PAGE
Airborne Search Radar, Cook. . . . . . .
Transoceanic Radio Amplifier, C. F. Rose. . . . . 826
Production of Airplane Radar Speeded

by New Testing Technique, F. P. Wight . . . . . . . 3830
Representing the Laboratories at the Front, C. B. Barnard, Jr. .  . 385
The Ballad of the Cedar Ants of Penetang, R. H. Colley . . . . 341

The Cover—“Cloverleaf” antenna for FM broadcasting stations
operating at the new carrier frequencies between 88 and 108
megacycles and at power levels up to and including 50 kilowatts.

Published monthly by BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES, INCORPORATED
463 West St., New York 14, N. Y.

O. E. Buckley, President J. W. Farrell, Secretary W.C. Burger, Treasurer
Paul B. Findley, Editor; Philip C. Jones, Science Editor; R. Linsley Shepherd,
Associate Editor; Helen O. McLoughlin, Assistant Editor; Leah E. Smith,
Circulation Manager, Subscriptions, $2.00 per year. Printed in U. S. A.

stage of advancement in the few
short years devoted to its study. At the
wars end, a great number of different
equipments suited to specific military needs
were in use. In addition to numerous land-
based and shipboard radar sets, many
equipments were designed for operation in
military aircraft, where they performed
functions ranging from simple location of
enemy planes or ships to precise spotting
of military targets for the controlled re-
lease of bombs and other projectiles.

By early in 1942, aircraft radar equip-
ments had been developed that operated
on wavelengths as short as 9 cm _ but
weighed 400 pounds or more. Reasonable

The photograph at the top of the page shows an
AN/APS-4 in action. White segment indicates area
of scanning.

angular discrimination with waves of this
length required antenna apertures of 30
inches or greater. This large exposed size
and heavy weight restricted the use of mi-
crowave radar to large airplanes and
blimps, leaving the necessarily smaller air-
craft used on Navy carriers without the
advantages of the microwave system.

It was at this time that the Laboratories,
at the request of the Navy Bureaus of Aero-
nautics and Ships, undertook an accelerated
development program leading to the manu-
facture of the ASH, later coded AN/APS-4,
radar equipment for use on carrier-based
aircraft. The successful development of this
light and compact design by the Labora-
tories, and the subsequent manufacture of
nearly 15,000 equipments and auxiliary
spare parts by the Western Electric Com-
pany, constituted a major contribution to
the war effort.

The model AN/APS-4 radar equipment
seen in Figure 1 comprises a streamlined,
pressure-tight, bomb-shaped unit weighing
approximately 130 pounds, and six small
units: junction box, control unit, and two
cathode-ray tube indicators, each with its
associated amplifier. These small units,
which together weigh approximately 20
pounds, are mounted -inside the aircraft.

The large unit containing antenna, power
circuits, transmitter and receiver hangs on
a standard bomb rack under the wing of
the aircraft. It looks like a bomb, and like
a bomb it can be jettisoned by the pilot to
prevent its capture by the enemy, or to
lighten the plane when it is necessary to re-
gain top-flight performance of the airplane.

Fig. 1-The main components of the AN/APS-4 aircraft radar equipment
September 1946

wavelength of 3.2 cm, provides a radio
beam less than six degrees wide with an
antenna aperture of only fourteen inches.
In operation, the antenna, in the radio-
transparent nose, or radome, of the sealed
bomb unit, scans horizontally to cover a
forward sector 150 degrees wide at a fre-
quency of from one to two times a second.
When searching for objects on the surface

of sea or land, the elevation angle of the
radio beam is changed on alternate scans
to trace out a two-line pattern—thus cover-
ing a band twelve degrees wide, six de-
grees for each line of scanning—but when
searching for another aircraft, a four-line
pattern is used, giving a band twenty-four
degrees wide. At the same time the tilt of
the scanning radio beam may be smoothly
controlled by the pilot or operator to give
a range of view extending from about
thirty degrees above to about thirty degrees
below the searching aircraft.

The equipment normally generates pulses
of radio power at levels of 30-40 kw lasting
two-thirds of a microsecond. During trans-
mission the receiving circuits are blocked
by a gaseous discharge switch, but within
a few microseconds after cessation of trans-
mission, the receiver regains full sensitivity
to radar echoes from objects in the antenna
beam. These echoes, detected and ampli-
fied, are used to modulate the intensity of
the cathode-ray tube indicator producing a
spot of light which persists for some seconds.
A type “B” indicator which presents the
range or distance of an echo and its angular
position on a horizontal plane is used. This
is illustrated in Figure 2. The spot-forming
beam in the cathode-ray tube is deflected
vertically to depict the range of the echo,
and moves horizontally across the face of

Fig. 3—Left, representation of a region as it would appear in Mercator projection. Right,
the same region as it would appear on the scope of an AN/APS-4

the indicator screen in proportion to the
horizontal angular motion of the antenna to
show the bearing of the echo. The resulting
screen picture is a distorted map of the
area being scanned. In an ordinary map,
such as shown at the left of Figure 3,
distance north and south is represented
vertically and distance east and west, hori-
zontally, while the bearing of any point
from the middle of the base line is meas-
ured directly by the angle between the
base and the line connecting the two points.

The representation of this same area on a
B scope in a plane located at the middle
of the base line would appear as shown at
the right of Figure 3. Here the distance to
any point is measured vertically by the
scale at the left, while the bearing to any
point is measured horizontally by the scale
along the lower edge. Although providing
a distortion of contours, such a presenta-
tion has the advantage for military use that
the bearing angle discrimination does not
deteriorate at close range.

The AN/APS-4 may also be used to de-
termine the relative elevation of another
aircraft so that it can be intercepted in
flight. For this use the indicator screen
shows two spots of light, Figure 4, sepa-
rated horizontally a short distance and dis-
placed in such a way that the angle be-

tween the line connecting the two dots and
a horizontal line through the left-hand one
indicates the angle of the target plane
above or below the scanning plane. The
left-hand dot represents the position of the
target plane—range and bearing being
taken from the two scales of the scope.

The AN/APS-4 radar equipment can
also provide information as to the identity
of target aircraft or ships by presenting a
coded signal on the indicator screen when
the target is interrogated by and responds
to associated I.F.F. (Identification—Friend
or Foe) equipment. For navigational pur-
poses the AN/APS-4 is equipped to inter-
rogate microwave beacon stations also and
to display coded responses from them
showing their location and identity at
ranges approaching 150 miles.

Complete records of the maintenance
history of this equipment have been made
available to the Laboratories. This infor-
mation has served as a guide for the many
changes that have been introduced during
the course of production. More than 2,700
change orders were processed during the
twenty-three months in which approxi-
mately 15,000 equipments were delivered.

The matter of weight, always important
in aircraft operations because each pound
of equipment displaces an appreciable
amount of fuel with corresponding lessen-
ing of flight range, is of particular impor-
tance in carrier-based aircraft because of
their small size and restricted take-off
facilities. A strenuous and continued ef-
fort to reduce unnecessary mass in the
AN/APS-4 resulted in a reduction of total
weight from 180 pounds for the first pro-
duction equipment to 150 pounds for the
final equipments manufactured.

The operational record of the AN/APS-4
has not yet been published, but scattered
reports reaching the Laboratories indicate
that it has been eminently satisfactory.
Several interesting testimonials to the use-
fulness of the equipment are quoted below
from the Airborne Codérdinating Group
Digest, a Navy periodical devoted to radio
and radar maintenance.

“The ASH radar works well with the
many jobs we are called upon to do,” Lt.
Sperry wrote, “and those jobs included not
only searching out Japanese targets, navi-

gating in strange territory and homing to
their carrier, but also helping the pilots fly
‘in, over and around’ tropical rain squalls
and point out targets through overcast.”

“Our surprise attack out of the sun was
highly successful with many bomb and tor-
pedo hits, . . .” “We retired from rendez-
vous, leaving the target burning and dead
in the water.”

“The weather between us and the CV
was steadily becoming worse, but by using
the radar scope in conjunction with my
maps, we steered in, over and around the
rain squalls and unfamiliar islands to the
outer end of the San Bernardino Straits,
which we easily identified by radar.”

A strike group “flew through heavy
weather to Karenko on Formosa, where the
flat area around the town was easily dis-
tinguished from the surrounding mountains
and identified by the strike leader’s ASH
radar. We let down through a hole in the
clouds to sink and burn shipping in the
harbor and blast nearby factories.”

“The next morning the strike group
climbed above the heavy weather on the
east side of Taiwan and flew up the coast
line on the seaward side of the large port
of Kiirun. We used ASH radar to home in
on prominent harbor landmarks and ap-
proached Kiirun over the solid overcast at
10,000-foot altitude.”

The division led a strike on Tarien air
strip on the northwest tip of Formosa. “We
approached the island above the overcast
and were well orientated through use of
ASH radar. The position of our target field
was plotted by bearing and distance from

the distinct coastline and by the nearness
of a winding river. . . . We made a sur-
prising and successful attack, doing much
damage to enemy airfield installations.”

Development of the AN/APS-4 radar
equipment required the well-coérdinated
activity of people from many departments
of the Laboratories. Proper recognition of
these efforts would require listing several
hundred important contributors. As with
most of our developments, no one person
and seldom one group carries the entire load.

Tue AutHor: Jackson H. Cook, after re-
ceiving an S.B. degree in Electrical Engineer-
ing from M.I.T. in
1936, took graduate
study at Harvard
and M.I.T. during
the following two
years. He was Re-
search Assistant with
the Electrical Engi-
neering Department
of M.I.T. from 1937
to 1940, Consultant
to the NDRC dur-
ing 1940 and 1941,
and Research Asso-
ciate at the Radiation Laboratory from 1940
to 1944 with the Modulator and Engineering
groups. He came on leave to the Laboratories
in 1941, where at Whippany he engaged in
radar development. During 1942 and 1943, on
leave to the Navy Department, he was Senior
Engineer (radio) in charge of all three-centi-
meter aircraft radar design. He returned to
the Laboratories in 1943 to become Project
Engineer on the AN/APS-4 radar described
in this issue of the REcorp.

on January 7, 1927, the rate for a
three-minute call was seventy-five dollars.
Today the corresponding rate is twelve dol-
lars. Continual research, development, and
redesign, coupled with good management,
are the chief factors which have made such
a reduction possible.

The initial transatlantic service was by
long waves—52 kc in one direction and 57
ke in the other. While long-wave _trans-
mission was still under development, stud-
ies of short-wave transmission were being
carried on at Deal, N. J., and commer-
cial short-wave service was inaugurated
in 1928.* By 1935, when a transpacific link
joined telephones of the United States with
those of Japan, the system had expanded
from transatlantic to transoceanic in scope.
The overseas traffic was carried by ten
short-wave transmitters at Lawrenceville
and Ocean Gate, N. J., and at Dixon, Calif.

Experiments were continued at Deal,
however, to improve the radio transmitting
equipment, and from these efforts came a
single-sideband transmitter to replace the
double-sideband transmitter. Single-side-
band transmission offers the equivalent of
about eight times the useful power pro-

vided by double-sideband trans-
mission. In 1938 newly developed
equipment was installed provid-
ing either double or single-side-
band transmission as desired to
meet the alternative demands
imposed by both types of equip-
ment at the overseas stations.

In 1939, additional newly de-
signed low-power radio trans-
mitters were installed to meet
the continually increasing traffic
demands. The new design pro-
vided twin-channel single-side-
band transmission. This type of
transmission conserves space in
the radio spectrum by transmitting the
intelligence of two channels in three-
quarters of the space required by double-
sideband transmission. The two channels
are associated with the same carrier but
one is separated from it by a region
wide enough to avoid inter-channel inter-
ference. This low-power equipment be-
came the Western Electric D-156000 Radio
Transmitter.* It not only embodied the new
features mentioned above, but also mini-
mized the operations required for changing
frequencies that were made necessary by
diurnal and seasonal variations in the trans-
mission paths.

The transmitter consisted of a 2-kw unit
that could be used either as a short haul
transmitter or to drive a 60-kw two-stage
amplifier for transoceanic service. The two-
stage amplifier did not lend itself readily
to rapid frequency changing so a further
development program was initiated at Deal
to provide an improved amplifier to be
used with the basic 2-kw unit. This pro-
gram culminated in the Western Electric
D-158974 Radio Amplifier, which was
turned over to traffic at Lawrenceville in
June, 1942.

Featuring facilities for rapidly changing
its frequency, this transmitter is capable ot

operating at any assigned frequency within
the range from 4.5 to 23 me. Furthermore,
it must stand the daily grueling test of con-
tinuous operation for twenty-two hours out
of every twenty-four. Safety features have
also been stressed in the design, and the
system prevents personnel from entering
any compartment until all voltages have
been removed and circuits grounded. For
protecting the equipment, provision is made
so that the various voltages can be applied
only in a specified sequence.

In contrast with its predecessor, the am-
plifier itself has only a single stage. All
controls are brought to the front of the
unit, thus making it unnecessary to gain
entrance to the unit to change frequencies.
Simplicity has been further secured by re-
ducing as much as possible the amount of
rotating machinery required. Another im-
provement is the location of much of the
associated power supply out of doors. A
single-stage construction was made possible
by employing four 25-kw tubes in a single
circuit instead of eight 10-kw tubes em-
ployed in a two-stage amplifier. In addition
to the amplifier, there is a control unit and
a high-voltage rectifier unit. The three units
are bolted together and all mounted on a
common channel-iron base as shown in the

headpiece, where the control unit is at the
left and the rectifier at the right. The space
occupied measures 4 feet by 15 feet on the
floor and is 7 feet high. This represents
only one-third of the equivalent floor space
required for previous comparable equip-
ment. All electrical connections, except
those to the antenna transmission line, enter
through the floor. The two radio-frequency
antenna leads pass through a pyrex glass
panel on the top of the amplifier to an
external antenna selector switch. Inter-
cabinet wiring is run in conduit through
the sides of the cabinets.

A schematic of the amplifier is given in
Figure 1. Four Western Electric type 340-A
single-ended, 25-kw water-cooled vacuum
tubes are connected in a push-pull bridge-
neutralized circuit with the two tubes on
each side of the circuit connected in paral-
lel. The operating characteristics for these
tubes are similar to those of the vacuum
tubes used in the early models of the West-
ern Electric 50-kw broadcast transmitters.
Excessive heating of the copper-glass grid
seal, due to high-frequency losses, was
eliminated by air cooling the seal.

Frequency changing through front-of-
panel controls was accomplished by the
design of the two output tuning coils illus-

Fig. 2—View of part of the amplifier show-
ing the remote controlled tuning coil in
the lower center section

trated in Figure 2. The unused end of each
variable coil is short circuited through a
sliding contact moving on the inner periph-
ery of the coil to prevent parasitic voltages
from being developed when only a few
turns are actively in the circuit. An addi-
tional device for short circuiting the unused
portion of the coils, shown in the front of
the photograph, is necessary to overcome
other undesirable resonances within the

operating range. This is a solenoid operated
device automatically controlled by a limit-
ing switch actuated mechanically when the
sliding contact passes a preselected point
on the coil.

Since these coils have to carry 150 am-
peres of radio-frequency current, they are
water cooled. The coils consist of eleven
turns of %-inch outside diameter copper
tubing formed to a diameter of 9.5 inches.
About one gallon of water per minute is
required to cool each coil. This water is by-
passed from the cooling supply of the
vacuum tubes, and if the inlet connection
were made at one end of the tuning coil
and the outlet connection at the other, the
coils would be short circuited by the metal-
lic jacket of the tubes. This is avoided by
using a double tube construction for the
tuning coils with a smaller tube inside the
larger—with the outer tube being connected
to the inlet supply and the inner tube to
the outlet. In this way the tuning coil itself
is metallically connected to the water
supply at only one end and is thus not
short circuited. By the use of special fittings
in the two ends of the tuning coil, water
enters the annular space between the tubes
and after passing through the entire length
of the coil it enters the inner tube, passes
back up through the length of the coil and
then out.

A radial sliding contact is rotated on an
axial shaft and the thread action of the
turns moves it to the desired tuning point.
Differential gearing permits simultaneous
adjustment of both coils through an in-
sulated shaft connected to a large hand-
wheel on the front of the cabinet. When
the hand-wheel is pulled out, the shaft to
the rear coil is disengaged, and the front
coil may be adjusted independently. This
adjustment allows compensation for dis-
symmetries which may develop within the
amplifier itself.

With the former two-stage amplifier, two
men required six minutes to enter the am-
plifier units and change from one frequency
assignment to another. With the niceties of
these controls, one man now can make the
change externally in three minutes. This
arrangement represents not only a saving
in the cost of operation, but also a de-
crease in lost-circuit time.

Rotating machinery has been reduced to
a minimum by replacing motor generators
with rectifiers. Only pumps and fans for
the water-cooling system are required. This
system is simplified since the previous
water-cooled type rectifier tubes are re-
placed by air-cooled mercury-vapor tubes.
The cooling system, similar in principle to
an automobile radiator and fan, is located
in the building, and is normally unattended.
A predetermined water temperature must
be attained before the cooling fans operate.
Thereafter, thermostats automatically con-
trol the number of fans required in accord-
ance with the ambient temperature and the
power dissipated.

As much of the power supply equipment
as possible is located out of doors, and is
illustrated in Figure 3. On the platform,
there are the necessary pieces of equipment
to transform the three-phase voltage of
4,160 to 230 volts for the low-voltage equip-
ment and to 13,000 volts for the three-
phase high-voltage rectifier equipment. The
latter voltage is controlled by an automatic
three-phase induction voltage regulator.
The automatic features may also be dis-
engaged so that the rectifier voltage may
be raised and lowered manually. The in-
stallation is novel to the extent that the

THe AutTHor: CHaRLEs F. P. Rose entered
the Radio Research Department of the West-
ern Electric Com-
pany in December,
1920. He graduated
as a Student Assist-
ant in 1924, and sub-
sequently attended
Columbia University
Extension School.
Since 1925, he has
served as a Member
of the Technical
Staff of the Bell
Telephone Labora-
tories. Mr. Rose has
been engaged in designing, developing, instal-
ling and testing short-wave transoceanic radio
telephone transmitters for the Bell System in
New Jersey, Argentina and California. During
the war he was engaged in developing special
electronic equipment used by the U. S. Gov-
ernment. In November, 1944, he was trans-
ferred from the Radio Research Department to
the Systems Development Department, where
he is continuing circuit development work for
radio systems.

value of voltage at which automatic regu-
lation takes place can be changed over a
wide range from a remote point located in
the operating room of the station.

NE of the important steps in pre-
paring to manufacture complex
electrical apparatus is the provision
of shop testing facilities. These consist of
special testing units, some of them very
complicated pieces of apparatus in their
own right, that at various points along the
production lines are brought into action to
check wiring and circuit connections, the
functioning of the various component parts,
and the overall operation. The design and
construction of this testing apparatus is
usually undertaken by the Western Electric
Company, and requires considerable time
—often to the extent of affecting the deliv-
ery of the first commercial units. When the
Laboratories pre-production program* was
begun, this same procedure was at first re-
tained, and the pre-production units were
tested with Laboratories’ equipment and
set-ups devised temporarily to meet the
needs of the moment. Such a procedure,
however, meant that design engineers were
required to spend too much time on pre-
production testing, and that because of the
shortage of manpower, Western Electric
production might be delayed in starting.
When one of the most urgent radar proj-
ects came along, it seemed essential to de-

vise some better method of testing. This
was a high-quality radar system designed
for pin-point bombing from B-29’s, with Ja-
pan as the target. Delivery time was impor-
tant, and since it was an elaborate precision
job, testing was even more important than
usual, and the requirements were more se-
vere. As a result, the engineers responsible
for the development and planning of this
equipment in the Western Electric Com-
pany and the Laboratories agreed to design
the shop test sets concurrently with the de-
velopment of the system, and to build these
test sets in the laboratory along with the
pre-production models. This plan was car-
ried out on this project, and the test sets
were proven in on the laboratory pre-pro-
duction models, and then used in the fac-
tory to test the first regular production lots.

The radar set is made up of a number of
electrical and mechanical components and
sub-assemblies so as to meet space and
weight requirements for plane mounting,
to facilitate replacements and maintenance,
and to permit manufacturing, assembling
and testing by production line methods.
Early analysis of the project for factory test
purposes indicated that testing would be
required at forty-one positions, and that
twenty-eight distinct types of mechanical

and electrical test equipment would be re-
quired. These test facilities were as special
and in some ways as complex as the radar
equipment they were designed to test.

In general, these tests require the deter-
mination of correctness of wave shapes,
amplitudes, frequencies and band widths,
and checks of general circuit functioning,
and of mechanical alignments and fitness.
In designing test sets, jigs and accessories,
it was desirable to centralize all controls and
test accessories in the face of or attached
to the sides of floor and bench-mounted
cabinets, and to locate the apparatus con-
veniently for operation and maintenance.
Provisions also had to be made for rapidly
connecting the unit to be tested to the test
set without using soldering operations or
otherwise attaching or detaching wires, and
for providing electrical and mechanical
safety features, easy attachment to power
services, mobility of all floor-mounted units,
and overall durability of all components so
as to stand the punishment of continuous
use over long periods and to avoid inter-

Beginning in April, 1944, general testing
theory and proposed testing practices were
worked out as rapidly as possible into spe-
cific circuit and test requirement data.
Then with the aid of Western test planning
engineers, specific testing facilities were de-
signed, complete manufacturing drawings
were prepared, and one or more sets of
each type were made available for pre-
production testing at the Laboratories, and
also for the Western’s first production.
Western Electric testing personnel were
brought in to carry on the pre-production
testing so as to train them for the produc-
tion job to follow, and to relieve Labora-
tories personnel (from repetitive testing
operations ).

For this particular project, the Labora-
tories built and tested forty pre-production
systems at New York, and eighty associated
antennas were built by Ex-Cell-O Corpora-
tion at Detroit on a Laboratories sub-con-
tract, the Laboratories furnishing all test
facilities and being responsible for all testing

The tube assembly test set includes a reference cathode-ray tube at the upper right and the
tube under test at the upper left. The mount for these tubes is hinged so that the tubes
may be viewed in their normal position, as at the right, or as at the left, tilted down
to give safe access for adjustments while the tube is in operation. In the latter position
the tubes may be seen in the sloping mirror mounted between the tubes and the set

One of the tests carried out in Detroit used a test transmitter, shown at the left, which

was mounted on top of the Michigan Bell Telephone Company's building in Detroit,
and an antenna dispersion and pattern test set at the right, mounted on the roof of the
building of the Ex-Cell-O Corporation

Radar test facilities at New York were
ready for use in June, 1944, and were used
from July to September in the component
and final testing of the pre-production
quota. System deliveries to the Signal
Corps began late in July, and the required
forty systems were completed early in Sep-
tember, 1944—one month ahead of schedule.

Antenna test facilities at Detroit were
available in June, 1944, and were used from

The size and complexity of some of the testing
units are evident from this photograph of the

June to the middle of October in the com-
ponent and final testing of the antenna pre-
production quota. Antenna deliveries to the
Signal Corps started about the middle of
July and were completed in October, 1944.

In all, a total of fifty-five test sets of spe-
cial new types were built by the Labora-
tories for use on pre-production quantities
and to provide the Western with one of
each type of set initially. Of these, twenty-
six were for use in New York, fifteen for
use in Detroit and fourteen for the
Western Electric Company. On
completion of the pre-production
contract, however, all test sets were
turned over to the Western for use
on the production contract except
for a small number having applica-
tion on other current work.

Perhaps the most unusual feature
of the various test sets is the special
jig developed to facilitate testing
sub-chassis assemblies. These jigs
are arranged to provide instantane-
ous contact between the test set and
unit under test by means of flexible
action fingers aligned to engage the
terminal posts of the sub-chassis. In
addition, provision had to be made
for sufficient clearances to permit
test probing, and a double-hinge ar-
rangement had to be provided to

allow access to the equipment side
of a chassis for potentiometer ad-
justments and tube replacements
without disengagement from the
test set circuits. As there were six
such chassis per system, having an
average of twenty-one test termi-
average of twenty-one test termi-
set connections were involved in
testing forty pre-production sys-
tems, not including retests and Sig-
nal Corps inspections. The use of
these jigs proved to be of real value
in saving time. Perhaps of even
greater importance was the avoid-
ance of potential trouble due to
damaged soldered connections,
which might otherwise have oc-
curred through use of alligator clips
or actual soldering of the numerous
test leads to the terminals of the units.

The test sets required power supplies of
a range of voltage and frequency not nor-
mally available from building sources. For
tests of radar components at New York,
twenty-four power supply units of six dif-
ferent ranges were required. Testing of the
antennas at Detroit required fifteen recti-
fier and motor generator set units of ap-
proximately similar range.

The general plan of designing shop test
sets concurrently with the development of
the system, initiated with this project, was

followed currently for other war projects.
It was felt that a forward-looking test pro-
gram of this character would contribute
materially to the overall war effort by
greatly speeding up both pre-production
and production programs.

The pre-production program of forty sys-
tems was completed a month ahead of
schedule, due in a large measure to the
availability of adequate testing facilities
and a group of testing personnel trained in
production methods. Of probably greater
importance, the Western Electric’s produc-

The seven test sets below and the six shown in the photograph at the head of this
article are representative of the twenty-eight different types of units employed

Tue Autor: F. P. Wicur first joined the
Equipment Drafting Department of the West-
ern Electric Company in 1926
where, in addition to preparing
drawings, he was engaged part
time with actual field installa-
tions. After a leave of absence to
attend Bowling Green State Uni-
versity, he transferred to the Sys-
tem’s Drafting Department, where
he engaged in the preparation of
equipment requirement drawings
for toll, radio and central-office
facilities. This was followed by
successive transfers to the trial
installations, current analyzation

and switching development groups, where his
work involved supervision of construction and
subsequent field installations of
type-K carrier and_ telegraph
equipment models, the handling
of current central-office equip-
ment and installation problems,
and finally development of test
facilities for the No. 1, tandem
and No. 4 crossbar systems. Dur-
ing the war he was engaged in the
design and construction of facili-
ties for shop testing of pre-produc-
tion models for the Armed Forces
and took an active part in design-
ing the devices described here.

tion program was helped in many ways.
Their test planners, who are familiar with
problems peculiar to assembly line produc-
tion and with the use of comparatively un-
skilled test personnel, assisted in test set de-
sign, and became familiar with the product
and the technical problems in advance of
start of production. Duplicate effort was
avoided, and one type of test set served

both pre-production and production. Also,
the test sets used, which were of a type
definitely suited to production line output,
became available when needed to meet
production rates and, finally, a group of
their own test personnel, trained in the
problems of pre-production testing, became
available as a nucleus to test the first produc-
tion output and to train additional testers.

Typical of the jig sets is this navigator’s indicator chassis test set.
The chassis is mounted face down on a supporting frame and
the jig is placed on top of it. Hinges at one end of the mounting
permit the chassis to be tipped out for adjustment or inspection

converting physicists and engineers
of Bell Telephone Laboratories into globe-
trotting Messrs. Fixits deserves some con-
sideration. Eighty of them were pried loose
from the peace and security of their bell
jars and glowing vacuum tubes by the
modern psychological alchemy of their
country’s need, during the struggle and
immediately afterward, to become inves-
tigators, consultants, observers, and field
engineers for the Armed Forces.

From Manila to Munich, from Algiers
to Alaska, from Brisbane to Brussels, wher-
ever there was a technical investigation or
a concentration of communications or of
electronic detection, gun-laying, or bomb-
ing equipment, their trails were likely to
converge. Some of them speak familiarly
(and with distaste) of Kiska and Panama.
“I wasn’t really overseas,” they'll say. “I
was in the Aleutians.”

The diaries of others carry entries such
as: . . . arrived Hollandia, New Guinea,
March 9, 1945 . . . left for Manila by boat
April 26 . . .”; or, “Many of the V-bomb
launching sites had been destroyed by Al-
lied bombs or by retreating Germans . . .

(but) bit by bit as we examined various
sites, we pieced together an exact picture.
... It rained and hailed during most of the
trip. Once or twice we slept on the
ground...”

oo the most exciting experience
was that of P. V. Dimock, who spent
three hours floating around the Atlantic in
a life preserver one evening in May, 1944,
after an aircraft carrier was blasted out
from under him by enemy torpedoes. The
carrier Block Island was out of Casablanca
in the neighborhood of the Cape Verde Is-
lands off the bulge of Africa when, for sev-
eral nights in a row, its search planes made
radar contact with a submarine on the sur-
face, presumably to recharge its batteries.
The carrier cruised to the point where the
contacts had been made, and one evening
about sunset was preparing to launch
planes to go after the submarine again.
But the enemy struck first. Two torpe-
does slammed into the carrier almost si-
multaneously, one in the bow and one in
the stern. Dimock, who was on board as
a representative of the NDRC’s Airborne
Instruments Laboratory for work connected
with airborne submarine detecting devices,

was standing on the catwalk that runs
around and slightly below the edge of the
flight deck when he felt the carrier lurch.
“My first impulse,” he says, “was to grab
something solid. I was surprised at the lack
of noise when the torpedoes went off.”
The carrier's engine room was wrecked
and it was lying dead in the water.
Dimock hurried to the pilot’s ready room
below decks to get his life jacket, and was
there when a third torpedo exploded amid-
ships, putting out all the lights and jam-
ming the ready room door closed. It took
about two minutes “but it seemed a lot
longer waiting in the dark” for someone
outside to force the door open again.
About ten minutes after the first explo-
sion, the “Abandon ship” order was given.
Dimock slid down a rope into the ocean.
The rubber rafts were reserved for the sick
and wounded, of which there were fortu-
nately few, and the rest of the survivors
hung onto the sides of the rafts to avoid
being separated. Of four destroyer escorts

that were with them, one was torpedoed
but did not sink, and the other three began
picking them up. The water was warm,
Dimock says, and he needed no medical
treatment after three hours of immersion,
although getting the oil out of his hair was
something of a task.

Dimock had taken leave of absence from
the Laboratories to join the NDRC group
in March, 1942. His first trip away from
the States was a shakedown cruise in the
Pacific aboard the carrier Mission Bay in
November, 1943. Then he shipped from the
States aboard the ill-fated Block Island in
April, and it was on the return trip that the
sinking occurred. After returning to Casa-
blanca on the destroyer escort that picked
him out of the water, Dimock took passage
on his old friend, the Mission Bay, for the
States, where he arrived in June, 1944.

The submarine? Dimock thinks they sank
it. The destroyer escorts hunted it with con-
tact mines while he was still in the water,
and three of the mines hit something and
exploded. Since the D-E’s were not mo-
lested as they picked up survivors, the sub-
marine was presumed sunk.

Dimock made several more trips aboard
carriers, including one to Newfoundland in
September and October, 1944, and a few
coastwise missions.

On of the most unusual trips was that
of A. E. Bowen, who joined the Army
and went to Trinidad with an anti-subma-
rine air force squadron, and with an agree-
ment that he could become a civilian again
as soon as that particular mission was fin-
ished. Bowen had been on leave from the
Laboratories, working at Langley Field on
devices and techniques for anti-submarine
warfare, when the Army decided in Septem-
ber, 1942, that it needed a squadron of
radar-equipped bombers in the Caribbean
immediately to assist in covering convoys
carrying supplies for the North African in-
vasion. They needed Bowen, too, they said,
but he couldn't go along as a civilian. He
was commissioned a major and became
radar and engineering officer for the squad-
ron which was equipped with an early Bell
System search radar. He returned to the
States at the end of October, resigned, and
after a few weeks his resignation was ac-

cepted. Nine months later he rejoined,
again as a major, and was promoted to the
rank of lieutenant colonel, remaining in
uniform until after the end of the war.

PROJECT for the Signal Corps, still
A under security wraps, sent Laborato-
ries men galloping all over the globe. J. M.
Barstow and R. H. Badgely started this big
parade, leaving for England toward the
end of May, 1943, and C. R. Gray joined
them a month later. From here on the vari-
ous people, places, and dates are masked
by secrecy. Badgely came home in August,
and in September left for Honolulu, where
he stayed until the following February.
Barstow and Gray returned from England
in September, but they had a little more
time than Badgely to unpack and pack
again. They were off in November (still
1943) for North Africa, eventually reaching
Caserta, north of Naples, Italy, where they
worked until the following March.

In the meantime, other people had come
and gone. L. G. Schimpf and Wiley Whit-
ney preceded the other two in North Af-
rica, arriving in Algiers in June, 1943, and
returning home in November. C. W. Vader-
sen, traveling for the same project but in
the opposite direction, embarked for Aus-
tralia in August, 1943, landed at Towns-
ville in the tropical northern part, and
thumbed his way south by air to Brisbane
while the ship, which had been rerouted,
proceeded north to New Guinea with all
his equipment. The equipment finally ar-
rived in Brisbane on September 28, and
two days later it was set up and working,
meeting the deadline which had _ been
scheduled before the ship was rerouted.
Vadersen passed part of November with a
ten-day trip to New Guinea to survey new
sites for the project and to check on other
Bell System equipment. He returned to the
States in December, stopping off for a few
days in Hawaii to see Badgely. Thomas
Thatcher wound up the globe-girdling
tours for the project with visits to Brisbane,
Hollandia in New Guinea, and Manila.
This odyssey began in October, 1944, and
ended in July, 1945. No one has yet tried
to sum up the number of miles the seven
of them traveled altogether, but the total
probably runs well into six figures.

overseas on a scientific mission during
the war was Ralph Bown, now Director of
Research. Bown was in Lisbon, making
connections for the trip home, on the day
Pearl Harbor was attacked. He had been in
England since September of that year as a
representative of Division 14, the radar di-
vision of NDRC, to study British radar.

Bown left the country once more in June,
1942, as an expert consultant for the office
of the Secretary of War on a flying trip to
Panama, Central and South America, dur-
ing which, among other things, he surveyed
radar defense of the Canal Zone.

T LEAST nine Laboratories communi-
cations engineers zig-zagged franti-
cally back and forth across France, Bel-
gium, and western Germany, planning and
directing establishment, maintenance, and
operation of communications for the Allied
forces during the land campaign against
Germany. Part of this involved rehabilita-
tion of commercial telephone systems
which had been blasted by the enemy.
First of them to reach Europe was D. K.
Martin, who arrived in England May 1,
1944, as a War Department representative
and was assigned to the United States Stra-
tegic Air Forces to serve as expert consult-
ant in radio communications. In September,
Martin moved to France and the Ninth Air

D. K. Martin, on his way to Miinchen-
Gladbach, poses amidst the ruins of Jiilich

Force, where most of his activity was con-
cerned with radio relay systems.

L. L. Glezen and L. Pedersen, the first
of the wire communications men, arrived
in England late in May, 1944. The Nor-
mandy landing was soon to come, and they
inspected Signal Corps depots in England
and taught schools on carrier equipment
until the St. Lo breakthrough opened up
their big job. They journeyed to France at
that time and arrived in Paris early in Sep-
tember where they were attached to Com-
munications Zone headquarters.

Some aspects of the task were heart-
breaking. There had been an extensive
commercial cable network throughout
western Europe, but the Germans had
blown up central offices during the retreat
and it was necessary to replace destroyed
exchanges with Army equipment. Pedersen
began by rehabilitating the cable from
Cherbourg to Paris and erecting supple-
mentary open-wire lines from Cherbourg
to tie in with the Paris-Versailles cable. He
opened a consulting office in Paris and
Glezen had his headquarters in Rennes,
but most of the time they were scurrying
around France and Belgium attending
breakdowns, reorganizing, rehabilitating,
and installing communications.

They were joined at Communications
Zone in Paris by R. B. Hearn, who arrived
in September, 1944. Hearn specialized in
wire telegraph, and in engineering, estab-
lishing, and clearing up troubles in teletype-
writer circuits. C. L. Cahill, who had already
endured one stretch in the Pacific from April
to September, 1944, on NDRC contract for
radio countermeasure work, reached Paris
in January, 1945, just in time to help repair
the break in the north-south cable that had
forced transfer of northern elements of the
First Army to British control. E. J. Noon,
who also arrived in January, swelled to five
the list of men attached to Communications
Zone. Noon and Cahill were originally
scheduled to replace early birds Pedersen
and Glezen, but there was so much work
that all five stayed on and eventually trans-
ferred to Twelfth Army Group headquar-
ters at Wiesbaden. Here they switched
from French and Belgian equipment to re-
habilitation of German cable networks.

Jr., had been overseas since December,
1943, as communications section head of
the American-British Laboratory, a branch
of Harvard’s Radio Research Laboratories,
which specialized in countermeasures for
both radio and radar. Evans came to the
9th Air Force on loan during the winter of
the Bulge to help set up radio relay sta-
tions. Edward Praizner and P. B. Fairlamb
reached the European Theater in March,
1945, to join the 9th Air Force, where they
were assigned to forward headquarters.
They were concerned with wire communi-
cations problems, including installation and
maintenance of wire telephone, telegraph
and teletypewriter systems and restoration
of German equipment. Since the Ninth was
the tactical air force which rendered close
support to ground troops during the cam-
paign across Germany, it was essential that
its headquarters have quick, easy commu-
nication with all its units and with various
ground force headquarters.

Pedersen began the homeward proces-
sion of communications men in March,
1945. May and June were busy months with
Martin, Cahill, Hearn and Noon returning.
Glezen came home in July after a 3,000-
mile jeep trip around Germany, Praizner
in August and Fairlamb stayed on until
November when he, too, left the European
Theater to its own devices.

— before this group of communica-
tions trouble-shooters went to Europe,
three men from the Laboratories crossed
the Atlantic to make special communica-
tions studies. In September, 1942, H. S.
Black joined a party on its way to England
to examine a British microwave radio relay
set known as British Wireless Set No. 10,
which had just been built on an experi-
mental basis. Black returned in November,
and the Laboratories subsequently de-
signed a new microwave radio relay sys-
tem used extensively by our troops in
Europe, the development of which stemmed
in part from the studies in England.

In March, 1944, A. B. Clark and Albert
Tradup left for Europe as expert consult-
ants for the War Department to investigate
and prepare overall reports and recommen-
dations on problems connected with both
fixed and mobile communications facilities.

Their travels took them through Algiers,
Tunis, Naples, Air Force headquarters in
Italy, Fifth Army headquarters, then to
England, where they visited numerous fly-
ing fields and radio installations. Along the
way Clark had climbed Mt. Vesuvius and
was taken to that somewhat inaccessible
hot spot, the Anzio beachhead, by grass-
hopper plane. They were in communica-
tions headquarters in England on D-Day.
When they reached New York in late June,
1944, they had flown about 15,000 miles.

items were not the only wartime
shortages. There was often a short supply
of materials more particularly essential to
electronic warfare such as mica, a natural
insulator which in many cases could not be
replaced with synthetic materials. F. J.
Given headed the U. S. Mica mission which
visited England from May 30 to July 7,
1943, under auspices of the Combined Raw
Materials Board and the Harriman Mission
to discuss allocation of available mica, of
which principal sources were British mines
in India and Brazil. It was necessary to cor-
relate American and British needs, to

squeeze estimates of both nations down to
the predictable supply, and to educate the
British in uses of substitutes as well as low-
grade mica. These subjects had been stud-
ied extensively in America, so that enough
high-grade material would be available for
essential applications.

Ce. Laboratories men journeyed to
England on special projects, ranging
from exchange of information to study of
new developments. J. R. Pierce and H. D.
Hagstrum were there from late October
through December, 1944, under U. S. Navy
sponsorship, to trade notes on vacuum
tubes for microwave radar. Pierce was par-
ticularly concerned with triodes, velocity-
modulated tubes, and reflex oscillators,
while Hagstrum concentrated on magne-
trons and enclosed spark gap tubes which
the English prefer to call trigatrons. Among
other things, they had tea with H. G. Wells,
who a year later announced his thesis that
there just wasn't any hope for modern man.

C. R. Burrows, who at the time was on
loan to the NDRC and has since become
head of the Department of Electrical Engi-
neering at Cornell University, was in Eng-

B. Fairlamb at the Sulzthal repeater station—the terminal station for the 9th
F. Hq.—located at Bad Kissingen. German type repeaters and Western Elec-

land during the winter of 1943-44 on an-
other mission of particular importance in
connection with radio wave propagation
studies. Burrows was head of the NDRC
Committee on Propagation, which in con-
cert with such distinguished scientists as
Sir Edward Appleton, Director of the De-
partment of Scientific and Industrial Re-
search of Great Britain, codrdinated studies
in the United States, Great Britain and
other nations and transmitted the informa-
tion obtained to the Armed Forces.
Another trip sponsored by NDRC, and
the Navy also, was that of T. C. Fry, who
examined a number of British Army and
Navy installations in England during the
months of August and September, 1942. His
work had to do with target location and de-
tection. D. E. Wooldridge also visited Eng-
land during January and February, 1945,
at the invitation of the Ministry of Aircraft
Production to exchange information on
electromechanical bombing devices.

gated the destruction of so many air-
planes and buzz bombs that no one has yet
come up with a total, dragged a number of
Laboratories men to diverse parts of the
globe. First to go was R. C. Dehmel, not
strictly an M-9 man, who took to England
for demonstration a developmental model
of the first anti-aircraft director built for
British guns. He went over at the end of
June, 1942, and returned in September.
Then L. J. Kelly left home, journeying only
as far as Camp Shilo, 120 miles north of
Winnipeg, Canada, where, during Febru-
ary and March, 1943, he put the M-9 over
the jumps of winter testing. This experi-
ence was something like setting up house-
keeping in a cold storage vault since the
temperature dropped to 47 degrees below
zero while he was there. However, both
M-9 and Kelly survived well. By now the
recognized expert on how to keep one’s
M-9 alive in a blizzard, Kelly was off again
to Alaska and the Aleutians in May of the
same year, staying until October.

C. E. Fordham, who sits at a desk next
door to Kelly’s, carried matters to the other
extreme. He doused himself in sunshine,
heat and humidity in Panama from Octo-
ber, 1943, to January, 1944, from April,

1945, to July, and again in October. His
praise for the M-9’s reaction to climate is
as loud and well documented as Kelly’s.
During the first trip he inspected M-9's in
locations where they had been emplaced
for action for some time, and on the second
and third visits he directed the M-9 part of
a formal tropical testing mission in which
something like 2,000 items of Army ord-
nance were checked under carefully con-
trolled conditions.

K. G. Compton and J. Leutritz were also
in Panama, courtesy of Army ordnance,
from September to October, 1944, and from
October to November, 1945, respectively.
Their studies were similar to Fordham’s
but much broader in scope, covering the
effects of corrosion and fungus, and of
moisture-proofing on many types of radio,
radar and electromechanical equipment.

When the M-9 began setting almost un-
believable records in the European Thea-
ter, C. A. Lovell and R. R. Hough jour-
neyed overseas to find out if it was all true
and to consult with the British about its
use. After visiting large numbers of anti-
aircraft sites in England and France on a
tour that lasted through July and August,
1944, they were able to report that it was.
Later on, the records were pushed even
higher, as D. B. Parkinson learned on an-
other M-9 inspection tour through Western
Europe in April and May, 1945. An all-time
record was established in the last week of
the buzz bomb “shoots” at Antwerp, when
the combination of radar, M-9, 90-mm
guns, and proximity fuse knocked down
eighty-nine out of ninety-one V-I’s.

Not an anti-aircraft device, but closely
allied with anti-aircraft radar, was a Lab-
oratories-designed close support plotting
board which A. J. Borer accompanied over-
seas in December, 1944. The board was
tied in with ground radar and it prepared
information automatically for use in direct-
ing bombers through weather and darkness
to the target and in timing the release of
their bombs. Borer was in England, i rance
and Germany, returning in May, 1945.

Mr. Barnard, a former newspaperman, was
a member of the Laboratories from August 6,
1945, to July 28, 1946, when he resigned to
explore his capabilities as a fiction writer.

ern cedar poles were demonstrated
last summer north of Toronto, in coépera-
tion with the Bell Telephone Company of
Canada. The following ballad, somewhat
revised from the original, was read in due
and ancient form in celebration of the most

Their butts and hearts by fungus plants,
Their bodies torn by gnawing ants,’
And that’s why this is written.

With shovels, axes, pipes and picks,
And tapes and prods and poison mix,
The brave inspectors ran.

And barristers with courtly guiles
Made notes and records for the files,
To document the deeds.

“The water’s running out.
We'll use alone this magic oil,
All by itself, in wood and soil,
And save the poles, no doubt.”

"A far land, rich in
history of the early ex-
plorers, about five days’
march north of the town
of Toronto, in the Prov-

*Probably the common Campo-
notus pennsylvanicus ligniperdus var.
novaboracensis, but these small crea-
tures are no respectors of persons
and destroy the goods of rich and

successful outcome of the experiments. A
few explanatory notes have been added and
a more complete, and shall we say more or-
thodox account of the work, may appear in
a later issue; but the reader may or may
not learn more from the technical account
than from the ballad. Here at least for the
time being is the heart of the matter:

And so the matter was resolved.
The summer months rolled by;
Until one cool October day
They cut the cedar’s sides away
To see how ants would die.

By lane and wood and ditch and field
The happy echoes rang;
“The cedars’ broken hearts are bound,
The fungus dead, and we have downed
The ants of Penetang.”

force his name was left in the line
because no other attempt at versing
did sound so good as this; and for
that matter some other laird may
have said it.

Wesley Fuller of the Publication Depart-
ment is responsible for providing informa-
tion to Bell System Companies, newspapers,
magazines and other publication media.
Mr. Fuller, a member of
the National Association of
Science Writers, was sci-
ence editor of the Boston
Herald for some time as
well as Boston Correspond-
ent of Science Service. In
the fall of 1941 he estab-
lished and served as Exec-
utive Director of the Red
Cross Blood Donor Center
in Boston. He was also Di-
rector of Public Relations
for the American Red
Cross in that city.

Mr. Fuller was gradu-
ated from Harvard in 1933,
and returned to the Uni-
versity on a Nieman Fel-
lowship during 1938-39.
He holds a commission as first lieutenant in
the United States Marine Corps Reserve
and had been released from duty following
service in the Pacific, including the Oki-
nawa campaign, prior to joining the Lab-
oratories. Mr. Fuller reports to R. K. Hona-
man, Director of Publication.

Deaf education, speech correction, and
other uses of visible speech, a development
of the Bell Telephone Laboratories, will
be the subject of an extensive research pro-
gram that will be started this fall at the
University of Michigan with the codpera-
tion of the Michigan State Normal School
of Special Education, nine miles from Ann
Arbor in Ypsilanti, Michigan.

Center of the study will be the Speech
Clinic of the University’s Institute for Hu-
man Adjustment, with Dr. Harlan Bloomer
as the director. Uses of visible speech in
both speech and general education of deaf
children will be carried on at the Normal
School of Special Education, which is un-
der the direction of Dr. Francis E. Lord.

Experimental equipment, used by the
Bell Telephone Laboratories in early stud-

ies to determine the legibility of these
speech patterns, will be loaned to the Uni-
versity of Michigan for the purpose. The
original moving screen cathode ray trans-
lator will be set up at the State Normal
College and a sound spec-
trograph with other equip-
ment at the University.
Two temporary members
of the Bell Telephone Lab-
oratories’ technical staff,
who came from the educa-
tional field to take part in
the early development of
visible speech, will con-
tinue with the Michigan
project. Dr. George A.
Kopp will divide his time
between an appointment
as associate professor of
speech in the University
and activities as a research

Green is to become an as-
sistant professor at Michigan State College
and a research assistant in the University’s
Speech Clinic. It is anticipated that other
units of the University will participate in
the research in later phases of the project.

Vail Gold Medal Awarded for
Julia Berry’s Spirit of Service
The Bell System National Committee of
Award for Theodore N. Vail medals rec-
ognized the supreme courage, loyalty and
devotion to duty demonstrated by Julia
Berry during the La Salle Hotel fire by
posthumously awarding her a Gold Vail
Medal and $1,000. Both will be presented
to her son, John, age 16, who was left an
orphan by his mother’s tragic death.

She was alone on duty at the switchboard
of the twenty-two story La Salle Hotel, Chi-
cago, when a disastrous fire started on the
ground floor at about 12:30 a.m., June 5,
1946. The flames swept rapidly to the seventh
floor before they were checked, and dense
smoke poured upward through the entire
building. Sixty-one persons lost their lives and
many more were injured or overcome by smoke.

Mrs. Berry’s post was on the second floor.
When notified of the fire, she immediately
called the Fire Department. Then, despite the
oncoming smoke and flame, she set to work
to spread the alarm throughout the hotel, call-
ing room after room to warn people of their
danger. Efforts were made to get her to leave.
Twice she refused, saying there were many
rooms that she had yet to reach. When the
fire was over she was still at her post—her
body slumped over the switchboard where
she had chosen to stay and serve others, at
the cost of her own life.

Mrs. Berry is the fifteenth to receive the
gold medal since the establishment of the
fund in 1920 in memory of Theodore N.
Vail, former president of the American
Telephone and Telegraph Company. This
is the highest honor than can be awarded
to telephone people for acts of heroism in
giving noteworthy public service.

Nantucket Island, in the Atlantic Ocean
off the Massachusetts coast, on July 2
joined Santa Catalina Island, in the Pacific
off Southern California, in the distinction
of being linked to the mainland by the
first two commercial installations of a new
microwave radio-telephone system. The
service to Catalina was opened on May 27.

By means of the new radio-telephone
systems, eight telephone circuits have been
added by the New England Telephone
and Telegraph Company and the South-
ern California Telephone Company, respec-
tively, to the twelve circuits previously
available to Nantucket and fifteen to Cata-
lina through submarine cables.

In sharp contrast with the beacon fires
and semaphore signals of Nantucket’s early
days is this modern communication magic.
By it, words spoken into telephones in the

ancient shingled houses on the narrow,
cobbled streets of the old whaling port are
carried by land telephone lines to a 42-
foot tower standing on high ground in the
rolling moorland some two and a quarter
miles west of the town and are projected
from it across Nantucket Sound to a similar
tower about 30 miles away on a hill in
the western part of the town of Barnstable
on Cape Cod, there returning to land lines
for transmission to their ultimate destina-
tion. The New England telephone people
have named this tower location Manson
Hill in honor of their late chief engineer,
G. K. Manson.

On Santa Catalina the antenna tower
and equipment house are located on a high

1S PRESENTED THIS CERTIFICATE OF AWARD IN RECOGNITION OF
EFFECTIVENESS OF DESIGN. EXCELLENCE OF EDITORIAL CONTENT,
AND ACHIEVEMENT OF PURPOSE IN A CONTEST CONDUCTED BY
THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF INDUSTRIAL EDITORS, U. S. A.. AND

Bell Laboratories Recorp was one of 84
magazines out of 556 entries selected for
an award in the First International Indus-
trial Publications Contest. Announcement
of the award was made at the convention
in Boston of the International Convention
of Industrial Editors which was attended
by P. B. Findley and Wesley Fuller

hill about 2% miles from the island town
of Avalon, while the other terminus of the
installation is temporarily located on top
of the telephone building at 433 South
Olive Street, Los Angeles, 49 miles away.

C. J. Christensen has been appointed
dean of the School of Mineral Industries
of the University of Utah. A native of Utah,
Dr. Christensen received his B.S. at Brig-
ham Young University, where he was an
instructor in 1923 and again in 1926. He
received his master of science degree at
the University of Wisconsin and his doctor
of science degree at the University of Cal-
ifornia. In 1929 he joined the Laboratories
as a member of the Technical Staff. Since
then he has pioneered in the making of car-
bon varistors and has made noteworthy
contributions in the fields of ceramics and
varistor materials and to the growing of
synthetic crystals. During the past year he

has been supervisor of a group engaged in
the research and development of magnetic
materials.

The School of Mineral Industries which
Dr. Christensen will head was created by
division of the School of Mines and En-
gineering and will include mining, metal-
lurgy, mineralogy and allied subjects, and
the basic earth sciences, geology, geog-
raphy, ceramics and meteorology. The ne-
cessity for the new school was outlined re-
cently in press releases by Dr. A. Ray Olpin,
president of the University of Utah and a
former member of the Bell Laboratories.

In many communities across America
peacetime telephone conversations are now
being carried by wire and cable originally
intended to link Army camps. Thousands of
telephone instruments, formerly installed
in war plants and military posts, are be-
ing used. Millions of insulators, thousands
of telephone poles, and huge amounts of
pole-line hardware, all made for wartime

LIEUTENANT COLOVEL H4RPEW as Commanding
Officer, 71ist Region, Plant and Engineering
4gency, Army Communications Service, from
January 109044 to September 1044, capably
discharged important resfonmsibislitres in
directing and coordinating the construction
and installatson of radio communication
facslitses and navigational aids for aircraft
to complete communications along the routes
of the Air Transport Command.

purposes, are helping to re-
lieve the Bell System’s long
waiting lists of applications
for telephone service.

“War surplus” is the name
given to this equipment.
Much of it was manufactured
by Western Electric and its
purchase from the Govern-
ment has become an extremely
important phase of that com-
panys job as supply unit
for the Bell System. Pur-

Lieut. Col. Harper, as Com-
manding Officer, 71st Re-
gion, Plant and Engineering
Agency, Army Communica-
tions Service, from January
1944 to September 1944, ca-
pably discharged important
responsibilities in directing
coérdinating the con-
struction and installation of
radio communication facilities
and navigational aids for air-
craft to complete communi-

chases, as of August 1,
have totaled approxi-
mately $7,500,000.
The major respon-
sibility for buying the
Government's surplus
telephone equipment
has been undertaken

closely with supplies
inspection and_ the
twenty-nine distribut-
ing houses. The job
has become so exten-
sive and so important
that a special war
surplus and materials
policy committee was
created, headed by
Assistant Purchasing
Agent W. F. Johnson
of Western Electric.
Materials being declared surplus by the
Government include standard Western
Electric telephone equipment. Other sur-
plus items are not of Western Electric
make but meet Bell System specifications.
Still other items vary from our specifica-
tions, but are usable as substitutes. Ma-
terials of interest are of two kinds: (1)
equipment, including cable, telephone sets,
carrier apparatus, and PBX boards, and
(2) supplies items, such as wire and
strand, poles and crossarms, strand and
steel wire, hardware, and motor vehicles.

Three more inter-city highways, totaling
over 800 miles in length, have been added
to the two previously announced routes on
which the Bell System plans to provide
mobile radio-telephone service to vehicles.
The A T & T has announced that applica-
tions have been made to the Federal Com-
munications Commission for authority to
construct experimental stations along the
highways between Washington and New
York; Buffalo and New York, via Albany;
and Los Angeles and San Diego. Permits
to build transmitters and receivers for high-
way mobile radio-telephone service be-
tween New York and Boston and between

Steel erection is practically complete on the new main building
at Murray Hill

Chicago and St. Louis already have been
granted and construction of those stations
is under way.

On the New York-Washington highway,
it is planned to build transmitting and re-
ceiving stations near New Brunswick,
Philadelphia, Wilmington, Baltimore and
Washington.

The New York-Albany-Buffalo route is
the third major highway in the thickly
populated eastern part of the country on
which radio-telephone service for mobile
units is planned by the Bell System. In
addition to the station in New York City,
transmitter-receivers are to be located near
White Plains, Poughkeepsie, Albany, Fonda,
Utica, Syracuse, Rochester and Buffalo.

To serve vehicles on the heavily traveled
highway between Los Angeles and San
Diego, transmitter-receivers will be erected
on Mt. Wilson and Mt. Woodson, near the
respective cities. From those two com-
manding locations it will be possible to
cover the entire 125 miles between the two
communities.

Applications for Bell System highway
mobile radio-telephone installations in a
number of other cities, including Cleveland,
Grand Rapids, Knoxville and Mobile, are
pending or in preparation.

This is the Croix de
Guerre Medal
awarded to Col. Frank
A. Parsons by _ the
French Government
for the part he played
during World War II
in the liberation of
France. The Croix de
Guerre is awarded in
three ranks and it is
the highest of these,
the award “avec etoile
de vermeil,” which
was conferred on Col.
Parsons

A cordial invitation to become members
of the Murray Hill Chorus is extended to
all Laboratories’ men and women who live
in the vicinity of Summit. The chorus will
rehearse at the Summit Y.M.C.A. on Tues-
day evenings from 8 to 10 o'clock so that
those who work at West Street and other
locations may be able to join the group.

The first fall rehearsal will be on Sep-
tember 17, when it is hoped that all for-
mer members and many new ones will be
on hand to start the chorus on its way to
another successful year.

Paul Kuhn, as executive chairman of the
chorus, has Phyllis Taylor as his assistant,
with Reine L. Levesque, secretary; William
Vierling, treasurer; Beatrice J. Panos, libra-
rian; and C. Tanis in charge of membership.

A NEW BOOK by R. A. HEIsinc, Quartz
Crystals for Electrical Circuits, has been
recently published by D. Van Nostrand
Company. The book is a compendium of
up-to-date information, both theoretical
and practical, on quartz crystal plates, their
design and manufacture. Included in the
book are chapters written by W. P. Mason,
W. L. Bonp, J. ARMSTRONG, G.
W. Wiiarp, R. A. Sykes, H. J. McSkimin,
G. M. Tuursron, H. W. WErNuHaRT, H. G.
WenueE, I. E. Farr, A. R. DHEEDENE, R. M.
C. GREENIDGE and C. W. Harrison.

P. S. DaRNELL visited the Allen-Bradley
plant in Milwaukee with representatives of
the Western Electric Company to discuss
requirements and inspection practices for
resistors purchased by Western Electric.

L. S. C. NEE discussed control appara-
tus at the Westinghouse Electric Company.

K. K. Darrow spoke on Physics and the
Public on July 16 before the Chapter of
Sigma Xi at the Shell Development Com-
pany, Oakland. Dr. Darrow attended the
American Physical Society meeting in July
at Berkeley, California.

O. H. Dantetson, G. E. PERREAULT and
I. V. WittraMs of the Laboratories and J.
A. Burkart of the Western Electric Com-
pany visited the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology concerning a Navy project.

J. R. Power and G. J. V. FALEy were in
Burlington, N. C., on engineering problems
associated with hearing aid production.

During the Four Months Ending With June, the United States Patent
Office Issued Patents on Applications Previously Filed by the
Following Members of the Laboratories:

H. H. Abbott A. G. Fox A. Majlinger W. G. Shepherd
S. M. Babcock H. T. Friis W. P. Mason T. Slonezewski

J. Baumfalk E. W. Gent W. J. Means K. D. Swartzel, Jr.
R. Black, Jr. A. A. Hansen R. S. Ohl (4) R. L. Taylor

J. W. Clark F. A. Hoyt A. R. Rienstra G. W. Willard (2)
B. Dysart J. L. Hysko V. L. Ronci S. B. Williams

V. T. WALLbER has been named to serve
as a member of A.S.T.M. D20 subcommit-
tee on Polyethylene.

V. E. Lecce has received honorable men-
tion in the field of theory and research for
his paper, Optimum Air Gap for Various
Magnetic Materials in Cores of Coils Sub-
ject to Superposed Direct Current, in the
1945 national prize paper awards of the
A.LE.E. In 1940 Mr. Legg was awarded
the National Prize for Initial Paper of
which F. J. Given was co-author.

G. L. Pearson, P. W. Foy and W.
SHOCKLEY visited the National Bureau of
Standards to make measurements of con-
ductivity and Hall Effect in silicon and
boron semi-conductors at liquid and solid
hydrogen temperatures.

Stewart M. Beekman—*Margaret Scharnke
Harold Boland—*Cecelia Cooney
Sal Cangemi—*Frances Giambalvo
Walter Chambers—*Virginia Davis
*Robert F. Graham—June Gibson
John Harrington—*Genevieve Sokolosky
*Paul T. Haury—Annetta Christensen
Harry E. Hechtman—*Florence Doris
Dacel S. Lawrence—*Helen Asher
*Leo Luckner—*Nellie Schofield
Lawrence L. Morrill—*Catherine Denninger
Thomas J. Murphy, U. S. Navy—*Dorothy Goll
William F. Ocenasek, Jr.—*Daniela Sidla
Joseph Porcelli—*Dorothy Carney
Stanley M. Raines—*Selma Graber
William Rigney—*Margaret Heussler
Jerome Spina—*Mary Sheridan
*Thomas W. Thatcher, Jr.—Lois Constance
J. Arthur White, Jr.—*Miriam White

*A. B. Anderson—Ruth Johnson
*Kenneth S$. Cadmus—*Wilma Sabolsak
Stephen G. Dorosh—*Virginia Voskanyan
David L. Fisher—*Dorothy Bebb
*Howard C. Fleming—Cecelia Toughey
*R. Shiels Graham—*Isolde Holoch
Walter G. Henry—*Isabelle Simpson
Robert E. Huddy—*Elizabeth Loch
L. Thomas Leonard—*Ruth Kampfe
*Robert H. Meuser—Alyce Benjamin
*John C. Pfaff—Muriel Jenkins
Wesley G. Rogers—*Rose Slater
*George J. Wolters—Catherine Clancy

*Members of the Laboratories. Notices of engage-
ments and weddings should be given to Mrs. Helen
McLoughlin, Room 803C, 14th St., Extension 296.

Noon hour on the grounds at Murray Hill
suggested a picnic to a photographer who
posed this group of girls. On the wall are
Janet Brown and Peggy Anderson; on the
lawn, Mary Murray, Jean Gutleber, Muriei
Bey and Georgia Plumridge, all of the
Murray Hill Service Department

R. H. Cotzey and J. Leutrirz, Jr., at-
tended a conference at Forest Products
Laboratory on culture technique for evalu-
ating modern wood preservatives.

C. S. Futter, W. O. Baker and P. P.
Debye attended the High Polymer Confer-
ence of the American Society for the Ad-
vancement of Science at Gibson Island. Dr.
Baker, who is chairman-elect of the 1948
High Polymer Conference, presented a pa-
per on Structure of Synthetic Rubber.

C. J. Froscu, R. C. PLratow, W. O.
BakER and R. Burns attended the A.T.S.M.
meeting in Buffalo, at which Mr. Platow
was elected chairman of Committee D-14
on Adhesives.

A. C. Exva of Transmission Apparatus
Development has received an M.S. degree
from Stevens Institute of Technology.

Oliver Heaviside—Humorist, an article
by C. M. Hesspert, was published in the
June °46 Journal of the Franklin Institute.

C. H. Amapon has been investigating
current production and treating problems
with suppliers for the telephone industry
of poles and crossarms in the Mountain.
States and Pacific coast areas.

Recent retirements from the Laboratories
include J. C. Wricut with 36 years of service,
July 31; and A. D. Harcan, 40 years, and C.
M. CAMPBELL, 39 years, on August 31.

Mr. Campbell was graduated from Purdue
University in 1904 with a B.S. degree in E.E.
and entered the Automatic Electric Company.
In March 1905 he left to join the Western
Electric at Clinton Street where, after terms in
the Student Course, Inspection Department and
Equipment Engineering, he decided to be-
come a patent attorney. He served with a
Chicago patent law firm and received an LL.B.
degree from Kent College of Law.

In November 1909 Mr. Campbell returned
to Western Electric Company as a member of
the newly established patent department at
New York. His Bell System patent experience
has been very diversified, including telephony,
both manual and automatic, printing tele-
graphs, public address systems, sound pictures,
speech recording, phonographs, acoustics and
measuring and testing. From 1918 to 1922 he
was in charge of the patent group at Haw-
thorne. Since 1938 he has been concerned
with investigations of patents and inventions
of outsiders of possible interest to the Bell
System. He has also handled questions sub-
mitted by A T & T relating to inventions and
technical suggestions by employees of the As-
sociated Companies. The war added to his
duties supervision of reports to the Govern-
ment authorities on inventions originating in
connection with Government contracts. He is
a member of the Bar of the State of New York
and of a number of Federal Courts.

After graduation from Webb Institute of
Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering,
Mr. Hargan joined the Western Electric Com-

pany in New York in
1906 as a draftsman on
cabling plans for cen-
tral offices. After two
years on this work, he
transferred to the ap-
paratus drafting group,
and then was made
chief draftsman of the
manufacturing organi-
zation in New York.

Mr. Hargan went to
Hawthorne in 1913 to
take charge of techni-
cal correspondence for
the Manufacturing De-
partment. After two years in this capacity and
a year in charge of one of the drafting divi-
sions, he returned to New York, where, in
the Engineering Department, he was _ con-
cerned with the design and development of
panel dial apparatus. He continued this work
until 1928, devising improvements and refine-
ments of the apparatus and supervising a
group from 1925 to 1928. He then transferred
to the repaired apparatus group, where he
engaged in studies of the economics and re-
quirements for repaired apparatus, particularly
on station telephone and teletypewriter appa-
ratus. He supervised this type of work from
1935 to 1942.

Mr. Hargan conducted the Laboratories Out-
of-Hour Course in Manufacturing Methods in
1934-35 and again in 1936-37.

At the outbreak of the recent war, he trans-
ferred to the Commercial Products Develop-
ment Department at Whippany, where he was
concerned with the mechanical design of elec-
tronic computers for solving the problems
connected with the development of airborne
radar navigation and bombing.

Mr. Wright, of Transmission Apparatus De-
velopment, received the M.E. degree from
Cornell University in 1909 and directly en-
tered the student training course at Haw-
thorne. The following year he transferred to
the Physical Laboratories at West Street
where, during his work on dry cells and port-
able storage batteries, he made important con-
tributions to standardized test methods and
automatic test equipment. He handled the de-
velopment and construction of precisely con-
trolled air conditioning equipment which has
continued in use in the Laboratories for dup-
licating atmospheric conditions to which tele-
phone apparatus is subjected in service.

of apparatus projects, Mr. Wright’s major re-
sponsibility was supervision of work on in-
candescent lamps and switchboard signaling
through a time when tungsten filament switch-
board lamps went into large-scale use, when
resistance lamps were first designed to meet
specific circuit conditions, and when testing
of illuminating lamps was introduced. During
World War II, Mr. Wright was called in on
the development of wire used in electronic
equipment for the Armed Forces. In this, his
former experience in dealing with the behavior
of wire and cable insulations under various test
and service conditions enabled him to make
valuable contributions.

Morcan Sparks discussed new types of
batteries at the National Carbon Company
in Cleveland and at the Bureau of Stand-
ards in Washington.

Mary N. Torrey of Quality Assurance
received an M.A. degree from Columbia
University in June.

]. F. Morrison read a paper on Design-
ing FM Antennas at a meeting of the
Maryland section of the I.R.E.

L. Vieru has been appointed to Subcom-
mittee F on Audiometry and Hearing Aids
of the A.S.A. Committee on Acoustical
Measurements and Terminology.

T. A. Durkin, in company with Western
Electric engineers, discussed cable pro-
duction problems at the plant of the
Surprenant Electrical Insulation Company.

J. E. Casstpy and R. C. Terry went to
the Patent Office in Washington during
July on patent matters.

S. M. Surron and D. C. Smiru conferred
on clay conduit specifications at the Hay-
denville, Ohio, plant of the National Fire-
proofing Corporation.

O. E. Buckiey, R. L. Jones and R. K.
HoNnaMAN attended the Bell System Public
Relations Conference from July 16 to 18
at Absecon, N. J.

Dr. Buckley has been appointed a mem-
ber of a special Advisory Committee on Ord-
nance Research and Development formed
by the Army Ordnance Association in re-
sponse to a request from Major General
Everett S. Hughes, Chief of Ordnance. This
committee will take a leading part in the
broad solution of problems in the field of
Ordnance research and development.

Harvey FLEeTcHER has been appointed
chairman of the committee charged with
reviewing the policy of the American Phys-
ical Society with respect to divisions.

W. C. Herrinc has returned to the Lab-
oratories after a five months’ leave of ab-
sence, during which he taught at the
University of Texas.

F. F. RoMANow attended a meeting of
the Executive Committee of the Sound
Equipment Section of the Radio Manufac-
turers’ Association in regard to the stand-
ardization of microphone and loudspeaker
performance.

G. W. Meszaros visited Chauncey, Ga.,
where modifications of rectifier-inverters
for power supply on coaxial systems were
under test.

J. F. Potnemus, H. A. Lewis and H.
Keppicus visited the coaxial equipment at
the Washington, D. C., Toll Office of the
Long Lines Department.

Lieut. Leon M. Gould, upon entering the Air
Corps, became a Link trainer instructor, was later
assigned to study at the University of California,
and subsequently was stationed as a platoon com-
mander giving basic training at Fort Leonard Wood.

Robert E. Poirier engaged in radar maintenance
and development at St. Simon Island, Georgia, and
in radar beacon maintenance at bases in Cuba and
Key West before studying at Vanderbilt University.

Capt. Daniel F. Hoth spent three and a half
years in the Signal Corps in Arlington, Virginia.
entering service in December, 1942, as a Second
Lieutenant, he spent most of his time in the Army
directing a group of military and civilian personnel
engaged in the development of special communica-
tions equipment. In the summer of 1945, for two
months, he investigated certain German wartime
development activities in Germany.

Frances V. Tracy was recently released from the
Naval Reserve with the rank of Aerographer’s Mate
3/c. During her war service she was a weather ob-
server stationed at Banana River, Florida.

Warren E. Wilson’s military service was spent
at the Infantry School, Fort Benning, where he was
attached to the Secretary’s Office as clerk and
served as driver on special missions for the General.

Ensign Marvin Bracken served eighteen months
in the Navy as an aviation cadet, following which
he was commissioned in the Coast Guard, where
he was engaged in air-sea rescue operations in
the New York area.

Donald A. Loughlin participated in the invasion
of Okinawa and in occupational landings at Korea
and Tientsin, China, as a member of the Arcturus,
an amphibious cargo attack ship.

Andrew Olsen became team chief of a tele-
phone installation and maintenance group which
took over and operated French installations at Metz

and Nancy, and later did similar work on the Ger-
man installation at Wiesbaden.

Donald J. Oakley was assigned on two occa-
sions to the Asiatic-Pacific theater of war. First he
was land-based on the Solomons and Admiralties
and assigned to the Fleet Air Wing; then he re-
turned to the States for special training and was
assigned to duty on Okinawa and in Japan.

Wallace C. Hickman served for over three
years in the Signal Corps. After specialized training
at Camp Crowder, he was engaged in radio tele-
type transmitter installation work at Algiers.

Gilbert Goodman has returned to the Chemical
Department from military leave following approxi-
mately two years in the Army. He served nineteen
months in the Pacific theater of operations. Part
of the time he was connected with the Manila real
estate branch office.

Chief Vincent J. McCarthy returned to the De-
velopment Shop at Murray Hill after nineteen
months in the Pacific area, where he was engaged
as a Chief Machinist’s Mate in the repair of naval
vessels damaged in enemy action.

Capt. Charles L. Semmelman, a reserve officer
in the Signal Corps, upon entering service became
Assistant Officer in Charge of the Performance Test
Section, of the Signal Corps Engineering Labora-
tories, Fort Monmouth. This Section performs any
required test on all parts and materials considered
for use in Signal equipment except tubes, crystals
and batteries. During the war, the Section pre-
pared nearly 10,000 written reports on the results
of tests and assisted in the preparation of nearly all
JAN specifications by furnishing data on parts pre-
viously tested.

Bartholomew A. Stiratelli received Marine
Corps boot training at Parris Island and Camp
Lejeune and was assigned to a corps of mainte-

nance engineers in the Marine Corps Ordnance
Division located in Washington, D. C.

Major Robert J. Fluskey has returned to the
Laboratories upon completion of thirty-eight
months in the Army. He volunteered in April,
1943, accepting a direct com-

Capt. Helen G. Adams, after receiving her
basic training, was assigned to general duty in the
Neurosurgical Department at Halloran General
Hospital, where she later became Assistant to the
Chief Nurse. Capt. Adams was transferred to Fort

mission as First Lieutenant, Sig-
nal Corps. His initial six months
were spent as Control Officer of
Toms River Signal Laboratory,
Signal Corps Ground Signal
Agency. The following twenty-
two months involved assignments
as engineering, contracting and
production-expediting officer for
Monmouth Procurement District
of the Signal Corps Production
and Distribution Service, for
which he received two com-
mendations. After several months
in a staff capacity in the office of

training for service in the Far
East, she was stationed with the
122nd General Hospital. After
V-J Day she served as Assistant
to the Chief Nurse at Borden Gen-
eral Hospital, Chickasha, Okla-
homa, until her recent return to
the Medical Department nursing
staff at West Street.

George A. Sharpe's naval as-
signment was at Mechanicsburg,
Pa., where, as a Storekeeper Tech-
nician, he was responsible for
checking all requisitions for elec-

Pentagon, Major Fluskey, subsequent to V-J Day,
was assigned to the Cambridge Signal Patent
Agency, which is located at M.I.T. and Harvard,
and of which he was executive officer when he
went on terminal leave.

Capt. Thomas G. Woods, Jr., has been re-
verted to inactive duty after service with the Signal
Security Agency at Washington, and with the Sig-
nal Intelligence Service, operating out of Australia
and the Philippines during the war. He also served
at SIS Headquarters, Kyoto, Japan, as well as in
Manila after peace was signed, and for a short
time in Washington upon his return.

Lieut. James R. Walsh, a pilot, instructed in
twin engine trainers before receiving specialized
training in Troop Carriers. In the ETO, he flew his
C-47 on re-supply missions and on the Rhine Drop.
Returning to Fort Bragg, he was an instructor of
a Troop Carrier Group until he was released.

trical motors and controllers, ad-
vising the section if material was
in stock and ordering the items needed.

Chief H. John Geisler, CETM, did submarine
work at New London before being assigned to the
staff of Radio Matériel School, Washington, D. C.,
where he taught Antenna, Transmission Lines and
Wave Guides for over two years.

F/O William R. Spenninger, after commission-
ing, instructed in navigation for eight months be-
fore being assigned to train for B-29’s. Overseas
he flew with the 20th Air Force, based on Saipan,
on bombing missions over Japan until V-J Day
and then was assigned to flying supplies from
Saipan and Guam.

Albert R. Strnad, while at B-29 gunnery school,
helped design the Hobson-Strnad Trainer, which
he later used at various airfields and in Detroit for
experiments in teaching gunners in the proper use
and firing of the B-29’s gunnery system. Patent
application for the trainer is being searched.

Lieut. John M. Woitovich received his commis-
sion at the Midshipman’s School on the Prairie
State and attended submarine school prior to be-
coming Assistant Engineer and Electrical Officer on
the submarine Blackfin, which operated out of Aus-
tralia and the Philippines.

Victor Silzer taught radar at Boca Raton before
his assignment at the international military trials at
Nuremberg, where he translated original docu-
ments written by Hitler and Goering.

Ensign John V. Elliott, who received a direct
commission in the Navy, trained at the Naval Com-
munications Center, Harvard University, before be-
ing assigned as Communications Officer on the
Mt. McKinley. He also served on minesweepers in
Japan, Korea and China waters.

Lieut. Thomas J. Doherty was a detachment
commander with Hq. 4th Air Forces at Hamilton
Field and a security officer in San Francisco before
being assigned in India for a year as Security In-
telligence Officer. He was also assigned to a tactical
team with the British 14th Army in Burma and in
Rangoon, and later was reassigned to India.

Chief Charles H. Dalm, ACETM, received spe-
cialized training in radio and radar maintenance
schools and at sea before being assigned to the
Wasp, which participated in battles on the Philip-
pine Sea and on which he traveled to much of the
Far East, including Japan.

Harry B. Compton served as radio operator
on the destroyer Kearny, and, after advanced
schooling as radio technician, on the Semmes and,
in Pacific waters, on the Altair and the Laffey.

Robert A. Hauslen’s varied naval career in-
cluded aviation cadet training; ETM schooling;
and duty on the destroyer Cowell during the inva-
sion of Okinawa, at Pearl Harbor and at Saipan.

Robert M. Eichhorn served in the Navy for over
three years, first as a cadet and later, after special-
ized training, as an electronic technician’s mate at
bases maintaining electronic equipment.

Frank A. Chionchio has returned to work in
Building T after nearly three years of naval duty,
most of it in the Pacific, where, after training in
ETM School, he served on the Freemont.

Richard Rafferty, assigned to Frankford Arse-
nal, traveled from there on field trips to work on
ordnance material and to instruct in fire control
material. Later he transferred to the Air Corps.

Lieut. William H. Christoffers earned the Air
Medal for “bombing nine enemy planes on four
runs at low altitude.” An aerial navigator, he flew
in a patrol bomber with the VB 115 Squadron of
the 7th Fleet and in over 1,000 flying hours the
plane was credited with 8 ships and 12 planes.

Matthew Tomb spent twenty-six months in the
Navy, of which he served twenty months in the
Pacific aboard the submarine tender Appollo.

Thomas J. Comparetta, a B-29 gunner, was
based on Tinian and Okinawa during three hun-
dred hours of flying time. Later he made trips to
the Philippines, Korea, China and Japan, where his
plane made pictures of the atom bomb havoc.

Kenneth A. Josephson was awarded the Purple
Heart for wounds received by machine-gun fire on
Okinawa while fighting with the 6th Marine Divi-
sion Infantry. Later, after hospitalization on Guam,
he was assigned to the Military Government there
and stationed in a native village until his release.

Leaves of Absence
As of July 31, there had been 1,052 military
leaves of absence granted to members of the Lab-
oratories. Of these, 827 have been completed. The
225 active leaves were divided as follows:

There were also 10 members on merchant ma-
rine leaves and 1 on personal leave for war work.

Remember the crystal detector in the first radios—
hunting for the right spot with a cat’s whisker?
For years the detector lay discarded in favor of the
vacuum tube. But when microwaves came, and
with them the need to convert minute energy to
amplifiable frequencies, a Bell Laboratories scien-
tist thought back to the old crystal.

Silicon of controlled composition, he discov-
ered, excelled as a microwave detector. Unlike
the old-style natural crystals, it was predictable
in performance, stable in service. From 1934 to
Pearl Hlarbor, the Laboratories developed silicon
units to serve microwave research.

Then Radar arrived. ‘The silicon crystal came
into its own, and found application in long-
distance microwave Radar. Working with Ameri-
can and British colleagues, the Laboratories rap-
idly perfected a unit which the Western Electric
Company produced in thousands. It became the

Crystal detectors are destined to play a big role
in electric circuits of the future. They will have
an important part in Bell System microwave
radio relay systems. They may reappear in radio
sets. Here again Bell Laboratories’ research has
furthered the communication art.

EXPLORING AND INVENTING, DEVISING AND PERFECTING FOR CON-
TINUED ECONOMIES AND IMPROVEMENTS IN TELEPHONE SERVICE

Bell Laboratories Record  1946-09: Vol 24 Iss 9