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Day 28- Sunday. Today we woke up and had an egg for breakfast. I got a little crazy and had mine fried instead of the usual scrambled. My parents also gave us an extra de-hydrater they had laying around (why they had two, I will never know) and Matt was pretty excited. He spent the morning naming all of the foods he wants to dehydrate once we get home.
After breakfast we went shopping and I bought a pair of heels for my friend Kasey's wedding this upcoming weekend. Then for lunch we snacked on a Brian'd bowl. For dinner my grandparents came over and my Italian mother made some very delicious sausage-mushroom marinara sauce. The family had pasta while Matt and I stuck a couple of Spaghetti Squashes in the oven for about 45 min. Dinner ended up being delicious- and I even survived watching everyone eat some garlic bread which is usually one of my favorite parts of a pasta dinner.
By the way if you haven't noticed I learned how to collage photos. Let me just say this little trick makes my life 100x easier! We spent the rest of the night driving back to Pasadena, and got home around 12 AM. The drive was super tiring, and usually after a normal pasta dinner I am asleep within 30 min of sitting in the car. I was surprised to find that I was able to stay up the WHOLE trip back to Pasadena. If you know me, this will come as a shock. I think it has to do with the fact that spaghetti squash is much lighter than regular pasta. Another point for Paleo.
This recipe is actually pretty easy but kind of messy. Here is what you do in some steps. Begin by preheating your oven to 350.
Step 1: Set up 4 'stations'- the chicken cut into tenders, a bowl with the 3 eggs whisked together, a plate with the arrowroot flour and a plate with half the almond flour.
In the almond flour I added some garlic salt and some pepper to taste.
Step 2: Get a pan and melt some coconut oil on medium heat. Then TURN off the heat and let the oil sit. I did not do this at first and tried to brown the tenders in sets of 3 or 4- but the leftover almond flour burned and it became a mess.
Step 3: Then dip a tender in egg, then the arrowroot, then the egg, then the almond flour and set it in the pan. Continue this until the pan is full. Then turn on the heat and brown the chicken on both sides (about a minute each side). Once a tender is browned place it in an oven safe dish.
Step 4: Repeat. I also switched up the dipping a bit just to experiment. I dipped some in the egg, then arrowroot, then almond and some in the arrowroot, then egg, then almond.
Once all my tenders were done I stuck them in the oven, cleaned my counter and cut the stems off the brussel sprouts. Then I quartered them, put them in an oven safe dish, mixed them in the oil and added salt, pepper and a little garlic powder. This took around 10-15 min, then I added the brussel sprouts to the oven.
I cooked the chicken for about 30-45 minutes and the sprouts cooked for about 15-20 minutes. I know, I know, I should have watched the clock better. Just wait until the sprouts brown, and until you can cut a chicken tender in half and the juiced run clear and it is white inside. We dipped them in BBQ sauce and they were awesome!! Just what we needed after a two-a-day.
Day 30- Monday. WOW. Our 30th day. Our last day of the challenge and coincidentally my last day at work. I have a lot to say but I am so exhausted I will write a nice big post tomorrow. Today was very easy. I was running late. So all I had for breakfast was a handful of nuts. Then for lunch I had leftover chicken and brussel sprouts- which were just as delicious the next day. Then for dinner we met my dad, my uncle and my cousin for dinner. We went to a steakhouse and I got a 15 ouncer that was AWESOME. I had a salad with no dressing (boring) and some onions with my steak. I ate every bit of that steak because I was starving. I also had a small glass of wine to celebrate my last day at work. | {
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Pyramid aka Building the Great Pyramid is a 2002 BBC Television documentary film which tells the story of the building of the Great Pyramid at Giza through the commentary of the fictional builder, Nakht.
Production
The film was produced by the BBC in co-production with the Discovery Channel and NDR.
Awards
Primetime Emmy Award 2003
Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Miniseries, Movie or Special
International Emmy Awards 2004
Nominated: Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
Media information
DVD release
Released on Region 2 DVD as a bonus disc with Egypt.
Companion book
References
External links
2002 television films
2002 films
Films set in ancient Egypt
British docudrama films
Pyramids
Discovery Channel original programming
BBC television documentaries about prehistoric and ancient history
2000s British films
British drama television films | {
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The most effective tax plan starts with knowing the updated rules and doing a lot of small things correctly throughout year. Tax plan does not happen on yearend time and see your accountant, it is a daily fight through a whole year.
The flowing is year-round tax planning calendar which will help you to do your monthly tax planning by yourself.
1st – Record the odometer reading for your vehicle on the first day for allowable auto mobile deduction. Deducting vehicle costs can save your tax dollars greatly, but vehicle expense is an easy target for audits. To ensure the safety of your automobile cost deduction, you need to keep your km log, receipts related to your vehicle well from the first day of year.
28th (Feb 29th in a leap year)-deadline to file T4, T4A, T4 Summary and T5 and T5 Summary to government.
1st-the deadline for making your RRSP contribution for last calendar year.
15th-the deadline for the first tax installment payment if required.
31st-the deadline to file a partnership information return and send the T5013 to patterner (this due date assumes a December 31 partnership year-end).
30th– the deadline to file personal tax return and pay you tax payable if you and your spouse do not carry incorporated business. Even if you and your spouse carry on unincorporated business, the deadline for personal tax payment is also April 30.
15th – The second tax installment due.
30th-The deadline to file T5018 for construction industry business. (This due date assumes a Dec 31 as end reporting period.) The deadline for file T5018 is 6 months after fiscal year or calendar year.
Review your installment option for the upcoming tax installment.
If your tax bill over 3000, you must pay installment. You have 3 different method to calculate your installment: non-calculation option, previous year option or current year option. Which option to use depends the change of your finical situation.
If you have been charged penalty for late filing, consider use voluntary disclosure program (VDP) to waive it.
15th-the third tax installment is due.
If you want to switch you GST calculation method from Direct Method to Quick Method, apply now for the upcoming year.
Review your tax installment for the upcoming final tax installment.
15th – the final tax installment is due.
31th- record your odometer for calculate allowable vehicle deduction. | {
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The Knicks have selected 6'7 SG/SF Thanasis Antetokounmpo with the 51st pick in the NBA Draft. Thanasis is the brother of Milwaukee's Giannis Antetokounmpo. Thanasis, like his brother, is described as an athletic superfreak with solid upside.
This entry was posted in Articles and tagged ante knicks, antetokounmpo brother, antetokounmpo knicks, greek freak, greek freak brother, greek freak knicks, KNICKS, Knicks news, thanasis antetokounmpo on June 26, 2014 by Tommy Rothman. | {
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Data and communications technology ―ICT and collaborative communication at the moment are offering new possibilities for giving Africa a voice throughout the globe‖ (Grey, 2010). Since 2009, the capability of Africa's fibre optic cable connections has expanded almost 300-fold. The SEACOM fibre optic cable system was launched to help East and Southern African countries with cheap bandwidth, thus removing the international infrastructure bottleneck. | {
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Indonesia: Caning of gay men an outrageous act of cruelty
24 May 2017, 10:23 UTC | Indonesia
© Private
Responding to news that two men have been caned 83 times each for having sex with each other in Indonesia's Aceh province, Amnesty International's Deputy Director for Southeast Asia and the Pacific, Josef Benedict, said:
"This sickening spectacle, carried out in front of more than a thousand jeering spectators, is an act of utmost cruelty. These two men had their privacy forcefully invaded when they were ambushed inside their own home, and their 'punishment' today was designed to humiliate as well as physically injure them.
"This sickening spectacle, carried out in front of more than a thousand jeering spectators, is an act of utmost cruelty. These two men had their privacy forcefully invaded when they were ambushed inside their own home, and their 'punishment' today was designed to humiliate as well as physically injure them."
Josef Benedict, Amnesty International's Deputy Director for Southeast Asia and the Pacific
"The authorities in Aceh and Indonesia must immediately repeal the law which imposes these punishments, which constitute cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment and may amount to torture.
"Flogging sentences and the criminalization of same sex relations are both flagrant violations of international human rights law. The international community must put pressure on Indonesia to create a safer environment for the LGBTI community before the situation deteriorates further. Nobody should be punished for consensual sex."
The two men were arrested on 28 March 2017 and charged with consensual same-sex sexual relations (liwath) under the Aceh Islamic Criminal Code. They were sentenced to 85 strokes each by the Banda Aceh Shari'a Court on 17 May, but the number was reduced because they had spent two months in detention.
Shari'a bylaws have been in force in Aceh since the enactment of the province's Special Autonomy Law in 2001, and are enforced by Islamic courts.
This is the first time gay men have been caned under Shari'a law in the province.
Consensual same-sex relations are not treated as crimes under the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP).
International Region:
Malaysia: Convictions of two women sentenced to caning for having sexual relations must be quashed
5 LGBTI activists to look out for this IDAHOTB 2018
Japan: End LGBTI discrimination & legalise marriage equality
Indonesia: Police must protect - not attack - transgender women living under threat in Aceh
Tanzania: Activists imprisoned without charge in LGBTI crackdown must be released | {
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Presented by Utah Shakespeare Festival at Engelstad Shakespeare Theatre, Cedar City UT
NEW DATES: July 21–September 3, 2020
Directed by Kent Thompson
PERICLES will be performed for only the third time in the Festival's history. Pursued by an evil king, Pericles sets sail on an odyssey of romance and spectacle. But dangers face him on every seashore as he drifts from country to country, from year to year, from intrigue to intrigue. His loves die. His friends deceive him. The gods are against him. But, in true storybook fashion, those who were lost are miraculously found, strange
PERICLES will be performed for only the third time in the Festival's history. Pursued by an evil king, Pericles sets sail on an odyssey of romance and spectacle. But dangers face him on every seashore as he drifts from country to country, from year to year, from intrigue to intrigue. His loves die. His friends deceive him. The gods are against him. But, in true storybook fashion, those who were lost are miraculously found, strange events reunite loved ones, and mysterious dreams bring family back together again, at last bringing joy and safe harbor to all.
Contact: 800-PLAYTIX
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Mon, Jun 21, 2021
8:00 pm at Engelstad Shakespeare Theatre
Thu, Jul 1, 2021
Engelstad Shakespeare Theatre
200 W College Ave, Cedar City, UT 84720
Click "What's Nearby" button below to find local Eats, Drinks, and Sleeps!
MORE FROM Utah Shakespeare Festival
Suiting the Action to the Word: Investigating Hamlet
Presented by Utah Shakespeare Festival at Online/Virtual Space
Dec 8, 2020 - May 31, 2021
The Props Treasure Trove. A Peek into the Festival's Prop Warehouse
Every Brilliant Thing - Production, Process, and Tour
The Technical Director's Approach to Scenic Design
Canon Fodder: An Actor's Reflections on Performing All of Shakespeare's Works
CONNECT WITH Utah Shakespeare Festival
Jun, 21, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Mon) Jun, 24, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Thu) Jun, 28, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Mon) Jul, 01, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Thu) Jul, 05, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Mon) Jul, 08, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Thu) Jul, 12, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Mon) Jul, 15, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Thu) Jul, 19, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Mon) Jul, 22, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Thu) Jul, 26, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Mon) Jul, 29, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Thu) Aug, 02, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Mon) Aug, 05, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Thu) Aug, 09, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Mon) Aug, 12, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Thu) Aug, 16, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Mon) Aug, 19, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Thu) Aug, 23, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Mon) Aug, 26, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Thu) Aug, 30, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Mon) Sep, 02, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Thu) Sep, 06, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Mon) Sep, 09, 2021 at 08:00 pm (Thu) | {
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Stop build night came and went. We've now got a robot ready to compete at our two upcoming competitions in St. Louis and Peoria. We've also uploaded a reveal video to our YouTube channel, and underneath the video tab, for those interested in its capabilities. We look forward to watching the first few matches this week. See everybody at the regionals!
It's now officially the start of stop build night and as usual we have a lot of work to do. We will be enjoying a pot-luck dinner from our team parents and working on wrapping up the build season on a strong note. We are hoping to reveal our robot soon!
This past week has been a lot of work! We've been practicing with our robot and refining its shooting. The electronics team rewired the robot and we're hoping to get back to driving today. Stop build day is Tuesday so we are working hard to get as much practice as possible.
Week five is officially over and week six begins. Over the weekend we visited the competition field set up by the gracious Ratchet Rockers, team 1706. We had a great time and were able to identify and sort out some issues with our robot. We are looking forward to nailing down our autonomous in the week to come, as well as practice further with our robot!
After two years and some change we have decided to actually update our website. Today is the beginning of a new era! The robot is almost done, the code is almost done, chairman's is submitted week five is close to ending and stop build day is around the corner. You can look at our week one and two updates under our video tab. We should have a reveal video out around the stop build day (Feb 21st) where you can see in greater detail what we will be working with at competition. | {
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Center for Cultural Analysis (CCA)
Past Faculty Fellows
Past Postdoctoral Associates
Past Graduate Fellows
Affiliated Fellows
Past Affiliated Fellows
2020-2021 Seminar: What is Photography?
2019-2020 Seminar: The University and its Public Worlds
2019-2020 Post-doctoral Fellow Symposium
Sponsored Working Group
Americanist Seminar
The Americanist Seminar hosted two major conferences intopic "War Genres After War, or, Endless Enemies." In March, with the CCA's Pragmatism Working Group, the Seminar cohosted the half-day conference "Humboldt, Darwin and Pragmatist Worldviews." The event featured presentations by Laura Walls (Notre Dame), Jonathan Elmer (Indiana), Steven Meyer (Washington University at St. Louis), Joan Richardson (CUNY), and George Levine (Rutgers). The Seminar invited Emily Ogden (University of Virginia) to discuss her provocative new book, Credulity: A Cultural History of US Mesmerism (Chicago 2018), Leila Gómez (University of Colorado), a specialist in Latin American travel literature and empire, to lead a series of discussions on Alexander von Humboldt's legacy in Mexico and Peru, and Jameson Sweet (Rutgers, American Studies), to discuss his new work on American Indian intellectual and political history, and Jameson Sweet (Rutgers, American Studies) to discuss his new work on American Indian intellectual and political history. In the Spring Semester, with the Drama Group, Sunny Stalter Pace (Auburn, Rutgers English Ph.D. 2007) returned to Rutgers for a talk on her new project, "Imitation Modernism: Gertrude Hoffman, Pirated Ballets Russes, and Its Relation to American Popular Performance." The Seminar also cosponsored visits to Rutgers for graduate workshops by Elizabeth Maddock Dillon (Northeastern) and Gene Jarrett (NYU).
Upcoming Events for 2019-2020
Co-Sponsored with the CCA Working Group on Pragmatism:
Fall Mini Seminar—3 Meetings in 6 Weeks—"Pragmatism in the World"
Sept. 25, Discussion of selections from Thomas Alexander's The Human Eros
Oct. 8, Discussion of selections from Inventing the Modern Self and John Dewey: Modernities and the Traveling of Pragmatism in Education (2005), Democracy as Culture: Deweyan Pragmatism in a Globalizing World (2009)
Oct. 23, Seminar with Scott Stroud (Department of Communication Studies, University of Texas at Austin) Dewey in South Asia (or India). On Social Justice in India: Bhimrao Ambedkar's Brush with Dewey.
Co-Sponsored with the Seminar on Literature and Political Theory (CCA)
November 19-20
Jack Turner (University of Washington).Our meeting(s) with Turner will be concerned with democracy and kinship, and Whitman will be the main literary writer we'll be studying. (Turner is writing a book on love, death, and politics in Whitman).
New Books in Focus
Nathasha Hurley, Univ. of Alberta, Circulating Queerness: Before the Gay and Lesbian Novel.Discussion of Hurley's new book with her, Gretta LaFleur (Yale), Kyla Schuller (Rutgers), and Dana Luciano (Rutgers). Organized by Elizabeth Dean.
Professor Evans is a specialist in 19th and 20th century American literature and culture and the history of anthropology. He is the author of Before Cultures: The Ethnographic Imagination in American Literature (2005) and Ephemeral Bibelots: How an International Fad Buried American Modernism (forthcoming, 2019). He also co-produced the restoration of a silent feature film that premiered in 1914, In the Land of the Head Hunters, which was directed by the photographer Edward Curtis and starred an all-indigenous cast from the Kwakwaka'wakw community of British Columbia, Canada. The film is now listed in the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress. Each of these projects has been quite different from the other, covering a broad range of media, but they were inspired by something the anthropologist Franz Boas wrote in 1911. In a major study of American Indian languages, Boas demonstrated that race, language and culture circulate independently and at remarkably different rates. Evans's research has focused on historical episodes of uneven circulation—episodes that generated new thinking about the concepts of race and culture, the relation of art and anthropology, and the dynamics of artistic movements.
Working Group Events
Sponsored Working Groups
EMRG @ RU: Early Modern Research Group at Rutgers
Modernism and Globalization Research Group
Seminar on Literature and Political Theory
A Wider Conversation on Religion and the State
Art and Aesthetics
Asian Studies Initiative
Cooperation Across Domains
Experiencing the Salon
Marxism and Materialism
Race and the Early Modern World
Slavery + Freedom Studies Working Group
Society&Design Lab
Sound Studies / Media Studies
The Cliché
Affiliated Working Groups
The Rutgers Book Initiative
15 Seminary Place
Rutgers Academic Building
West Wing, Room 6107 | {
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Health×
Arise for Social Justice
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CTCORE-Organize Now!
CTCORE- Organize Now! is committed to supporting collective action and moving in solidarity with marginalized groups.
Ex-Prisoners and Prisoners Organizing for Community Advancement (EPOCA)
We believe that social change can only be led by the people who most need the change. No one can give power to someone else. Therefore, those of...
Families for Justice as Healing
At Families for Justice as Healing (FJAH) we organize formerly incarcerated women to join the movement toward creating alternatives to mass incarceration. Our membership advocates for community wellness,...
Maine Prisoner Advocacy Coalition (MPAC)
Blue Hill, ME
*Banner created by ARRT! (https://vimeo.com/92197599) The Maine Prisoner Advocacy Coalition (MPAC) is comprised of Maine prisoners, their friends and families, victims of crime, and others committed to ethical,...
National Alliance of HUD Tenants
Founded in 1991, National Alliance of HUD Tenants (NAHT) is the first national membership organization of resident groups advocating for 2.1 million lower income families in privately-owned, HUD-assisted...
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Prison Birth Project
When the gender-specific jail opened in Chicopee in 2008, co-founders Lisa Andrews and Marianne Bullock understood that incarcerated women are not offered the full spectrum of reproductive options,... | {
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using System;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Primitives;
using Wyam.Common.Util;
namespace Wyam.Razor
{
internal class EmptyChangeToken : IChangeToken
{
public IDisposable RegisterChangeCallback(Action<object> callback, object state) => EmptyDisposable.Instance;
public bool HasChanged => false;
public bool ActiveChangeCallbacks => false;
}
} | {
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Tennis News: US Open, French Open, Wimbledon, Australian Open | Calgary Sun
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From Long Island to Seattle and the West Coast... and Back, in 16 days!
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This video also shows all but a few photos - Across America and Back in 8 minutes!
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\section{Introduction}
The aim of this paper is to highlight some relations between completions, strongly flat modules and perfect rings in the non-commutative case. We explore some connections between some notions of Homological Algebra (cotorsion modules) and topological rings (completions in some natural topologies). These connections are well known for modules over commutative rings, thanks to Matlis, who proved that the completion in the $R$-toplogy for an integral domain $R$ is closely related to the cotorsion completion functor $\operatorname{Ext}_R^1(K,-)$. Here $Q$ is the field of fractions of $R$ and $K:=Q/R$. We investigate these connections in the non-commutative case, defining a suitable $R$-topology on any module over a not-necessarily commutative ring $R$. This leads us to the study of strongly flat modules, because the completion of $R$ in its $R$-topology turns out to be a strongly flat $R$-module (Theorem~\ref{4.9}).
We consider strongly flat modules over non-commutative rings as defined in \cite[Section~3]{submitted}.
The class of strongly flat modules lies between the class of projective modules and the class of flat modules.
In particular, we study when the class of strongly flat modules is covering, because this is related to an open problem posed by Enochs, whether ``every covering class is closed under direct limit" (see for example \cite [Open problem 5.4] {approx}).
Since flat modules are direct limits of projective modules, the class of strongly flat modules is closed under direct limits if and only if flat modules are strongly flat.
Bazzoni and Salce \cite{silsal} gave a complete answer to this question for modules over commutative domains, completely determining when the class of strongly flat modules over a commutative domain is covering.
Subsequently, Bazzoni and Positselski generalized this to arbitrary commutative rings in \cite{Leonidsilvana}. They proved that, for a commutative ring $R$,
the class $ \mathcal{SF}$ of strongly flat modules is covering if and only if
flat modules are strongly flat, if and only if
$R/aR$ is a perfect ring for every regular element $a \in R$. In our Example~\ref{5.18}, we will show that there exist non-invariant chain domains $R$ for which $\operatorname{End}(R/I)$ is perfect for every non-zero principal right or left ideal
$I$ of $R$, but the class of strongly flat left $R$-modules is not covering. Very recent papers related to these topics are the articles \cite{BP,P}
by Bazzoni and Positselski.
For a commutative ring $R$, the set of regular elements is always an Ore set, and if $Q$ denotes the classical quotient ring of $R$, the class of strongly flat modules is $^\bot \{Q^\bot \} $ \cite{ FSALCE}.
The generalization of strongly flat modules to non-commutative rings given in \cite {submitted} depends on the choice of the overring $Q$ of $R$. More precisely, if
$\varphi \colon R\to Q$ is a bimorphism in the category of rings, that is, $\varphi$ is both a monomorphism and an epimorphism, we assume that ${}_RQ$ is a flat left $R$-module. We view at $R$ as a subring of $Q$ and $\varphi \colon R\to Q$ as the inclusion.
Then a left $R$-module $_RM$ is {\em Matlis-cotorsion} if $\operatorname{Ext}^1(_RQ,{}_RM)=0$ \cite{submitted}.
Let $\mathcal {MC}$ denote the class of Matlis-cotorsion left $R$-modules. For any class of left $R$-modules $ \mathcal {A}$, set $ ^ \bot \mathcal {A}:= \{ \,B\in R\mbox{\rm -Mod} \mid \operatorname{Ext}_R ^1 (B, A) = 0$ for every $A \in \mathcal {A}\,\}$ and $\mathcal {A}^ \bot := \{ \,B\in R\mbox{\rm -Mod} \mid\operatorname{Ext}_R ^1 (A, B) = 0$ for every $A \in \mathcal {A}\,\}$.
A left $R$-module is {\em strongly flat} if it is in $ ^\bot \mathcal {MC} $.
The class of strongly flat left $R$-modules will be denoted by $\mathcal {SF}$.
By
\cite [Theorem 6.11] {approx}, the cotorsion pair $(\mathcal{SF} , \mathcal{MC})$ is
complete, that is, every left $R$-module has a special
$\mathcal{MC}$-preenvelope (or, equivalently, every left module has a special $\mathcal{SF}$-precover).
Thus, by \cite [Corollary 6.13] {approx}, the class $\mathcal{SF} $ consists of
all direct summands of
modules $N$ such that $N$ fits into an exact sequence of the form
$$ 0 \to F \to N \to G \to 0,$$
where $F$ is a free $R$-module and $G$ is $\{Q\}$-filtered. For the terminology, see \cite{submitted}.
Whenever $R$ is a right Ore domain, i.e., the class of regular elements is a right Ore set,
the class of strongly flat left $R$-modules is the class $^\bot \{Q^\bot\} $, where $Q$ is the classical right quotient ring of $R$.
Several of our results about strongly flat modules are for modules over a nearly simple chain domain. Recall that a chain domain $R$, that is, a not-necessarily commutative integral domain for which the modules $R_R$ and $_RR$ are uniserial, is {\em nearly simple} if it has exactly three two-sided ideals, necessarily $R$, its Jacobson radical $J(R)$ and $0$. The reason why we concentrate on chain domains $R$ with classical quotient ring $Q$ is due to the fact that for these rings the $R$-module $_RK:=Q/R$ is uniserial, and thus, in the study of $\operatorname{End}(_RK)$, we can take advantage of our knowledge of the endomorphism rings of uniserial modules \cite{DungAlberto, DungFacchini, Facchinitransaction, Facsal, Pavel, puninsky}. In our Example~\ref{5.18}, we also take advantage of our knowledge of the endomorphism rings of cyclically presented modules over local rings \cite{Aminis}.
If $R$ is a right chain domain and the class of strongly flat $R$-modules is
covering, then
$R$ is right invariant, that is, $aR = Ra$ for every $a \in R$. In this case, flat modules are strongly flat
(equivalently, the class $ \mathcal{SF}$ of strongly flat modules is closed under direct limit).
We began this paper in September 2017, when both of us where visiting the Department of Algebra of Charles University in Prague, and continued in March 2018 when the first named author was visiting the IPM (Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences) in Tehran. We are very grateful to both institutions for their hospitality.
\section{The $R$-topology} \label{completions}
In Sections \ref{completions}, \ref{3} and \ref{4} of this paper, we suppose that {\em we have a ring $R$ and a multiplicatively closed subset $S$ of $R$ satisfying:} (1) {\em If $a,b\in R$ and $ab\in S$, then $a\in S$.} (2) {\em $S$ is a right Ore set in $R$.} (3) {\em The elements of $S$ are regular elements of~$R$}. (4) {\em The right ring of quotients $Q:=R[S^{-1}]$ of $R$ with respect to $S$ is a directly finite ring}. That is, our setting is that of \cite[Section~4]{submitted}.
Correspondingly, we have a Gabriel topology $\Cal G$ on $R$ consisting of all the right ideals $I$ of $R$ with $I\cap S\ne\emptyset$ (cf.~\cite[\S VI.6]{20}). In particular, the Gabriel topology $\Cal G$ consists of dense right ideals of $R$, the canonical embedding $\varphi \colon R\to Q:=R[S^{-1}]$ is an epimorphism in the category of rings, we view $R$ as a subring of $Q$ and $\varphi$ as the inclusion mapping, and ${}_RQ$ turns out to be a flat left $R$-module \cite[\S XI.3]{20}.
There is a hereditary torsion theory $(\Cal T,\Cal F)$ on $\operatorname{Mod-\!} R$ in which
the torsion submodule of any right $R$-module $M_R$ consists of all the elements $x\in M_R$ for which there exists an element $s\in S$ with $xs=0$. If we indicate the torsion submodule of $M$ by
$t(M)$, then clearly $t(M) \otimes _R Q = 0$. A right $R$-module $M_R$ is in $\Cal F$, that is, is torsion-free, if and only if right multiplication $\rho_s\colon M_R\to M_R$ by $s$ is an abelian group monomorphism for every $s\in S$. Dually, we will say that a right $R$-module $M_R$ is {\em divisible} if right multiplication $\rho_s\colon M_R\to M_R$ by $s$ is an abelian group epimorphism for every $s\in S$, that is, if $Ms=M$ for every $s\in S$. Every homomorphic image of a divisible right $R$-module is divisible. If $A$ is a submodule of a right $R$-module $B_R$ and both $A_R$ and $B/A$ are divisible, then $B_R$ is divisible. Any sum of divisible submodules is a divisible submodule, so that every right $R$-module $M_R$ contains a greatest divisible submodule, denoted by $d(M_R)$. A right $R$-module $M_R$ is {\em reduced} if $d(M_R)=0$. For every module $M_R$, $M_R/d(M_R)$ is reduced.
We have that $\Cal G=\{\,I\mid I$ is a right ideal of $R$, and $\varphi(I)Q=Q\,\}$, and $\Cal G$ has a basis consisting of the principal right ideals $sR$, $s\in S$. Let $M_R$ be any right $R$-module.
By \cite [XI, Proposition 3.4] {20},
the kernel of the canonical right $R$-module morphism $M_R\to M\otimes_R Q$ is
equal to $t(M)$. Note that if we set $K : = Q/R$, then
$_RK_R$ is an $R$-$R$-bimodule and $t(M_R)\cong\operatorname{Tor}_1^R(M_R, {}_RK)$ (see (15) and (16) in \cite[Section 3]{submitted}).
\bigskip
We now define a topology on any right $R$-module in the attempt of generalizing the $R$-topology studied by
Matlis \cite{dim} for a commutative ring $R$. Our definition is as follows. Let $R$ be any ring with identity, not
necessarily commutative, and $S$ be a subset of $R$ with the properties written at the beginning of this section.
Given any right $R$-module $M_R$, the {\em $R$-topology} on $M_R$ has a
neighborhood base of $0$ consisting, for every non-empty finite set of elements $s_1,\dots,s_n\in S$, of the
submodules $$U(s_1,\dots,s_n):=\{\,x\in M_R\mid xR\subseteq Ms_1\cap\dots\cap Ms_n\,\}$$ of $M_R$. For the
regular right module $R_R$, the
$R$-topology on $R$ has a neighborhood base of $0$ consisting, for every non-empty finite set of elements $s_1,\dots,s_n\in S$, of the right ideals $$U(s_1,\dots,s_n):=\{\,x\in R\mid xR\subseteq Rs_1\cap\dots\cap Rs_n\,\}$$ of $R$.
\begin{Lemma} On the right $R$-module $R_R$, the right ideals $U(s)$ are two-sided ideals of $R$, $U(s)$ is the annihilator of the left $R$-module $R/Rs$, and the $R$-topology is a ring topology on $R$.\end{Lemma}
\begin{proof} Clearly, $U(s)=\{\,x\in R\mid xR\subseteq Rs\,\}$ is the annihilator of the cylic left $R$-module $R/Rs$, and hence $U(s)$ is a two-sided ideal. Moreover, $R$ is a right linearly topological ring \cite[p.~144]{20}, because every filter of two-sided ideals of a ring is a fundamental system of neighborhoods of $0$ for a right and left linear topology on the ring \cite[p.~144]{20}.\end{proof}
We will use $R_{R\operatorname{-top}}$ to denote the topological ring $R$ with the $R$-topology.
\begin{Lemma}\label{12.7} Every right $R$-module, with respect to its $R$-topology, is a linearly topological module over the topological ring $R_{R\operatorname{-top}}$.\end{Lemma}
\begin{proof} It suffices to check property {\em TM}\,3 in \cite[p.~144]{20}. That is, we must prove that $(U_M(s):x)\supseteq U_R(s)$ for every $s\in S$, $x\in M_R$. Equivalently, that $xU_R(s)\subseteq U_M(s)$. Now if $r\in U_R(s)$, then $rR\subseteq Rs$, so that $xrR\subseteq xRs\subseteq Ms$, i.e., $rx\in U_M(s)$.\end{proof}
\begin{Lemma}\label{Matlis} If the ring $R$ is commutative, the linear topology on any right $R$-module $M$ defined by the submodules $U(s)$, $s\in S$, coincides with the $R$-topology defined by Matlis in \cite{dim}.\end{Lemma}
\begin{proof} $U(s)=\{\,x\in M\mid xR\subseteq Ms\,\}=Ms$.\end{proof}
In the next proposition, we consider the behavior of continuity of right $R$-module morphisms when the modules involved are endowed with the $R$-topology. Recall that a submodule $M$ of a right $R$-module $N_R$ is an {\em RD-pure submodule} if $Mr=M\cap Nr$ for every $r\in R$ (equivalently, if the natural homomorphism $M\otimes R/Rr\to N\otimes R/Rr$ is injective for every $r\in R$, or if the natural homomorphism $\operatorname{Hom}(R/rR,N)\to\operatorname{Hom}(R/rR,M)$ is surjective for every $r\in R$.) See \cite[Proposition~2]{WarfPur}.
\begin{proposition}\label{easy} {\rm (a)} Every right $R$-module morphism $f\colon M_R\to N_R$ between two right $R$-modules $M_R$ and $N_R$ endowed with their $R$-topologies is continuous.
{\rm (b)} For every right $R$-module $N_R$ and every $s\in S$, the $R$-submodule $U(s)$ of $N_R$ is the largest $R$-submodule of $N_R$ contained in $Ns$.
{\rm (c)} A submodule $M_R$ of a right $R$-module $N_R$ endowed with the $R$-topology is an open submodule of $N_R$ if and only if $M_R\supseteq U(s)$ for some $s\in S$.
{\rm (d)} A right $R$-module morphism $f\colon M_R\to N_R$ between two right $R$-modules $M_R$ and $N_R$ with their $R$-topologies is an open map if and only if $f(M_R)\supseteq U(s)$ for some $s\in S$.
{\rm (e)} Every right $R$-module epimorphism $f\colon M_R\to N_R$ between two right $R$-modules $M_R$ and $N_R$ is an open continuous map.
{\rm (f)} Every right $R$-module isomorphism $f\colon M_R\to N_R$ is a homeomorphism when the two right $R$-modules $M_R$ and $N_R$ are endowed with their $R$-topologies.
{\rm (g)} If $M_R$ is an RD-pure submodule of a right $R$-module $N_R$ and $M_R,N_R$ are endowed with their $R$-topologies, then the embedding $M_R\hookrightarrow N_R$ is a topological embedding.\end{proposition}
The proofs are easy and we omit them.
\section{The right $R$-module $\operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$}\label{3}
In this section, the hypotheses on $R$ and $S$ are the same as in the previous section.
For any right $R$-module $M_R$, we will be interested in the right $R$-module $$\operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK).$$ Here the right $R$-module structure is given by the multiplication defined, for every $f\in \operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$ and $r\in R$, by $(fr)(k)=f(rk)$ for all $k\in K$.
For any right $R$-module $M_R$, the right $R$-module $$\operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$$ can be endowed with the $R$-topology, defined by the submodules $U(s_1,\dots,s_n):=U(s_1)\cap\dots\cap U(s_n)$ as a
neighborhood base of $0$. But we have that:
\begin{Lemma} For the modules $\operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$, one has that $U(s)=V(s)$, where, for every element $s\in S$, $$V(s):=\{\,f\in \operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)\mid f((Rs^{-1})/R)=0\,\}.$$\end{Lemma}
\begin{proof} $(\subseteq)$. Let $f$ be an element of $U(s)$, so that $f\in\operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$ and $fR\subseteq \operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)s$. In order to show that $f\in V(s)$ we have to prove that $f((Rs^{-1})/R)=0$. Fix $r\in R$. Then $fr=gs$ for some $g\in \operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$. Hence $f(rs^{-1}+R)=(fr)(s^{-1}+R)=(gs)(s^{-1}+R)=g(ss^{-1}+R)=0$. Thus $f((Rs^{-1})/R)=0$.
$(\supseteq)$. Suppose $f\in V(s)$, so that $f((Rs^{-1})/R)=0$. In order to prove that $f\in U(s)$, we must show that, for every fixed element $r\in R$, there exists $g\in \operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$ with $fr=gs$. Define $g\colon K_R\to M\otimes_RK_R$ by $g(q+R)=f(rs^{-1}q+R)$ for all $q\in Q$. Then $g$ is a well defined right $R$-module morphism, because if $q\in R$, then $f(rs^{-1}q+R)=f(rs^{-1}+R)q\in f((Rs^{-1})/R)R=0$, and $fr=gs$.\end{proof}
\bigskip
We will denote by $V(s_1,\dots,s_n)$ the intersection $V(s_1)\cap\dots\cap V(s_n)$, but it is necessary to remark that:
\begin{Lemma} For every $s,s'\in S$, there exists $t\in S$ such that $V(s)\cap V(s')\supseteq V(t)$.\end{Lemma}
\begin{proof}
Given $s,s'\in S$, there exist $t\in S$ and $r,r'\in R$ with $t=sr=s'r'$ \cite[Lemma~4.21]{goodwar}. Then $s^{-1}=rt^{-1}$, so that $Rs^{-1}=Rrt^{-1}\subseteq Rt^{-1}$. Therefore $V(t)\subseteq V(s)$, because if $f\in \operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$ and $f(Rt^{-1}/R)=0$, then $f(Rs^{-1}/R)=0$, that is, $f\in V(s)$. Similarly, $V(t)\subseteq V(s')$.\end{proof}
A right (or left) $R$-module $M_R$ is {\em $h$-divisible} if every homomorphism $R_R\to M_R$ extends to an $R$-module morphism $Q_R\to M_R$ \cite[Section 2]{submitted}. Any right (or left) $R$-module $M$ contains a unique largest $h$-divisible submodule $h(M)$ that contains every $h$-divisible submodule of $M$. An $R$-module $M_R$ is {\em $h$-reduced} if $h(M_R)=0$, or, equivalently, if $\operatorname{Hom}(Q_R,{}M_R)=0$ \cite{submitted}.
Obviously, $h$-divisible right $R$-modules are divisible.
\begin{proposition} \label{equal} Divisible torsion-free right $R$-modules are
$Q$-modules.
In particular, $h(M_R)=d(M_R)$ for any torsion-free right $R$-module~$M_R$.\end{proposition}
\begin{proof} Suppose $M_R$ torsion-free and divisible. Then right multiplication by $s$ is an automorphism of the abelian group $M$ for every $s\in S$. By the universal property of $Q=R[S^{-1}]$, the canonical ring antihomomorphism $R\to\operatorname{End}_\mathbb{Z}(M)$ extends to a ring antihomomorphism $Q\to\operatorname{End}_\mathbb{Z}(M)$ in a unique way. That is, there is a unique right $Q$-module structure on $M$ that extends the right $R$-module structure of $M_R$. Thus $M$ is a right $Q$-module. In particular, it is an $h$-divisible right $R$-module.
\end{proof}
\bigskip
Let $M_R$ be a right $R$-module. For every element $x\in M_R$, there is a right $R$-module morphism $R_R\to M_R$, $1\mapsto x$. Tensoring with $_RK$, we get a right $R$-module morphism $\lambda_x\colon K_R\to M\otimes_RK$, defined by $\lambda_x(k)=x\otimes k$. The canonical mapping $\lambda\colon M_R\to\operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$, defined by $\lambda(x)=\lambda_x$ for every $x\in M_R$, is a right $R$-module morphism, as is easily checked. In the rest of this section, all $R$-modules are endowed with their $R$-topologies.
\begin{theorem}\label{righthreduced} Let $M_R$ be an $h$-reduced torsion-free right $R$-module. Then the canonical mapping $\lambda\colon M_R\to\operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$ is an embedding of topological modules and $\operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$ is complete.\end{theorem}
\begin{proof} The canonical mapping $\lambda\colon M_R\to\operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$ is injective by \cite[Theorem~4.5]{submitted}. In order to show that $\lambda\colon M_R\to\operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$ is an embedding of topological modules, it suffices to show that $\lambda^{-1}(V(s_1,\dots,s_n))=U(s_1,\dots,s_n)$ for every $s_1,\dots,s_n\in S$. Now $x\in \lambda^{-1}(V(s_1,\dots,s_n))$ if and only if $\lambda_x\in V(s_1,\dots,s_n)$, that is, if and only if $x\otimes (Rs_1^{-1}+\dots+Rs_1^{-1}/R)=0$ in $M\otimes_RK$. Equivalently, if and only if $x\otimes (rs_i^{-1}+R)=0$ in $M\otimes_RK$ for every $r\in R$ and $i=1,2,\dots,n$. By \cite[Step 3 of the proof of Theorem~4.5]{submitted}, this is equivalent to $xr\in Ms_i$ for every $r\in R$ and $i=1,2,\dots,n$, that is, if and only if $x\in U(s_1,\dots,s_n)$.
In order to prove that $\operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$ is complete, we must show that every Cauchy net converges. Let $A$ be a directed set with order relation $\le$ and let $\{f_\alpha\}_{\alpha\in A}$ be a Cauchy net in $\operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$. Define a morphism $f\in \operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$ as follows. Since we are dealing with a Cauchy net, for every $s\in S$ there exists $\alpha\in A$ such that $f_\beta-f_\gamma\in V(s)$ for every $\beta,\gamma\in A$, $\beta,\gamma\ge\alpha$. Set $f(rs^{-1}+R)=f_\alpha(rs^{-1}+R)$ for every $r\in R$. We leave to the reader the easy verification that $f$ is a well defined mapping.
Let us check that $f(kr)=f(k)r$ for every $k\in K_R$ and $r\in R$.
We have that $k=as^{-1}+R$ for some $a\in R$, $s\in S$. By the right Ore condition, there exist $r'\in R$ and $t\in S$ such that $as^{-1}r=r't^{-1}$. Since $A$ is directed, there exists $\alpha$ such that
$f ( r't^{-1} + R) = f_\alpha ( r't^{-1}+ R)$ and $f( as^{-1}+R) r = f_\alpha ( as^{-1}+R) r $.
Therefore $f (kr) = f(k) r$.
It is now easily seen that $f$ is the limit of the Cauchy net.
\end{proof}
For any right $R$-module $M_R$ endowed with its $R$-topology, the {\em (Hausdorff) completion} of $M_R$ is $\displaystyle \widetilde{M_R}:= \lim_{\longleftarrow} M/U(s_1,\dots,s_n)$. Notice that the set of all the submodules $U(s_1,\dots,s_n)$ of $M_R$ is downward directed under inclusion. Here $\{s_1,\dots,s_n\}$ ranges in the set of all finite subsets of $S$. There is a canonical mapping $\eta\colon M\to \widetilde{M_R}$, whose kernel is the closure $\overline{\{0\}}$ of $0$ in the $R$-topology of $M_R$. Clearly, $\overline{\{0\}}=\bigcap_{s_1,\dots,s_n\in S} U(s_1,\dots,s_n)=
\bigcap_{s\in S} U(s)=\{\,x\in M_R\mid xR\subseteq \bigcap_{s\in S}Ms\,\}$.
From Lemma \ref{12.7}, we get that if $M_R$ is a right $R$-module, the right $R$-module $\operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$ with the topology defined by the submodules $V(s)$ is a topological module over the topological ring $R_{R\operatorname{-top}}$.
\begin{proposition} The right $R$-submodules $V(s)$ of the ring $\operatorname{End}(K_R)$ are two-sided ideals of $\operatorname{End}(K_R)$. The topology they define on $\operatorname{End}(K_R)$ is a ring topology. If $R$ is commutative, this topology on $\operatorname{End}(K_R)$ coincides with the topology on the completion $H$ of $R$ with respect to the $R$-topology \cite[p.~15]{dim}.\end{proposition}
\begin{proof} When we consider $M = R_R$, then, by
\cite[Step 2 of the proof of Theorem~4.5]{submitted}, the elements of $K$ annihilated by right multiplications of an element $s\in S$ are those of $Rs^{-1}/R$. It follows that $Rs^{-1}/R$ is a fully invariant submodule of $K_R$. From this we get that every $V(s)$ is a two-sided ideal of the ring $\operatorname{End}(K_R)$.
Every filter of two-sided ideals of a ring is a fundamental system of neighborhoods of $0$ for a right and left linear topology on the ring \cite[p.~144]{20}. Thus the topology defined by the two-sided ideals $V(s)$ is a ring topology on $\operatorname{End}(K_R)$. Moreover, if $R$ is commutative, the submodules $V(s)$ define the $R$-topology on the right $R$-module $\operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$ for every module $M$ (Lemma~\ref{12.7}), which coincides with the $R$-topology defined by Matlis in \cite{dim} by Lemma~\ref{Matlis}.
Finally, Matlis' $R$-topology on $\operatorname{End}(K_R)$ coincides with the topology on the completion $H$ of $R$ with respect to the $R$-topology, because the topology on the completion $H$ coincides with the $R$-topology on $H$.
\end{proof}
\section{Torsion-free modules}\label{4}
In this section, we keep the same hypotheses and notations as in the previous two sections.
As we have seen, for any right $R$-module $M_R$, there is a right $R$-module morphism $\lambda\colon M_R\to\operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$, defined by $\lambda(x)=\lambda_x$ for every $x\in M_R$, where $\lambda_x\colon k\to x\otimes k$, and there is a canonical mapping $\eta\colon M\to \widetilde{M_R}$ of $M_R$ with its $R$-topology into its Hausdorff completion.
\begin{proposition} \label {torsionfreeright} Let $M_R$ be a torsion-free right $R$-module. Then: {\rm (a)} $\ker\lambda$ is the closure of $0$ in the $R$-topology; {\rm (b)} $\ker\lambda$ is the kernel of the canonical mapping $\eta\colon M\to \widetilde{M_R}$; and {\rm (c)} $\ker\lambda$ is equal to $h(M_R)$.\end{proposition}
\begin{proof} We have already remarked that the kernel of $\eta$ is the closure of $\overline{\{0\}}$ of $0$. Hence (a)${}\Leftrightarrow{}$(b).
The right $R$-module $\operatorname{Hom}(K_R,N_R)$ is $h$-reduced for every right $R$-module $N_R$ \cite[Theorem~2.8]{submitted}. Let $M_R$ be a torsion-free right $R$-module. Since $$\lambda\colon M_R\to \operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$$ is a homomorphism into an $h$-reduced $R$-module, it follows that $h(M)\subseteq \ker\lambda$.
Let us prove that $\ker\lambda\subseteq \overline{\{0\}}$. Suppose $x\in \ker\lambda$. Then $x\otimes (rs^{-1}+R)$ is equal to zero in the tensor product $M\otimes K$. By \cite[Theorem~3.1(1)]{submitted}, there exists an element $y_{r,s}\in M_R$ such that $x\otimes rs^{-1}=y_{r,s}\otimes 1$ in $M\otimes_RQ$. Thus $xr\otimes 1=y_{r,s}s\otimes 1$ in $M\otimes_RQ$. Since $M_R$ is torsion-free, it follows that $xr=y_{r,s}s$ in $M_R$ by \cite[Theorem~3.1(1)]{submitted} again. This proves that $xR\subseteq \bigcap_{s\in S}Ms$, and so $\ker\lambda\subseteq \overline{\{0\}}$.
Conversely, $\overline{\{0\}}\subseteq\ker\lambda$, because if $x\in \overline{\{0\}}$, then $xR\subseteq Ms$ for every $s\in S$, that is, for every $s\in S$ and every $r\in R$ there exists $m_{r,s}\in M$ with $xr=m_{r,s}s$. Then, for every element $rs^{-1}+R\in K$, we have that $x\otimes(rs^{-1}+R)=xr\otimes (s^{-1}+R)=m_{r,s}s\otimes (s^{-1}+R)=m_{r,s}\otimes s(s^{-1}+R)=0$ in $M\otimes_RK$. Thus $x\in\ker\lambda$. This proves that $\overline{\{0\}}=\ker\lambda$. Therefore (a) and (b) hold.
We now show that $\ker\lambda$ is divisible. For every $s\in S$, $s$ is invertible in $Q$, hence $sQ=Q$, so $sK=K$. Now if $x\in \ker\lambda$ and $t\in S$, then $x\in \overline{\{0\}}$, hence $x=yt$ for some $y\in M_R$. We must prove that $y\in \ker\lambda$, that is, that $y\otimes K=0$ in $M\otimes K$. But $y\otimes K=y\otimes sK=ys\otimes K=x\otimes K=0$ in $M\otimes K$. This proves that $\ker\lambda=\overline{\{0\}}$ is divisible.
Thus $ \ker\lambda = h(M)$ by Proposition \ref{equal}.
\end{proof}
Clearly, from Proposition~\ref{torsionfreeright}, we have that:
\begin{corollary}
If $M_R$ is a torsion-free module, then $\widetilde{M_R} \cong \widetilde{M_R / h(M) }$.
\end{corollary}
\begin{lemma} \label{fourparts} Let $M$ be torsion-free right $R$-module. Then:
{\rm (a)} Every element of $M\otimes_RK$ can be written in the form $x\otimes (s^{-1}+R)$ for suitable elements $x\in M_R$ and $s\in S$.
{\rm (b)} Let $s$ be an element of $S$. The elements $y$ of $M\otimes_RK$ such that $ys=0$ are those that can be written in the form $x\otimes (s^{-1}+R)$ for a suitable $x\in M_R$.
{\rm (c)} If $x\in M_R$, $r\in R$ and $s\in S$, then $x\otimes(rs^{-1}+R)=0$ in $M\otimes_RK$ if and only if $xr\in Ms$.
{\rm (d)} The set $\{\, U(s) \mid s \in S\,\} $ is downward directed.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
In the proof of Steps 1, 2 and 3 of \cite [Theorem 4.5] {submitted}, we do not use the fact that $M$ is $h$-reduced. So the proofs of (a), (b) and (c) are like those of Steps 1, 2 and 3 in \cite [Theorem 4.5] {submitted}.
(d) Assume that $s, t \in S$. Then there exist $u \in S$ and $r_1,r_2\in R$ such that $ s ^{-1}= r_1u^{-1} $ and
$ t ^{-1}= r_2 u^{-1} $. If $m \in U(u)$ and $r \in R$, then $m \otimes (rs^{-1}+R) =
m \otimes (r r_1u^{-1} +R)=0$. Part (c) implies that $m \in U(s)$, and so $U(u) \subseteq U(s)$.
Similarly, $U(u) \subseteq U(t)$.
\end{proof}
\begin{remark}\label{remarktorsionfree}
{\rm By Lemma~\ref{fourparts}(d), for
$M$ torsion-free, we have that $$\widetilde{M}= \lim_{\longleftarrow} M/U(s).$$ Notice that the kernel of
the canonical mapping $\eta \colon M\to \widetilde{M}$ is divisible by Theorem \ref{torsionfreeright}. } \end{remark}
\bigskip
Now let $M_R$ be a torsion-free right $R$-module, so that $$\lambda\colon M_R\to\operatorname{Hom}(K_R,\linebreak M\otimes_RK)$$ is continuous with respect to the $R$-topologies (Proposition~\ref{easy}(a)) and $\operatorname{Hom}(K_R,\linebreak M\otimes_RK)$ is Hausdorff. Notice that $M\otimes_RK$ and $M/h(M)\otimes_RK$ are isomorphic, so that $\operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$ is complete (Theorem~\ref{righthreduced}). Thus $\lambda$ extends in a unique way to a continuous morphism $\widetilde{\lambda}\colon \widetilde{M} \to \operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$. In Theorem~\ref{completion} and Example~\ref{quasismall}, we see { that $\widetilde{\lambda}$ is a continuous monomorphism, but not necessary an
isomorphism.
\begin{theorem}\label{completion} Let $M_R$ be a torsion-free right $R$-module. Then there exists a right $R$-module monomorphism $\widetilde{\lambda}\colon \widetilde{M} \to \operatorname{Hom}(K_R, M\otimes_RK)$ such
that $\lambda=\widetilde{\lambda}\eta$.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
Define $\widetilde{\lambda}$ as follows. We know that $$\displaystyle\widetilde{M}= \lim_{\longleftarrow} M/U(s)\le\prod _{s\in S} M/U(s),$$ so that every element of $\widetilde{M}$ is of the form $\widetilde{m}=(m_{s}+U(s))_{s\in S}$.
Set $\widetilde{\lambda}(\widetilde{m})(rs^{-1}+R)=m_{s}\otimes (rs^{-1}+R)$ for every $r\in R$, $s\in S$.
In order to prove that $\widetilde{\lambda}(\widetilde{m})\colon K_R\to M\otimes_RK$ is a well defined mapping and is $R$-linear, note first of all that
if $s, t \in S$ are such that $U(t) \subseteq U(s)$ and $r \in R$, then $m_s - m_{t} \in U (s)$ implies that
$m_s \otimes rs^{-1}+ R = m_{t} \otimes rs^{-1}+ R$ by Lemma~\ref{fourparts}(c). From this, it is easily shown that $\widetilde{\lambda}$ is a well defined $R$-module morphism. Also notice that $\lambda=\widetilde{\lambda}\eta$.
Now we prove that $\widetilde{\lambda}$ is a monomorphism.
Suppose that $\widetilde{m}=(m_{s}+U(s))_{s\in S}$ is in $\ker{\widetilde{\lambda}}$. Then, for any $k\in K$ and any $s\in S$ with $ks=0$, we have that $m_{s}\otimes k=0$ in $M\otimes_RK$. In particular, for every $r\in R$, $s\in S$, the identity $(rs^{-1}+R)s=0$ implies that $m_{s}\otimes (rs^{-1}+R)$ in $M\otimes_RK$. By Lemma~\ref{fourparts}(c), this means that $m_{s}r\in Ms$ for every $r$ and $s$. Hence $m_{s}\in U(s)$ for every $s\in S$. This shows that
$\widetilde{\lambda}$ is injective.
\end{proof}
}
\begin{example} \label {quasismall}{\rm
Let $R$ be the nearly simple chain domain in \cite [Example 6.5] {chainringandprimeideal}.
In that example, the $R$-module $Q/R$ can be chosen to be countably generated, because the
group $G$ is countable, and so is its positive cone $P$.
If the skew field $K$ in that example is countable, then $K[P]$
is countable. In order to construct the ring $R$, the authors consider a right and left Ore subset $S$ of
$K[P]$, which is necessarily countable because $K[P]$ is countable, and
then they set $R := K[P] S^{-1}$.
Therefore if the skew field $K$ is countable, then
$R$ is countable, and so $Q/R$ is a countably generated $R$-module.
As $R_R$ is torsion-free, its completion is $\displaystyle\lim_{\longleftarrow} R/U(s)$ by
Remark~\ref{remarktorsionfree}, and, for every non-zero element $s$ of $J(R)$,
$U(s) = 0$ because $R$ is nearly simple. So $ \displaystyle R = \lim_{\longleftarrow} R/U(s)$. Let us prove that $R \ncong \operatorname{End} (K_R) $.
The module $K_R$ is a countably generated uniserial torsion locally coherent module (that is, every finitely generated submodule is coherent). By \cite[Proposition~8.1]{puninsky}, the module $K_R$ is not quasi-small. Since uniserial modules with a local endomorphism ring are quasi-small \cite{DungFacchini}, the ring $\operatorname{End}(K_R)$ cannot be isomorphic to $R$.
The same argument applies to any nearly simple chain domain $R$ with $Q/R$ countably generated.}
\end{example}
\begin{proposition}
If $R$ is a topological ring with a basis $B$ of neighborhoods of zero consisting of two-sided ideals, and
$R/I$ is a local ring for every proper ideal $I\in B$, then the Hausdorff completion of $R$ is either $0$ or
a local ring.
\end{proposition}
\begin{remark}{\rm
The case of completion of $R$ equal to zero concernes only the trivial case of $B=\{R\}$. We will not consider this case in the proof.}
\end{remark}
\begin{proof}
Let $M_I $ be the maximal ideal of $R$ such that $M_I/I$
is the maximal ideal of $R/I$ for every proper ideal $I\in B$. If $I,J\in B$, then considering the canonical projection
$ R/I\cap J\to R/I$, one sees that
$M_{(I\cap J)}=M_I$. It follows that there exists a maximal ideal $M$ of
$ R$ such that $M_I=M$ for every proper ideal $ I\in B$. The completion of $R$ is the inverse limit of the rings
$R/I$, which is a subring of the ring $\prod_{I\in B}R/I$, which has $\prod_{I\in B}M/I$ as a two-sided ideal, whose intersection $N$ with the inverse limit is a two-sided ideal of the inverse limit. Let us prove that the inverse limit is a local ring with maximal ideal $N$. It suffices to show that every element of the inverse limit not in $N$
is invertible. Let $(x_I+I)_{I\in B}$ be an element in the inverse limit, but not in $N$. Thus
$x_I\in R$ and, for $I,J\in R$ with $I\subseteq J$, we have that $ x_I-x_J\in J$, i.e., $x_I+I $
is mapped to $ x_J+J $ via the canonical projection $R/I\to R/J.$ Also, $ x_I\notin M$ for some proper ideal $I$ of
$B$. It follows that $x_I\notin M $ for every proper ideal $ I$ of $ B$. Thus $x_I+I\notin M/I,$
hence is invertible in $R/M$. Let $y_I+I$ be the inverse of $x_I+I$ in $R/I$. Now the ring morphism
$R/I\to R/J$
maps inverses to inverses. This shows that $(y_I+I)_{I\in B}$ is an element of the inverse limit, and concludes the proof.
\end{proof}
Therefore the completion of any local ring in the $R$-topology is a local ring.
\medskip
Note that, by Theorem \ref {completion} and \cite [Proposition 2.6]{submitted}, if
$M_R$ is torsion-free, then $\widetilde{M_R}$ is torsion-free.
\begin{theorem}\label{4.9} Let $R$ be a right Ore domain and $\widetilde{R_R}$ the completion of $R_R$ in the $R$-topology. Then $\widetilde{R_R}$ is a strongly flat right $R$-module.\end{theorem}
\begin{proof} We can apply the
results of \cite[Section~3]{submitted}, which are right/left symmetric, that is, hold for both right $R$-
modules and left $R$-modules. Notice that $R_R$ is $h$-reduced. We have the short exact sequence\begin{equation}
\xymatrix{
0 \ar[r] & R_R \ar[r] & \operatorname{End}(K_R) \ar[r] & \operatorname{Ext}^1_R({}_RQ_R,R_R) \ar[r] & 0.
}\end{equation} We know
that $\widetilde{R_R}$ is a submodule of $\operatorname{End}(K_R)$ that contains $R_R$. Hence $\widetilde{R_R}/R_R$ is
isomorphic to a submodule of $\operatorname{Ext}^1_R({}_RQ_R,R_R) $. In particular,
$\widetilde{R_R}/R_R$ is torsion-free, because $\operatorname{Ext}^1_R({}_RQ_R,R_R) $ is a $Q$-module, hence torsion-free. Let us
prove that $\widetilde{R_R}/R_R$ is divisible, i.e., that $(\widetilde{R_R}/R_R)r=\widetilde{R_R}/R_R$ for every non-zero $r\in R$. Equivalently, we must prove that $\widetilde{R_R}\subseteq \widetilde{R_R}r+R_R$. Now $R_R$ is
dense in $\widetilde{R_R}$,
so that, for every $\widetilde{r}\in\widetilde{R_R}$ and every
non-zero element $s$ of $R$, we have that $(\widetilde {r} + U(s)) \cap R_R \neq \emptyset. $ In particular,
$(\widetilde{r}+U(r))\cap R_R\ne\emptyset. $
Notice that $U(r)\subseteq \widetilde{R_R}r$, because, for every $x\in U(r)$, we have that $xR\subseteq \widetilde{R_R}r$, hence $x\in \widetilde{R_R}r$. It follows that $(\widetilde{r}+\widetilde{R_R}r)\cap R_R\ne\emptyset. $ Thus there exists $\widetilde{r'}\in \widetilde{R_R}$ and $r''\in R_R$ with $
\widetilde{r}+\widetilde{r'}r=r''$. Therefore $\widetilde{r}=-\widetilde{r'}r+r''\in\widetilde{R_R}r+R_R$. This proves that $\widetilde{R_R}/R_R$ is divisible and torsion-free, hence a module over the division ring $Q$. Thus $\widetilde{R_R}/R_R\cong Q^{(X)}$ for some set $X$. The short exact sequence \begin{equation*}
\xymatrix{
0 \ar[r] & R_R \ar[r] & \widetilde{R_R}\ar[r] & Q^{(X)} \ar[r] & 0.
}\end{equation*} shows that $\widetilde{R_R}$ is strongly flat.\end{proof}
\section{Strongly flat modules}
{\em In all this section, we consider two rings $R$ and $Q$, a bimorphism $\varphi \colon R\to Q$ in the category of rings, that is, $\varphi$ is both a monomorphism and an epimorphism, and we assume that ${}_RQ$ is a flat left $R$-module. For simplicity, we will view $R$ as a subring of $Q$ and $\varphi \colon R\to Q$ as the inclusion.}
Let us recall some properties of such an inclusion $\varphi \colon R\hookrightarrow Q$. It is always possible to suppose $Q \subseteq Q_{\rm max}(R) $, the maximal ring of quotients of $R$ \cite[proof of Theorem XI.4.1]{20}. The
inclusion $\varphi \colon R\to Q$ is an epimorphism in the category of rings if and only if the canonical $R$-$R$-bimodule morphism $Q \otimes _R Q \to Q$ induced by the multiplication $\cdot\colon Q\times Q\to Q$ of the ring $Q$ is an $R$-$R$-bimodule isomorphism \cite[Proposition~XI.1.2]{20}.
The family of all the subrings $Q$ of $Q_{\rm max}(R) $ with $\varphi \colon R\hookrightarrow Q$ a bimorphism and ${}_RQ$ flat is directed under inclusion \cite[Lemma XI.4.2]{20}. Its direct limit is the ``maximal flat epimorphic right ring of quotients''
$Q_{\rm tot}(R)$ of $R$ (see the paragraph after the proof of Corollary~\ref{12}).
By \cite [Theorem 4.8] {rep},
$\operatorname{Ext}^1(_RM,{} _RN) \cong \operatorname{Ext}^1(_QM,{} _QN) $ for any pair $M,N$ of left $Q$-modules, and similarly for right $Q$-modules.
\begin{lemma}\label{Divisiblestronglyflat}
Divisible strongly flat left $R$-modules are
projective $Q$-modules.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
Assume that $_RD$ is a divisible strongly flat module. Since $K \otimes Q = 0$, we have $K \otimes D = 0$. Since $_RD$ is flat, we have
$D \cong Q \otimes D$. For any exact sequence
$0 \to R^{(X)} \to D \oplus T \to Q^{(Y)} \to 0 $, the corresponding exact sequence $0 \to Q^{(X)} \to D \oplus Q\otimes T \to Q^{(Y)} \to 0 $ splits. Therefore
$D$ is a projective $Q$-module.
\end{proof}
Recall that any left perfect ring is directly finite. The following result shows that
when $_R \mathcal{SF}$ is covering, then $Q$ is left perfect. Thus the results is the same as in
the commutative case, but the proof is necessarily different.
\begin{theorem} \label{Qisperfect}
If all left $Q$-modules have a strongly flat cover as left $R$-modules,
then
$Q$ is left perfect.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
Assume that $_QM$ is a left $Q$-module and
$f\colon{}_RS \to{} _RM$ is a strongly flat cover of $_RM$. Then we have
an epimorphism $1\otimes f \colon Q\otimes S \to M$, $1\otimes f\colon
q\otimes s\mapsto qf(s)$.
Since $_RS$ is strongly flat, $_QQ\otimes_R S$ is a direct
summand of a direct sum of copies of $Q$, i.e.,
it is a projective left $Q$-module. Since projective left $Q$-modules
are strongly flat left $R$-modules, the left $R$-module $_RQ\otimes S$ is
strongly flat.
But $f$ is a strongly flat precover of $M$, so that there exists $g \colon Q\otimes
S \to S$ with
$f g = 1\otimes f$.
Note that $_RS$ is flat, and so $S$ can be embedded in $Q\otimes S$, that
is, there is a left $R$-module monomorphism $h\colon _RS\to _RQ\otimes_R
S$, defined by $h\colon s \mapsto 1\otimes s$.
Then $f (gh) = f $, and thus $gh $ is an automorphism of $_RS$ because
$f\colon _RS \to _RM$ is a cover. Thus $(gh)^{-1}gh=1$, so that
$e:=h(gh)^{-1}g$ is an idempotent endomorphism of the left $R$-module
$_RQ\otimes S$. Hence $e$ is an
idempotent endomorphism of the left $Q$-module $_QQ\otimes S$. This shows that
$_QQ\otimes S$ is the direct sum of the image and the kernel of $e$,
which are $Q$-modules. But the image of $e$ is the image of $h$. Hence
the splitting monomorphism $h\colon s \mapsto 1\otimes s$ induces by
corestriction a right $R$-module isomorphism of $_RS$ onto the
$Q$-module $_Qh(S)$. By \cite[Section~2(7)]{submitted},
if a left $R$-module $_RA$ is a left $Q$-module $_QA$, then its
unique left $Q$-module structure is given by the canonical isomorphism
$\operatorname{Hom}(_RQ,_RA) \to{} _RA$. Therefore $S$ has a unique left $Q$-module
structure, which extends its left $R$-module structure, and as such
$_QS$ is a projective $Q$-module. Thus $f\colon{} _QS \to {}_QM$ is a left
$Q$-module morphism.
Note that projective $Q$-modules are strongly flat, and so $f\colon{} _QS \to{}
_QM$ is a projective cover of $_QM$. Therefore
$Q$ is left perfect.
\end{proof}
The following result has a proof similar to that of \cite[Proposition 2.4 ((1) and (2))]{silsal}.
\begin{lemma}\label{B-small}
Let $A$ be a module with a strongly flat cover and let
\begin{equation} 0 \to C \to M \to A \to 0 \label{(1)}\end{equation}
be a special strongly flat precover of $A$. Then the exact sequence~{\rm (\ref{(1)})} is a strongly flat cover
if and only if $C$ is $\mathcal{MC}$-small (i.e., $C + H = M$ and $C\cap H $ Matlis-cotorsion imply
$H = M$).
\end{lemma}
\begin{theorem} \label{twosidedidealIQ}
Let
$I$ be a two-sided ideal of $R$ such that $IQ = Q$.
If all left $R/I$-modules have a strongly flat cover as left
$R$-modules, then
$R/I$ is left perfect.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
It is enough to show that every left $R/I$-module has a projective
$R/I$-cover.
Let $M$ be an $R/I$-module and $f\colon{} _RA \to {}_RM$ be a strongly flat
cover of $_RM$.
Since $IM = 0$, we have that $IA \subseteq \ker (f)$.
Since ${}_RA$ is strongly flat, there exists an exact sequence
$ 0 \to R^{(X)} \to A \oplus T \to Q^{(Y)} \to 0 $, where $X$ and $Y$ are sets.
Since $IQ = Q$, we have $R/I \otimes Q = 0$. Thus we see that $A/IA$ is a projective left $R/I$-module.
So $f$ induces a map $h\colon A/IA \to M$, $h\colon a+ IA \mapsto f(a)$, and $\ker(h) = \ker(f)/IA$.
Now
$_RA$ is strongly flat and $IQ = Q$, and so $A/IA$ is a projective
left $R/I$-module.
We now show that $h$ is a cover for $M$ or, equivalently, that
$\ker(f)/IA$ is small in $A/IA$.
Assume that $T + \ker(f) = A$, where $T$ is an $R$-module of $A$ that
$IA \subseteq T $. Since $IQ = Q$, Hom$(Q, \ker(f)/ \ker(f) \cap T) = 0$. On the other hand,
since $f\colon{} _RA \to {}_RM$ is a strongly flat
cover of $_RM$, the module $\ker(f)$ is Matlis-cotorsion by Wakamatsu Lemma (see \cite [Lemma 5.13] {approx}), and thus
$ \ker(f) \cap T$ is Matlis-cotorsion. Therefore $T = A$ by Lemma \ref{B-small}.
\end{proof}
\begin{lemma} \label{3.3}
Assume that $R$ is a local ring with Jacobson radical $J$. Let
$0 \to C \to S \to M \to 0$ be an $\mathcal{SF}$-cover for $M$. Then
$C \leq JS$.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof} Assume that $C \nleq JS$. Then $JS \neq S$. Since $R/J$ is a division ring, there exists a proper submodule $T/JS$ of $S/JS$ such that
$T/JS + (C + JS)/JS = S/JS$. Consequently $T + C = S$.
Consider the exact sequence
$0 \to T \cap C \to C \to S/ T \to 0$.
Let us show that $\operatorname{Hom}(Q, S/T) = 0$.
Note that $R_R$ is essential in $Q_R$ (because $Q$ is a subring of $Q_{\rm max}(R)$).
Thus if $x \in Q \setminus R$,
then the right ideal of $I = \{\,r \mid xr \in R\,\}$
is proper ideal of $R$, and so $I \leq J$.
By \cite [Part (b) of Theorem 3.9]{Goodearlnonsingular},
$IQ = Q$ and so $JQ = Q$.
If Hom$(Q, S/T) \neq 0$, then there exists a proper submodule
$E$ of $Q$ such that $Q/E$ is isomorphic to a submodule of $S/T$.
Thus $ Q = JQ \leq E$, which is a contradiction. Therefore
Hom$(Q, S/T) = 0$, and so $T\cap C \in Q^\bot$.
Since $C$ is $\mathcal{MC}$-small, we have $T = S$, which is a contradiction.
\end{proof}
It is known that if $R$ is commutative, $Q$ is the field of fractions of $R$ and
$_R \mathcal{SF}$ is covering, then $\pdim(_RQ) \leq 1$. We do not know what occurs in the
non-commutative case. Therefore we now study the projective dimension of~${}_RQ$.
\begin{proposition}\label{3.4'} Suppose ${}_RQ$ is a projective left $R$-module. Then ${}_RQ$ is a finitely generated left $R$-module. \end{proposition}
\begin{proof} Since ${}_RQ$ is projective, it has a dual basis \cite[Exercise 11, pp.~202-203]{andersonfuller}, that is, there are elements $x_\alpha\in Q$ and morphisms $f_\alpha\colon {}_RQ\to {}_RR$ ($\alpha\in A)$, such that, for all $x\in Q$, $f_\alpha(x)\ne0$ for only finitely many $\alpha\in A$ and $x=\sum_{\alpha\in A}f_\alpha(x)x_\alpha$. Applying the functor ${}_QQ\otimes_R-\colon R\mbox{\rm -Mod}\to Q\mbox{\rm -Mod}$, we get left $Q$-module morphisms $1\otimes f_\alpha\colon {}_QQ\otimes_RQ\to {}_QQ\otimes_RR$. Now there are left $Q$-module isomorphisms $Q\to {}_QQ\otimes_RQ$, $q\mapsto 1\otimes q$, and ${}_QQ\otimes_RR\to {}_QQ$, $q\otimes r\mapsto qr$. Composing, we get left $Q$-module endomorphisms ${}_QQ\to {}_QQ$, which are necessarily right multiplications by elements $y_\alpha\in Q$. Now, for all $x\in Q$, $f_\alpha(x)\ne0$ for only finitely many $\alpha\in A$. For $x=1$, we get that there is a finite subset $F$ of $A$ such that $f_\alpha(1)=0$ for every $\alpha\in A\setminus F$. Thus $(1\otimes f_\alpha)(1\otimes 1)=0$ for every $\alpha\in A\setminus F$. It follows that right multiplication by $y_\alpha$ maps $1$ to $0$, that is, $y_\alpha=0$ for every $\alpha\in A\setminus F$. It follows that $1\otimes f_\alpha\colon {}_QQ\otimes_RQ\to {}_QQ\otimes_RR$ is the zero mapping for every $\alpha\in A\setminus F$. Thus $(1\otimes f_\alpha)(q\otimes q')$ is the zero element of ${}_QQ\otimes_RR$ for every $q,q'\in Q$. Hence $1\otimes f_\alpha(q')$ is the zero element of ${}_QQ\otimes_RR$. It remains to show that the mapping $_RR\to {}_QQ\otimes_RR$, $r\to 1\otimes r$, is injective, which is easily seen because $\operatorname{Tor}_1^R(K,R)=0$. This proves that $f_\alpha=0$ for every $\alpha\in A\setminus F$. As a consequence, $_RQ$ is isomorphic to a direct summand of ${}_RR^F$, so that ${}_RQ$ is a finitely generated left $R$-module. \end{proof}
\begin{corollary}\label{12} Let $R$ be a ring, $S$ a multiplicatively closed subset of regular elements of $R$, and suppose that $S$ is a right denominator set, so that the right ring of fractions $Q:=R[S^{-1}]$ exists. If ${}_RQ$ is a projective left $R$-module, then $Q=R$, that is, all the elements of $S$ are invertible in $R$. \end{corollary}
\begin{proof} By Proposition \ref{3.4'}, there are finitely many elements $r_1s_1^{-1},\dots,r_ns_n^{-1}$ that generate $Q$ as a left $R$-module. Reducing to the same denominator \cite[Lemma~4.21]{goodwar}, we find elements $r'_i\in R$ and $s\in S$ such that $s_ir'_i=s$ for every~$i$. Multiplying by $s^{-1}$ on the right and by $s_i^{-1}$ on the left, we get that $r'_is^{-1}=s_i^{-1}$. Thus $Q=\sum_{i=1}^n Rr_1s_1^{-1}\subseteq Rs_1^{-1}$. This proves that $Q=Rs_1^{-1}$. In particular, $s^{-2}\in Rs_1^{-1}$, from which $1\in Rs$. Let $t\in R$ be such that $1=ts$. Then $t=s^{-1}$ in~$Q$. Thus $Q=Rs_1^{-1}=Rt\subseteq R$, hence $Q=R$.\end{proof}
On page 235 of \cite{20}, Stenstr\"om asks for necessary and sufficient conditions
for $Q_{\rm max}(R) $ to be equal to $Q_{\rm tot}(R)$. He shows that if $Q_{\rm max}(R)$ is a
right Kasch ring (i.e., a ring that contains a copy of its simple right modules), then $Q_{\rm max}(R) = Q_{\rm tot}(R)$.
If $R$ is right hereditary right noetherian \cite[Example 3, p.~235]{20} or
commutative noetherian
\cite[Example 4, p.~237]{20} or a right Goldie ring \cite[Theorem XII 2.5] {20}, then
$Q_{\rm max}(R)$ is known to be Kasch.
\begin{example}
{\rm Here is an example of a ring $R$ for which $Q_{\rm tot}(R) = Q_{\rm max}(R)$ is a projective right and left $R$-module, but $R \neq Q_{\rm max}(R)$. Let $R$ be the ring of all lower triangular $2 \times 2 $ matrices over a field $F$.
The ring $R$ is right nonsingular and $E(R_R)=S^{0}R=Q_{\rm max}(R)$ is a projective right and left $R$-module \cite [Exercise 14 on Page 78, and Corollary 2.31] {Goodearlnonsingular} (in Goodearl's notation, $S^{0}A := E(A/ Z(A_A))$, the injective envelope of $A/ Z(A_A)$ for any ring $A$).
More precisely,
$Q_{\rm max} (R) $ is the $2 \times 2 $ matrix ring over the field $F$, which is a semisimple artinian ring, hence a right and left Kasch ring, and
so $Q_{\rm max}(R) = Q_{\rm tot}(R)$ as we have seen above.}
\end{example}
We are now ready to consider the case of $\pdim(_RQ)\le 1$. Recall that a cotorsion pair $(\Cal A,\Cal B)$ is said to be {\em hereditary} if $\operatorname{Ext}_R^i(A,B)=0$ for all $i\ge 1$, $A\in\Cal A$ and $B\in\Cal B$.
Note that if $\Cal F$ is the class of flat modules and $\Cal E \Cal C$ the class
of Enochs cotorstion modules, the the cotorsion pair
$(\Cal F,\Cal E \Cal C)$ is always a hereditary cotorsion pair.
Similarly to \cite[Lemma 7.53] {approx}, we can show that:
\begin{lemma}
The following conditions are equivalent for the pair of rings $R\subseteq Q$:
{\rm (a)} $\pdim(_RQ) \leq 1$.
{\rm (b)} The cotorsion pair $(\mathcal{SF}, \mathcal{MC})$ is hereditary.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
(a)${} \Rightarrow{}$(b). Assume that $\pdim(_RQ) \leq 1$. Then strongly flat modules, which are summands of
extensions of a direct sum of copies of $Q$ by a free module, are of $\pdim$ at most $1$. Thus
the cotorsion pair $(\mathcal{SF}, \mathcal{MC})$ is hereditary.
(b)${} \Rightarrow{}$ (a). By \cite [Theorem 3.5]{AS}, it is enough to show that that $\operatorname{Ext}^1(K, M)$ is $h$-reduced Matlis-cotorsion.
Using the exact sequence $0 \to M \to E(M) \to E(M)/M \to 0$, we have the exact sequence
$0 \to A \to B \to \operatorname{Ext}^1(K, M) \to 0$, where
$A = $ Hom$(K, E(M))/$ Hom $(K, M)$ and $B = $ Hom $(K, E(M)/M)$.
Note that, for every module $N$, Hom$(K, N)$ is Matlis-cotorsion and $h$-reduced by \cite [Theorem 2.8] {submitted}.
So $\operatorname{Ext}^1(K, M)$ is $h$-reduced if and only if $A \in Q^\bot$. Now $A \in Q^\bot$
follows from the fact that $(\mathcal{SF}, \mathcal{MC})$ is hereditary and the exact sequence
$0 \to $ Hom $(K, M) \to $ Hom$(K, E(M)) \to A \to 0$. As the module
$A$ is Matlis-cotorsion, from the exact sequence $0 \to A \to B \to \operatorname{Ext}^1(K, M) \to 0$ and the fact that
$(\mathcal{SF}, \mathcal{MC})$ is hereditary, we get that $\operatorname{Ext}^1(K, M)$ is Matlis-cotorsion.
\end{proof}
As a consequence, $_R\mathcal{SF} ={} _R\mathcal{F}$ implies $\pdim(_RQ) \leq 1$.
\begin{lemma}\label{stronglyflatreduced}
Let $R$ be a right Ore domain and $Q $ the classical right quotient ring of $R$. If $S$ is a strongly flat left $R$-module, then $S/h(S)$ is also strongly flat.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
Assume that $R$ is not a division ring. There exists an exact
sequence $0 \to R^{(X)} \to S \oplus C \to Q^{(Y)} \to 0$.
We claim that Hom$(Q, R) = 0$. Otherwise, i.e., if $_RQ$ can be embeded in $_RR$, there exists a monomorphism $\varepsilon\colon _RQ\to _RR$. Then
$\varepsilon$ can be viewed as a monomorphism $_RQ\to{} _RQ$. This monomorphism $\varepsilon$ is right multiplication by an element $q$ of $Q$. Now $\varepsilon$ a monomorphism implies $q\ne 0$, and $R$ right Ore domain implies $Q$ division ring.
Hence $q$ is invertible in
$Q$, so that $R=Q$, which is a contradiction. This proves our claim. Now
we have the embedding Hom$(Q, S \oplus C) \to $ Hom $(Q, Q^{(Y)})$.
So we have an exact sequence $0 \to R^{(X)} \to (S\oplus C)/h(S\oplus C) \to Q^{(Y)}/ h(S\oplus C)\to 0$.
Since $h(S\oplus C)$ is a torsion-free divisible module, it is a $Q$-module. But $Q$ is division ring, so
$h(S\oplus C)$ is a direct summand of $Q^{(Y)}$. It follows that $S /h(S)$ is strongly flat.
\end{proof}
A {\em left coherent} ring is a ring over which every finitely generated left ideal is finitely presented or, equivalently,
intersection of two finitely generated left ideals is finitely generated.
\begin{theorem}\label{ideal}
Assume that $R$ is a left coherent Ore domain with classical right quotient $Q$. A left ideal ${}_RI$ of $R$ is a strongly flat left module if and only if $_RI$ is finitely generated projective.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
Assume $_RI$ a non-zero strongly flat.
We have the exact sequence of $R$-$R$-bimodules $0 \to R \to Q \to Q/R = K \to 0$.
Since $_RI$ is flat, we get the exact sequence of left $R$-modules
$0 \to R \otimes I \to Q \otimes I \to K \otimes I \to 0$.
Therefore $ K \otimes I \cong (Q \otimes I) / (R \otimes I)$.
We want to show $R/I$ embeds in $K \otimes I$ as $R$-modules.
Consider the sequence of left $R$-modules
$0 \to{}_RI\to{}_RQ\to{}_RQ/I\to 0$ and apply to it the functor $Q\otimes_R-$. Since $Q_R$ is flat, we get to
an exact sequence $0 \to Q\otimes_R I \to Q\otimes_R Q \to Q\otimes_R Q/I \to 0$.
Under the natural isomorphism $f\colon Q \otimes _R Q \to Q$, the image of $Q \otimes I $ is $QI = Q$, because $I$ is non-zero,
and the image of
$R\otimes I$ is $I$, and so $ K \otimes I \cong (Q \otimes I)/( R\otimes I) \cong Q/I$ as a left $R$-module. Now $R/I \leq Q/I$ implies that $R/I$ embeds in $K \otimes I$ as $R$-module.
There exists an exact
sequence $0 \to R^{(X)} \to I \oplus T \to Q^{(Y)} \to 0$.
Since $K \otimes _R Q = 0$,
we conclude that $K \otimes I$, and so $R/I$, embed in $K^{(X)}$ as left $R$-modules.
Consequently, there exists an element $x \in{} _R K^{(X)}$
whose annihilator is equal to $I$.
But the annihilator of an element of $ K^{(X)}$
is equal to the intersection of finitely many annihilators of
elements of $K$.
If $ab^{-1} + R \in {}_RK$, then ann$(ab^{-1} + R) = R \cap Rba^{-1}$.
Note that $ R \cap Rba^{-1} \cong Ra \cap Rb$, which is a finitely generated left ideal of $R$ because $R$ is left coherent. Thus $I$ is a finitely generated left ideal of $R$ and, since it is flat, $I$ is projective \cite [Theorem 4.30] {lam2}.
\end{proof}
\begin{lemma}\label{Sflat}
Let $R$ be a right Ore ring with classical right quotient ring $Q$. Then the strongly flat cover of any $h$-reduced flat left $R$-module is $h$-reduced.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
Assume that $ M $ is a flat $h$-reduced module and $0 \to C \to S \to M \to 0$ is a strongly flat cover of
$M$. Since $M$ is $h$-reduced, we can assume that $D:= h(C) = h(S)$.
So we have an exact sequence $ 0 \to C/D \to S/D \to M \to 0$. By Lemma \ref{stronglyflatreduced}, $S/D$ is strongly flat.
We can easily see that this sequence is a strongly flat precover for $M$.
Note that $C$ is torsion-free, and so $D$ is a left $Q$-module. Thus $\operatorname{Ext}_R^1(Q, D) = 0$. Since
$C$ is $\mathcal{MC}$-small in $S$, we see that $C/D$ is
$\mathcal{MC}$-small. It follows that
$0 \to C/D \to S/D \to M \to 0$ is a strongly flat cover of $M$ by Lemma~\ref {B-small}(2), and so $S \cong S/D$. Therefore $D = 0$.
\end{proof}
\begin{proposition} \label{final}
Assume that $R$ is an Ore local domain with classical quotient ring $Q$.
Suppose that $K \otimes _R S$ is
direct sum of copies of $K$ for every strongly flat module $_RS$.
If $_R \mathcal{SF}$ is a covering class, then $_R \mathcal{SF} ={} _R \mathcal{F}$.
\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
Firstly, notice that left $Q$-modules are
injective as $R$-modules because $R$ is both a right and a left Ore domain. So, if $M$ is flat, then
$h(M)$ is
a direct summand of $M$, and therefore $M \cong h(M) \oplus M/h(M)$.
Clearly, $Q$-modules are strongly flat, and thus it is enough to show that any flat $h$-reduced module is strongly flat.
Let $M$ be an $h$-reduced flat left module and $0 \to C \to S \to M \to 0$ be a strongly flat cover of
$M$. By Lemma \ref{Sflat}, $S$ is also $h$-reduced, and thus $C$ is an $h$-reduced flat left $R$-module.
Assume that $C \neq 0$, and let $0 \to C' \to S' \to C \to 0 $ be a strongly flat cover of $C$.
Then $S'$ is Matlis-cotorsion $h$-reduced strongly flat.
Note that by the left version of \cite [Theorem 4.6] {submitted},
we have an exact sequence
$0 \to S' \to \operatorname{Hom}(K, K \otimes S') \to \operatorname{Ext}^1 (Q, S') \to 0$.
Thus $S' \cong \operatorname{Hom}(K, K \otimes S')$.
Since $S'$ is strongly flat, it is a direct summand of a direct sum of copies of $K$,
and thus
$K \otimes S'$ is isomorphic to a direct summand of a direct sum of copies of $K$, $K \otimes S' \cong K^{(Z)}$ say.
Thus $ S' \cong \operatorname{Hom}(K, K \otimes S') \cong \operatorname{Hom}(K, K^{(Z)}) \cong \operatorname{Hom} (K, K \otimes R^{(Z)})$.
By \cite [Theorem 4.6] {submitted}, we have an exact sequence
$0 \to R^{(Z)} \to \operatorname{Hom}(K, K \otimes R^{(Z)}) \to \operatorname{Ext}^1 (Q, R^{(Z)}) \to 0$.
Since $\operatorname{Ext}^1 (Q, R^{(Z)})$ is a left $Q$-module,
$R/J \otimes \operatorname{Ext}^1 (Q, R^{(Z)}) = 0$, where $J$ denotes the Jacobson radical of $R$.
Consequently, $JS' \neq S'$.
On the other hand,
by Lemma~\ref{3.3} and considering the pure exact sequence
$0 \to C \to S \to M \to 0$, we see that $JC = C$. By
Lemma \ref{3.3} and considering the exact sequence
$0 \to C' \to S' \to C \to 0 $ again, we see that $J S' = S'$, which is a contradiction. This proves that $C = 0$, so that
$M$ is strongly flat.
\end{proof}
For any left module $_RM$, let $\Add(_RM)$ denote the class of all left $R$-modules isomorphic to direct summands of direct sums of copies of $_RM$.
We will say that $\Add(_RM)$ is {\em trivial} if every direct summand of a direct sum of copies of $_RM$ is a direct sum of copies of $_RM$.
\begin{lemma}\label{Pavel}
Let $R$ be a nearly simple chain domain and let $_RK$ be the uniserial left $R$-module $Q/R$. Suppose $\Add(_RK)$ not trivial. Then
there exists a submodule $V$ of $_RK$ that is not quasismall. Moreover, all the elements of $\Add(_RK)$ are isomorphic to $R$-modules of the form $_RK^{(X)} \oplus _RV^{(Y)}$.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
See \cite[Theorem 1.1(ii)] {Pavel}.
\end{proof}
In the next proposition, we describe uniserial strongly flat modules over Ore domains.
\begin{proposition}
If $R$ is
an Ore domain with classical quotient ring $Q$, then every non-zero uniserial strongly flat left module over $R$ is isomorphic to $_RQ$ or~$_RR$.
\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
Let $_RU$ be a non-zero uniserial strongly flat left module over an Ore domain $R$.
Since $_RU$ is flat, considering the exact sequence $0 \to R \to Q$, we have an embedding $U\to Q\otimes_RU$.
Hence the annihilator of every non-zero element of $ _RU$ is zero, and so cyclic submodules of $U$ are isomorphic to $_RR$. In particular, the ring $R$ is a left chain ring.
Moreover, $U$ is the union of cyclic submodules isomorphic to
$ _RR$, that is, a direct (linearly ordered) system of copies of $_RR$, where the connecting homomorphisms are right
multiplications by non-zero elements of $R$. Applying the functor $ _RQ\otimes_R-$, since tensor product commutes with direct limits, we get that $_RQ\otimes_RU$ is a direct limit of a direct system copies of $_RQ$, in which the
connecting isomorphisms are right multiplications by non-zero elements of $ R$, that is, the connecting isomorphisms are all left $R$-module automorphisms of $_RQ$. That is, $_RQ\otimes_RU \cong _RQ$.
Hence $_RU$ embeds into $_RQ\otimes_RU\cong{}_RQ.$ If this embedding is onto, then $_RU\cong {}_RQ$. If the embedding is not onto, then $_RU$ is isomorphic to a proper submodule of $_RQ$, hence to a left ideal of $R$.
By Theorem~\ref{ideal}, $_RU$ is cyclic, and so isomorphic to $_RR$.
\end{proof}
\begin{lemma}\label{JV}
Let $R$ be a nearly simple chain domain with Jacobson radical $J$. If $\Add(K)$ is not trivial,
$V$ is as in Lemma {\rm \ref{Pavel}} and $M := \operatorname{Hom} (K, V^{(X)}),$ where $X$ is a non-empty set,
then $JM \neq M$.
That is, $M$ has maximal submodule.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof} The module $M=\operatorname{Hom}(_RK,{}_RV)$
is a left $R$-module because $_RK_R$ is a bimodule.
Notice that $_RM$ always has a direct summand isomorphic to
$\operatorname{Hom}(K, V)$, so that we can suppose that $X$ has exactly one element.
By \cite [(ii) of Theorem 1.1] {Pavel}, $K$
has an endomorphism whose image is contained in $V$, say $\varphi\colon {}_RK\to{}_RV $, that is injective but
not surjective. Let us show that $\varphi$ is in $M$ but not in $JM$.
For every $j \in J$ and $\psi\in\operatorname{Hom}(_RK,{}_RV)$, the left $R$-module morphism $j\psi$
is not injective. In fact,
$ j\psi$ is right multiplication by $j$ viewed as a morphism $ _RK\to{} _RK $
composed with $\psi\colon{}_RK\to{}_RV. $
Thus the first morphism annihilates the element $j^{-1}+R,$
so that the kernel of $ j\psi$ is non-zero. (This proves that $ j\psi$ is not injective for $j\ne 0.$
But also when $j=0$, $j\psi$ is not injective.)
Now every element of $JM $ a finite sum of elements of the form $j\psi,$
i.e., of non-injective homomorphisms, hence is not injective because $_RK$ is
uniserial, hence uniform.
Therefore $\varphi\colon {}_RK\to{}_RV$ is not an element of $JM$.
\end{proof}
Recall that a two sided ideal $I$ of $R$ is {\em completely prime} if $xy \in I$ implies that $x \in I $ or $y \in I$ for every $x, y \in R$.
\begin{theorem}
If $R$ is a right chain domain with classical right quotient ring $Q$ such that
$_R \mathcal{SF}$ is a covering class, then
$R$ is invariant and
$_R \mathcal{SF} = {}_R \mathcal{F}$.
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
If $I$ is a non-zero completely prime two-sided ideal of $R$,
$R/I$ is a left perfect domain by Theorem~\ref{twosidedidealIQ}, and so it is is a division ring. Since $J(R)/I$ is an ideal of $R/I$, we conclude that
the only proper non-zero completely prime ideal of $R$ is $J(R)$.
A chain domain $R$ is said to be of rank one if $J(R)$ is its only non-zero completely prime ideal.
By \cite{chainringandprimeideal}, such a ring
is either invariant, i.e., $aR = Ra$
for all $a \in R$, or it
is nearly simple, in which case $ 0$ and $J(R)$ are the only two-sided ideals, or
$ R$
is exceptional
and there exists a non-zero prime ideal
$P$
properly contained in $J(R)$. In this last case, $\bigcap_n {P^n} = 0$ and
there are no further ideals between $P$ and $J(R)$.
In the second and the third case, $J(R)$ is not neither right nor left finitely generated and $J^2 = J$.
Now we break the proof in three steps.
\medskip
{\em Step 1: The ring $R$ cannot be exceptional. }
The Jacobson radical of $R/P$ is $J/P$, which cannot be nilpotent because $J^2 = J$.
Thus $R/P$ cannot have a
$T$-nilpotent Jacobson radical (see for example the proof of \cite [Lemma~3.33]{quasifereb}), and so $R/P$ is neither a right nor a left perfect ring, and so the class of strongly flat left modules is not covering by Theorem~\ref{twosidedidealIQ}.
\medskip
{\em Step 2: The ring $R$ cannot be nearly simple chain domain. }
Suppose $R$ a nearly simple chain domain.
For every strongly flat module $_RS$, $K \otimes S$ is direct summand of a direct sum of copies of $K$, so that $K \otimes S$ belongs to $\Add(K)$.
We have two cases:
$\Add(K)$ is trivial or not. If $\Add(K)$ is trivial, then $_R \mathcal{SF}$ covering implies $_R \mathcal{SF} = {}_R \mathcal{F}$ by Proposition \ref{final}. But every cyclic (=\,finitely generated) ideal of $R$ is flat (= projective), so $_RJ$ must be flat, hence strongly flat (see for example \cite [Theorem 39.12(2)] {wis}). Thus
$J$ must be finitely generated by Theorem~\ref{ideal}, which is a contradiction.
Now assume that $\Add(K)$ is not trivial.
By Lemma \ref{Pavel},
there exists a uniserial module $V$ which is not quasismall and every element in $\Add(K)$ is in form of $K^{(Y)} \oplus V^{(X)}$ for suitable sets $X$ and $Y$.
Let $0 \to C \to S \to J \to 0$ be a strongly flat cover of
$J$. By Lemma \ref{Sflat}, $S$ is also $h$-reduced, and so $C$ is an $h$-reduced flat left module.
Assume $C \neq 0$, and let $0 \to C' \to S' \to C \to 0 $ be a strongly flat cover of $C$.
Then $S'$ is Matlis-cotorsion $h$-reduced strongly flat.
By the left version of \cite [Theorem~4.6] {submitted},
we have an exact sequence
$0 \to S' \to \operatorname{Hom}(K, K \otimes S') \to \operatorname{Ext}^1 (Q, S') \to 0$.
So $S' \cong \operatorname{Hom}(K, K \otimes S')$.
Since $S'$ is strongly flat, $K \otimes S'$ is a
direct summand of a direct sum of copies of $K$.
Therefore there exist sets $X$ and $Y$ such that
$K \otimes S' \cong K^{(Y)} \oplus V^{(X)}$.
So $ S' \cong \operatorname{Hom}(K, K \otimes S') \cong \operatorname{Hom}(K, K^{(Y)}) \oplus \operatorname{Hom}(K, V^{(X)})$.
As we saw in the proof of Theorem \ref{final}, if $Y$ is non-empty, we can consider
the exact sequence $ 0 \to R^{Y} \to \operatorname{Hom}(K, K \otimes R^{(Y)}) \to \operatorname{Ext}^1_R ( Q, R^{(Y)}) \to 0 $,
and conclude that
$J \operatorname{Hom}(K, K^{(Y)}) \neq \operatorname{Hom}(K, K^{(Y)})$. Similarly,
by Lemma \ref {JV}, if $X$ is non-empty, $J \operatorname{Hom}(K, V^{(X)}) \neq \operatorname{Hom}(K, V^{(X)})$.
Consequently, $JS' \neq S'$.
By Lemma \ref{3.3}, considering the pure exact sequence
$0 \to C \to S \to J \to 0$, we see that $JC = C$. By Lemma \ref{3.3} again, from the exact sequence
$0 \to C' \to S' \to C \to 0 $, we get that $J S' = S'$, which is a contradiction. This proves that $C = 0$, so that
$J$ is strongly flat, which contradicts Theorem~\ref{ideal}.
\medskip
{\em Step 3: The ring $R$ is invariant and $_R \mathcal{SF} = {}_R \mathcal{F}$.}
By Steps 1 and 2, the ring $R$ must be invariant. Therefore the endomorphism ring of every uniserial module is local
(the proof is similar to the commutative case, because, like in the proof of \cite [Corollary 3] {Facsal},
every uniserial module is unshrinkable, and so the endomorphism ring of every uniserial module is local like in the proof of
\cite [Example 2.3(e)] {Facchinitransaction}). Thus
$\operatorname{End} (K _R)$ is local and every direct summand of copies of $K$ is isomorphic to a direct sum of copies of $K$ because $K_R$ is uniserial by \cite [Proposition 2.2] {DungAlberto}. Thus $_R \mathcal{SF} ={} _R \mathcal{F}$ by Proposition~\ref{final}. \end{proof}
We conclude with an example concerning right noetherian right chain domains. In a right noetherian right chain domain $R$, all right ideals are principal and two-sided \cite[Lemma~3.2]{bessen}. In particular, $J(R)=pR$ for some $p\in R$. The right noetherian right chain domain $R$ is said to be {\em of type $\omega$} \cite[p.~26 and Lemma 3.4]{bessen} if its chain of right ideals (=\,two-sided ideals) is the chain $$R=p^0R\supset J(R)=pR\supset p^2R\supset\dots\supset 0=\bigcap_{n\ge0}p^nR.$$ Thus for every non-zero right ideal $I$ of $R$, we have that $\operatorname{End} (R_R/I)\cong R/I$ is a right artinian ring, hence a perfect ring. In the next example, we show that this is also true for every non-zero principal left ideal $I$ of a right noetherian right chain domain $R$ of type $\omega$ which is not left Ore. Notice that in our example of right noetherian right chain domain of type $\omega$ which is not left Ore, the ring is not left chain (otherwise it would be left Ore) and is not left noetherian \cite[Proposition 3.7]{bessen}. The main example of such a ring can be constructed with the skew poynomial ring with coefficients in a field $F$, where $F$ has an endomorphism that is not an automorphism of $F$.
\begin{example}\label{5.18}
{\rm Let $R$ be a right noetherian right chain domain of type $\omega$ which is not left Ore.
For every non-zero principal left ideal $I$ of $R$, the endomorphism ring $\operatorname{End} (_RR/I)$ is a perfect ring. }
\end{example}
\begin{proof}
For every non-zero element $x\in R$, we have that $xR=p^nR$ for some $n\ge 0$.
Therefore $x=p^nu$ for some invertible element $u\in R$. Right multiplication by $u$
induces an isomorphism $R/Rp^n\to R/Rx$. Hence it suffices to show that
$\operatorname{End}(R/Rp^n)$ is right and left perfect for $n\ge 1$.
Notice that $ Rp^n\subseteq p^nR$. Set
$S:=\operatorname{End}(R/Rp^n)\cong E/Rp^n$, where $E: = \{\, r \in R \mid p^n r \in R p^n \,\}$ denotes the idealizer of $Rp^n$ in $R$, and set $K : = \{\, r \in R \mid p^n r \in J p^n \,\}$. By \cite [Theorem 2.1]{Aminis}, $S$ has at most two maximal ideals, the ideals $K/Rp^n$ and $(J \cap E)/ Rp^n $.
Let us show that $ K \subseteq J$.
Assume the contrary, so that $K$ contains a unit $u$ of $R$. Therefore
$p^n u = r p^n$ for some $r\in J$.
Then $ r = p^j v $ for some unit $v$ of $R$ and some $j \geq 1$.
Thus $p^n = p^j v p^n u^{-1}$.
If $j \geq n$, then $ 1 = p^{j -n } v p^n u^{-1}$, which implies $J(R)=R$, a contradiction.
If $j < n$, then $p^{n -j} = v p^n u^{-1}$. Thus $p^{n -j}$ belongs to the two-sided ideal $pR$ of $R$, which is a contradiction because $n-j<n$.
Therefore $ K \subseteq J$, so
$S$ is local with maximal ideal $(J \cap E)/ Rp^n $.
We claim that if $p^n y \in E$, then $p^ny \in Rp^n$.
To prove the claim, assume that $p^n y \in E$. Then there exists $s\in R$ such that $p^n p^n y = sp^n$. Similarly, there exists $i \geq 0$ and a unit $u$ in $R$ such that
$s = p^i u$. If $i \geq n$, then we are done, the claim is proved. Otherwise, if $i < n$, by supposing that $y = p^j v$ for some unit $v$, we get that
$ u^{-1} p^l v = p^n$, so $l > n$, which is a contradiction by \cite [Lemma 2.3] {Aminis}.
Therefore $(J\cap E)^n\subseteq J^n\cap E=p^nR\cap E\subseteq Rp^n$, to that the Jacobson radical $J(S)=(J\Cal E)/Rp^n$ of the local ring $S$ is nilpotent. It follows that $S=\operatorname{End}(R/Rp^n)$ is a right and left perfect ring.
\end{proof}
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaArXiv"
} | 1,084 |
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The museum is open to the public during the day and the curators conduct regular tours. Cadets may access items from the museum's collection for research purposes, along with the museum's extensive library of history files, ship's logs, and related historical information. Cadets interested in a detailed study of Starfleet's history can apply for an internship at the museum.
The Academy's Botellin Center for the Arts hosts performances by Starfleet Academy cadets and guest artists, including plays, dramatic readings, and music concerts. Performances are open to the public, with preference given to Starfleet cadets and active personnel who wish to attend. The Arts Center also works in cooperation with the Federation Council on the Arts to sponsor displays and performances of fine arts from other member worlds. The Academy encourages students to take part in the campus artistic community to broaden their experiences and learn about other cultures through the arts.
Starfleet Academy is home to a modern athletic stadium, used for a variety of activities and events. The Academy sponsors athletic events with other institutions on Earth and throughout the Federation, including a parrises squares tournament, gymnastics, a martial arts tournament, the Academy marathon and decathlon, soccer and vrex ball games, and other events as requested by the cadets and faculty. Participation in athletic events in open to all interested cadets. Cadets interested in organizing an athletic event should speak with the Academy's Athletic Director.
Cadets can also use earned credits for a variety of holosuite athletic activities, both solo and team-oriented. The Academy's database contains programs for more than six hundred different athletic simulations, including sports, swimming, outdoor hiking and climbing, riding, and skydiving.
Maintenance staff extensively landscape the Academy grounds in an effort to preserve much of the area's natural beauty. Paths are lined with trees and grass, and flowerbeds showcase a broad variety of plant species from Earth and elsewhere.
In addition to the grounds, the Academy maintains a botanical garden featuring numerous plant species. Some grow outside, arranged in paths to provide shade and comfortable places to enjoy the natural beauty. Other plant species flourish indoors under controlled conditions, particularly those species not acclimated to the San Francisco Bay area or Earth. The biology school uses the greenhouses to study different elements of plant biology, including species not native to Earth.
Starfleet Academy attends to the individual needs of cadets, providing housing facilities in which they're expected to live during their education. Campus housing emphasizes a multicultural living environment to introduce cadets to living and working with individuals from many different species and cultures.
First- and second-year cadets share quarters to learn to coexist with others under conditions not unlike those aboard a starship or starbase. Third- and fourth-year cadets may apply for individual quarters, available based on class ranking and need. Cadets with questions or concerns about campus housing should contact the Office of Student Affairs.
Dormitory facilities consist of central living, dining, and recreational areas for cadets, along with modular private quarters, all based around a community model. Dormitories provide modern amenities, including sonic showers, computer access to multimedia entertainment, communications, and replicator facilities for meals and the production of common items like clothing.
The Academy expects all cadets to exercise appropriate behavior and follow the honor code in and out of their dormitories. Inappropriate behavior in the dormitories, or anywhere on campus, may result in demerits or other punitive action.
Special Academy programs, including intensive language and science majors, reserve certain dormitories and dorm areas. All cadets living in these dormitories follow the same major and course path, allowing them to assist each other and enhance their educational experience. The dormitory facilities set aside for the members of Red Squad follow this principle.
Starfleet Academy relies on the nearby Starfleet Medical School to provide medical services, including infirmary space for cadets requiring physical care, routine physical check-ups, and examinations for cadets. Although accidental injuries are rare, the expert staff of the infirmary can ensure they receive immediate treatment with the most advanced medical technology available to the Federation. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 2,818 |
Q: Asp.net Mvc Model class as inherited Entity class I have extended a entity framework class (SQL server table) and added some extra properties to the child class but when I want to insert into the table which I already extended I get this exception:
Mapping and metadata information could not be found for EntityType 'Student.Models.Add.SubjectToStageModel'.
My controller:
[HttpPost]
public ActionResult SubjectToStage(SubjectToStageModel model)
{
try
{
if (ModelState.IsValid)
{
using (StudentEntities studentEntities = new StudentEntities())
{
int intCount =
studentEntities.SubjectToStageTbls.Count(
x => x.StageId == model.StageId && x.SubjectId == model.SubjectId);
if (intCount == 0)
{
studentEntities.SubjectToStageTbls.Add(model);
studentEntities.SaveChanges();
}
}
}
}
catch (Exception exception)
{
Debug.WriteLine(exception.ToString());
TempData["error"] = "An error occured";
}
return RedirectToAction("SubjectToStage");
}
My base class:
public partial class SubjectToStageTbl
{
public SubjectToStageTbl()
{
this.StudentMarkTbls = new HashSet<StudentMarkTbl>();
}
public int SubjectToStageId { get; set; }
public int SubjectId { get; set; }
public int StageId { get; set; }
public int Point { get; set; }
public virtual StageTbl StageTbl { get; set; }
public virtual ICollection<StudentMarkTbl> StudentMarkTbls { get; set; }
public virtual SubjectTbl SubjectTbl { get; set; }
}
My subclass:
public class SubjectToStageModel : SubjectToStageTbl
{
public IEnumerable<SelectListItem> StageListItem
{
get
{
List<SelectListItem> listsSelectListItems = new List<SelectListItem>();
try
{
using (StudentEntities studentEntities = new StudentEntities())
{
IQueryable<StageTbl> queryableStage = studentEntities.StageTbls;
foreach (var stage in queryableStage)
{
SelectListItem selectListItem = new SelectListItem();
selectListItem.Value = stage.StageId.ToString();
selectListItem.Text = stage.StageName;
listsSelectListItems.Add(selectListItem);
}
}
}
catch (Exception exception)
{
Debug.WriteLine(exception.ToString());
}
return listsSelectListItems;
}
}
public IEnumerable<SelectListItem> SubjectListItem
{
get
{
List<SelectListItem> listsSelectListItems = new List<SelectListItem>();
try
{
using (StudentEntities studentEntities = new StudentEntities())
{
IQueryable<SubjectTbl> queryableSubject = studentEntities.SubjectTbls;
foreach (var stage in queryableSubject)
{
SelectListItem selectListItem = new SelectListItem();
selectListItem.Value = stage.SubjectId.ToString();
selectListItem.Text = stage.SubjectName;
listsSelectListItems.Add(selectListItem);
}
}
}
catch (Exception exception)
{
Debug.WriteLine(exception.ToString());
}
return listsSelectListItems;
}
}
}
A: You didn't explicitly map the SubjectToStageModel class. If you want Entity Framework to work with derived classes you should add them to the model as well. But I don't think you intended to do that in the first place.
In fact, SubjectToStageModel is a view model. It may look convenient to derive a view model from an entity class, but I think generally it's not a good idea. View models should be tailored to the view (or use case) they're used in. A couple of reasons:
*
*It's very likely that the entity class contains more properties than you need in the view. In later maintenance it's always a pain to keep checking what you do and don't need.
*While view evolves, it may require a differently structured model than the entity.
*The view may require different validations.
*The view may be allowed to return a state that absolutely shouldn't be stored (you may require some post processing of entered data), so it's good to ensure it can't possibly be stored.
*It creates a dependency between the data layer model and the view.
Maybe these consideration don't apply in your case. Still I'd prefer to have an independent view model. However, if you're lazy (we developers prefer the word pragmatic), you may succeed by doing:
studentEntities.SubjectToStageTbls.Add((SubjectToStageTbl)model);
(I never tried though).
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
} | 3,299 |
Home Report: Steve Nash Was Promised Pau Gasol Will Not Be Traded
Report: Steve Nash Was Promised Pau Gasol Will Not Be Traded
Kobe Bryant, Lionel Messi Star in Turkish Airlines Commercial
The Los Angeles Lakers had one of the best off-seasons in league history this summer with the additions of Steve Nash and Dwight Howard. Nash was the first one to join the Lakers, and Howard eventually teamed up with the two-time NBA MVP.
Nash and Howard joined an already talented Lakers team which included Kobe Bryant and Pau Gasol, forming one of the best starting fives in the league.
Gasol is one of the most skilled big men in the NBA, and even though he is struggling now, there is a good chance he gets his act back together. Gasol has the ability to stretch the floor with his mid-range shooting, and he can also do a great job of finding teammates for open looks. A Nash/Gasol tandem is something not many teams can compete against, and according to Ric Bucher, Nash was told that Gasol will not be traded when he signed with the team.
When Steve Nash signed with the Los Angeles Lakers, a source says he was promised that Pau Gasol would not be traded.
The Mike D'Antoni system is made to be run by an elite point guard, and Steve Nash is the perfect fit for this offense. Everyone involved with the Lakers is hoping that Gasol can improve once Nash returns to the lineup. This team is not playing to the level that it should be playing at, but there is a chance that Nash can help with the process.
Nash and Gasol are two playmaking athletes, and a lot of great can come if they are both on the same page. However, if Gasol continues to struggle even with Nash in the lineup, there's the possibility that he will end up getting dealt.
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With over half the 2021-2022 season, the Los Angeles Lakers have clearly underwhelmed… | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} | 9,910 |
Q: Intel Quad NIC 82571EB gets no link in installed Ubuntu Server, but works in Live Desktop I have an Intel Quad-port Gigabit Ethernet controller in an HP ML310e Gen 8 v2 server (which also has an onboard dual-port Broadcom BCM5720).
When I boot from an Ubuntu Desktop live USB (16.04), all six ports work exactly as expected: when a cable is connected they immediately get a link, the LED on the port lights immediately and the corresponding one on my switch lights.
I installed Ubuntu Server (16.04), and none of the Intel ports get a link at all. The LEDs never light and ethtool reports "Link detected: no" for each port. Using proved-good cables. The Broadcom ports work fine. I am able to make the LEDs for each port on the Intel card blink with ethtool -p.
I found a report of an ostensibly similar problem here: https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=159454 However that was resolved by:
echo on > /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000\:09\:00.0/power/control
(for each of the correct PCI ids) - and in my case that key is already set to 'on'.
As the card works perfectly when I boot into a Live USB desktop, I believe that card and cabling is fine, but I'm unable to get it to work from an installed Ubuntu Server. This is the third from-scratch install I've tried now. In previous attempts I also tried downloading and building e1000e drivers from Intel's site, but that made no difference at all.
Would really appreciate any advice the community can give - thanks.
lshw reports:
driver=e1000e
driverversion=3.2.6-k
firmware=5.12-2
Full relevant output from lscpi, lshw and uname:
~$ lspci -nnk | grep -i eth
03:00.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: Broadcom Corporation NetXtreme BCM5720 Gigabit Ethernet PCIe [14e4:165f]
Subsystem: Hewlett-Packard Company NetXtreme BCM5720 Gigabit Ethernet PCIe [103c:2133]
03:00.1 Ethernet controller [0200]: Broadcom Corporation NetXtreme BCM5720 Gigabit Ethernet PCIe [14e4:165f]
Subsystem: Hewlett-Packard Company NetXtreme BCM5720 Gigabit Ethernet PCIe [103c:2133]
09:00.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: Intel Corporation 82571EB Gigabit Ethernet Controller (Copper) [8086:10bc] (rev 06)
09:00.1 Ethernet controller [0200]: Intel Corporation 82571EB Gigabit Ethernet Controller (Copper) [8086:10bc] (rev 06)
0a:00.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: Intel Corporation 82571EB Gigabit Ethernet Controller (Copper) [8086:10bc] (rev 06)
0a:00.1 Ethernet controller [0200]: Intel Corporation 82571EB Gigabit Ethernet Controller (Copper) [8086:10bc] (rev 06)
~$ lshw -C net
*-network:0 DISABLED
description: Ethernet interface
product: 82571EB Gigabit Ethernet Controller (Copper)
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 0
bus info: pci@0000:09:00.0
logical name: enp9s0f0
version: 06
serial: 00:24:81<redacted because paranoia>
capacity: 1Gbit/s
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt-fd autonegotiation
configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=e1000e driverversion=3.2.6-k firmware=5.12-2 latency=0 link=no multicast=yes port=twisted pair
resources: irq:30 memory:fbce0000-fbcfffff memory:fbc00000-fbc7ffff ioport:4000(size=32)
*-network:1 DISABLED
description: Ethernet interface
product: 82571EB Gigabit Ethernet Controller (Copper)
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 0.1
bus info: pci@0000:09:00.1
logical name: enp9s0f1
version: 06
serial: 00:24:81:<redacted>
capacity: 1Gbit/s
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt-fd autonegotiation
configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=e1000e driverversion=3.2.6-k firmware=5.12-2 latency=0 link=no multicast=yes port=twisted pair
resources: irq:32 memory:fbbe0000-fbbfffff memory:fbb00000-fbb7ffff ioport:4020(size=32)
*-network:0 DISABLED
description: Ethernet interface
product: 82571EB Gigabit Ethernet Controller (Copper)
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 0
bus info: pci@0000:0a:00.0
logical name: enp10s0f0
version: 06
serial: 00:24:81:<redacted>
capacity: 1Gbit/s
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt-fd autonegotiation
configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=e1000e driverversion=3.2.6-k firmware=5.12-2 latency=0 link=no multicast=yes port=twisted pair
resources: irq:33 memory:fbee0000-fbefffff memory:fbe00000-fbe7ffff ioport:5000(size=32)
*-network:1 DISABLED
description: Ethernet interface
product: 82571EB Gigabit Ethernet Controller (Copper)
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 0.1
bus info: pci@0000:0a:00.1
logical name: enp10s0f1
version: 06
serial: 00:24:81:<redacted>
capacity: 1Gbit/s
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt-fd autonegotiation
configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=e1000e driverversion=3.2.6-k firmware=5.12-2 latency=0 link=no multicast=yes port=twisted pair
resources: irq:34 memory:fbde0000-fbdfffff memory:fbd00000-fbd7ffff ioport:5020(size=32)
*-network:0
description: Ethernet interface
product: NetXtreme BCM5720 Gigabit Ethernet PCIe
vendor: Broadcom Corporation
physical id: 0
bus info: pci@0000:03:00.0
logical name: eno1
version: 00
serial: 10:60:4b:ee:39:30
size: 1Gbit/s
capacity: 1Gbit/s
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm vpd msi msix pciexpress bus_master cap_list rom ethernet physical tp 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt 1000bt-fd autonegotiation
configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=tg3 driverversion=3.137 duplex=full firmware=5720-v1.30 NCSI v1.1.15.0 ip=10.0.1.141 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes port=twisted pair speed=1Gbit/s
resources: irq:17 memory:fabf0000-fabfffff memory:fabe0000-fabeffff memory:fabd0000-fabdffff memory:f8000000-f801ffff
*-network:1 DISABLED
description: Ethernet interface
product: NetXtreme BCM5720 Gigabit Ethernet PCIe
vendor: Broadcom Corporation
physical id: 0.1
bus info: pci@0000:03:00.1
logical name: eno2
version: 00
serial: 10:60:4b:ee:39:31
capacity: 1Gbit/s
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: pm vpd msi msix pciexpress bus_master cap_list rom ethernet physical tp 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt 1000bt-fd autonegotiation
configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=tg3 driverversion=3.137 firmware=5720-v1.30 NCSI v1.1.15.0 latency=0 link=no multicast=yes port=twisted pair
resources: irq:18 memory:fabc0000-fabcffff memory:fabb0000-fabbffff memory:faba0000-fabaffff memory:f8020000-f803ffff
$ uname -a
Linux victorious 4.4.0-31-generic #50-Ubuntu SMP Wed Jul 13 00:07:12 UTC 2016 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
Further outputs as requested:
$ dmesg | grep 09:00
[ 0.132795] pci 0000:09:00.0: [8086:10bc] type 00 class 0x020000
[ 0.132824] pci 0000:09:00.0: reg 0x10: [mem 0xfbce0000-0xfbcfffff]
[ 0.132834] pci 0000:09:00.0: reg 0x14: [mem 0xfbc00000-0xfbc7ffff]
[ 0.132843] pci 0000:09:00.0: reg 0x18: [io 0x4000-0x401f]
[ 0.132915] pci 0000:09:00.0: PME# supported from D0 D3hot D3cold
[ 0.132964] pci 0000:09:00.1: [8086:10bc] type 00 class 0x020000
[ 0.132993] pci 0000:09:00.1: reg 0x10: [mem 0xfbbe0000-0xfbbfffff]
[ 0.133002] pci 0000:09:00.1: reg 0x14: [mem 0xfbb00000-0xfbb7ffff]
[ 0.133012] pci 0000:09:00.1: reg 0x18: [io 0x4020-0x403f]
[ 0.133083] pci 0000:09:00.1: PME# supported from D0 D3hot D3cold
[ 5.898627] e1000e 0000:09:00.0: Interrupt Throttling Rate (ints/sec) set to dynamic conservative mode
[ 6.070261] e1000e 0000:09:00.0 eth0: (PCI Express:2.5GT/s:Width x4) 00:24:81:<redacted because paranoia>
[ 6.070262] e1000e 0000:09:00.0 eth0: Intel(R) PRO/1000 Network Connection
[ 6.070341] e1000e 0000:09:00.0 eth0: MAC: 0, PHY: 4, PBA No: D98771-007
[ 6.070434] e1000e 0000:09:00.1: Interrupt Throttling Rate (ints/sec) set to dynamic conservative mode
[ 6.242251] e1000e 0000:09:00.1 eth1: (PCI Express:2.5GT/s:Width x4) 00:24:81:<redacted>
[ 6.242252] e1000e 0000:09:00.1 eth1: Intel(R) PRO/1000 Network Connection
[ 6.242331] e1000e 0000:09:00.1 eth1: MAC: 0, PHY: 4, PBA No: D98771-007
[ 7.625342] e1000e 0000:09:00.0 enp9s0f0: renamed from eth0
[ 11.802316] e1000e 0000:09:00.1 enp9s0f1: renamed from eth1
$ cat /etc/network/interfaces
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).
source /etc/network/interfaces.d/*
# The loopback network interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
# The primary network interface
auto eno1
iface eno1 inet static
address <redacted IP in 10. range>
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway <redacted>
$ ls -l /etc/network/interfaces.d
total 0
A: The interfaces showing as DISABLED are exactly the interfaces that are not declared in /etc/network/interfaces. Please amend the file to:
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# and how to activate them. For more information, see interfaces(5).
source /etc/network/interfaces.d/*
# The loopback network interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
# The primary network interface
auto eno1
iface eno1 inet static
address <redacted IP in 10. range>
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway <redacted>
dns-nameservers 10.whatever.the.gateway 8.8.8.8
#auto enp9s0f0
iface enp9s0f0 inet dhcp
#auto enp9s0f1
iface enp9s0f1 inet dhcp
#auto enp10s0f0
iface enp10s0f0 inet dhcp
#auto enp10s0f1
iface enp10s0f1 inet dhcp
Incidentally, if the declared interface, eno1 is expected to reach the internet, DNS nameservers are required. I have taken the liberty to suggest it in my proposed edit above.
Reboot and check:
sudo lshw -C network
Are the Intel ports no longer disabled? If so, you can transfer the cable to one of them, rearrange /etc/network/interfaces and proceed.
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
} | 5,484 |
Technical description: Brass; angled layout; tuning-slide with wide bow; 3 valves for right hand, 4th for left hand; ligature fitting at joint. Valve type: 4 Berlin-type valves (ports of each in a plane, with straight through path when not operated; less then 90° windway deflection when valves operated).
Measurements:Length along bell section 682; length along valve section 524; bell 167. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 9,568 |
Technical Car Experts Answers everything you need: Where is Knock Sensor located on 1999 Ford F150 4.2L?
Where is Knock Sensor located on 1999 Ford F150 4.2L?
On Ford F150 engines the "Knock Sensor" is located on the right front of the motor.
Below is the Knock sensor Location diagram on Ford F150 4.2l engine. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 1,360 |
"I was introduced to Harbottle & Lewis via a number of very strong personal recommendations and they exceeded my expectations in every way. Their service was exemplary from their knowledge of the employment market to the care and attention I received from their people throughout. I cannot recommend them more highly and will most certainly be using them as my primary law firm in the future."
Creative Director of UK TV Broadcaster
Home Employment Senior executive
If you are director or a senior executive we can advise you on all aspects of your employment relationship from negotiating terms to providing pragmatic legal advice when the employment relationship encounters problems.
Our focus is your objectives and priorities and our advice will be tailored to meet your desired outcomes. We understand that offering cost effective and commercial solutions is especially important when acting for individuals.
The breakdown of an employment relationship and problems at work can be very stressful, especially for directors and senior executives who invest significant time and emotion into working life. Difficulties may arise as a result of a restructure, a change in duties and responsibilities, discrimination, bullying and harassment, disciplinaries or grievances. We can help you find amicable resolutions to workplace problems, taking into account your reputation and financial considerations including advising on 'without prejudice' or 'protected conversation' negotiations and settlement negotiations. If it is not possible to resolve matters, our employment lawyers have an excellent reputation in acting for executives in Employment Tribunal and High Court litigation.
We work with senior executives operating in a number of industry sectors, including media & entertainment, technology, fashion, retail, publishing, advertising, telecoms, investment banking, legal and accountancy.
We can provide advice on:
Negotiating your employment contract or service agreement
Employment bonus, incentive schemes, remuneration packages and tax implications
Without prejudice and/or protected conversation negotiations
Disciplinaries
Workplace disputes and grievances
Regulatory issues and directors' duties
Non-executive director appointments
Post-termination restrictions and team moves
Reputation management.
Media professional
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E: howard.hymanson@harbottle.com
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E: marian.derham@harbottle.com
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E: yvonne.gallagher@harbottle.com
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E: poppy.lucas@harbottle.com
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E: sarah.verrecchia@harbottle.com
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I have been impressed with every contact I have made within the firm. The lawyers are all very good, easily understood and demonstrate strong knowledge. This should be highlighted as a key strength of the firm...consistency in performance is a target every business strives to achieve!
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"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} | 1,509 |
Charming two bedroom, one full bath and one half bath home, completely renovated in 2011. Located on a prime Bella Vista/Queen Village block in the Meredith school district. Enter the home to a tile foyer, then step into the living room with ceramic tile flooring, a large window providing lots of light, a ceiling fan and a coat closet. Continue into the eat-in kitchen, which boasts maple cabinetry, granite countertops, a tile backsplash, recessed lights, stainless steel appliances, a ceiling fan and a granite-capped pass-thru to the living room. A powder room and the door out to the decked-in yard with alley to the street are also accessed from the kitchen. Classic space-saving Trinity steps, which make the home feel bigger than homes with similar square footage, lead up to the second floor. Step into an open den with a window and recessed lighting, then continue into the second floor bedroom with a ceiling fan, neutral carpet and paint and crisp white trim. The full bath with tile tub and modern vanity completes the second floor. On the third floor is a bedroom with a ceiling fan, two windows and a closet. The basement houses the mechanicals and laundry and provides storage space. This fantastic location is close to Weccacoe and Cianfrani, mere blocks to your choice of restaurants, cafes, pubs, and shops, close to Septa routes and highways, and a quick commute to Center City or University City. | {
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"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 3,146 |
Kalamazoo area physicians are invited to refer patients to an observational study being conducted through the Center for Clinical Research at the Western Michigan University Homer Stryker, M.D. School of Medicine.
Research clinical investigators are seeking 500 participants over the next three years, between the ages of 35 and 55 who will receive tests including Coronary Computed Tomography (CCTA), a Coronary Artery Calcium Score and a blood draw. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 1,509 |
If you had told me a few years ago that I would turn into an animal loving, tree-hugging vegan, I would have told you that you were crazy.
One side of my family is Italian and Irish, while the other side is Jewish. Our typical family dinner consisted of things like meatballs, corned beef and challah bread, all of which are laden with ingredients from animals.
Despite my heritage, here I sit as an ethical vegan who has a job dedicated to animal activism. Here is how that happened.
I don't have a big dramatic story about going vegan; I pretty much just decided to do it overnight. I had been a vegetarian for about six months before deciding to become vegan, so it wasn't a complete shock to me.
After watching documentaries like "Cowspiracy" and "If Slaughterhouses Had Glass Walls," I was hooked.
I had been living in blissful ignorance about where my food came from, but the images and statistics shown to me through the many documentaries I watched were a shock to my system.
I knew I could never go back.
Many people who go to college and begin to think for themselves without their parents' guidance become vegetarians once they are aware of the cruelty that is standard practice on factory farms in our country. Some decide to take it a step further and become vegans.
There are a lot of different labels for diets floating around, so it is probably best to start off explaining the important differences between vegetarians and vegans.
Vegetarians do not eat any meat from animals, including beef, chicken, pork and fish. Vegans, on the other hand, abstain from all animal products.
Whether it is vegetarian or vegan, there are demonstrable benefits that come with both.
Vegetarians are 12 percent less likely to die from diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and heart disease and they tend to live up to eight years longer than omnivorous eaters, according to a 2013 Loma Linda University study.
The advantages extend beyond health to the environment.
On average, meat production contributes to 50 percent of greenhouse gas emissions, according to the Worldwatch Institute. Going vegetarian or vegan lessens that problem.
These benefits of the vegetarian diet are only increased by going vegan.
Studies done by animal rights groups like PETA, Mercy For Animals and The Humane League have shown that a vegan diet gives people more energy and can increase antioxidant levels in the body, which help fight off diseases like cancer.
I could give you all of the gory details to argue for an ethical take on veganism, but I would be here all day.
I will only say that a vegan diet is crucial if you are looking at animal rights from an ethical perspective. The dairy and egg industries cover up their own atrocities that they make animals go through, it is not only the meat industry.
I know veganism can sometimes have negative connotations behind it because of the stereotypes that society puts on it.
However, if you do your research and do it for the right reasons, then I guarantee you will be making the best decision of your life. If you're considering making a change in your diet, then veganism is the right way to go.
Going forward, this column will focus on issues animal welfare, the environment and nutrition, as well as how all these topics are interconnected.
It will not be a weekly column of simply talking about veganism, although that will certainly be a recurring theme.
I look forward to exploring this topic more thoroughly.
I hope that all of you will enjoy taking part in that exploration as well.
Lippy, a sophomore nutrition and foods major from Huntersville, is a columnist. | {
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Interview of Andreas Kraushaar, Head of the Prepress Technology Department at Fogra
By altavia In Blog, News, Our partners December 18 2019 no comments
I'm Andreas Kraushaar, born and living in Germany. Besides my work at Fogra, in my spare time I'm a passionate football referee – the perfect combination, as it's all about neutrality and rules, both on the pitch and at Fogra.
Your background
I studied media technology at the Technical University of Ilmenau. During my studies I specialised in colour image processing and did my doctorate in colour science at Aachen University.
Your role at FOGRA
I have been departmental head for prepress technology at Fogra since 2001. My work focuses on ICC colour management, colour image processing and image quality evaluation, especially in digital printing, and 3D printing.
What is the TC130 committee and what is your role?
ISO TC 130 (Technical Committee – Graphic Technology) represents the international standardisation body for the printing industry and consists of a group of international experts working in the fields of terminology, prepress, printing, post-press, climate neutrality, materials and certification who meet about twice a year. This year, for example, we had conferences in Hong Kong in the spring and in Levi, USA, in the autumn. I'm the convenor for Working Group 3 (Process control and related metrology).
The ISO News section on the Fogra website offers all those who are interested an up-to-date overview of all the relevant developments regarding the printing industry.
What do you think of standardisation and why is it so important?
Working on ISO standards is a long-term investment on the part of Fogra, but for any individual ISO project/standard there is some sort of member interest supporting this. Contrary to many other organisations that focus on proprietary or national standards we prefer to do things the hard way, with lengthy discussions and reaching consensuses with international experts but then having this internationally agreed upon reference to base our FograCert services on.
Can you tell us a little about PSO?
This is the piano I've learnt to play since I started at Fogra. My former boss and lifelong mentor was Dr Fred Dolezalek – the father of PSO, I would say…
PSO (Process Standard Offset) is a system for creating optimal, stable and reliable print products in accordance with the international ISO 12647 series of standards. It was developed and standardised internationally by Fogra in cooperation with the German Print and Media Associations (bvdm).
It outlines an industrially oriented and standardised approach for manufacturing print products, from data collection to the final print product.
In order to cope with the strong international demand for PSO (ISO 12647) certification, Fogra runs a programme in non-German-speaking countries through which qualified partners help print shops to obtain the valuable certification. Our PSO certification partner carries out the on-site certification procedure, whilst Fogra and the bvdm evaluate the work and issue the certificate.
What is your vision of the future for print industries?
It's not going to be a walk in the park, I guess. There are great opportunities and niches but it will be a lifelong challenge to keep up the pace – stick with Fogra to keep up with the frontrunners.
About Fogra
The objective of Fogra Forschungsinstitut für Medientechnologien e.V. (Re- search Institute for Media Technologies) is to promote print engineering and its future-oriented technologies in the fields of research and development, and to enable the printing industry to utilize the results of this activity.
Ribble Cycles launches Live In-Store
The South London outlet that's bringing back haggling
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#NRF2020 shows a new consensus: physical retail space is still a big player https://t.co/2T17esZGgR 1 week ago
10, rue Blanqui Saint-Ouen, 93400 France | {
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Allow me to introduce myself. My name is Wolfie.
I am half Bichon and half Shih-Tzu, also known as a Teddy Bear Dog or a Zuchon. I am sixteen and a half pounds and I barely stand a foot off the floor, but do not let my size fool you. I may be small, but I am mighty.
I've been with my family for five months now. Everyone keeps saying the Easter Bunny brought me as a surprise.
But I remember the two biggest people in the family—the mom and the dad people—came to pick me up in a conference center off the highway in a small town called Portsmouth. We drove around for hours and then snuck home because they said the kids were finally asleep. I never did see a bunny.
Pee on couch. Look adorable.
Poop on rug. Appear irresistible.
Pee on floor. Tilt head to one side with cutest expression possible.
This is me after I peed on the ottoman.
This went on for a while until the dad guy said I was on something called thin ice and I'd better get house trained soon. He had just stepped in one of my puddles wearing only his socks.
He pretends he doesn't like me, this dad. But I'm not fooled by him. When it's late at night and all the small people have gone to bed and the mom is upstairs reading, he sits on the big red couch and he calls to me in a quiet voice.
I sit next to him and we watch shows that the mom doesn't like; baseball and politics and something weird called The First 48. But I can tell by the absentminded way he rubs my foot that he's only half-listening to the television. Instead he's thinking about his patients and his children and tax returns and healthcare and insurance.
There are a lot of people in this house. Seven. Two big people and five kids. One time a man came and delivered some food in a brown paper bag that smelled delicious. When he stepped into the kitchen and saw all the kids at the counter, he asked if we were having a birthday party.
This Henry boy is the smallest, but he isn't too small. Life is very, very exciting for him, and he is very loud about it all. He fills up every room with his chatter and his laughter and his drawings, and he is squishy and delicious and curious and smart. He is so alive, you can almost see his heart beating through his favorite Batman shirt.
There are all these boys and only one little girl. When you look at her you just think about the color pink. She is sweetness and light and airy and calm, like the most delicate wafer cookie you hold on your tongue until it melts.
But she works very hard. She is the first one awake to take me out in the morning, even before I ask, and all day long she is trying to do things for other people; pack their snacks or sweep the floor or straighten the playroom.
Her mother worries and the Dad guy hopes if he tells her how beautiful and smart and sweet she is, she will believe it forever and never listen if someone accuses her of being fat or ugly or stupid or worthless.
I'm not worried, because this pink girl is so very strong.
There is a very big boy, a boy who stands taller than the mom's shoulder. He wears glasses. They call him a tween sometimes, and I don't know what that means but it seems to annoy him.
He and the mom can really get each other going laughing. They both like the same jokes. But there is a strain that I don't think was there before. It feels new.
It feels like the beginning of something and the end of something all at the same time. He is starting to cleave from them, to long for video games and something called an IPhone and movies that are PG-13. The mom, she knows this, and her heart is aching to make the most of the time she has left, before this tween will pack up his glasses and his gym shorts and his Nook and drive down the driveway to a faraway place called college.
I may be very close to the floor, but I see it all.
There's another big boy, just about as tall as the first boy. He also wears glasses. From behind they look like the same boy and sometimes people mix them up, but I never do.
From what I understand, I was supposed to help this boy. He has something called autism and he was very, very afraid of dogs, even little ones like me.
When the mom first brought me in from the garage where I was hiding and trying to stay very, very quiet, all of the kids squealed and laughed and clapped their hands. But he didn't. His face was all twisted up and his voice was very loud and angry-sounding.
I don't know anything about autism or how to help people who have it. So I just did the only thing I knew how: I waited. I waited and waited and one afternoon when no one was watching he crept over to where I was lying on the couch. With one finger he stroked my paw.
This boy gets very, very mad. One day over the summer his temper rose until it felt like the sun was shining inside the house, the rays too hot to touch. He was screaming and hitting his head over and over again.
I did not know what a para is, but the mom seemed to because she kept talking softly, telling him to take a deep breath and calm down, they would talk about it.
Then he came for her. With his fists curled into the tightest balls he charged her wordlessly. She grabbed his wrists and held them with her long fingers and said, "Enough Jack," so sharply her voice was like a knife cutting through the hot, still room.
He dropped his arms to his sides and the only sound was his whimpering, no para no para no para. I barked once, twice, my voice not as sharp as hers, more like an ice cube clattering into a smooth glass.
He fell to his knees next to me and buried his fingers into the fur around my neck, where it's longest and deepest. Through his fingertips, I understood. I knew. Somehow, because of this strange thing called a para, the boy felt different. He felt worried and alone and disappointed.
There is another boy. He looks just like the dad, with dark hair and deep brown eyes that make you think of chocolate. He is all fun, this one.
But every once in a while a shadow crosses his face and his eyes get cloudy, like the rain is coming. That's when I know he needs a little extra cuddle and I just turn on my back so he can rub my soft, white belly. He rubs it until the sun shines again.
Slowly the three of us walked back up the driveway. They looked down and started talking to me in a funny voice with funny words. "You a wittle doggy, wight?Just a wittle pup-pup." I felt confused.
Then I understood. Their babies were gone. Now I was the baby.
Last weekend we all went to a big field to play with a black and white ball. The mom and dad kicked it around with the kids, but the second boy said he only wanted to hold my leash and run with me.
So we did. We ran and ran through the fields together. And with each big step he took I could tell, for the moment, he was free. Free of the shame and rage and confusion and panic that follow him around all day like uninvited guests.
Running by my side through the rich green grass, he wasn't a child with autism or a fifth grader with a para or a brother who is not like the rest.
He was, quite simply, just a boy and his dog.
I have read a lot of your postings but wow – this one really got to me – ASD – dreaded words that way too many parents hear. What a special dog you have to be able to write such a touching story!!
Hello! If you like, you could e-mail me at carrie@carriecariello.com so I could respond more thoroughly to your beautiful comment.
Oh Carrie this is one of my favorite stories. I teared up. Thanks for the stories.
As a para and a dog lover, I thoroughly enjoyed reading your story, and immediately ordered "What Color is Monday?" I have worked as a para for 15 years, and love watching children grow, and seeing the world through the eyes of a child with autism. Jack is so fortunate to have such a loving family, but you are more fortunate to have Jack in your life! Thank you for sharing your family and educating the world!
Your words are beautiful and brilliant and heart wrenching. The way sweet little "Wolfie" described the kids sent me to tears. It made me ache for a mother who would feel and think and write such precious things about me. They must be the luckiest of small people in the world.
I read your posts and I just don't know what to write. Your posts are just awesome and are the deepest voice in my head. I have 2 autistic children, none of em as «open» as Jack so, lots of misunderstanding, lots of crisis and lots of tears from mom. Thanks for your «voice». | {
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} | 7,807 |
The Internet Bible Catalog » List of English Translations » New King James Version (NKJV)
For sample verses from The New King James Versions and the Revised Authorised Version, click here
New Testament - 1979
New Testament and Psalms - 1980
Complete Bible - 1982
All four text editions of the NKJV Bible.
Revised Authorised Version
New King James Version [silent Revision 1984f]
Gideons International editions
New Testament, Psalms and Proverbs - 1985
Here's Hope New Testament - 1994
Comfort print editions
Complete Bible
Background and History of the New King James Version
Gallery of Other Editions
Title: The New King James Bible New Testament
Publisher: Thomas Nelson Publishers: Nashville
References: Chamberlin p. 51-2, Taliaferro-EELBV 8215.100.
Images: Jacket, Cover, Title page
Comments: Hardback octavo, VIII & 408 pp. Scripture text in double column, paragraph headings; references to the OT and few word explanations in footnotes. Words of Christ in red.
Title: The New King James Bible ☣ New Testament
Date: © 1979
Publisher: Nashville, TN (U.S.A.): Thomas Nelson Publishers
Contents: New Testament. 3 pp. Introduction to the translation and it's history.
Images: Cover, Title page, Publication Info, Sample page
Comments: Paperback octavo, VIII & 408 pp. Scripture text in double column, paragraph headings; references to the OT and few word explanations in footnotes. Words of Christ in red.
Apparently the first edition of the New King James Version New Testament was published in both hardback and paperback editions.
Title: The New King James Bible ☣ New Testament with Psalms
Date: © 1979, 1980
Contents: New Testament & Psalms. 3 pp. Introduction to the translation and it's history; the Psalms translation has newly been introduced.
References: Taliaferro-EELBV 8215.
Location: Collection Bibelarchiv– Birnbaum. Karlsruhe/ Baden, Germany.
Images: Cover, Title page, Psalm sample page, Box
Comments: Leatherbinding, 32mo, X & 660 pp. Scripture text in double column, paragraph headings; references to the OT in footnotes and few word explanations in footnotes (some more than in the 1979 ed). Words of Christ in red.
Title: Holy Bible The New King James Version containing the Old and New Testaments
Contents: Bible
From left: ❶ R.A.V. Complete British ed. 1982; ❷ NKJB revised 1984 ed. ❸ NKJB New Testament 1st ed. 1979 ❹ NKJB NT & Psalms 1st ed. 1980.
Re-Naturalization failed — The R.A.V. Short Story
The seventh revision of the 'Authorized Version', born in the U.S. and named 'New King James Version' (NKJV), started its career as a complete Bible in 1982. As the A.V. originated in England, it was only natural to bring the 'NKJV' back to its cradle.
Not being content with its American designation, the publishers tried to make it 'British' and arrived at the term "Revised Authorised Version" (R.A.V.): The famous Glasgow printer R. L. Allen claimed for himself to have been responsible for this christening. But obviously the Bible readers on the British Isles disliked this "new" Revised A.V. greatly, consequently this version found no acceptance. The name R.A.V. was discontinued after seven or eight years in the late 1980s, but even after its American designation »NKJV« had been retained by the British Bible Society, who owned the U.K. copyright after Marshall Pickering (Samuel Bagster imprint) had given it up, the resurrected 'NKJV' never really took hold in the U.K. Under its former British designation R.A.V. it now could turn out to become a collector's item.
Though there's no difference translation-wise, there's definitely one as regards the spelling: the capitalization of the personal pronouns and the titles of dignity referring to God in the OT (with exceptions) and Christ in the NT that the NKJV exerts throughout and which even the AV / KJV didn't afford (!) - let alone the Greek koine - are taken back in the R.A.V., for example in Hebrews ch. 5 »High Priest« vs. »high priest« etc, (the capitalization of »Son« in Hebr. 5:5 etc. being an exception).
Not quite solved is the question whether or not the 1984 small revision (e. g. in Zechariah 13:6 »What are these wounds in your hands?« (1982) against »What are these wounds between your arms« (1984f) was also incorporated in the anglicized RAV- edition.
More clarifying information on this topic, e.g. on the date when the name 'RAV' was discontinued, are highly appreciated!
Title: The Holy Bible ☣ Revised Authorised Version
Date: 1982. British usage edition first published 1982. New Testament and Psalms ⓒ Thomas Nelson 1979, 1980; Old and New Testament complete ⓒ Thomas Nelson 1982
Publisher: London, England (U.K.): Samuel Bagster & Sons
Contents: Protestant Bible with Preface (5 pp).
References: Taliaferro-EELBV 8215.120.
Language: English with anglicized spelling
Images: Spine, Title page, box label, Sample pages
Comments: Hardcover boxed, octavo, VIII, (4) & 1220 pp. - Scripture text in double column printed verse-wise, alternate readings, brief explanations and references to the Old Testament in the footnotes; within the New Testament alternate readings of the Majority- Text and the Nestle/ UBS- variant (NU) presented throughout. The preface is not identical to the American original (of the NKJV), but has been adapted to its presentation in Britain; The original American name "NKJV" is not mentioned. Unfortunately the »Foreword« (not Preface!) to the early editions (pre-1984) of the NKJV has not been included.
The Holy Bible containing the Old and New Testament ☣ The New King James Version
Date: ⓒ 1988 Thomas Nelson
Publisher: Pasadena CA (U.S.A.): Thru The Bible Radio
Contents: Protestant Bible. "Slimline reference Edition", center-column references, translation notes, significant textual variants, concordance, and maps. Word of Christ in Red.
Images: Cover, Title page, Sample pages
Location: Collection Bibelarchiv Birnbaum. Karlsruhe/ Baden, Germany
Comments: Octavo leatherbound; XII, & (22) pp Guidelines by J. Vernon McGee ; OT up to p. 845 , & (6) pp. Intro to NT; NT up to p. 1102 & (9) pp. How to Study the Scriptures & 66 pp Concordance. This version has the revised 1984 text (see R.A.V. entry above). The four paged Preface deals, as in all NKJV Bibles, extensively with the legacy and translation methods of this Holy Scriptures. Bible Text in double column with cross references in center. Additional Introductions to all 66 Books.
Title: The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments The Gideons International
Date: © 1985, 1983 by Thomas Nelson, Inc.
Publisher: National Publishing Company
Location: Personal library, Havelock, North Carolina, USA (formerly)
Comments: According to The Deseret News, the Gideons started using the New King James Version in 1986.
Title: The New Testament of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ with Psalms and Proverbs The Gideons International
Contents: New Testament, Psalms and Proverbs
Images: Cover, Title page, Psalms title page, Proverbs title page
Title: The New Testament NKJV™ New King James Version® Build Your Life on It.™
Date: July 1994 (publication date from the publisher's website)
Publisher: Holman Bible Publishers: Nashville
References: Taliaferro-EELBV see 8215.130.
Images: Cover, Title page, back cover
Location: Personal library, Havelock, North Carolina, USA
Comments: This edition contains annotations and page numbers in Romans that explain the Romans road to salvation. These helps cover Romans 1:16, 2:4, 3:23, 5:8, 6:23, 10:9-10 and 10:13. This edition is also available in New International Version and Christian Standard Bible editions. Some editions have a different cover and title page; they are show below.
From left to right: ❶ front cover; ❷ title; ➌ back cover
Title: The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments Thomas Nelson NKJV
Publisher: Thomas Nelson: Nashville
Images: Front box cover, Front cover, Title page, Back cover, Back box cover
Comments: According to the publisher, comfort print is designed to offer a "clear reading experience that allows your eyes to flow smoothly along each line of text so you can take in more of God's Word". It is also available in the New International, New Revised Standard and King James versions. More details can be found on Thomas Nelson's website.
Title: The Holy Bible Containing the New Testament Thomas Nelson NKJV
Comments: This edition includes an essay entitled The Scarlet Thread of Redemption in addition to various helps.
The New King James Bible is not a new translation, but a revised and improved edition of an old one: the Authorized Version or, King James Version of 1611. The advent of the NKJV didn't mark the first revision of this AV/KJV, but the seventh.
☞ The 1614 ed. contained more than 300 differences.
☞ In 1629 Cambridge University Press published a further revision.
☞ In 1738 an attempt was made to produce an "authentique corrected Bible".
☞ In 1675 John Fell corrected the spelling.
☞ In 1762 Thomas Paris of Trinity College, Cambridge, launched an extensive revision.
☞ In 1769, after nearly four years of extensive research, Dr. Benjamin Blayney, Oxford, had it's new version published. This 1769 ed. contains the text being used in the vast majority of todays KJVs/ AVs; the one exception being the "Cambridge Paragraph Bible".
☞ In 1979, after four years of work, the NKJV New Testament was released from Thomas Nelson (founded Edinburgh, Scotland in 1798). The Psalms followed a year later, 1980, printed together with the NT.
☞ In 1982 the rest of the OT was completed and the full Bible released; both the texts of the 1979 NT and the 1980 Psalms had again been updated.
This task of updating the English involved various kinds of changes to the KJV/AV: word order, grammar, vocabulary, spelling etc. Another departure from the KJV is in the capitalization of pronouns referring to Deity including it's titles of Dignity and Honorary titles of Christ. Noteworthy is that the short lived anglicized "Revised Authorized Version" (1982f) "decapitated" those words again: The R.A.V. retained the original AV- spelling.
The underlying basic texts which the KJV/AV translators used were the masoretic text for the OT, and for the NT the 4th revision of Robert Estiennes (Stephanus) NT Graece of 1551 and Theodore Beza's NT Graece of 1598, both of which were revisions of an existing text which Erasmus of Rotterdam had published in Basle in 1516, called "Textus receptus" (Received text). Endless disputing and fierce word battles have been fought over the selection of this Greek variant (e.g. KJV Only- movement). The NKJV revisers with their professed aim "to preserve and improve the purity of the AV/KJV" did not depart from the policy of using this TR, although experts deem it corrupt and inferior to the critical texts having been published since for more than 150 years. So the NKJV stands - especially in view of the NT - in opposition to it's contemporaries NRSV, NASB, and, to an extend, the NIV.
As the Apocrypha, initially translated and incorporated in the AV, were removed soon after the first editions, (included in a few version only or, printed separately,) the NKJV team has not attempted to revise and include them again.
As said above, today's NKJV Bibles have a slightly revised text compared to the one first publication in 1982. This modification was undertaken only two years later in 1984 and can't be discovered from the impressum. One text from the Old Testament for example causing some headaches to traditionalists, is Zechariah 13:6 (1982 "wounds in your hands" vs. 1984 "wounds between your arms"), where some see an alleged prophetic hint to the wounds of the suffering servant (Jesus). Some Study Bibles published after 1984 however retain the unrevised form, e. g. The Ryrie Study Bible (1985) and The New Open Bible (1990) and The New Open Study Bible (⁴1992).
The NKJV ranks among the foremost Bibles where it gained a huge popularity within protestant and evangelical denominations in the U.S.. Roman Catholics reject it as doesn't contain the deuterocanonical books (Apocrypha).
For a brief history and peculiarities of the anglicized »Revised Authorised Version« see insert above.
➊ The Experiencing God Study Bible (Henry T. Blackaby & Claude V. King) Broadman & Holman 1994 ➋ The Wesley Bible (Albert F. Harper) Th. Nelson 1990 ➌ Classic Personal Study Bible. Th. Nelson 1990 / 1995 ➍ Andrews Study Bible (Seventh-day Adventist). Andrews University Press 2010
➎ The Word in LIFE Study Bible. Th. Nelson 1996 ➏ Believer's Study Bible (W. A. Criswell). Th. Nelson 1991 ➐ The Orthodox Study Bible NT & Psalms (Peter E. Gillquist & Alan Wallerstedt). St Athanasius Orthodox Academy 1993 ➑ The MacArthur Study Bible (John MacArthur) Word Publ. & Th. Nelson 1997
➒ Spirit Filled Life Bible (Jack W. Hayford). Th. Nelson 1991 ➓ The Majority Text Greek New Testament & NKJB Interlineary (Arthur L. Farstad & Zane C. Hodges) Th. Nelson 1994 / 2007 ⓫ Nelson Study Bible (Earl D. Radmacher) Th. Nelson 1997 ⓬ The Inspirational Study Bible (Max Lucado) Word Bibles 1995
⓭ The Life & Times Historical Reference Bible (Timothy B. Cargal & others) Th. Nelson 1997 ⓮ Prophecy Study Bible (John C. Hagee). Th. Nelson 1997 ⓯ New Geneva Study Bible (Luder Whitlock, Jr. & R. C. Sproul). Th. Nelson, 1995 ⓰ Life Application Bible. Tyndale 1993
⓱ The Passages of Life Bible (Dale H. Bourke & L. Barker). Th. Nelson 1995 ⓲ The New Open Bible, Study Edition Th. Nelson 1990. & The Ryrie Study Bible (Charles C. Ryrie). Moody Press 1985 ⓳ The Open Bible, Expanded Ed. Th. Nelson 1983 & 1985 ⓴ Greek / English Interlinear New Testament: NKJV and the Majority Text. Th. Nelson 1994.
㉑ The Christian Character Builder Bible - NKJV (Paul A. Kienel) Th. Nelson 1992. 22. The Evidence Bible (Ray Comfort). Bridge Logos Publ. 2011
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Dear Members of the Trinity College Community,
We are nearing the midpoint of the spring semester, with Commencement for members of the Class of 2016 in our sights. It has been wonderful to host more than 100 seniors at my house for conversations before they graduate. As you can imagine, they are sentimental about the fast-approaching end of their time as students here 'neath the elms. Even as we prepare to say goodbye to our graduating class, it remains an exciting time at Trinity, with many goals accomplished so far, but also many tasks and challenges ahead.
The Board of Trustees met on campus last week for the third of four meetings this academic year, and I'd like to update you on the highlights of that meeting. The meeting was quite productive and addressed the key issues at the forefront of our minds, including admissions, finances, campus infrastructure, and strategic planning. The following is a brief recount of the trustee meeting, more or less in the chronological order in which the issues were discussed.
Strategic Planning and the Trinity Bicentennial Planning Commission
As we plan for Trinity's bicentennial in 2023, there are important questions we need to address as a community. The time is right for the creation of a strategic plan to define the College's top priorities and to identify the specific steps we will take to achieve them. We used the trustee meeting as a focus group for a Bicentennial Planning Commission.
Trustees were joined by faculty members, students, and staff to discuss whether we were asking the right questions for the College's future. Although my intention was to focus on establishing the right questions for upcoming strategic planning discussions, more than 50 people engaged in actually answering questions about Trinity's mission, leadership, partnerships in Hartford, global perspectives, curriculum and co-curriculum, financial sustainability, and facilities and environmental sustainability. Conversations were lively and forward thinking.
Based on feedback that I have received from multiple constituencies on campus, we will begin our strategic planning process with a focus on the College's mission. Look for opportunities in April to participate in these discussions. Beginning our strategic planning with a focus on Trinity's mission and vision will dovetail nicely with the self-study work we are doing related to reaccreditation by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC), a process that happens every 10 years.
Academic Excellence and Renewal
Since its founding, Trinity has been regarded as a selective liberal arts college. Members of our faculty have always been at the core of our success as an institution. To remain strong academically, we must ensure that our faculty members are supported and recognized for their many contributions to the College.
The trustees reviewed promotions to full professor and new faculty hires that ensure our continued renewal. As announced to the campus community in February, the following have been promoted to full professor, effective July 1, 2016: Jack Dougherty in Educational Studies, Anne Lambright in Language and Culture Studies, and Peter Yoon in Computer Science. Additionally, we reviewed new faculty hires that have been approved for the following departments: Classics, Computer Science, Environmental Science/Biology (joint position), Neuroscience, Psychology, and Religion.
The trustees authorized exploration of an improved faculty retirement incentive plan that would provide senior faculty the opportunity to plan for retirement while maintaining close ties to the College. Such a policy would place Trinity College more in line with its NESCAC colleagues. You will be hearing more from Interim Deans Cardenas and Stein about this idea.
The trustees engaged in discussions of the 11,000-square-foot Crescent Street building in support of our academic mission. They heard the many suggestions that were shared by the campus community at the open forum on February 18 and in multi-constituency group meetings with Deans Stein and Cardenas. The emerging consensus is to pursue an integrated design planning process to support using the Crescent Street building for the Neuroscience Program, an art creativity corridor, an area supporting student success, and a shared common area space. The next step will be for Deans Cardenas and Stein to form subcommittees and to determine costs of the various options.
For Trinity to thrive in the 21st century, its financial model must be stable and sustainable. The Board of Trustees is laser focused on the current state of the College's finances, recognizing the importance of this critical component of our success.
Trustees authorized the refinancing of a College bond that will result in annual debt service savings.
We are on target to achieve a balanced budget for FY2016. We have cut expenses while keeping our personnel – faculty and staff – whole, and we continue to move forward important projects such as the Bantam Network, replacing athletics fields, and completing the Trinity Music Hall.
Compared with last year at this time, unrestricted annual fund donations are up 6 percent in dollars and 7 percent in the number of donors. Restricted gifts are up more than 25 percent. In addition, trustees made generous new commitments this weekend of close to $750,000 to support our future.
A big success in February was the Bantam Athletics Challenge Week, a new fundraising effort for current use support of athletics. At last count, the dollars raised totaled more than $250,000, in addition to the original Challenge Fund of $150,000. The more than $400,000 total raised for our student-athletes speaks to the commitment of our athletics volunteers and donors.
The trustees also discussed the long-term financial sustainability of the College on a more granular level. Everyone recognizes the current challenges presented by the recent past practices of increased entering student class size, increased debt, increased tuition, and growing deferred maintenance, among other things. If Trinity is to end this current cycle and begin to spiral upward, we need to improve student retention and diversify revenue sources to become more sustainable. These are long-term solutions, and dedicated strategic planning will help us set this course. However, short- and medium-term needs are still looming. Foremost in the short term are (1) maintaining the quality of a Trinity College education, which includes enrolling the brightest and most engaged students, and (2) developing a financial bridge to a more sustainable future.
In support of these priorities and our short- and medium-term needs, we are continuing to listen to ideas and feedback about immediate expense reductions and revenue enhancements that do not harm our core mission. Expense reductions will include renegotiation of contracts and the exploration of consortial arrangements with our peers for economy of scale. Revenue enhancements are anticipated to include the strategic sale of College-owned properties; closing sizable gifts to the College for new support our short-term needs; and, importantly, using the talents of a significant pool of smart people who are passionate about this College and are focused on short-term solutions. With this combination of resources and dedication of personnel, I am confident that Trinity will improve its financial situation and do so in a manner that is rational and sustainable.
I want to underscore that while we have some current challenges, our College's future remains bright, and I am optimistic about the work ahead. You, the members of the Trinity community, are an important part of Trinity's future, and, as always, I invite you to share your feedback, join me in conversations, and participate in the on-campus opportunities for collaboration. I also look forward to seeing many of our alumni friends during my travels this spring, and I encourage you to participate in receptions and other events sponsored across the country by our Alumni Relations Office and the Trinity clubs in your area. Additionally, I hope you will be among the many alumni and parents who will return to campus during Commencement Weekend on May 21-22 and Reunion Weekend on June 10-12. | {
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oftwominds-Charles Hugh Smith: How Much Higher Could The U.S. Dollar Go?
How Much Higher Could The U.S. Dollar Go?
A move above current levels in the US Dollar Index would cause tremendous pain for many participants.
Let's start our examination of the U.S. dollar (USD) by recalling the chart from my August 2014 essay, Why the Dollar Could Strengthen—A Lot. At that point, the USD had moved modestly off its lows, and had yet to challenge long-term resistance around 80.
The USD broke out of its multi-year downtrend and soared above 100. Needless to say, the USD did in fact strengthen a lot. After that initial leg up, the dollar has remained in a consolidation range for much of 2015. Though it recently broke out of a wedge/triangle formation to the upside, it's not yet clear if this is a definitive move higher or more consolidation.
Is the Dollar Rally Done?
So is the dollar rally done, or could it move higher?
The long-term chart above (Real Trade-Weighted U.S. Dollar Index) offers some clues.
Our first observation is that trends in the USD tend to last for some time, so if this rally follows the pattern of previous rallies, it's unlikely to have run its course in one year.
Secondly, previous rallies paused for a multi-month consolidation period before launching upward for the second leg of the long-term rally.
Thirdly, the USD rose sharply to previous peaks and then round-tripped back to the 80 level.
This raises the question: How high could the dollar rise in this rally?
How High Could the USD Go?
The current rally has already made it halfway to this target (from sub-80 to 100+). If we look again at the FRED chart above (the current Real Trade Weighted Dollar Index), we see that the consolidation periods have occurred roughly mid-way in the rallies. This is supportive of the idea that the initial 20+ point advance could be followed (after the consolidation phase ends) by another leg higher of approximately the same size (20+ points).
That would get the dollar Index to the 120 target.
Beyond 120, there are additional "impossible" targets defined by previous rallies: depending on the chart (Real Trade Weighted Dollar Index from FRED, DXY or USD on charting services), these targets range from 130 to 165.
Who Would Suffer If the Dollar Moved Higher?
A move above current levels around 100 would cause tremendous pain for many powerful participants. U.S. global corporate profits, already under pressure from the stronger dollar, would suffer from the worsening exchange rate, and that would pressure U.S. stock markets that are at least theoretically based on profits.
Major American corporations get 40+% of sales and 50+% of profits from overseas markets denominated in other currencies.
One euro of profit earned in the EU translated into $1.40 in profit a few years ago. Now the same 1 euro of profit converts to a mere $1.07 in profit when stated in dollars.
That's a 24% reduction in profit, just from the strengthening dollar.
The effects of the stronger dollar on profits is visible in this chart. Note that while pundits and apologists are quick to blame "weather" for lagging sales, corporations overwhelmingly identified the rising USD as the cause of profit warnings, not the weather or geopolitical issues.
Everyone who took out loans denominated in USD while their revenues/earnings are in a currency that's losing value against the dollar will suffer as well.
If an enterprise earning euros borrowed in dollars when the euro was 1.40, consider what happens to their USD-denominated loan payments now that the euro is 1.07.
Where is once took only .72 euros to pay $1 in principal and interest on the dollar-based loan, now it take .94 euros to pay that same $1. That's a 30% increase in loan payments, just from the rising dollar and the declining euro.
This dynamic is even more punishing to those who borrowed dollars to fund carry trades in other currencies.
What is a carry trade?
Step 1) Borrow $1 billion US at LIBOR-1M rate; cost 0.16%.
Step 2) Trade $1 billion US for 1.075 billion AUD (Australian dollar).
Step 4) Collect $23 million USD/year for doing no work at all.
If the currency the bond is denominated in rises in value against the USD, traders get a bonus gain from the appreciation. For example, those who borrowed yen to buy U.S. Treasury bonds have reaped a nice profit as the USD has rocketed higher against the yen.
But the reverse is less pleasant. As the USD rockets higher, the profits earned in weakening currencies decline when stated in dollars, while the amount due on the dollar-denominated loan has soared when the payments are converted to the local currency.
Using our euro-USD example: the profit on the carry trade plummets (when converted to USD) while the amount of euros needed to pay the loan in USD soars.
A rising USD is a double-whammy to carry trades based on borrowed dollars.
The sums of money being gambled in carry trades are enormous. According to the Telegraph newspaper (U.K.), roughly two thirds of the $11 trillion in cross-national loans are denominated in U.S. dollars. That suggests that over $7 trillion in carry trades have turned sour.
If the dollar continues rising, those sour carry trades quickly become catastrophic for everyone who borrowed dollars to buy assets in a weakening currency.
Everyone who took loans denominated in dollars needs dollars to service the loan and pay it off. That demand is clearly one factor pushing the USD higher.
In Part 2: Why The Coming Currency Crisis Will Push The USD Higher, we detail why we can anticipate the next global financial crisis will originate in the currency market, and how this will inevitably push the USD higher, which will increase the pressure on carry trades, adding fuel to the USD fire. Perhaps ironically, a much stronger dollar will put tremendous downward pressure on U.S. stock markets in 2016.
This essay was first published on peakprosperity.com, where I have been a contributing writer since 2011.
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AGENDA TEST
Driving the Digital Revolution through Connectivity
Investigating the opportunities and boundaries of maritime connectivity
This opening session of the day will look at how maritime connectivity is changing. What are the most recent developments? And how can they support ship owners and managers to enhance operational agility and efficiency. We will look at practical examples how maritime connectivity contributes to Smart Shipping. And how we can effectively manage costs.
1000 - Opening Notes and Introduction by Conference Chair
click for bioNick Lambert, Maritime Domain Expert, NLA Ltd.
A master mariner and a committed proponent of the maritime users' perspective, Rear Admiral Nick Lambert concluded a long naval operational career as the UK National Hydrographer in December 2012. He advises on a wide range of maritime issues including the growing potential of the blue economy concept, the importance of spatial data infrastructures and hydrography for maritime economies, the evolution of eNavigation and GNSS vulnerability, near or real time situational awareness (especially that derived from space based assets and applications), human factors, and training and education in the maritime sector. He has a particular interest in the Polar Regions and is also engaged in a variety of situational awareness, marine autonomous systems and vessel efficiency projects.
1010 - Harnessing Maritime Digitalisation to Achieve Operational Efficiency
With industry research findings and concrete reference cases
click for bioTom Erling Hansen, Head of Sales Europe, Marlink
Tom Erling Hansen has double engineering degrees in Telecom and IT from the Royal Norwegian Air force complemented with a Master's degree in Business administration and Management from the Norwegian Business School. Mr Hansen has worked with Maritime applications and communication for almost two decades and has extensive international experience from working and living in several maritime hubs including Dubai, Oslo, London, Brussels, Singapore and Houston. He is currently head of Sales North Europe for Maritime in Marlink.
1040 - Connectivity at Sea - Towards Smart Shipping
The future of crew connectivity
The role of IoT and M2M (machine to machine) developments
click for bioMary Etienne, Business Development Director Marine Industries, Dell EMC
Mary Etienne is a business leader with over 25-years industry experience in Fortune 500 companies. She joined Dell in 2011 as Business Development Director of Dell OEM Solutions, where she is responsible for creating business value for customers in the maritime, shipping, and offshore markets. A specialist, global division, Dell OEM Solutions builds industry-grade and long lifecycle products and provides customized logistics and services for customers to sell into the marketplace as part of their own branded products.
1110 - Panel Discussion: The Maritime Satcom Summit
How do we harness digitalisation to become a driver? What can we learn from best practice cases and how do we translate them to our fleet?
click for bioRob O'Dwyer, Editor, Digital Ship
Rob O'Dwyer, Editor of Digital Ship, has been a maritime IT journalist since 2005. He has a Master's degree in business and law from University College Dublin and was previously a commercial writing consultant in Seoul, South Korea.
Rob was also previously Editor of Port Finance International.
Panellists include:
click for bioRaimo Warkki, IT Demand Manager, Commercials, Ship Communication & Systems, Stena Line
Raimo Warkki was born in Göteborg. With a technical background, he has been working within Stena for more than 30 years. He has worked with ship communications since late 1990, and was involved when Stena Line installed the fleet with satellite communication at the beginning of 2000.
Raimo has been responsible for satellite communication since 2005 and worked as IT demand manager for ship management regarding ships specific systems.
click for bioMichael Carter, Sales Director EMEA - Network and Data Services, Telenor Satellite
Michael joined Telenor Satellite in 2005 and is currently Director of Sales for our Network and Data services division, which is responsible for providing high quality data communication services over satellite to customers on land and sea.
He has over 14 years International Telecom experience, working for companies such as Tandberg (Now CISCO) and BaneTele. Michael has an MBA from Griffith University in Queensland, Australia and a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from Fonty's University in Eindhoven, Holland.
click for bioTommy Dybvad, Director, Cruise and Ferry Services, Marlink
Tommy Konkol Dybvad is Director Cruise and Ferry Services in Marlink. Tommy works from the Norwegian Oslo-office responsible for service development and sales in the global cruise and ferry market.
Prior to working as Director for Cruise and Ferry Services, Tommy worked as Maritime VSAT Product Director, and Sales Director for Maritime VSAT in Marlink.
Tommy has more than 25 years' experience with satellite communication services for Oil & Offshore, Shipping, Governmental and Cruise & Ferry markets, dating back to the very start of Maritime VSAT in the early 1990s. Prior to his current position in Marlink, Tommy worked as the Senior Executive Officer in Norwegian Telecom International, Satellite Division, then held roles as Sales Manager and Commercial Director Maritime VSAT in Telenor Satellite Services, Vizada, Astrium, and Airbus Defence and Space.
click for bioDan Rooney, Commercial Maritime Products Director, Speedcast
Biography pending.
click for bioMark Warner, Head of Marketing, Inmarsat Maritime
Mark joined Inmarsat in September 2016 and has responsibility for maritime marketing communications activities, with the objective of opening up the full potential of high-speed connectivity at sea across vertical markets including merchant shipping, small boat, fishing and leisure.
With over 19 years' experience in the maritime industry, Warner has an extensive track record in digital platform development and marketing programme creation for ship owners, managers and suppliers. He has sector-specific experience in data analytics, E-commerce, lead generation and public relations, social media and online advertising. He is also the former Head of Digital Maritime and Professional Division for Informa, publishers of Lloyd's List, where he managed the digital offering from the world's oldest daily shipping paper during an intense development period.
Warner joins Inmarsat after seven years with ShipServ, the world's leading e-marketplace for the marine and offshore supply industries, where he was a Director for Marketing and Business Development playing a central role in ShipServ's contribution to the EU e-maritime digital development project.
A University of Plymouth alumnus, holding an MSc in International Logistics and a BSc in Maritime Business & Law, Warner has recently finished serving five years as Chairman of the Plymouth Nautical Degree Association, many of whose 500 members now occupy senior positions across the maritime industry. He is also current chairman of the Marine E-commerce Association.
Further panellists to be announced
1155 - Tea/Coffee Break – Kindly Sponsored by SpeedCast
Blockchain and its Impact on the Maritime Industry
Investigating the opportunities in blockchain
Blockchain is conquering the world. It is widely anticipated that blockchain will be the key to transforming the maritime industry by reducing the complexity of maritime transactions whilst increasing security. Initiatives can be found in various industries. In this session we will look at how blockchain can contribute to our maritime industry. What are the benefits and how can we overcome the barriers such as potential liabilities and regulations. In this session, leading blockchain specialists will provide case studies and examples of how shipping companies can benefit from the blockchain revolution.
1220 - Blockchain, Beyond the Hype
Examples from outside shipping
Customer case in container shipping
Benefits for shipping
click for bioOlga Kravchenko, Cognitive Consultant Blockchain, IBM
Olga Kravchenko is a Blockchain expert from IBM Norway. She works with innovative solutions that utilize the power of Blockchain or artificial intelligence, Watson. Her educational background is in innovation and finance from BI in Oslo and a partner university in Ukraine.
1245 - Blockchain, the Insurance Case Study in the Maritime Industry
Project set-up
click for bioLars Henneberg, Head of Risk Management, A.P. Møller - Mærsk
Lars Henneberg is Head of Risk Management at Maersk. Lars is a lawyer by background and has extensive experience with legal and insurance matters in the oil and gas and shipping industries. Before taking up his current position in 2010, Lars worked 12 years in various legal positions in Maersk Oil. From 2005 to 2010, he headed up Maersk Oil's legal department. Lars has a broad international experience from his many years in the oil and gas and shipping industries, including a five-year posting to Qatar.
1310 – The Blockchain Revolution Question & Answer Session
1330 – Lunch Break
Harnessing Cyber Resilience and Information Security
A look at maritime cyber security, safety and risk
This expert lead session will look at how the industry is reacting to the advent of increased cyber threats borne out of the growing use of cloud and IoT applications, number of devices used and larger ships but fewer crew. We will discuss current business cases, guidelines and policies already in place. We will look at how to identify, quantify and migitate cyber risk and how to assess the real business risks? We will investigate what GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) means in relation to cyber security.
1430 - Cyber Security: GDPR and Beyond
GDPR in context
GDPR – intention, actions, breach
click for bioMatthew Montgomery, Senior Business Associate, HFW
Matthew is a solicitor who works in the Admiralty team, part of HFW's shipping department. He qualified as a solicitor in September 2009 and has been with HFW since November 2011.
Matthew has a broad practice and advises on a wide range of legal issues. Having completed a diploma in marine casualty investigation, he has particular expertise in the investigation and handling of claims arising out of marine casualties. In this regard, he acts for shipowners, charterers, P&I clubs and marine underwriters in cases involving groundings, collisions, salvage and towage including the contractual disputes which arise from casualties such as issues of unseaworthiness, unsafe port claims and general average. Since qualifying as a solicitor, Matthew has spent time on secondment at two International Group P&I Clubs.
Matthew also advises on offshore matters and is part of HFW's growing decommissioning team with a particular interest in the regulatory aspects. He is developing an expertise in cyber security and regularly writes articles and speaks on the subject. Matthew is qualified in England and Wales
1455 - Panel Discussion: Cyber Resilience and Information Security
How can we protect our business against cyber threats? How do we asses real business risks?
click for bioØistein H. Jensen, Senior Vice President, Chief of Staff, Odfjell SE
Øistein Jensen has a background from the Navy and educated at Naval Academy and has an MBA from NHH. He served for 3 years as Submarine commander, then heading the Submarine command course. Øistein then worked at PwC Management Consulting for 10 years, before taking the role as Senior Vice President/Chief of Staff in Odfjell SE.
click for bioHelle Hammer, Managing Director, Nordic Association of Marine Insurers (Cefor)
Helle Hammer joined the Nordic Association of Marine Insurers (Cefor) as its Managing Director in 2007. Prior to this, she was Director of Innovation at Norway's Houston office. She has more than 25 years of experience from politics and industry policies, including four years as State Secretary in the Norwegian Ministries of Trade & Industry and Finance, and six years with the Norwegian Shipowners' Association.
Since 2012, she has been in the chair of the International Union of Marine Insurance's (IUMI's) Political Forum, tasked with the responsibility of identifying, monitoring and proposing any framework related actions to support and protect the interests of the global marine insurance industry.
Hammer is a Norwegian native, and holds a degree in business and marketing from Oslo Business School.
click for bioGreg Moore, Enterprise Technologist for Europe, Middle East and Africa, Dell EMC OEM
click for bioIngolf Satrevik, Director, Global Sales and Marketing, Palantir
Ingolf Saetrevik holds the position of Director Global Sales at Palantir AS, a Norwegian company delivering IT&C services to the maritime industry. The KeepUp@Sea product has been in the market for 12 years, and is considered an industry standard approach to cope with the specific challenges in delivering IT-products and –services towards a fleet of vessels, operating on a global basis. Currently, approximately 1.000 vessels have signed up for services delivered from Palantir AS.
1540 - Tea/Coffee Break – Kindly Sponsored by Kinnetik Solutions
The Digital Ship
Redefining Digitalisation in Maritime
Cloud, IoT, big data, remote monitoring…. Digitisation is moving at a fast pace. Autonomous shipping is (perhaps?) not far away. So how can we harness digital developments to make our own businesses smarter, safer and more sustainable? In this session we will investigate key drivers for a successful implementation. What are the most recent developments, how should we use them and what are the benefits and pitfalls? We will look at the best practices and learn from the best.
1610 - Digital Transformation in Shipping
Current status in shipping
What can we learn from other industries
Future expectations
click for bioAndré Gill, Director, PricewaterhouseCoopers AS
André is Director in PwC Consulting, where he mainly works with strategy- and digitization projects within a broad range of companies and industries. He has extensive experience with digital solutions, emerging technologies and data analytics.
click for bioFredrik Gabrielsen, Partner, Head of shipping & offshore, PricewaterhouseCoopers AS
Fredrik is partner and head of shipping & offshore in PwC. In addition to being an advisor and auditor for many international shipping/offshore companies, he has extensive operational experience including CEO for a tanker company. Fredrik is leading the PwC study "The digital transformation of shipping".
1635 - The Digital Ship
Will shipping experience a business transformation by going digital or are there other more disruptive forces which will alter the way we have been working for centuries? A quick reflection and some examples of how Odfjell is moving forward.
click for bioTorbjørn Lussand, VP Corporate IT, Odfjell SE
Torbjørn joined Odfjell SE in June 2017. He previously worked at Statoil ASA for 16 years where he held various leadership positions both within corporate services and the business line. Torbjørn graduated as IT Engineer in 2001, after 4 years in the Royal Norwegian Navy.
1700 - The Digital Supply Chain
E-Commerce - cloud services, a new level of service, a new level
Key drivers – benefits and considerations
Case study – Jo Tankers
click for bioTerje Hesthamar, Purchasing Manager, Jo Tankers
Terje Hesthamar is 61 years old and has been the Purchasing Manager for Jo Tankers AS for the last 27 years.
click for bioChé Geldard, CEO, Founder, Kinnetik Solutions
Ché Geldard is CEO of Kinnetik Solutions, and formerly, held the position of Departmental Manager for MarineLink at EVRY.
With over 18 years' experience in eCommerce, and 20 years in the Maritime Industry, Ché has now founded Kinnetik Solutions, an independent Cloud based eCommerce platform service, which provides an economic integration platform for Buyers and Suppliers regardless of internal formats.
1725 - Panel Discussion: Developing the Digital Ship
Reality check: How can we benefit from digital developments? What does it mean for our shipping industry?
How can we harness big data platforms and ecosystems – and how do we turn investment into profit?
click for bioInge André Sandvik, Chief Digital Officer, Wilh.Wilhelmsen Holding
Inge Andrè Sandvik has been working in global tech, internet and consultancy companies for the last 20 years, and co-founded 3 VC backed companies. His focus has been mobile first and building software platforms. He co-founded Soundrop in 2011 with three other co-founders and led the process of teaming up with Spotify. He later co-founded Filmgrail which has become a new and popular platform for cinemas, cable companies and telcos.
Prior to Soundrop, Inge was with the internet browser company Opera Software as Head of Opera Mobile Store. He co-founded and was CEO in Numo, a company that built a global platform that meshed together national phone directories into one universal search experience.
Inge started his entrepreneurial path in 2004 as Co-founder and CEO in Mobile CTI which launched the first automatic lookup on unknown incoming callers and won several international awards for their innovative apps. The company was acquired by Opplysningen 1881, a Telenor company.
Inge has spent more than 10 years in global tech and software companies such as Telenor, Oracle, Compaq/HP, PriceWaterhouseCoopers. He is an advisor to entrepreneurs and startups in Norway and is co-founder and organizer for Product Tank Oslo.
click for bioSvein David Medhaug, Senior Surveyor, Project Manager Autonomous Ships, Norwegian Maritime
click for bioThale Mjåvatn, Maritime Industry Lead, Microsoft Norway
1800 - Conference Conclusions followed by Conference Networking Reception until 1930 – Kindly Sponsored by Marlink
**Please note all topics and timings are subject to change
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These are the free printable 'Make Your Own' Baby Shower Bingo cards. Print off one for each guest and fill them in with anything and everything Baby! Or any other fun theme. Just follow the printing directions below and print a one card for each guest. Have Fun!!
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What is the "Internet of Everything"?
The "Internet Of Everything" is the existence of uniquely identifiable devices interconnected via the Internet. The interconnection of these devices is expected to introduce automation in nearly all fields.
There is a lot of hype about IoE and we are at the point of wondering what it will mean for us as individuals, employees and businesses.
IoE will change our lives.
One of the suggestions is that your toothbrush might have a chip in it and via Bluetooth will communicate with your mobile device to tell you stuff like how long it has been since you started using it or in the case of the kids tooth brushes, have they been used recently. Is that too invasive? We will be faced with all sorts of questions about what we do and don't want connected to the IoE.
Wearable technology is already beginning to monitor health vitals and offer connected watches that monitor or report on our movements. It won't be long before your fridge knows what is inside it and your rubbish bin knows what you threw out and the shopping list on your connected fridge door asks you to confirm the on-line order for replacing everything you have consumed this week for delivery tomorrow.
IoE will have very practical uses across our infrastructure. Street lights and traffic lights will have sensors so the services companies know where to replace a failed globe. Pipes will be able to detect where a leak is occurring so that water wastage is reduced (today 30% of our water supply is currently lost to leaks). The infrastructure cost savings by this sort of technology in smart-pipes will equate to billions of dollars and save many valleys from being flooded by new dams.
There are plenty more examples of this sort of sensor information making big differences and when this is tied to big data and data analytics the world will change quickly and significantly. The impact on businesses that must reduce wastage to remain competitive will be huge.
IoE will affect your business, so be prepared.
Some of the technology is here today and much of it is in development now. Large companies have embarked on ambitious big data projects and many smaller organisations have started collecting and collating what data they can. This is leading to a growing need for data storage systems and analytics tools today.
If your business is not paying attention to the current changes in IoE technology and looking at what it means to your industry whether you are in retail sales, manufacturing, primary industry or consulting services there are changes coming to technology in the IoE that will change the way your industry thinks and works. You don't want to be the only farmer who still waters the whole crop because you don't have sensors telling you which third of the crop is dry.
We will post more updates on how IoE is affecting local business but in the meantime stay alert, not alarmed, at the IoE changes in your industry. | {
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I just recently watched Philip Seymour Hoffman in The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (love him in it), I had planned to watch him in "A Late Quartet" later but now I will do so today in honour of his passing. See reports in THR, The Guardian, LA Times, THR (Theater appreciation).
This entry was posted on Sunday, February 2nd, 2014 at 2:54 PM and is filed under Movies, people. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed. | {
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12 Pop-Punk Covers of '80s Songs
Alicia Selin Published: July 26, 2022
YouTube: Blink-182 / Billy Idol / BenjiMadden4Life / The Cure
The '80s were a great time for music, and many pop-punkers were just discovering music in their youth around that time, so it makes sense you'd find plenty of pop-punk '80s covers.
There's no other time quite like the 1980s, which is arguably the best era for music. In the '80s the music world exploded with glam rock and new wave, paired with big hair, guyliner and lots of denim. The cover songs below will take you back to the '80s, but with many of the acts adding their pop-punk stamp to their newly revised versions.
Punk Goes the 80s is an album that was released in 2005 that featured tons of '80s covers. You can find several of the songs from that compilation in the list below. Take a listen to these covers of '80s songs by bands such as Green Day, Blink 182 and more, which have a whole new sound to them.
And if the '80s isn't your decade, you can head here to check out pop-punk covers of '90s songs.
New Found Glory, "Don't You (Forget About Me)"
Originally by Simple Minds (1985)
New Found Glory covered "Don't You (Forget About Me)" by Simple Minds in 2007 for the second edition of their From the Screen to Your Stereo covers series. This cover breathes new life into this classic '80s song and almost sounds as good as the original. No matter which version you listen to, it always reminds you of The Breakfast Club.
blink-182, "Dancing With Myself"
Originally by Billy Idol (1982)
Blink 182 released their cover of Billy Idol's "Dancing With Myself" in 2000, which was a part of the soundtrack of the surf movie Loose Change. Some describe this punk cover of the song as "so bad it's good."
Amaru, "Hungry Like the Wolf"
Originally by Duran Duran (1982)
Amaru's version of Duran Duran's "Hungry Like the Wolf" was released in 2010. Take a listen to this great punk version of the song. The original has been featured in tons of movies such as Old School, Big Fat Liar and Shrek 2.
The Used, "Burning Down the House"
Originally by Talking Heads (1982)
"Burning Down the House" was originally released by Talking Heads in 1982 and The Used's cover was released in 2009. This song was featured in the movie Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen in that same year.
Goldfinger, "99 Red Balloons"
Originally by Nena (1983)
This cover of "99 Red Balloons" was released in 2000 by Goldfinger. The original version, from German act Nena, reminds us of Grand Theft Auto: Vice City and this cover brings back all those '80s feels.
The Ataris, "The Boys of Summer"
Originally by Don Henley (1984)
Here's another great pop-punk cover of an '80s song. This time it's "The Boys of Summer" by The Ataris. This cover of the Don Henley classic came out in 2003 and was on their album So Long, Astoria.
Relient K, "Manic Monday"
Originally by The Bangles (1986)
If you didn't know the original version, you'd think this cover of "Manic Monday" by Relient K is exactly how this song is supposed to sound. This cover of a Bangles song, originally written by Prince, was featured on the album Punk Goes 80s.
Amber Pacific, "Video Killed the Radio Star"
Originally by The Buggles (1980)
Amber Pacific's cover of "Video Killed the Radio Star" also turns up on the Punk Goes 80s album issued in 2005. The original version by The Buggles was the very first music video featured on MTV.
JamisonParker, "Everybody Wants to Rule the World"
Originally by Tears for Fears (1985)
Emo duo JamisonParker covered this Songs From the Big Chair favorite by Tears For Fears in 2005. Their take is definitely a lot slower and moodier than the original.
Sugarcult, "I Melt With You"
Originally by Modern English (1982)
Here's another song featured on the Punk Goes 80s album — Sugarcult's cover of "I Melt With You." This punk version by Sugarcult is just as good as the original.
Good Charlotte, "Lovesong"
Originally by The Cure (1989)
Good Charlotte covered "Lovesong" by The Cure and in the video below Benji Madden dedicated it to his daughter. This version of the song gives it a whole new vibe.
Alkaline Trio, "The Metro"
Originally by Berlin (1982)
Alkaline Trio's cover of "The Metro" has a completely different, harder sound to it, and we dig it more than the original. Alkaline Trio's version was released in 2007.
10 Rock + Metal Covers More Famous Than the Originals
Know of any rock or metal cover versions more famous than the original? Check out the list below for 10 great examples.
Source: 12 Pop-Punk Covers of '80s Songs
Filed Under: Alkaline Trio, Amber Pacific, Billy Idol, Blink-182, Duran Duran, goldfinger, Good Charlotte, New Found Glory, Talking Heads, The Ataris, The Cure, The Used
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blink-182 Head to Flavortown With New Guy Fieri Merchandise Collab | {
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Vangueriella Verd. est un genre de plantes de la famille des Rubiacées.
Liste d'espèces
Selon :
Vangueriella campylacantha (Mildbr.) Verdc.
Vangueriella chlorantha (K.Schum.) Verdc.
Vangueriella discolor (Benth.) Verdc.
Vangueriella georgesii Verdc.
Vangueriella glabrescens (Robyns) Verdc.
Vangueriella laxiflora (K.Schum.) Verdc.
Vangueriella letestui Verdc.
Vangueriella nigerica (Robyns) Verdc.
Vangueriella nigricans (Robyns) Verdc.
Vangueriella olacifolia (Robyns) Verdc.
Vangueriella orthacantha (Mildbr.) Bridson & Verdc.
Vangueriella rhamnoides (Hiern) Verdc.
Vangueriella rufa (Robyns) Verdc.
Vangueriella sapinii (De Wild.) Verdc.
Vangueriella soyauxii (K.Schum.) Verdc.
Vangueriella spinosa (Schumach. & Thonn.) Verdc.
Vangueriella vanguerioides (Hiern) Verdc.
Vangueriella zenkeri Verdc.
Selon :
Vangueriella chlorantha
Vangueriella discolor
Vangueriella laxiflora
Vangueriella nigerica
Vangueriella nigricans
Vangueriella olacifolia
Vangueriella rufa
Vangueriella vanguerioides
Selon :
Vangueriella campylacantha (Mildbr.) Verdc.
Vangueriella chlorantha (K.Schum.) Verdc.
Vangueriella discolor (Benth.) Verdc.
Vangueriella georgesii Verdc.
Vangueriella glabrescens (Robyns) Verdc.
Vangueriella laxiflora (K.Schum.) Verdc.
Vangueriella letestui Verdc.
Vangueriella nigerica (Robyns) Verdc.
Vangueriella nigricans (Robyns) Verdc.
Vangueriella olacifolia (Robyns) Verdc.
Vangueriella orthacantha (Mildbr.) Bridson & Verdc.
Vangueriella rhamnoides (Hiern) Verdc.
Vangueriella rufa (Robyns) Verdc.
Vangueriella sapinii (De Wild.) Verdc.
Vangueriella soyauxii (K.Schum.) Verdc.
Vangueriella spinosa (Schumach. & Thonn.) Verdc.
Vangueriella vanguerioides (Hiern) Verdc.
Vangueriella zenkeri Verdc.
Selon (Attention liste brute contenant possiblement des synonymes) :
Vangueriella campylacantha (Mildbr.) Verdc.
Vangueriella chlorantha (K. Schum.) Verdc.
Vangueriella discolor (Benth.) Verdc.
Vangueriella georgesii Verdc.
Vangueriella glabrescens (Robyns) Verdc.
Vangueriella laxiflora (K. Schum.) Verdc.
Vangueriella letestui Verdc.
Vangueriella nigerica (Robyns) Verdc.
Vangueriella nigricans (Robyns) Verdc.
Vangueriella olacifolia (Robyns) Verdc.
Vangueriella orthacantha (Mildbr.) Bridson & Verdc.
Vangueriella rhamnoides (Hiern) Verdc.
Vangueriella rufa (Robyns) Verdc.
Vangueriella sapinii (De Wild.) Verdc.
Vangueriella soyauxii (K. Schum.) Verdc.
Vangueriella spinosa (Schumach. & Thonn.) Verdc.
Vangueriella vanguerioides (Hiern) Verdc.
Vangueriella zenkeri Verdc.
Notes et références
Liens externes
Rubiaceae
Genre d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique) | {
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Joanna Newsom Tour Dates and Concerts
alt-folk
Folk/ Indie
Joanna Newsom is an American harpist, pianist, harpsichordist, singer and songwriter from Nevada City, California.
She released her debut album, "The Milk-Eyed Mender" in 2004, followed by "Ys" (2006), "Have One on Me" (2010) and 2015's "Divers".
Van Dyke Parks
Beth Jeans Houghton
Rod Thomas
Dan Smith [London]
Jose Vanders
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Redrow is preferred developer for Park Avenue
Liverpool City Council has selected Redrow as its preferred development partner for land at Park Avenue.
The 2.62 hectare site, which lies outside the boundary of the 104.75 hectare Sefton Park, was declared surplus to requirements last year.
The council advertised for a developer to come forward with ideas for a bespoke, high quality scheme which is sensitive to the area.
The sale price of the land will provide a much-needed financial boost for the council, and be invested in projects that benefit the city.
Redrow will hold a pre-planning public consultation drop in event in September, at which people will be able to comment on their outline ideas for the site.
Mayor of Liverpool Joe Anderson said: "This land lies outside of the boundary of Sefton Park and was originally earmarked for housing when the park was built.
"I have been clear that any scheme which is brought forward must be of the highest quality, of low density and in keeping with the area.
"At the moment we simply do not have enough executive homes in the city, and I believe this scheme will help us meet some of that demand, and provide more council tax income which we can use to help protect services.
"We all know that these are difficult financial times for the council, and I will make sure the money raised from the sale of this land is used for projects that improve the city."
A spokesperson for Redrow Home (NW) said: "We will now be undertaking further work prior to submitting a planning application and this will include discussions with the planning authority, English Heritage and others.
"We fully understand and appreciate that this is a site in a very sensitive location. We will ensure that any planning application that is submitted is high quality and in keeping with the local surroundings." | {
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Now Playing Baby I Love Your Way / Freebird Will To Power Download
Vacancies available on the panel to ensure police transparency and integrity
Tuesday, January 11th, 2022 4:33pm
Police and Crime Commissioner for Cheshire John Dwyer and Cheshire Constabulary Chief Constable Mark Roberts are advertising for people to join their Ethics Advisory Panel.
The ethics panel is a forum for independent review of ethical issues within policing, and helps to ensure the Constabulary acts with integrity and transparency.
John Dwyer, Police and Crime Commissioner for Cheshire, said: "This is an exciting opportunity for a panel of volunteers to look closely at how the Constabulary operates and report back any issues they find to me and the Chief Constable.
"This feedback will then provide reassurance to the communities of Cheshire that the policing service they are receiving is the best it can be."
If you are interested in the position, more information is available here:
https://www.cheshire-pcc.gov.uk/who-i-am/about-the-opcc/the-office/work-with-us/ethics-advisory-panel/
If you'd like to have an informal chat about the volunteer position you can email
pcc@cheshire.police.uk
Pictured - Police and Crime Commissioner John Dwyer and Chief Constable Mark Roberts.
The introduction of an ambitious clean-up project in Crewe last year is already reaping dividends with cleaner streets and fewer incidents of fly-tipping being reported.
Cheshire East Council is reminding businesses to come forward and take advantage of the recently opened Omicron Hospitality and Leisure Grant scheme.
Cheshire East Council has pledged to become a carbon neutral borough by 2045.
Free walk-in Lateral Flow Tests (LFTs) are available from Cheshire West and Chester Council's own mobile pop-up COVID-19 testing units which will be located in Northwich and Hoole next week.
A new Jobcentre Plus in Macclesfield was in the spotlight today (21/01/21) as local MP for Macclesfield David Rutley, who is also the Minister for Welfare Delivery at the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP), officially marked its opening in a special visit to see the new site in action.
Police and Crime Commissioner for Cheshire, John Dwyer and Chief Constable of Cheshire Constabulary Mark Roberts want to thank residents from across the county for taking part in their online question and answer session.
THE POTTERIES CENTRE WRAPS UP SUCCESSFUL YEAR OF CHARITY PROJECTS
Stoke-on-Trent's popular shopping destination, The Potteries Centre, has revealed it supported a total of 15 local charities throughout 2021, volunteering over 140 hours of staff time and raising over £1,000 for community causes.
Man responsible for money laundering and drug offences in Winsford jailed
A man responsible for money laundering and drugs offences in Winsford has been jailed for more than six years.
Taste Cheshire Food & Drink Festival announce charity partnership with The Hospice of the Good Shepherd.
Taste Cheshire are proud to be part of the Chester Food and Drink community and the wider community of organisations supporting local people.
Commissioner welcomes increase in Magistrate sentencing powers to provide justice for victims
Police and Crime Commissioner for Cheshire, John Dwyer has welcomed the news that Magistrates will be given more powers to jail offenders for longer, helping to deliver justice for victims of crime.
NORTHERN JUNIOR GOLF TOUR
A popular competition for young golfers is launching in Cheshire.
People urged to have their say on new proposals to boost cycling and walking
Cheshire East Council is urging people to share their views on the latest proposals to boost cycling and walking in the borough.
Family pay tribute to 27-year-old Keagan Crimes following verdict
The family of Keagan Crimes have paid tribute to him following the verdict today (Wednesday 19th January).
Teenager who stabbed young man in Winsford is found guilty of murder
A teenager who stabbed a young man in Winsford has been found guilty of murder following his death.
Morton Hall Seeks New Trustees
Much-valued charity, Morton Hall Community Centre, is looking for a new Chair and additional Trustees to help secure its continued place at the heart of local community life.
Crewe Local Policing Unit are targeting a number of issues as part of Neighbourhood Policing Week
To mark Neighbourhood Policing Week, Crewe local policing unit are highlighting the work they will be doing with the local community.
Colder temperatures can bring specific challenges for somebody living with dementia
People with dementia may not always be able to communicate the fact that they're cold, especially if they don't recognise it themselves.
Have a conversation with the leader and deputy leader of the council
Cheshire East Council is inviting residents to take part in a virtual 'conversation with' the leader and deputy leader.
Community groups in Cheshire encouraged to apply for funding to set up a Community Fridge
2022 is set to be a big year for Hubbub's Community Fridge Network, as funding from Co-op will enable the UK-wide network to double in size. To kick start the process, Hubbub and Co-op are calling on communities to apply for grants for the first 100 fridges, by 1st February.
Cheshire Dash 100 Mile Cycling Challenge for The Joshua Tree
The hugely popular 100-mile Cheshire Dash is back again, this time in aid of local children's cancer charity, The Joshua Tree.
Log in to the club or enter your details below.
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} | 1,803 |
The Mitori Project
End of Life Studies
End of life care in the United Kingdom and Japan - intersections in culture, practice and policy
We are grateful to the Economic and Social Research Council, grant number ES/S013865/1 for funding under its UK-Japan Social Science and Humanities Connections scheme. This project will run from January 2019 to February 2020.
Our aim with Mitori is to forge a new research agenda for end of life care in the two countries, with a team that can take it forward, based on mutual learning and a comparative approach. Our project brings together academics using the perspectives of social science, the humanities, and ethics to examine how care of people at the end of life is currently organised in the UK and Japan. We will explore how this has been shaped by relevant cultural, demographic, professional and policy factors. Our focus will be on how two societies with ageing populations, heavy demand on health and social care systems and changing social expectations about dying, death and bereavement, are responding to the challenges they face.
Film by Emma Dove and Amy McCreadie
In aiming to forge a new research agenda for end of life care in the UK and Japan, with a team that can take it forward, we have the following objectives:
To identify key thematic areas of difference and commonality in end of life issues relating to Japan and the United Kingdom, through three work streams focused on: culture, practice and policy, and paying special attention to the conceptual problems of comparison. This will provide us with the knowledge to shape a new agenda for social science research on end of life care in the two countries.
To facilitate face to face meetings between the participants and also develop an active online and digital forum for the sharing of ideas and the development of collaborative work between team members. This will enable us to build capacity for future working.
To create an outward facing presence through a website and the active use of social media platforms, thereby building a wider community of interest around the project and establishing robust pathways to impact. This will enable us to identify key stakeholders to engage as users and co-producers of future
Given the nature of our project, our questions are part methodological, and part substantive. They are also closely tied to our stated objectives.
How do methods, disciplinary perspectives, priority topics and the grouping and organisation of end of life research reflect shared or divergent approaches in the UK and Japan?
Which areas of end of scholarship and research are most and least developed in the two countries?
What are the most significant areas (e.g. hospice/palliative care; bereavement; responses to disasters; trajectories of dying; assisted dying) in which a comparative approach between Japanese and UK researchers can develop new insights and approaches?
We will seek to answer these questions through a set of collaborative working methods and by using a methodological framework that is comprehensive and wide-ranging.
Methodological Framework
In recent years, members of our team have conceptualised a comprehensive taxonomy of interventions that incorporates different types of 'organized response to end of life issues'. We have classified the range of end of life interventions into 10 substantive categories: policy, advocacy, educational, ethico-legal, service, clinical, research, cultural, intangible, self-determined and mapped the indicative content of each.
The taxonomy will provide a guiding framework to our deliberations on aspects of Culture, Practice and Policy relating to end of life issues in Japan and the UK. We believe it opens up a debate about end of life interventions in new ways to provide protagonists, activists, policy makers, clinicians, researchers and educators with a comprehensive framework in which to place their endeavours, and more effectively to assess their efficacy. End of life issues, broadly characterised, are beginning to figure more strongly in public debate and planning, but we often lack understanding of new approaches to these matters, beyond those that sit within the paradigm of hospice, palliative care and related health and social services or those located in thanatological writings that appear of little relevance to policy and practice. We will adopt a middle path between these extremes to identify a common ground on which Japanese and UK researchers can identify new lines of enquiry that are progressive and mutually enriching between the two countries.
Guided by the taxonomy we will explore the inter-related themes of culture, practice and policy as they relate to end of life issue in the two countries. We have noted that where comparative work on end of life issues in Japan and another country has taken place, the dominant comparator in the past has been the USA. Some of this work suffers from an ethnocentric tendency to see North American orientations as the baseline against which Japanese experience and approaches are assessed. This is a deep flaw which we seek to avoid by using the 10 point taxonomy to enable a co-production of ideas and research initiatives.
Core Team and Collaborators
We are convinced that the questions we pose can only be answered though a multi-disciplinary lens. Our team therefore comprises perspectives from sociology, anthropology, philosophy and ethics, and religious studies. We make use of conceptual frameworks from post-colonial and translation studies, science and technology studies, theories of globalisation and development, feminism and death studies.
We have assembled a core team of eight people, equally divided between the UK and Japan to be responsible for the key tasks of the project and the outputs. Lead by Professor David Clark and Professor Hirobumi Takenouchi, six Early Career Researchers (ECRs) working in pairs (Japan/UK) will take the lead on the three themes (Culture, Practice and Policy). In addition, we have recruited a group of collaborators from the UK and Japan who will offer advice and commentary on the work.
Hirobumi Takenouchi
Amy McCreadie
Akiko Nishio
Gitte Koksvik
Chao Fang
Marian Krawczyk
Haruka Hikasa
Yoshinori Takata
Miho Tanaka
Joshua Gallagher
Christine Valentine
Tony Walter
Erica Borgstrom
Hara Takahashi
Shimon Tashiro
Kaoruko Aita
Hiroshi Yamazaki
Tetsuro Shimizu
For more information, please contact endoflifestudies@glasgow.ac.uk
Related items on our blog
Professor David Clark introduces The Mitori Project, ahead of the first Full Team Workshop in Dumfries, March 2019
Borgstrom, E and Walter, T. (2015) "Choice and compassion at the end of life: A critical analysis of recent English policy discourse". Social Science & Medicine, 136-13: 95-105.
Cherny, N. (2012) "Controversies in oncologist-patient communication: a nuanced approach to autonomy, culture and paternalism." Oncology 26(1): 37-41.
Clark, D., Inbadas, H., Colburn, B., Forrest, C., Richards, N., Whitelaw, S., Zaman, S. (2017) "Interventions at the end of life – a taxonomy for 'overlapping consensus'" Wellcome Open Research; 2: 7.
Fukui, S. Yoshiuchi, K., Fujita, J., Sawai, M., Watanabe, M. (2011) "Japanese people's preference for place of end-of-life care and death: a population-based nationwide survey". Journal of Pain Symptom Management 42(6):882-92.
Geertz, C. (1994) "Thick description: Toward an interpretive theory of culture". In M.Martin & L. C. McIntyre (Eds.), Readings in the philosophy of social science (pp. 213-231). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Hirayama, Y Otani, T Matsushima, M. (2017) "Japanese citizens' attitude toward end-of-life care and advance directives: A qualitative study for members of medical cooperatives". Journal of General and Family Medicine (18)6; 378-385
Koksvik, G. (2018) "Medically Timed Death as an Enactment of Good Death: An Ethnographic Study of Three European Intensive Care Units". 2018. OMEGA- Journal of death and dying pp. 1-14
Koksvik, G. (2015) "Dignity in Practice: Day-to-Day Life in Intensive Care Units in Western Europe". Medical Anthropology 34(6), pp. 517-532
Krawczyk, M. and Richards, N. (2018) "The relevance of 'total pain' in palliative care practice and policy". European Journal of Palliative Care, 25(3), pp. 128-130.
Locke, M. (1996) "Death in Technological Time: Locating the End of Meaningful Life". Medical Anthropology Quarterly, New Series, 10,4: 575-600.
Long, S O. (2005) Final Days. Japanese culture and choice at the end of life. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press.
Lynch, T., Connor, S., and Clark, D. (2013) "Mapping levels of palliative care development: a global update. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management" 45(6): 1094-1106. (
Makino, J. et al. (2014) "End-of-life considerations in the ICU in Japan: ethical and legal perspectives" J. Intensive Care.
Odachi, R., Tamaki, T., Ito, M., Okita, T., Kitamura, Y., Sobue, T. (2017) "Nurses' Experiences of End-of-life Care in Long-term Care Hospitals in Japan: Balancing Improving the Quality of Life and Sustaining the Lives of Patients Dying at Hospitals" Asian Nursing research11: 207-215
Orpett Long, S. 2001. Negotiating the "Good Death": Japanese Ambivalence about New Ways to Die. Ethnology, 40,4: 271-289.
Quality of Death Report. (2015) "Quality of Death Index: Ranking Palliative care across the World". Economist Intelligence Unit, London, UK.
Richards, N. (2017) "Assisted suicide as a remedy for suffering? The end-of-life preferences of British 'suicide tourists'". Medical Anthropology, 36(4), pp. 348-362. (doi:10.1080/01459740.2016.1255610) (PMID:27845576)
Scranton, R. (2015) "Learning to Die in the Anthropocene". San Francisco: City Lights.
Steffen, EM. & Klass, D. (2018) "Culture, contexts and connections: a conversation with Dennis Klass about his life and work as a bereavement scholar", p. 208. Mortality, 23:3, 203-214.
Suh, S-Y., Morita, T., Oyama, Y., Chiu, T-Y., Koh, S. J., Hwang, S-J., Yoshie, T., Tsuneto, S. (2015) "A Cross-Cultural Study on Behaviors When Death Is Approaching in East Asian Countries. What Are the Physician-Perceived Common Beliefs and Practices?" Medicine 94 (39) 2-6.
Takenouchi, H. (2007) "Mitori no biunka no saikouchiku he mukete [Towards reconstruction of "cultures of" "mitori" in modern Japanese society]". Shimizu, T (eds) Koureishakai wo ikiru: iruhito/Mitoru shisutemu[Living in aged society: Growing old/Caring for the dying], Toshindo Publishing, pp.95-116.
Takenouchi, H. (2015) "Where does Environmental Crisis Lead Us? : Towards Construction of Environmental Bioethics". 4th International Conference on Management and Economics, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, pp.1-15.
Valentine, C. (2009) "Continuing bonds after bereavement: a cross-cultural perspective" Bereavement Care 28:2, 6-11; Valentine, C (2013) "Identity and post-mortem relationships in the narratives of British and Japanese mourners" The Sociological Review 61: 2:383-401.
Vijay D, Zaman S and Clark D. (2018) Translation of a community palliative care intervention: Experience from West Bengal, India [version 1; referees: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. Wellcome Open Res, 3:66
Walter, T. (2017) What Death Means Now: Thinking Critically About Dying and Grieving Bristol. Bristol: Policy Press.
Zaman, S., Inbadas, H., Whitelaw, A. and Clark, D. (2017) "Common or multiple futures for end of life care around the world? Ideas from the 'waiting room of history'". Social Science and Medicine, 172, pp. 72-79. | {
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Family board game nights are our favorite family activity. Mixing toddlers into family board game nights poses plenty of challenges. There are some great toddler board games, but most aren't very interesting/challenging for older kids. We used the following tips to continue to enjoy family board game night while our youngest was a toddler.
When our toddler started toddling, the entire family board game night was spent playing defence against our toddler. They were either trying desperately to be involved in games that they weren't capable of playing yet, or trying to destroy whatever game we were playing. It typically ended with a lot frustration all around.
After some parental brainstorming, we decided to try leading with a toddler board game during our family game nights. One of the great things about playing toddler board games is they all play pretty quick. This made playing a quick toddler board game as a prelude to our family game night the easiest solution. Playing your toddler's game first makes them feel special! It gives them their time in the sun with you and their siblings paying attention to them and doing what they want. It also made them a lot less interested in our 'older kid' board games when we got to that point in the game night.
Some game nights, even after leading with a toddler board game, our littlest gamers would still be intensely interested in the big kid games. We realized they didn't care so much about playing the game as they did about being involved, so we would give them their own special task. Rolling the dice for each turn, passing out cards, moving tokens. Finding something that challenged them and kept them occupied made sure everyone had more fun. By doing this, you're not only keeping your toddler entertained, but also giving them a learning opportunity! Most of these tasks are great for toddlers' fine motor skills and they are learning to count as well.
Most family game nights we didn't have to go down this road, but there were a few nights when our toddler was solely focused on destroying whatever game we were playing no matter how involved we let them be, or how many of their toddler games we played before hand. On those nights we would bust out the back up toys.
What worked well for us was puzzles. They were engaging for our toddlers and easy enough for one of us to pop down and engage with them in between turns. Find the right type of toy to keep your toddler occupied during game night and keep a few of them in rotation as a 'special' game night toy.
It's time to get your family game night started or restarted! If you're still looking for motivation, check out the benefits of family board games. Don't let the prospect of a toddler with a destructive mindset keep you from a great family game night!
Comment below and let us know how you get through family game nights with toddlers under foot! This is the final post in a series on playing board game with toddlers, check out the first post on reasons to play board game with toddlers and read the whole series.
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A PRIPYAT SUMMER
Praise & Dissent for the 1st Edition of A Pripyat Summer
"A bold, thought-provoking, literary masterpiece of indeterminable merit and unparalleled consequence for all mankind… For the scholastically inclined, or for the simply pretentious at heart... Translations are currently pending in Latin, Sanskrit, Aramaic and Danish… " - New York Post Sunday Supplement
"Seductively beautiful imagery accompanied by a rare insight into the despicable, loathsome, essentially rotten core of contemporary humanity. A highly recommended read." - Sydney Morning Harold
"Revel in the peoples and the landscapes, the art and architecture, the questionable culture and formidably hazardous cuisine of one of the world's foremost flea-bitten, back-water, hillbilly shitholes. All this without leaving the comfort of your easy chair... Up, up, and away..." - The Daily Planet
"Confirms everything that we've always suspected… Sobering and persuasive intelligence gathered from the Exclusion Zone, presented with style, taste and integrity… A triumph!" - The Milwaukee UFO Digest
"you squeeze you cherry ass out toilet window you think get away all time yes? we are come for you you dead fuck you mother middle in dark night their no place you hide we easy find yes? we cut of you fucking balsack and pressing them long up in you hairy cherry hole in the ass yes?"
- private email correspondence from unknown casino owner to unnamed Belgian photographer
"The pages almost turn by themselves." - Journal of the Dutch Paranormal Society
"At last! Clear and definitive proof that an infinite number of monkeys typing at random over an infinite amount of time can indeed produce a landmark literary achievement…" - Illustrated Thought
"I didn't know whether to laugh out loud, sob inconsolably into my Guiness, or simply shit my pants to spite myself. So I determined to hazard all three at once, and with some surprising results..." - Irish Times
"Probably the least commercial thing I've ever read." - Gestapo
"Provocational… seditious… tasteless… pretentious... undergraduate… swill…" - Newz of the World
"Lowers the bar to the degree that it's better just to hop over it and be done." - Limbo Monthly
"A doorstop in the making." - American House and Lifestyle
"The publishers had the foresight to print the 1st Edition in a handy roll on soft, perforated, uncoated pages… an invaluable resource when trekking…" - Trailblazer - the North American Wilderness Journal
"Undocumented… historically challenged… factually baseless... scandalous… crap... a free pass to a world of hurt, censure, excommunication, jihad, liable suits, international sanctions, and interminable litigation… even the quotes lifted from supposed reviews are utter bullshit…" - Harvard Literary Digest
"A Pripyat Summer takes a lengthy, traumatic, painful and bloodied post-coffee, morning-dump in mankind's collective Fountain of Knowledge." - My Little Pony Review
"you think you fuck us in hole in the ass yes? you think you take fucking food from fucking babys mouth yes? we soon come you fuck you mother middle of cold dark night we come press you piece of whore shit platinum master card long down you fucking throat yes? you eat yes? you shit out we again pressing them up you cherry fucking ass we beet you with iron you fix change car tire you puke you up fucking piece of whore shit platinum master card full with you shit we watch we laugh you cry like little girlie bitch yes?"
Colour grading & layout _ Jah Bozo
Fact-checking _ Sofia Jensen, Dip. Legal Secretary _ Ian Wells, B.A.Media
_ Dr. Roderick Owen, Med.Gynae. _ Morten Langkilde, bibliotiker DB
Additional Photoshopping, editing & layouts _ Edith Fjäs & Casper Rasmussen
Профессор и член палаты експертов по вопросам русского языка и его примeнения
_ Sofia Jensen
Email hacking, malware production, and other nefarious activities
_ Gottfried & Co. @ the Royal Swedish Beer Squadron
Management @ Mabel The Label _ Morten Langkilde and Jah Bozo
(Mis-)management @ Mabel The Label _ Herman Crash-Bang
Printing (1st Edition) _ Mr.Pogoa's Custom Photocopy Service, Apia, Samoa
The staff of the Ministry Of Ukraine Of Emergencies And Affairs Of Population Protection From
The Consequences Of The Chernobyl Catastrophe's
State Enterprise Agency of Information, International Co-operation and Development
Pripyat Visitor's Hostel
Queen Daenerys Targaryen @ Pripyat Provisional Store and Café Bar
The Ibah Chrezmerno-kozloobladateli Victim Fan-base Committee
The Ibah Menkov Heritage Foundation
Loy's Platinum Master Card™ (actually his dad's, but what the fuck...)
Bogdan and Varvara Khanenko, curators of the Makar Ustinov Collection
@ The Museum of Western and Oriental Art, Kiev
Natacha & Boris and the Department of Tourism of the
Independent Democratic Republic of the Ukraine
Sus & Ea
The Chernopripezd of Lake Bostok, whatever you may be...
The Belgians (Jolly good sports!)
Extra special thanks to:
Søren, Tea, Michel, Jan Emil, Morten Umpff, and Sandra Bullock
Dedicated to our fellow Bezkozlie
Forward to the 1st Edition
Well, heir it is!
Herman Crash-Bang,
Label Manager @ Mabel the Label,
Forward to the 2nd Edition
By way of explanation, it is worth mentioning that our label manager - Herman "I have a Ferrari?!" Crash-Bang - is a notoriously difficult individual to track down. Or contact... Herman tends to divide his time between his Hamburg office (soon relocating to the Caymans), the international Formula 1 circuit, and his down-time summer-house in Apia, Samoa.
During his most recent sojourn to the Pacific, a lo-res PDF of the unfinished draft of this work from Mabel the Label's Copenhagen office snailed its way through Herman's 64k modem. We thought it perfectly clear that we sought merely to update him on the current, miserable state of the publication. As well as to secure some considerable financial assistance towards its publication and printing. Oh... and for small things like an actual layout, and colour-grading. He misunderstood. Of course. 100 copies were run off at the Apia Custom Photocopy Service. These he more or less stapled together, then mailed to a curious hodge-podge of reviewers across the globe.
Mr. Pogoa (proprietor of the photocopy store and, by his own admission, a decent, upright, Christian gentleman) took offence at some of the volume's content and made a special edition on soft, perforated rolls of un-coated, 3-ply, recyclable paper. Some of these, too, found their way to reviewer's desks.
Sadly, the original "published" draft was not without its fair share of inaccuracies. Some personal notes and research were lost on the night prior to our departure from the Ukraine, in a frenzied leave-taking through a dodgy Kiev casino's toilet window. (But that's another story.) It was therefore necessary to reconstruct these notes from memories ravaged by excesses that only a "borrowed" Platinum Master Card™ can enable. Admittedly, our first attempts achieved only a modicum of success.
However, we have striven assiduously in this the second edition (as such) to ensure the veracity of the basic information herein and to present a true and factual insight into the fascinating culture, history and traditions of the environs in and around the ancient, more-or-less abandoned city of Pripyat.
The adventures which produced A Pripyat Summer (as well as its exquisite sequel, A Pripyat Winter) have been a significant growing and learning experience for both author, and esteemed photographer alike. (The Ukraine actually lies south-west of Russia, not east!!! Whoever would have thought...?!?!) We sincerely trust that our unpresuming, literary offering will likewise educate, enlighten, and inspire.
Jah Bozo,
Urbex Shit-kicker @ Mabel the Label
День первый – В зоне отчуждения
Den' pervyy – V zone otchuzhdeniya
Day 1 – Into the Exclusion Zone
Пересечение в зоне отчуждения
Peresecheniye v zone otchuzhdeniya
Crossing into the Exclusion Zone
Bathed in the fresh, bright glow of early summer, the borderlands of the Exclusion Zone are about an hours journey north from the Ukrainian capital, Kiev, by express coach. Or under 20 minutes with our heavy-footed, state-certified driver, who seems to regard every chance traffic encounter as tantamount to a Lauda-Hunt face-off. We arrive mid-morning, and well ahead of schedule.
Package tours to the area draw bus-loads of the morbidly curious from around the globe, and today is no exception. A gaggle of inebriated Irish tourists saunter and stagger around by their bus in the exceptional weather, chattering buoyantly but incomprehensibly, and snapping pictures of the guards, the indigenous guides, and each other.
A unique festive atmosphere dominates here at the gateway to the contaminated lands surrounding Pripyat and Chernobyl. Perhaps it is the exhilaration and anticipation of entering an area so infamous, perilous, and haunted by its historical and cultural demons. Perhaps it is the warm weather and the vast expanse of the blue Ukrainian heavens.
More likely than not, though, it's the samples of Nonicca beers and chocolates, which have been surreptitiously distributed throughout the crowd by the entrepreneurial guides and bus chauffeurs. Extracted from the rich blue and yellow flowers of the Nonicca bush, numerous local foodstuffs are traditionally infused with the powerful narcotic. Although an indispensible part of any tourist's itinerary, Nonicca consumption can exact a heavy toll on the unwary.
By the time we have arrive, the Irish are already half assholed, sucking down the deliciously refreshing Nonicca-infused beers like there will be no tomorrow. And, sadly for them, this will probably be the case. A serious Nonicca binge will typically culminate in a deep, death-like coma lasting 24 hours or more. Hotel proprietors in Kiev, and other nearby towns and hamlets, are naturally delighted to accommodate the bus-loads of bug-eyed disaster voyeurs on day-trips to the Exclusion Zone. The guests tend not to create a disturbance (usually returning to their rooms on stretchers), and almost always stay at least a day or two longer than originally anticipated…
However, common sense dictates that you are at the mercies of your tour guide or coach driver (or members of their extended families...) when in such a state. In Kiev, tales are told in hushed whispers of theft, rape, and other unmentionable atrocities committed on the persons of the inebriated.
Even the pimping of the comatose to the Bezkozlie (the so-called "Goatless") for small change is not unheard of, despite it being a capital offence throughout the Ukraine.
Understandably, we've chosen an accredited state-run tour with a friendly, reliable driver with Formula 1 aspirations, and an informative, forthright and charming guide - Boris and Natasha respectively.
Музей техники подверженной радиоактивному излучению
Muzey tekhniki podverzhennoy radioaktivnomu izlucheniyu
Borderlands Radiated Vehicles Museum
We have some time to kill while we wait our turn for the final visas, stamps and signatures on our paperwork before entering the Exclusion Zone. We peel off from the rest of the throng to wander through the Borderlands Radiated Vehicles Museum, just a short walk from the Ministry of Ukraine of Emergencies and Affairs of Population Protection from the Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe's State Enterprise Agency of Information, International Co-operation and Development building. (No, really…!! I kid you not! I mean, who the fuck makes this shit up…? Goddam!!!)
The Museum stands on the grave of dozens of hazardously irradiated military and civil automobiles, said to have been buried and sealed here in lead and concrete during the lengthy "clean-up" of the worst of the Chernobyl disaster. However, in the wake of the systematic looting of the area that followed, the fate of anything not already fastened firmly in its place can be at best uncertain. For all we know the vehicles reputedly entombed here could be transporting people, wares, livestock, and foodstuffs anywhere within the borders of the old Soviet Union.
Our driver, Boris, takes regular radiation readings and appears fascinated by the sometimes startling fluctuations. And maybe more than a little nervous, at times. Although exposure to the vehicular gravestones on this quiet resting place is not specially life-threatening, collecting souvenirs (let alone hot-wiring them and driving them home) is most ill-advised.
The Department of Tourism of the Independent Democratic Republic of the Ukraine is not particularly choosy as to whom they allow on their tours. To our mounting chagrin we were forced to share our ride with two young, Belgian gentlemen - Edme van der Lort (below) and his cousin, Loy.
These two travelling companions became a constant source of unintentional and (more often than not) unwelcome entertainment during our first day in the Exclusion Zone, with their disparaging, snooty remarks about the quality of our digital photographic equipment and the unquestionable superiority of high-quality emulsion film (like theirs) versus stinky digital photography (like ours); their brainless, pointless banter and asinine jokes; their suspect tales of sexual conquests with compliant, damp-thighed nannies, and other rather less wholesome, zoo-curious fantasies acted out in the course of summer holidays on their grandfather's state-of-the-art pig farm in the Rühr; Loy's faux-heavy-metal pretensions and posturing, and Edme's stupid, fucking cap and baggy jeans; their propensity to flashing their impressive, fucking top-of-the-line cameras in the face of whomsoever in desperate attempts to gain admiration and respect; oh! and lets not forget to mention Loy's dad's massive fortune, accrued in the 1970's & '80's through his ruthless stewardship of Belgium's most notorious child pornography and snuff-film empire - evidently a well-guarded family secret (...until now...); their surreptitious, greedy consumption of unseemly quantities of smuggled Belgian chocolates and abbey ale, sweets, and pork rinds; their hopelessly short spans of attention; and did I mention their insanely expensive, fucking photographic equipment (Loy Senior is now a successful publisher in Antwerp, thank you very fucking much, and is evidently footing the bills. Hell! The bastard's probably writing their whole expedition off as some kind of goddammed tax deduction. It must be nice for some, hey...?!?); their ceaseless questioning about town and country, art, culture, local gastronomy, history, the infamous insurgency of the the terrorist brotherhood, the BPH during April 1986, and its wanton, orgiastic partying at the Chernobyl Reactor complex that culminated in one of the 20th century's most scandalous, nuclear disas… huh?!? ...w-wh-wha-whaaaaaat??!!??
Hey…! Wait just a goddam second!
Yes, indeed, it is on this first day that it dawns on us that cousins Edme & Loy - the Twerp Twins from Antwerp - are similarly engaged in "an epic and awesome, totally ground-breaking, photo-journalistic book project," (to quote an enthusiastic, but eminantly over-extended, young Loy van der Lort) apparently identical to our own project in virtually every way. Hmm… Well, something would have to be done about that... Well, yes... Yes, indeed...
In the meantime, in the midst of this automobile graveyard (as strange, silent, and unnerving by day as any haunted potter's field in the dead of night) one of our travelling companions, Edme, seems to have been distracted from the gravity of the moment by a dandelion.
Министерство Украины по вопросам чрезвычайных ситуаций и защиты населения от последствий Чернобыльской катастрофы. Государственное предприятие, Агентство информации международного сотрудничества и Чернобыль ИнтерИнформ агентства развития.
Ministerstvo Ukrainy po voprosam chrezvychaynykh situatsiy i zashchity naseleniya ot posledstviy Chernobyl'skoy katastrofy. Gosudarstvennoye predpriyatiye, Agentstvo informatsii mezhdunarodnogo sotrudnichestva i Chernobyl'InterInform agentstva razvitiya.
The Ministry Of Ukraine Of Emergencies And Affairs Of Population Protection from the Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe's State Enterprise Agency of Information, International Cooperation and Development's "Chernobyl Interinform Agency"
(Above: Look! See? I'm not kidding! That's actually what they call the place. Goddam!!!
And you probably thought I was just making all this shit up, didn't you…?
And they've even mis-spelled "Chernobyl"! I mean, like... Hel-looooooooooo...!!!)
Back from the museum, we enter the Ministry Of Ukraine Of Emergencies And Affairs Of Population Protection from the Consequences of the Chernobyl Catastrophe's State Enterprise Agency of Information, International Cooperation and Development's Chernobyl Interinform Agency office to get our papers stamped, and are immediately struck by its warm, rustic style.
But the office is empty of officials except for a young woman chatting on her cell phone, clad in her traditional peasant dress. She doesn't turn when we announce our presence. Instead she begins to toy with the hilt of a dagger in its ivory scabbard which lies on the table before her.
Oh shit!
Our photographer manages to snaps off a quick pic as we make a hasty retreat back to the minibus. | {
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Mr. ________ was cutting the line and shouting in Russian. Purser asked guest to stop shouting and then went to the back office to ask Roxana to come and assist in Russian.
Guest stated that he was not happy with the cabin. Mr. _______stated that the closet of cabin was too small and there was no space to put the clothes he and his wife had brought. Guest demanded another cabin. It was explained to the Mr_______ that the ship was full and there were no other cabins available. Guest then started shouting again and took out a many $100 notes from his pocket and threw them onto the desk and said he would pay lots of money. Purser again explained that there were no other cabins available. Mr. _______ continued to be aggressive and Purser informed guest that if he continued she would call security. Mr_____ picked up the money and left using many bad words.
Mrs. __________ came to the desk asking if there was any other available cabins. Guest stated that she was scared of the sea and needed to be further away from it. She wanted to move from deck 2 to deck 7 or above. Purser apologized and advised her that unfortunately there were no available cabins as the ship was fully booked. Mrs. _________ said that she was going to go to cabins on deck 7 and ask people if they would change cabins with her. Purser advised that she should not disturb other guests. Guest left the desk with no further comment. No open cabin letter sent to the cabin.
There really isn't much to say about those two comments except that to our Russian friends, money is the answer to everything. It wasn't too many years ago that they would not have had any clothes to put in the closet…………if they could afford a closet …………. and look where they are now.
And here is one more……….yep………..it's triple strike Tuesday.
So, this morning I thought I would give this chap a call to see if his accent was really that strong………………..and bugger me …………even I had a hard time understanding him — so you can imagine what problems his young stateroom steward from Indonesia must have. The guest is from a small town close to Inverness and, my goodness, he is as Scottish as a haggis wearing a kilt playing the bagpipes and spending no money.
There are many regional accents in the UK………….I like this………….it gives us some identity and even if we move from London to Louisville or from New York to Newcastle we still have our accents……………..but will the next generation?
I worry about this because if you think about it whether you live in Michigan or Manchester, Toronto or Tallahassee………….kids all watch the same TV.
British kids today spend half their day watching pink animated programs from America and are becoming a generation that thinks you dial 911 if you want the police and that "colour" has no "u" ……………………and they all talk like Paris Hilton.
A few years ago everyone thought that speaking properly meant you had to talk like the Queen who speaks like she is trying to keep a peeled grape between her buttocks, and that her vocal cords are actually made from glass………….nowadays kids want to sound like Beeonce or Jay Low.
So, although I am sorry for the stateroom steward I did apologize to the guest and explained that maybe if you see any confusion in his eyes that maybe he should write it down for him………….I told Scottie that he had a great steward whom if we could get over the language thing would really enhance his cruise. I would like to tell you what Scottie said in reply………but I haven't a bloody clue.
I love accents though and one of my favorites is of course the southern American accent. I grew up on this, thanks to shows like the "Dukes of Hazard." This leads me nicely onto Mr. Al Ernst, Carnival's 344th best comedian. Well, you may remember that Al recently damaged the tendons in his knee while taking part in the Georgia vs. Arkansas Sumo Wrestling contest where Al was beaten by a man called Mr. D. Pends.
So, as a failed sumo wrestler, Al decided to revert to his old job and went out to entertain the guests onboard the Carnival Glory…..here is what happened to Al….in his own words.
After doing three shows last night on the Glory (by the way, the two-comedy cabaret shows…really do work…) and getting seven to 18 laughs per show, I would consider the night a success. Of course, it is difficult and embarrassing to go on stage with your crutches, so I figured I could get by without them during shows…….bad decision.
So I spend the night on painkillers and thinking that amputation is still a good option.
I wake up with a better attitude and feeling better and determined to use the crutches – I decide to go to Lido for lunch. So, I hobble to Lido.
I find a table. Put the "assist sticks" in the corner, and go to the buffet. (No way can I balance the buffet and the crutches).
In my eagerness to get some relief, I began walking with my new multi-purpose weapons/crutches about two-steps when I realized one of the "star warriors" messed with length adjustment… and BOOM…Gimpy takes a fall like a Saturday Night Live skit… So now I take pills for my hip, ankle and knee.
E Man who is now the "G" Man (gimp).
Can you imagine that kids would do something like that? Supposing they had stolen the crutches of someone who wasn't using them for sympathy and a way to get girls ……….like Al. Seriously though, it is a shame that kids would do this and I hope that their parents used "force" — not "the force" — but a good smack on the bum.
Let's take a break and have a look at some photos from Jaime's trip to Cinquaterra last Monday.
Now, following on from yesterday's press release about the Carnival Triumph's 2009 nine-day cruises to Quebec and beyond, I thought you may like to see some photos of what to expect………………have a look at these.
Well, the Carnival Fantasy has entered dry dock for her big renovation and, of course, the addition of our "Evolution of Fun" upgrades. In the days ahead I will be posting an interview with Carnival Fantasy Hotel Director Mark Hoffman who will keep us up to date on what's happening.
Its funny isn't it that sometimes it takes one person to point out something that you have been doing for a long time ………………and it's not correct.
1 question and 1 comment for you, John….
1. Why don't you include how many Americans are cruising when you do the guest breakdowns?
2. I agree that Carnival has a great staff especially when it comes to special needs guests. I will be using my scooter again on the Blogger's cruise and on the Dream. I know I will be well taken care of by the crew (and my hubby, of course!). Thanks John!
Sheryl, I am so sorry. I guess I took it for granted that people would see the international list I post and subtract that total from the number of guests onboard which I also mention ………… however………..I can see that I should actually write that number down…..so starting now…………I will.
This cruise we have a total of 3,035 guests of which 1,408 are non-U.S. citizens, which we means we have…….ummmm………..can't find a calculator ……… ummmm ……. bugger ………….ummmm……….lots of Americans. ……………..hope this helps.
Rest assured Sheryl that me and the staff will make sure you are looked after and I am truly honored that you are both coming on the Bloggers Cruise. See you soon.
So, here we are again in Naples, Italy and I am so glad the weather was not what it was forecast to be. I looked up as I usually do on weather.com the forecast for Naples and was met with the words "heavy rain,"………………So that's what we placed in the Carnival Capers and that's what I informed the guest it would be over the PA system……………..and this morning……………….was it raining hard?……………was it buggery?
The sun was shining and, although a little windy, the temperature was a balmy 70 degrees and by 1 pm it was 76 degrees. ………oh, don't get me wrong, I am not complaining but I felt silly that I had got the forecast so wrong……..oh well, I am sure the guests don't mind.
They are off exploring Pompeii, Capri and the Amalfi Coast and it's the perfect day to do so. It's a busy day in port with us, a something of the seas, one brand X, and one of the ships with graffiti on the bow. I met with Adolfo, my friend and the owner of the largest tour operator in Naples, and while we were chatting I met the cruise director of the something of the seas…………..actually…………I should be professional here ………….I met a senior…..very senior officer of the Legend of the Seas…………..and you know what? …….. he reads the blog.
I hope I don't get him in trouble for this and, just in case, I won't mention his name. Anyway, Adolfo introduced me to him and he was so complimentary and said that he reads the blog everyday because so much of what I write happens on his ship, as well. In fact we both spoke about this cruise and how with strikes and possible bankruptcy threatening, that all of a sudden Alitalia have started losing luggage. We have 16 missing here and there is even more on the RCI ship.
I asked him if he gets mad when I make fun of the ship names…………..he said that he thinks it's very funny but he is sure some people back in HQ do not. I explained that even though we are rivals and that as long as people are taking cruises that's its good for us all ………… he agreed………….he then said his ship was better…………I told him to bugger off ……………we shook hands…………..and left as friends…………………it made my day that he reads the blog. And it was great to meet him.
Just to go back to the luggage thing. I spoke to our Chief Purser Lui and they have found some of the bags and they are being delivered to Venice. I as always feel so bad for the ones who are without. I will keep you informed.
I want to go back to this accent thing again and tell you something else I can't stand – people acting like they're from the islands when they're really not. It seems that you see everyone these days going for the West Indian handshaking technique of balled fists and knuckles touching…….and on the ship everyone does it………meet a waiter from Bulgaria or a photographer from Bali they will all want to touch fists rather than shake hands.
Ever wondered why their trousers have to be worn so low on the hips…………… that you can see their man gardens?
So, if you can't beat 'em join 'em.
Me a hope that everything is irie mon ……….me soon come back with anover phat blog ting. | {
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Q: Forever detected script was killed by signal: SIGABRT I randomly see this error in my NodeJS, running via forever:
error: Forever detected script was killed by signal: SIGABRT
error: Script restart attempt #12
error: Forever detected script was killed by signal: SIGABRT
error: Script restart attempt #13
It happens once or twice per week, that's it. And is restarted right after and then runs fine.
How/what can I do, to debug or fix such error?
I'm running NodeJS 6 and Debian 8.
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
} | 7,786 |
Safran launches innovation ad campaign
Paris, June 3, 2015
Safran's latest advertising campaign is dedicated to innovation. It aims to spotlight Safran's vision of innovation, and share this vision outside the Group (with customers, partners, suppliers, schools and the general public), as well as with all employees.
A visual concept of innovation at Safran
The novel image offered by Safran evokes an idea of our future daily life, with an aircraft stopping alongside a subway platform! Both the visual and the text call to mind a future world of travel, with the headline, "We bring the future to your doorstep". This campaign is designed to emphasize the importance of rising to the innovation challenges facing Safran. The visual for this ad uses a combination of photos reworked in 3D to provide a realistic, yet futuristic image.
Campaign launched for the Paris Air Show
The campaign will be seen in print and web ads, in both national and international media, as well as posters. Along with the campaign, the corporate website www.safran-group.com will provide a more in-depth look at the innovative solutions offered by Safran. The campaign is signed by the agency Havas Paris, which has worked on this project with Safran since last spring.
According to Pascale Dubois, Safran Executive Vice President, Communications, "Through this campaign, Safran shows its contributions to a world on the move, by projecting our daily lives into the future, and how we could use our technologies to bring people closer together, anticipate our customers' requirements and foster greater mobility in every sense of the word. It tells the story of our strength in innovation, which lies at the intersection of our multidisciplinary skills."
Lucie Munsch, the account manager at Havas Paris, adds, "Safran's take on innovation and the associated image now seem only natural. This creative effort marks a minor revolution, since it combines an array of current techniques and aspects in an amazing overall view projected towards our imagined future life."
Contacts Presse Safran
Catherine MALEK
catherine.malek@safran.fr
Caroline COUDERT
caroline.coudert@safran.fr
Contact presse Havas
Yael Dorfner
yael.dorfner@havasww.com
Safran's Board of Directors appoints Olivier Andriès Chief Executive Officer of Safran as of January 1, 2021
The EcoPulse™ hybrid aircraft demonstrator achieves its first key milestone with success
Ross McInnes and Olivier Andriès extend their best wishes for 2021
Environment: Safran's strategy to decarbonize air travel
My friend cobot! | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} | 6,258 |
Q: Power Automate - Microsoft Forms to Excel with branching I am using Microsoft Forms with Power Automate to update an Excel spread sheet in teams.
The form is complex and has branching. For example when I click through the form I can select items that belong to me, however the next person has their own items (hmmm that's not very clear).
Using branching I have over 50 sections called Equipment. Each of those equipment sections has items relevant to a user.
When the user submits the form, Power Automate updates the excel spreadsheet with Equipment, Equipment2, Equipment3, equipment4... etc.
How can I have it so all the data is pushed into one Excel Column, Equipment and not spread through 50 Equipment# columns?
Regards,
Michael
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
} | 9,604 |
Last night I met Abby Kinchy, author and professor. Her research and writing is on transgenic seeds and the impact the planting of these seeds has on all of us.
She is a guest speaker tonight at York College, in an event open to the public.
Her brief synopsis of what she will cover tonight has me intrigued and wanting to hear more. If it was winter I'd be reading her most recent book but that will have to wait until next winter.
Policies set by the farm bill, what activities the federal government funds in growing, how much debt individual farmers carry, why 1% of the population is supporting so many other equipment/material suppliers...and more...how farmers got to this point and what happens to those transgenic seeds and pollen that blow in the wind...who owns it and why.
Curious stuff. We will be at York College this evening to hear more. After an afternoon nap. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 6,872 |
var Upgrader = require('../upgrader');
var upgrader = Upgrader({
url: 'http://wiky.github.io/node.upgrader/for-test/demo.zip',
dest: './download/file/path',
version: {
local: './download/file/path/version.json',
remote: 'http://wiky.github.io/node.upgrader/for-test/version.json'
}
});
upgrader.check(function(local, remote) {
if (remote) {
if ((local && this.greaterThan(remote.version, local.version)) || !local) {
this.download(function() {
this.extract(true);
});
} else {
console.log('Up to date');
}
} else {
console.log('Always update');
this.download(function() {
this.extract(true);
});
}
});
upgrader.on('download', function(total) {
console.log('start download', total);
});
upgrader.on('downloading', function(total, current) {
console.log('process:', parseInt((current / total) * 10000, 10) / 100 + '%');
});
upgrader.on('extract', function() {
console.log('start extract');
});
upgrader.on('extracted', function() {
console.log('extracted');
}); | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
} | 1,616 |
Assistant / Associate Professor
Administrative, Student Affairs, Health Services, Faculty Positions, Health & Medicine, Medicine, Nutrition, Other Health & Medicine, Social & Behavioral Sciences, Psychology
Posting Details
Employees hired into Administrative and Professional positions posted on or after July 1, 2017, will be governed by and, if employed on July 1, 2018 will move into the new University Human Resources System. For additional information, go to http://greatplace.vcu.edu.
Position Number F32990 Position Type Teaching and Research Faculty Rank Open Working Title Assistant / Associate Professor School/Unit School of Medicine Department Health Behavior And Policy Number of Months 12 Tenure Status Tenure Eligible Grant funded position? No
Mission or Goal of Unit
The mission of the Department of Health Behavior and Policy is to transform the health landscape through multidisciplinary research, education, and service. Our research identifies the behavioral, social, organizational, and policy factors that affect the health of individuals and populations. We utilize rigorous quantitative and qualitative methods and engage diverse communities to develop and evaluate programs and policies designed to promote health, improve health care delivery, and reduce health disparities. Our research findings inform the translation of effective programs and policies into practice. As educators, we aim to develop diverse leaders for professional and research careers through two doctoral programs (Healthcare Policy & Research and Social & Behavioral Sciences).
Chief purpose of this position in support of above mission or goal
We are seeking candidates for a tenure-eligible faculty position to teach courses in Health Economics and Health Policy, to provide mentorship to the graduate research assistants in the department and increase the departments visibility in health services research, particularly related to access to health care and the role of insurance coverage; health outcomes including the effects of provider payments and delivery system reforms on health care costs and quality; and the impact of federal, state, and local health policies on health and health care.
The faculty member will have teaching responsibilities in Healthcare Policy and Research graduate programs. The faculty member should have interdisciplinary research interests that complement the program. In addition, faculty will mentor capstone projects of MPH students and supervise dissertation research.
Faculty members must establish a nationally recognized research program with a record of publication in refereed journals and external funding. They are expected to develop interdisciplinary collaborations to enhance the research program in the Department.
Faculty members will serve on Departmental, College, and/or University committees as necessary, as well as in a professional capacity in their field (e.g., reviewer, conference organizer, etc.)
• Ph.D. in economics, health services research, public policy, epidemiology or related field with strong quantitative and methodological expertise.
• Record of peer-reviewed publications and conference dissemination demonstrating expertise in the faculty area of research.
• Teaching experience at the masters or doctoral level.
• Record of external funding.
• Demonstrated experience working in and fostering a diverse faculty, staff, and student environment or commitment to do so as a faculty member at VCU .
For Assistant Professor level: should show evidence of research productivity and the potential to obtain external funding.
For Associate Professor level: should show evidence of a well-developed scholarly/research portfolio with evidence of multi-disciplinary applications and external funding appropriate to complement and expand existing expertise in the department.
• Interest in the prevention and management of cancer and/or other chronic diseases.
• Proven experience and expertise as a health services researcher in one or more of the following areas: access to health care and the role of insurance coverage; health outcomes including the effects of provider payments and delivery system reforms on health care costs and quality; and the impact of federal, state, and local health policies on health and health care.
Date Posted 12/12/2019 Open Until Filled Yes Application Deadline Date Proposed Hire Date 07/01/2020 Type of Search National Application Process/Additional Information
Applicants must apply via https://www.vcujobs.com. The search committee will meet to review all the applicants. Qualified applicants will be contacted to conduct a phone or zoom screening interview. Following the initial interviews, the top candidate(s) will be invited to campus for an in-person interview.
Posted Salary Quick Link https://www.vcujobs.com/postings/95927 Diversity Statement Information For more information on diversity statements, including guidelines, please click here . Supplemental Questions
Applicant Documents
Cover Letter/Letter of Application
Optional Documents
Other Document
Reference Letter - 1
Associate Director for Clinical Services
Save Associate Director for Clinical Services
Save Research Assistant
Oncologist – Clinical/Translational Investigator – Lung Cancer and Immuno-oncology
Save Oncologist – Clinical/Translational Investigator – Lung Cancer and Immuno-oncology
Faculty Positions Not specified Full Time jobs in Richmond
Health & Medicine Not specified Full Time jobs in Richmond
Medicine Not specified Full Time jobs in Richmond
Nutrition Not specified Full Time jobs in Richmond
Other Health & Medicine Not specified Full Time jobs in Richmond | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} | 5,748 |
two wacky and wonderful flavours.
Cadbury Marvellous Creations are a chocolate lovers dream.
was the one I was most looking forward to trying.
but is decorated with candy coloured stripes, bringing out the kid in you.
the chocolate is unusually shaped with different sized pieces and patterns.
and a mouthful of delicious nut caramel and is full of crunch.
is a delight for chocolate lovers who want try something a little different.
bringing a little more excitement into your day. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 2,232 |
Discover WAVECRAFT CTV - the seaborne helicopter!
Umoe Mandal leverages almost 30 years of expertise in designing and building world-class high-speed naval vessels to the new-generation of high-performance WAVECRAFT CTVs, optimized for Oil & Gas and Renewables sectors. These advanced, lightweight CTVs guarantee unrivaled speed, excellent seakeeping, superior fuel economy and a greener footprint.
WAVECRAFT™ Voyager 38 X is a seagoing innovation, designed to reduce transit time, improve crew and passenger comfort, safety and efficiency, expand operational envelop and reduce logistical cost.
Voyager 38X incorporates proven air-cushion catamaran and Surface-Effect-Ship (SES) technologies with a sophisticated motion control system, which compensates for vertical wave motion, offering comfortable transit and safe access to other vessels and installations offshore. The vessel may be outfitted with a gangway and a SeaSpyder personnel transfer system. With a sleek composite hull design and optional smart interior layout that offers modern facilities, such as a meeting room, refreshments lounge, quiet zone with reclining chairs, tv screens and other modern amenities, Voyager 38 X is optimized to deliver uniquely comfortable transit for up to 150 passengers and crew of six.
With max speed of 55 kn, excellent seakeeping capabilities even in high sea states and superior fuel efficiency and hence low environmental footprint, the new Voyager 38X offers reduced logistical costs per each far from shore transfer, effectively servicing multiple platforms in a single transit.
WAVECRAFT™ Voyager 38 X can be delivered in accordance with all major classification societies, and is compliant with USCG and ABS A1 HSC Crew boat, "Circle E" + AMS + DPS-2 classifications. Applying the latest in high-speed diesel engine- and SCR technologies, Voyager 38 X meets stringent environmental standards and is compliant with USCG EPA TIER 4 requirements.
"Voyager 38 X implements intelligent design and state-of-the-art technology to offer new standard for offshore crew transfer, directly competing with helicopters on levels of safety, comfort, fuel efficiency and overall reduced cost of offshore logistics. We are pleased to offer our latest innovation to the global Oil & Gas sector, and are especially excited to enter the US market with purpose-designed technologies to meet EPA TIER 4 standard", said Are Søreng, VP Sales & Marketing at Umoe Mandal.
Umoe Mandal is the leading designer and builder of high-speed, lightweight vessels based on air-cushion catamaran / surface effect ship technologies. Founded in 1989 in Mandal, Norway as a purpose-built shipyard specializing in Fibre Reinforced Polymers hull building materials, we have the capability and unique expertise in specialized production of composite vessels and components for a variety of advanced applications in maritime, offshore and naval industries.
Our history of delivering pioneering naval vessels has set the ground-work for expanding into world-class commercial craft with our latest WAVECRAFTTM Crew Transfer Vessels for the Renewables, Oil & Gas and Defense industries.
WAVECRAFT™ Voyager 38X is a seagoing innovation, designed to reduce transit time, improve crew and passenger comfort, safety and efficiency, expand operational envelop and reduce logistical cost.
Voyager 38X challenges helicopter transfer, combining speed, safety and comfort with excellent seakeeping capabilities and fuel economy. Outfitted with a motion compensated gangway and a SeaSpyder personnel transfer system, this unique craft is optimized for specific requirements of the offshore Oil & Gas industry.
Combining proven surface-effect ship (SES) and air-cushion catamaran technologies with an active motion damping system, Voyager craft allow for reaching the offshore installations in high sea states, even when the distance from harbor is far and the weather window for safe operations is narrow.
Classification: ABS A1 HSC Crew boat, "Circle E" + AMC + DPS-2, USCG TIER 4 emissions standard certified.
Voyager is a new-generation service vessel, designed for high-speed transfer of crew. When the distance from harbor is far and the operational weather window is narrow, Voyager craft offer a long-range, economical, commercially feasible and safe alternative to helicopters.
Based on proven surface-effect ship (SES) and air-cushion catamaran technologies, robust, lightweight composite hull, combined with an active vertical motion damping system Voyager 32 offers excellent seakeeping in high sea states, passenger comfort, significantly reduced seasickness, superior fuel economy (l/nm), low wake wash and reduced environmental footprint.
Commander 27 series is a highly-sophisticated class of composite vessels specifically-designed for the medium to long-range transportation of personnel to offshore wind farms. Commander craft are designed to operate at almost twice the speed and wave height of other equivalent vessels on the market.
Like all WAVECRAFT ™ series, these high-speed vessels are based on proven surface-effect ship (SES) and air-cushion catamaran technologies using an advanced ride control system (RCS). This offers excellent seakeeping and passenger comfort. Commander craft are also fitted with a unique boarding control system (BCS ™), which significantly reduces heave and pitch motions, enabling personnel to safely and simply access a turbine in sea states of up to 2,5m Hs. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 2,769 |
One could almost consider exploring history a form of puzzle solving. Extrapolating facts and events through ruins and artifacts and documents, putting together a cohesive story through the remnants of times. Lucas Pope's upcoming Return of the Obra Dinn, his narrative-driven follow-up to Paper's Please (2013), is a game that encompasses that process. A mystery of a lost ship pieced together by discovered documents and flashbacks triggered by the remains on board.
In Pope's latest updates in his TIGSource devlog, those documents and artifacts are slowly taking shape. Recent GIFs show the lengthy manifest, revealing the crew names, their roles, and place of birth. This crew record is complemented by a sketchbook drawn by the ship's artist, offering snapshots of life on the ship before its mysterious fate. As you uncover more about the crew, you'll be able to link names with the faces in the sketches.
The Obra Dinn is a character in this mystery as well, and other documents imbue the ship with its own history. A deck map not only lets the player keep track of flashbacks and discoveries, but also gives the ship a sense of presence, while the sea chart traces the Obra Dinn's journey across the Atlantic.
Through these various artifacts from the lost ship, the mystery of eerie fate can be pieced together, a narrative jigsaw where the pieces are the dead, the documents, the decrepit husk of the titular ship.
Return of the Obra Dinn is still in heavy development, and has no release date at the moment. For more details on the game and to follow Pope's progress, you can read through his devlog here. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 7,263 |
Because heroin is a dangerous and highly addictive drug, possession of heroin is a serious crime under Georgia law. Under Georgia law, heroin is classified as a Schedule I drug. Schedule I drugs are the most serious type of drug under Georgia law because of their highly addictive nature and lack of medical use. Possession of a Schedule I drug is punished more severely than possession of a less serious type of drug. Additionally, depending upon the quantity of heroin in your possession, you could be charged with possession with the intent to distribute which carries an even higher penalty than a simple possession charge.
What is possession of heroin?
If you are arrested with any amount of heroin in your possession, you can be charged with possession of heroin. Under Georgia law, possession of heroin—even if you have no prior criminal history—is a felony. Depending upon both the amount of heroin in your possession as well as the specific facts and circumstances of your case, you can also be charged with possession of heroin with the intent to distribute or you can be charged with trafficking heroin. Both of these charges are felonies that carry a more severe punishment than a simple possession of heroin charge.
For a first-time possession of heroin charge, you will be facing a minimum of one year in prison. In the event that you're convicted of manufacturing, selling or possessing heroin with the intent to distribute, you will be facing a minimum of five years in prison for a first offense. A second conviction for manufacturing, selling or possessing heroin with the intent to distribute carries a minimum ten-year prison sentence, and the maximum punishment is life imprisonment.
In addition to prison time, you will also be faced with a hefty fine as well as drug counseling, probation and community service. Additionally, you will be a convicted felon with a felony drug conviction on your permanent criminal record that is accessible to anyone who runs a background check on you. In other words, the impact of a possession of heroin conviction will impact you for the rest of your life. Protect your future! Call the experienced criminal defense attorneys at The Turner Firm for a free consultation today. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 2,088 |
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"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 487 |
SPECTRUM NEWS VIDEO: Every year, the Red Cross honors its Real Heroes, every day people of all ages in our community who help save the lives of others. Over the next several days, Spectrum News will share some of those heroic efforts with you. In our first installment, Videographer Tom Walters bring us the story of a boy who proved to be the perfect lifeline for his father. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 6,009 |
Queen Anne's County State's Attorney
Serving and protecting Queen Anne's County citizens through our legal system
State's Attorney
DUI Education Program
Victim-Witness Information and Services
Bank teller convicted of Felony Theft Scheme
A former bank teller at PNC Bank in Sudlersville, MD was sentenced in the Circuit Court for Queen Anne's County to five years in prison with all but 6 months of active incarceration suspended, which will served at the Queen Anne's County Detention Center, for stealing $3,700.00 from two account holders.
In March of 2016 a victim had learned that $2,700 had been withdrawn from his PNC Bank Account without his knowledge or approval. He reported the matter to PNC Bank who subsequently conducted a joint investigation with the Queen Anne's County Sheriff's Office. The investigation revealed that on March 17, 2016 Vickie Cunningham, a bank teller at the Sudlersville Branch, was working at the drive thru window when she processed a withdrawal slip from the victim's account in the amount of $2,700. PNC Bank's internal computer records and logs also showed that Ms. Cunningham then processed another withdrawal slip, this time from a second victim's account, in the amount of $1,000. Surveillance cameras showed that neither of the account holders were present at the bank when these withdrawals were processed. Both victims later advised that they did not complete any withdraws from their accounts on the day in question and identified the signatures on the withdrawal slips as forged signatures. Investigators later discovered that Ms. Cunningham deposited $3,700 into her personal banking account the next day, March 18, 2016.
Ms. Cunningham was then criminally charged with the thefts and was convicted of Felony Theft Scheme between $1,000 to under $10,000 on January 13, 2017 in the Circuit Court. Sentencing was deferred until March 14, 2017 to allow time for a pre-sentence investigation to be conducted. Following her release from jail she will be placed on 36 months of supervised probation and restitution to PNC Bank in the amount of $3,700 was ordered as part of that probation. The Bank reimbursed both victims the money that had been withdrawn from their account as a result of this criminal act.
This case was prosecuted by Michael "Mick" Cuches, Deputy State's Attorney. Mr. Cuches added that bank tellers are entrusted with our hard earned money and banks are supposed to be a place of safe keeping for our money. When the trust a banking customer has with its bank is broken, the responsible party needs to serve time in jail, period.
← Centreville woman receives jail sentence for bad checks, theft and fraud
Ingleside man sentenced to prison in drug dealing death case →
Crumpton Woman Found Guilty of Animal Cruelty
Jury Convicts Centreville Man Of Drug Distribution
Animal Neglect Gets Centreville Man Jail Time
Drugs, Theft and Assault on Police Officer Results in Lengthy Prison Sentence
Former Courthouse Employee Sentenced To Prison For Embezzlement
Office of the State's Attorney
107 N. Liberty Street,
Centreville, MD 21617
TTD: 410-758-2126
8:00am until 4:30pm
© 2008-2020 Queen Anne's County, Maryland. All rights reserved. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} | 9,006 |
EventNook Check-in Pro provides event organizers and managers with an easy and efficient way to manage onsite registration, guests' check-in and seamless badge printing at the event onsite.
For events issuing QR code e-ticket to their guests, it allows to easily scan and verify QR code ticket and track attendance stats with real-time dashboard. It also allows to easily search attendees by name, email, etc.
For business events like conference, corporate events or workshop, it also supports to track attendance of break-out sessions. It supports to print the custom designed badge for lanyard. With it, you don't require to pre-print the badges and you can instantly easily print the badge upon attendee checking-in.
- EventNook check-in pro is for event organizers and event managers to manage onsite event registration.
- In order to use EventNook check-in pro app, you must have an eventnook active subscribed account to log in and manage your events.
- Attendees must register your event via your event page on eventnook platform.
EventNook is a complete online event registration and ticketing platform to easily create or publish online event website, manage event registration, ticket sales and onsite event management.
With EventNook, event organizers can easily set up online event website, registration form, ticketing and online payment in a few minutes and launch event site immediately. It's also a mobile friendly event ticketing platform and offers mobile e-ticketing with our easy to use QR Scan app. EventNook can be used for organizing all kinds of events such as conferences, workshops, seminars, meetings, music, festival, social, religious events, sports, arts, exhibitions, etc. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 4,246 |
In my country/territory, I must apply for a visa to attend a conference, and that requires an invitation to the event. Can you send me an invitation?
In order to obtain an official invitation letter to the Congress, payment of the registration fee must first be received by EAHP.
Should the visa request be denied, EAHP will reimburse the registration fee upon receiving an official document from the embassy explaining that visa was denied. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 8,732 |
Is Kyrsten Sinema a 'covert Republican'? Dem Senator slammed for backing filibuster
Arizona senator Kyrsten Sinema also skipped May 28 Senate vote on whether to establish a bipartisan commission to investigate the Capitol riot
Updated On : 19:39 PST, Jun 2, 2021
Tags :Arizona,Charlotte
Kyrsten Sinema is a Democrat US Senator from Arizona (Photo by Christian Petersen/Getty Images)
Democratic Senator Kyrsten Sinema, is at the center of a controversy once again after she reiterated her support in favor of the filibuster. While addressing the media at an event with Senator John Corryn, Sinema said, "It is a tool that protects the democracy of our nation. Rather than allowing our country to ricochet wildly every two to four years back and forth between policies, the idea of the filibuster was created by those who came before to create comity and to encourage bipartisanship and work together."
Amid the mounting pressure in the Senate for the elimination of the filibuster, Sinema's stance came as a shock to many. She further emphasized the same, saying, "To those who say that we must make a choice between the filibuster and 'X,' I say, this is a false choice." Alongside Joe Manchin, she happens to be the only other Democratic Senator to stand against the elimination. Sinema had previously stated that she opposes changing rules to ease the process of passing legislation in the Senate. Now, internet users are slamming Sinema, even calling her a 'covert' Republican and a rogue operator within the Democratic Party. Even President Joe Biden called out Sinema and Manchin as "two members of the Senate who vote more with my Republican friends."
What is Kyrsten Sinema's net worth? 'Thumbs-down' senator who grew up in a gas station opposes $15 minimum wage
Kyrsten Sinema trolled over cake post $15 minimum wage thumbs down: 'Marie Antoinette dressed like art student'
Kyrsten Sinema (Instagram/@kyrstensinema)
Is Kyrsten Sinema a covert Republican?
Besides her stance on the filibuster, certain other recent instances prompted netizens to brand the 'woke', openly queer, Democratic Senator as a Republican in disguise. Last week, she missed the procedural vote for establishing a bipartisan commission for probing into the January 6 Capitol riot. It ended being caught up in a GOP filibuster after failing to cross the 60-vote threshold. Sinema later cited 'personal family matter' as her reason for absence without elaborating further.
In March 2021, Sinema infamously voted against the $15 minimum wage proposed by Biden, by making a shocking 'thumbs-down' gesture in the Senate. "@SenatorSinema, if the filibuster isn't ended (because you and @Sen_JoeManchin refuse to work with other senate Democrats to end it), the Senate won't pass voting rights. And if the Senate won't pass voting rights, our democracy will die," former Secretary of Labor Robert Reich tweeted. Writer Charlotte Clymer wrote, "There are some people who are really angry with Kyrsten Sinema, and I think they're being really unfair. She's arguably the most reasonable Republican in the Senate".
"Beginning to think Senator Sinema is not a democrat, she just posed as one to get the job. Waiting for her to just change parties as a covert Republican operation," tweeted one user. Another user said, "Sinema is dangerous. She's a Republican who has infiltrated the Democratic Party and now sits in the United States Senate. She's a danger to democracy." A third user threw shade at her by tweeting, "It seems Krysten Sinema actually is a Republican but didn't want to run against others in the GOP primary so she ran as a Dem & yet was backed by the GOP money & dark money pacs. She now answers to GOP which is apparent w/John Cornyn by Sinema's side during press conference."
.@SenatorSinema, if the filibuster isn't ended (because you and @Sen_JoeManchin refuse to work with other senate Democrats to end it), the Senate won't pass voting rights. And if the Senate won't pass voting rights, our democracy will die.
— Robert Reich (@RBReich) June 3, 2021
There are some people who are really angry with Kyrsten Sinema, and I think they're being really unfair. She's arguably the most reasonable Republican in the Senate.
— Charlotte Clymer 🏳️🌈 (@cmclymer) June 3, 2021
Beginning to think Senator Sinema is not a democrat, she just posed as one to get the job. Waiting for her to just change parties as a covert Republican operation
— #ClimateCrisis is... (@netzardfan) June 3, 2021
Sinema is dangerous. She's a Republican who has infiltrated the Democratic Party and now sits in the United States Senate. She's a danger to democracy.
— Long_Lean_Socially Obscene 🌊 (@axes_art) June 3, 2021
It seems Krysten Sinema actually is a Republican but didn't want to run against others in the GOP primary so she ran as a Dem & yet was backed by the GOP money & dark money pacs. She now answers to GOP which is apparent w/John Cornyn by Sinema's side during press conference.
— jamarlind 💛 🐝 (@jamarlind) June 3, 2021
The filibuster enabled the Senate Republicans to halt the setting up of a Capitol riot investigative commission. The biggest test for the filibuster is yet to come as the Democrats plan to bring forth the 'For the People' Act soon this month, which would be one of the most important bills on voting and election ethics. | {
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and that the predilection for profane studies was accompanied by a zeal in the discovery of truth, and an energy in its defence, not unworthy of the countrymen of Hilary*. A wide and interesting field of inquiry would lie before us, were we to investigate the several benefits which accrued to the cause of truth among their contemporaries from the theological champions of the Eastern and Western Empires; and it would be still farther to exceed our allotted province were we to undertake to show how far succeeding generations of the faithful have been preserved from evil, and strengthened in the knowledge of the Gospel, by the "great legacies of thought" transmitted to us through so many intervening centuries.
Before we pass from viewing the clerical influence on the body of the people during this the Roman period of Christianity, as we may term it, we must bestow a few words on the rise and progress of that monastic system, which, not unimportant in the age under our notice, was destined at so many times and by so many different methods to be the great religious lever of Europe. Although the support of those whom after ages learnt to
Lyons, displayed the greatest liberality, "usque in extimos terminos Galliarum," during the famine consequent on the ravages of the Goths (Ep. vi. 12; Greg. Turon. Hist. Franc, ii. 24); and Sidonius gives a long list of the towns which he had succoured. See also the testimony to the good qualities of Simplicius, which raised him to the see of Bourges (Conciopost Ep. vii.9).
* It is sufficient to mention the names of Prosper of Aquitaine and Vincentius Lirinensis, two of the leading opponents of Pelagian and semi-Pelagian heresy.
term regular clergy had not yet been invoked by their secular brethren, and the connexion between episcopal powers and monastic privileges was wholly undefined, yet, in viewing the effect of the former, we can scarcely omit the consequences of the gradual development of the latter.
The Eastern Empire, so long the arena for contending theological schools, so fruitful of each heretical extravagancy, and so rank a hot-bed of flimsy religious systems, each varying more widely than its predecessor from the practical spirit of earlier times, was destined, as might indeed have been expected, to produce the most remarkable form of the consequent reaction. Amid the din of opposing factions, and a vain search after imaginary complications of a simple faith, the true Gospel spirit, the humility of Christianity, was forgotten or despised. It was natural then that, where these errors were most rife, where the pleasures of luxury on the one hand and of dogmatism on the other had seduced many of the guardians of the flock as well as its avowed enemies, earnest men should be found to look with horror on a world which called itself Christian, and was the theatre of so many vices. Accordingly it appears to have been despair of success in a contest with depravity, as well as the contemplative tendency of Oriental nations, which led the Anchorites of Egypt and Syria to devote to the conquest of self those powers which they shrunk from engaging in the reform of others. But even these, thoughtful and separate from the world as they had lived, carried with them into deserts and caves numerous vestiges of the errors they had left behind. We can trace in the followers of Antony and Pachomius the same narrowness of religious views, the same forgetfulness of the truly spiritual part of the faith they professed, which had already more fatally displayed itself at Alexandria and Antioch. Hence all the strange fanaticism, which, as it appeared in the various sects of Stylites, Euchites, and Sarabaites, raised so high the ascetic renown of the Syrian and Egyptian Churches.
Turning our regards again to the Western Church, the future province of the fullest monastic developments, we are at once struck by the fact that, although the state of religious feeling, both among clergy and laity, differed essentially from what we have represented in the East, Monasticism was nevertheless successfully introduced, and that too in a form very closely resembling what it had assumed in Egypt. That the religious tone of the West was less elevated, less contemplative, and more practical than that of the East, appears from the distinction pervading all their theological controversies. Those of the latter related in general to the mystical union of the persons of the Holy Trinity, and the incarnate perfections of the Son of God, while those of the former tended rather to the decision of practical questions in church-government, and of the great contest between the supporters of grace and those of free-will in the salvation of man. Pelagianism was the main heresy of the West, as Arianism of the East. Hence it was to have been expected that, inasmuch as the discussions of the Oriental clergy concerned matters farther removed from human ken than those which agitated their Western brethren, so they should lead to more vehement polemics, and allow more scope for what we have seen to be the natural re-action towards a secluded and meditative life. To convince ourselves that such was in truth the case, we have only to turn to the sanguinary church chronicles of Alexandria and Constantinople.
The question then occurs,—since the causes which promoted monachism in the East existed to a far less degree in the West, to what motive are we to refer the unquestionably rapid spread of asceticism throughout Italy and Gaul I The answer may, we think, be found in the peculiar social condition of the Western Empire. The utter and speedy dislocation of the body politic of the Empire, prior to the barbarian invasion, extended with equally fatal results to every class and rank in society. The burdens of the laity increased in proportion as their estimation and wealth diminished. Meanwhile the prosperity and immunities of the clergy became more apparent as those of every other class of the community vanished; and the secular spirit was gradually overcome by the greater vigour of spiritual development. Thus the ascetic tendencies, which in the East appear to have been fostered by the strengthening of the bonds uniting man to the invisible world, flourished in the West by the elevation of those which connected him with secular life. Accordingly, it appears that the glades of the Apennines
and the wilds of Gaul were peopled by hermits who in any other social state would have been the last to desert a scene of so many attractions. The spirit of the age, which manifested itself in Egypt by almost divine honors paid* to the uncouth figures whom the rumours of theologic war brought forth from the deserts of Nitria or Thebais, was displayed in Italy by the contempt and horror in which fugitives from the world were held even by their Christian contemporaries: for we may be assured that the loathing expressed by the heathen poett Rutilius Numatianus for the monks of Capraria was shared by believers and unbelievers alike. We may be excused if, on hearing of the strange and unchristian excesses to which fanaticism urged the Oriental monks, we partake of the same feelings; but, looking at the consequences of Western monasticism, posterity has pronounced a very different verdict. The emergencies of succeeding centuries have not given the same glory to asceticism in the East which it acquired during the Teutonic invasions of the West; and fate denied to Greece the reforming hand
* As when Antony appeared in the streets of Alexandria during the Arian persecution of Athanasius.
+ Ipsi se monachos Graio cognomine dicunt,
Quod soli nullo vivere teste volunt.
Munera fortume metuunt, dum damna verentur. Quisquam sponte miser, ne miser esse queat?
Qusenam perversi rabies tam stulta cerebri,
Dum mala formides, nec bona posse pati?
De Reditu i. 441. [ap. Wernsdorf Poet. Lat. Min. v. 155. Altenburg. 1788], and see Augustin. Ep. 48. | {
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Q: how to copy selected file without moving it to another directory in python i am trying to copy the selected images to another directory. I have tried shutil.move() and shutil.copy and shutil.copy2. these move the selected file. but i want to just make copy that and move that copy to required dir.
code
cwd = os.getcwd()
filepath = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(filepath))
shutil.move('{0}/{1}'.format(filepath, filename), '{0}/modeldata/temp/{1}'.format(cwd, filename))
A: You can use shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
import os
import shutil
cwd = os.getcwd()
filepath = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(filepath))
shutil.copyfile(os.path.join(filepath, filename), os.path.join(cwd, 'modeldata/temp/' filename))
Read more here:
https://docs.python.org/3/library/shutil.html
| {
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SCHAGHTICOKE FIRST NATIONS
SFN Tribal Council
SFN Programs
Schaghticoke History
SFN MEDIA
Eastern Woodlands Teachings
OUR PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS
CONSERVATION, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, AND CULTURAL CENTER
A far-reaching vision for our future generations...
Through projects and programs that promote our intersectional vision of conservation and sustainable development, the Schaghticoke now have the potential to make a real and positive change for our present and future generations. Following consultations with community members and allies, Schaghticoke First Nations is developing a "Schaghticoke Life Plan" that prioritizes a programmatic focus on conservation and sustainable development, including the establishment of a Schaghticoke Cultural Center. These program areas are now designated as the primary work of Schaghticoke First Nations, Inc. To achieve these priorities, SFN, Inc. is focused on reconnecting peoples, right relationships, and healing the land via a visionary program entitled "The Schaghticoke Land Reclamation Project." This project seeks to restore the physical and spiritual connection of the indigenous Schaghticoke Peoples in the Hudson Valley to conserve land for future generations, repair the damaged ecosystem, increase biodiversity, contribute to the mitigation of climate change, and promote sustainable agro-food-forestry using indigenous traditional knowledge.
Schaghticoke Land Reclamation Project
SFN LANGUAGE PROJECT
Language is a defining characteristic of a culture, it tells the story of a people's values. English and other colonial have inherently evolved to accentuate the importance of property and currency, ideas that have supported the separation of people from other peoples and encouraged the destruction of our Earth Mother. The Schaghticoke are now in a process of reclaiming our ancestral language. Using remnants of spoken Algonquin language, the journals of the Moravians who lived peacefully with our ancestors, and what was recorded of the Delaware Lenape Language, recognized as the base for all Algonquin dialects, SFN is reviving the Schaghticoke dialect. The mindset of our ancestors is realized when we begin to think in our language. "Akiin" which was recorded in colonial documents as a term our ancestors used to describe oneself, not only means "I" but "I, the land that in which I stand on and everything that is supported by that land." In this light, One self, "Akiin," cannot own property as the idea of what property cannot be supported through this mind set. Documents later recorded the word "Akii," a modification made to adhere to this idea of property and shows how colonial influences were altering our ancestors' way of life.
Contact SFN
TRIBAL REGISTRY & GEONEOLOGY
Filling in the gaps of our history...
Tribes of the New England region were under immense pressure from colonial forces. During the King Philp's War leaders of many Algonquin speaking tribes unified to preserve their way of life by making a deal with the colonies. Schaghticoke loosely translates into English as 'the mingling of waters,' as peoples from Munssee, Mahican, Lenni Lenape, Wamponoag banded together in 1676. If you have family history that carries the name Schaghticoke, send us an email and we can begin to verify your family history and get you registered and involved with tribal engagements.
Lectures/Presentations/Land Acknowledgements....
Schaghticoke First Nations wants to share both our history and the story of the land. We have been engaged in various initiatives to let our ancestors' traditional knowledge ring through contemporary society. SFN representatives participate in lectures for Universities and the public, sit on panels discussing climate change solutions, and prepare presentations for grade schools now in our ancestral territory. SFN also participates in opening events with Land Acknowledgement, so we can give respect to our all our indigenous ancestors, the original stewards of the Hudson Valley region. SFN has also launched a new racial justice program called "United Against Oppression" centered on coalition building and advocacy.
©2020 by Schaghticoke First Nations. Proudly created with Wix.com | {
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An interesting report issued by PWC identifies the top 10 trends in Financial Service Technology leading to business evolution until 2020 and beyond. Understanding the trends that are shaping the industry is a crucial step in predicting in which areas the most promising FinTech startups will compete.
Startups, indeed, have the ability to implement a lean approach, and to leverage on the new trends with a unique dynamism that is unknown to traditional financial players.
It is not surprising to discover that the first force embracing disruption relates to FinTech, where disruptive companies—mainly startups—operate. The reason for the success of FinTech companies lies mainly in the ability to provide a better customer experience at a more convenient price.
The belief of PWC is that "the use of the blockchain 'public ledger' will go on to become an integral part of financial institutions' technology and operational infrastructure." While the advantages behind the ledger technology are unlimited, it is two aspects in particular that make it so disruptive: cost reduction and applicability to all the areas of the financial services—from payments to contractual agreements.
This is the broad area, which ranges from customer experience and operational efficiency to big data and analytics. In FinTech, the most successful deployment observed so far relates to the "digital wallet" that offers fast, secure, and low-cost methods to use, store and send money over the Internet. Many startups have entered the area and, while we are still waiting to discover the next unicorn in this sector, "banks want greater control over alternative channels" and we should expect big acquisition in this field.
Knowing your customer is the key to anticipating their needs and to shaping your revenue model to match their purchasing desire. An analogous example of this idea in practice is airlines, as the best-performing companies generated higher revenues in ancillary revenues than in ticket sales. Why should financial services be strangers to that practice? Many of these institutions are already using AI to develop personalized offers, but the opportunities ahead seem much wider than what is currently on the market.
AI in the financial sector is mainly about addressing key pressure points and reducing costs, while mitigating risks. It is about robotic experience replacing human work, while reducing costs. It is not a novelty in the banking industry, as the ATM represents the most widely spread implementation. Many more deployments will see the light in the coming years and robotics implementation has the possibility to become a credible alternative to offshoring.
Cybersecurity has already been one of the biggest threats facing financial institutions in recent years. The Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to increase this risk, as the proliferation of physical objects (devices, cars, houses, wearables) containing sensors and the ability to communicate increased the vulnerability risk.
Demographic and GDP growth will always put Asian customers and companies at the center of focus regarding financial services. Asian-Pacific countries, which possess the world's largest middle class growth, will also see the largest demand for technology-driven innovation.
It is a very busy time for financial regulators. They are closely following the development in the industry, while also anticipating problems. When it comes to startups, it is quite obvious that regulation has historically been a barrier to entering the industry. However, now a full understanding of the current and future legal framework could lead a startup to be a massive disruptor in the industry. | {
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Jaz's Birthday Bash Release pt.3 – HAPPY BIRTHDAY, JAZ!
To all who have greeted me, THANK YOU! I'm having a blast with all these wonderful projects we've made to release today. For Flower and Bunny, this will be the last chapter we'll release. There are other extra stories in the manga but they're not related to the actual story, so meh. To those who thought BSC will come out in this batch of releases, unfortunately the raws haven't come out of Uminonaka's blog yet, and I don't know when they'll upload it so please refrain from asking too much about the manga. We will work on it once the Japanese raws have come out. So please wait a bit.
A bit late, really sorry, but thank you so much!
Hope you will consider finishing up the two one-shots in Hana to Usagi. I really love Kashima-sensei's art. Thanks.
Yeah!!!!! I loved this release!!!
Thank you so much for Bunny although it is not completed (Hana to Usagi was the first one that know and I enjoyed it a lot) hope to see more of Kashima sensei! | {
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Well Relationship and Deep Value, I have been married for 22 years had been through some up and down times in life but we manage to pull through as I always make joke when things are bad and never let it worry me. To me it very simple, if you don't love your wife then your house and foundation will break, once is broken it can at time be fixed but it depend how much damage was done. I have seen it in my life with my own family what love can do, Love is beautiful when things are working, Love is unbearable when things go wrong. You can see the pain it cause, but when you are deeply in love then your marriage and house hold is strong, as the saying was your love for your wife is your rock as they always mend and fixed things out, they look after your house hold and family. | {
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Kurt Gödel
First published Tue Feb 13, 2007
Kurt Friedrich Gödel (b. 1906, d. 1978), "established, beyond comparison, as the most important logician of our times," in the words of Solomon Feferman (Feferman 1986), founded the modern, metamathematical era in mathematical logic. His Incompleteness Theorems, among the most significant achievements in logic since, perhaps, those of Aristotle, are among the handful of landmark theorems in twentieth century mathematics. His work touched every field of mathematical logic, if it was not in most cases their original stimulus. In his philosophical work Gödel formulated and defended mathematical Platonism, involving the view that mathematics is a descriptive science, and that the concept of mathematical truth is an objective one. On the basis of that viewpoint he laid the foundation for the program of conceptual analysis within set theory (see below). He adhered to Hilbert's "original rationalistic conception" in mathematics (as he called it);[1] he was prophetic in anticipating and emphasizing the importance of large cardinals in set theory before their importance became clear.
1. Biographical Sketch
2. Gödel's Mathematical Work
2.1 The Completeness Theorem
2.1.2 Proof of the Completeness Theorem
2.1.3 An Important Consequence of the Completeness Theorem
2.2 The Incompleteness Theorems
2.2.1 The First Incompleteness Theorem
2.2.2 The proof of the First Incompleteness Theorem
2.2.3 The Second Incompleteness Theorem
2.2.4 Did the Incompleteness Theorems refute Hilbert's Program?
2.3 Speed-up Theorems
2.4 Gödel's Work in Set theory
2.4.1 The consistency of the Continuum Hypothesis and the Axiom of Choice
2.4.2 Gödel's Proof of the Consistency of the Continuum Hypothesis and the Axiom of Choice with the Axioms of Zermelo-Fraenkel Set Theory
2.4.3 Consequences of Consistency
2.4.4 Gödel's view of the Axiom of Constructibility
2.5 Gödel's Work in Intuitionistic Logic and Arithmetic
2.5.1 Intuitionistic Propositional Logic is not Finitely-Valued
2.5.2 Classical Arithmetic is Interpretable in Heyting Arithmetic
2.5.3 Intuitionistic Propositional Logic is Interpretable in S4
2.5.4 Heyting Arithmetic is Interpretable into Computable Functionals of Finite Type.
3. Gödel's philosophical work
3.1 Documents
3.1.1 "My Notes, 1940–1970"
3.2 Gödel's Philosophical Views
3.2.1 Gödel's Rationalism
3.2.2 Gödel's Realism
3.2.3 Gödel's Turn to Phenomenology
3.2.4 A Philosophical Argument
Gödel's Writings
The Collected Papers of Kurt Gödel
Selected Works of Kurt Gödel
Kurt Gödel was born on April 28, 1906 in what was then the Austro-Hungarian city of Brünn, and what is now Brno in the Czech Republic.
Gödel's father Rudolf August was a businessman, and his mother Marianne was a well-educated and cultured woman to whom Gödel remained close throughout his life, as witnessed by the long and wide-ranging correspondence between them. The family was well off, and Gödel's childhood was an uneventful one, with one important exception; namely, from about the age of four Gödel suffered frequent episodes of poor health, and the health problems he suffered then as well as others of various kinds were to plague him his entire life.
Health problems notwithstanding, Gödel proved to be an exemplary student at primary school and later the Gymnasium, excelling especially in mathematics, languages and religion. Upon his graduation from the Gymnasium in Brno in 1924 Gödel enrolled in the University of Vienna, attending lectures on physics, his initial field of interest, lectures on philosophy given by Heinrich Gomperz, and lectures on mathematics. Gödel took a substantial numbers of physics courses during his undergraduate years, as witnessed by his university transcript; this is notable in view of Gödel's subsequent contributions to relativity in 1947. Philipp Furtwängler, cousin of the great German conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler, was one of his mathematics professors, and indeed Furtwängler's course on class field theory almost tempted Gödel to pursue his studies in that area. Gödel learned his logic from Rudolph Carnap and from Hans Hahn, eventually graduating under Hahn with a Dr.phil. in mathematics in 1929. The main theorem of his dissertation was the completeness theorem for first order logic (Gödel 1929).[2]
Gödel's university years also marked the beginning of his attendance at meetings of the Vienna Circle, a group around Moritz Schlick that quickly became known as "logical positivists," a term coined by Feigl and Blumberg in their 1931 "Logical positivism: A new movement in European philosophy" (Feigl and Blumberg 1931). Though Gödel was not himself a logical positivist, those discussions must have been a crucial formative influence.
The 1930s were a prodigious decade for Gödel, while at the same time being also quite a turbulent period for Gödel personally. After publishing the paper based on his 1929 dissertation in 1930, he published his groundbreaking incompleteness theorems in 1931, on the basis of which he was granted his Habilitation in 1932 and a Privatdozentur at the University of Vienna in 1933.
Among his mathematical achievements at the decade's close is the proof of the consistency of both the Axiom of Choice and Cantor's Continuum Hypothesis with the Zermelo-Fraenkel axioms for set theory, obtained in 1935 and 1937, respectively. Gödel also published a number of significant papers on modal and intuitionistic logic and arithmetic during this period. Principal among the latter is Gödel's "On intuitionistic arithmetic and number theory," (Gödel 1933e), in which Gödel showed that classical first order arithmetic is interpretable in Heyting arithmetic by a simple translation. The 1930s also saw the publication by Gödel on a wide range of other topics in logic and mathematics, ranging from the decision problem for the predicate calculus, to those on the length of proofs, to those on differential and projective geometry.
On the other hand, by the end of the decade both Gödel's advisor Hans Hahn and Moritz Schlick had died (the latter was assassinated by an ex-student), two events which led to a personal crisis for Gödel (as would the death of Einstein in 1955). Also, difficulties emerged concerning his appointment at the University of Vienna: the Nazis abolished the old position of Privatdozentur, replacing it by the position "Dozentur neuer Ordnung," granted to candidates only after they had passed a political test.[3] Gödel's three trips the United States during that period triggered a similar investigation. (See Sigmund 2006.) Finally, Gödel was found fit for military service by the Nazi government in 1939.
All of these events were undoubtedly decisive in influencing his decision to leave Austria, which he and his wife Adele were able to do in 1940, when they immigrated to the United States. This long and difficult episode in their life is recounted by John Dawson in his biography of Gödel called "Logical Dilemmas," (Dawson 1997) as well as by Solomon Feferman in "Gödel's Life and Work," (Feferman 1986) to both of which the reader is referred.
Upon arrival Gödel took up an appointment as an ordinary member at the Institute for Advanced Study; he would become a permanent member of the Institute in 1946 and would be granted his professorship in 1953. (Gödel and his wife were granted American citizenship in April 1948.) He would remain at the Institute until his retirement in 1976. The Gödels never returned to Europe.
Gödel's early years at the Institute were notable for his close friendship with his daily walking partner Albert Einstein, as well as for his turn to philosophy of mathematics, a field on which Gödel began to concentrate almost exclusively from about 1943. The initial period of his subsequent lifelong involvement with philosophy was a fruitful one (in terms of publications): in 1944 he published his first philosophical paper, entitled "On Russell's Mathematical Logic" (Gödel 1944), and in 1947 he published his second, entitled "What is Cantor's Continuum Hypothesis?" (Gödel 1947). In 1949 he published his third, entitled "A Remark on the Relationship between Relativity Theory and Idealistic Philosophy." (Gödel 1949a). The latter paper coincided with results on rotating universes in relativity he had obtained in 1949, which were first published in an article entitled: "An Example of a New Type of Cosmological Solutions of Einstein's Field Equations of Gravitation." (Gödel 1949).
Among Gödel's other significant philosophical works of the 1940's must be counted his 1941 lecture at Yale entitled "In What Sense is Intuitionistic Logic Constructive?" (Gödel *1941) in which the notion: "computable function of finite type" is introduced. An paper based on the ideas in the lecture entitled "Über eine bisher noch nicht benützte Erweiterung des finiten Standpunktes," was published only in 1958, and the interpretation of classical arithmetic into intuitionistic arithmetic in it became known as the "Dialectica Interpretation," after the journal in which the article was published (Gödel 1958). For the revision of it from 1972 see Gödel 1995.) Finally the decade saw the beginning of Gödel's intensive study of Leibniz, which, Gödel reports, occupied the period from 1943 to 1946.[4]
The 1950s saw a deepening of Gödel's involvement with philosophy: In 1951 Gödel delivered a philosophical lecture at Brown University, usually referred to as the Gibbs Lecture, entitled "Some Basic Theorems on the Foundations of Mathematics and Their Philosophical Implications" (Gödel *1951). From 1953 to 1959 Gödel worked on a submission to the Schilpp volume on Rudolf Carnap entitled "Is Mathematics a Syntax of Language?" (Gödel *1953/9-III, Gödel *1953/9-V). Gödel published neither of these two important manuscripts in his lifetime, although both would appear on two lists which were found in the Gödel Nachlass, entitled "Was ich publizieren könnte." (In English: "What I could publish." Both manuscripts eventually appeared in Gödel 1995.) By the decade's close Gödel underwent a significant change in his thinking, converting to Husserlian phenomenology as a means to systematize the Leibnizian views that had been in place since at least the 1930s.[5]
Gödel's final years are notable for his circulation of two manuscripts: "Some considerations leading to the probable conclusion that the true power of the continuum is ℵ2," (Gödel *1970a, *1970b) his attempt to derive the value of the continuum from the so-called scale axioms of Hausdorff, and his "ontologischer Beweis," (Gödel *1970) which he entrusted to Dana Scott in 1970 (though it appears to have been written earlier). Taken together, the two manuscripts are the fitting "last words" of someone who, in a fifty year involvement with mathematics and philosophy, pursued, or more precisely, sought the grounds for pursuing those two subjects under the single heading: "strenge Wissenschaft"—an attitude, or turn of mind, or wish, if you will, Gödel held from his start in 1929, when at the age of twenty-three he opened his doctoral thesis with some philosophical remarks.
Gödel died in Princeton on January 14, 1978 at the age of 71. His death certificate records the cause of death, tragically, as "starvation and inanition, due to personality disorder." His wife Adele survived him by three years.
For further biographical material in addition to the above-mentioned , see also Gödel 1987, Kleene 1987, Kreisel 1980, Taussky-Todd 1987 and Yourgrau 2005.
Below is an examination of some of Gödel's main contributions in logic and set theory. This treatment of Gödel's technical work is not exhaustive, omitting discussion of Gödel's work in physics and his work on the decision problem. These will be treated in the sequel to this entry.
For a complete chronology of Gödel's work the reader is referred to that compiled by John Dawson in volume I of Gödel's Collected Works (Gödel 1986, p. 37).
The completeness question for the first order predicate calculus was stated precisely and in print for the first time in 1928 by Hilbert and Ackermann in their text Grundzüge der theoretischen Logik (Hilbert and Ackermann 1928) a text with which Gödel would have been quite familiar.[6]
The question Hilbert and Ackermann pose is whether a certain explicitly given axiom system for the first order predicate calculus "…is complete in the sense that from it all logical formulas that are correct for each domain of individuals can be derived…" (van Heijenoort 1967, p. 48.).
We give an outline of Gödel's own proof in his doctoral thesis (Gödel 1929). An essential point of difference with earlier efforts (discussed below and elsewhere, e.g., is that Gödel defines meticulously all the relevant basic concepts.
A "logical expression" in Gödel's terminology is a well-formed first order formula without identity. An expression is "refutable" if its negation is provable, "valid" if it is true in every interpretation and "satisfiable" if it is true in some interpretation. The Completeness Theorem is stated as follows:
Theorem 1.
Every valid logical expression is provable. Equivalently, every logical expression is either satisfiable or refutable.
Gödel's proof calculus is that of Hilbert and Ackermann's text. An expression is in normal form if all the quantifiers occur at the beginning. The degree of an expression or formula is the number of alternating blocks of quantifiers at the beginning of the formula, assumed to begin with universal quantifiers. Gödel shows that if the completeness theorem holds for formulas of degree k it must hold for formulas of degree k + 1. Thus the question of completeness reduces to formulas of degree 1. That is, it is to be shown that any normal formula (Q)φ of degree 1 is either satisfiable or refutable, where "(Q) " stands for a (non-empty) block of universal quantifiers followed by a (possibly empty) block of existential ones.
Gödel defines a book-keeping device, a well-ordering of all tuples of variables arising from a need to satisfy φ as dictated by (Q). For example, if (Q)φ is ∀x0∃x1ψ(x0, x1), we list the quantifier-free formulas ψ(xn, xn+1). (Or more precisely, finite conjunctions of these in increasing length. See below.) Then in any domain consisting of the values of the different xn, in which each ψ(xn, xn+1) is true, the sentence (Q)φ is clearly true. A crucial lemma claims the provability, for each k, of the formula (Q)φ → (Qk)φk, where the quantifier free formula φk asserts the truth of ψ for all tuples up to the kth tuple of variables arising from (Q), and (Qk)φk is the existential closure of φk. (See the example below where the definition of the φk′s is given.) This lemma is the main step missing from the various earlier attempts at the proof due to Löwenheim and Skolem, and, in the context of the completeness theorem for first order logic, renders the connection between syntax and semantics completely explicit.
Let us consider an example of how a particular formula would be found to be either satisfiable or its negation provable, following Gödel's method: Consider φ = ∀x0∃x1ψ(x0, x1), where ψ(x0, x1) is quantifier-free. We show that this is either refutable or satisfiable. We make the following definitions:
φ0 is the expression ψ(x0, x1)
φ1 is the expression ψ(x0, x1) ∧ ψ(x1, x2)
φn is the expression ψ(x0, x1) ∧ …∧ ψ(xn, xn+1).
The crucial lemma, referred to above, shows that from φ we can derive for each n, ∃x0…∃xn+1φn.
Case 1: For some n, φn is not satisfiable. Then, Gödel argued, using the already known completeness theorem for propositional logic,[7] that ¬φn is provable, and hence so is ∀x0,…, xn+1¬φn. Thus ¬∃x0…∃xn+1φn is provable and therefore the ¬φ is provable, i.e., φ is refutable in the Hilbert-Ackermann system. (Some partial results about propositional logic in addition to those already mentioned include the semantic completeness of the propositional calculus due to Post (Post 1921), as well as a more general completeness theorem for the same due to Bernays in 1918; the latter appears in Bernays' unpublished Habilitationsschrift of 1918; see also Bernays 1926.)
Case 2: Each φn is satisfiable. There are only finitely many possible models with universe {x0,…, xn+1}. Gödel orders them as a tree by defining a model M to be below a model M′ if M is a submodel of M′. In this way we obtain a tree which is finitely branching but infinite. By König's Lemma there is an infinite branch B. (In the proof, Gödel explicitly constructs the branch given by König's Lemma rather than citing it by name.) The union of the models on B forms a model M with universe {x0, x1,…}. Since M satisfies each φn, the original formula φ holds in M. So φ is satisfiable and we are done.
Note that the model, in the satisfiability case of Gödel's proof, is always countable. Thus this proof of the Completeness Theorem gives also the Löweheim-Skolem Theorem (see below). Gödel extends the result to countably many formulas and to the case of first order logic with identity. He also proves the independence of the axioms.
In 1930 Gödel published the paper based on his thesis (Gödel 1930) notable also for the inclusion of the compactness theorem, which is only implicitly stated in the thesis. The theorem as stated by Gödel in Gödel 1930 is as follows: a countably infinite set of quantificational formulas is satisfiable if and only if every finite subset of those formulas is satisfiable. Gödel uses compactness to derive a generalization of the completeness theorem.
The Compactness Theorem was extended to the case of uncountable vocabularies by Maltsev in 1936 (see Mal'cev 1971), from which the Upward Löwenheim-Skolem theorem immediately follows. TheCompactness Theorem would become one of the main tools in the then fledgling subject of model theory.
A theory is said to be categorical if it has only one model up to isomorphism; it is λ-categorical if it has only one model of cardinality λ, up to isomorphism. One of the main consequences of the completeness theorem is that categoricity fails for Peano arithmetic and for Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory.
In detail, regarding the first order Peano axioms (henceforth PA), the existence of non-standard models of them actually follows from completeness together with compactness. One constructs these models, which contain infinitely large integers, as follows: add a new constant symbol c to the language of arithmetic. Extend PA to a new theory PA* by adding to it the infinite collection of axioms: {c > 0, c > 1, …}, where, e.g., 3 is S(S(S(0))). PA* is finitely consistent (i.e., every finite subset of PA* is consistent) hence consistent, hence by the Completeness Theorem it has a model.
This simple fact about models of Peano Arithmetic was not pointed out by Gödel in any of the publications connected with the Completeness Theorem from that time, and it seems not to have been noticed by the general logic community until much later. Skolem's definable ultrapower construction from 1933 (see Skolem 1933) gives a direct construction of a non-standard model of True Arithmetic (which extends Peano Arithmetic, being the set of arithmetic sentences true in the natural numbers). But Skolem never mentions the fact that the existence of such models follows from the completeness and compactness theorems. Gödel in his review (1934c) of Skolem's paper also does not mention this fact, rather observing that the failure of categoricity for arithmetic follows from the incompleteness theorem.
As for set theory, the failure of categoricity was already taken note of by Skolem in 1923, because it follows from the Löwenheim-Skolem Theorem (which Skolem arrived at that year; see Skolem 1923, based on Löwenheim 1915 and Skolem 1920): any first order theory in a countable language that has a model has a countable model.
Skolem's observation that categoricity fails for set theory because it has countable models is now known as the Skolem paradox.[8]The observation is strongly emphasized in Skolem's paper, which is accordingly entitled 'An Observation on the Axiomatic Foundations of Set Theory' As he wrote in the conclusion of it, he had not pointed out the relativity in set theory already in 1915 because:
… first, I have in the meantime been occupied with other problems; second, I believed that it was so clear that axiomatization in terms of sets was not a satisfactory ultimate foundation of mathematics that mathematicians would, for the most part, not be very much concerned with it. But in recent times I have seen to my surprise that so many mathematicians think that these axioms of set theory provide the ideal foundation for mathematics; therefore it seemed to me that the time had come to publish a critique. (English translation taken from (van Heijenoort 1967, p. 300.)
As an aside, in the proof of the Löwenheim-Skolem theorem, specifically that part of the theorem in which one constructs a model for a satisfiable sentence, Löwenheim and Skolem's tree construction was more or less the same as appears in Gödel's thesis. In a 1967 letter to Hao Wang, Gödel takes note of the fact that his completeness proof had almost been obtained by Skolem in 1923. Though van Heijenoort and Dreben (Dreben and van Heijenoort 1986) remark that "Throughout much of the 1920s it was not semantic completeness but the decision problem for quantificational validity, a problem originating from the work of Schröder and Löwenheim, that was the dominant concern in studying quantification theory" (examples of such results would include the the decision procedure for the first order monadic predicate calculus due to Behmann, (Behmann 1922)), according to Gödel, the reasons that Skolem did not obtain the complete proof are different and philosophically important, having to do with the then dominant bias against semantics and against infinitary methods:
The Completeness Theorem, mathematically, is indeed an almost trivial consequence of Skolem 1923. However, the fact is that, at that time, nobody (including Skolem himself) drew this conclusion neither from Skolem 1923 nor, as I did, from similar considerations of his own …This blindness (or prejudice, or whatever you may call it) of logicians is indeed surprising. But I think the explanation is not hard to find. It lies in the widespread lack, at that time, of the required epistemological attitude toward metamathematics and toward non-finitary reasoning. (Gödel 2003b).
The matter of Skolem's contribution to the Completeness Theorem has been extensively discussed in van Atten and Kennedy forthcoming, as well as in van Atten 2005.
Gödel mentioned the possibility of the unsolvability of a question about the reals already in his 1929 thesis, in arguing against the formalist principle of Hilbert's, that consistency is a criterion for existence. In fact, giving a finitary proof of the consistency of analysis was a key desideratum of what was then known as the Hilbert program, along with proving its completeness. Accordingly it was Gödel's turn to these questions, especially the first, which led him to the two incompleteness theorems. (For a discussion of the Hilbert Program the reader is referred to the standard references: Sieg 1990, 1988, 1999; Mancosu 1998, Zach 2003, Tait 1981 and Tait 2002.)
The First Incompleteness Theorem provides a counterexample to completeness by exhibiting an arithmetic statement which is neither provable nor refutable in Peano arithmetic, though true in the standard model. The Second Incompleteness Theorem shows that the consistency of arithmetic cannot be proved in arithmetic itself. Thus Gödel's theorems demonstrated the infeasibility of the Hilbert program, if it is to be characterized by those particular desiderata, consistency and completeness.
As an aside, von Neumann understood the two theorems this way, even before Gödel did. In fact von Neumann went much further in taking the view that they showed the infeasibility of classical mathematics altogether. As he wrote to Carnap in June of 1931:
Thus today I am of the opinion that 1. Gödel has shown the unrealizability of Hilbert's program. 2. There is no more reason to reject intuitionism (if one disregards the aesthetic issue, which in practice will also for me be the decisive factor). Therefore I consider the state of the foundational discussion in Königsberg to be outdated, for Gödel's fundamental discoveries have brought the question to a completely different level.[9]
And the previous fall von Neumann had written to Gödel in even stronger terms:
Thus, I think that your result has solved negatively the foundational question: there is no rigorous justification for classical mathematics. (Gödel 2003b, p. 339)
It would take Gödel himself a few years to see that those aspects of the Hilbert Program had been decisively refuted by his results (Mancosu 2004).
In his "Logical Journey" (Wang 1996) Hao Wang published the full text of material Gödel had written (at Wang's request) about his discovery of the incompleteness theorems. This material had formed the basis of Wang's "Some Facts about Kurt Gödel," and was read and approved by Gödel:
In the summer of 1930 I began to study the consistency problem of classical analysis. It is mysterious why Hilbert wanted to prove directly the consistency of analysis by finitary methods. I saw two distinguishable problems: to prove the consistency of number theory by finitary number theory and to prove the consistency of analysis by number theory … Since the domain of finitary number theory was not well-defined, I began by tackling the second half… I represented real numbers by predicates in number theory… and found that I had to use the concept of truth (for number theory) to verify the axioms of analysis. By an enumeration of symbols, sentences and proofs within the given system, I quickly discovered that the concept of arithmetic truth cannot be defined in arithmetic. If it were possible to define truth in the system itself, we would have something like the liar paradox, showing the system to be inconsistent… Note that this argument can be formalized to show the existence of undecidable propositions without giving any individual instances. (If there were no undecidable propositions, all (and only) true propositions would be provable within the system. But then we would have a contradiction.)… In contrast to truth, provability in a given formal system is an explicit combinatorial property of certain sentences of the system, which is formally specifiable by suitable elementary means…
We see that Gödel first tried to reduce the consistency problem for analysis to that of arithmetic. This seemed to require a truth definition for arithmetic, which in turn led to paradoxes, such as the Liar paradox ("This sentence is false") and Berry's paradox ("The least number not defined by an expression consisting of just fourteen English words"). Gödel then noticed that such paradoxes would not necessarily arise if truth were replaced by provability. But this means that arithmetic truth and arithmetic provability are not co-extensive — whence the First Incompleteness Theorem.
This account of Gödel's discovery was told to Hao Wang very much after the fact; but in Gödel's contemporary correspondence with Bernays and Zermelo, essentially the same description of his path to the theorems is given. (See Gödel 2003a and Gödel 2003b respectively.) From those accounts we see that the undefinability of truth in arithmetic, a result credited to Tarski, was likely obtained in some form by Gödel by 1931. But he neither publicized nor published the result; the biases logicians had expressed at the time concerning the notion of truth, biases which came vehemently to the fore when Tarski announced his results on the undefinability of truth in formal systems 1935, may have served as a deterrent to Gödel's publication of that theorem.
We now describe the proof of the two theorems, formulating Gödel's results in Peano arithmetic. Gödel himself used a system related to that defined in Principia Mathematica, but containing Peano arithmetic. In our presentation of the First and Second Incompleteness Theorems we refer to Peano Arithmetic as P, following Gödel's notation.
Before proceeding to the details of the formal proof, we define the notion of ω-consistency used by Gödel in the First Incompleteness Theorem: P is ω-consistent if P ⊢ ¬φ(n) for all n implies P ⊬ ∃xφ(x). Naturally this implies consistency and follows from the assumption that the natural numbers satisfy the axioms of Peano Arithmetic.
One of the main technical tools used in the proof is Gödel numbering, a mechanism which assigns natural numbers to terms and formulas of our formal theory P. There are different ways of doing this. The most common is based on the unique representation of natural numbers as products of powers of primes. Each symbol s of number theory is assigned a positive natural number #(s) in a fixed but arbitrary way, e.g.
#(0) = 1 #(=) = 5 #(¬) = 9
#(1) = 2 #( ( ) = 6 #(∀) = 10
#(+) = 3 #( ) ) = 7 #(vi) = 11 + i
#(×) = 4 #(∧) = 8
The natural number corresponding to a sequence w = < w0,…, wk > of symbols is
⌈w⌉ = 2#(w0) · 3#(w1) · … · pk#(wk),
where pk is the k+1st prime. It is called its Gödel number and denoted by ⌈w⌉. In this way we can assign Gödel numbers to formulas, sequences of formulas (once a method for distinguishing when one formula ends and another begins has been adopted), and most notably, proofs.
An essential point here is that when a formula is construed as a natural number, then the numeral corresponding to that natural number can occur as the argument of a formula, thus enabling the syntax to "refer" to itself, so to speak (i.e., when a numeral is substituted into a formula the Gödel number of which the numeral represents). This will eventually allow Gödel to formalize the Liar paradox (with "provability" in place of "truth") by substituting into the formula which says, 'the formula, whose code is x, is unprovable,' its own natural number code (or more precisely the corresponding numeral).
Another concept required to carry out the formalization is the concept of numeralwise expressibility of number theoretic predicates. A number-theoretic formula φ(n1, …, nk) is numeralwise expressible in P if for each tuple of natural numbers (n1, …, nk):
N ⊨ φ(n1, …, nk) ⇒ P ⊢ φ(n1, …, nk)
N ⊨ ¬φ(n1, …, nk) ⇒ P ⊢ ¬φ(n1, …, nk)
where n is the formal term which denotes the natural number n. (In P this is S(S(…S(0)…), where n is the number of iterations of the successor function applied to the constant symbol 0.) One of the principal goals is to numeralwise express the predicate
Prf(x, y): 'the sequence with Gödel number x is a proof of the sentence with Gödel number y.'
Reaching this goal involves defining forty-five relations, each defined in terms of the preceding ones. These relations are all primitive recursive.[10] Relations needed are, among others, those which assert of a natural number that it codes a sequence, or a formula, or an axiom, or that it is the code, denoted by Sb(ru1…unZ(x1)…Z(xn)), of a formula obtained from a formula with code r by substituting for its free variable ui the xi th numeral for i = 1, …, n. The forty-fifth primitive recursive relation defined is Prf(x, y), and the forty-sixth is
Prov(y): 'the sentence with Gödel number y is provable in P'
which without being primitive recursive, is however obtained from Prf(x, y) by existentially quantifying x. (Prov(y) satisfies only the 'positive' part of numeralwise expressibility, and not the negative part; but the negative part is not needed.)
In Theorem V of his paper, Gödel proves that any number theoretic predicate which is primitive recursive is numeralwise expressible in P. Thus since Prf(x, y) and substitution are primitive recursive, these are decided by P when closed terms are substituted for the free variables x and y. This is the heart of the matter as we will see. Another key point about numeralwise expressibility is that although we informally interpret, for example, Prov(Sb(ru1…unZ(x1)…Z(xn))), by: 'the formula with Gödel number r is provable if the Gödel number for the xi th numeral is substituted in place of the i th variable,' neither the formal statement within the theory P nor anything we prove about it appeals to such meanings. On the contrary Prov(Sb(ru1…unZ(x1)…Z(xn))), is a meaningless string of logical and arithmetical symbols. As Gödel puts it in his introduction to his theorem V, 'The fact that can be formulated vaguely by saying that every recursive relation is definable in the system P (if the usual meaning is given to the formulas of this system) is expressed in precise language, without reference to any interpretation of the formulas of P, by the following Theorem (V) (Gödel 1986, p. 171, italics Gödel's).
Gödel in his incompleteness theorems uses a method given in what is called nowadays Gödel's Fixed Point Theorem. Although Gödel constructs a fixed point in the course of proving the incompleteness theorem, he does not state the fixed point theorem explicitly. The fixed point theorem is as follows:
Theorem 2 (Gödel's Fixed Point Theorem)
If φ(v0) is a formula of number theory, then there is a sentence ψ such that P ⊢ ψ ↔ φ(⌈ψ⌉), where ⌈ψ⌉ is the formal term corresponding to the natural number code of ⌈ψ⌉.
Proof: Let σ(x,y,z) be a formula that numeralwise expresses the number theoretic predicate 'y is the Gödel number of the formula obtained by replacing the variable v0 in the formula whose Gödel number is x by the term z'. Let θ(v0) be the formula ∃v1(φ(v1) ∧ σ(v0, v1, v0)). Let k = ⌈θ(v0)⌉ and ψ = θ(k). Now directly by the construction P ⊢ ψ ↔ φ(⌈ψ⌉).
A sentence is refutable from a theory if its negation is provable. The First Incompleteness Theorem as Gödel stated it is as follows:
Theorem 3 (Gödel's First Incompleteness Theorem)
If P is ω-consistent, then there is a sentence which is neither provable nor refutable from P.
Proof: By judicious coding of syntax referred to above, write a formula Prf(x,y)[11] of number theory, representable in P, so that
n codes a proof of φ ⇒ P ⊢ Prf(n, ⌈φ⌉).
n does not code a proof of φ ⇒ P ⊢ ¬Prf(n, ⌈φ⌉).
Let Prov(y) denote the formula ∃x Prf(x,y)[12]. By Theorem 2 there is a sentence φ with the property
P ⊢ (φ ↔ ¬Prov(⌈φ⌉)).
Thus φ says 'I am not provable.' We now observe, if P ⊢ φ, then by (1) there is n such that P ⊢ Prf(n, ⌈φ⌉), hence P ⊢ Prov(⌈φ⌉), hence, by (3) P ⊢ ¬φ, so P is inconsistent. Thus
P ⊬ φ
Furthermore, by (4) and (2), we have P ⊢ ¬Prf(n, ⌈φ⌉) for all natural numbers n. By ω-consistency P ⊬ ∃x Prf(x, ⌈φ⌉). Thus (3) gives P ⊬ ¬φ. We have shown that if P is ω-consistent, then φ is independent of P.
On concluding the proof of the first theorem, Gödel remarks, "we can readily see that the proof just given is constructive; that is … proved in an intuitionistically unobjectionable manner… " (Gödel 1986, p. 177). This is because, as he points out, all the existential statements are based on his theorem V (giving the numeralwise expressibility of primitive recursive relations), which is intuitionistically unobjectionable.
The Second Incompleteness Theorem establishes the unprovability, in number theory, of the consistency of number theory. First we have to write down a number-theoretic formula that expresses the consistency of the axioms. This is surprisingly simple. We just let Con(P) be the sentence ¬Prov(⌈0 = 1⌉).
Theorem 4 (Gödel's Second Incompleteness Theorem) If P is consistent, then Con(P) is not provable from P.
Proof: Let φ be as in (3). The reasoning used to infer 'if P ⊢ φ, then P ⊢ 0 ≠ 1' does not go beyond elementary number theory, and can therefore, albeit with a lot of effort (see below), be formalized in P. This yields: P ⊢ (Prov(⌈φ⌉) → ¬Con(P)), and thus by (3), P ⊢ (Con(P) → φ). Since P ⊬ φ, we must have P ⊬ Con(P).
The above proof (sketch) of the Second Incompleteness Theorem is deceptively simple as it avoids the formalization. A rigorous proof would have to establish the proof of 'if P ⊢ φ, then P ⊢ 0 ≠ 1' in P.
It is noteworthy that ω-consistency is not needed in the proof of Gödel's Second Incompleteness Theorem. Also note that neither is ¬Con(P) provable, by the consistency of P and the fact, now known as Löb's theorem, that P ⊢ Prov(⌈φ⌉) implies P ⊢ φ.
The assumption of ω-consistency in the First Incompleteness Theorem was eliminated by Rosser in 1936, and replaced by the weaker notion of consistency. Rosser's generalization involves applying the fixed point theorem to the formula R(x): 'for all z: either z is not the Gödel number of a proof of the formula with Gödel number x or there is a proof shorter than z of the negation of (the formula with Gödel number) x.' (See Rosser 1936.)
With regard to the Second Incompleteness Theorem, the argument relies in part on formalizing the proof of the First Incompleteness Theorem as we saw. This step is omitted in Gödel 1931. He planned to include the step in what would have been a second part II (see footnote 48a of Gödel 1931). But instead of writing it he turned to the continuum problem.[13] (Part II was to elaborate on other points too: the 'true reason for incompleteness,' and the applicability of the two theorems to other systems.) He perhaps did not feel compelled to attend to what looked like an exercise in formalization, relying instead on the informal argument to convince (in which it succeeded). However this step turned out to be somewhat non-trivial. As Kleene puts it in his introduction to Gödel 1931, of the informal presentation, "Certainly the idea of the argument for Theorem XI (consistency) was very convincing; but it turned out that the execution of the details required somewhat more work and care than had been anticipated." (See pp. 126–141 of Gödel 1986.) Eventually a complete proof of the Second Theorem was given by Hilbert and Bernays in some seventy pages in their Hilbert and Bernays 1939. A much more compact treatment of the theorem was given by Löb in his Löb 1956, and subsequently Feferman, in his 1960 "Arithmetization of Metamathematics in a General Setting" (Feferman 1960/1961), gave a succinct and completely general treatment of both the First and Second Theorems.
Did Gödel's theorems spell the end of Hilbert's program altogether? From the philosophical point of view, the answer would seem to be yes—what the theorems precisely show is that mathematics cannot be formally reconstructed strictly on the basis of concrete intuition of symbols.[14]
Gödel himself remarked that it was largely Turing's work, in particular the "precise and unquestionably adequate definition of the notion of formal system" given in Turing's 1937 "On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem," (Turing 1937), which convinced him that his incompleteness theorems refuted the Hilbert program. (See the supplemental note to Gödel 1931 added in August 1963, p. 195 of Gödel 1986. See also Gödel's correspondence with Nagel, p. 145 and 147, Gödel 2003b. Gödel had informally convinced himself of this already in 1933, see p.52 of his *1933o.)
From a mathematical perspective it would appear that the Hilbert program was not unfeasible, if a wider notion of 'finitary' is admitted. (For a different argument that the Incompleteness theorems do not refute key aspects of the Hilbert program see Detlefsen 2001.) For some those relativizations represent too radical a departure from the program in its original formulation.[15] The reader is referred to the contemporary discussion of these matters. In particular, for a discussion of relativised Hilbert programs the reader is referred to (Feferman, forthcoming).
Gödel's 1936 'Speed-up' theorem, published in an abstract "On the length of proofs", Gödel 1936 says that while some sentences of arithmetic are true but unprovable, there are other sentences which are provable, but even the shortest proof is longer than any bound given in advance as a recursive function of the sentence. More exactly:
Given any recursive function f there are provable sentences φ of arithmetic such that the shortest proof is greater than f(⌈φ⌉) in length.
The proof we will outline is sensitive to the particular concept we use for the length of a proof. Another possibility, and the one that Gödel has in mind, is the number of formulas in the proof. Buss (see below) proves the theorem in either case, so both cases are resolved.
Proof: Let f be total recursive function. By Gödel's Fixed Point theorem there is a formula φ(n) stating 'φ(n) has no proof in PA shorter than f(n)'. This is tenable if the length is measured by number of symbols, because we only need to search through finitely many proofs shorter than f(n). Note that φ(n) is true for all n, for if φ(n) were false, then there would be a short proof of φ(n), and hence by soundness φ(n) would be true, a contradiction: φ(n) would both true and false. This can be formalized in PA and thus we get the result that for each n the sentence φ(n) is provable in PA. Since φ(n) is true for all n, it cannot have a proof in PA which is shorter than f(n).
The Speed-up Theorem is the result of contemplating and elaborating the proof of the incompleteness theorem. It applies the fixed-point technique to the concept of unprovability by a short proof, as opposed to the original idea of applying the fixed-point theorem to mere unprovability. The proof has very much the same flavor as the proof of the incompleteness theorem. Interestingly, it dates from the same year as the construction, due to Rosser, that eliminates the use of ω-consistency in the first Incompleteness Theorem; like the Speed-up Theorem of Gödel, Rosser's construction exploits the issue of short and long proofs. Gödel never submitted a proof for the Speed-up Theorem. Over the years several related proofs were published, but the first full proof of Gödel's original result was given only in 1994 by Sam Buss in his 'On Gödel's theorems on lengths of proofs I: Number of lines and speedups for arithmetic.' (Buss 1994). Buss also gives a second proof of the theorem which avoids self-reference, following a technique due to Statman. Gödel measures the length of proofs by the number of formulas; but there are also other possibilities, such as the number of symbols in the proof. The case of the Speed-up Theorem where the length of proof is measured by the number of symbols was proved by Mostowski in 1952 (Mostowski 1982). For proofs of similar results see Ehrenfeucht and Mycieleski 1971, and Parikh 1971. Though both measures may be equally natural candidates for measuring the length of a proof, proving the theorem for length measured by the number of symbols avoids a technical complication introduced by the other measure: there are only finitely many proofs with a given number of symbols, whereas there are infinitely many proofs with a given number of formulas.
Gödel states the Speed-up Theorem differently from the above. Let Sn be the system of logic of the n-th order, the variables of the first level being thought of as ranging over natural numbers. In this setting, variables of the second level range over sets of natural numbers and so on. Gödel's formulation is:
Let n be a natural number > 0. If f is a computable function, then there are infinitely many formulas A, provable in Sn, such that if k is the length of the shortest proof of A in Sn and l is the length of the shortest proof of A in Sn+1, then k > f(l).
Proof sketch: The idea is the following: Let φ(x) be a formula, like above, for which φ(m) does not have a short proof in Sn for any m. Suppose we have a higher type system Sn+1 in which we can prove ∀xφ(x). This proof is of constant length. Thus each φ(m) is derivable from this universal statement by one application of the logical rule ∀xφ(x) → φ(t). Thus φ(m) has in that system for all m a short proof.
What kind of stronger system can we have in which ∀xφ(x) is provable? We may consider second order logic in which we can define a predicate N(x) for the set of natural numbers and furthermore can prove of a new predicate symbol Tr(x) that it satisfies the inductive clauses of the truth definition of first order formulas of arithmetic, relativized to N. Then the stronger system can prove that provable first order sentences of arithmetic satisfy the predicate Tr . By the above argument, we can prove in the stronger system that ∀xφ(x) satisfies Tr. Then by adding a few lines we can prove each φ(n) satisfies Tr. Because of the nature of φ(n), this implies the stronger system has a (short) proof of φ(n). An alternative system is Peano's axioms PA in an extended language where we have a new predicate symbol Tr and axioms stating that the predicate Tr codes the satisfaction relation for all sentences of the vocabulary not containing Tr.
Gödel's proof of the consistency of the continuum hypothesis with the axioms of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory is a tour de force and arguably the greatest achievement of his mathematical life. This is because aside from the arithmetization, virtually all of the technical machinery used in the proof had to be invented ab initio.
The Continuum Hypothesis (henceforth CH) was formulated by Georg Cantor, and was the first problem on Hilbert's list of twenty-three unsolved problems as given in his famous address to the International Mathematical Congress in Paris in 1900. The problem as stated by Hilbert is as follows: Let A be an infinite set of real numbers. Then A is either countable, or has cardinality 2ℵ0, i.e., A is in one-to-one correspondence either with the set of natural numbers or with the set of all real numbers (otherwise known as the continuum). Another way to state the continuum hypothesis is that (the first uncountably infinite cardinal) ℵ1 = 2ℵ0.
As early as 1922 Skolem speculated that the CH was independent of the axioms for set theory given by Zermelo in 1908. Nevertheless Hilbert published a (false) proof of the CH in Hilbert 1926. In 1937 Gödel proved its consistency with the axioms of ZF set theory. (Henceforth we use the standard abbreviations for Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, ZF, and Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory with the Axiom of Choice, ZFC.) The consistency of the negation of the CH was shown by Paul Cohen in 1961 (see Cohen 1963) and hence together with Gödel's result one infers that the CH is independent of ZF (and ZFC).
Cohen invented an important new technique called forcing in the course of proving his result; this technique is at present the main method used to construct models of set theory. Forcing led to a revival of formalism among set theorists, the plurality of models being an indication of the "essential variability in set theory," (Dehornoy 2004) and away from the notion that there is an intended model of set theory—a perspective Gödel advocated since at least 1947, if not earlier.[16] Recently there have been signs that the CH may again be coming to be regarded as a problem to be solved mathematically (with the help of course of some new evident axioms extending ZF). (See for example Woodin 2001a, 2002, 2001b, and Foreman 1998.) If any of the proposed solutions gain acceptance, this would confirm Gödel's view that the CH would eventually be decided by finding an evident extension of the ZF axioms for set theory. The program associated with this view is called "Gödel's Large Cardinal Program."
The continuum problem is solved by finding an enumeration of the reals which is indexed by the countable ordinals, a strategy which had been recognized as a promising one already by Hilbert.[17]The problem, and the intuition behind the proof, is to build a "small" model, one in which the absolute minimum number of reals is allowed, while at the same time the model is large enough to be closed under all the operations the ZF axioms assert to exist.
Gödel's is a relative consistency proof, obtained by constructing a so-called "inner model" for ZF together with the CH. An inner model is a subcollection M of the collection V of all sets (see below) which satisfies the axioms of ZF when only sets in M are considered. Gödel's inner model is called the inner model of constructible sets (see below) and is denoted by L. Whatever is true in an inner model is consistent with ZF for the same reason that any theory with a model is consistent. An artifact of the construction is that the Axiom of Choice (henceforth AC) is satisfied in Gödel's inner model and hence the consistency of the AC with ZF was established by Gödel. Later on it was shown by Sierpinski that the AC is actually a consequence of the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis or the GCH, which states that for each κ, 2κ = κ+ (see Sierpinski 1947).
Gödel published two versions of these theorems, in 1939 and in 1940, entitled "Consistency Proof for the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis," and "The Consistency of the Axiom of Choice and of the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis with the Axioms of Set Theory," respectively. Though completely definitive, the 1939 version is lacking in a great many details, most notably the arguments showing that if L is built inside L itself, the same L results; that is to say, the so-called absoluteness arguments are missing. Also missing are the details of the proofs that the ZF axioms hold in L. Unlike the case of the Second Incompleteness Theorem, however, Gödel subsequently gave a completely detailed proof of the two theorems in the 1940 monograph. (The 1940 proof differs substantially from the first version. For details about the two proofs and the difference between them the reader is referred to Solovay 1990 and Kanamori 2006.)
We now sketch the proof of the consistency of CH and of AC with ZFC, using modern terminology. Some preliminary concepts before sketching the proof: We first define the stratified set theoretic universe, denoted V. (V is also known as the cumulative hierarchy.) It is obtained by iteration of the power set operation (℘) beginning with the null set:
V0 = ∅,
Vα+1 = ℘(Vα),
Vγ = ∪β<γ Vβ,
where α, β are any ordinals, γ is a limit ordinal and ℘(x) denotes the power set of x. Finally
V = ∪α∈Ord Vα,
where Ord denotes the class of all ordinals.
The constructible hierarchy L is likewise defined by recursion on ordinals. But whereas the full power set operation is iterated to obtain the cumulative hierarchy, the levels of the constructible hierarchy are defined strictly predicatively, that is by including at the next level only those sets which are first order definable using parameters from the previous level. More exactly, let Def(A) denote the set of all subsets of A definable in the structure < A, ∈ > by first order formulas with parameters in A. (For more on definability see the entry on model theory in this encyclopedia.)
With this notation the constructible hierarchy is defined by induction over the ordinals as follows:
L0 = ∅,
Lα+1 = Def(Lα),
Lγ = ∪α<γ Lα,
L = ∪α∈Ord Lα,
A set x is said to be constructible if x ∈ L. The axiom which states that all sets are constructible is denoted V = L and is called the Axiom of Constructibility. Note that L is a proper class and not a set; although as we will see, each Lα is a set, and the predicate "x is constructible" is actually a definable term of the language.
Our next task is to show that L is a model of ZF. A set or a class is transitive if elements of it are also subsets. By a meticulous transfinite induction, Lα can be shown to be transitive for each α; and therefore so is L itself. This fact, together with the observation that some elementary closure properties hold in L [18] is enough to show that L is a model of ZF. (Indeed, as it turns out, L is the minimal transitive model of the ZF axioms containing all the ordinals, and is therefore in this sense canonical.)
In detail, proving that the ZF axioms, apart from the comprehension axiom, are true in L, amounts to showing that, roughly speaking, any set with a property P that a ZF axiom asserts to exist, can be seen to exist in L by considering the relativization PL of the property P to L. (A property P is relativized to an inner model M by replacing every quantifier ∃xφ by ∃x(x ∈ M ∧ φ) and every quantifier ∀xφ by ∀x(x ∈ M→ φ).) As for the comprehension axiom, verifying it requires showing that the set asserted to exist is constructed at a particular successor level Lα + 1. Proving this requires an important principle of set theory which in modern terminology is called the Levy (or ZF) Reflection Principle. This principle says that any statement in the language of ZF which is true in V is already true on some level of any continuously increasing hierarchy such as L. (For the history of this principle, see Kanamori 2006.) The Levy Reflection Principle gives the level α at which the elements of the set are all constructed. Gödel did not actually have the Levy Reflection Principle but used the argument behind the proof of the principle.
Once it is established that L is a model of ZF, one can now prove that both the CH and the AC hold in L. To this end, one first shows that the definition of L is absolute for L, where absoluteness is defined as follows: given a class M, a predicate P(x) is said to be absolute for M if and only if for all x ∈ M, P(x) ↔ PM(x).
Proving that the predicate "x is constructible" is absolute requires formalizing the notion of definability, which in turn requires formalizing the notion of satisfaction. This is because the predicate "x is constructible" says of a set, that for some ordinal α, and for some formula φ with parameters in Lα, x = {y ∈ Lα | Lα ⊨ φ(y)}. This part of the proof tedious but unproblematic.
Once the absoluteness of L is established, it follows that ZF satisfies the axiom of constructibility if it is relativized to L; that is, ZF ⊢ (V=L)L. In particular, the axiom V = L is consistent if ZF is.
We now give the idea of the proof of CH and AC in ZF + V = L. (For a detailed exposition of the proof, the reader is referred to the standard sources. See for example Devlin's chapter on constructibility in Barwise 1977; see also Kunen 1983, and Jech 2003.)
As concerns the CH, the idea behind the proof of it in L is simply the following: Gödel showed that assuming V = L, every real number occurs on some countable level of the L-hierarchy. Since every countable level is itself countable (after all, there are only countably many possible defining formulas), and there are ω1 countable levels, there must be only ω1 real numbers.
The difficulty here, if not of the whole proof altogether, lies in showing that every real is constructed already on a countable level of the L-hierarchy. To show this Gödel argued as follows: Suppose A is a real number thought of as a set of natural numbers. By a combination of the Levy Reflection principle and the Löwenheim-Skolem Theorem there is a countable submodel < M, ∈ > of < L, ∈ > satisfying a sufficiently large finite part of the ZF axioms + V = L, such that A belongs to M. By a simple procedure < M, ∈ > can be converted into a transitive model < N, ∈ >. This procedure, used by Gödel already in 1937, was explicitly isolated by Mostowski (Mostowski 1949) and is nowadays called taking the Mostowski Collapse.
Let us pause to discuss this important technique. Suppose < M, E> is a well-founded model of the axiom of extensionality. It is a consequence of the well-foundedness of the binary predicate E on M, and of the principle of transfinite recursion, that the equation π(x) = {π(y) | y ∈ M ∧ yEx} defines a unique function on M. The range N of π is transitive, for if π(a) ∈ N and y ∈ π(a), then y = π(b) for some b ∈ M with bEa, whence π(b) ∈ N. The fact that π is an isomorphism between < M, E> and < N, ∈ > can be proved by transfinite induction on elements on M, based again on the well-foundedness of E. The well-foundedness of < M, E> is in practice often the consequence of < M, E> being a submodel of some < Vα, ε >.
We now return to the proof of the CH in L. We used the Mostowski Collapse to construct the transitive set N. As it turns out, the real number A is still an element of < N, ∈ > . By basic properties of L, < N, ∈ > must be < Lα , ∈ > for some α . Since N is countable, α is countable too. (It can be shown that |Lα| = |α| + ℵ0.) Thus A is constructible on a countable level, which was to have been shown.
As for the AC, Gödel exhibits a definable well-ordering, that is, a formula of set theory which defines, in L, a well-ordering of all of L. The formula is tedious to write down but the idea is a simple one: A set x precedes a set y in the well-ordering if and only if either x occurs in the L-hierarchy on an earlier level Lα than y, or else they occur on the same level but x is defined by a shorter formula than y, or else they are defined by the same formula but the parameters in the definition of x occur in L earlier than the parameters of y. This well-ordering of L shows that the AC holds in L.
This concludes the proof of the consistency of AC and the CH in L.
We note that Gödel proved more in his 1939 and 1940 than what was shown here, namely he proved the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis in L and hence that it's consistency with ZF.
As noted above, it was suggested already in the 1920's that the CH might be independent of ZF or ZFC. After first conjecturing that the Axiom of Constructibility might be "absolutely consistent," meaning not falsifiable by any further extension of models of ZF + V = L,[19] in his 1947 "What is Cantor's Continuum Hypothesis?" Gödel conjectured that the CH would be shown to be independent. The main consequence of Gödel's result, then, was that it pointed mathematicians in the direction of adding non-constructible sets to a model of set theory in order to establish the consistency of the negation of the CH. In 1961 Dana Scott proved that the failure of the Axiom of Constructibility follows from the existence of a measurable cardinal, contrary to a conjecture Gödel had made in 1940. (See Scott 1961. A cardinal κ is said to be measurable if there is a non-principal κ-complete ultrafilter in the power-set Boolean algebra of κ.) In 1963, as noted, Paul Cohen proved the consistency of the negation of the CH by adding non-constructible sets to an inner model.
What other open questions of set theory could be solved by Gödel's method? Gödel himself noted some consequences. They are related to so called projective sets of real numbers and finite sequences of real numbers. The simplest projective sets are the closed sets, also called Π10-sets. A set is Σ1n+1 if it is the projection of a Π1n-subset of the real plane. A set is Δ1n+1 if it and its complement are Σ1n+1. Gödel observed that there is both a non-Lebesgue measurable Δ12-set and an uncountable Π11-set without a perfect subset in L. (A set of reals is perfect if it is closed, non-empty, and has no isolated points. Such sets have the size of the continuum.) Gödel gave a sketch of the proof in the 1951 second printing of Gödel 1940.
It has turned out subsequently that the axiom V = L gives a virtually complete extension of ZFC. This means that, apart from sentences arising from Gödel's incompleteness theorems, essentially all set-theoretical questions can be decided by means of the axioms V = L. This is not to imply that such results are in any way trivial. Indeed, it has turned out that L is quite a complicated structure, despite its relatively simple description. As for settling open set-theoretical questions in L, the main step was the emergence of Jensen's fine structure theory of L (Jensen 1972). Recalling that the successor step Lα +1 in the definition of the constructible hierarchy adds to L all subsets of Lα definable by first order formulas φ over (Lα, ∈), fine structure theory, roughly speaking, ramifies the step from Lα to Lα+1 into smaller steps according to the complexity of the defining formula φ. Jensen established by means of his fine structure a strengthening, denoted by ◊, of CH, that he used to construct a Souslin tree in L, and a combinatorial principle □ that he used to show that the Souslin Hypothesis is consistent with CH.
If he did not think this way from the outset, Gödel soon came to adopt the view that the Axiom of Constructibility was implausible. As he remarked at the end of his 1947 "What is Cantor's Continuum Hypothesis?"
…it is very suspicious that, as against the numerous plausible propositions which imply the negation of the continuum hypothesis, not one plausible proposition is known which would imply the continuum hypothesis. (Gödel 1990, p. 186.)
Gödel was compelled to this view of L by the Leibnizian[20] idea that, rather than the universe being "small," that is, one with the minimum number of sets, it is more natural to think of the set theoretic universe as being as large as possible.[21]This idea would be reflected in his interest in maximality principles, i.e., principles which are meant to capture the intuitive idea that the universe of set theory is maximal in the sense that nothing can be added; and in his conviction that maximality principles would eventually settle statements like the CH. As Gödel put it in a letter to Ulam in the late 1950's, about a maximality principle of von Neumann:
The great interest which this axiom has lies in the fact that it is a maximality principle, somewhat similar to Hilbert's axiom of completeness in geometry. For, roughly speaking, it says that any set which does not, in a certain well defined way, imply an inconsistency exists. Its being a maximum principle also explains the fact that this axiom implies the axiom of choice. I believe that the basic problems of set theory, such as Cantor's continuum problem, will be solved satisfactorily only with the help of stronger axioms of this kind, which in a sense are opposite or complimentary to the constructivistic interpretation of mathematics. (Ulam 1958, as quoted in Gödel 1990, p. 168; original emphasis. Note that this is different from the very similar passage (Gödel 2003b, p.295).)
Twenty years earlier, in 1938, Gödel had written seemingly differently about the Axiom of Constructibility:
The proposition A (i.e., V = L) added as a new axiom seems to give a natural completion of the axioms of set theory, in so far as it determines the vague notion of an arbitrary infinite set in a definite way. (Gödel 1986, p.27.)
Gödel may have meant by "natural completion" here "the correct completion," or he may have meant to say no more than that the Axiom of Constructibility determines the notion of set in a definite way. In any case he used the term "natural" differently in a conversation with Wang on constructibility in 1972 (Wang 1996, p. 144):
Gödel talked more about the relation between axioms of infinity and the constructible universe…(he observed that) preliminary concepts such as that of constructible sets are necessary to arrive at the natural concept, such as that of set.
This is reminiscent of a remark of Hugh Woodin, that studying forcing leads to a better understanding of V — the general principle being that studying the models of a theory is not only useful to understand the theory itself, but useful to obtain a better picture of V (Woodin 1988).
For more on Gödel's program and on Gödel's program relative to the CH the reader is referred e.g., to Steel forthcoming and Feferman et al. 2000. For more on Gödel's result, its history , and its significance the reader is referred to Floyd/Kanamori 2006 and Kennedy 2006.
Gödel's interest in intuitionism was deep and long-lasting. Although he himself did not subscribe to that view, he made a number of important contributions to intuitionistic logic. Perhaps the importance he placed on the concept of evidence (see below) led to his close consideration of it.
We discuss Gödel's results on intuitionistic logic in their chronological order.
Both many-valued logic, introduced by Łukasiewicz in the twenties (Łukasiewicz 1970) and intuitionistic logic, formalized by Heyting in 1930, fail to satisfy the law of excluded middle. It was therefore natural to ask whether intuitionistic logic can be presented as a many-valued logic, and indeed a number of logicians in the 1920's had suggested just that. In his 1932 Gödel gave a simple argument which shows that intuitionistic propositional logic cannot be thought of as a finitely-valued logic. Precisely, Gödel proved two theorems:
There is no realization with finitely many elements (truth values) for which the formulas provable in H, and only those, are satisfied (that is, yield designated values for an arbitrary assignment).
(H is intuitionistic propositional logic, after Heyting.)
Infinitely many systems lie between H and the system A of the ordinary propositional calculus, that is, there is a monotonically decreasing sequence of systems all of which include H as a subset and are included in A as subsets.
In his proof he considered for each natural number n > 0 the sentence
Fn = ∨1 ≤ i < j ≤ n pi ≡ pj.
He observed that in an n-valued logic the sentences Fm, for m > n, should be derivable. However, Gödel showed, Fn is not derivable from Heyting's axioms for any n.
Subsequently Jaśkowski (Jaśkowski 1936) showed that intuitionistic propositional logic can be given a many-valued semantics in terms of infinitely many truth-values. For further discussion of many-valued logics, see for example the entry on many-valued logic in this encyclopedia as well as van Stigt's article on intuitionistic logic in Mancosu 1998.
We now consider Gödel 1933e, in which Gödel showed, in effect, that intuitionistic or Heyting arithmetic is only apparently weaker than classical first-order arithmetic. This is because the latter can be interpreted within the former by means of a simple translation, and thus to be convinced of the consistency of classical arithmetic, it is enough to be convinced of the consistency of Heyting arithmetic. Heyting arithmetic is defined to be the same as classical arithmetic, except that the underlying predicate logic is given by intuitionistic axioms and rules of inference (see below).
This result extends the same assertion for the propositional case. Let H denote the intuitionistic propositional logic, and A denote its classical counterpart (as above). Inductively define:
A′ ≡ ¬¬A (A atomic)
(¬A)′ ≡ ¬A′
(A → B)′ ≡ ¬(A′ ∧ ¬B′)
(A ∨ B)′ ≡ ¬(¬A′ ∧ ¬B′)
(A ∧ B)′ ≡ A′ ∧ B′
Let F be a propositional formula. Then H ⊢ F if and only if A ⊢ F′,
The theorem follows easily from the result of Glivenko (1929) that ¬F follows from H if and only if ¬F follows from A, for any propositional formula F.
Gödel's so-called double negation interpretation extends Theorem 9 to a reduction of classical first order logic to intuitionistic predicate logic. The translation in this case can be taken to map A′ to A for atomic A. Moreover, we let ∀xA(x)′ = ∀xA′(x) :
Theorem 10.
Suppose A is a first order formula. If A is provable in classical first order logic, then A′ is provable in intuitionistic first order logic.
The above result had been obtained independently by Gentzen (with Bernays), but upon hearing of Gödel's result Gentzen withdrew his paper from publication. It had also been anticipated by Kolmogorov in his 1925 "On the Principle of the Excluded Middle," (english translation van Heijenoort 1967) but that paper was largely unknown to logicians who were outside of Kolmogorov's circle.
Bernays has written (see Bernays' entry on David Hilbert in Edwards 1967) that this result of Gödel's drew the attention of the Hilbert school to two observations: first, that intuitionistic logic goes beyond finitism, and secondly, that finitist systems may not be the only acceptable ones from the foundational point of view.
The following theorem for the case of arithmetic follows from Theorem 10:
Suppose A is a first order formula of arithmetic. If A is provable in classical Peano arithmetic, then A′ is provable in intuitionistic first order arithmetic.
For a list of the axioms and rules of intuitionistic first order logic see Gödel 1958, reprinted with detailed introductory note by A. Troelstra in Gödel 1990. See also Troelstra 1973, and Troelstra's "Aspects of constructive mathematics" in Barwise 1977. For a detailed proof of the above theorem the reader is referred also to the latter.
This result of Gödel's (Gödel 1933f), which marks the beginning of provability logic, makes exact the difference between the concept of "provability in a specified formal system" and that of "provability by any correct means."
Gödel had already noted this difference in the introduction to his 1929 thesis. The context was the following: Gödel entertains there the possibility that his proof of the Completeness Theorem might be circular, since the law of excluded middle was used to prove it. This is because while the Completeness Theorem asserts 'a kind of decidability,' namely every quantificational formula is either provable or a counterexample to it can be given, 'the principle of the excluded middle seems to express nothing other than the decidability of every problem':
… what is affirmed (by the law of excluded middle) is the solvability not at all through specified means but only through all means that are in any way imaginable … [22]
Gödel considers intuitionistic propositional logic (henceforth IPL); he also considers a second system, classical propositional logic enriched by an operator "B", where the intended meaning of "B" is "provable." The axiom system now known as S4 (for a list of these axioms see for example the entry on modal logic in this encyclopedia) is added to the standard axioms for classical propositional logic together with a new rule of proof: from A, BA may be inferred. Let us call this second system G. Gödel's theorem states that IPL is interpretable in G via the following translation:
¬p ≡ ~Bp
p ⊃ q ≡ Bp → Bq
p ∨ q ≡ Bp ∨ Bq
p ∧ q ≡ Bp ∧ Bq
Let A be a formula of IPL, and let A′ be its translation. Then IPL ⊢ A implies G ⊢ A′.
Gödel conjectures that the converse implication must be true, and indeed this was shown in McKinsey and Tarski 1948.
The difference between the two notions of provability: "provable in a given formal system S" and provability by any correct means — manifests itself as a consequence of Gödel's Second Incompleteness Theorem, as follows. Let S contain Peano Arithmetic, and let the operator B be interpreted as "provable in S ". If the axioms of S4 were valid for this interpretations of B, then from B(0 ≠ 1) → (0 ≠ 1), the sentence ¬B(0 ≠ 1) would be provable, contradicting the Second Incompleteness Theorem.
For further discussion of Gödel's theorem, its antecedents and its extensions, as well as its philosophical significance, the reader is referred to A.S Troelstra's introduction to 1933f.
Gödel's so-called Dialectica intepretation (Gödel 1958) delivers a consistency proof and justification for Heyting arithmetic by means of a concrete interpretation involving a system T of computable functionals of finite type. The consistency proof is similar in character to that one obtains, somewhat tautologically, for classical arithmetic. Recalling that in the latter consistency proof one notes that the standard model satisfies the Peano axioms, similarly here, a concrete interpretation of the Heyting Axioms is given. Taken together with his 1933e (see section 3.5.2), which reduces classical first order arithmetic to Heyting arithmetic, a justification in these terms is also obtained for classical first order arithmetic.
Gödel's inductive definition of the notion "computable function of finite type" is as follows: (Gödel 1990, p. 245).
The computable functionals of type 0 are the natural numbers.
If t0,…, tk are types and we have already defined what computable functionals of types t0,…,tk are, then (t0,…, tk) is a type and a computable functional of that type assigns to every k-tuple of computable functionals of respective types t1,…, tk, a computable functional of type t0.
Gödel considers the quantifier free theory of these computable functionals of finite type, denoted by T. T has the following features: the language of T contains variables of each type, constants for distinguished types, and a ternary predicate =σ for equality for type σ. Equality between terms of the same type is decidable. The non-logical axioms and rules for T include the classical arithmetic axioms for 0 and successor, and the induction rule:
(F(0) ∧ (F(x0) → F(S(x0)))) → F(x0)
for quantifier-free formulas F(x0). As Gödel remarks (Gödel 1990, p. 247), the axioms for T are essentially those of primitive recursive arithmetic, except that the variables can be of any finite type.
Gödel's translation associates with every formula F(x) of the language of Peano arithmetic a formula F′(x) = ∃y∀zA(y, z, x) of the language of the theory T, where A is quantifier free and the (boldface) bound variables are finite sequences of variables thought to range over functionals of a finite type determined by the type of the variable. Intuitively, y is a concrete analogue of the abstract notion of a construction constituting the meaning of F.
Gödel's theorem is as follows:
Suppose F′ = ∃y∀zA(y, z, x). If F is provable in intuitionistic first order arithmetic, then there are computable functionals Q of finite type such that A(Q(x), z, x) is provable in T.
The proof is by induction on the structure of the proof of F in intuitionistic first order arithmetic. (For a treatment of the proof in detail, the reader is referred to Troelstra 1986.)
The importance of the theorem for foundations cannot be overstated.[23] A discussion of its generalizations, of ensuing work on functional interpretations stimulated by the theorem due to Kreisel, Tait, Howard, Feferman and others; its foundational and philosophical significance; and finally its relation particularly to the earlier, informal, proof interpretation, so-called, given by Heyting-Kolmogorov, will not be attempted here, however (though some of these issues will be treated in the sequel to this entry). Accordingly the reader is referred to the large literature on the subject, e.g., the abovementioned Troelstra 1986, Tait 1967, Feferman 1993 and Avigad & Feferman 1998. For interesting new developments, e.g., in the area of modified realizability, see Oliva 2006.
A remark concerning the philosophical context in which Gödel presented his translation, namely finitism. The question addressed in the introduction to the paper is what abstract notions must be added to finitary mathematics in order to obtain a consistency proof for arithmetic. Equivalently: what does the finitary view presuppose, which must be given up in the light of the Second Incompleteness Theorem, if the consistency proof is to be obtained:
In any case Bernays' remark teaches us to distinguish two components of the finitary attitude; namely, first, the constructive element, which consists in our being allowed to speak of mathematical objects only insofar as we can exhibit them or actually produce them by means of a construction; second, the specifically finitistic element, which makes the further demand that the objects about which we make statements, with which the constructions are carried out and which we obtain by means of these constructions, are 'intuitive', that is, are in the last analysis spatiotemporal arrangements of elements whose characteristics other than their identity or nonidentity are irrelevant.… It is the second requirement that must be dropped. This fact has hitherto been taken into account by our adjoining to finitary mathematics parts of intuitionistic logic and the theory of ordinals. In what follows we shall show that, for the consistency proof of number theory, we can use, instead, the notion of computable function of finite type on the natural numbers and certain rather elementary principles of construction for such functions. (Gödel 1990, p.245).
Aside from its technical contribution, then, Gödel's 1958/72 is one of Gödel's most important philosophical works; notable for its analysis of the nature of finitary mathematics, as well as its analysis of the notions of "intuitive," as in "intuitive knowledge," and that of abstract versus concrete evidence.
This section begins with a discussion of the Gödel Nachlass, an important source of philosophical material by Gödel, that, if supplemented by the published material, gives a comprehensive picture of Gödel's rich and far-reaching philosophical outlook. Two central themes which run through Gödel's philosophical view as he characterized it at various times are then discussed, namely realism and rationalism, followed by a discussion of Gödel's turn to phenomenology. Finally an example involving Gödel's application of the Second Incompleteness theorem to a particular philosophical problem is given.
Omitted is a discussion of the so-called Gibbs lecture (mentioned above), a discussion of Gödel's strong notion of intuition and a discussion of Gödel's Ontological Proof. Each of these will be addressed in the sequel to this entry.
Gödel had begun to concentrate almost exclusively on philosophy of mathematics from about 1943. His standards for publication in philosophy were, possibly, unreasonably high—for example he would not publish papers which contained only negative arguments—and as a result he published only four more or less strictly philosophical papers in his lifetime (but see below): "On Russell's Mathematical Logic," published in 1944, "What is Cantor's Continuum Problem?", published in 1947, "A Remark on the Relationship between Relativity Theory and Idealistic Philosophy" published in 1949; his last published paper, apart from revised versions of earlier ones, was the 1958 "Über eine bisher noch nicht benützte Erweiterung des finiten Standpunktes," which presents the so-called "Dialectica interpretation." (For a discussion of the latter see above.) On the other hand many of Gödel's technical papers are deeply philosophical in nature, beginning with his 1929 thesis; and so the boundary between his mathematical and philosophical work must remain, in nearly all cases, an artificial one.
In addition to his published work, Gödel's philosophical oeuvre consists of lecture and manuscript drafts among a considerable quantity of philosophical material in his Nachlass in the form of notebooks and completed and partially completed manuscripts, as well as extensive commentaries on other philosophers. There are two complete manuscripts: that on which the Gibbs lecture, given at Brown University in 1951, was based, and secondly the six versions of the paper entitled "is Mathematics a Syntax of Language?", meant to be submitted to the Library of Living Philosophers volume on Carnap, edited by Schilpp, and written in the period of 1953–9. Both manuscripts now appear in the Collected Works.
The Nachlass material exists in German, in English and in Gabelsberger shorthand (Gabelsberger shorthand is a notation system for German in common use among German and Austrian academics in the early part of the twentieth century) and some of it was brought to such a stage of completion by Gödel that he drew up two lists of them under the heading: "was ich publizieren könnte" ("what I could publish"). Some of this material has been published posthumously (Gödel 1995), and it is to be expected that the remaining material in Gabelsberger shorthand, once it is transcribed, will shed even more light on Gödel's philosophical outlook. (The Nachlass material has also lead to a supplementation of the final list of Gödel's theorems. See the introduction to the Dreben correspondence in Gödel 2003a.)
Finally, Gödel's philosophical oeuvre should include his conversations and the related correspondence with Hao Wang, which took place over approximately the last decade of Gödel's life. The conversations concerned Gödel's philosophical and foundational views as contrasted with Wang's, and were eventually published by Wang in the books From Mathematics to Philosophy: Reflections on Kurt Gödel (Wang 1987) and Logical Journey (Wang 1996), as well as in numerous papers. Scholars differ to some small degree as to the value of Wang's transcriptions of those conversations, but there is no doubt about the accuracy of extended passages in From Mathematics to Philosophy, passages which Gödel either revised or completely rewrote. (See Gödel 2003b, p. 387, for the correspondence between Gödel and Wang concerning these passages. See Wang 1973, pp.200–205, and see Wang 1996, p. 237, for Wang's discussion of his collaboration with Gödel.) Disclaimers aside, particularly the last book of the three contains hundreds of philosophical remarks and aphorisms of Gödel's, spanning an extraordinary range of mathematical, foundational, philosophical, and other topics. For example, we learn in remark 13.9.72 that Gödel was committed to "the method of bold generalization," as he called it, recommending that philosophers have the audacity to "generalize things without any inhibition." Chapter 8, entitled "Set Theory and Logic as Concept Theory," sheds a great deal of light on Gödel's last thoughts on the foundations of set theory. For example, in remark 8.7.9 he asserts that the "central principle" is the reflection principle. (See above for the definition of the Levy reflection principle; see section 8.7 of Wang 1996 for the more general reflection principle to which Gödel refers in remark 8.7.9.)
In this section we direct the reader's attention to document number 040363 in the Gödel Nachlass, a list entitled "My Notes, 1940–1970." (For the list and a discussion of it see pp.94–99 of Wang 1996.) It was written during a period of illness, perhaps in order to direct future readers of the Nachlass to the material in it Gödel thought important. The list is as follows:
About 1,000 stenographic pages (6 x 8 inches) of clearly written philosophical notes (=phil. [philosophical] assertions).
Two phil. [philosophy] papers almost ready for print.
Several 1,000's of pages of phil. [philosophical] excerpts and literature.
The clearly written proofs of my cosmological results.
About 600 clearly written pages of set-theoretical and logical results, quest. and conjectures (to some extent outstripped by recent developments).
Many notes on intuit. [intuitionism] (the whole Ev. [Evidenz] on Main qu. [question] and other (pertaining to the Dial. [Dialetica] work and another work)) and other foundational questions, auch Literat. [Literatur]
Regarding item 2, a complicated footnote indicates that the two papers are one on Kant (Gödel *1946/9-B2, Gödel *1946/9-C1) and secondly, "Is Mathematics a Syntax of Language?" (Gödel *1953/9-III and Gödel 1953/9-V.) Other manuscripts are mentioned in the footnote are his ontological proof, and his noteson his new consistency proof of the axiom of choice.
Regarding item 6, "Ev." apparently stands for "evidence." As to the main question, it would not be implausible that by it Gödel means the question Gödel raises in the Dialectica paper, namely that of giving a precise characterization of the notions of abstract and concrete evidence—especially since his work pertaining to that paper is mentioned in item 6. (This is Wang's interpretation.)
There are a number of surprises here. The Gibbs lecture, which appears on the list, "Was ich publizieren könnte," (along with his "Is Mathematics a Syntax of Language?") does not appear in item 2 as one might expect. Also, the volume of the material referred to in item 5 is perhaps greater than one would have expected.
Gödel's philosophical views can be broadly characterized by two points of focus, or, in modern parlance, commitments. These are: realism, namely the belief that mathematics is a descriptive science in the way that the empirical sciences are—although in this case what the theorems describe is a domain of non-empirical or abstract objects. The second commitment is to a form of Leibnizian rationalism in philosophy; and in fact Gödel's principal philosophical influences, in this regard particularly but also many others, were Leibniz, Kant and Husserl. (For further discussion of how these philosophers influenced Gödel, see van Atten and Kennedy 2003.)
The terms "Gödel's realism" and "Gödel's rationalism" must be prefaced with a disclaimer: there is no single view one could associate with these terms. Gödel's realism (or Platonism) underwent a complex development over time, in both the nature of its ontological claims as well as Gödel's level of commitment to those claims. Similarly Gödel's rationalism underwent a complex development over time, from a tentative version of it at the beginning, to what was adjudged to be a fairly radical version of it in the 1950's. After 1959 Gödel fused his rationalistic program of developing exact philosophy with the Husserlian notions of conceptual analysis and the phenomenological method.
We examine these two strains of Gödel's thinking below:
Gödel's rationalism has its roots in the Leibnizian thought that the world, not that which we immanently experience but that which itself gives rise to immanent experience, is perfect and beautiful, and therefore rational and ordered. Gödel's justification of this belief rests partly on an inductive generalization from the perfection and beauty of mathematics:
Rationalism is connected with Platonism because it is directed to the conceptual aspect rather than toward the (real) world. One uses inductive evidence…Mathematics has a form of perfection…We may expect that the conceptual world is perfect, and, furthermore, that objective reality is beautiful, good, and perfect. (Wang 1996, 9.4.18)
Our total reality and total experience are beautiful and meaningful—this is also a Leibnizian thought. We should judge reality by the little which we truly know of it. Since that part which conceptually we know fully turns out to be so beautiful, the real world of which we know so little should also be beautiful. (9.4.20)
Although the roots of Gödel's belief in rationalism are metaphysical in nature, his long-standing aspirations in that domain had always been practical ones. Namely, to develop exact methods in philosophy; to transform it into an exact science, or strenge Wissenschaft, to use Husserl's term.
What this means in practice is taking the strictest view possible of what constitutes the dialectical grounds for the acceptance of an assertion; put another way, a level of rigor is aspired to in philosophical arguments approaching that which is found in mathematical proofs. A formulation of the view—one which is somewhat phenomenologically colored (see below)—can be found in a document in the Gödel Nachlass. This is a fourteen item list Gödel drew up in about 1960, entitled "My Philosophical Viewpoint." Two items on the list are relevant here:
There are systematic methods for the solution of all problems (also art, etc.).
There is a scientific (exact) philosophy and theology, which deals with concepts of the highest abstractness; and this is also most highly fruitful for science.
(The list was transcribed by Cheryl Dawson and was published in Wang 1996, p. 316.)
Gödel's earlier conception of rationalism refers to mathematical rigor and includes the concept of having a genuine proof, and is therefore in some sense a more radical one than that to which he would later subscribe. One can see it at work, so to speak, at the end of the Gibbs lecture, after a sequence of arguments in favor of realism are given:
Of course I do not claim that the foregoing considerations amount to a real proof of this view about the nature of mathematics. The most I could assert would be to have disproved the nominalistic view, which considers mathematics to consist solely in syntactical conventions and their consequences. Moreover, I have adduced some strong arguments against the more general view that mathematics is our own creation. There are, however, other alternatives to Platonism, in particular psychologism and Aristotelian realism. In order to establish Platonic realism, these theories would have to be disproved one after the other, and then it would have to be shown that they exhaust all possibilities. I am not in a position to do this now; however I would like to give some indications along these lines. (Gödel 1995, p. 321–2).
(For a penetrating analysis of this passage see Tait 2001.) Such an analysis must be based on conceptual analysis. Continuing, Gödel remarks:
I am under the impression that after sufficient clarification of the concepts in question it will be possible to conduct these discussions with mathematical rigour and that the result will then be…that the Platonistic view is the only one tenable. (Gödel 1995, p. 322).
Along with the methodological component, as can be seen from the items on Gödel's list, there was also an "optimistic" component to Gödel's rationalism: once the appropriate methods have been developed, philosophical problems such as, for example, those in ethics (e.g., item 9 on the list is: "Formal rights comprise a real science.") can be decisively solved. As for mathematical assertions, such as the Continuum Hypothesis in set theory, once conceptual analysis has been carried out in the right way, that is, once the basic concepts, such as that of "set," have been completely clarified, the Continuum Hypothesis will be decided.
Although at the time of the Gibbs lecture the analogy in Gödel's mind between philosophical and mathematical reasoning may have been a very close one, Gödel's view at other periods was that the envisaged methods will not be mathematical in nature. To the contrary what was wanted was a general, informal science of conceptual analysis.
Philosophy is more general than science. Already the theory of concepts is more general than mathematics…True philosophy is precise but not specialized.
Perhaps the reason why no progress is made in mathematics (and there are so many unsolved problems), is that one confines oneself to the ext[ensional]—thence also the feeling of disappointment in the case of many theories, e.g., propositional logic and formalisation altogether. (Wang 1996, 9.3.20, 9.3.21)[24]
(See notebook Max IV, p. 198 (Gödel Nachlaß, Firestone Library, Princeton, item 030090). Transcription Cheryl Dawson; translation from the German ours; amendment ours. Gödel's dating of Max IV indicates that it is from May 1941 to April 1942. See also Gödel's letter to Bernays, Gödel 2003a, p. 283.)
Gödel's advance toward a general theory of concepts will be to a considerable degree better understood when the remaining Gabelsberger material on this topic in the Gödel Nachlass has been transcribed (a project on which John and Cheryl Dawson have made substantial progress). Meanwhile other important sources include Gödel's remarks on conceptual analysis published by Hao Wang in Logical Journey. In remark 8.6.10 for example, Gödel expresses the belief that extensionality fails for concepts, contrary to what he said in his 1944 "Russell's Mathematical Logic," a remark which he now wishes to retract:
I do not (no longer) believe that generally sameness of range is sufficient to exclude the distinctness of two concepts.
In some of Gödel's later discussions another component of conceptual analysis emerges, namely the project of finding the so-called primitive terms or concepts, and their relations. These are roughly terms or concepts which comprise a theoretical "starting point," on the basis of their meaning being completely definite and clear. For example, the concept of "the application of a concept to another concept" is a primitive term; also "force" should be a primitive term. (Wang 1996, 9.1.29).
He spoke to Wang about the general project in 1972:
Phenomenology is not the only approach. Another approach is to find a list of the main categories (e.g., causation, substance, action) and their interrelations, which, however, are to be arrived at phenomenologically. The task must be done in the right manner. (Wang 1996, 5.3.7).
We discuss Gödel's involvement with phenomenology further below.
The judgement levied upon Gödel's rationalism by contemporary philosophers was a harsh one. (See for example Gödel 1995, pp. 303–4).
Gödel often referred to the negative impact of the "Zeitgeist" on philosophy, which was perhaps his way of noting that such judgements equally as often become obsolete. Perhaps for that reason, Gödel himself was optimistic. As he commented to Wang:
It is not appropriate to say that philosophy as rigorous science is not realizable in the foreseeable future. Time is not the main factor; it can happen anytime when the right idea appears. (Wang 1996, 4.3.14).
(Gödel concluded his 1944 on a similarly optimistic note.)
For more about Gödel and rationalism see van Atten 2006.
Gödel's realist views were formulated mostly in the context of foundations of mathematics and set theory.
We referred above the the list "What I believe," thought to have been written in 1960 or thereabouts. Out of 14 items, only two refer to realism, remarks 10 and 12:
Materialism is false.
Concepts have an objective existence.
Gödel published his views on realism for the first time in his 1944. The following is one of his most quoted passages on the subject:
Classes and concepts may, however, also be conceived as real objects, namely classes as '´pluralities of things," or as structures consisting of a plurality of things and concepts as the properties and relations of things existing independently of our definitions and constructions.
It seems to me that the assumption of such objects is quite as legitimate as the assumption of physical bodies and there is quite as much reason to believe in their existence. They are in the same sense necessary to obtain a satisfactory system of mathematics as physical bodies are necessary for a satisfactory theory of our sense perceptions and in both cases it is impossible to interpret the propositions one wants to assert about these entities as propositions about the "data," i.e., in the latter case the actually occurring sense perceptions.
Gödel's reference to the impossibility of interpreting empirical laws, or more precisely, instantiations of them—the statements "one wants to assert," in any case—as statements about sense perceptions, is very likely an endorsement of the (then) contemporary critique of phenomenalism. The critique was based on the observation that sense data are so inextricably bound up with the conditions under which they are experienced, that no correspondence between statements about those and the statements "we want to assert" can be given. (See Chisholm 1948 for example.) More generally Gödel was against verificationism, namely the idea that the meaning of a statement is its mode of verification.
The analogical point in the first part of the passage was amplified by Gödel in the draft manuscript "Is Mathematics a Syntax of Language?":
It is arbitrary to consider "This is red" an immediate datum, but not so to consider the proposition expressing modus ponens or complete induction (or perhaps some simpler propositions from which the latter follows). (Gödel 1995, p. 359)
Some writers have interpreted Gödel in this and similar passages "pragmatically." That is, some have attributed to him the view that empirical statements are paradigmatic of successful reference — "This is red" is true just in case "this" really is red—and therefore the task of construing reference in the case of abstract concepts is to model it in similar terms, that is, causally. (See for example the writings of Penelope Maddy Maddy 1990.) Interpreting reference to abstract objects this way, it is argued, takes the bite out of the epistemological difficulty associated with realism, namely, the problem of accounting for how we can come to have knowledge of abstract objects. Others have argued that Gödel had no paradigm case in mind; that for him both the empirical and the abstract case are either equally problematic, or equally unproblematic. (See Tait 1986, which argues that the empirical case is not the paradigm case, in this sense, for Gödel). See also (van Atten and Kennedy 2003.) The latter view is referred to as epistemological parity and is attributed to Gödel in (van Atten and Kennedy 2003). (Epistemological parity can also be attributed to Husserl, see Kennedy and van Atten 2004.)
In his 1947 "What is Cantor's Continuum Problem?", Gödel expounds the view that in the case of meaningful propositions of mathematics, there is always a fact of the matter to be decided in a yes or no fashion. This is a direct consequence of realism; for, if there is a domain or fixed field of mathematical objects or concepts, then any meaningful proposition concerning them must be either true or false.[25] The Continuum Hypothesis is Gödel's main example of a meaningful question. The concept "how many" leads "unambiguously" to a definite meaning of the hypothesis, and therefore it should be decidable—at least in principle. Most strikingly Gödel does not leave the matter there but goes on to offer a practical strategy for determining the value of the continuum, as well as the truth value of other axioms extending ZFC. Specifically, he offers two criteria for their decidability: the primary one involves the carrying out of an analysis of the basic concepts involved and is associated with Gödel's rationalistic program. (See the above section on Gödel's rationalism.) Secondly one must keep an eye on the so-called success of the axiom, as a check or indicator of which direction to look to for the solution of its truth. For example, Gödel notes in the paper that none of the consequences of the Axiom of Constructibility are very plausible. It is, then, likely false.
For further discussion of Gödel's set-theoretic realism see Kennedy and van Atten 2004.
Reconciling realism and rationalism presents a conundrum. The high standard imposed on philosophical arguments by rationalism demands, in the case of Gödel's particular interest, something like a "proof" of the realist position. But it is far from clear how to go about giving a definitive proof of the existence of an acausal, atemporal domain of mathematical objects, especially with the notion of mathematical proof in mind. As we saw, Gödel observed in the Gibbs lecture that a proof would amount to giving an exhaustive enumeration of the alternatives to realism, and then refuting them one by one. But this dialectical approach to the problem of proving the realist view to be "the only one tenable" did not lead to its solution. Regarding his other major philosophical work from the 1950s, after six years of work on it, Gödel notified the editors of the volume for whom it was being prepared in 1959, that he would not be submitting to them his main philosophical work from the period 1953 to 1959, namely the fundamental paper "Is Mathematics a Syntax of Language?" (Gödel *1953/59-III, Gödel 1953/9-V).
The situation was resolved by Gödel's turn to phenomenology in 1959, which, while adding some dimension to Gödel's project to construe philosophy as a strict science, at the same time led to his incorporating into his philosophical world view a stronger emphasis on the notion of subjectivity. (In the transcendental sense of the term, not the psychological one.)
With Husserl, Gödel saw the problem of mathematical evidence, i.e., the question: what sort of data should count as evidence for the truth of a mathematical assertion, as fundamental. In the Dialectica paper Gödel refers to the fact that "a precise definition of either concrete or abstract evidence" is lacking (Gödel 1990, p. 273). And in Gödel's list "My Notes, 1940–1970" he refers to the "main question" in philosophy as one which is bound up with the problem of evidence, by which problem he means, presumably, that of giving a precise characterization of it. Thus the direction taken at this point was an appropriate one in that phenomenology also places the notion of evidence, or more specifically the problem of giving a proper analysis of evidence, in a central position.
Very roughly put, phenomenology holds that the world is constituted, in a special sense, but correctly, in consciousness. (For an introduction to phenomenology see for example the entry on phenomenology in this encyclopedia.)
In particular, in the later Husserl's phenomenology as adopted by Gödel, consciousness constitutes both subjectivity and objectivity (and thereby makes the latter accessible to the former). (See van Atten and Kennedy 2003.)
Gödel described it as the only philosophy that "really did justice to the core of Kant's thought";[26] as one which avoids "both the death-defying leaps of idealism into a new metaphysics as well as the positivistic rejection of all metaphysics." (Gödel 1995, p. 387) A "beginning," but as he remarked to Wang, "Husserl's thoroughly systematic beginning is better than Kant's sloppy architectonic." (Wang 1996, 9.2.6.).
It is perhaps worth mentioning at this point that Gödel's conversion to phenomenology was indeed a genuine conversion. As he wrote in the draft of a(n undelivered) lecture entitled "The Modern Development of the Foundations of Mathematics in Light of Philosophy" (*1961/?):
…there exists today the beginning of a science which claims to possess a systematic method for such a clarification in meaning, and that is the phenomenology founded by Husserl. Here clarification of meaning consists in focussing more sharply on the concepts concerned by directing our attention in a certain way, namely, onto our own acts in the use of these concepts, onto our powers in carrying out our acts, etc. But one must keep in mind that this phenomenology is not a science in the same sense as other sciences. Rather it is (or in any case should be) a procedure or technique that should produce in us a new state of consciousness in which we describe in detail the basic concepts we use in our thought, or grasp other basic concepts hitherto unknown to us. I believe there is no reason at all to reject such a procedure at the outset as hopeless…not only is there no reason for the rejection (of phenomenology), but on the contrary one can present reasons in its favor (Gödel 1995, p. 383).
That the lecture was undelivered does not say very much about Gödel's commitment to it, as the writing of undelivered or unsubmitted manuscripts was typical of Gödel's philosophical activity from about the 1950s. Other sources on Gödel's phenomenological views than this lecture are extensive notes in the Nachlass, as well as the transcriptions of his conversations with Wang and others, for example Sue Toledo (see above).
Along with influencing his rationalism, Gödel's adoption of the phenomenological worldview resulted in a thoroughgoing revision of his realism toward the Husserlian view; one which, though still a realist one, involves a significant change of the basic picture. In addition to the abovementioned sources on phenomenology and on phenomenology and Gödel, the reader is referred to Tieszen 1992, Tieszen 2006, Føllesdahl 1995 and finally the introduction and first chapter of Tragesser 1977, for further discussion of Gödel and phenomenology.
The bold extraction of philosophical observations from mathematical facts—and, of course, the converse—was Gödel's modus operandi and professional trademark. We present below an argument of this type, from draft V of Gödel's draft manuscript, "Is Mathematics a Syntax of Language?" though it also appears in the Gibbs lecture.
The argument uses the Second Incompleteness Theorem[27] to refute the view that mathematics is devoid of content. Gödel referred to this as the "syntactical view," and identified it with Carnap. Gödel defined the syntactical view in the Gibbs lecture as follows:
The essence of this view is that there is no such thing as a mathematical fact, that the truth of propositions which we believe express mathematical facts only means that (due to the rather complicated rules which define the meaning of propositions, that is, which determine under what circumstances a proposition is true) an idle running of language occurs in these propositions, in that the said rules make them true no matter what the facts are. Such propositions can rightly be called void of content. (Gödel 1995, p. 319).
Under this view, according to Gödel:
…the meaning of the terms (that is, the concepts they denote) is asserted to be man-made and consisting merely in semantical conventions. (Gödel 1995, p. 320)
A number of arguments are adduced in the Gibb's lecture against the syntactical view. Continuing the last quote but one, Gödel gives the main argument against it:
Now it is actually possible to build up a language in which mathematical propositions are void of content in this sense. The only trouble is 1. that one has to use the very same mathematical facts (or equally complicated other mathematical facts) in order to show they don't exist.
The mathematical fact Gödel is referring to is the requirement that the system be consistent. But consistency will never be intrinsic to the system; it must always be imported "from the outside," so to speak, as follows from the Second Incompleteness Theorem, which states that consistency is not provable from within any system adequate to formalize mathematics.
The "Syntax" paper is an extended elaboration of just this point. It is more specific, both as to the characterization of the syntactic view and as to its refutation.
In version V of the Syntax paper, Gödel identifies the syntactical view with three assertions. First, mathematical intuition can be replaced by conventions about the use of symbols and their application. Second, "there do not exist any mathematical objects or facts," and therefore mathematical propositions are void of content. And thirdly, the syntactical conception defined by these two assertions is compatible with strict empiricism.
As to the first assertion there is a weak sense in which Gödel agrees with it, insofar as he notes that is possible to arrive at the same sentences either by the application of certain rules, or by applying mathematical intuition. He then observes that it would be "folly" to expect of any perfectly arbitrary system set up in this way, that "if these rules are applied to verified laws of nature (e.g., the primitive laws of elasticity theory) one will obtain empirically correct propositions (e.g., about the carrying power of a bridge)…" He terms this property of the rules in question "admissibility" and observes that admissibility entails consistency. But now the situation has become problematic:
But now it turns out that for proving the consistency of mathematics an intuition of the same power is needed as for deducing the truth of the mathematical axioms, at least in some interpretation. In particular the abstract mathematical concepts, such as "infinite set," "function," etc., cannot be proved consistent without again using abstract concepts, i.e., such as are not merely ascertainable properties or relations of finite combinations of symbols. So, while it was the primary purpose of the syntactical conception to justify the use of these problematic concepts by interpreting them syntactically, it turns out that quite on the contrary, abstract concepts are necessary in order to justify the syntactical rules (as admissible or consistent)…the fact is that, in whatever manner syntactical rules are formulated, the power and usefulness of the mathematics resulting is proportional to the power of the mathematical intuition necessary for their proof of admissibility. This phenomenon might be called "the non-eliminability of the content of mathematics by the syntactical interpretation.
Gödel makes two further observations: first, one can avoid the above difficulty by founding consistency on empirical induction. This is not a solution he advocates here, though as time passed, he would point out now and then the usefulness of inductive methods in a particular context.[28] His second observation is that empirical applicability is not needed; it is clearly unrelated to the weaker question of the consistency of the rules.
The Gödel Nachlass is located at Firestone Library of Princeton University with the exception of Gödel's preprint collection, which is housed at the library of the Institute for Advanced Study. The Nachlass itself is the property of the Institute but a microfilm copy of it may be purchased from Brill, http://www.idcpublishers.com/?id=355. All of Gödel's published work, together with a large number of the unpublished material from the Nachlass, together with a selection of Gödel's correspondence is published in Kurt Gödel, Collected Works, volumes I-V.
Gödel, Kurt, 1986, Collected Works. I: Publications 1929–1936. S. Feferman, S. Kleene, G. Moore, R. Solovay, and J. van Heijenoort (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gödel, Kurt, 1990, Collected Works. II: Publications 1938–1974. S. Feferman, J. Dawson, S. Kleene, G. Moore, R. Solovay, and J. van Heijenoort (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gödel, Kurt, 1995, Collected Works. III: Unpublished essays and lectures. S. Feferman, J. Dawson, S. Kleene, G. Moore, R. Solovay, and J. van Heijenoort (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gödel, Kurt, 2003a, Collected Works. IV: Correspondence A-G. S. Feferman, J. Dawson, S. Kleene, G. Moore, R. Solovay, and J. van Heijenoort (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gödel, Kurt, 2003b, Collected Works. V: Correspondence H-Z. S. Feferman, J. Dawson, S. Kleene, G. Moore, R. Solovay, and J. van Heijenoort (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[1929] "I", Dissertation, University of Vienna. Reprinted in Gödel 1986, pp. 60–101.
[1930] "Die Vollständigkeit der Axiome des logischen Functionenkalküls", Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik, 37: 349–360. Reprinted in Gödel 1986, pp. 102–123.
[1931] "Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme, I", Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik, 38: 173–198. Reprinted in Gödel 1986, pp. 144–195.
[1932] "Zum intuitionistischen Aussagenkalkül", Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, 69: 65–66. Reprinted in Gödel 1986, pp. 222–225.
[1933e] "Zur intuitionistischen Arithmetik und Zahlentheorie", Ergebnisse eines mathematischen Kolloquiums, 4: 34–38. Reprinted in Gödel 1986, pp. 286–295.
[1933f] "Eine Interpretation des intuitionistischen Aussagenkalküls", Ergebnisse eines mathematischen Kolloquiums 4, 39–40. Reprinted in Gödel 1986, pp. 300–301.
[1933i] "Zum Entscheidungsproblem des logischen Functionenkalküls", Monatshefte für Matematik und Physik, 40: 433–443. Reprinted in Gödel 1986, pp. 306–326.
[*1933o] "The present situation in the foundations of mathematics", manuscript. Printed in Gödel 1995, pp. 45–53.
[1934c] Review of Skolem (1933). Zentralblatt für Mathematik und ihre Grenzgebiete, 7: 193–194. Reprinted in Gödel 1986, pp. 379–380.
[1936a] "Über die Länge von Beweisen", Ergebnisse eines mathematischen Kolloquiums, 7: 23–24. Reprinted in Gödel 1986, pp. 395–399.
[1939a] "Consistency proof for the generalized continuum hypothesis", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 25: 220–224. Reprinted in Gödel 1990, pp. 28–32.
[1940] "The Consistency of the Continuum Hypothesis", Annals of Mathematics Studies, Volume 3, Princeton: Princeton University Press. Reprinted in Gödel 1990, pp. 33–101.
[*1941] "In what sense is intuitionistic logic constructive?", lecture manuscript. Printed in Gödel 1995, pp. 189–200.
[1944] "Russell's mathematical logic", The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell (Library of Living Philosophers), P. Schilpp (ed.), New York: Tudor, 1951, pp. 123–153. Reprinted in Gödel 1990, pp. 119–141.
[*1946/9-B2] "Some observations about the relationship between theory of relativity and Kantian philosophy", manuscript. Printed in Gödel 1995, pp. 230–246.
[*1946/9-C1] "Some observations about the relationship between theory of relativity and Kantian philosophy", manuscript. Printed in Gödel 1995, pp. 247–259.
[1947] "What is Cantor's continuum problem?", Amer. Math. Monthly, 54: 515–525. Reprinted in Gödel 1990, pp. 176–187.
[1949a] "A remark on the relationship between relativity theory and idealistic philosophy", Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist (Library of Living Philosophers), P. Schilpp (ed.), La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1949, pp. 555–562. Reprinted in Gödel 1990, pp. 202–207.
[1949] "An Example of a New Type of Cosmological Solutions of Einstein's Field Equations of Gravitation," Reviews of Modern Physics, 21: 447–450. Reprinted in Gödel 1990, pp. 190–198.
[*1951] "Some basic theorems on the foundations of mathematics and their implications", lecture manuscript. Printed in Gödel 1995, pp. 304–323.
[*1953/9-III] "Is mathematics a syntax of language?", lecture manuscript. Printed in Gödel 1995, pp. 334–356.
[*1953/9-V] "Is mathematics a syntax of language?," lecture manuscript. Printed in Gödel 1995, pp. 356–362.
[1958] "Über eine bisher noch nicht benützte Erweiterung des finiten Standpunktes", Dialectica, 12: 280–287. Reprinted in Gödel 1990, pp. 240–251.
[*1961/?] "The modern development of the foundations of mathematics in light of philosophy", manuscript. Printed in Gödel 1995, pp. 374–387.
[1964] "What is Cantor's continuum problem?", revised version of Gödel 1947, in Benacerraf, P. and Putnam, H. (eds.), 1983, Philosophy of mathematics: selected readings (2nd ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Reprinted in Gödel 1990, pp. 254–270.
[*1970] "Ontological proof", manuscript. Printed in Gödel 1995, pp. 403–404.
[*1970a] "Some considerations leading to the probable conclusion that the true power of the continuum is ℵ2", manuscript. Printed in Gödel 1995, pp. 420–422.
[*1970b] "A proof of Cantor's continuum hypothesis from a highly plausible axioms about orders of growth", manuscript. Printed in Gödel 1995, pp. 422–423.
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The Bernays Project.
[Please contact the author with other suggestions.]
continuum hypothesis | Gödel, Kurt: completeness theorem | Gödel, Kurt: incompleteness theorem | Husserl, Edmund | Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm | mathematics, philosophy of: intuitionism | mathematics, philosophy of: Platonism | model theory | model theory: birth of | model theory: first-order | phenomenology | realism | set theory
This entry was very much improved by discussion and correspondence with the following: Aki Kanamori, who made helpful corrections and comments to section 2.4; Jouko Väänänen, whose expertise in all areas of mathematical logic the author benefited from in a great many invaluable discussions regarding the material in section 2; Mark van Atten, who made insightful comments and corrections on many matters of substance, while supplying at the same time important references to the relevant literature; my sub-editor Richard Zach, whose many important and helpful suggestions led to a vast improvement of this entry, and an anonymous referee for helpful comments and corrections. The author is grateful to the NWO for their support during the last period of the writing of this entry, to the Institute for Advanced Study for their hospitality during the writing of this entry, and to Marcia Tucker of the IAS and the Rare Books and Special Collections department of Firestone Library for all of their assistance over the years .
Juliette Kennedy <juliette.kennedy@helsinki.fi> | {
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} | 2,377 |
Style: Dual layer rugged slim case.
Material: The inner non stretch TPU layer is made of shock resistant Thermoplastic polyurethane. The outer hard layer is made of Hard polycarbonate material. It provides secure and non-slip grip.
Features: The case is made of two types of material, hard case and a soft case. The case has non-slippery and easy to clean. Metalizing buttons are comfortable in hand. The case has proper large cutout slots for charging port, headphones, microphones speakers and mute button. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 1,981 |
using xStudio.Common.Localization;
using Xunit;
using Xunit.Should;
namespace xStudio.UnitTests.Common.Localization
{
public class LocalizationExtensionsTests
{
public Localizer T { get; set; }
public LocalizationExtensionsTests()
{
T = NullLocalizer.Instance;
}
[Fact]
public void PluralChooseRightTextToLocalize()
{
T.Plural("{0} cat", "{0} cats", 5).ToString().ShouldBe("5 cats");
T.Plural("{0} cat", "{0} cats", 1).ToString().ShouldBe("1 cat");
}
}
} | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
} | 6,599 |
Magnitude 5.3 earthquake rattles, but too weak to cause tsunami
Epicenter of the quake
(Los Angeles Times)
By Rong-Gong Lin IIStaff Writer
The magnitude 5.3 earthquake that rattled Southern California was the strongest in the region in several years, but it did not produce any tsunami warnings.
The quake was far too weak to generate a tsunami, said Chris Popham, lead oceanographer for the National Tsunami Warning Center in Palmer, Alaska. Generally, earthquakes of magnitude 7 or above are those that cause concern, he said.
"You need to be moving hundreds of miles of water to get a significant tsunami," said seismologist Lucy Jones. But Thursday's earthquake, by virtue of its modest magnitude, only ruptured a length of the fault of just two miles, Jones said.
Additionally, the earthquake occurred on a strike-slip fault, in which the faults are generally moving in a horizontal direction.
The worst tsunamis tend to occur on a different type of system, known as a subduction zone earthquake, in which faults produce a great deal of vertical motion. Subduction zone earthquakes are the kind that produced massive, deadly flooding in Japan in 2011 and happened off the coast of Oregon and Washington state in 1700.
There are, however, scenarios in which earthquakes in Southern California do cause significant tsunamis.
A study published in 2015 by U.S. Geological Survey and UC Riverside scientists found that tsunami wave heights could approach 20 feet in the Ventura Harbor and Channel Islands Beach area near Oxnard. That study focused on on a hypothetical scenario in which a magnitude 7.7 earthquake begins nine miles under the Earth's surface, under the mountains northeast of Santa Barbara.
Caltech seismologist Egill Hauksson said an offshore earthquake in 1812 caused a tsunami of perhaps 3 feet in the Ventura area. But because recorded history in California is so short, scientists don't have too much documented information of how big tsunamis have been.
3:40 p.m.: This article was updated with a quote from seismologist Lucy Jones.
This article was originally published at 2:10 p.m.
Rong-Gong Lin II
Rong-Gong Lin II is a metro reporter, specializing in covering statewide earthquake safety issues. The Bay Area native is a graduate of UC Berkeley and started at the Los Angeles Times in 2004. | {
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} | 532 |
CHPP Daily Brief: Tuesday, November 29, 2016
Urgent Alert from ACLJ:
"A National Prayer Alliance"
chpp1994@gmail.com
The Daily Brief:
"Standing Together in the Kingdom of God . . .
Under the Cross of Christ"
"The Lord has done great things for us, and we are filled with Joy." (Psalm 128:3)
- We continue to ask our Lord to grant His wisdom to Donald Trump as he carefully selects those who will serve with him in the next administration. Amen.
- "But if any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask of God, who gives to all generously and without reproach, and it will be given to him." (James 1:5)
1. Trump's pick for HHS could be the key to dismantling ObamaCare - Fox News
President-elect Donald Trump's announcement Monday that he'll nominate longtime ObamaCare nemesis Rep. Tom Price to lead the Department of Health and Human Services is perhaps the clearest and most concrete sign yet from the incoming president that he is serious about dismantling President Obama's signature health care law.
Price, R-Ga., a former orthopedic surgeon, has been one of a number of physicians who has worked to form a Republican Party alternative to the Affordable Care Act amid claims by Democrats that the GOP has no realistic plan to replace the law.
Trump has made the repeal-and-replace of ObamaCare a signature issue of the campaign, although he has rarely gone into specifics. Through the primaries and campaign, he said that he would remove restrictions that prevent insurance companies from competing across state lines, a move he claims will lead to greater competition and therefore lower premiums. (Read more)
2. Trump Picks Bush 43 Official Elaine Chao as Transportation Secretary - Newsmax
President-elect Donald Trump has picked Elaine Chao to become transportation secretary, a Trump transition official said Tuesday. The announcement was expected later in the day, according to the official, who spoke on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to speak publicly.
Chao, 63, was labor secretary under President George W. Bush and the first Asian American woman to serve in a president's Cabinet. She also is the wife of Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky. (Read more)
3. Elaine Chao's record suggests skepticism on new safety regs - CNSNews.com
Elaine Chao's record at the Labor Department suggests she'd have a light hand when it comes to safety regulation as transportation secretary and would seek to shift responsibility from the federal government to states where possible.
An announcement that Chao is President-elect Donald Trump's choice for the Cabinet post was expected later in the day, according to a Trump transition team official, who spoke Tuesday on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to speak publicly.
Chao, 63, was labor secretary under President George W. Bush and the first Asian American woman to serve in a president's Cabinet. She also is the wife of Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky, which might be of some help if Trump is to fulfill his promise of generating $1 trillion in infrastructure spending. (Read more)
4. Trump to nominate Steven Mnuchin for Treasury Secretary, sources say - Fox News
President-elect Donald Trump will nominate former Goldman Sachs banker Steven Mnuchin to be his Treasury Secretary, two sources close to the transition told Fox News late Tuesday.
One source told Fox that a formal announcement of Mnuchin's nomination could come as early as Wednesday.
Mnuchin had long been considered a favorite for the Treasury position. Two weeks ago, businessman and close Trump associate Carl Icahn tweeted that Trump was considering Mnuchin for the post. (Read more)
1. Fatah invites Hamas and Islamic Jihad to its congress - Israel National News
Hamas is discussing the possibility of attending its rival Fatah's seventh conference later this week, Hamas spokesman Hazem Qasim told the Ma'an news agency on Sunday.
The announcement came almost a week after Hamas denied reports that it had been invited to attend the congress.
Qasim said that Hamas had recently received an invitation to attend the November 29 event in Ramallah.
Meanwhile, Islamic Jihad spokesman Daoud Shihab told Ma'an that the organization had also received an invitation to the conference, and that it would send a representative to participate.
2. Military Intelligence head warns of instability in West Bank, possible wave of terror - Times of Israel
Israel should prepare for a possible wave of terror attacks amid growing instability in the West Bank caused by a power struggle in the Palestinian Authority over who will succeed President Mahmoud Abbas, the head of the IDF's Military Intelligence Directorate warned on Sunday.
Speaking at a closed conference at Tel Aviv University, Maj-Gen Herzl Halevi said that the next year "would be a year of instability in the Palestinian Authority," adding that there will be a number of "elements who will challenge Abbas's leadership [while] Hamas will try to make gains," according to a report in Haaretz.
3. IDF strikes IS target in Syria, day after killing 4 IS-affiliated terrorists following clash - Times of Israel
The Israeli Air Force struck a military target belonging to the Islamic State terror group on the Syrian side of the southern Golan Heights overnight Sunday-Monday, the military said in a statement Monday morning.
The raid came after an Israeli airstrike killed four members of an Islamic State-affiliated terrorist group in southern Syria on Sunday morning, following a clash near the border. No Israeli soldiers were injured in the exchange, the army said.
The military said that the additional airstrike Monday was also in response to the attack on Israeli forces on Sunday when, while conducting an "ambush operation," according an Israel Defense Forces spokesperson, soldiers from the Golani Brigade's reconnaissance unit had come under attack from small arms fire after crossing the security fence with Syria while remaining inside Israeli territory. They returned fire, but soon came under attack from mortar shells.
4. European lawmakers call for end to Turkey EU membership talks - Reuters
The leaders of the European Parliament's two largest groups called on Tuesday for the European Union to halt membership talks with Turkey because of its post-coup purges.
"Our message to Turkey is very clear: accession negotiations should be frozen immediately," said Manfred Weber, the head of the largest faction in the European Parliament, the center-right European People's Party.
He was echoed by Gianni Pitella, the leader of the socialist group, the parliament's second biggest: "We want to freeze the accession talks."
5. Amona residents: We're not objects that can be thrown around - Israel National News
Attorney General Avichai Mandelblit's proposed solution for Amona was dismissed on Monday night by residents of the town, which is slated for eviction by December 25, as well as by lawmakers from the Jewish Home party.
In a legal opinion published on Monday evening, Mandelblit suggested moving the residents of Amona to temporary structures on three plots located north of the community.
The solution is a temporary one, for a period of about eight months, and will move the residents to property defined as "absentee property", meaning assets granted to the state of Israel which originally belonged to individuals who fled to the territory of a hostile nation during the 1948 War of Independence.
Every prayer below is presented to our Lord in the Name of Jesus Christ, amen.
1. Federal agencies push flurry of 'midnight' rule-making under Obama - The Christian Science Monitor
President Obama is heading into his administration's final weeks with a full agenda of new draft orders to consider, even though his successor has vowed to scale back job-killing regulation and cancel "all illegal and overreaching executive orders."
Despite the likelihood that US President-elect Donald Trump and the Republican-controlled Congress would kill any controversial late-in-the-game moves by Mr. Obama, federal agencies under the Democratic president are pushing for a flurry of so-called "midnight" regulations on everything from the environment to transportation and financial marketplaces.
The White House was reviewing as many as 98 final regulations , as of Nov. 15, that could be implemented before Mr. Trump takes office, including 17 with an estimated annual economic impact of $100 million or more, Politico reported. But lawmakers have warned agency heads to avoid rushing to finalize rules or regulations before Obama leaves office.
"Should you ignore this counsel, please be aware that we will work with our colleagues to ensure that Congress scrutinizes your actions - and, if appropriate, overturns them ," House Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy (R) of California, wrote in a letter last week. (Read more)
- Father, we know these regulations will impact real people and business, even if they are repealed. We pray they would not go into effect until the new administration has a chance to review them.
- "Praise be to the name of God for ever and ever; wisdom and power are his. He changes times and seasons; he deposes kings and raises up others. He gives wisdom to the wise and knowledge to the discerning. He reveals deep and hidden things; he knows what lies in darkness, and light dwells with him." (Daniel 2:20-22)
2. Stein sues to force recount by hand in Wis., files suit for Pa. recount - USA Today
Green Party candidate Jill Stein continued her quest Monday for a recount of the presidential election results in the three key states of Wisconsin, Pennsylvania and Michigan, but was thwarted Monday by the Wisconsin Elections Commission, which rejected her request to require a count by hand.
Stein quickly responded that she would sue and also filed a lawsuit in Pennsylvania to force a recount there. Her supporters began filing recount requests at the precinct level in the Keystone State, where initial results showed Republican Donald Trump ahead of Democrat Hillary Clinton by 70,638 votes. (Read more)
- Father, we decree that every effort to launch a recount, in potentially every state in the nation, will fail. We thank You, Lord, that the votes of the general election have now been counted, and the winner has been declared. In Your Name, amen.
- "The wicked are overthrown and are no more, But the house of the righteous will stand." (Proverbs 12:7)
3. Jill Stein Misses Date To File For Recount In Pennsylvania - USA Today
Stein quickly responded that she would sue and also filed a lawsuit in Pennsylvania to force a recount there. Her supporters began filing recount requests at the precinct level in the Keystone State, where initial results showed Republican Donald Trump ahead of Democrat Hillary Clinton by 70,638 votes.
Stein - who received just a tiny piece of the vote in Michigan - plans to ask for a recount there on Wednesday, according to Mark Brewer, former chairman of the Michigan Democratic Party and lawyer for Stein.
Michigan's Board of Canvassers certified its election results Monday afternoon, showing Trump won the presidential race by a 10,704-vote margin over Clinton. (Read more)
- Lord God, rules are rules. We come against the spirit of lawlessness that has tried to hold our nation in its grip, and we rebuke that spirit in the Name of our Lord Jesus Christ. Thank you that this misstep by Ms. Stein has caused her efforts to fail in the State of Pennsylvania. Amen.
- "Let the wicked fall into their own nets, while I pass by in safety." (Psalm 141:10)
4. Blog: The Democrats' real strategy in launching recounts - The American Thinker
The recount in Wisconsin, and the coming ones in Michigan and Pennsylvania will not change the outcomes in any of the states. No recount ever changes thousands of votes. I do not think that is the purpose.
The recounts, if done by hand, which can be demanded, may take longer than the last day for completing the official counts in a state and directing Electoral College voters. If all 3 states miss the deadline, Trump is at 260, Hillary at 232. No one hits 270.
Then this goes to Congress, where the House voting 1 vote per state elects Trump, and Senate selects Pence. This would be first time this happened since 1824, but in that case, John Quincy Adams won in the House, though he had fewer electoral college votes than Andrew Jackson.
If this goes to the US House and Senate, and the result is the same as result from the Electoral College without the recounts, why do it? The answer is to make Trump seem even more illegitimate, that he did not win the popular vote (he lost by over 2.1 million), he did not win the Electoral College (did not reach 270), and was elected by being inserted into the presidency by members of his own party in Congress. (Read more)
- Father, deliver us from evil. May all divisive plans be rendered null and void, and may the enemies of peace be bound and gagged.
- "I urge you, brothers and sisters, to watch out for those who cause divisions and put obstacles in your way that are contrary to the teaching you have learned. Keep away from them." (Romans 16:17)
5. Somali student behind car, knife attack at Ohio State University that injured 11 - Fox News
A Somali-born student at Ohio State University injured 11 people, one of them critically, on Monday when he attacked a crowd of pedestrians on campus in an incident one lawmaker said "bears all the hallmarks of a terror attack." Authorities said Abdul Razak Ali Artan, 18, plowed a small gray Honda into the crowd outside Watts Hall, an engineering classroom building, just before 10 a.m. ET. Artan then got out of the vehicle and attacked people with a butcher knife before he was shot and killed by a campus police officer.
The officer, identified as Alan Horujko, 28, happened to be in the area because of a reported gas leak. Ohio State University Police Chief Craig Stone said Horujko arrived on the scene and shot Artan in under a minute. OSU Department of Public Safety Director Monica Moll said Horujko had done a "fabulous job." In a statement, the university said that five of the victims had been struck by the car, five others had suffered lacerations or stab wounds and another person had orthopedic injuries. At least five of the victims were affiliated with Ohio State, either as faculty, students or staff. (Read more)
- Father, we thank you that this armed police officer was able to end this attack quickly. We pray for comfort, healing and justice for all the victims.
- "May slanderers not be established in the land; may disaster hunt down the violent." (Psalm 140:11) For further prayer and reflection, please consider all Psalm 140.
6. Investigators believe OSU attacker self-radicalized, inspired by ISIS propaganda - Fox News
Investigators have found evidence that the man who plowed a car into a crowd at Ohio State University Monday before stabbing several pedestrians with a butcher knife was inspired by ISIS propaganda, law enforcement sources told Fox News.
The sources did not specify what evidence was found, but investigators are inclined to believe that the attacker, 18-year-old Abdul Razak Ali Artan, was "self-radicalized."
Artan also praised American-born Al Qaeda cleric Anwar al-Awlaki as a "hero" and railed against U.S. interference in Muslim lands in a series of Facebook posts, officials said. (Read more)
- Father God, every time we read a story like this one, we weep. Abba Father God, You died that we all might live, now and in eternity with You. We bind the seducing spirit of Islam that draws these confused young men to this demonic way of thinking, and we loose the spirit of repentance upon each one. Come, Lord Jesus, come we pray, amen.
- "The Lord . . . will have all men to be saved, and to come unto the knowledge of the truth." (I Timothy 2:4)
7. American Islamist Group Preps for Jihad Against Trump - The Clarion Project
Multiple confidential sources inside of a powerful jihadist group within the United States have informed the Christian Action Network and the Clarion Project that members have been told to arm themselves in anticipation of raids by the Trump Administration.
The Pakistan-based spiritual leader of Muslims of America (MOA), Sheikh Gilani, told top MOA officials (known as "khalifas") to order all unarmed members to obtain firearms, licenses and hunting permits in order to resist raids on the group's approximately 22 compounds that they expect to happen under the Trump Administration. Additional "security" was also called up and assault rifles have been mentioned as desirable.
The group now expects the FBI "to reopen its cases against them as a homegrown terrorist organization," one of the confidential sources told Martin Mawyer of the Christian Action Network and Ryan Mauro of the Clarion Project.
The sources independently stated that members across the country were told of instructions from Sheikh Gilani to "be prepared to fight." The message reportedly relayed to members was to "hear and obey," using language identical to the oath of allegiance members sign when they join the group. He predicted, "You will be tested." (Read more)
- Father God, we pray for peace and safety in our land. We ask for a miracle, in Your name, and we pray in the Spirit over this report.
- "In the same way the Spirit also helps our weakness; for we do not know how to pray as we should, but the Spirit Himself intercedes for us with groanings too deep for words . . ." (Romans 8:26)
8. GOP urges Obama to avoid Fidel Castro's funeral - Washington Times
Republicans in Congress and on Donald Trump's transition team urged President Obama Saturday to skip the funeral of longtime Cuban President Fidel Castro. Trump adviser Newt Gingrich said "under no circumstance" should Mr. Obama, Vice President Joseph R. Biden or Secretary of State John F. Kerry go to Cuba for Castro's funeral. "He was a tyrant," Mr. Gingrich said on Twitter.
Sen. Marco Rubio, Florida Republican, said on Twitter, "I would hope that [the administration] would send no one to the funeral."
Mr. Obama, who re-established diplomatic ties with Cuba last year, gave no immediate indication Saturday whether he or any other senior U.S. officials would attend Castro's funeral, set for Dec. 4. In March, Mr. Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to visit Cuba since 1928. In a statement, Mr. Obama offered condolences to the Castro family. (Read more)
- Father, we pray our government would not bring honor to Fidel Castro. We pray the Cuban people would finally be truly free to love and serve You.
- "For I take no pleasure in the death of anyone, declares the Sovereign Lord. Repent and live!" (Ezekiel 18:32)
9. Iran Considers Naval Bases in Yemen, Syria - VOA News
Iran's chief of staff of the armed forces said Saturday that Tehran may be interested in setting up naval bases in both Syria and Yemen, the semi-official Tasnim reported.
The report by Tasnim, close to military, quoted Gen. Mohammad Hossein Bagheri as saying, "Maybe, at some point we will need bases on the shores of Yemen and Syria." He said "Having naval bases in remote distances is not less than nuclear power. It is ten times more important and creates deterrence."
Gen. Bagheri added that setting up naval platforms off the shores of those countries requires "infrastructures there first." (Read more)
- Lord of Heavens Armies, we pray that You would keep the nation of Iran hemmed in. We pray they would not be able to spread their influence as long as they are a threat to Israel and Christians in the region.
- "You hem me in behind and before, and you lay your hand upon me." ( Psalm 139:5)
10. Breaking: Bad news for Jill Stein in Michigan - Red State Watcher
Jill Stein would have to present evidence of fraud or systematic error in every MI county to initiate a statewide recount according to Michigan rules. (Read more)
- Father, we thank you for this news and we pray all officials in charge of the elections would enforce the rules and not succumb to political pressure.
- "Do not spread false reports. Do not help a guilty person by being a malicious witness. Do not follow the crowd in doing wrong. When you give testimony in a lawsuit, do not pervert justice by siding with the crowd, and do not show favoritism to a poor person in a lawsuit." (Exodus 23:1-3)
The Daily Jot (Part 1)
Hypocrisy Heights
If you have been following the news, there is a new nationwide show called Hypocrisy Heights. It stars defeated communists, Green Party Presidential candidate Jill Stein and Democratic Party Presidential candidate Hillary Clinton. Clinton, if you remember, was spastic about the possibilities that Donald Trump would not accept the results of the presidential election if he lost. Stein and Clinton have decided to challenge the results of the election in Wisconsin, Pennsylvania and Michigan, if they can raise enough money to do so. In reality, Clinton likely will also assist in funding the recounts initiated by Stein. This, after her fit that Trump may undermine the democratic process with a challenge if he lost.
On October 20, the news narrative was full of stories about Trump responding to a question during the third presidential debate about whether he would accept the result of the election if he lost. He responded, "I will tell you at the time. I'll keep you in suspense." Clinton tweeted that his stance was "horrifying" saying that it "was not the way our democracy works." Trump was labeled "dangerous" and damaging to democracy by the current "president." Reporters speculated for days what Trump not accepting defeat would do to the country. Political analysts at colleges and universities said it undermines the credibility of the elected president and could foment a shadow presidency by the loser, a divided nation.
Nary a mention from the news media about all the post-debate hysteria by Clinton, the Democratic Party and the "president." Clinton's camp is saying it wants to show that it is exploring all the options even though there is no "actionable evidence" suggesting foul play. Using the narrative that Russia could have hacked the US election and put Trump in office, Clinton justifies undermining the Republic. In reality, she shouldn't want a recount considering there are several experts pointing to untold millions of illegal votes cast by noncitizens and dead people who are likely to have voted Clinton. But Clinton is now exploring all options to something she called horrifying a month ago. Hypocrisy Heights.
As citizens, we all should be concerned that elections are fair and conducted without foul play. Trump should insist on a recount of all the votes in New York, California, Oregon, Washington, New Jersey, and just for kicks, Illinois, where the cemeteries are full of reliable voters. He may win by a landslide of the popular vote after all the illegal votes are thrown out. Notwithstanding, Clinton and her backers will not stop in trying to undermine our Constitutional Republic and replace it with a form of communism. As Jesus said about the scribes and Pharisees in Matthew 23:28, we can say about these hypocrites, "...you outwardly appear righteous unto men, but within you are full of hypocrisy and iniquity."
Making Trump's refugee point
Was the campus policeman who shot dead 18 year old Islamic Somali refugee Abdul Razak Ali Artan a bigot, a racist, a xenophobe? He pulled the trigger. Killed a young college student armed only with his car and a butcher knife. Could there have been another way? Maybe the policeman just didn't understand the need for tolerance and acceptance of a young person in a strange new land. Or just maybe President-Elect Donald Trump's idea is not so far-fetched of stopping Islamic immigration from known terrorist countries until there is a proper and thorough vetting process. Just ask the 11 victims at The Ohio State University's campus who were run down and stabbed just because they are non-Muslim Americans.
Who is a racist xenophobe? You and me for being concerned that the US "president" is resettling terrorists in our country who will attack our sons and daughters because they are different than the Islamists that are being resettled? Donald Trump for wanting to pump the breaks and determine who is being resettled and if their beliefs align with American ideals? No, let us put aside the politically correct nonsense that people like the "president" and Hillary Clinton, and soon to be Chairman of the Democratic Party Keith Ellison (another Islamist congressman), and call a bigot a bigot. If we the people do not look at this from a critical perspective, we are endangering the lives of our children and the future of our country.
NBC News reports that law enforcement officials said that Artan was a Somali refugee who left his homeland with his family in 2007, lived in Pakistan and then came to the US in 2014 as a legal permanent resident. Interesting. Both Somali and Pakistan are terrorist supporting countries. How did this kid become a legal permanent resident coming from those areas? NBC News reports that Artan wrote on what appears to be his Facebook page that he had reached a "boiling point," made a reference to "lone wolf attacks" and cited radical cleric Anwar al-Awlaki. The post said, "America! Stop interfering with other countries, especially Muslim Ummah [community]. We are not weak. We are not weak, remember that." Trump's point made.
Our Weekly Bible Study
Sunday, November 27 - Saturday, December 3, 2016
> > > To read the "One Year Bible" weekly letter, go here.
> > > To read the Shabbat Torah readings, go here.
Note: This is a truly beautiful Bible Study!
Thank you, Susan Turner!
More Daily Features
"Remember the prisoners, as though in prison with them, and those who are ill-treated, since you yourselves also are in the body." (Hebrews 13:3)
Please visit the website for International Christian Concern to lift up prayers for the persecuted around the world, every day. Their link is: www.persecution.org -- or go here to connect.
Thank you for interceding for our brothers and sisters who are suffering in Asia, the Islamic World, and the Far East.
Classic Hymns:
SHALL WE GATHER AT THE RIVER?
"A pure river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb." (Rev. 22:1-2)
Shall we gather at the river, Where bright angel feet have trod, With its crystal tide forever Flowing by the throne of God?
Yes, we'll gather at the river,
The beautiful, the beautiful river;
Gather with the saints at the river
That flows by the throne of God.
On the margin of the river, Washing up its silver spray, We will talk and worship ever, All the happy golden day.
Ere we reach the shining river, Lay we every burden down; Grace our spirits will deliver, And provide a robe and crown.
At the smiling of the river, Mirror of the Savior's face, Saints, whom death will never sever, Lift their songs of saving grace.
Soon we'll reach the silver river, Soon our pilgrimage will cease; Soon our happy hearts will quiver With the melody of peace.
Please go here.
Words and music: Robert Lowry, 1864
About the hymn:
Part of this hymn was sung in the Academy Award winning movie, Trip to Bountiful (1985). It was also sung at the funeral of American Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas.
NOCTILUCENT CLOUDS APPEAR OVER ANTARCTICA
his just in from NASA's AIM spacecraft: The sky above Antarctica is glowing electric blue. A ring of bright noctilucent clouds (NLCs) has formed around the South Pole, shown here in a Nov. 24th image taken by the spacecraft's Cloud Imaging and Particle Size (CIPS) Instrument.
"This season started on Nov. 17th, and is tied with 2013 for the earliest southern hemisphere season in the CIPS data record," says Cora Randall, a member of the AIM science team at the University of Colorado.
NLCs are Earth's highest clouds. They form more than 80 km above Earth's surface. Indeed, they are a mixture of Earth and space: Wisps of summertime water vapor rising from the planet below wrap themselves around meteoroids, forming tiny crystals of ice. Emphasis on summertime; NLCs appear on the eve of summer in both hemispheres.
There is growing evidence that noctilucent clouds are boosted by climate change. In recent years they have been sighted at lower latitudes than ever before, and they often get started in earlier months as well.
"The early start of the 2016 season was not at all a surprise," says Randall. "The southern hemisphere polar stratospheric winds switched to their summer-like state quite early this year."
Readers, you can monitor developments over Antarctica right here on Spaceweather.com. "Daily daisies" from NASA's AIM spacecraft are automatically posted every 24 hours, showing the dance of electric-blue around the frozen continent. (SpaceWeather.com)
"There will be signs in the sun, moon and stars. On the earth, nations will be in anguish and perplexity at the roaring and tossing of the sea." (Luke 21:25)
This Queen Is Lighting Her Palace Blood Red to Remind the World of Those Persecuted for Their Faith
(United Kingdom)-[CBN News] The Palace of Westminster in the U.K. will be lit red on Wednesday evening to remember those persecuted for their faith.
The move is part of the "Red Wednesday" campaign created by the Catholic Charity Aid to the Church in Need.
Churches, synagogues, and Christian groups have joined the effort.
The Palace, which contains the UK's House of Commons and the House of Lords announced Monday that it would be a part of the campaign to highlight that religious persecution.
"Parliament fully endorses the aims of this important campaign" and the lighting of the Palace was "in order to demonstrate Parliament's support," a Parliamentary spokesman told Christianity Today.
According to the U.S. State Department, close to 76 percent of the world's population lives in countries with high levels of restrictions on religious freedom.
Today's Worship:
Michael Smith - "Open the Eyes of My Heart"
Worship Him together . . . here . . .
PrayerSurgeNow: Updates
For the latest news from PrayerSurgeNow, please go here.
The Bible Readathon
Our Bible Readathon Continues
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> > > Also, the Liberty Prayer Network is maintaining 24/7 prayers through January 19th, with many other ministries participating.
You can call this number any time, day or night, to join in this continuous stream of intercession:
CHPP Daily Brief: Monday, November 28, 2016
CHPP Daily Brief: "Praying for All in Authority" W...
CHPP Daily Brief: "Praying for All in Authority" T...
CHPP Daily Brief: "Praying for All in Authority" M...
CHPP Daily Brief: "Praying for All in Authority" ... | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} | 4,863 |
Peggy Quinn
CORE, Mississippi, 1963-68
Current Residence: Jackson, MS
Email: girafquinn@aol.com
I started working with the CORE chaper in Milwaukee in 1963 and volunteered to work in the Northern Organizing Project CORE ran in Chicago from June 1964 to December 1964. I then went to work for CORE in Mississippi and was assigned to the COFO office in Greenville. We were active in Delta education struggles and the work of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party and the Mississippi Freedom Labor Union. I left after nine months and returned to Milwaukee where I continued my work with CORE and with the anti-war movement.
I continued political activity throughout my adult life, working as a parent, union, tenant, and community organizer. I went through an alternate route to become a high school math teacher in the early eighties in Connecticut. I retired in June 2003, moved back to Mississippi and now work as a math teaching consultant with the Algebra Project at Lanier High School in Jackson. I am also active with the COFO Inc. organization in Jackson which is active in organizing to preserve and build community programs in the former COFO headquarters. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} | 7,306 |
Q: Is it okay to store/pass "function" to Redux store in React? I am making modal by referring to the link below with react hook.
How can I display a modal dialog in Redux that performs asynchronous actions?
The state of the modal is managed by Redux.
I want to run some "function" when the modal is closed. However, this "function" should only work on a specific component, so when I open a modal in a specific component, I want to pass this "function" to the modal. But I'm not sure is it okay to pass and store the "function" to Redux.
I did a lot of searches, but still I'm not sure.
I would really appreciate if someone would let me know if this is correct or not.
Thanks for your reading.
SpecificComponent.jsx
const saySomthing = () => {
console.log("Now modal is close.");
}
const openModal = () => {
dispatch({
type: SHOW_MODAL,
modalProps: {
handleClose: saySomthing
})
}
Modal.jsx
const dispatch = useDispatch();
const modalProps = useSelctor((state) => state.modal.modalProps);
const handleClose = () => {
modalProps.handleClose();
dispatch({type: HIDE_MODAL});
}
A: You should not do that. Put a non serializable data in the Redux store state you can get more details in the Redux Best Practice Documentation.
You can do that but that can bring in some unexpected behavior
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
} | 3,038 |
Event Types widgets provide access to event type groups, which are created through machine learning to group similar events together.
On the Interactive Analytics tab, run the query that you want to add to the widget.
From the Dashboard drop-down menu, select the dashboard to which you want to add the widget.
From the Widget Type drop-down menu, select Event Types.
The widget appears on the dashboard that you specified. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 6,247 |
Crisis in the USA
International Executive Committee, League for the Fifth International
A: Introduction
1. The USA today is facing a combined series of social crises on a scale not witnessed since the Second World War – the deeply interrelated coronavirus and economic crises, the climate crisis and a deep political crisis of Trump's presidency, related to his inciting the police and white racists against the country's black citizens and immigrant communities to boost his chances of winning a second term. However, the November election is not going to resolve any of these and may indeed plunge the country into a period of civil strife not witnessed for fifty years.
2. Most explosive is the war being waged by a racist police force and white supremacists encouraged by a billionaire in the White House who pays less taxes than a US worker. But this is not a one-sided war – except in terms of the weaponry in the hands of the cops, systemically immune from prosecution. In cities and towns across the USA ,a mass anti-racist movement is fighting back. Initiated by people of colour and white anti-racists, who have joined in large numbers. This movement, using the slogan Black Lives Matter, has been copied all over the world, exposing the racist roots of "Western", "democratic" politics economics and culture.
3. On the other side of the barricades, we have a President who calls peaceful protestors terrorists, praises fascistic militias who attack them and incites his supporters not to accept any defeat for him in the elections. If this were to happen, November 3 could open up a period of radical breakdown in US institutions and huge social conflict.
4. The undemocratic provisions of the American Constitution are now plain for all to see; Presidents, who deploy incredible powers can be (and are) elected with a minority of the popular vote, an unelected Supreme Court can overrule laws passed by the more democratic "lower house", the Senate, elected on a scandalously unequal franchise, can block the will of the majority. A significant part of the electorate is disenfranchised, because of racial and class inequality that has never been overcome, despite emancipation and civil rights.
5. Women, too, face major attacks on hard won rights such as abortion because a reactionary majority on the Supreme Court can reverse the Roe v Wade judgement, showing how the constitution fails to protect the rights of woman. In many states, "right to work" legislation effectively illegalises the right to organise and to strike. Trump has promised, if re-elected, to finally get rid of the Affordable Care Act (Obama Care) and this in the middle of the worst health emergency for a century.
6. The main problem is that there is no mass political party that dares to defend ordinary Americans against these attacks and has a programme that targets the undemocratic institutions and presents a strategy to overthrow them. Thus, to all these interlinked crises, crises of capitalism itself, is added a chronic crisis of leadership. This is reflected in the subordination of the official movements of the racially and sexually oppressed, the labour unions and even "democratic socialists", to the Democrats, the second party of imperialist capital. Freeing the many fighting forces in the US from this straitjacket and building an anti-capitalist, revolutionary socialist workers' party is a vital necessity in today's combined crises.
B: The USA's hegemony challenged
1. The USA is facing a challenge to its global hegemony not witnessed since the end of the Cold War. It comes from a dynamic imperialist rival, that US politicians still like to call "Communist China". In fact, in the first two globalisation decades, synergy with US capital allowed Chinese capitalism to develop into an imperialist power, albeit within a state capitalist framework and preserving a totalitarian bureaucracy led by a party that still calls itself the Communist Party of China. In the period since the Great Recession, both Democrats and Republicans have increasingly seen it as a dangerous rival. Trump's "good friend", Xi Jinping, rapidly turned into the villain in an all-out trade war focusing on each country's high-tech industries.
2) This is not a matter of an absolute decline in US power and a corresponding increase in that of China. Rather, America's power, relative to newer centres of capital accumulation, has been declining for decades; first with Germany and the EU and then, in the 1980s, with Japan. At that time, however, this did not entail any serious geo-strategic rivalry as they were largely disarmed or Nato-subordinated powers.
3) The US, with its world reserve currency and New York the centre of global finance and the regulation of trade, is still far more powerful than China. Militarily, China is weaker than the USA, even in its Asia Pacific region. Nevertheless, China is increasingly able to stand up to America in trade disputes and to make alliances with other regional and global powers. Its capital now penetrates countries not just in Asia (the Belt and Road), but in Africa and Latin America, which were hitherto the preserve of the US and its allies. Xi's greater assertiveness reflects China's increasing potential to challenge the US for world hegemony.
4) Trump's recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's eternal capital, and the "deal of the century" being pushed by Jared Kushner, are not so radically different from the policies of previous US administrations, which allowed the Israelis to veto the two state "solution". Even if Joe Biden were to win by a landslide, we should not expect America's global strategy to change in substance. Likewise, a Democrat in the White House would continue to target Iran and Venezuela.
5) All genuine socialists in the USA must be anti- imperialists and should warn those around the world fighting for democracy and human rights that 'Western' imperialism will prove a false friend. They must oppose any call for US military interventions or economic blockades and adopt a defeatist position vis-a-vis their own country's military adventures and, therefore, defend semi-colonial countries attacked by it, no matter their regimes.
6) Socialists in the US should call for the withdrawal of all bases, fleets and service personnel from around the globe. This does not mean that there is a "progressive camp" out there in the world, made up of Cuba, Venezuela, Iran, China or even Russia, as some US radicals seems to imagine. China and Russia, though weaker by far than the US, are also imperialist powers that conduct their own brutal oppressive policies both internally and abroad. Revolutionaries must support those who fight for democracy, national rights, workers' freedom within these countries.
C: A Deepening Recession
1) At the roots of this political crisis is a historic crisis of the economic system – both US and world capitalism. A decade after the Great Recession, millions are once again being thrown out of work. Even before the coronavirus pandemic forced the closure of many companies, a second Great Recession was already looming. The crisis of 2008 and the ensuing depression began the process of destabilisation by slashing growth rates by half. The Covid 19 shutdown of 2020 accelerated the process to today's edge of collapse and/or the adoption of even more drastic and unprecedented measures than the bailouts and quantitative easing of 2008-9 to "save" the system from that collapse.
2) Trump's launching of a trade war with China has done nothing to strengthen the US let alone restore the prosperity of workers in the old industrial areas. The US is having bigger problems in foreign trade in 2020 than ever. July showed the biggest jump in the US trade deficit with the world for twelve years and the main beneficiary was China. From June to July, the deficit with China surged by almost 11%, to $31.6 billion.
3. China is the biggest source of US consumer goods outside of the North American continent. Its cheap consumer goods underpin the stagnant or falling wage levels of US workers and the middle class. Trump's tariffs on steel increase the costs of US manufacturers and retaliation shrinks their exports.
4) Under Biden, the destructive effects of neoliberal capitalism on US jobs will continue. Under Clinton, Bush and Obama, these were the policies that created the soil on which Trump's pro-(white) workers demagogy grew. They would further fuel the far right, especially if the workers' movement, labour and socialist left, failed to fight Biden because they had just voted for him as "the lesser evil".
5. It is clear from the content of their campaign promises that neither candidate will do anything of major significance for the hard-pressed US working class, while lavishing governmental largesse on the capitalist owners of society. US workers and the oppressed should give no confidence to the two parties of their exploiters and there is no other party or candidate in serious contention that deserves their vote. Trump has only made America great again for a thin layer of speculators and hedge fund CEOs.
6) Despite the recent decline in the jobless figures, the US economy has lost 11 million jobs in this "Greater Recession". In sectors such as retail, hospitality and leisure, and travel, it is widely recognised that it will take years for them to recover.
7) Wages continue to stagnate or fall, despite a very low rate of inflation. Real average hourly and weekly earnings fell in July by.04%. Trump now holds the dubious distinction of being the president with the worst jobless numbers since World War Two. These totals do not reflect the clear disparity in unemployment by ethnicity and skin colour. The "white" rate stands at 7.3%, while the rate for people of colour is 10%. And, as usual, Black unemployment comes in at the highest rate at 13%.
D: The movement against state racism
1) The killing of George Floyd, and the mass protests that rocked the US in 2020, woke up the world to the scale of American racism (again), as the killings of Mike Brown, Eric Garner and Tamir Rice had in 2014, when the slogan Black Lives Matter first spread nationwide. Already facing disparities in access to wealth, education, and healthcare; discrimination in criminal justice, housing, and employment, Black, Hispanic, and Indigenous Americans have felt the brunt of the Corona Crisis and its ensuing economic ramifications. Not only are they statistically more likely to contract the virus and die of it, they have felt the greatest impact of job loss and the lack of safety protection at work. Meanwhile, Black women face criminally high maternal and infant mortality rates, exacerbated by coronavirus. Responding to the murders of Breonna Taylor and George Floyd, thousands of protesters have been arrested, hundreds injured. Every time the movement has started to lose steam, another death or escalation occurs, bringing thousands back into the streets
2) As the protests continue, the number of clashes with Trump supporters and armed far-right groups rises. Numerous injuries and deaths have been caused by BLM opponents driving vehicles through crowds and there have been a number of lynchings across the country. Violent hate crimes rose precipitously in 2017, reaching a 16-year high by the end of 2018 and the number of anti-Hispanic, and anti-Jewish hate crimes has also risen dramatically.
3). Despite the big labour unions restricting themselves to verbal expressions of support, rank and file workers in a wide variety of sectors have taken action. On both coronavirus issues and the George Floyd protests, strikes, walkouts, and sick outs have taken place, with bus workers, dockers, nurses, teachers, food service and Amazon workers, being just a few of those. In addition to class solidarity, white Americans have joined the protests at a rate not seen since the 1960s and Black Lives Matter vigils have been held for the white protesters who have lost their lives in the protests.
4) The diversity of this support has made it powerful but could also make it vulnerable to those sowing discord. Identity politics and the cult of leaderlessness and spontaneity increase this danger. There is an urgent need for central organising bodies and political leadership, in other words a party, rooted not only in all the sectors of the racially and gender oppressed but in the working class, the majority, without whom the production of capital itself would cease.
E: Trump's offensive on Women's rights
1) Because of Trump's notorious sexism and his dependence on right wing evangelicals and anti-abortionists, women were first out on the streets in mass demonstrations in the first years of his presidency. Unfortunately, this movement was captured by the Democrats and faded away. It will have to be rebuilt, and quickly. For Trump's second term, high on the agenda is repeal of Roe v Wade, i.e. the right to terminate unwanted pregnancies. With his nomination of Amy Coney Barret to replace Ruth Bader Ginsberg, the Supreme Court could be the instrument to do this. At the federal level, access to family planning for millions of Americans has been ended, coverage under Obamacare has been slashed and countless pro-life federal judges have been appointed and confirmed.
2) Following the President's lead, pro-life governors and state legislatures throughout the country have launched efforts to de-fund family planning providers and passed blatantly unconstitutional laws in an effort to prepare a case to overturn Roe v. Wade. Yet, most Americans strongly support access to birth control and do not believe the decision to have an abortion should be illegal; nearly 80% think birth control should be considered a basic part of women's health care and over three-quarters support Roe v Wade and the protections it has provided since its passage in 1973.
3) In 2016, much of the women's movement rallied to the Democrats and Hillary Clinton's candidacy, hoping she would be the first woman to be elected president. Of course, there was a more radical women's movement, but it was fragmented into radical identity-based fragments, or dominated by academic theorists, whose post-modernist "discourse", despite the good intentions of 'intersectionalists', was unable to overcome these divisions. Momentarily, the shocking election of an outspoken sexist and brazen molester of women provoked the massive women's marches against Trump, starting with that on January 21, 2017. The fact that many of the gains of previous decades would come under attack, unified the movement for the time being and showed that women could and would fight back
4). Then came the explosion of the #MeToo movement in October 2017, which not only targeted the issue of sexual harassment but the exclusion of women from positions of power and leadership. One major result was to significantly increase the aspirations of women to take leading roles in politics. By the 2018 mid-term elections, there was a record number of women standing as Democratic candidates, some of them, like the so-called Squad, as "democratic socialists, too. Women of colour played a major, indeed a leading, role, in the Elizabeth Warren and Bernie Sanders campaigns for the Democratic primaries and in the 2020 BLM movement. Were Trump to again be the POTUS with the Supreme Court firmly in the hands of anti-abortionists, a major conflict on this issue would be inevitable. Even if Biden wins, the attacks of the SCOTUS and other federal courts stuffed with right-wingers will present the need for a major fight back.
5) In 2020, across the general population, US women make only $0.81 for every dollar a man makes, and the difference has only decreased by $0.07 since 2015. The gender pay gap is wider for women of colour, women in executive level roles, women in certain occupations and industries, and in some US states. Covid-19 is creating an even bigger financial toll for women than men. With higher unemployment rates than men, women are more likely to work in the service/hospitality/retail sectors (76% of the workforce) which do not offer paid time off or health insurance and have been hardest hit by mandatory shutdowns.
6) Even though Congress allocated $3.5 billion in funding for emergency child-care, which helped 23 states offer grants to child-care providers during the pandemic, more than 40% of child-care centres remain closed in some states and most report the funds are already gone. Along with the devastating fallout of the Coronavirus pandemic, there has been a surge in domestic violence, DV. Stay-at-home orders, essential to slowing the spread of the virus, have forced DV survivors already at risk of domestic abuse into even more vulnerable and dangerous positions.
7) Here, as in the case of all the major struggles of the oppressed, separate movements composed of all classes is not the answer. Firstly, this is because of the contradiction between the classes makes this either a utopia or an invitation to women of the privileged and exploiting classes (like Clinton or Pelosi) to dominate it and conservatize its programme. In addition, a huge number of (white, middle class and 'Christian") women voted and campaigned for Trump – truly "enemy sisters" (Clara Zetkin). Secondly, because to really liberate women, capitalism and domestic servitude need to be targeted with a programme to socialise both the spheres of production and reproduction. To fight for these goals something more than trade unions or campaigns against specific attacks are needed. Women need to play a leading and integral role in a new working class and socialist party as part of a new International.
F: Forces of Resistance
The Unions
1) Of the 36 OECD countries, the USA is fifth from the bottom in terms of union density 10.3%. (2019 figure). Only 6.2% in the private sector are unionised. The number of union members is 14.6 million, three million less than in 1989. Union density varies enormously from 21% in New York to 2.2 % in South Carolina. Nevertheless, there are signs that there is growing rank-and-file sentiment to use their "strike" option more than in the past and to use it over political issues, rather than just economic concerns.
2) However, most union leaders, both nationally and locally, have long adopted a "collaborationist" position with the owners, often in direct opposition to the needs of their own members. Givebacks and concessions have been common practice for decades now and thus these bureaucrats are directly implicated in the obscene inequality in the US today, including that between their own salaries and those of their members. The only check on this betrayal is an active and confrontational membership that will take militant action in spite of their leadership whenever necessary.
3) A rise in union militancy and strike actions did, indeed, precede the Trump administration and can be traced to the Great Recession of 2008. The Wisconsin uprising of 2011, under Obama, began this most recent stage of union fightback that has culminated in an estimated figure of over 600 actions this year, many from the hitherto unorganised sectors, or workers prevented from striking by state "right to work" laws, hence their "wildcat" nature.
4) Many of this year's actions are related to the Covid 19 crisis that has led to unsafe working conditions for low waged workers who interact with the public. The most recent example of union involvement in political issues is a declaration released in early September from associated union locals with AFSCME (government workers), SEIU (service workers), and the NEA (teachers) threatening strike actions in support of the BLM movement by forcing federal lawmakers to pass police reform measures and the dismantling of systemic racism.
5) The presence of the police in local, regional and national union councils and federations, especially in times of heightened class struggle, means having bitter enemies take part in our meetings and decision-making. These "unions" are in no sense a part of the labour movement. Rather, they are the protectors of the "private property" of the capitalists, intimidators of strikes and front-line fighters against people of colour, "illegal" immigrants and indeed anyone struggling for basic human and democratic rights. They must be expelled from all bodies of the workers' movement.
6) The primary, nominally socialist, grouping in the US is the Democratic Socialists of America, which has grown from 20,000 members to 70,000, with an influx of 10,000 since Bernie Sanders was defeated in the Democratic Party primaries. The DSA had been consistently moving leftwards from the social democracy of Michael Harrington, with its total commitment to the Democratic Party, to the position adopted in the national convention of 2019, that it would support no candidate except Bernie.
7) However, on the local level, with the exit of Sanders from the presidential race, DSA branches have been focusing on support for the Democratic Party's candidates. Although it should be noted that there isn't any strong urge to elect Joe Biden, the structure of DSA allows individuals and individual chapters great leeway either to endorse Biden/Harris officially, or to work for their election even if they don't officially endorse them.
8) This "localised" strategy has been successful in electing DSA candidates to city councils and even a few nominal and avowed "socialists" to state houses, but without any clear national strategy. Even the famous "Squad", led by Alexandra Ocasio-Cortez (AOC), elected in 2016, were not really avowed "socialists". They all won their primaries in safe Democratic districts and are likely to be re-elected in November. In general, we see that DSA tacitly supports the Democrats as the "lesser evil than Trump" choice. Once again, despite all the Marxist articles in Jacobin, they have shown themselves, in practice, to be the "left wing" of the bourgeois Democratic Party.
9) In short, the DSA is hamstrung by its reliance on electoralism, its general focus on "identity" issues over class issues, and by its organisational model of decentralisation, leading to no national strategy and having no unified programme of action. Also, the DSA has very little in the way of outreach to organised labour., despite the fact that the 2019 DSA convention passed important resolutions to do this. Though many in the DSA claim to be Marxists, very few seem to want to do the work to influence the working class in a socialist direction. This is at the root of the refusal to consider anything better than a "dirty break strategy", that is, using the Democratic ticket supposedly to build up the forces for a break from them.
10) Nevertheless, with its flourishing internationally prestigious Jacobin website/journal, the DSA is a forum for an avowedly Marxist, but actually non-revolutionary, left. Its "Marxism" is denatured by Kautskyism and Gramscianism, whose most prominent advocate is Eric Blanc, who heads a tendency around the magazine, The Call. This approach offers neither strategic nor tactical leadership in the class struggle or the battles of the racially and gender oppressed. Nevertheless, the call for an independent workers' party has been raised in DSA conventions and it is the largest national body capable of giving the call any traction. Revolutionaries can best get a hearing for this in the DSA as well as in the more militant sectors of the union movement and amongst antiracist activists. The DSA has flourished in part because of the failure of the largest self-proclaimed Trotskyist organisations.
11) In the period since the beginning of the century, the largest groups on the Trotskyist left, the International Socialist Organisation (ISO) and the Socialist Alternative have not only failed to take a leadership role in the creation of a mass working class party independent of the Democrats, they have suffered splits and disintegration. The ISO, for a long time the largest far left group in the USA, veered away from its earlier project of rank and file organising in the labour movement towards a concentration on students, and on the "social movements". In the latter, it did not fight for Marxist leadership. Its concentration on socialist propaganda included running a prolific publishing house. Tactically, it has supported a non-working-class party, the Greens, in elections rather than fighting for a workers' party. A massive crisis in 2019 rooted in the former leadership's cover-up of a rape case in 2013, led to its self-liquidation. Many of the refugees from the ISO falsely identify Leninism or Bolshevik party methods as the cause of the bureaucratic regime in the group.
12) Socialist Alternative (until the recent split the Committee for a Workers' International's section in the United States) has concentrated on standing candidates in local, state and city elections, with its biggest success being the election of Kshama Sawant to the Seattle city council. The programme on which she was elected was not a revolutionary one and this was soon revealed. On August 13, Sawant voted to confirm Carmen Best as Chief of the Seattle Police Department, because community members, "overwhelmingly have urged me not to stand in the way (of a black woman candidate)". This unprincipled reformist electoralism was not new, since SA had long supported Bernie Sanders' campaign to be the Democratic Party's presidential nominee, even forming their own "Movement4Bernie". Although they carried banners with Sanders' slogan "We Need a Political Revolution", they tried to maintain a veneer of Marxist respectability by explaining that, if he won the nomination, he should then break with the Democrats.
13) In the course of the CWI's split, the UK-based leadership suddenly started to criticise this line as opportunist, and SA's politics as marred by "identity politics", though they had previously supported and boasted of SA's successes. After the split down the middle of the CWI, SA is now one of the largest groups in the International Socialist Alternative. Other, newer, groupings to the left of the two above are Socialist Resurgence, a split from Socialist Action in 2016, and Left Voice, linked to the Argentine-based Trotskyist Fraction-Fourth International. If the problem of the ISO and SA was their gross opportunism, the danger with the two latter is a failure to deploy united front tactics and to participate in the struggle to break the unions and the DSA away from the Democrats. Without that, the road to independent class politics will remain blocked and that in the deepest political crisis the USA has witnessed since the 1960s.
G: The Diversion of Populism
1. The Green Party in the US is best described as the "ecosocialist" conscience of the Democratic Party. It appeals to Bernie Sanders' supporters, disgruntled by his turn to supporting Biden, plus refugees from various Trotskyist groups. Its campaign platform lacks any criticism of policies enacted or supported by the Democrats. This is even more obvious now, with the Howie Hawkins and Angela Walker campaign platform, than it was with Jill Stein and Ajamu Baraka back in 2016. In the 2020 election, the Greens are off the ballots in more swing states than Stein was, for example, in Wisconsin and Pennsylvania, ensuring they won't "spoil" the election.
2. Being a bourgeois party, their demands consist of calls for reform within the capitalist system, mostly centred on an "Ecosocialist Green New Deal". However, there is nothing socialist about the reforms proposed. There is no talk of expropriation and nationalisation of industries, no mention of a living wage instead of a minimum wage, no serious call for the redistribution of wealth among the American people. Progressive taxation is all they have, and even there, details are scarce.
3. To pretend that the US can reform its way towards a sustainable relationship between humans and nature is a pipe dream. The Green Party is fishing for feel-good votes when announcing that they hope to push Biden to the Left. As much as a break of the two-party system is desperately needed, one can only hope that workers don't fall for this wolf in Green's clothing.
4. The latest iteration in the "third party progressive" sweepstakes is the Movement for a People's Party. On August 30, they had an on-line "convention" attended by 400k people with speakers like academic Dr. Cornell West, left pundit Chris Hedges, left podcast star Jimmy Dore, activist Cindy Sheehan, and filmmaker Oliver Stone, among others. As the name suggests, this is not a party of labour, but rather a cross-class attempt at organising a party to the left of the Democrats, what they openly dub a "progressive populist party" picking up Sanders' discarded slogans – Medicare for All, free public college education, getting big money out of politics, an infrastructure jobs programme, $15 per hour minimum wage, the Green New Deal, and other things on the reformist left's "wish list". Their current plans call for using the rest of this year and into 2021 to plan for a national organising convention to draft a party platform and decide on a name for the party. Until then, they claim to have organising teams all over the country working to build local hubs, establishing a presence and gaining ballot access.
5. The problem with this initiative is that it is a populist and cross-class formation, which means it will gravitate towards the bourgeoisie. It is obviously only interested, at this point, in elections and electoral solutions and the listed endorsers are all capitalist. Indeed, there is very little organised working-class support, with only one union leader as an endorser, Al Rojas of the United Farm Workers. Labour is only listed in the "Coalitions" section of the web site, as are the listed goals, all achievable under capitalism. They are left capitalists to be sure, but still capitalist. And it's still up in the air whether they will succeed in their primary mission of getting on the ballot in enough states to actually begin to break the political duopoly of the capitalist ruling class in 2020.
H: A unique Election?
1. Trump's campaign is a grotesque satire of his Presidency, standing as the candidate of law and order and the controller of chaos, whilst doing all in his power to foment social chaos. The country faces the greatest social uprising in generations and an anti-racist movement which involves not only black people but the whole spectrum of people of colour and white antiracists. The Democrats on the other hand, have returned to their 2016 strategy of framing the 2020 election as a battle to prevent the "End of Democracy" as we know it. The vote for Biden is overwhelmingly a vote to stop Trump. The Democratic Party platform is heavily targeted toward winning the working class and Black American vote. While blue-collar workers and Black Americans are mentioned in nearly every portion of its platform, the goals of the platform can basically be boiled down to this: Get Americans back to work, and back to spending.
2. There is no doubt that, if the Democratic platform were to be enacted, it would bring some immediate relief to millions of Americans. But it would leave millions more behind in the wake of ever-encroaching poverty, reliant on charity and food banks and insecure in their housing and employment. Most importantly, it would ensure the capitalists continue to get the lion's share of any production gains that would be made in working America. Biden's platform is littered with toothless "crack downs" on big business and abusive state governments, particularly in his environmental, worker rights, and criminal justice reforms. He leaves many of his promises in the hands of capitalists whose only motivation to comply with the reforms is the loss of federal grants and contracts, which we saw fail spectacularly during the Obama Administration. In addition, his olive branch to progressive and Black voters is essentially debt, disguised as relief. His healthcare and housing policies both rely heavily on welfare, individual tax credits, low-interest loans, and high-interest debt-pay-off plans, all of which leave the American worker footing the bill
3. Meanwhile, a sword of Damocles hangs over the election. Even if he were to lose the election, in terms of the popular vote, Trump has made it clear that he will cry foul. The Republican states that count the ballots could well support his contention that the result has been interfered with and is invalid. As in 2000, this could go to the Supreme Court which is now firmly in the hands of Trump supporters. Biden could be robbed of any victory, even a large one, and the country plunged into chaos with Trump occupying the White House. On the other hand, even if the Electoral College were to confirm Biden, the reaction of the "Trump movement", with its QAnon-deluded masses, could still refuse to accept defeat. All this in the midst of a second wave of the coronavirus plague and wildfires and hurricanes that testify to the impending climate catastrophe.
4. Trump has threatened to use courts he has stuffed with right-wingers to invalidate results in states that go against him. There has been an increase in Republican actions in red states to invalidate huge numbers of votes by people of colour. Trump calls on his supporters to "supervise" the polling stations and, last but perhaps not least, for the fascist militias' to "stand by" with their guns if Biden wins. The working class, trade unions, the BLM movement, the women's and LBGTQ+ movements will also need to stand ready if Trump tries to steal the election. The moment an electorally defeated Trump tries to launch his constitutional coup to cling on to power, all of these movements need to take to the streets in overwhelming force, ready to drive his armed fascists off the streets and to prevent the police intervening on his side. The labour federations, the new unions, and the unorganised too, need to be called upon to launch a mass political strike to drive Trump from power. | {
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Steven D. Smith, Man and Animal in Severan Rome: The Literary Imagination of Claudius Aelianus. Greek culture in the Roman world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Pp. xii, 308. ISBN 9781107033986. $99.00.
Reviewed by C. W. Marshall, University of British Columbia (toph.marshall@ubc.ca)
Man and Animal in Severan Rome is an exciting and imaginative study detailing the literary virtues of Claudius Aelianus—Aelian— with a particular emphasis on De natura animalium (NA). Smith's Aelian emerges, perhaps surprisingly, as both a sophisticated literary stylist and a politically savvy observer of the Severan court. His polished anecdotes (Smith regularly calls them "fragments", which is misleading), strung together with deliberate haphazardness, are shown to reveal an author maintaining his position just outside the periphery of the imperial circle: "Aelian's moralizing should be understood not as an instrument of power, but as an expression of disavowal and longing for a transformation of the world" (273).
Smith clearly likes Aelian, and his unwavering enthusiasm is contagious. The book's structure provides a helpful survey of the richness of Aelian's works: seven of the ten chapters focus on NA (addressing themes of poikilia, Hellenization, Stoicism, theology, Egypt and India, sex, and kingship); the others offer a biographical introduction and address the two other major surviving works, Rustic Letters (Ep.) and Varia historia (VH). An appendix on the fragmentary Katêgoria tou gunnidos (Indictment of the Little Woman), which Smith takes to be a satire on Elagabalus and to include all of the fragments of De mima Syra, is also included. By focusing on poikilia as a literary value (54-60), Smith denies himself any totalizing interpretation. Though it is possible for Smith to sample only a small portion of Aelian's work, the effect is to provide the feeling of a deep and sustained engagement with the entire corpus. Aelian's moral perspective and self- distancing from power pervade all of his work: for example, VH is about the moral position of truphê (luxuria), which is examined through anecdotes concerning Aspasia of Phokaia (VH 12.1) and Atalante (VH 13.1). These virtues afford Aelian the opportunity for "radically indirect" (246) political commentary.
Smith is arguing for a much more encompassing critical aesthetic when approaching an author such as this: "We fail to understand Aelian fully if we think of him as a mere compiler…" (128). Such a self-evident claim is in its way revolutionary, and should underpin many future studies of the author. At its core, NA demonstrates the manipulability of nature for an author's ideology. As a result, we need "to seek out, if possible, those very phases of transformation where we might witness the narrative voice shifting … as it seeks an alternative reading" (182). Because animals "elicit wonder rather than disgust" (194) for humans, they are an ideal medium by which to reveal "Aelian's countercultural literary persona" (197). Aelian challenges his reader to re-think Roman superiority, and animals are regularly shown to be morally superior to humans. In one of the richest analyses of the book (233-38), Smith demonstrates how a lion encountered by Juba I (NA 7.20) articulates "the recurring theme of man's ethical relationship to power" (236), and stresses the importance of such an understanding in Severan Rome. Along the way, the reader is offered a brief history of Roman Mauretania. By treating Aelian's counter-example of Androkles and the lion (229-33; NA 7.44) first, however, he reverses the order in which a reader of Aelian would experience the stories.
Aelian's stylistic poikilia means that "Aelian's writing … is bound to frustrate the reader who seeks only positivist certainty" (159). Occasionally, such positivism emerges in Smith's analyses. He expects Aelian to know the Praeneste Nile mosaic (160) and the image of Caracalla on a particular coin series (164-65), which is possible but not certain. An anonymous interlocutor "is obviously a dilettante" (115), when he may equally be a fictional straw man. When caution is expressed (as at NA 2.11, when Aelian actually claims to have seen elephants writing though he is likely drawing on Pliny the Elder), the explanation offered feels inadequate (85). This leads to a clear anxiety for Smith when writing about Aelian's use of myth, which is awkwardly distanced from the ancient perspective (131: "Myth, understood as fictitious storytelling…"; and see 129-32). I also doubt whether Aelian's reordering of a particular narrative's events is meant to be mimetic of a lion's memory (230). When Aelian stresses the tragic associations of the Tereus story (NA 2.3, discussed 192-94), Sophocles' Tereus, perhaps mediated through Aristophanes' Birds (a play Aelian mentions at NA 4.42, 12.4, and 16.5), is surely relevant. I was not convinced that the tale of Pindos and the snake (NA 10.48, discussed at 137-44) is about the imperial cult, where reference to Lucian's Alexander the false prophet would be more productive. Similarly, I missed reference to Plutarch's Gryllus, another liminal figure straddling the border between human and animal. An uncertain manuscript reading in Ep. 10 that confuses "son" with "boar" is unlikely to be significant for understanding Aelian's intention for the passage (40).
The anecdotes themselves are of course lots of fun. Hyenas change sex annually (194-96; NA 1.24); Perseus prayed for the frogs of Seriphos to be silent (123; NA 3.37); the hybrid monster martichoras (i.e. the manticore) was seen in the court of the Persian king (NA 4.22; 165-66); the dog-headed kunokephaloi in India do not speak, but howl their language (169-70; NA 4.47); a stork gives a glowing magical stone to a widow of Tarentum (133-37; NA 8.21); a pious child is metamorphosed into the hoopoe in India (110; NA 16.5); Socrates occasionally wore sandals (252; VH 4.11). Smith's footnotes regularly collect multiple references to a given animal or theme, and each of these can lead to a happy side-trek through disparate sections of Aelian's work (see especially the various references to particular gods gathered helpfully at 125 n. 17).
Smith's Aelian is an appealing, humane figure who uses animals to understand the vicissitudes of human behaviour. He is philosophically interested but never doctrinal, a Stoic who had some public obligations as a high priest (a biographical detail from the Souda that is perhaps over-invested with meaning by Smith) but who remained apart from imperial power by choice. Aelian's collections of anecdotes are charming and inoffensive and, if Smith is right, they cut to the heart of the pretense of Severan Rome. | {
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Located on Ring Road, near Wazirpur in Delhi, the building is acoustically treated to shut off the noise, whilst retaining views to the industrial surrounds. The first and second floor of the 34,000 sq ft structure houses the corporate office, while the ground floor is left undefined for future expansion.
The reception area boasts of a reclaimed wooden reception table that sits in front of a solid green wall flanked by strand-board wall cladding and a naturally illuminated and ventilated space; giving a visitor a first-hand peek into what lies ahead. The highlight of the entrance is a double-height area with a light well ushering in filtered light percolating through a passive solar device.
Working in tandem with terracotta louvers on the external façade, which protect the building from the direct south sun – a bold architectural form takes shape making it stand out from the run-of-the-mill urban streetscape as well as puts it in the race for a LEED rating. | {
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The Eastern region of India is rich in natural resources. However, its potential could not be harnessed in terms of improving agricultural productivity, poverty alleviation and livelihood improvement.
The region has 31.4 million ha netsown area. However, productivity of major agri-horti crops, fisheries is low compared to its production potential.
The region has about 69% marginal farmers.Small and fragmented land holdings limit, by and large, the adoption of latest farming practices.
Further,soil acidity and salinity, which covers about 11.3 million ha area, limits the productivity of major crops to great extent. In general, soil salinity/acidity, lowest per capita income, ever-increasing human population and highest population density per sq km, poor infrastructure facilities for storage, processing and marketing etc., are some other factors responsible for poor agricultural growth in Eastern India. Ground water utilization in eastern region is also very meagre, particularly in Assam plains, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand. Appropriate technologies to encourage use of ground water, in combination with other practices will, however, increase cropping intensity and lead to remarkable production gains. Further, water productivity is very low (0.21-0.29 kg/m3) in most states of eastern region.
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ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region needs to be strengthened further in terms of scientific manpower and infrastructural facilities so as to cater the R & D needs of 407.10 million people of the region. The institute is grateful to Secretary, DARE and DG, ICAR, Dr. S. Ayyappan, for his dynamic leadership and encouragement. Dr. A. K. Singh, DDG (NRM), ICAR also deserves special thanks for his consistent guidance and monitoring of research and extension activities. I also appreciate efforts of Chairman, RAC and Chairman, QRT for strengthening the R & D activities of the Complex.
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} | 3,921 |
For dinner tonight I was trying to think of a creative way to use up random ingredients I have left in the fridge. Meatballs came to mind. I threw these ingredients together and the result was very tasty! They are healthy and low fat too. Usually meatballs call for cheese and/or milk but I've omitted that and used aromatic vegetables instead to provide flavor and moisture. I didn't have onions today but I'm sure you can add them too. It's a great way to sneak in some veggies if your kids don't like them.
1. Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Lightly grease a 9x13 baking pan with olive oil.
2. Boil carrots for 3 minutes. Drain carrots. Fine chop celery, garlic, and carrots and set aside.
3. In a large bowl, combine ground beef, eggs, chopped veggies, salt, pepper, herbs, soy sauce, Worcestershire sauce, dijon mustard, hot sauce and bread crumbs. Mix until evenly blended.
4. Form golf-sized balls (about 1.5 inches) and place in greased pan. You should be able to fit them in a 6 x 4 formation. Drizzle olive oil on top of the meatballs.
5. Bake for 30 minutes until meatballs are slightly browned. Remove from oven and spoon marinara sauce on top of each meatball. Return to oven and bake 10 more minutes.
Enjoy and hope you like my recipe! I served mine with a side of steamed broccoli. Makes a nicely-balanced meal.
Not Exercising? What's Your Excuse? | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 2,769 |
Q: @SuppressWarnings("serial") I have a question because I'm getting a little confused (or maybe I'm not noticing something obvious). Let's say that I've got some source code that contains a lot of classes which contain a great number of static fields defined like this one:
public final class ConverterTYPE {
private final static HashMap<String, Byte> STRING_MAP = new HashMap<String, Byte>() {
{
put("A", new Byte((byte)12));
put("B", new Byte((byte)13));
}
};
}
As we all know, static fields are not going to be serialized.
However, Java (and Eclipse) complains that "The serializable class does not declare a static final serialVersionUID field of type long". Why can't they notice that static is not going to be serialized?
And the next question: would it be a right solution to this issue to use @SuppressWarnings("serial") to get rid of all such warnings?
EDIT:
None of my classes implements Serializable interface (or none of their superclasses). And Eclipse is pointing at HashMap<String, Byte> with its warnings. Why doesn't it detect that it's static field?
A: Just because that field may not be serialized doesn't mean the thing it references will never itself be serialized! Someone/thing else could get a reference to that map and try to serialize it directly, or use it as an instance member in a serializable class, etc.I see it is private, but making sure it will never be accessed outside the current class or set to an instance member is beyond the scope of the compiler (and impossible with reflection around anyway).
One possible solution is to simply avoid that anonymous subclass w/ initializer style all together and do this:
private final static HashMap<String, Byte> STRING_MAP = new HashMap<String, Byte>();
static {
STRING_MAP.put("A", new Byte((byte)12));
STRING_MAP.put("B", new Byte((byte)13));
}
The result is close to identical in most cases and your code isn't peppered with anonymous classes.
A:
However, Java (and Eclipse) complains that "The serializable class does not declare a static final serialVersionUID field of type long". Why can't they notice that static is not going to be serialized?
The error message and the fact that you have a final static member variable in your class (at least, that's how I interpret your description) don't have anything to do with each other.
Your class implements the interface Serializable, or one of the superclasses of your class does that. So the compiler notices that your class is serializable. Serializable classes should have a static final field called serialVersionUID which is used for versioning when you serialize instances of your class.
Using the annotation @SuppressWarnings("serial") makes the compiler shut up about a missing serialVersionUID. So yes, you can use that to get rid of the warning message, but a better solution is to make your class not implement Serializable (directly or indirectly) if it's not meant to be serialized.
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaStackExchange"
} | 1,578 |
Chantell Skye Evans is an American cell biologist who is a professor at Duke University. Her research looks to understand the dynamical processes of mitochondria and their role in neurodegenerative disease. In 2022, Popular Science named her as one of their "Brilliant 10" U.S. scientists and engineers.
Early life and education
Evans grew up in a small town in central Illinois, in a majority-white neighborhood. She was awarded a Gates Millennium Scholarship to pursue studies at university. Evans was an undergraduate student at the Southern Illinois University, where she studied chemistry was part of the Research Experiences for Undergraduates scheme, and spent her junior year in the laboratory of Punit Kohli. Evans moved to the University of Wisconsin–Madison to complete a doctorate in the lab of Edwin Chapman. Her doctoral research considered the regulation of Ca²⁺ in exocytosis. She moved to the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and joined Erika Holzbaur for postdoctoral research. In 2017, she was named a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Fellow.
Research and career
Evans joined the faculty at Duke University in 2021.
Evans uses cell biology to understand how cells deal with malfunctioning mitochondria in neurons, a process known as mitophagy. Patients with Parkinson's disease typically show mutations on two proteins, PINK1 and Parkin. However, when these proteins are disabled in mice, the mice do not exhibit Parkinson's disease. Evans wondered whether mitochondra, the "powerhouse of the cell", may play a role in the development of the neurodegenerative disease. She uncovered that eradicating malfunctioning mitochondria is slower in neurons than it is in epithelial cells, which indicates that defective mitophagy in neurons contributes to neurodegeneration.
In 2022, Evans was named a Fellow of the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Science Diversity Leadership program. Popular Science also named her as one of their "Brilliant 10" U.S. scientists and engineers who are succeeding in addressing key challenges in society.
Selected publications
References
Living people
American women biologists
Cell biologists
Duke University faculty
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia"
} | 1,112 |
Want to know more about Healing Journeys as a complementary health care clinic and the therapies we offer?
Some people assume that their health challenge is purely physical. Not necessarily. Many mechanical restrictions have emotional or spiritual components, especially when challenges are chronic. Either way, we can help. At Healing Journeys, we treat all of you - body, mind, and spirit. Our training helps us address causes, not just band-aid symptoms.
Want to seek Healing Journeys' assistance but are not close enough to come in? Consider distance treatments via phone and Skype connections. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 96 |
Utility requests DOE order to rescue power plants
Sam Mintz, E&E News reporter
Greenwire: Thursday, March 29, 2018
FirstEnergy Corp. yesterday filed deactivation notices for three nuclear power plants, including the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station in Ohio. Nuclear Regulatory Commission/Wikipedia
A struggling electric utility asked the Department of Energy today to offer an emergency lifeline for coal and nuclear power plants in the eastern United States.
FirstEnergy Corp. requested that DOE use its authority under Section 202(c) of the Federal Power Act to direct PJM Interconnection — which oversees grid operations in 13 states and the District of Columbia — to negotiate contracts with certain plants and compensate their owners "for the full benefits they provide to energy markets and the public at large, including fuel security and diversity."
The company's request comes a day after it announced plans to close its three nuclear plants — two in Ohio and one in Pennsylvania — in the next three years.
The application asks that the order apply to all plants within PJM's footprint that maintain a 25-day supply of fuel on-site, not just those belonging to FirstEnergy, arguing that such an action is needed to maintain the "stability of the grid." FirstEnergy wants the order to last four years and apply to around 85 plants in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia and other nearby states.
"Such generating facilities provide significant benefits to energy markets and the public at large, including fuel security and diversity, but receive no reliable cost support and, instead, must rely on PJM's power markets which fail to compensate these generators for the full value of the benefits that they provide," the application says.
Donald Schneider, president of FirstEnergy Solutions, the generation subsidiary of FirstEnergy, said in a statement, "PJM has demonstrated little urgency to remedy this problem any time soon — so immediate action by the Secretary is needed to alleviate the present emergency."
DOE spokeswoman Shaylyn Hynes said the department had received the 202(c) application and will go through its "standard review process."
The move follows the January failure of a DOE proposal — influenced in part by FirstEnergy — to direct the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to change electricity market rules in some regions to compensate coal and nuclear plants. The idea was to ensure that electric grid resilience would be maintained.
FERC rejected the proposal, which would have led to compensation for plants with 90 days of fuel on-site. The commission failed to find imminent problems with grid reliability and has instead begun its own study of resilience.
It's not the first time Energy Secretary Rick Perry and President Trump have been asked to use the 202(c) authority to save FirstEnergy plants. Coal industry executive Bob Murray claimed last year that DOE had denied several demands from Trump to use that authority (E&E News PM, Aug. 22, 2017).
Last month, DOE denied reports that Perry was considering using the authority to support FirstEnergy, saying a report from Bloomberg was based on "false information."
DOE has used the authority occasionally in the past, including during the Trump administration, but typically has limited orders to individual plants or to transmission lines.
Using it to keep coal and nuclear plants in PJM open would likely lead to legal challenges.
"There is nothing in 202(c) that speaks to issuing an order to compensate plant owners for the full benefits they provide to energy markets, as FirstEnergy has stated," said Joel Eisen, an energy law professor at the University of Richmond. "That's not at all what 202(c) is designed for. By its plain terms, it speaks to system emergencies and not situations where owners receive less than full compensation."
Any party affected adversely by the decision could challenge it as a "final agency action" under the Administrative Procedure Act, he said.
John Moore, who leads the Sustainable FERC project at the Natural Resources Defense Council, said there would be "swift and universal opposition" from a wide range of interest groups if DOE granted the request.
FirstEnergy's application cites a DOE report released this week that suggested coal was vital to grid resilience during the "bomb cyclone" weather event in December and January (E&E News PM, March 27).
Renewable energy advocates and others criticized the findings and framing of that report and said it represents a politicization of the national laboratories.
While DOE has not given any indication of how it will respond to FirstEnergy's request, Perry used his official Twitter account to "like" a reporter's tweet about the news of the utility's application.
Coal policy & production
Report outlines financial risks in mining-dependent areas
E&E News PM: Monday, July 15, 2019
Wyo. layoffs spark partisan dust-up over industry's future
E&E Daily: Friday, July 12, 2019
Moody's predicts 'increasingly significant challenge'
Greenwire: Thursday, July 11, 2019
BLM under fire for overlapping coal hearings
Energywire: Wednesday, July 10, 2019
BLM plan charts path for Colo. coal expansion
Energywire: Tuesday, July 9, 2019 | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} | 7,847 |
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Vandor 38070 9 by 7.5 by 3.5-Inch Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Tin Tote, Multicolored - This teenage mutant ninja turtles large tin tote is great for storing and carrying supplies, music and gear. Emerging from their sewer lair, the teenage mutant ninja turtles confront the wondrous world of new york city, facing villains more dangerous and pizza more delicious than anything they could have imagined. It features a collapsible plastic handle and metal latch closure. Making retro cool since 1957, legends live on at vandor-suppliers of hip and functional products for fans of all ages. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 543 |
using System;
using Memoria.Prime.Ini;
namespace Memoria
{
public sealed partial class Configuration
{
private sealed class BattleSection : IniSection
{
public readonly IniValue<Boolean> SFXRework;
public readonly IniValue<Int32> Speed;
public readonly IniValue<Boolean> NoAutoTrance;
public readonly IniValue<Int32> EncounterInterval;
public readonly IniValue<Int32> EncounterInitial;
public readonly IniValue<Boolean> PersistentDangerValue;
public readonly IniValue<Int32> AutoPotionOverhealLimit;
public readonly IniValue<Boolean> GarnetConcentrate;
public readonly IniValue<Boolean> SelectBestTarget;
public readonly IniValue<Boolean> ViviAutoAttack;
public readonly IniValue<Boolean> CountersBetterTarget;
public readonly IniValue<Int32> LockEquippedAbilities;
public readonly IniValue<Int32> SummonPriorityCount;
public readonly IniValue<Boolean> CurseUseWeaponElement;
public readonly IniValue<Int32> FloatEvadeBonus;
/* CustomBattleFlagsMeaning:
0 - default
1 - Alternate Fantasy:
[AA_DATA.Type & 0x8]: "Contact attacks", take front/back row into account, back attacks, Ipsen's curse and miss on vanish if physical
[AA_DATA.Type & 0x10]: "Use weapon's properties", apply Killer abilities, weapon's elemental properties and weapon's status if "Add Status" is on
[AA_DATA.Type & 0x20]: "Can critical", uses "BattleCalculator.TryCritical"
[ENEMY_INFO.flags & 0x4]: "Has 10 000 HP trigger", consider that the enemy has 10000 HP less than what its data says (for Scan, HP-based heal or damage...)
*/
public readonly IniValue<Int32> CustomBattleFlagsMeaning;
/* SpareChangeGilSpentFormula (see "btl_cmd.SpendSpareChangeGil"):
default: SpareChangeGilSpentFormula = Power * CasterLevel
Alternate Fantasy: SpareChangeGilSpentFormula = Power * Gil / 100
*/
public readonly IniValue<String> SpareChangeGilSpentFormula;
/* Status durations and ticks formulas (see "btl_stat"):
default: StatusDurationFormula = ContiCnt * (IsNegativeStatus ? 60 - 8 * TargetSpirit : 8 * TargetSpirit)
StatusTickFormula = OprCnt * (IsNegativeStatus ? 60 - 4 * TargetSpirit : 4 * TargetSpirit)
Alternate Fantasy: StatusDurationFormula = ContiCnt * (StatusIndex == 31 || StatusIndex == 27 ? 240 + 4 * TargetSpirit : 200)
StatusTickFormula = OprCnt * 150
*/
public readonly IniValue<String> StatusDurationFormula;
public readonly IniValue<String> StatusTickFormula;
public readonly IniValue<String> SpeedStatFormula;
public readonly IniValue<String> StrengthStatFormula;
public readonly IniValue<String> MagicStatFormula;
public readonly IniValue<String> SpiritStatFormula;
public readonly IniValue<String> MagicStoneStockFormula;
public BattleSection() : base(nameof(BattleSection), false)
{
SFXRework = BindBoolean(nameof(SFXRework), true);
Speed = BindInt32(nameof(Speed), 0);
NoAutoTrance = BindBoolean(nameof(NoAutoTrance), false);
EncounterInterval = BindInt32(nameof(EncounterInterval), 960);
EncounterInitial = BindInt32(nameof(EncounterInitial), -1440);
PersistentDangerValue = BindBoolean(nameof(PersistentDangerValue), false);
AutoPotionOverhealLimit = BindInt32(nameof(AutoPotionOverhealLimit), -1);
GarnetConcentrate = BindBoolean(nameof(GarnetConcentrate), false);
SelectBestTarget = BindBoolean(nameof(SelectBestTarget), true);
ViviAutoAttack = BindBoolean(nameof(ViviAutoAttack), false);
CountersBetterTarget = BindBoolean(nameof(CountersBetterTarget), true);
LockEquippedAbilities = BindInt32(nameof(LockEquippedAbilities), 0);
SummonPriorityCount = BindInt32(nameof(SummonPriorityCount), 0);
CurseUseWeaponElement = BindBoolean(nameof(CurseUseWeaponElement), false);
FloatEvadeBonus = BindInt32(nameof(FloatEvadeBonus), 0);
CustomBattleFlagsMeaning = BindInt32(nameof(CustomBattleFlagsMeaning), 0);
SpareChangeGilSpentFormula = BindString(nameof(SpareChangeGilSpentFormula), "");
StatusDurationFormula = BindString(nameof(StatusDurationFormula), "");
StatusTickFormula = BindString(nameof(StatusTickFormula), "");
SpeedStatFormula = BindString(nameof(SpeedStatFormula), "");
StrengthStatFormula = BindString(nameof(StrengthStatFormula), "");
MagicStatFormula = BindString(nameof(MagicStatFormula), "");
SpiritStatFormula = BindString(nameof(SpiritStatFormula), "");
MagicStoneStockFormula = BindString(nameof(MagicStoneStockFormula), "");
}
}
}
}
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
} | 9,299 |
This longwearing, waterproof maximum coverage formula effortlessly covers acne, scars, hyper pigmentation or any other skin imperfections without looking or feeling heavy or cakely. This new "True Tone" formula is designed to effectively match the skin tones of a broad color range mimicking the warm yellow, red and blue undertones for women of color. It is perfect for insuring the most undetectable, perfect match for even the darkest of skin tones.
Directions: Roll up the stick and make sure the tip appears slightly above the container level. You can stroke the top of the stick with your fingers or apply the stick directly to your face. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 4,535 |
Moog Music sold
Automatic Gainsay
Real name: Marc Doty
Gear: Minimoog, 2600, CS-15, CS-50, MiniBrute, MicroBrute, S2, Korg MS-20 Mini, 3 Volcas, Pro 2, Leipzig, Pianet T, Wurli 7300, Wurli 145-A, ASR-10, e6400.
Band: Godfrey's Cordial
Contact Automatic Gainsay
Re: Moog Music sold
Post by Automatic Gainsay » Mon Jun 15, 2015 9:31 pm
It's a pretty cool thing, to be sure... but it's not quite the thing that people perceive it to be.
It essentially means that if you work at Moog Music for a period of years, you are eligible to enter the "employee ownership" and become "vested." The longer you work there, the more of a payout you'll get when you stop working there or retire.
But it essentially means that Moog Music will be your career for your life. And while I know that sounds attractive to many, you have to weigh the amount you'd make working there plus payout against working somewhere where you'd likely make a lot more in wages. And I don't mean that to sound cynical, but realistic. No one's getting anything for free in this deal... you're investing in the company by working there for a very long time, and then getting a return on your investment. It's essentially a pension plan.
You might notice that the employees own less than 50%. That means they don't actually own the company, and they will not participate in its governance (according to my understanding).
"I am not able rightly to apprehend the kind of confusion of ideas that could provoke such a question." -Charles Babbage
"Unity and Mediocrity are forever in bed together." -Zane W.
http://www.youtube.com/automaticgainsay | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} | 7,499 |
"Andy Warhol began as a commercial illustrator, and a very successful one, doing jobs like shoe ads for I. Miller in a stylish blotty line that derived from Ben Shahn. He first exhibited in an art gallery in 1962, when the Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles showed his 32 Campbell's Soup Cans, 1961-62. From then on, most of Warhol's best work was done over a span of about six years, finishing in 1968, when he was shot. And it all flowed from one central insight: that in a culture glutted with information, where most people experience most things at second or third hand through TV and print, through images that become banal and disassociated by repeated again and again and again, there is role for affectless art. You no longer need to be hot and full of feeling. You can be supercool, like a slightly frosted mirror. Not that Warhol worked this out; he didn't have to. He felt it and embodied it. He was a conduit for a sort of collective American state of mind in which celebrity - the famous image of a person, the famous brand name - had completely replaced both sacredness and solidity. Earlier artists, like Monet, had painted the same motif in series in order to display minute discriminations of perception, the shift of light and color form hour to hour on a haystack, and how these could be recorded by the subtlety of eye and hand. Warhol's thirty-two soup cans are about nothing of the kind. They are about sameness (though with different labels): same brand, same size, same paint surface, same fame as product. They mimic the condition of mass advertising, out of which his sensibility had grown. They are much more deadpan than the object which may have partly inspired them, Jasper Johns's pair of bronze Ballantine ale cans. This affectlessness, this fascinated and yet indifferent take on the object, became the key to Warhol's work; it is there in the repetition of stars' faces (Liz, Jackie, Marilyn, Marlon, and the rest), and as a record of the condition of being an uninvolved spectator it speaks eloquently about the condition of image overload in a media saturated culture. Warhol extended it by using silk screen, and not bothering to clean up the imperfections of the print: those slips of the screen, uneven inkings of the roller, and general graininess. What they suggested was not the humanizing touch of the hand but the pervasiveness of routine error and of entropy..."
Andy Warhol: Series and Singles. This is the ultimate Andy Warhol book, highly recommended. The catalogue from an exhibition at Fondation Beyeler, it covers his entire career, with excellent quality reproductions and well-written, thought-provoking essays.
* Links to other Warhol images online can be found at Artcyclopedia. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 9,258 |
I took these over the weekend on a walk with my family and in-laws. It was a gorgeously stormy late summer evening. I never get tired of rain in Utah!
I wish my view on walks was as gorgeous as that mountain photo, wow!! We do have a pretty greenway that we walk through the woods, but not amazing vistas!
Yep, I do feel lucky to live next to mountains. I have to drive a little out of the city to get to them, but it's worth it! | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 8,098 |
Ashokan Farewell (opening violin solo) performed by Rebecca Mitchell - Download from vimeo, FREE account required [full video] [Ashokan Farewell] PS: the backstory is even more amazing. I asked Rebecca to play my favorite violin solo "Ashokan Farewell" and she listened to it from my iPhone and practiced for about ten minutes and then played it for me for this video. Talented indeed.
Also CLICK HERE for more Adventure Park, USA action! | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
} | 668 |
Scribe Vibe
It's not that deep. But it's far from superficial.
Assessing My "Social" Networking Vacuum
I've recently decided to assess the status of my current level of social networking communications. This blog being the masthead, along with my Wordpress blog, Tumblr blog, Twitter account, my ever elusive Facebook (deep sigh) profile and the inactive since it's activation Pinterest, I've often wondered whether or not I'm inundating the blogosphere with my own personalized version of boorishly masturbatory commentary. This is likely the biggest reason why I've decided to scale back on content in order to take a less superficial, less surface approach in place of something with a more holistic, esoteric agenda. Hopefully that works out for me and for those who are truly interested.
Posted by Rosalind Christine Lloyd at 9:15 AM No comments:
Hello Darlings,
Obviously it's been a minute since I've stepped in here. To be a bit clandestine, one can find inspiration in the most captivating places. Although it's been elusive, tiny sparks have exploded into minute moments of clarity that have left me feeling both sober and frivously lighthearted at the same time. Admittedly, the sources of my inspiration have been as intermittent as my blogging entries and I apologize to you and myself for that. Am I feeling resolute? I can't lie, I am - thus, I'm wishing for a more productive new year where not only my personal aspirations of spiritual fulfillment are being cultivated.
I wish for an overwhelmingly amazing New Year for you as well.
Thank you for checking back and checking in with Scribevibe. I hope to be more 'present' inside the blogosphere in '13.
Posted by Rosalind Christine Lloyd at 4:17 PM No comments:
Happy New Year and All the Rest for 2012.
I've decided to be more dedicated to this blog. Because it deserves it.
First of all, I've finally decided to compile all of my erotic work into one anthology. You see, I figured it was only right, and only fair considering I think I need to take my focus elsewhere and doing a round-up of my erotic stuff I've written in the last ten years seemed most appropriate.
It will be named "On the Edge of FIRE: Erotic Shorts by R.C. Lloyd." Look for it. It will be self produced and self published as an ebook and hopefully there will be more to come after her.
In the meantime, I've been dabbling with this YA which has me in knots, fits and starts and, I've been laboring over four other works in progress that deserve more than just 'attention' - if you get my drift. But I promised myself that I will be far more productive than ever this year. Last year was just a test. Are you ready? Am I ready? We'll see.
Peace and Love Forever,
New Music: Nakia Henry
Check out this sister's video and page. Her name is Nakia Henry and she's FIRE!!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Q2oPL2os4M
Here's her site.
http://www.nakiahenry.com
And follow her on Twitter.
https://twitter.com/NakiaSaid
Marriage Equality in New York
I'm feeling a range of emotion as I sit here and write this blog on this Gay Pride morning. It takes me back to a time many moons ago when I was this skinny little girl from the Bronx who dared to loc her hair,wear ripped jeans and combat boots while riding the subways of New York City, wanting to clutch her more dominant looking female lovers hand to taunts of "go wash your hair," or "what's up with your jeans?" It was about as daring as we could get for fears that we would be "figured out" and what one might perceive to be an innocent 'taunting' would turn into a full-fledged gay bashing. Despite these perceived threats, I remember not wavering from some form of righteous self-expression that in my eyes and my partners eyes, fell short of actually publicly coming out.
Fast forward some twenty years later. Times are changing. This week, we've witnessed another milestone for LGBTQ rights - New York has legalized gay marriage. It is a monumental occasion and an important one. That we've received the basic human right to marry the person that we love. Although many of us will be 'dancing in the streets' this afternoon in celebration, although many will be proposing to their partners, and a plethora of wedding announcements will begin to invade our in-boxes and snail mail and will become a way of life for us, we also know the fight for civil rights for our community still continues.
Regarding marriage, the protection of same sex couples and families is tremendously important. However, many are not aware that state passage of same sex marriage is limited and that DOMA, the Defense of Marriage Act is what we truly need for our relationships and families to be recognized on a federal level. For many, to marry is a symbolic act but their are financial/economic implications one should be aware of. I suggest you google Tara Siegel Bernard's NYTimes piece entitled "How Gay Marriage will Change Couples Financial Lives" published June 24th for the details. You will discover that the fight for same sex marriage still has a distance to go for "Full equality."
But it's progress. My partner and I will most certainly "walk down the aisle," to prove our loving bond to each other. And we will take solace that our relationship will be recognized as one baring little difference to the relationships of our married, heterosexual friends. Our son, our family will be protected in ways they weren't before. This doesn't reduce the significance of living wills and trusts everyone. Remember Terry Schiavo. One can never have too much (legal) protection.
However, let's not rest on this victory when there is so much work to be done. As New York fought hard to push marriage equality through, there was a major push back from religious organizations actually fighting for the right to continue discriminating against us. This is beyond priceless when the Catholic Church continues to suppress a legacy of priests practicing pedophilia within ranks. Temples and synagogues attempts to police itself on similar allegations and the tithes of black churches are going to pay the victims of closeted preachers of mega churches. So its tantamount that faith-based communities join forces with LGBTQ organizations to meet some of these challenges head-on in an open and honest dialog. Because their refusal to acknowledge and deny our existence within and outside their organizations is at the height of hypo-criticism.
Challenges within the Workplace, International Rights and Immigration, the Military, Parenting, Hate Crimes, Coming Out, Youth, Aging, Health, Trans-gender issues remain big ticket issues for us, not to mention the sometimes illusive presence/inclusion of people of color within the framework.
So, let's celebrate with love in our hearts and minds. But let's also remember our struggle for civil rights continue. And a huge victory such as what New York has achieved this week will give us incentive that achieving our collective goals can happen. It also reminds us that our dreams are indeed possible in our lifetime.
Labels: Gay Pride, Marriage Equality
Opening up 2011 on the "Wide Open" Seas
I started the New Year with a vacation. There were a few reasons for the timing but one of the biggest reasons was that I found a remarkable deal on a 10-day cruise leaving from New York City.
I've traveled quite a bit but this would be my second cruise. The first was some fifteen years ago and one word to describe it would be forgettable. But this time would be different. My research was exhaustive. There is a plethora of information available online about cruising to the point it was almost overwhelming; however, I found a site that was not only comprehensive but it also had a message board for a variety of communities, including a fairly active board for its LGBT members. So the spoiler here is – this blog posting is NOT about my marvelous Caribbean adventure but more about a posting I responded to on this LGBT message board.
This board was incredibly resourceful. And for someone fairly new to the "cruise world," it was beyond helpful with respect to all the areas it covered – from what to take and how to pack, to which cruise lines were more gay friendly, the difference between gay/lesbian cruise lines versus the alternative to what destinations to consider. Things were fine until the destination question popped up and there was considerable discussion about the island of Jamaica.
We all know that the world is not free from homophobia. And Jamaica has had its share of the spotlight due to its roster of reggae artists whose lyrics are rift with homophobic sentiment to a rash of violence inflicted upon its own alleged LBGT citizens. So I was not surprised to see the topic was raised on this message board regarding how unsafe the island was to LGBT tourists. Many spoke of their uncomfortable experiences while at port – everything from taunting and verbal humiliation to one poster suggesting that "a female prostitute grabbed his crotch." While I agree that Jamaica is not the friendliest destination to those of us in the LGBT community but I was taken aback by the vitriol of some of the postings - for example, one poster made an off-color comment about Rastafarians and their "scent" and dare someone mention that their own experiences on this Island nation were far more pleasant than others. Clearly, Jamaica is not alone in its sheer ignorance with it's continued legacy of discrimination that seems to go unchallenged. And I felt that I had to post my own personal feelings on the subject:
With respect to the deep seated discrimination and homophobia within Jamaica specifically and what was suggested in other regions of the Caribbean - I am in complete agreement that these areas should be avoided and these countries should not benefit from "gay $$$" until some high level corrective action is taken in safeguarding LGBT tourists but also, measures should be taken and enforced to protect the rights of their own LGBT citizens. The taunting and harassment experienced by LGBT tourists is not as severe as the treatment experienced by the natives/citizens of these countries - treatment that often ends in the violent rape of lesbians and trans-gender individuals but also the murder of LGBT citizens - crimes that are rarely investigated/rarely prosecuted. Although this fact is obvious to some of us - it only serves to remind as that as US citizens - the fight to eradicate this type of persistent behavior through the years has been largely successful in this country with quite a distance to go I may add - however, the war to do so in other areas of the world, specifically in developing nations, is in its infancy (code word here: 'developing') and dare I mention the word "colonized" nations.
Sadly, discrimination is not something easily fought/eradicated and is something rather complex. I remember "coming out" back in the eighties and although I understood then that the great US of A wasn't necessarily the most accepting place for many, women and blacks specifically along with other groups who continue to fight for basic human rights. The homophobia I would face within my own community was another daunting issue inside of a community that was having its own growing pains just a couple of decades after the civil rights movement. But what I wasn't prepared for was the discrimination within the LGBT community itself and when I say discrimination I am speaking distinctively about racial discrimination. That was something I will never forget whether it was something as superficial as an awkward visit to a gay/lesbian bar to not seeing myself reflected in gay publications, literature, media, art etc. These days when the 'community' speaks of diversity, it is referring to Bears versus Chelsea/Muscle Queens versus Drag Queens versus economic/class differences versus political preferences, etc - often not necessarily referring to racial or gender diversity. Apologies for being long-winded but in other words, what I'm trying to say is no group is exempt from prejudice/discriminating/discrimination - and this is a somewhat vicious reality. What's going on in Jamaica needs to stop - without question - and threatening this nation by not giving them the "gay dollar" is not nearly enough because trust me, they wouldn't miss it. But it's been over twenty years since my coming out and although some things have improved for many within the LGBT community - to me it's obvious that some things remain the same for others.
Posted by Rosalind Christine Lloyd at 12:53 PM No comments:
Center Authors, NYC Latina Writers Group and PANIC present Womyn With and Without Voice
Seasons Greetings All,
I have been given the honor by the ever talented Charlie Vazquez, once again, to present my work with an incredible group of women headed by Alicia Anabel Santos at the LGBT Community Center of New York in a program entitled Womyn Without Voices/Mujeres sin VOCES. Please come join us for a spectacular evening of prose/spoken word/theatre among friends for some artistic holiday spirit.
When: Tuesday, December 14, 2010
Where: The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Community Center
PANIC presents Womyn Without VOICES/Mujeres sin VOCES
Peace and Blessings,
Labels: Reading
Best Blog Post regarding the Tea Party Agenda
The Democratic Underground had the absolute best post I've seen on the agenda of the Tea Party.
Freepers, Birthers, Morons of all stripe, You didn't get mad...
You didn't get mad when the Supreme Court stopped a legal recount and appointed a President.
You didn't get mad when Cheney allowed Energy company officials to dictate energy policy.
You didn't get mad when a covert CIA operative got outed.You didn't get mad when the Patriot Act got passed.
You didn't get mad when we illegally invaded a country that posed no threat to us.You didn't get mad when we spent over 600 billion(and counting) on said illegal war.
You didn't get mad when over 10 billion dollars just disappeared in Iraq.You didn't get mad when you saw the Abu Grahib photos.
You didn't get mad when you found out we were torturing people.
You didn't get mad when the government was illegally wiretapping Americans.
You didn't get mad when we didn't catch Bin Laden.
You didn't get mad when you saw the horrible conditions at Walter Reed.
You didn't get mad when we let a major US city drown.
You didn't get mad when the deficit hit the trillion dollar mark.
You finally got mad when.. when... wait for it... when the government decided that people in America deserved the right to see a doctor if they are sick.
Yes, illegal wars, lies, corruption, torture, stealing your tax dollars to make the rich richer, are all ok with you but helping other Americans... well fuck that. That about right? You know it is. You people have all lost your fucking minds.
You are selfish, greedy, obnoxious, narcissistic, and frankly... stupid. Your pathetic little misspelled protest signs are embarrassing. Maybe you ought to find the smart person in your midst and let them make up all the signs, cause man, you look like a bunch of idiots. Also you're ugly and your mother dresses you funny.
My Review of The Kids are Alright
The KIDS ain't alright.
And we can use the term "kids" loosely here, as, in black gay culture; the "kids" are in fact, the children, the gayness – the LGBT community. Now I'm not sure if Cholodenko was playing on words or not. I doubt it.
I think the Lesbian Mafia summed up their thoughts on the movie in a way I found particularly fascinating as I found it predictable:
"We are sick of movies and shows depicting "Lesbians" f*cking men. The End. And if the people who produce this kind of thing knew we wouldn't just sit down and shut up and we'd hold them accountable, we could discourage it. It isn't just a matter of a difference of opinion this film perpetuates the damaging myth that only men's sexuality is certain and Lesbians are - not really Lesbians, especially when they are more feminine."
It's slightly refreshing in the face of all the kudos Cholodenko and company has been receiving. This popularity promises to make her a very wealthy power dyke and I'm very happy for her. We can use more lesbians wielding a little power over in Hollyweird. As an artist, we open ourselves up to critical theory on our messages and processes when we produce a work. And along with the accolades, I'm sure she expected the lukewarm reception of her film by some within the community.
In short, the film is about a lesbian couple who've been together for twenty years who are parents of two well adjusted teenagers. The teens decide to search for their sperm donor who in turn ends up in bed (very easily I may add) with one of their Mom's, completely disturbing the family unit. Lovely, concept, isn't it?
The film stars two of my favorite actresses, Annette Bening and Julianne Moore. And as expected, their performances were wonderful, especially Annette Bening who moved me every time she got screen time. Not only did she embody the character Nic, but I truly felt Nic's nuances, pain, loss and anxiety throughout the film.
Being in a relationship for many years with my partner in which we parent our child together, the movie touched many chords with me, mostly the complexities of a "marriage." No it's not easy, you could see this in the film but you could also see the deep love, the support, the foundation, the glue that held things together. On the surface, this seemed like a decent lesbian relationship - or just a decent relationship regardless of description. There are highs and lows and Cholodenko depicted this well. But underneath the surface?
The love between Bening and Moore seemed genuine like any other. Their individuality clashes were not unusual. They seemed somewhat affectionate enough. But I wanted to get into their bedroom. I wanted to see Bening and Moore demonstrate their attraction emotionally as well as physically. I wanted to see them get it on! So you want to know about the sex scenes? The one scene between Bening and Moore was absolutely horrendous. Details? You don't want them. But I found it offensive, not only being a woman and a lesbian, but as a human being. The scene was despicable and poked holes in anything remotely erotic about lesbian sexuality. Moore was noticeably invisible in this scene and "butch" Bening (yes, the butches are a negative target) who seemed totally disinterested in the act with her gorgeous partner seemed more interested in watching the bad gay male porn they were using as a sex aid than banging her woman. Yes, lesbian bed death rears its lovely "head," here. Unfortunately, I think the overarching theme in all the sex scenes in this film is PENISES rule – whether they belong to straight or gay bodies. Doesn't matter. I would retract this had there been at least one, loving, sexy scene between Moore and Bening when vaginas got a little airtime. Don't look for it.
Now there was 'hot' (and note I use the word hot very loosely here) sex. Those scenes involved Moore getting slayed by Ruffalo. We were treated to watching them in naked, sweaty, grunting action more than once – as if it were the best sex either of them have ever had. The point was over emphasized. I cringed a bit thinking the premise here was that Moore got fucked like most straight men believed a dyke should be fucked. And frankly, I was appalled. But I gotta say, the Lesbian Mafia had the same experience I did. Many straight couples in the theater, especially the men, got a kick out of the sex scenes – as they should. And by the way, there was another semi sex scene with Ruffalo and one of two persons of color in the film. A plot which was loaded on so many historically racial levels where Ruffalo is fucking his black female "employee," a very young, very beautiful, natural sister (played by the gorgeous Yaya DaCosta) - who even suggested she would have a child by him???? (omg – chattel talk-Cholodenko, you gotta be kidding me). This plot could have been completely omitted. Is Cholodenko so insensitive enough not to see the racially, historical, colonial subtext here? Or maybe she knew. In many ways, this was probably one of the most fucked up parts about the film and it still kind of messes me up when I think about it. For that, she gets no pass from me.
And to have Moore fire the Latino gardener lying about him having a drug problem simply because he was privy to the knowledge this alleged lesbian was secretly being fucked to death by Ruffalo was a cheap shot - not to mention how disposable immigrant labor is. This was another plot in the film that was gratuitous and one we could have done without.
Remember the beginning seasons with Chaiken's L-word where we had to sit through the subtle racist overtones in the few "of color" characters she tossed in? (note to white lesbian directors, if you use people of color in your projects, either show them with some dignity or just leave us out completely) I also can't forget how we were also assaulted by a barrage of men fucking lesbians. Thankfully she eased up on some of it but what I can deduce from it all is that the privilege of whiteness must mean that one must submit to the dominant culture in order to get your art produced, accepted and fed to the masses. Women and women's sexuality are always represented as fluid as well as secondary to the power of male sexuality. And clearly people of color, if not exploited, should be erased entirely. Gay men are quite fortunate that that they don't have to constantly be forced to watch a gay man being fucked by a woman. For lesbians, it's an all too familiar reality in cinema which even in the 21st century we can't seem to escape. In Cholodenko's film, there were strong, even poignant points made with respect to lesbian families about love, relationships and parenting. It's a pity that it had to be co-opted by moments where the depictions of the values and feelings of marginalized groups had to be sacrificed in order to get these important points across.
Posted by Rosalind Christine Lloyd at 10:21 AM 1 comment:
Labels: Film Review, Misogyny, Race
Yes!!! Another Reading
"I'm zipping up my boots, I'm going back to my roots,"
Come to the Bronx (to the place of my birth) for a wonderful line-up of OUT writers including yours truly at the AMAZING Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance. It promises to be a divine evening.
When: Thursday, June 10, 2010
Where: The Bronx Academy of Arts & Dance
841 Barretto Street
For Reservations and more Info - Click HERE
Another Reading - Please Mark Your Calendar.
I'm reading at Charlie Vazquez's monthly Panic Series entitled "Spring Fever Panic." Daniel Lopez, Lena Tsodikovich, Robert Smith of Brother, My Lover queer reading series and Stan Barber will be reading from his new book about Alexander the Great. We hope to dazzle you with tasty literary morsels. It promises to be a lovely time. And don't forget to personally congratulate Charlie on the recent publication of his new book Contraband - (and buy a copy too!)
Date: Wednesday, April 28, 2010
Location: Nowhere
Street: 322 E 14th St, (btwn 1st/2nd Aves)
City/Town: New York City
Rosalind Christine Lloyd
I started this blog as a showcase for my writing and my process but also to provide my personal perspective on life, love and politics. My genre is contemporary fiction, avoiding predictable, suffocating labels such as chick-lit, black lit, romance, etc. although I don't mind my work being called "alternative." My writing career started over 15 years ago. I worked primarily as a freelance journalist for independent lifestyle publications. But organically, I knew my writing life had more of a creative spirit. So an erotic piece written under a pseudonym for a politically racy, San Francisco based publication jumpstarted this outlet. Today, my short stories are featured in over 15 erotic anthologies.
EROTIC EXCERPTS (Just a Sample)
"deflower," by Rosalind Christine Lloyd
Good Reads.com: Logan
MetroActive Books: "deflower," from BEST AMERICAN EROTICA
Mixing It Up: "Logan," from SPANKED: Red Cheeked Erotica
Sugarbutch Chronicles: "Logan," from SPANKED: Red Cheeked Erotica
These are a few of my Favorite Links
The Passions Tumblr Blog
The Passions of Lust Noir
LUST NOIR at Erotic New York City
Rainbow Blak
Erotic New York City
Charlie Vázquez: Queer Latino Esoteric
My Feet Only Walk Forward: Brandon Lacy Campos
Rachel Kramer Bussel: Cupcakes Take the Cake
Nathan James: Author and Activist
Chuma Spirit Magazine
Nakia Henry
Tranifesto
Black Poli Blogs
Afro-Netizen
Afronerd
AngryBlackBitch
AngryBrownButch
BWFO
Jack & Jill Politics
The Black Snob
The Secret Council of American Negroes
Uppity Negro Network
Cultural Blogs
Angry Indian
Culture Kitchen
Jasmyne Cannick
Racialicious
Rod 2.0
Sandra Rose
Widgetbox Blog Network: GLBT
Join the Widgetbox Network GLBT Channel at Widgetbox.com
Get the Widgetbox Blog Network: GLBT widget and many other great free widgets at Widgetbox! Not seeing a widget? (More info)
Queer Blogs
After Ellen Blogs
blac (k) ademic
Quarterlife Queer
QueerSighted
Righteous Blogs
A Family in Baghdad
Amnesty International USA
Equality Now
Craft Blogs
GrammarBlog
Inkthinker | Freelance Writing Blog
ProBlogger
The Writers' Guild Blog
Writerswrite
Hello Darlings, Obviously it's been a minute sin...
Music Review for 4daSoul by Rosalind Christine Lloyd: Joyful by AYO
Review: Joyful by Ayo
Her light falsetto bounces against a discreetly folksy, acoustic guitar riff. It wraps itself around the rhythm with a lusty innocence. A bongo softly keeps time. Underneath is a cosmopolitan vibe that happens to be distinctly bohemian yet uniquely original. It's that right amount of musically affecting, neosoulful, hippy chic that's perfect to play at your next roof-top party. Just imagine: it's a hot summer night. Tea lights flicker against a moonlit sky. The aroma of grilled jerk intertwined with Nag Champa is thick in the air. The mojitos/Patron/Red Stripe is bountiful. The crowd is eclectically beautiful, visually and spiritually. The mood is tight. Ayo's Joyful is playing in the background against the festive hum. Her sound is the type that will provoke you to stop in mid-conversation and ask, referring to the music, "who is that?" She is Joy Olasunmibo Ogunmakin, better known as Ayo (the Nigerian translation of Joy). Ayo has called the mélange of influences that is her sound, "regg-afro-folk." I would liberally add a healthy dose of soul in the mix to describe the divine offerings from this singer/songwriter. You haven't heard anything exactly like her before, but if you were to toss her comparisons into a musical blender, add Sade, Lauren Hill, Tracy Chapman, Erykah Badu, Joan Armatrading, Corinne Anne Bailey with just a touch of Minnie Rippleton to the recipe, you might be pretty close. A musical and media sensation abroad, the buzz has already begun for this sultry songstress. Initially released in 2006 in Europe, Joyful reached critical success in France where she achieved double platinum status with near similar results in her native Germany as well as in Italy and Switzerland. It was released in the States in late 2007. Born to a gypsy Mother and Nigerian father, her cultural roots are richly apparent in the work as you feel yourself being globally transported through Africa, Europe, the Caribbean and even the southern United States. Think of Joyful as a musical vacation and Ayo as your ambassador. It's definitely a fly journey into love in all its many splendid and often painful forms. Speaking of love, Ayo explores this four letter word unabashedly, acknowledging its often challenging trappings. "Down on My Knees," the first single released is a solid introduction. Begging for someone's love never sounded so sweet and yet so raw and so naked at the same time. In "How many times," Ayo tells her moody lover, "how many times I go to sleep, I saw you dying in my dreams?" Her voice cleverly belies the real pain her message is conveying. In "And it's suppose to be Love," she suggests you "body slam your lover up against the wall, fill them with regret," to a light, bouncy reggae beat. You find yourself questioning the innuendo as you feel yourself moving slow and sensually to the music. It's that kind of melodious brilliance that makes Joyful a must have in your musical library. I'm looking forward to the release of her second album, Gravity at Last, scheduled for Fall 2008. I get the feeling the future will be beyond joyful for this promising new artist.
www.myspace.com/ayo
Music Review for 4daSoul by Rosalind Christine Lloyd: Once Again by John Legend
Review: Once Again by John Legend
John Legend's highly anticipated second release Once Again is a better than respectable return to the music scene. It's almost a period piece that reaches back into certain roots of soul music mood sampling from your parents and grand parents crates. It makes you wonder, how can a young brother reach back and reinvent a sound so connected with a certain era and make it fresh again? Get it, again??
Flashback to 2001. I'm at SOB's feeding my pseudo black rock fix for headliner Res. What stood out most about that evening was the opening act – this brother did a set on keyboards whose performance even then was both elegant and understated. There was something about Legend that was not shamelessly obvious. It was likely the voice: velvety smooth, with an underlying potency; like a nicely aged single malt scotch that doesn't busy itself with competing with the Cosmpolitan's and the Hennessey's of the world. Legend made a lasting impression even then.
Eight years later, with Once Again, the studio release singles like "Save Room," "Heaven," "Another Again," and "PDA" is everything you want in Legend. Solid works with their own identity, the velvet balladeer adding his hallmark vocal twist. Overall it feels and sounds like lounge/psychedelic soul. "Save Room," in particular, reminds me of Burt Bacharach and Liberace on a Viagra and steroid cocktail all rolled up into one suave, cool-like-that package. You can almost see the classy candelabra all ablaze atop of his grand piano, John rocking a polyester shirt wide open with a fat gold chain and medallion hanging low while tickling the ivories like he was born to do it. He's got the understated sexy down, a voice that could melt ice caps. It's a sound that doesn't mind pushing the limits a little, in a fickle music scene where artists often fear taking creative risks. But my favorites on this work is probably not with the status quo. In "Slow Dance," Legend's silky delivery is magical against the background doo-wop-esque vocals. "Each Day Is Better," also has that 60-ish vibe working for it channeling maybe the 4 Tops and Sam Cooke. With the concept of "again" being the theme, the single "Again," moves me like only Legend can, expressing his romantic inability to resist that irresistible love, as he sings "accusations fly like bullets do," his piano work flying, painting an intricate musical picture that assures us that any pleasure is worth all the pain. It's clearly a matter of taste if you are willing to fine tune yourself to a somewhat sophisticated effort like Legend has offered with Once Again, a welcomed addition in today's soulful R&B hemisphere.
Live Music Review for 4daSoul by Rosalind Christine Lloyd
Review: Monet LIVE at Symphony Space
Her fiery highlights were blown out like dancing rays of sunshine. Monet was positively glowing. Draped in an elegant, long flowing sheer piece that resembled a robe, it was like she was a high priestess preparing to hold her own personal version of a neo soul-jazz-vigil for a select few, for a scintillating one hundred and ten minutes. You got the sense that something was beginning to unfold within her. The possibilities for the evening seemed endless by the way she embraced her audience, her band and her own life and this infectious energy set the tone for a special summer evening at Symphony Space in New York City. The moment she touched the stage, Monet was warmed up. You could tell. Her chakras were radiating great energy and the crowd was ready to receive some of the harmonious blessings she was about to serve.
A consummate professional, Monet pulled together an ensemble of independent artists who are talented in their own right. The band was obviously feeling the crowd, feeling themselves, feeling the mood and feeling Monet. The way they eased into each other effortlessly was the epitome of sheer musical synchronicity. Accompanying her were her musical director Randy Wilson on keyboards, the quintessential Jeff (Family Stand) Smith on sax, the impeccable Mike Hammond on vocals, Chris Eddleton on drums and Calvin Jones on bass; both extraordinary. Tarrah Reynolds (a stunning, yet quiet volcano) was on board as guest violinist/guest vocals and the remarkable and infectious Maya Azucena on guest vocals rounded out the roster. Maybe it was something in the air but this band was cohesively on point, from the opening number to the very end of the show.
Essence, Monet's debut effort was in full affect. Her instrumental pieces, "Vibacious" and "Spirit," did what they were meant to do and then some with the horn and flute sections just exploding. Monet's signature flute work is unquestionably one of her strengths. It flutters, leaps, dips, soars and undulates. And when fused with Jeff Smith's blazing sax – both numbers became even more powerful when you're up close to the action.
When Mike and Monet launched into "ooo ooo oh oh ooo ooo oh oh…." the pulse of the room quickened as their voices intertwined cooing softly but persuasively, "it's a rainy night and there's no place I'd rather be that with you. You told me, u love me, so here I am. You told me, You need me, let's start again." The slightest dissonance in your relationship will call for you to throw this joint on and all might be forgiven…at least for the night. Monet made you feel it's alright to have a blip on the radar in your relationship and go back and try to make it right. And judging by her smooth delivery, you really feel this artist's experiences in a live performance. The painful euphoria spread like pure joy all over her. And Hammond was right there, his vocals mingling with Monet's in a playful chorus that made it no less intense.
But it was the new material introduced in the middle of the show that night, showcased for her most loyal fans that were the highlight of the evening. It was an astoundingly exciting prelude to what we can expect when Awakening is released in January 2009.
The Collection: List of my Erotic Shorts
"subway 4 play." Pillowtalk II. Alyson Publications. Editor, Leslea Newman. Spring, 2000.
"deflower." Hot & Bothered II. Arsenal Pulp Press. Editor, Karen X. Tulchinsky. Winter, 2000.
"In Harm's Way." Skin Deep. Alyson Publications. Editor, Nicole Foster. Winter, 2000.
"Spears & Arrows." Set in Stone. Alyson Publications. Editor, Angela Brown. Fall, 2000.
"In Harm's Way." Faster Pussycat. Alyson Publications. Editor, Tammy Stone. Winter, 2001.
"deflower." Best American Erotica. Simon and Schuster. Editor, Susie Bright. Spring, 2001.
"The Art of Running." Body Check. Alyson Publications. Editor, Nicole Foster. Fall, 2001.
"razor." Hot & Bothered III. Arsenal Pulp Press. Editor, Karen X. Tulinksky Fall, 2001.
"Cop-Out." Bedroom Eyes. Alyson Publications. Editor, Leslea Newman, Spring, 2002
"Cop-Out." Best Lesbian Erotica. Cleis Publications. Editor, Tristan Taormino. Winter, 2002.
"subway 4 play." Electric 2. Best Lesbian Erotica. Editor, Nicole Foster. Spring, 2003.
"kim." Up All Night. Editor, Rachel Kramer Bussell. Winter, 2003.
"Lip Service." Hot Lesbian Erotica. Editor, Tristan Taormino. Spring, 2005.
"Cop-Out." Best Lesbian Bondage. Cleis Press. Editor, Tristan Taormino. Fall 2007.
"Logan." Spanked: Red Cheeked Erotica. Cleis Press. Editor, Rachel Kramer Bussell. Fall 2008.
"Soror Sister." Bottoms Up: Spanking Good Stories. Cleis Press. Editor, Rachel Kramer Bussell. Summer 2009.
"COP-OUT." SHE LETS ME: Best Butch/Femme Erotica. Cleis Press. Editor, Tristan Taormino, 2010.
"deflower." Best of Panic Series. Fireking Press. Editor, Charlie Vazquez, 2010.
something about an unmade bed.
by rosalind christine lloyd
There's something about an unmade bed,
Unrealistic platitudes, feelings left unsaid.
You surprised me with certain revelations that cluttered your head.
Made you lose all your intellectual /emotional cred.
Dead.
Never less than friends,
Never really more.
Ambiguous moments that never seem to end,
Wavering emotions moving to and fro.
A Room at the Inn.
Twin windows draped in heavy linen.
A lonely, dusty room, hopeless and dull,
A space of open canvas, with room enough to lull.
Memories of a large, uninviting bed.
Lifeless, musty pillows, a cracked sconce overhead.
Boney mattress covered in cheap chenille.
A little jarring what clandestine ideas reveal.
Anchored by an ancient thriftstore headboard.
The scenarios that are dreamed of when minds are idle and bored.
Midday light reaching in,
The flash of naked sunlight on your skin.
The rush of your kisses drown me with fear,
My dear, my dear, my friend, my dear.
Hungry, quickening caresses,
Raspy whispers assault my ears.
Unreconciled agreements never to confess
Reassuring euphoric, madness quiets all fears.
Your scent soaked fraying, graying sheets.
Remembering the gall of consenting heart beats.
Pressed tightly together,
Within the thickness of a sweaty unrest.
Memories of Venetian canals,
The cynicism of your crooked smile.
Proseco soaked minds, numbing inhibitions.
More stolen, drunken kisses, displaying an awkward exhibition.
The warmth of your touch,
Try not to think about it too much.
The violence of your vagueness,
Crushing intensity against my breast.
Must remember to breathe, within the wilderness,
Of your suffocating, nomadic quest.
Uninviting,
Unenlightening,
Unenchanting,
Unforgiving.
Wet regrets,
Must forget,
Empty space,
Must erase.
You handing out such an ambiguous invitation.
Would never dream you possessed the expectation.
Fallen victim to lust mutation,
Lying to myself, calling it consensual, sensual salvation.
Between friends, one would never make that assumption.
To consider that type of breach, to ever think to function,
As if things never happened.
And to think I took the bait.
Self hate.
Cheap thrills.
Wretched, bitter pill.
You stomped trepidatiously on my consensual heart.
Without me, there was no way that you could play that part.
Never said goodbye,
You never said goodbye.
But of course, you did,
In that thing you do, mindlessly sordid | {
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