Lord Rayleigh.

Great Day Spiritual
Chorus and Orchestra
Sylvia Speaks
Ride, Cowboy, Ride Guion
Ol Man River from ‘‘Showboat”’ Kern
Walter Cassel
An American in Paris Gershwin

In the Good Old Summertime Evans
Orchestra
Liebestraum (No. 3—O Lieb) Liszt
Spanish Dance in G Major Granados
José Iturbi
Love Scene from “Romeo and Juliet” — Berlioz
Orchestra
Concerto No. 1, in B Flat Minor, Tschaikowsky
Op. 23—Finale
José Iturbi and Orchestra
JULY 17, 1944
Concerto in E Minor—First Mendelssohn

Bell Laboratories’ Club has no more tickets for these programs
because its limited supply has already been distributed to applicants.

Overture to “The Marriage of Figaro” Mozart
Orchestra
Tango in D Albeniz-Kretsler
Caprice Viennois Kreisler
Fritz Kreisler and Orchestra
JULY 24, 1944
Furiant from “The Bartered Bride” Smetana

Orchestra
Amour! viens aider ma faiblesse
from ‘Samson’ and Delilah”
Gladys Swarthout

Beautiful Lady from “The Pink Lady” = Caryll
Orchestra
Flow Gently, Sweet Afton Traditional

Gladys Swarthout and Male Chorus
Piper O’ Dundee Trad.-arr. Respight
Gladys Swarthout
Dubinushka Rimsky-Korsakoff
Orchestra and Male Chorus
L’Antoueno Trad.-arr. Canteloube
Gladys Swarthout

Overture to Zampa Herold
Orchestra
Sonata No. 14 in C Sharp Minor Beethoven
(Moonlight)—First Movement
Josef Hofmann
Concerto in E Major—Last Movement Chopin

THOUSANDS of servicemen and civilian
employees of the Armed Forces, stationed in
all parts of the world, will remember Mrs.
Roupe as their first and most personal
contact with the Bell Telephone Labora-
tories School for War Training. She greets
and registers the students on their entrance
to the school and arranges for their release

on their final day, never for a moment bridg-
ing the relationship established throughout
their stay at the school. Although her job
is generally defined as associated with regis-
tration, distribution of text material and the
checking in and out of classified documents,
this is the mere beginning of her actual work
for the school and for the students. As ad-
visor to students on housing, recreation, city
transportation facilities, etc., the situations
have been rare that she has not been able
to cope with. She has been carrying on this
Important war job with infinite patience and

Mrs. Rohde is a native of Louisiana. She
graduated from the Southwestern Institute
of Louisiana with a B.A. degree, after which
she taught school for a time before coming to
New York and joining the A T & T. There,
in the D & R, she had charge of a group of
girls doing oscillogram analysis work. When
the D & R was merged with the Bell Lab-
oratories, she continued the same kind of
work until the opening of the School for
War Training.

At the present Mrs. Rohde’s interests
after hours are confined to her home and
garden. Her leisure time, however, is ex-
ceedingly limited and, like the rest of us, she
is looking forward to the end of the war
when she will have more time for these and
other avocations.

lowing year she attended
Drake Business School and
then joined the Laborato-
ries Transcription Depart-
ment. For the past three
years she has been doing
secretarial work at Mur-
ray Hill. Edith is active in
the Red Cross and Girl
Scouts and likes bowling
and the less strenuous di-
version of needlework. Her
summer vacations are
usually spent down on
the Jersey coast at Barne-
gat Bay where she can
enjoy her favorite sport,
swimming.
* * *

Her corpiAL manner and pleasing ap-
pearance make Mrs. Maser Rocue well
suited for the position of receptionist at
West Street. Her duties include seeing visit-
ors who wish to be admitted to the build-
ing, issuing passes as required, and providing
messenger escort.

Mrs. Roche was born in
Evanston, Illinois, but
spent a great part of her
childhood traveling back
and forth between Chi-
cago and New York with
her parents. At school she
studied art with the in-
tention of satisfying an
early desire to become a
fashion artist. However, in
her first position as a re-
ceptionist she soon dis-
covered that she preferred
public contact work. Mrs.
Roche then came to the
Laboratories where she
has been engaged in this
work for two years.

With a husband and a home in Jackson
Heights to take up much of her leisure time,
Mrs. Roche has little opportunity for relaxa-
tion and hobbies. Nevertheless she does find
time to search for records for her collection
which includes recordings by Enrico Caruso ©
and Harry Lauder, her favorites.

Shortage of stenotypists has prompted the starting of a training class at Murray Hill. It meets

daily under the capable instruction of Muriel Cadmus (center). At the end of the third lesson

all of the pupils were so enthusiastic about the course that they bought machines of their own

and their progress has been most gratifying. From left to right are Corrine Marky, Charlotte
Fischer, Peggy Anderson and Muriel Bey

For JenNnrE Damiani doing precision
measurement work in the laboratory, where
measurements as fine as one ten-thousandths
of an inch are made, is a striking contrast to
her former work. A native New Yorker and
a graduate of Hunter College, she had
previously worked at Fort Monmouth, first
on the installation of radios in Army trucks,
jeeps and tanks and later on the building of
transmitters, receivers and power supplies
for research and development models. How-
ever, she enjoys her work in the Precision
Measurement Laboratory far more than
anything she has ever done. From all de-
partments of the Laboratories war develop-
ments and communications materials are
brought to be measured and tested. As a
result she is constantly learning about new
materials and new subject matter.

Miss Damiani has recently become the
bride of her childhood sweetheart. Besides
her scientific bent, she has athletic and do-
mestic abilities. She enjoys all outdoor
sports and excels in swimming; and she
admits the ability to cook, sew, and do
housekeeping. Non-fiction reading is her
hobby, particularly philosophy.

IN THE SPECIFICATIONS distribution group
of the Apparatus Development Department,
Mary McLoucuuin is one of a group of
seven girls responsible for processing all

specifications issued by the
Department. Her part is the
following through on drawings
for the eight or nine thousand
“specs” distributed in a year.
Yet amid the excitement and
the bustle of ordering, assem-
bling and mailing them out—
and nearly all are either rush
or confidential—Mary not only
manages to keep her sense of
humor, but also to conserve
enough energy to spare for her
avocation, caring for the sick.
As a member of the Volun-
teer Hospital Association, one
night a week she goes to the
Beekman Street Hospital
where, under the supervision
of HELEN Cory of the Lab-
oratories, she helps to prepare
the patients for their night’s
rest. Later the harder work begins. It in-
cludes the sterilization of instruments and
the cleaning up of the operating room.
Mary, upon graduation from the Girls’

High School in Brooklyn, became a member
of the Laboratories’ Blueprint Department
where she worked for five years before trans-
ferring to her present position.

Every one of us has at least one relative or
friend in the service to whom we do or should
write regularly and often. Not only the
number, but also the kind of letters we write
is important. An article in the June issue of
Vogue offers some suggestions we might con-
sider when we write:

“Never in all history were more letters
to be shuttled across the earth. Letters today
are making the difference between hope and
despair. They have become the one tie be-
tween home and the fighter, and thus letters
have become one of the most important
single influences on the whole functioning of
the war.

“The men who have the job of observing
the spirit of fighting men—Army and Navy

*Jack Maisel—Edith Tarnover
*Harold A. Sweet, Jr.—Carol Henry
*Lt. Richard C. Benkert, U. S. Army—*Marjorie Flynn
William T. Parsons, U.S. Army—*Phyllis-Jane Vibbard
John H. Eick, U. S. Army—*Marie Teschner
George W. Trenchard, U. S. Navy—*Mildred Paul

*Charles S. Graham, U. S. Army—Connie Pascal
*Roland M. Scheller, U. S. Army—*Edith Jacobs
T. D. Bergowsky, U. S. Army—*Freda Schwartz
Manny Gelburd, U. S. Army—*Harriet Spiro
*Robert L. Slobod—Jeanne Lamar
Frederick Berwind, U. S. Army—*Lucille Anderson

ments and weddings should be given to Miss Mary
Ellen Wertz, Room 1103, Extension 296.

chaplains, personnel officers, Red Cross
field directors—are much concerned about
the kind of letters the men are receiving.
Krom every front they report that they see
good men give up under the strain of bad
letters; see other men become heroes _be-
cause the right letters keep on coming.

“There are letters from the self-pitying
loved ones who think of nothing but them-
selves. They undermine a man’s attempt at
adjustments. The families shouldn’t write
to the men of things about which the men
can do nothing.

“An entertainer on tour in Australia
spoke of men ‘packed twenty at a time in
foxholes built for four,’ receiving letters
complaining about crowded wartime trolleys.

“When there is really bad news, the man
must, of course, be told. No man wants to
feel he is being ‘protected’ from things he
should know. The art is to keep the man
from being shocked, and yet keep him as-
sured that he is not being ‘shielded.’

“To someone really close, one should
write every thought, every detail of daily
life. One should transport the life at home
to him as clearly as words make it possible,
for he wants so much to live that life
vicariously.

“No man wants a lot of phoney letters
filled with forced good cheer. They should
be filled with honest hope for the future,
pride in that job he is doing, and faith in
why he is doing it.”

The actual campaign extended from May
23 to June 3 and was sponsored by the
Executive Committee of the Bell Labora-
tories Club with G. B. Thomas acting as
Campaign Chairman. Much of the credit for
the success of the Drive was due to the
splendid codperation of the 260 club mem-
bers who solicited all members of the Lab-
oratories in New York.

Cirarence H. Berry of the Switching
Development Department, with over forty
years of service, retired under the Retire-
ment Age Rule with a Class A pension on
June 30. After graduating from Pratt Insti-
tute in 1899 he worked for three years with
the Suffolk Gas & Electric Company on
Long Island and then joined the New York
Telephone Company. For
seven years he served as wire-
man, inspector, tester and
foreman of switchboard in-
stallations. He left the com-
pany in 1909 and spent a year
with the Radio Telephone and
Telegraph Company under Lee
DeForest as draftsman and
designer.

In tg10 Mr. Berry joined
the Western Electric Company
in New York City and for
four years was inspecting and
testing central-office installa-
tions, first in metropolitan
New York and later in the
territory of the Southwestern

ment, and finally became Division Inspector
in the New York Telephone Company’s
territory, covering New York State, Long
Island and part of New Jersey. In 1919 he
came to the Laboratories where he has since
been engaged in the design, development and
analyzation of circuits for dial and manual
systems.
* * * * *

Mrs. Bessie M. GIFFHORN, secretary to
O. B. BLackwELL, Vice-President, retired at
her own request with a Class A pension on
June 9. Mrs. Giffhorn was with the American
Telephone and Telegraph Company from
1915 to 1919 and for a short time in 1921.
Five years later she returned to that or-
ganization as a member of the Department
of Development and Research and came
to the Laboratories at the time of the 1934
consolidation.

Five U. S. Army transport planes roared
down the runways of Atlanta’s Candler
Field recently and winged their way west-
ward with eleven tons of packaged central-
office equipment. Fire and water had
wrecked the telephone office at Camp Van
Dorn, at Centreville, Miss., and the planes’
cargo of a 1,000-line manual switchboard
and toll line relays, in 150 packages, was

Bell Telephone Company. He This ‘Self-Service Egg Layer” was presented to C. H. Berry
then transferred to the New by his associates in Systems Development at the time he
York headquarters of the Cen- retired. It was designed and built by L. E. Van Damme of

Packaged central-office equipment is loaded on one of the
five Army transport planes which carried the emergency
war stock on the first leg of its journey to Camp Van Dorn
in Mississippi, to replace a central office damaged by fire

the first consignment of the American Tele-
phone and ‘Telegraph Company’s war
emergency stocks to be used for replacing a
damaged telephone office.

That telephone service for the big Army
camp was fully restored in
nine days reflects credit not
only on the teamwork of the
Army Air Forces, the Signal
Corps, Southern Bell ‘Tele-
phone Company and the West-
ern Electric Company but also
on the Bell System people who
conceived and carried out the
plan for storing pre-engineered
and packaged equipment at
strategic locations throughout
the country as_ insurance
against enemy action or other
war-born emergencies.

The manual packaged unit*
sent to Camp Van Dorn had
been designed to be installed
intact as a complete tailor-
made job, and as such could be
set up and in operation within

three days. But since this cen-
tral office combines manual,
dial and toll equipment, the
packaged unit had to be
greatly adapted. In view of
this, completion of the instal-
lation in nine days stands as a
remarkable achievement.

The transport planes took
the equipment from Atlanta
to Baton Rouge, La., where it
was quickly transferred to a
convoy of Army trucks and
sent on to Camp Van Dorn.
Some of the toll equipment
had to be ordered from several
of Western’s plants and dis-
tributing houses. The assem-
bling, wiring and testing of
this equipment was done on
the job.

Manpower for the job at
Van Dorn came from all points
of the compass. Twenty-eight
Western Electric installers ar-
rived the first day from Baton
Rouge, New Orleans and Jack-
son, Miss. Additional Southern Bell people
came by air and railroad. Most dramatic,
however, was the arrival of an Army sig-
nal company, which was on a field problem
fifty miles away at the time of the fire. The

Group of Bell System General Plant Managers viewing Spiral-4 equipment at Murray Hill

signal troops worked hard under pressure
and made a real contribution to the job.

On the night of the fire, a call from the
senior switchman at Van Dorn, transmitted
over a makeshift circuit, set the wheels in
motion for service restoration. Key tele-
phone men at Jackson were called together
at midnight; they notified others at com-
pany headquarters in Atlanta.

Speed was the keynote of the whole
operation. Telephone people worked side by
side with Army men. Some of them went for
days without sleep. During an early stage
of the job, Army emergency service was
maintained by connecting Army magneto
sets with a 16-pair telephone company
cable. In addition, the Signal Corps set up
two positions of Army magneto switch-
boards across the street, and placed field
telephones at strategic locations.

At two of the camp’s attended locations
Magneto service was arranged on an emer-
gency basis during the restoration period.
he trunks were connected between the
Army switchboards in the fire station and
the central office. Power was provided by a
partial salvage of batteries from the office
and by automobile-type batteries.

Sixty general plant managers of the Bell
Telephone System visited the Laboratories
at Murray Hill May 26 on the final day of
their conference in New York. They viewed
displays of war developments, including air-
borne and tank radios, military telephones,
quartz crystals, Spiral-4 and package toll
and carrier and a portable information
center. These were demonstrated by R. L.
Caseg, J. A. Coy, F. E. Wottensack, W. C.
Jones, W. P. Mason and J. R. Erickson.
A demonstration of dialing speed was given
by L. J. Sracy. C. F. Serpe discussed auto-
matic ticketing developments. The visitors
were shown the special construction features
of the buildings and the rubber and metal-
lurgical laboratories by F. P. GILLILanp,
A. R. Kemp, E. E. Scuumacuer, R. L.
Towne and G. W. Legs, Jr.

Our Service Flag
The blue numbers on the Laboratories’
service flag gave an upward jump on June 1
not solely based on those left who for service
the preceding month. Formerly the net
number on military leaves of absence was

shown. This practice has been in accordance
with the strictly literal interpretation of the
War Department’s regulations concerning
service flags, but the A T & T was advised by
it recently that either such a net figure or
the total number of all employees who have
been in the armed forces during the current
war would be entirely satisfactory.

Since, therefore, continued use of the net
figure might soon result in a diminishing
total as the number of new entrants de-
creases and the number of men returning
increases, the A 'T & T thought it desirable
to include in the total shown on the flag all
those who were serving with the armed
forces at the time of Pearl Harbor plus all
those who have served since that time. Upon
being advised of the findings of the A T & T
and their action, the Laboratories acted to
change its flag accordingly. As of May 31,
846 members of the Laboratories have been
on military leaves of absence of which 33
leaves have been completed and 813 were
still active.

In spite of optimistic news headlines on
gasoline, always remember that the auto-
mobile transportation chain has more than
one link. A tank of precious gasoline may be
“only a fire hazard” in a car that is out of
service. Tires and car repair service are at
present on the shortage list. Reports from

many Local Ration Boards still show tire
requests more than double the size of their
tire quotas, and car repairs in many cases
must be scheduled days ahead.

Until the good old days return when you
can say “fill ’er up,” the safest way to keep
them rolling is to drive slowly, take care of
your car, and share rides when you can.

“Get your sun tan gradually—a few min-
utes a day to start.’ We hear it every
summer when we start thinking about a
nice golden tan. But with only one day a
week in which to soak up our quota of
Vitamin D on the beach or in our Victory
gardens, we find it difficult to remember that
several hours the first day in the sun will
result in several days and nights of misery.

Those who take their sun at the shore
should remember that alternate bathing
and baking result in even more serious re-
actions. Headache and nausea are among
the symptoms. These burns are painful and
cause sleeplessness, stiff muscles and large
blisters. Disability may last a week or more.

So, when you are out in the open protect
your skin as much as possible. No matter
how painful, a “brilliant” case of sunburn
never excites sympathy, but instead merely,

Red Cross Campaign Results
Contributions to the New York City
campaign of the 1944 Red Cross War Fund
by the various communication companies
and their employees totaled $518,977, 34
per cent more than last year. Corporate
gifts, which were $387,270, exceeded last

year’s figure by 33 per cent and employee
contributions, which amounted to $131,707,
represent an increase of 37 per cent over
last year. Employees contributed an addi-
tional $50,400 which they requested be
credited to chapters outside New York City.

The Laboratories was third in individual
contributions with a total of $23,159 and
second in the average amount of pledge,
$6.31 per contributor.

The Marine communications post on
Tarawa Island brought poignant memories
to S/Sgt. Jack Brooks, a former member of
the Western Electric Company from the St.

A. C. Holetz* George Seidel (5)
Constance Kaval (2) H. T. Sorensen (2)
G. T. Loman W. D. Stratton

“IT set up the first switchboard in that
pillbox,” he wrote from the Southwest
Pacific. “In fact, as far as I can gather, it
was the first board to be set up on the island.
It wasn’t a good idea to sit out in the open
like those guys are doing (in the picture).
The sign saying there are Nips buried there is
quite correct. The exact number was four,
"cause we cleaned out that pillbox and buried
them ourselves.”

While working on that switchboard, the
Sergeant said, his buddy was killed and his
own tools, for which he had paid $20 in
New Zealand, were ruined.

When the U. S. Marines set up business on Tarawa, they named their communications head-
quarters as shown above

Manufacture by the Western Electric
Company of telephone sets for civilian pur-
poses, which was interrupted due to war
restrictions in November, 1942, is to be
resumed to a limited extent, with deliveries
expected to begin late this year. Western
Electric, which has been authorized by the
War Production Board to supply approxi-
mately eighty per cent of a projected 200,000
telephones per quarter, has announced
acquisition of a factory for that purpose in
St. Paul, Minn.

That resumption of manufacture of 200,-
000 telephones every three months will not
solve the present set shortage was made
amply clear by Leighton H. Peebles, direc-
tor of WPB’s Communication Division, who
warned that authorized production will not
for some time approach essential demand.

The Pacific Coast, where military and
associated civilian requirements are urgent,
will receive the first of the sets. After that,
the newly produced instruments will be as-
signed to areas most needing them.

Obituaries
CHARLES P. KouLer, a night watchman
in the Building Service Department, was
killed in the performance of his duties as a

Whe depenrtng tie, was enrbled aso volunteer
* of the Ate Barden Service, Citijene Detense
} Corps, City Of Rew Dork, crud versed and ly
ASUS Honcetly and Jattbtullp «Post warden
sectcr 4 “Zone A Precinct 6
untel death on May 24th
th,
The Mayor of the City of Rew Work, mesnbons
of Go Barden Service, with prrfound the
of Chas member of our Serve, and extend thar
pathy the memlors of family

registered Air Raid Warden during the
state-authorized test blackout on the night
of May 24. Mr. Kohler was last seen entering
the Baker-Williams building to assume his
assigned post as a fire-watcher on the roof.
At the conclusion of the blackout he did not
return to his regular duties in the West

Street building and in the investigation
which followed it was found that he had
been killed in a fall down an elevator shaft
in the Baker-Williams building.

Dr. Buckley, in his letter to Mrs. Kohler,
has aptly expressed the sentiments of the
Laboratories with these words . . want
you to know that we feel Mr. Kohler died
in the performance of his duty as a good
citizen and in the service of his country. ...”

Mr. Kohler joined the Laboratories in
1936 as a night cleaner and became a night
watchman in 1942.

J. SuLLIvAN, a staff assistant in
the Apparatus Development Department
with continuous service in the Bell System
since 1922, died on May 31. Mr. Sullivan
served in World War I from April, 1917, to
April, 1919, most of the time in France with
the 106th Machine Gun Battalion of the
27th Division. Before joining the Installa-
tion Department of the Western Electric
Company in 1922 he spent a year at New
York University and later took evening
courses at Fordham University. Mr. Sulli-
van transferred to what is now the budget
and case cost group of the Apparatus Staff
Department in 1924. Here his work was
principally concerned with budget statistics,
plant expenditures and general cost account-
ing on apparatus development projects.

FEuma L. Way, secretary to H. M. Bas-
com, Director of Switching Engineering, died
on May 22. Soon
after graduating
from the Paine
Business School,
Miss Way become
a stenographer and
from then until
1920 succes-
sively with the
Maryland Casualty
Company, Johnson
and Higgins and
the Aetna Insur-
ance Company. She joined the Engineering
Department of the A T & T in 1920 and
later that year transferred to the OW E
and two years later to the D & R. Miss Way
came to West Street when the D & R was
consolidated with the Laboratories in 1934.

Substantial economies in time, manpower
and money have been effected through the
recent standardization of radio tubes used
by the Army, Navy and the Canadian armed
services. Among the more important results
of the standardization has been easier inter-
changeability of tubes, com-
mon stockpiles, elimination of
dual inspections at the manu-
facturers’ plants, and use of
standard nomenclature.

Before Pearl Harbor the
Army and Navy each had its
own system of tube nomencla-
ture which was, in many cases,
unrelated to that of the Radio
Manufacturers’ Association
and other commercial type
numbers. Early in 1942 work
was begun to prepare a Joint
Army-Navy Specification for
tubes to be based on the use of
RMA and commercial type
numbers. The work was done
by a committee of Army and
Navy representatives, assisted

representatives from  in-
dustry. Among the latter were
J. R. Witson, director of elec-
tronics research, and most of

the engineers of his staff. Among them were
V. L. Rone, A. I. Crawrorp, J. O.
McNatty, S. B. Incram, G. T. Forp,
M. S. Grass, A. L. Samuet, J. B. Fisk,
H. E. MENDENHALL, and C. E. Fay. H. F.
Dopvce of Quality Assurance also partici-
pated. Many of the committee’s meetings
were held at the Laboratories. This speci-
fication has now been authorized by a Joint
Army-Navy Committee and the Canadian
armed services have also adopted it.

After the transition stage, during which
existing tube stocks will be used up, all
tubes purchased and stocked by the organi-
zations just named will be fully interchange-
able. This one factor alone is of tremendous
importance in the field, where replacements
are needed in a hurry. Army tubes will now
work in Navy equipment and vice versa,
without loss of valuable time.

Furthermore, by pooling their require-
ments, the Army and Navy have been able
to improve the quality of the tubes. The
manufacturer no longer is obliged to make
the same tube meet two slightly different
specifications, with the result that he can
now concentrate on making that tube better.
Already reports have been received from
fighting fronts telling of the superior char-
acteristics and quality of these tubes.

Electronic units for field use, like this BC454B radio receiver
for radio command in airplanes, must be designed to take
into account the normal tolerance variations in electron tubes.
These standard tolerances are set forth in Joint Army-Navy
Specifications JAN-1A for Radio Electron Tubes

about one million have been treated
with toxic compound for protection against
attack by wood-destroying fungi and insects.
The one million are the surviving untreated
chestnut and northern white cedar poles
which are relatively resistant against attack.
At the time they were placed, it was the
general practice to set poles sufficiently over-
size to provide a safe margin of strength
during their service life and to replace them
with new ones when deterioration at and
just below the ground level had so reduced
their size that they were no longer strong
enough to sustain wire and storm loads.

External deterioration of an un-
treated pole in service begins in
the ground section with infection
by wood-destroying fungi which
are almost universally present in
one form or another in the soil and
in the air. Once established in a
pole the destructive organism will
continue there unless conditions
adverse to it are established, for
example, by the application of a
suitable wood preservative.

About eight years ago interest
revived in providing means of
prolonging the life of untreated
cedar and chestnut poles in service.
The Laboratories, therefore, laid
out a program to develop a low
cost but effective preservative
treatment which could be applied
to the vulnerable section of the
poles, that is, from a few inches
above to some twelve to fifteen
inches below the ground line.

There are two general classes of
preservatives that might be used
for ground line treatment, namely,
oily materials such as creosote; and water
solutions of toxic salts, for example, zinc
choride and sodium fluoride. Sodium fluoride
appears to be particularly good for penetrat-
ing the heartwood of cedar and chestnut tim-
bers but it is not permanent. On the other
hand, creosote or a combination of creosote
and coal tar, although not as penetrating as
the water soluble salt, is about as lasting as
any preservative known. The characteristics
of the two types of materials suggested
using both of them at the same time.

Beginning in 1935, Laboratories engineers,
with the codperation of interested depart-
ments of several of the Associated Com-
panies, treated experimentally a total of

428 poles and posts. The preservatives used
included coal-tar creosote and other coal tar
products, sodium fluoride, sodium silico-
fluoride, and proprietary pastes and solu-
tions containing preservative compounds.

Periodic examinations and accumulated
evidence during five years showed that treat-
ment at the ground line with sodium
fluoride* and a mixture of creosote and coal
tar is highly effective. This treatment is
now recommended Bell System practice for

untreated poles, provided they are good
enough to remain in service until the next in-
spection, usually three years later. The first
step is to distribute one pound of sodium
fluoride against and around the pole at the
bottom of the excavation, which has been
opened for inspection purposes. The exca-
vation is then filled loosely with soil to the

*Sodium silicofluoride is being substituted for
sodium fluoride because of wartime restrictions on the
latter material.

Excavating around the butt of a telephone pole for ground line inspection and treatment with

preservatives is shown at the head of this article. A pound of sodium fluoride is distributed

against the exposed butt and in the bottom of the excavation, above left. The empty container ts

buried with the preservative. The excavation is filled loosely to the ground level to cover the
sodium fluoride as shown at the right

A narrow trough is formed around the pole by pressing the loose soil away with the shovel to a
depth of about ten inches. From a gallon to a gallon and a half of creosote is poured against
the pole from a can which has a flattened spout to give a fan-shaped stream

A pool of creosote surrounds the pole and saturates the soil. After a short interval the creosote-
saturated soil is pressed against the pole and back filling is completed

ground level and a trough is formed around
the pole by pressing the soil away from it toa
depth of about ten inches. Using a con-
venient container like an ordinary watering
can, with the sprinkler head removed and
the tip of the pouring spout flattened to
pour a fan-shaped stream, from one to one
and a half gallons of creosote is poured
against and around the pole at a height of
about eighteen inches above the ground
level. Care is taken that the creosote enters
any large checks in the pole surface. After a
short interval the creosote-saturated soil is
pressed against the pole, and back filling is
completed. If the pole stands where creosote
would not be objectionable on the surface of
the soil, another shallow trough is formed
around the pole and about one-half gallon of
creosote is poured against it as before. This
last application provides a collar of creosote-
saturated soil immediately surrounding the
pole from the surface of the ground down to
the depth of the original trough. Where
poles stand in parked or grassed areas, the
final application is omitted. This ground line
treatment has been adopted by several of
the operating companies, one of which, in
Canada, has already treated about 258,000
northern white cedar poles out of some
450,000 remaining in its lines.

Accumulated evidence from experimental
and operational treatments indicates that
the sodium fluoride and creosote treatment
effectively reduces the rate of deterioration
of poles in line and that their service life,

Tue Autuor: C. H. Amapon graduated from
the Biltmore Forest School in 1908 and then con-
tinued in the practice
of forest engineering
until he joined the
Engineering Depart-
ment of the Western
Electric Company in
1917. Since then he
has been engaged in
establishing standard
inspection procedures
and supervising 1n-
spectors of the timber
products used in out-
side telephone plant.
This work was carried in on the Inspection
Engineering Department until 1927 when it was
transferred to the newly organized Outside Plant
Development Department. Since that time, as 4
member of the timber products group, Mr.
Amadon has had a responsible part in setting
standards for timber products and in the de-
velopment of improved processes for the preser-
vation of wood.

as far as ground line condition is concerned,
will be increased by about six years. This ex-
tension of pole life is alone considered suf-
ficient to justify the costs involved, but an
additional saving accrues from the possi-
bility of placing pole line inspection on a six
instead of the three-year cycle, which has

been the usual practice with untreated
poles. The cumulative result of the ground
line treatment is a reduction in labor and ex-
pense of pole line maintenance-inspection
and in the need for new poles at a time when
conservation of pole timber, labor and trans-
portation are all important.

June 15 was a big day for a number of people in the Laboratories,
when word was passed around that B-29 planes of the 20th Bomber
Command had raided Japan. That public announcement marked the
culmination of an effort in Bell Telephone Laboratories which began
in August of last year. The Laboratories was asked to undertake the
design and start the production of certain electrical apparatus for use
on the new ships. Electrical design was assigned to High Frequency
Engineering, headed by J. F. Wentz; equipment and mechanical
design for manufacture to the group of equipment engineers headed by
A. D. Knowlton. To R. H. Kreider’s group in Trial Installation was
given the production of a small number of units while Western Electric
was organizing for large-scale production. By dint of hard work, aided
by close coéperation from the Air Force, the Laboratories quota was
filled around the first of the year. Part of the job was to train ten Air
Force officers in the operation and maintenance of the equipment.

High Frequency Engineering was formerly engaged in coaxial cable
development. Early in 1941 it took up its first war project, and now is
completely immersed in that work. It works closely with a group of
equipment engineers who normally handled carrier and transmission
systems. Trial Installation, once concerned with building and installing
trial installations of telephone systems, made use of the skill and versa-
tility of Western Electric installers which makes them ideal for building
small numbers of new devices.

OR many years cable splicers have
Jy vine lead cable-sheath by a soldering
process called “‘wiping.” The name is
an apt description of the operation. Molten
solder is poured over the sections to be
united until they are heated and thoroughly
tinned. Then the semi-liquid mass which
immediately begins to form is manipulated
by wiping with cloth pads into a well-
rounded symmetrical joint. This requires
considerable skill on the part of the splicer
and close control of the composition of the
solder. Experience shows that even under
the best conditions fissures occasionally form
a path in the solder through which leakage
occurs. In telephone cables, not maintained
under gas pressure, these leaks may permit
the entrance of water which, wetting the
paper insulation, causes service interruptions.
By going to the extreme of wiping off all
of the solder in excess of a fillet, many causes
of porosity can be eliminated. The saving in
solder, and consequently in strategic tin, by
this operation is evident from Figure 2
which shows cross-sections of joints wiped
by both methods. Over sixty per cent less
solder is required by the new joint and
splicers find it easier to make.

Fig. 1—This conventional joint between a
telephone cable and sleeve requires a large
amount of solder

The success of the new method depends on
the characteristic behavior of lead-tin alloys
in the process of freezing. When molten
metal is allowed to cool in a crucible with
free circulation of air it begins to freeze near
the walls of the vessel and, with a few ex-
ceptions, ends with a concave surface due
to solidification shrinkage. When a lead-tin
alloy solidifies, the first constituents to
crystallize form a rather porous cylinder
which touches the crucible walls and ex-
tends to a height corresponding to the
volume of the melt. On further cooling, tree-
like formations of lead-tin, called dendrites,
grow inward toward the center of the
crucible and at the same time many tiny
new crystals form throughout the liquid.
There are thus taking place simultaneously,
shrinkage of metal as it becomes solid,
shrinkage as it cools of the part previously
frozen and shrinkage of the remaining liquid
as the temperature drops. The originally
solidified outer cylinder, adhering to the
crucible walls, remains essentially at its
original height. The level of the semi-liquid
portion nearer the center of the crucible con-
tinuously falls until the precipitated crystal-
lites, formed in the body of the melt, make a
loosely piled mass extending from the bot-
tom to the upper surface of the crucible.
Further shrinkage of the liquid then leaves
these primary crystallites at approximately
this level while the liquid recedes, leaving
fissures between them.

Insight into the solidification mechanism
of wiping solder may be gained by casting
two solder strips, one on a cold iron surface,
and the other on a cloth-covered board and
bending both to produce specimens as shown
in Figure 3. The sample chilled by the tron
will exhibit fewer cracks from shrinkage
than the one slowly cooled on cloth. Primary
crystallites form throughout the slowly
solidifying mass and pack loosely to occupy
a volume which is greater than that of the

completely solid solder. The sample cast on
the cold plate starts to freeze where it is in
contact with the cold iron and it continues to
solidify in a rapidly advancing smooth front
until the last liquid at the top is solid. There
is little opportunity for nucleation, i.e.,
crystals spreading from point sources, and
for dendrite formation in the upper liquid

because of the steep temperature gradient.
The surface of this melt is therefore smooth
and free from the fissures which are caused
in the slowly cooled sample by the shrinking
of the liquid solder away from the dendrites.
This shrinking leaves a multitude of chan-
nels which would cause leaks in a wiped
joint if they occurred at the critical point.
_ Another illustration of the processes tak-
ing place in joint wiping is the behavior of
solder which has been allowed to solidify in
a crucible until its surface is quite firm to a
probe. When tilted sideways to a position
shown in Figure 4 a portion of the remaining
liquid may be poured out leaving spongy
regions in the solder. This loss of eutectic,
l€., the constituent of lowest solidifying
point, is observed frequently while shaping
the former massive joints from which several
drops sometimes drain after the splicer has

completed the shaping operation. It is also
shown by the greater number of pores in the
top half of a joint compared with the bottom
and by the grayer surface appearance of

Although a solidification range in which
quantities of liquid and solid metal may exist
at equilibrium is an essential feature of a
wiping solder, another factor of major im-
portance is the nucleation rate of the alloy.
Wiping solders having high nucleation
rates develop quickly a myriad of points or
nuclei throughout the melt from which
further crystallization proceeds. An alloy of
low nucleation rate, however, develops
relatively few of these points in the same
time and consequently grows fewer and
larger crystals. When subjected to wiping
the former has a texture similar to fine clay
while the latter behaves like coarse sand
and water. In the fine clay-like texture
there are more solid particles than in the
water-sand type and therefore more surface
is available for the retention of the liquid in
the semi-solid mass. Drainage is thus greatly

Fig. 3—Strips of solder bent over a rod one-half
inch in diameter to illustrate the effect of vari-
ations in the cooling rate on the structure of
wiping solders. The upper strip was chill cast
and shows a sound ductile surface. The lower
one of the same solder was cooled slowly and
on bending exposed fissures between the
crystallites at the surface

Fig. 4—An ingot of wiping solder which was
tilted while in the crucible before becoming
completely solidified. The lower lip is eutectic
drainage from the partially solidified mass

retarded with the result that porosity is
materially lessened. Texture determines in a
large measure the ease of shaping and the
potential porosity of a wiping solder.

In practice, the cable parts to be joined
are cleaned and fluxed. Paper pasters are
then applied around the sheath and sleeve
to restrict the spread of the solder which is
poured from a ladle over the prepared parts.
The splicer catches the excess in a cloth held
in contact with the bottom of the joint and
repeatedly pushes it back around the cable
with a wiping motion to aid “‘tinning” or
alloying and to distribute the heat. After a
few such operations the prepared surfaces
become thoroughly wetted by the solder.

At this stage a portion of the caught
solder is mixed in the ladle with more hot
solder and the mass, which now has a clay-
like consistency, is poured on the joint and
molded into place with cloth pads. When
solidification has proceeded until the solder
can support itself, manipulation is stopped.
From this point on, loss of heat takes place
by conduction from the joint through the
sheath and sleeve, by radiation, and by air
convection currents at the surface of the

solder. As a result of these heat losses,
solidification occurs finally in the interior of
the mass near the important sheath-sleeve
junction.

The action that causes pipes to form in
castings draws the eutectic from the critical
area between the sheath and the end of the
sleeve. If the solder has the proper charac-
teristics there will be an outside layer which
does not have interconnecting shrinkage
cavities, drainage cavities or fissures due to
the wiping operation; and the finished joints
will be gas tight. If the solder is unduly
coarse, however, or has insufficient liquid
eutectic at the time the mass becomes too
rigid to manipulate further, the joints may
leak.

The technique of fillet wiping is similar to
the former procedure until the splicer
shapes the mass. At this point he wipes the
solder to a small fillet similar to that shown
in Figure 2. The joint thus formed takes
much less solder and therefore has less ten-
dency to shrink and to draw eutectic from
the space between the sheath and sleeve.
At the temperature at which wiping is dis-
continued there is also insufficient solder left
to permit drainage drops to accumulate and
fall from the bottom of the joint. Thermal
conduction along sheath and sleeve causes
rapid solidification of the solder at the joint,
thus eliminating the possibility of drainage.
Experience has shown a consistently high
percentage of sound joints when fillet wiping
is rigidly practiced. During the development
period of this process the few fillet joints
that leaked were found to have been made
with an excess of solder. Under the micro-
scope they showed sponginess where the
eutectic had been drawn away from the
junction during solidification.

Physical tests on fillet joints between
sections of a telephone cable and its sleeve,
which are similar in size to that shown in
Figure 2b, have demonstrated that these
joints are stronger in tensile strength and
show less creep and fatigue than the cable
sheath itself. The composition of the
solder used was 38 per cent tin, 0.1 per cent
arsenic and the balance lead.

Application of the new technique has
gone much further toward saving tin than
any known permissible change in the com-
position of wiping solder. Using the former

technique, a reduction of only one per cent
in the nominal tin content of a lead-tin
solder caused leaky joints which indicated
that little tin could be saved by a simple
change in specification. This was expected
because many studies had been conducted
by the Laboratories with the aim of reducing
the tin content in wiping solders to the
minimum consistent with the production of
satisfactory joints. Tin has always been
much more expensive than lead and for
large users of solder a reduction of even
one per cent in the tin content would result
in substantial savings.

Other avenues for conserving this stra-
tegic metal are the substitution of ternary
and quaternary alloys containing less tin
than that required by the binary lead-tin
solders. A satisfactory alloy of this type
which contains 13 per cent tin, 23 per cent
bismuth, 0.1 per cent arsenic and the
balance lead has been developed by the
Laboratories. Though readily obtainable a

short time ago, bismuth is now unavailable
for solders. A new wiping solder, however,
has been introduced into service. Its tin
content is reduced to 32 per cent and it
contains, in addition to lead, 2 per cent
antimony and o.1 per cent arsenic. This
material appears suitable for fillet wiping
although it requires more skill in use than
wiping solder made of 38 per cent tin and
0.1 per cent arsenic with the balance lead.
Other compositions which contain less than
the normal amount of tin may be usable
but, on the whole, the savings accomplished
by composition changes would be small com-
pared to those which have been obtained
by the new wiping technique.

The small amount of solder required for
the fillet wipe not only reduces tin consump-
tion but it produces joints less liable to
leakage than the conventional type. This
success is based on sound metallurgical prin-
ciples and promises to survive the period of
restricted tin consumption.

chemical Engineering at Pennsylvania State College in 1930
and an MLS. in Metallurgy at Columbia University in 1939. He
joined the Laboratories in 1930. Since then he has been engaged

OR the convenience of patrons at public
telephone stations where booths cannot
conveniently be installed, a shelf and mount-
ing unit has been developed by the Labora-

stations in locations where the usual booths
cannot be conveniently used

tories. It is made entirely of wood, to avoid
the use of strategic materials. Besides a coin
collector, it supports a suspended directory
and a broad shelf for writing and placing
hand bags or parcels.

The coin collector is located at the center
of the mounting board at an angle of 30 de-
grees with the wall. The directory is en-
closed in a hard-covered binder which is
suspended in a niche adjacent to the coin
collector. Concealed behind the directory,
the ringer is in a compartment which has an
opening in front to allow emission of the
sound. A wooden card frame is provided on
the right side of the mounting for display
and instruction cards.

This mounting unitis installed by attaching
it with machine screws to nuts in a wooden
backboard, which is fastened to the wall. Wir-
ing the apparatus is facilitated by providing
a channel in the rear of the backboard.

These coin collector mountings may be
installed singly or in groups. When in groups
the directory compartments provide parti-
tions between adjacent stations.

Bell Laboratories Record  1944-07: Vol 22 Iss 11