served by panel and
crossbar offices. These
are known as the “‘office selector tandem”
and the “sender tan-

dem” office, and both

use panel-type switching equipment. The
former, which

is the

simpler of the two, is
designed only for fullselector calls in panel

:

and crossbar areas;
that is, the control of

~

Perey.

i

the call must originate
in panel or crossbar
senders. At the tandem office the call is
EE]
FEF
handled by a paneltype selector frame—
the brush and group
selection on this frame
being guided by two
groups of signals transmitted from the sender
=
at the calling office.
Since the latter sender Fig. 2—Tandem trunk and trunk-link frames in the new
can control only a
crossbar tandem office
single set of office brush
and group selections, only one tan- than fifty groups of trunks, and there
dem office selector can be used for a will be less than fifty if any of the
call, and the total number of outgoing groups require more than a ten-termitrunks which it can reach is limited to nal assignment on the multiple.
450. Since there is a maximum of fifty
This limitation is avoided in the
groups of trunks per frame, this panel sender tandem office by emtandem cannot give access to more ploying a sender at the tandem office
to receive all three digFROM
TRUNK LINK FRAME
OFFICE LINK FRAME
ORIGINATING
its of the office code
OFFICE
OUTGOING
transmitted by the
TRUNK
TANDEM
TRUNK
originating sender, and
if

to translate them into

the proper signals to
SENDER LINK

MARKER
N

control a district and
MARKER

Fig. 1—Fundamental switching plan of the crossbar tandem
office now installed in New York City and Detroit
August 1942

one or two office selectors. With two or three

frames in tandem, the
number of trunk

groups and the num287

through

the

tandem

switches

has

been set up, it sends out those needed

to establish the connection

at the

called office. This feature, whereby
the tandem sender repeats revertive

pulses to the terminating office, permits much longer or higher resistance
trunk loops between

the originating

and terminating offices than would be
possible if the switches at the terminating office were controlled directly
by the originating senders. The dialpulse sender will also send revertive
pulses, and, like the revertive sender,

is arranged to send out pulses for completing calls to step-by-step offices.
For calls to manual offices equipped

|

with

call indicators,

the revertive

sender receives only the pulses required for establishing the tandem
|
connections; the pulses for operating
the call indicator at the distance office
are sent by the originating sender
after the tandem connection has been
established. This arrangement, which
makes it unnecessary to provide
equipment in the tandem revertive
senders for storing and sending out
panel call indicator pulses, was
adopted for reasons of economy. Any
Fig. s—One marker in the New York possible advantages which might recrossbar tandem office
sult from the use of call indicator repeating equipment in the tandem
tial safeguard to service when trouble revertive sender would be overcome
by its cost and because it would be
exists on a sender-link frame.
The revertive sender, used for calls used less and less in future years due
from panel or crossbar offices, is ar- to the decrease in the number of
ranged to receive revertive* type manual offices. The dial-pulse sender,
pulses. The dial-pulse sender, on the however, is arranged to send out panel
other hand, is designed to receive dial call-indicator pulses, since on such
pulses, and under normal conditions is connections there are no originating
proposed only for areas where connec- senders capable of sending these
tions are required from step-by-step pulses to the manual offices.
The markers used with the crossbar
offices or switchboards equipped with
dials. On calls for a panel or crossbar tandem office are similar in function
office, the revertive sender receives all and general operating procedures to
digits, and after the connection the originating markers used in the
local crossbar system.
*RecorD, June, 1929, page 395.

290

August 1942

2

by

zone, the provision of this equipment °
in the tandem trunks is more efficient
from
than the use of control equipment for
ions
connect
h
establis
to
ranged
intrunks
each
individual district. The pulses
of
types
various
and to the
are
received
at the district selector by
6.
Figure
dicated in
An important feature introduced a simple circuit using a cold-cathode
with the crossbar tandem office is the tube and relay which operates the
concentration of remote-control charg- subscriber-line register directly. In
ing and timing circuits for panel this way the costly timing and zone
ofices. The use of timing and charging equipment is limited to a
multiple-charging control equipment relatively few tandem trunk circuits
in panel offices for interzone calls is instead of being required in all of the
relatively expensive, since it requires district circuits of the panel offices.
that considerable equipment be added These trunks can be arranged for
to each district-selector circuit. With either one or two rates. When two are
the new crossbar tandem office, cer- provided the rate used is controlled
tain of the tandem trunk circuits are by the marker which determines it
provided with the necessary equip- from the zones of the originating and
ment for timing calls and for trans- called offices.
mitting charge-control pulses to the
This plan obviously forces the routpanel office. Since only a small frac- ing of the zone calls through the intertion of the originating traffic is inter- zone crossbar tandem, part of which
With

these

various

crossbar tandem

system

ORIGINATING

facilities

the

is now

ar-

TRUNK

ores

TERMINATING

LINK FRAME

LINK FRAME

PANEL
CROSSBAR
STEP-BY-STEP
MANUAL CALL INDICATOR

si

STEP-BY-STEP TANDEM

__

|

|

=

MANUAL STRAIGHTFORWARD __

DC KEY-PULSING

2

(PANEL OR CROSSBAR TYPE)|
.

USING REVERTIVE TANDEM

SENDERS
PANEL
CROSSBAR
STEP-BY-STEP

STEP-BY-STEP

MANUAL

CALL INDICATOR

SENDER TANDEM
CROSSBAR TANDEM

DIALING SWITCHBOARDS

OFFICE-SELECTOR TANDEM

o-

STEP-BY-STEP TANDEM
DC KEY-PULSING
(STEP-BY-STEP TYPE)

MANUAL STRAIGHTFORWARD

USING

DIAL PULSE

TANDEM

SENDERS

Fig. 6—Types of trunks between which the facilities of a crossbar tandem office can
establish connections
August 1942

291
:

might otherwise be routed by way of
direct trunks or other existing types of
tandem offices. This disadvantage is
more than offset by the concentration
of the costly zone registration and
control equipment in the tandem
office. In the local crossbar system
this disadvantage does not exist because the originating marker makes it
economically possible to provide zone
timing and registration circuits in the
originating crossbar offices in proportion to the traffic.
The crossbar tandem office is also
equipped with a substantial number of

To improve service in community
dial areas, a portable test set, coded
KS-8455, has been developed for re-

pairmen’s use, primarily as an aid in
locating trouble on subscribers’ lines.

maintenance circuits, such as a trunk
test, sender test, outgoing-trunk test

and trouble indicator. A photograph

of the maintenance center at the New

York crossbar tandem office is shown

at the head of this article. The bays

from left to right are sender test,

sender make-busy, trouble indicator,

and three bays of trunk test circuits,
Like the similar equipment in local
crossbar offices, these circuits impose

routine tests on the equipment, and
detect incipient trouble so that it may
be corrected before it interferes with
normal telephone service.

weighs about two and a half pounds.
The set supplements present equipment and is used for measuring the
insulation

resistance

of a line, for

localizing line faults such as grounds
and opens, for detecting the presence
It is a volt-ohmmeter of 100,000 ohms
resistance, with a 45-volt battery, of bridged condensers, and for measurand cords for making connections. ing line potential. Its use reduces conHoused in its bakelite box and in- siderably the time required to restore
cluding a leather carrying case, it faulty lines to service.
August 1942
292

are no longer thermoplastic. This — able for high-voltage circuits where

feature is an advantage because it
allows coils to operate at higher
temperatures without softening the
impregnating material and permits
substantial savings by reducing the
size of the coils. For certain types of
apparatus potting containers may
be eliminated.
The penetrating power of these synthetic resins, which leaves few voids

in the coils, and their high dielectric
strength make them particularly valu|

DETERMINING

THE

corona discharges might occur. These
must be minimized because corona in
voids filled with air oxidizes the
nitrogen

which

and

produces

breaks down

nitric

acid

the insulation,

Retardation coils and power trans-

formers of several types, designed for
telephone apparatus, are now being
impregnated on a production basis
with synthetic resin varnishes. The
results indicate advantageous _possibilities for their wider use.

|

PLASTICIZER

CONTENT

|

OF

PLasTICcs

Cellulose plastics find many telephone applications, notably in
the handset housing. To make them tough and more easily handled
in molding, a plasticizer is added. Its amount has to be carefully
controlled to assure that the finished article is hard enough to
resist marring and able to hold its exact shape indefinitely.
R. H. Erickson is shown in the Frontispiece, page 285, determining the plasticizer content of cellulose acetate and cellulose
acetate-butyrate plastics.
The arrangement is much like that of the familiar double boiler
used in the kitchen. Weighed samples of plastic in glass dishes
are set under the glass dome on a plate which is maintained at a
constant temperature of 256 degrees C. by a boiling liquid in
another chamber below it. The space above the samples is evacuated
to a pressure of one mm of mercury; and the plasticizer, which
is ordinarily considered essentially nonvolatile, distills out of the
plastic into the ice-cooled trap on the right. Any volatile matter
which escapes the ice trap is caught by the dry-ice trap behind
it and thus can not damage the vacuum pump. At the end of a
specified period the distillation is stopped by releasing the vacuum
and the dishes are cooled and reweighed. The loss in weight
represents the amount of plasticizer in the sample.

294

\

August 1942

&

Welding parts of an angle-iron frame in the Development Shop at Murray Hill
August 1942

[i]
j

|

News

of the Month

New Siren Has SuccessFui
TriaL In New York City

July 4 tests a steady note of about 440 cycles

INSTALLED ON THE ROOF of the RCA
Building, tallest of the Rockefeller Center
group, an air raid signal designed by the
Laboratories and built by the Chrysler
Corporation has had a number of successful
tests on July 4 and subsequent Saturdays.

Following the demonstration on Manhattan Bridge early in March, an experimental model of the siren, together with
manufacturing information, was turned over
to Chrysler engineers at the direction of the
Office of Civilian Defense. The first production sample was shipped to New York. As
installed here, the complete outfit of 140-hp
automobile engine, blower, “‘chopper,” and

horns is mounted on a turntable driven by
the engine. In that manner the entire sound
output, concentrated into a beam, is swung
continuously around the circle. For the

was sounded, but on July 11 the frequenc
was warbled between 300 and 420 cycles, for
the first test, and the steady note was sound.

ed later. The warble note will be used as an
“alert” signal and the steady note for the
“all clear.” Reports from police observers
and the public were generally favorable; the
signal was audible for roughly three and a
half miles, depending on the directness of the

path and the noise level. It is understood
that orders have been placed by the city for
a number of additional outfits.
During the tests, sound meter readings
were made by Laboratories’ engineers at a
number of points. J. B. KELLY was on the
s9th floor of the Salmon Tower at sth
Avenue and 42nd Street; he observed 114
db. J. B. Lirrte and T. L. Dowey were on
the 79th floor of the Empire State Building,
sth Avenue and 34th Street, and observed

‘

The Mayor of New York inspects the new siren
ee

11

August 1942

a

|

105 db. J. A. Lenans in Central Park opposite 66th Street observed 100 db. In all
cases the background noises were 35 to
50 db below the signal.

}
:

j

|

InveNTIONS AND War NEEDS
Tue GovERNMENT, through the National Inventors’ Council, has suggested
that all inventions

or discoveries

of the

employees of research and development
organizations be reviewed from the standpoint of their application to Military, Naval
or other Governmental needs.
If any member of the Laboratories sees
any application to Military, Naval or other
Governmental needs of any work, or has
any ideas, whether or not associated with

his own work, which he thinks might be of
use to the Government,

|

the Laboratories

will be glad to have them reviewed by appropriate persons and called to the attention
of the Government through this Council
or through other proper channels.
Anyone wishing such a review of his
ideas should forward them to G. M. CampBELL, in writing and accompanied by drawings or sketches if capable of illustration.
This procedure, of course, does not apply
to any confidential work which the Laboratories is doing for departments of the
Government. The ideas of any of the men
associated with such work should be handled
in the group responsible for the work.
Rapio Station
To pRovipE in mobility for the Bell System emergency radio telephone sets, engineers of the A T & T have developed the

140-RT radio telephone trailer. As shown
by the accompanying pictures, this is a
two-wheel vehicle designed to house the
221B equipment and to shelter the operator.
When fully loaded with radio and other
equipment the trailer weighs about 2000
pounds. Fittings on the trailer permit towing
by passenger car or truck.
It takes only a few minutes after the
trailer is uncoupled to establish an operating
radio terminal. At its location the trailer is
steadied by adjustable pipe supports at its |
four corners; and its doors are thrown open.
Using the materials it carries, a fifty-foot
mast is quickly erected and the proper connections are made to the radio equipment.
Following this the normal ground connections are made and the gasoline
engine-driven generator, which
is located in the rear compartment of the trailer, is started

to provide the necessary power
supply. Immediately the radio
operator calls the distant station and makes known the
availability of the radio terminal. Connections from the
trailer station to the nearest
telephone line are made and
the central office is advised
that communication over the
emergency radio channel is
available for service.
August 1942

4|

Cuarces

years.

E. Martin,

M.D., became Medical
Director of the Laboratories on July 13, succeeding Dr. MELVILLE
H. Manson who has been
appointed Medical Director of the New York
Telephone Company
where he will be responsible for the Medical Departments at 140 West
Street, and in Brooklyn,
Albany and Buffalo. Dr.
Joun H. Boc te, who has
been associated with our
Medical Department for
the past three years,
principally on periodic
and preplacement exami-

After taking the

pre-medical

course

at

Union College from 1918

to 1920, he received his
M.D. degree four years

later from the Albany
Medical College. He remained at the college for
the next three years, the
first year being spent on

special work on pathology and the other two
as Resident
Surgeon.
From 1927 to 1935 Dr.

Martin practiced surgery
and also taught in the
Department of Surgery

j

at his alma mater. In ad-

dition, he was examining
physician for the New
York
Telephone Comnations, enlisted and was
Dr. Charles E. Martin was ap- pany from 1929 to 1932
then called into service
during the latter part of pointed Medical Director of the Lab- and from 1932 to 1935
oratories on July 13
was Medical Officer of
June. Dr. Bogle is now
the company for its
a Captain in the StaEastern and Central Divisions. In 1935 he
tion Hospital at Fort Snelling, Minnesota.
At the Murray Hill Laboratory, Dr. became Medical Director of the Albany
Gorpon A. STEPHENSON takes the place of Hospital and early this year had been apDr. Orrin F. CranksHaAw who enlisted and pointed Assistant to the Dean. Dr. Martin
was ordered to active duty at Camp Ed- is a member of Phi Sigma Kappa, the Ameriwards, Massachusetts, where he is a Captain can Medical Association and the American
with the Yale Medical Unit (39th General Hospital Association. He has written a numHospital). Dr. Stephenson is on duty at ber of papers for scientific and medical
Murray Hill from 10:30 to 12:30 and avail- journals.
Dr. Stephenson received his M.D. degree
able on call at other times.
in
1929 from the Arts and Medical School
Dr. Martin comes to the Laboratories
the
University of Buffalo. He served his
of
from the Albany Hospital where he had
been Medical Director for the past seven interneship in the Orange Memorial Hospital
and from

Eat it up
Wear it out

Make it do
Do without
When asked what made New England great,
Calvin Coolidge responded with these four
maxims. Our practice of them today will
help to win World War II.

1932 to 1934 was

Resident

MEDAL AWARDS
FoR OUTSTANDING ACTS OF SERVICE in
1941, Mrs. Mary E. Cusick of the Illinois
Bell, William Webb Grantham of the
Southern Bell and Hazel Belle Grobert of
the Indiana Bell have been awarded Theodore N. Vail medals of silver, each one ac-

companied with a cash award of $500.
Mrs. Cusick, who is a central-office

[iv]

in

Surgery at the Jersey City Medical Center.
Since that time he has practiced medicine in
Summit where he is also Associate in General
and Gynecological Surgery in Overlook
Hospital.

in-

August 1942

|

structor in Chicago, rendered
extraordinary service to help
save the life of a four-year-old
girl who had swallowed acid
and was dying in a hospital.
While on duty one Sunday
night last November she received a call asking for help in
finding officials of the company which had made the acid.
It was imperative, the caller
stated, for the doctor to know

the acid formula in order to
prepare the right antidote.
Acting with great resourcefulness and perseverance, Mrs.
Cusick through persistent effort and much ingenuity located the chemical company
officials and connected them
with the hospital.

Mr. Grantham, _installer- Dr. Gordon A. Stephenson (left) succeeds Dr. Orrin F.
repairman at Gulfport, Missis- Crankshaw at Murray Hill. Dr. Crankshaw is now a Captain
sippi, rescued a power com- with the Yale Medical Unit at Camp Edwards, Massachusetts
pany lineman who had been
badly burned by a high-voltage line and was of the hot wire, Mr. Grantham worked very
hanging helpless in his safety strap. Climb- close to the dangerous line and lowered the ining a pole, near which dangled a broken end jured man to the ground. He then rushed the
patient to the hospital
in the telephone company truck and continued to assist in
every way that he
could. His prompt, intelligent and courageous action undoubtedly saved a life.
Hazel Belle Grobert, operator at Kendallville, Indiana, won

her medal by conspicuous devotion to duty
duringa tornado which
swept the town on the
night of May 15, 1941.

The storm disrupted
all electric service and
put more than half the
telephones out of commission. Bricks and
Dr. Melville
H. Manson (left), recently appointed Medical Directorof timber crashed
the New York Telephone Company, and Dr. John H. Bogle, now a through the roof of.
Captain in the Army and who was ordered to the Station Hospital the central office and
at Fort Snelling, Minnesota
it seemed that the
August 1942

[v]

||

j
|

}

building itself might collapse. Despite great figure is not as bad as it sounds since the
danger Miss Grobert stayed at her post, Laboratories increased its personnel by two
maintaining all possible telephone service, or three hundred persons during the last
protecting the switchboard from rain which month; and many only got on the payroll
came in through the ceiling, and summoning just in time to be counted. They may be‘exhelp. Her action prevented extensive dam- pected to subscribe in the near future.
Several more of those who are not subscribing
age to telephone equipment and made
have long been absent because of serious
possible prompt restoration of service.
In determining the national awards, the illness; but they must be counted in the
National Committee reviewed reports of percentage since reports to the U.S. Treasury
17 cases in which 21 bronze medals were

and

awarded by committees of the various companies. The Vail Memorial Fund was established in 1920 in memory of Theodore N.

absences into account.

During the month of June, 2267 members
of the Laboratories increased their bond

Vail, former President and Chairman of the

allotments; and 211 more did so during the
first fifteen days of July. Now that the
flurry of the June 15 income tax payments is
well past, it is expected that still more will
increase their subscriptions and the total
per cent of the Laboratories’ payroll which
goes into bonds will be appreciably increased.

Board of the A T & T, and for 22 years the
Vail medal awards have given recognition to
acts of noteworthy public service which demonstrate the traditional Bell System spirit.
0

LEAST

other

authorities

do not

take such

TELEPHONE PIONEERS
James W. FarreELt was elected president
and Wiiu1am H. Marruies a member of
the Executive Committee of the Edward J.
Hall Chapter, Telephone Pioneers of America, at the annual meeting held on June 17.
During the second quarter of 1942, the

following have enrolled as Pioneers:
ONE THOUSAND AND FIFTY MEMBERS of
the Laboratories have received the sticker
illustrated above, which the Treasury Department of the U. S. designed for display
by those regularly investing ten or more per
cent of income in War Bonds. Actually those
who are subscribing for War Bonds to this
extent are more than this number. Several
persons had no interest in obtaining the
Sticker and so did not return to the Bond
Committee a signed statement as to the
per cent of their subscriptions. There is no
way of determining just how many more
there are without imposing on the Payroll
Department the serious load involved in
checking percentages for each employee.
For the Laboratories as a whole during
June there went into bonds 7.2 per cent of
the June payroll, including overtime payments. An accounting made July 20 showed
only 209 persons, or 3.6 percent of the then
personnel, as not subscribing at all. This

[vi]

Warren A. Marrison
Ernest L. Baulch
George S. Mueller
Homer W. Dudley
Joseph C. Rile
Lester H. Germer
Estill I. Green
Milo O, Schrum
Arnold A. Hansen
Thomas A. Spencer
John Zoller
The Executive

Committee

of the Tele-

phone Pioneers of America has voted that as
a matter of patriotic necessity the meeting
of the General Assembly scheduled for September 25 and 26 in Detroit be cancelled.
This action is in line with the recent recom-

mendation of Joseph B. Eastman, director
of the Office of Defense Transportation, that

all meetings and conventions not closely related to the war effort be called off in view of
increased

demands

on

railroad

facilities.

Air Raip WARDENS
THE PHOTOGRAPH at the top of the next
page shows a group of the key men in the
Laboratories’ Air Raid Warden Service of
which W. A. Tracy, zone warden, is in
August 1942

|
hg

:

Key men in the Air Raid Warden organization of the Laboratories. Left to right: E. H. Backman, Harry Schreiber, E. A. Wieland, W.W. Andrews, W. A. Tracy, J. P. Greene, Patrick
Monahan,

E. J. Reilly, Patrick McLaughlin,

Patrick Doorly, Walter Connick, Edward

Bulman and George Wismar
charge. Reporting to him as sector wardens
are Epwarp

BuLtMan, WALTER

CONNICK,

2

most of their knowledge about America from the
“Cinema” which shows the latest Hollywood

Joun Leonarp and Dante O'NEILL. Thirteen senior post wardens, who supervise ten
posts consisting of ninety wardens at the
West Street buildings, two posts of twentythree wardens at the Graybar-Varick building and one post of twelve wardens at the
Davis building report to these sector wardens.
At West Street the senior post wardens are

productions. Tennis and golf seem to be the

W. W. Anprews, E. H. Backman, J. P.
GREENE, Patrick McLauGuiin, AINSLEY
Mecraw, Patrick Monanal, E. J. REILLY,
Henry ScHAEFFER, Harry SCHREIBER and

My active duty orders ordered me to duty in
the Office of the Chief Signal Officer. However,
when the Army was reorganized into its present
three branches that section of the Signal Corps
to which I was assigned was transferred to the
Air Corps. So now I am in the Air Corps and my
Major’s commission is an Air Corps promotion.

Dennis
At the Graybar-Varick
building they are Patrick Doorty and E. A.
Wre.anp and at the Davis building GEorcE
Wismar. There are also four building control
directors—Mitton
Joun Murray,
Patrick O'NEILL and WILLIAM WISSEL.
|

News From MEn In SERVICE
Corporat Ray P. CHapMan writes:
I am now stationed in northern Ireland as
part of the American forces. It is a beautiful
country of rolling hills and neat farms. The
foliage is bright green in color probably due to
the large amount of rain and all the land is
utilized for farming or cattle grazing.
The people are quite friendly and have gained
August 1942

most popular sports—I have seen some courses
which are really tough even for an expert.
I am pleased to say that I have been receiving
the Recorp regularly and it sure is a pleasure
to read it.

Husert A. SHEPPARD was commissioned
a Major in the Air Corps on June 15. He
writes:

Since February, 1942, I have been an Engineer

Officer (the branch in which I held my Reserve
Commission), a Signal Corps Officer and now an

Air Corps Officer. Sometimes I wonder if I am
“fish, fowl or just plain red herring.” However,
in spite of all this shifting around my work has
remained the same—that is Aircraft Warning
Service.

LIEUTENANT CoLoneL ALBERT M. ELLIott writes from Jacksonville:
During the Carolina Maneuvers I met many
Bell System men in the service and regardless of
the branch they had started in, nearly all were
by then in communications work. And all were
[vii]

ve

courage-their indomitable spirit and will. It is
fortunate for us today that the “summer soldiers”

and the “sunshine patriots” are few and far

between. And so each of us can face the future
unafraid, with renewed determination to perform the task at hand, however small it ma
seem, to the best of his ability. For we know

that all of our little individual efforts are a vital
part of the great effort which lies ahead.
Emit Atiscw has graduated from the

Command and General Staff School at Fort
Leavenworth, Kansas, and has returned to
his former organization at Fort Lewis,
Washington. On June 3 he was promoted to

While on leave A. J. Leimer had his photo-

é

graph taken with a familiar background. He
is now

an

Aviation

Ordnanceman

in San

Juan, Puerto Rico

|

doing a good job, too. I was assistant to the
Signal Officer, First Army, so was in a position

to observe.
On conclusion of maneuvers I had expected
to return to my regiment in Virginia, but in
December was assigned to First Army Staff. By
February my family and furniture had arrived in
New York and were settled; then in May I was
transferred to Jacksonville, Florida. It was only
a few days ago we again “got settled.” My duties
here are Signal Officer, Southern Sector, which is

one of the four sectors of this Eastern Defense
Command. It comprises the states of North
Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Florida.
The telephone facilities in this area are comparatively limited and distances are great so
communications problems are real “problems.”
Much radio is used. I find the work very interesting and consider that I have been very fortunate
all along in my assignments.
During recent trips through Washington I
have never failed to see less than a half dozen
Laboratories men in the offices of the Chief
Signal Officer, as well as many A T & T and
‘several New York Telephone men.

Lizut. SHERMAN T. BREWER writes from
the Signal Corps School at Fort Monmouth:

I have been going to school for the past three
months. It seems as though there is no place like
the Army for schools. Even the generals find that
they are not immune....
These are difficult days. We are all called upon
to sacrifice things which were taken for granted
yesterday, or to accomplish things which were
impossible the day before. Nevertheless, because
of the nature of the American people, these new
demands will act to challenge rather than dis-

[viii]

Major and his present assignment is Plans
and Training Officer.
ALBERT

J. ENGELBERG,

who transferred

from the Air Corps to the Signal Corps last
April, was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel
on June 16. He is now in the Office of the
Chief Signal Officer in Washington.
F. A. Hinsuaw has been commissioned a
First Lieutenant in the Signal Corps. He is
now at Camp Evans, New Jersey.
AMONG OTHER recent promotions are:

|

Dick S. Bartow to First Lieutenant; Josepy
F.
Staff Sergeant; Ricuarp A.
Deveraux, Lieutenant Colonel; Francis
M. Honce, Sergeant;
H. LicutenBERGER, First Lieutenant; GEorcE M.
Ricuarps, Second Lieutenant; and SAMUEL
C. Tatiman, First Lieutenant.

L. J. Stvian, who has been on leave of
absence with the National Defense Research
Committee since June 23, 1941, returned to

the Laboratories on July 6.
Capt. ALBERT G. KosyLarz is at Wright
Field with the Signal Section of the Air
Service Command.

GeorcE BickarD is now at Fort George
Wright where he is with the Headquarters
group which records changes in personnel
of the Second Air Force.
MEMBERS OF THE LABORATORIES who
have been granted leaves of absence to
enter military service since those noted in
the last issue of the REcorp are CLEMENT
Boscu, Capt. Orrin F. Cranksuaw, M.D.,
GeorcE W. GatsBavy, Martin P. Hucues,
Lizut.
M. Kwort, Lieut. JAMeEs
H. Miter, Rosert T. Rooney, Danie.
F. Sxe.tton, Major Morton Svutrtzer,
James J. Viccers and KENNETH E. WaTERS;

and

to

enter

naval

service,

Jack

I.

PicarD.
August 1942

i

|
:

News

Notes

WiiiuaM H. Harrison, a former director
of the Laboratories,

became

a

Brigadier

General on June 26 and since July 1 has

been in charge of the production, procure-

ment

and

distribution

activities

of the

_—
Services of Supply of the Army.
Harvey FLeTcHER’s paper, Hearing, the
Determining Factor for High-Fidelity Transmission,

presented

before

the Broadcast

Engineering Conference in Columbus, Ohio,
was

t

published

in the June

issue of the

Proceedings of the I.R.E.
MEMBERS OF THE LABORATORIES presenting papers at the summer convention of
the A.I.E.E., held in Chicago from June 22
to 26, were D. E. Trucxsess, Regulated Tube
Rectifiers in Telephone Offices; R. H. Couey,
Poles

and

Pole

Treatments;

and

R.

I.

Witkinson, The Combination of Probability
Curves in Engineering.
L. H. GerM_Er presented a paper on Stray
Magnetic Fields from Cobalt and A. M.
SKELLETT one on The Use of Secondary

Electron Emission to Obtain Trigger or Relay
Action at a meeting of the American Physical
Society held at Pennsylvania State College.
R. T. StapLes went to the Whitney Blake
Company’s plant in New Haven and to the
Point Breeze plant to confer on cord development problems.
C. A. Wesser, W. V. Tuompson and
W. J. Kinc were in Hawthorne in connection

with the design of cords and cables.
C. A. WEBBER visited the Okonite Company at Passaic to discuss cable problems.
C. O. Matiincxropt is making field tests
and modifications on the type-K2 carrier
systems at Pittsburgh, Altoona, Harrisburg
and Allentown.
R. M. Burns, K. G. Compton and C. H.
SAMPLE visited Wilmington, North Carolina,

to observe marine corrosion studies carried
on by the International Nickel Company.
Mr. Burns, at a meeting of the American
Codrdinating Committee on Corrosion held
at Atlantic City, was elected to chairmanship of this committee.

X marks the spots where a pedestrian might meet with an accident. Solid lines show safe paths

across Abington Square. Also, “Watch the Traffic Lights”
August 1942

}

[ix]

:

Some

Members

of the Laboratories

THIS MONTH the REcorp presents the following biographies of members of the
Laboratories chosen by lot.
‘=
&
To HIs sHop teacher in grammar school,
Joe Kocan gives the credit for his bent
toward instrument making. Some credit

bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering,
With his parents, a brother, and three
sisters, Joe Kocan lives in Singac. When
time permits, he golfs—a game which he

should

Park are kin spirits to Gus Koenic (Aucust
W., JR., on the records) who after a day
making gadgets for the engineers at Graybar-

go to his father,

too,

who

is a

mechanic himself. At any rate, after graduating from Central High School in Paterson,

learned years ago.
*

*

THE SAILORS

|
|

*

*

*

who go rowing in Central

Joe signed up in July, 1937, for the Labora-

tories’ apprentice course. Three years later
he was a junior mechanic and was assigned
to work under one of the engineers at
Graybar-Varick. Realizing that his advancement will come

from what he knows, Joe

is taking physics, calculus and drawing in
Newark Technical School, looking toward a

Aucust W. Koenic, Jr.

Varick goes home and builds a little engine
for a model airplane. He builds the planes,
too, and flies them at a nearby “airport.”
Just to make his home look like the Development Shop (or is it vice versa?) he has a drill

press, lathe and grinder. Gus’ mechanical
aptitude stems from his grandfather, uncle
and father; all of them machinists. He graduated from the Mechanical Arts course at
Bryant High School, Long Island City, in
1935,
JosepH Kocan

[x]

and

entered

i]

the Laboratories’

ap-

prentice course the next year. For the last
six months he has been in the Development
Shop at the Graybar-Varick building. Drill
August 1942

{

woman, she rides every week in the year,
even spending her vacations at a nearby
“dude ranch.”’ No information is available,

|

however, as to why this summer’s vacation
trip was in Florida.
*

ang

*

*

*

*

CoMMUNICATIONS
RUNS
IN “Burt”
Simons’ family. His father was commercial
manager for Western Union and Burton
began to build radio receivers at an early
age. He still builds them—the Western Electric police receiver was one of his projects.
After completing high school in Worcester, where he was born, young Simons
went through the Polytechnic Institute
there, specializing in electronics and getting
an M.S. degree in 1937. Then entering the
Laboratories, he was for a short time with

|

ELena

TIGHE

the Electrical Measurements group and
transferred to the Receiver group in Radio
Development. He says: “After getting the
requirements to be met by a receiver, such
as frequency band, gain, selectivity and
power supply, I work out a likely looking
circuit,

press and lathe now have a rival, for Gus mar|

ried about a year ago. His wife likes music
and dancing, and is reported to be keeping
an eye on the “Shop Equipment Wanted”
advertisements. Photography — her husband’s other hobby—is more
to her taste.
*

*

make

a_bread-board

*

TIGHE is a girl
everybody likes—particularly
the engineers at GraybarVarick from whom she takes
dictation. One of her arts—
stenotypy—she acquired at
business school after she graduated from St. Angela Hall in
Brooklyn. Her other art—that
of being liked—she learned by
instinct.
Elena entered the Laboratories in 1934, in Transcrip-

tion; a year later she went to
Graybar-Varick. Born in
Richmond Hill, she now lives
in Brooklyn, where her mother

and two sisters make something of a pet of her while
she makes a pet of “Penny,” a
beagle hound. An ardent horseAugust 1942

model

if

necessary, and then go into a huddle with
the Mechanical Design people Their job is to
get the elements into the allowable space;
my job is to see that the assembly works.”
The Simons family—father, mother and

Burton

H. Simons

|

|

Burton—live in Jackson Heights. Burt
swims and plays tennis in summer; the
family generally go together to their old
home town for vacation.

sheet materials. B. L. CLarKe and Ci
Froscu also attended this convention.
H. W. Hermance visited central offices in
Evanston, Ill., and in Pittsburgh in connec.

MEMBERS OF THE LABORATORIES who
completed twenty years of service in the Bell
System during July were:
Research Department

Hermance gave talks before telephone engi-

tion with contact performance studies. Mr.

H. T. Budenbom
L. A. Elmer
P. B. Flanders

Joseph Nedelka
N. D. Newby
R. S. Ohl

Apparatus Development Department
L. G. Bostwick
L. J. Cobb
Ada Corcoran
F. J. Daniels

A. E. Dietz
W. J. Farmer
R. A. Hecht
R. J. Nossaman
W. W. Werring

Systems Development Department
F. B. Blake
R. G. Bowen
Mildred Brosnan
V. T. Callahan
H. T. Douglass
J. M. Duguid

George Garbacz
D. M. Hannum
R. E. Hersey
Frank Huebsch
D. F. Johnston
R. A. Leconte
John Meszar

Patent Department
J. E. Cassidy

Kathryn McGaughin
Margaret Shea

Murray Hill Project Department
A. F. Leyden
Personnel
I. W. Whiteside

Financial
Adelaide Sweeney

General Service Department
H. W. Salch
Plant Department
D. P. Barry

.

F. W. Brunnengraber

K.G. Compron attended meetings of the
Electroplaters’ Society, held in Grand
Rapids, Michigan, from June 8 to 11.
J. M. Fincn, at the A.S.T.M. convention
held at Atlantic City, discussed questions
concerning insulating papers and insulating

neers in Chicago and Pittsburgh describing
recent work on causes of contact noise.

B. L. CLarke and Mr. HErmance visited

the Davison Chemical Company in Balti.
more on silica gel dehumidification studies.
C. S. Futter and B. S. Bicos visited the
Resinous Products & Chemical Co., Phila-

delphia, on matters pertaining to plastics,
W. Fonpiitter, D. E. Trucksgss and
N. Y. PriessMan visited the General Elec.
tric Company at Lynn on problems relating

to the supply of selenium rectifiers.

E. Hasir of the Transmission Apparatus
Development Department received a degree of M.S. in Mechanical Engineering

from New York University last June.
E. R. Morton visited the John Oster
Manufacturing Company, Genoa, Illinois,
to collaborate in the design of special motors.
D. D. MILLER visited the Leeds and
Northrup Company, Philadelphia, to discuss special telephone apparatus.
C.

D.

Hocker

attended

the

annual

meeting of the A.S.T.M. at Atlantic City.
R. H. Cottey attended a meeting of the
Executive Committee of the American
Wood-Preservers’ Association at Cincinnati.
|

OBITUARIES
Lye W. WICKERSHEIM, a former member

of the Systems—
Development Department
who retired in 1938, died on June 27. Mr.

Wickersheim graduated from the University
of Southern California in 1916 with a degree
of B.S. in Electrical Engineering. He received, from the same university, a degree of
A.M. in Physics in 1928 and an E.E. degree
in 1929. He was with the Engineering Department of the Western Electric Company
from 1916 to 1922, except for a year during

Let’s Do

More

Put at least 10% of your pay in War Bonds
[xii]

August 1942

j

World War I when

he was in the Signal
Corps. During this

time he was con-

cerned with laboratory work in con-

nection with carrier

telegraph develop-

ments. In 1922 he
left the company

and for the next two
years was with the
Wickersheim Implement Company
in California. He

!

|

then joined the

Ernest VAuUPEL
Engineering De1881-1942
partment of the
Southern California
Telephone Company where he was concerned with equipment layout and centraloffice engineering. In 1929 Mr. Wickersheim transferred to the Telegraph Development Department of the Laboratories

where he was engaged in the development

of carrier telegraph systems, both high
frequency and voice frequency, until his
retirement in 1938.

|

Ernest VauPEL, formerly an instrument
maker in the Development Shop who had
retired in 1938 after twenty-six years of
service, died on July 5. After graduating
from the public school in Long Island City
in 1896, Mr. Vaupel took evening courses in
mechanical drawing at Cooper Union, while

MEMBERS

OF THE LABORATORIES

working as a mechanic during the
day. Later he became a toolmaker
with the Neptune
Company
_ and then an instrument maker with
the Splitdorff Magneto Company. In
1912 he came to the
Western Electric
Company as an instrument maker in
the Development
Shop. At this time,
machine-switching
L. W. WIcKERSHEIM
equipment was in
1894-1942
its infancy and coin
collectors not as readily available as now
and he spent many years working on this
type of equipment. For several years he had

charge of “short order” work and later

supervised a group of instrument makers
engaged in the construction of sound-picture apparatus and telephotograph transmitters and receivers.
«
C. C. Lawson visited the Point Breeze
Works of Western Electric Company in
connection with production of special cables.
J. M. Harpesty was in Bedford, Pa., to
discuss corrosion protection work on the
Harrisburg-Pittsburgh A and B cables.
APPLICATION of new cleaning methods to
panel-bank terminals were discussed with

TO WHom

Durinc THE Montu
L. G. Abraham
H. G. Arlt
M. W. Baldwin, Jr.
H. L. Barney (2)
G. M. Beardow

W. H. Edwards
L. Egerton
E. B. Ferrell
A. G. Ganz
J. J. Harley

W. M. Bishop

H. C. Harrison (2)

B. O. Browne
E. Bruce (2)

C. A. Hebert
R. A. Heising

C. J. Christensen

W. Herriott

R. C. Davis

C. N. Hickman

J. W. Dehn

W. H. T. Holden (4)

R. W. DeMonte
H. W. Dudley

F. A. Hoyt
Francis A. Hubbard

August 1942

Patents

WERE

IssuED

oF JUNE

K. S. Johnson
W. F. Kannenberg
J. A. Kater
L. W. Kelsay
G. V. King
F, R. Lamberty
B. F. Lewis
M. A. Logan

E. H. Perkins
G. M. Phillips
A. F. Pomeroy
S. A. Schelkunoff
W. G. Shepherd
L. J. Sivian
R. J. Tillman
E. C. Wente

W. H. Martin

J. M. West

W. P. Mason
A. E. Melhose
J. M. Melick
P. B. Murphy

A. J. Wier
G. W. Willard
M. K. Zinn

[xiii]

BRECKENRIDGE

attended

a

conference with the General

Electric Company engineers
at Schenectady.

—

V. T.

at Lan.

sing and Muskegon, Michi.
gan, discussed engine de.
velopment problems.
C. E. Boman visited the
Lyon Metal Products Com.
pany, Inc., located at Aurora,

Illinois.
F. W. Wuire of the Equip.
ment Development Depart.
ment

=

|

Francis F. Lucas
of the Chemical Laboratories
completed forty years of service in the Bell System on
the first of July

received a B.E.E. de.

gree from Cooper Union last

May.

Wisur E. Moucey

E. D. Sunpe, J. J. Ma

of the Outside Plant Develop-

HONEY D. G. Neuman and

ment Department completed Miss E. M. Batpwin have
thirty-five years of service in been in New England making

the Bell System on July 8 Surge tests on aerial cables.
L. S. Insxip, accompanied
engineers of the New York Telephone Com-_ by E. B. King of the O & E, recently dis.
cussed exchange cable protection with engipany at Buffalo by W. E. Viot, A. Trapup
neers of the New England Telephone and
and H. W. HERMANCE.
At THE Hawtuorne plant of the Western Telegraph Company at Boston.
E. Guzmicu of the Switching DevelopElectric Company, G. E. Baizey and A. J.
Wier discussed production problems on ment Department received
a B.E.E. from the
type-K2 carrier equipment; W. W. Brown,
Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn last June.
operators’ chairs constructed
of substitute materials; C. H.

ACHENBACH and G. W. MEsZAROS, power equipment; and
D. E. TruckseEss, manufac-

ture of power rectifiers.
A. E. Jor, Jr., of the
Switching Development Department received an M.S.
degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
last June.
F. A. Korn conferred with
engineers of The Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania on problems relating to
the No. 4 toll crossbar office.

H. T. LancaBeer observed
tests on the type-L carrier
systems at Eau Claire and
Baldwin, Wisconsin, and on

|

the 110-A central-office power
plant at Gary, Indiana.
A. E. Petrie and W. T.
[xiv]

A. RHopEs
of the Switching Engineering
Department completed thirty
years of service in the Bell
System on July 1

Desert C. MEYER
of the Equipment Development Department completed
thirty years of service in the
Bell System on July 8
August 1942

|

ArTHuR A. CaTLIN
of the Transmission Apparatus Development Depart-

E. Lynn Rupp
of the Equipment Development Department completed

ment completed thirty years

thirty years of service in the

of service on July 29

Bell System

D. W. Bopte has been in New England
on matters relating to exchange-cable lightning studies.

A. H. Scuirmer and D. W. Bope visited
Forked River in connection with natural
lightning studies on buried cables.
L. K. Swarr discussed bonded neutral
cable protection investigations with engineers of The Bell Telephone Company of
Pennsylvania at Philadelphia.
L. L. GLezEN was in Minneapolis and
Stevens Point on coaxial system tests. He
also visited Chicago and Pittsburgh on
matters relating to performance studies of
the type-K carrier systems.
THE

1942 ROSTER

of officers and com-

mittee members of the Institute of Radio
Engineers includes the following members of
the Laboratories: Board of Directors, H. T.
Frus

and

F. B.

Executive,

F. B. Ltewettyn; Board of Editors, F. B.
Liewe.iyn, E. L. Nexson, L. J. Stvian
and
Witson; Admissions, F. W.
CUNNINGHAM and Luoyp EspENscHIED;
Awards, Ratpu Bown, chairman, and F. B.
LLEWELLYN; Constitution and Laws, R. A.

He1sinc; Membership, F. W. CunnincuaM
||

and J. G. Kreer, Jr.
Nominations,

Bown;

Papers,

Witson, chairman, F. B. LiewAugust 1942

on

July

29

THEODORE MUHLENBECK
of the Switching Apparatus
Development Department
completed thirty years of Bell
System service on July 3

ELLYN,
vice-chairman,
H. A. AFFEL,
F. W. Cunnincuan, E. B. Ferre1, J. G.
Kreer, Jr., D. K. Martin, G. G. MULLER

and S. A. ScHetkunorr; Papers Procurement,

A.

A.

Oswatp;

Public

Relations,

G. W. Giiman; Registration of Engineers,
E. L. Nexson; Sections, R. A.
chairman, and F. A. Potkincuorn; Electroacoustics, G. G. MuLLER, chairman, and
L. J. Srv1an.
Electronics, S. B. IncGram and J. R.

=

Wi son; Piezoelectric Crystals, W. L.
and W. P. Mason; Radio Receivers, H. B.
FiscHeR; Radio Wave Propagation, C. R.
Burrows; Syméols, C. R. Burrows; Television, A. G. JENSEN; and Transmitters and

Antennas,

J. F. Morrison

and

J. C.

SCHELLENG.

Institute representatives on other bodies
are WILLIAM WILSON, Committee on Applied
Physics; Luoyp EspENscHiED, Committee on
Engineering

Developments

of the National

Advisory Council on Radio in Education;
and E. L. Netson,

Planning

Committee,

National Conference on Educational Broadcasting, American Council on Education.

Don’t repeat rumors
[xv]

|

E. S. Witcox, C. H. Gorman and C. O.

Cross have been in Tulsa making crosstalk
balancing tests at type-K carrier frequencies.
M. A. Weaver, with L. B. Bogan of the
O & E, was in Tulsa to investigate proposed
balancing and crosstalk poling methods.
F. A. Brooks,

H. H. Bennino,

F. B.

ANDERSON and O. D. Grismore visited
Baltimore and unattended stations of the
0.8-megacycle coaxial trial between Baltimore and Washington.
For THEIR PAPER, Television Transmission

Over Wire Lines, M. E. Strieby, formerly of
the Laboratories and now with Long Lines,
and J. F. Wentz received honorable mention

in the 1941 A.I.E.E. national prize award
for the best paper on engineering practice.
H. A. Arret, H. H. Bennino, J. H.

MAN and B. Dysart visited the MinneapolisStevens Point coaxial system points in connection with rectifier-inverter and new
switching unit tests.
W. C. KigEsex attended a hearing before
the Examiner of Interferences at the Patent
Office in Richmond.
MEMBERS OF THE PERSONNEL DeEpaRTMENT who attended sessions of the annual
meeting of the Society for the Promotion of
Engineering Education, held at Columbia
University from June 27 to 29, were G. B.
Tuomas, R. J. Herrner, R. A. DELLER,

M. S. Mason and H. P. Smiru.

TWwENTY-FIVE-YEAR

SERVICE

ANNIVERSARIES

GeorcE

B. Tuomas, Personnel Director

of the Laboratories, graduated from Ohio
State University in 1907 with the degree of
M.E.

He

taught electrical engi.

ducted a summer

program for engineering

in E.E.

neering at M.I.T. from 1907 to
and then at Colorado College from 1910 to
1917, where he was professor and head of
the Electrical Engineering and Physics De.
partments. From IgIo to 1916 he also conteachers at the Westinghouse Electric and
Manufacturing Company. When war started
in 1917 Mr. Thomas left teaching and came
to West Street to work on submarine de.
tection.

At this time personnel work in the Engi.
neering Department had been handled for

the most part individually by department
heads and supervisors. Records and other
routine matters were cared for by a small

service group. With the growth of the Engineering Department, largely due to the
rapid expansion of its research work, there
was need for a codrdinated development of
personnel work along broader lines. In ad-

dition to the problem of selecting suitable

men and women for employment there was
that of giving them an introductory training
and particularly opportunities for subsequent study, for arranging interdepartmental

transfers,

and also for correlating medical
and other assistance. To meet
this situation the
Personnel Department was
formed

in 1918;

and Mr. Thomas
was placed in
charge of its work
of technical training. Later, in 1925,

William C. F. Farnell, curator of the Bell System Historical Museum
and a member of the Bureau of Publication, receives his eight-star service
emblem from O. B. Blackwell as L. S. O’Roark and John Mills look on
[xvi]

:

|

he was appointed
Personnel Director. Unique training programs were
initiated under his
direction. These
included parttime post-graduAugust 1942

GeorcE

Joun B. Irwin

B. THomas

SEWELL W. ALLISON

given by

stalling and servicing public address systems.
He then spent a year installing power-line
for junior mechanics, bench hands and carrier systems followed by a period on the
design and development of radio speech
drafting assistants.
For many years Mr. Thomas has been input equipment.
Mr. Irwin’s next step was in the sound
active in the affairs of the Society for the
Promotion of Engineering Education, the picture field. He aided in the development of
Committee on Student Selection and Guid- the film method of sound reproduction and
ance of the Engineers’ Council for Pro- in the commercial application of this system
of recording. In 1927 he was loaned to Fox
fessional Development and the American
Movietone News and was sent to Europe as
Management Association.
Residents of the Wyoming section of the sound man with the first news unit in
France, Italy and Germany. On his return
Millburn, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas have two
sons and a daughter. The oidest boy, George, he spent a few months assisting the late
Jr., is now a member of the Transmission S. P. Grace in his lecture work. Then he
Development Department. The daughter, a transferred to Electrical Research Products
Wellesley graduate, is married. Mr. Thomas where he was engaged in general engineering
was a member of the Millburn Board of on theater sound systems. He returned to
Education for a number of years; is the the Laboratories in 1938 and since has been
present chairman of the Millburn Safety with the Transmission Development DeCouncil and of the District Cubbing Com- partment working on various phases of toll
mittee of the Boy Scouts of America. He transmission problems, principally on voiceenjoys fresh-water fishing and taking color frequency repeaters and associated equipmovies and is a Telephone Pioneer.
ment. More recently he has been concerned
*
ok
*
*
*
with the development of equipment for the
J. B. Irwin joined the Transmission Signal Corps.
Branch of the Western Electric Company
Mr. and Mrs. Irwin live in Bronxville with
following his graduation by Penn State in their nine-year-old daughter. He enjoys golf
1917 with a degree of B.S. in Electrical
and is a member of the Edward J. Hall
Engineering. His work consisted of voice- Chapter of the Telephone Pioneers of
testing transmission instruments and cir- America.
*
*
*
cuits and the determination of circuit losses
by computation. About five years later he
S. W. Attison received his Sc.B. degree
transferred to the group demonstrating, in- from Brown University where he then spent

ate study, out-of-hour

courses

members of the Technical Staff, and courses

|

|

4

August 1942

[xvii]

Following the war he took y

two years as a laboratory
assistant. He then joined the
Engineering Department of
the Western Electric Company, his first work involving
an investigation of relay contacts to determine the size
and type of metal to provide

|

the development of cathode.
ray oscillograph tubes, By
using a new electron gun and
gas focusing as the source of
electrons, he developed g
tube that operated on from
300 to 400 volts. This cath.

ode-ray tube was the first
manufactured on a commer.
he joined the Ordnance Department of the U. S. Army
cial basis.
in which he was later comDr. Johnson then began
missioned Second Lieutenant.
his investigations on noise in
Upon his return to West
vacuum tube circuits. He
Street he was concerned with
analyzed and explained more
the analysis and determinacompletely the noise pro.
tion of power requirements
duced in vacuum tube circuits
for circuits in the panel stepby the random thermionic
Joun. B. Jounson
by-step, manual and other
emission of electrons called
telephone systems. These cur“shot noise.” He discovered
rent drain data formed the basis on which and obtained the experimental proof of the
thermal motion of electric charge in con.
power plants were furnished.
Mr. Allison transferred to the Panel Lab- ductors. This is known as “‘resistance noise”
oratory in 1928 and for the next two years and is commonly called the “Johnson effect.”
analyzed and tested circuits for the panel
During the early development of sound
system, with particular reference to their use pictures Dr. Johnson developed a flashing
in connection with multiple registration on lamp (D-95954) for sound recording. From
party lines and as test circuits to maintain
1928 to 1936 he spent much of his time on
panel-type senders. Since 1930, in the patent cases, principally as an expert witSwitching Development Department, he has ness on vacuum tube circuits, amplifiers and
been concerned with the design of circuits recording lamps. He then took up the defor use in toll switchboards and for test cir- velopment of thermistors and was responcuits for maintaining these switchboard and sible for much of the preliminary researchin
associated toll and trunk circuits. More re- this connection. Concurrently, he was encently Mr. Allison has been engaged with gaged in the development of cathode-ray
the development of emergency toll systems. tubes used in television equipment for
experimental purposes and demonstrations
The Allisons, who live in West Orange,
have one son who graduated from Rutgers over coaxial cables. More recently he has
in May and is now in officers’ training at been concerned with the development of
Fort Benning, Georgia. Mr. Allison, while vacuum tubes for special purposes and with
having no particular hobby, is interested in projects associated with war work.
In his home community, the Wyoming
all types of sports.

satisfactory life. Late in 1917

:

:

*

Born

*

*

1n Gothenburg,

*

section of Millburn, New Jersey, Dr. John-

*

Sweden,

J. B.

JoHNsoN came to the United States in 1904.

He attended the University of North
Dakota from which he received the B.S.
degree in 1913 and the M.S. degree a year
later. He was then awarded a Fellowship in
Physics at Yale University, the degree of
Ph.D. being conferred on him in 1917.
Coming immediately to the Research Department, he engaged in the development of
vacuum tubes for Army and Navy use.
[xviii]

son has served for several years on the
council of the Wyoming Association and
was its president for two years. For a
number of years he has been active in Boy
Scout work and is now chairman of a local
troop committee. He is interested in gardening and belongs to the Telephone Pioneers
of America. The Johnsons have two sons,
the older one has just completed his junior
year at Cornell University and the other is
now in Millburn High School.
August 1942

|

G. O. SmirH came

to West

Street im-

mediately after he was graduated by the

University of Vermont in 1917 with a degree

of B.S. in Chemistry. During the war period

he was engaged in the development of airdamped transmitters and sensitive devices
for the detection of aircraft and submarines.

Since the war he has been successively concerned with fundamental investigations on

carbon

to

develop

higher

sensitivity

Davisson. Later he joined the acoustics

in

transmitters; on the behavior of metals and
alloys for relay contacts; on materials for
filaments; on alloys for lead cable sheaths;

and on materials for oilless bearings.
For the past thirteen years Mr. Smith, in
the metallurgical group of the Chemical
Laboratories, has been associated with the
development of copper-oxide varistors now

used so extensively for modulators and de-

modulators, power rectifiers, low-voltage
protective devices, polarized relays and in
other apparatus. The ten patents issued
in his name cover phases of each undertaking with which he has been concerned
although most of them refer to varistors.
The Smiths live in Maplewood with their
son who is now in fifth grade. Mr. Smith is
an American Red Cross instructor and in
addition to teaching classes in his community is the leader in First Aid of a Medical
Unit and Casualty Station. At the Murray
Hill Laboratory he is also in charge of the
First Aid rooms and area squads in the Air
Raid Precaution Plan. He is a Pioneer.

GeorceE

August 1942

O, SmiTH

Georce

Grorce
Heverman joined the Engineering Department of the Western Electric
Company during World War I and his first
work concerned the manufacture of vacuum
tubes for war purposes. After the war he
transferred to the Research Department
where he was engaged in experimental
vacuum tube investigations under Dr.
research group testing the quality of sound
reproduction of various instruments when
inserted into communication circuits. He
also was associated with the development of
audiphones for the hard of hearing. During
this time he took the Laboratories’ Student
Assistant Course and was in the first class
to graduate. Following this he took evening
courses at Brooklyn Poly.
Mr. Heuerman transferred to the Patent
Department in 1925 and since that time has

been primarily concerned with the preparation and prosecution of patent applications
relating to electro-optics, television and
picture transmission. More recently he has
also covered voltage regulation systems.
The Heuermans live in Great Neck with
their two children, a son who has just completed Junior High and a daughter in grade
school. Mr. Heuerman is interested in golf
and photography and is a Pioneer. Up to a
few years ago their vacations were spent in
Canada. Last year they made a trip through
Yellowstone and Glacier Parks while the
year before they went to Denver.)

F. HEvERMAN

JosEpH JAKUBIAK
[xix]

JoserH JaKuBIAK completed a quarter
century of service in the Western Electric
Company and the Laboratories on the

twelfth of June. He joined the building

general utility hand in the plant operation
group of the Plant Department he acts as a
day cleaner on the first four floors at West
Street, does a certain amount of porter
service and operates freight elevators jn
various parts of the building.

service group of the Western Electric Company in 1917 after spending five years with
the Dehstil Steel Works in Philadelphia
Mr. and Mrs. Jakubiak live in Man.
and five years in New York City with the hattan. For diversion he spends some of his
National Biscuit Company and Liggett, spare time at the local Democratic Club or
Riker and Hegeman Drug Company. As a _ at the National Polish Club.

Your Telephone in Wartime
“In wartime first things must come first. And in wartime war
comes first. This is true in the telephone business just as it is in all
other businesses.
“Shell cases are made of copper. So are telephone wires. The
shell cases come first. That means that many people who want
telephones may not be able to get them.
“It also means the service on long distance calls cannot always
be up to standard.
.
“Three weeks ago we told you of the tremendous increase in the
telephone system in one city—the nation’s capital—how hundreds
of operators have been added—how the long distance switchboards and circuits have been doubled. In spite of this and in
spite of the best efforts of an army of loyal, trained telephone people,
the facilities are not now adequate to give Washington the kind of
service it had been used to. The circuits in and out of Washington

are jammed with war calls—so please don’t call Washington unless

the call is vital.
“There are also congested circuits to many other points in this
country where America’s expanding war effort is mounting to ever
higher peaks. Many long distance routes are overloaded. Naturally
there are bound to be delays and disappointments in the service.
When you find the circuits busy in these war and munitions towns,
please restrict your calls to the real necessities.
“You can be of great assistance in helping to keep the wires
clear for essential war calls if you will keep the following suggestions in mind:
‘1, Make only really necessary long distance and toll calls during
the business day.

“9. Avoid the morning and afternoon hours. Make calls between
noon and 2 p.m.; 5 and 7 p.m.; and after 9 p.m.

a

**3. Make only necessary local calls and keep conversations as
brief as possible.
““We know you are anxious and willing to do your part in speeding
up America’s march to Victory. It will help a lot if you will always
keep this thought in mind—War Calls Come First.”
Announcement, July 6, 1942, on “The Telephone Hour’ program.

[xx]

August 1942

Basket-Weave Telephone Cords
OR some time engineers of the
Cord Development Groups in
the Laboratories and the Western Electric Company have been in-

vestigating various types of braid

weaves in an effort to obtain a textile
covering which would increase the
service life of telephone cords. As a
result of these studies, a change was
made to the basket weave which is superior in wearing qualities and offers
the added advantage of doubling the
output of the braiding machines. This
basket weave (lower cord, above) harmonizes with the former type of

August 1942

braid, so that cords of both types
may be used on the same telephone.
The greatly increased demands for
communication equipment created by
the national defense program placed
an unprecedented load on the manufacturing facilities for the associated
braided cords and wires. To fill these
needs, Western

Electric would have

required additional braiding machines
and floor space which could not have
been obtained without considerable
delay. The new basket weave which
has been adopted has made it possible
to release braiders for war projects.

295

t

Rubber Economy

in ‘l'ypewriter
Cylinders
By A. R. KEMP
Organic Research Chemist

Laboratories itself has nearly
a thousand cylinders that
must be maintained, and in an

effort to reduce the demand
for rubber, A. E. Pattinson, in

charge of office machine maintenance, asked the rubber re-

search group if there were not
some way of avoiding this loss
of rubber.

It would probably be pos-

AVINGS in the rubber used for
typewriter cylinders, and reduced

maintenance

costs,

are

now possible as a a result of experiments recently carried on in the
Chemical Laboratories. These cylinders consist of an arbor of steel or
wood over which is slipped a sleeve of
rubber. The rubber is vulcanized on
the arbor, and then ground to bring it
to the proper size and to roughen its
surface so that it will grip the paper
firmly.
With extensive use, the cylinders
become hard and glazed, and no
longer hold the paper securely. When
this occurs, it has been customary to
return them to the factory to have
the old rubber removed and new
rubber put in its place. It has been
estimated that from fifty to one
hundred thousand cylinders need to
be renewed each month.
It happens that Bell Telephone
296

sible to use some other plastic than
rubber for these cylinders, but since
most plastics also come under the head
of war materials, it seemed preferable
to develop some satisfactory way of resurfacing existing cylinders. Since the.
rubber compound used on them is not

A typewriter cylinder as glazed by long use,

at the left, and after sand-blasting, at right—
14 times actual size
August 1942

suitable for reclaiming, a satisfactory
resurfacing process would have the
advantage of economy as well as of
saving material. As a result of tests

carried out largely under the direction
of F. S. Malm, it was found that by
sand-blasting the glazed cylinders for
two or three minutes, using No. go
steel grit and an air pressure between
fifteen and twenty pounds, a surface
was formed that in many ways was
superior to the original. The reduction in the diameter due to this resurfacing is less than two-thousandths
of an inch. Cylinders treated in this
manner have had hard service in
Bell Laboratories for more than six
months without showing need for
further treatment.
Cylinders that have been ground
have a grooved structure, while sand-

blasted cylinders have an irregular
pattern of minute projections that
grips the paper firmly in all directions.
The sand-blasting, moreover, knocks

out the fine particles of filler compound that otherwise would reduce
the friction between paper and cylinder, much as talcum powder would.
Typewriter cylinders vary considerably in size but on the ordinary
letter-page machine the rubber weighs
in the neighborhood of a pound, and
with over a million replacements a
year, sand-blasting promises to save a
million pounds of rubber compound
a year.
Complete information was given b
the Laboratories to the Office of Price
Administration in Washington, and
through that office is available to the
interested public.

}

In the sand-blasting of typewriter cylinders, the operator,
standing outside the blast chamber with his hands projecting
into it through long-sleeve gloves, turns the cylinder with one
hand and directs the stream

August 1942

of steel grit with the other

297

|

Radiation

Pattern

of the Human

Voice

By D. W. FARNSWORTH
Physical Research

ADIO antennas, microphones,
loudspeakers, or any appaceives

ratus that either emits or reradiations has a directional

characteristic or radiation pattern,
and the determination of these patterns is one of the routine procedures
in radio and acoustical work. If the
device is to receive radiation, the

3

4

4

directional characteristic expresses the
sensitivity of the device to radiation
coming from various directions in
space. If the device is to emit radiation, on

the other hand, the direc-

tional characteristic expresses the
power radiated in various directions.
In both cases the sensitivity and
power in each measured direction
may be subdivided into frequencies
or frequency bands. In acoustics, the
basic radiator of voice sounds is the
human mouth, but strange as it may
seem there are no known records of
any complete determination of the
directional characteristic of speech as
it.is affected by the shape of the
mouth, head, and body. This situa-

tion has now been partially remedied
by an extensive study recently made
in these Laboratories by H. K. Dunn.
and the writer.
i$Perhaps one of the reasons that
such a study has not been made before is that it is inherently a much
more laborious task than determining
the directional characteristics of a
loudspeaker or microphone. With a

3

Us

‘

loudspeaker, for example, the charac-

teristic is usually determined for a
number of single frequencies, and these
are supplied to the loudspeaker from
an oscillator giving a continuous tone ~
at constant frequency and volume.
There are no other variables but the

position of the pick-up microphone,

Fig. 1—Arrangement of speaker and microphone for distribution measurements
298

and thus the procedure is comparatively simple. The human voice, however, is a-complex assembly of difAugust 1942

ferent frequencies at different levels,

and in ordinary speech both level
and frequency composition vary con-

tinuously. Moreover, the source is a
human throat, which suffers fatigue;
it cannot be turned on like an oscil-

lator and run continuously without
variation. Determining the distri-

butional pattern of the voice is thus
laborious

far more

and complicated

than any of the more usual determi-

nations of directional characteristics.
In securing the spatial distribution
pattern of speech, it seemed desirable
to average the speech pressures over
an interval long enough to insure that
the average was typical, and to use as
the source of sound a set of words that
would be typical of ordinary speech
both in the basic sounds employed
and in their distribution into syllables.
To meet this requirement, J. C. Steinberg devised the following sentences:
“The different speech sounds have
been moulded into sentences, such that

the consonants and usual compounds
occur in the vowel combinations which

are met with very frequently in English.
For lack of time, it was not possible to
get every group included; although, as
FILTERS
(BANDS Fo

is shown quite clearly in the figure, upward of eighty per cent are accounted
for. I think nothing else need be said
in this place on the subject.”
Sound pressure was averaged over
a fifteen-second

controlled

period, which

automatically,

actual measurement

was

and

the

covered usually

about the italicized portion of the
quotation. The tests were made in an
acoustically treated room so that reflections from the walls would not
result in readings that did not truly
represent the direct radiation from
the mouth. Because of these precautions, the results are essentially the
same as would have been obtained in
an open outdoor space entirely free
from extraneous sounds.
Besides determining the distributional pattern for whole speech, it was
desired also to determine it for.various bands of frequencies. In some
ways, the narrower these bands, the

more satisfactory would be the results, but it was finally decided,
largely because of the availability of
filters, to divide the range of speech
frequencies into twelve bands. The
lowest three were each one octave
ATTENUATOR

|

2707)
FOR WHOLE

Klee

SPEECH

ATTENUATOR —
Q

“EXPLORING”
CONDENSER-

TRANSMITTERS
AND AMPLIFIERS
“FIXED”
BUZZER
SIGNAL

AVERAGE
IN BANDS

LTERS
BANDS

8 TO 13)

ATTENUATOR —

[>

15-SECOND
TIME
CONTROL

AVERAGE
PRESSURE IN
WHOLE SPEECH

Fig. 2—Block schematic of measuring circuit

August 1942

299

wide, and ran from 62.5 to 500 cycles;

|

at a time, and of only two frequency
bands. This meant, of course, that

above 500 cycles, the filters were each
one-half octave wide except the
twelfth, which was a high-pass filter
oe

o™

ees

measurements would have to be carried on over a considerable period of
time, since for each of some eighty

positions

-90
60

were

in space,

seven

required to cover

readings

all the fre-

quency bands and eight readings were
taken for each pair of bands to insure

CM
IN
DIST.

that the value used was representa-

tive. Including preliminary and trial
readings, a total of 5,000 readings

was taken altogether.
With such a protracted study, there
would be bound to be variations in

W

|

|

90

90

|

the test sentences in volume, not only

from day to day but for different sets
of readings taken on the same day. It
was necessary, therefore, to set some
reference volume at some fixed position, and to correct each set of read-

ings for departures from the basic
value. To make this possible two
pick-up microphones were used for
each reading; one was an exploring
microphone, which could be moved to
<
various positions, and the other was
fixed. This latter microphone was
fastened to the arm of the chair in
which the speaker sat, with the
diaphragm at one side and slightly
below the speaker’s lips, and thirty\
two centimeters away. An attached
&
bracket carried a small loop of wire
at the end, and the speaker always
-90
sat so that this loop just touched his
upper
lip. The arrangement is shown
Fig. 3—Positions in space were indicated
in Figure 1.
by three coérdinates: x for radial distance
Both of the microphones were of
from the lips; 8 for horizontal angles; and
¢ for vertical angles
the condenser type with self-contained
amplifiers. They are small microcutting off at 8,000 cycles. The upper phones with diaphragms only 1.8
frequency is really set by speech it- centimeters in diameter, but for posiself, which has practically no com- tions very close to the speaker's
mouth, a “search tube” five centiponents above 12,000 cycles.
Limitation of apparatus and of meters long and only three millipersonnel made it necessary to take meters outside diameter was used. A
readings at only one position in space block schematic of the testing circuit
Qs

~

|

W

|

300

August 1942

|

is shown in Figure 2. For each position

|

of the exploring microphone, four
readings would be taken for each frequency band and for whole speech.
Four for each band were also taken
using the fixed transmitter.

Positions at which readings were
taken are designated by three coérdinates, as indicated in Figure 3. One of
these, designated “‘r,” is the radial

higher frequency bands there seems
to be a progressively increasing reduction in level after 45 degrees is
reached. This becomes particularly
pronounced for frequencies above
2800 cycles. Pressures at frequencies
from 700 to 1400 cycles seem to behave in a rather anomalous manner,

for which there is no ready explanation. It has been known, of course,

distance in centimeters from the front

that in general the high frequencies

of the lips; another is the horizontal

are more directional than the low, but

angle “6” measured from directly in

this is the first time that actual detailed results have been secured of
their directivity when emitted as
speech.
Distribution in the vertical plane,

front of the speaker in either direction
around to 180 degrees, directly behind
him. Readings were taken only around
one side, since is seemed reasonable to

assume that because of bodily symmetry, readings on the other side
would be the same. The third coérdinate is the vertical angle ¢, measured
from zero in the horizontal plane to
+g0 degrees directly overhead, and
to —go degrees directly beneath the
lips of the speaker.
With data distributed over threedimensional space and over twelve
frequency bands, it is difficult to
present them in a way to make the
distribution of sound pressures evident over the entire volume. The
general form of distribution may be
indicated, however, by plotting the

pressures at some one constant radial
distance for each frequency band and
for speech as a whole at vertical angle
o degree as the angle 6 varies from
o to 180 degrees, and in a vertical
plane at horizontal angle o degree as
the vertical angle varies. This is done

HORIZONTAL

PLANE

VERTICAL

PLANE

WHOLE
ra)

FREQ.IN

2

62.5-125

5-250
250-500
—

BENG
2000. S20 ~

w

£805

3
8

in Figure 4.

Considering first the variation with
horizontal angle, it will be noticed
that whole speech remains about constant up to go degrees, and then falls
off. Frequencies from 62.5 to 175
cycles, however, remain practically

constant all the way around. For the
August 1942

Mal

\-20

45 90 135 1800
O
180 180 180
o-0
0 0 0 0-45
0 45 90 45 0 -45
AZIMUTH (@) AND ALTITUDE (@) ANGLES IN DEGREES

Fig. 4—Relative speech pressures at 60 cm
from the lips as 8 varies, at the left, and as
g changes, at the right

301

shown at the right of Figure 4, evidences more unexpected characteristics. For whole speech, for all fre-

quency bands below 1000 cycles and
also for those above 5600 cycles, the
pressures are greater 45 degrees below
the horizontal than they are in the
horizontal plane. At a distance of 15
centimeters where readings may be

between the two transmitters. After
equalizing the two circuits for loud.

ness, the listeners could not distin.

guish between the two transmitters,
When

one of the transmitters was

placed directly behind the speaker,

taken at —go degrees, that is, directly

below the lips, the pressures straight
downward are greater than either at
—45 degree or o degree for ail frequencies below 1000 cycles.
Data of this sort are very useful
in guiding the placing of microphones,
since they show the region over which
all frequencies are present in about
their true relative proportions, and
the amount of equalization that would
be required in other locations. A
study of these curves shows that a
microphone could be placed at any
horizontal angle up to about 75 degrees and at any vertical angle from
—45 degrees to +90 degrees without
the necessity of equalization.

@
o
8

(MALE
VOICE)
N
Www
N

w

POWER
SPEECH
TOTAL
OF
CENT
PER
100
200
FREQUENCY

500
1000
2000
IN CYCLES PER SECOND

5000

Fig. s—Spectrum of male speech power ob-

tained from an integration of the test results
however, there was a marked loss of

the higher frequencies.
Another advantage of these data is
that they may be used for calculating
the total voice power, and also the
To confirm these conclusions, lis- total power in each frequency band.
tening tests were made in which two It is possible to integrate speech
other positions were compared with a pressures over the entire surface of
position in front of the speaker. One a sphere having its center at the
of these was 60 centimeters directly speaker’s mouth by assuming that
above the lips, the forward trans- the pressure in each direction repremitter being at the same distance, and sents the average pressure extending
to the next position line in
listeners in another room could switch halfway=
both directions in both
horizontal and vertical
44
PRESSURE MEASURED AT
planes, and by using a
30 CM, 050
J 42
40

| |

ZN

suitable constant to
calculate the total

WHOLE SPEECH
y

z

= 38
36
34
62.5

125

250

500

FREQUENCY

1000
IN CYCLES

2000

4000

8000

PER SECOND

Fig. 6—Ratio of average speech power in total field to the
power per square centimeter at a single point

302
4

emitted power. The error

°

in this

basic

as-

sumption is probably
within the accuracy of
the test data. The results of these calculations

are

plotted

in

Figure 5 in per cent of
August 1942

the total power. This curve shows that

remain constant, and so it is safe to

for the male voice tested, 80 per cent

power was to assume that the pressure directly in front of the speaker
was constant over a hemisphere. A
similar calculation made from data

assume that calculations made on the
basis of a single reading in front of the
speaker have been about 2 db too low.
This ratio of total speech power to
the power per square centimeter at
one point was calculated for all the
frequency bands as well as for whole
speech. A curve expressing this ratio
for a point 30 centimeters directly in
front of the speaker’s mouth is given
in Figure 6. Such a curve may be
drawn for any of the points at which

taken on these tests gives a result 2 db

measurements

lower than that obtained

shape of the curve would vary with
the point taken. With such curves
available, the total speech power may
be determined from measurements
made at a single point.

of the total speech power is in the frequency band from 250 to 1000 cycles;
that 96 per cent is in the band from

125 to 2000, and that only 0.4 per

cent is above 4000 cycles.
Previous to these tests,

a common

method of estimating total speech

from the

more complete integration. Although
the total speech power will vary with
the person talking, this difference for
the two methods of calculation should

Contributors
A. R. Kemp was graduated by California Institute of Technology in 1917,
obtained his M.S. degree in Chemistry
from the same institution in 1918, and
entered the Laboratories the same year.
Following two years as a supervisor in the
Analytical Laboratory, he directed research in the field of submarine cable insulation for
several years. He is now
directing the work of the
group in organic research
dealing mainly with rubber and other types of
insulations.

In

1922

but the

D. W. Farnsworth received his B.A.
degree from Lehigh University in 1929,

following which he spent a year with the
Radio Corporation of America. He has
been a member of the Acoustical Research
Department since joining the Laboratories in 1930. He was at first concerned

he

with hearing studies, including investigations of
the acoustical properties
of telephone bells and
other signaling devices,
and studies of telephone
noise. More recently he
has been concerned with
fundamental speech investigations, especially
measurement of the distribution of speech power
around the talker’s head,

development of paragutta

August 1942

made,

to this Issue

was responsible for the development of the pressure
equalizing material required for the successful
operation of the first
permalloy loaded submarine telegraph cable. The
was another of his many
contributions.

were

A. R. Kemp

and most recently, studies
of the mechanism of
speech production, particularly of the action of
the vocal cords.
393

|
D. W. Farnsworth

F. A. Korn

F. A. Korn joined the Laboratories in
1920 and took the course for technical
assistants, spending six months in the
field with the Western Electric Installation Department. Subsequently he was in
the circuit laboratory, and since 1924 has

been engaged in the design of switching
systems for manual and dial central

W. J. Kiernan

that year he transferred to the Equipment
Development Department to supervise
the group handling equipment features of
crossbar, panel and step-by-step offices
and private branch exchanges.
W. J. Kiernan joined the Laboratories as a technical assistant in 1925 to
work on paper, textiles and other insu-

the group responsible for the fundamental planning of crossbar switching

lating materials. These developments
concerned the substitution of Kraftcondenser paper for linen in condensers,

systems. From early 1937 to June, 1941,

of rayon for silk on wire and of sheet

he supervised a group engaged in the
development of crossbar switch and

cellulose acetate for paper as interleaving

offices. In 1933 he became a member of

trunk circuits for local, toll and tandem

offices. He was then placed in charge of a
group engaged in the development of
senders and marker circuits used in
crossbar and panel-dial systems. Later

in coils. In 1935 Mr. Kiernan received the

A.B. degree in chemistry from New York
University. In 1940 he transferred to the
finishes group to work on_ protective
coatings including those described in this
issue of the REcorp.

The motif of the cover design of the REcoRD is wave motion.
If each of the vertical lines represents a layer of particles in a
homogeneous medium, the entire pattern represents a compressional wave train (alternate compressions and rarefactions)

with a wave length of about one and three-quarter inches. This
characteristic pattern was chosen for the cover of the Labora-

tories’ magazine since so much of its work has to do with waves
in air or along wires or through space.

304

August 1942

|

|

Bell Laboratories Record  1942-08: Vol 20 Iss 12