test.csv

claim,evidence,label
Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.,"Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.",0
Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.,"Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.",0
"The rapid changes in the climate may have profound consequences for humans and other species… Severe drought caused food shortages for millions of people in Ethiopia, with a lack of rainfall resulting in “intense and widespread” forest fires in Indonesia that belched out a vast quantity of greenhouse gas","Recurring droughts leading to desertification in East Africa have created grave ecological catastrophes, prompting food shortages in 1984–85, 2006 and 2011.",0
Scientists retracted claim that sea levels are rising.,"""Scientists keep upping their projections for how much the oceans will rise this century"".",0
The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.,"The scattering of radiation causes atmospheric cooling, whereas absorption can cause atmospheric warming.",0
"The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.","In other words, regions which are dry at present will in general become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will in general become even wetter.",1
"Societies do fall apart from war, disease or chaos.","Following the coup, chaos ensued.",0
"‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017.","That, in turn, renders most of Sweden's southern areas having warmer summers than almost everywhere in the nearby British Isles, even matching temperatures found along the continental Atlantic coast as far south as in northern Spain.",0
Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.,"In these modern designs, pollution from coal-fired power plants comes from the emission of gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide into the air, as well a significant volume of wastewater which may contain lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium, as well as arsenic, selenium and nitrogen compounds (nitrates and nitrites).",1
"Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.","The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.",1
Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.,"The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.",0
"Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.","This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.",1
Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
"For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",1
Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.,"It also enforces energy conservation, green technologies, emission reduction activities, and aims to meet the country's electricity demands using 40% renewable sources by 2020.",0
Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...,Human influence on the climate system is clear.,0
Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.,"The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.",0
"Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.","Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.",0
Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...,"They used computer simulations of future climate to show that it was ""possible, and indeed likely, to have a period as long as a decade or two of 'cooling' or no warming superimposed on a longer-term warming trend.""",1
ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C,"Average winter temperatures can go as low as −40 °C (−40 °F), and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately −68 °C (−90 °F).",0
"""[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.","""The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature"".",0
"If the same eruptions had happened near the more recent end of the dataset, they could have pushed the overall trend into negative numbers, or a long-term cooling,’ Christy said.”","They used computer simulations of future climate to show that it was ""possible, and indeed likely, to have a period as long as a decade or two of 'cooling' or no warming superimposed on a longer-term warming trend.""",0
You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.,"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",0
"Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).","Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as ""the leading pollutant"" and ""the worst climate pollutant"".",1
Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...,"Also known as geo-sequestration, this method involves injecting carbon dioxide, generally in supercritical form, directly into underground geological formations.",1
The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations.,"[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.",1
"""Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.","Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles.",0
There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.,"There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.",0
By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers,[citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change.,0
‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.,"Also known as geo-sequestration, this method involves injecting carbon dioxide, generally in supercritical form, directly into underground geological formations.",0
By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers,"The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause.",1
The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.,"Dielectric heating, also known as electronic heating, radio frequency heating, and high-frequency heating, is the process in which a radio frequency (RF) alternating electric field, or radio wave or microwave electromagnetic radiation heats a dielectric material.",1
"Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.","Texas Rep. Joe Barton supposedly once said that 'wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.",0
"Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.","Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",1
"The rapid changes in the climate may have profound consequences for humans and other species… Severe drought caused food shortages for millions of people in Ethiopia, with a lack of rainfall resulting in “intense and widespread” forest fires in Indonesia that belched out a vast quantity of greenhouse gas",A primary cause of the famine (one of the largest seen in the country) is that Ethiopia (and the surrounding Horn) was still recovering from the droughts which occurred in the mid-late 1970s.,0
"While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.",Dendroclimatologist Keith Briffa's February 1998 study reporting a divergence problem affecting some tree ring proxies after 1960 warned that this problem had to be taken into account to avoid overestimating past temperatures.,1
"""[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.",The oxidation of methane can produce both ozone and water; and is a major source of water vapor in the normally dry stratosphere.,1
‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.,"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.",1
"Earth’s climate is now changing faster than at any point in the history of modern civilization, primarily as a result of human activities.","Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.",1
"To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.","Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",0
Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change,"This will cause an elevation of ocean alkalinity, leading to the enhancement of the ocean as a reservoir for CO 2 with implications for climate change as more CO 2 leaves the atmosphere for the ocean.",1
"Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.",Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.,1
"Earth’s climate is now changing faster than at any point in the history of modern civilization, primarily as a result of human activities.","The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.",0
"""[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.","During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.",0
"While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.",...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.,1
"During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.","A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling.",1
The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.,"The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.",1
"During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.","In January 2015, the Republican-led U.S. Senate voted 98–1 to pass a resolution acknowledging that ""climate change is real and is not a hoax""; however, an amendment stating that ""human activity significantly contributes to climate change"" was supported by only five Republican senators.",0
"While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.",It is one of the ways countries can meet their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce carbon emissions and thereby mitigate global warming.,0
"On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.","In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.",0
"For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.","If the government was armed with appropriate legislation and the threat of long prison terms, private citizens would not feel the need to act.",1
"Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.","Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.",0
Only very few peer-reviewed papers even go so far as to say that recent warming is chiefly anthropogenic.,"The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.",0
"'On June 23, 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before the House of Representatives that there was a strong ""cause and effect relationship"" between observed temperatures and human emissions into the atmosphere.","Hansen testified that ""Global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and observed warming...It is already happening now"" and ""The greenhouse effect has been detected and it is changing our climate now...We already reached the point where the greenhouse effect is important.""",0
There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.,"It also enforces energy conservation, green technologies, emission reduction activities, and aims to meet the country's electricity demands using 40% renewable sources by 2020.",1
Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...,"Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.",1
Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.,"Presently, this is a commercially used technology to store the heat collected by concentrated solar power (e.g., from a solar tower or solar trough).",1
Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change,The oxidation of methane can produce both ozone and water; and is a major source of water vapor in the normally dry stratosphere.,1
"The rapid changes in the climate may have profound consequences for humans and other species… Severe drought caused food shortages for millions of people in Ethiopia, with a lack of rainfall resulting in “intense and widespread” forest fires in Indonesia that belched out a vast quantity of greenhouse gas",The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.,1
Small amounts of very active substances can cause large effects.,"Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.",1
Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.,Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent.,0
Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change,Lindzen has given estimates of the Earth's climate sensitivity to be 0.5 °C based on ERBE data.,1
"'On June 23, 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before the House of Representatives that there was a strong ""cause and effect relationship"" between observed temperatures and human emissions into the atmosphere.","During a senate meeting on June 23, 1988, Hansen reported that he was ninety-nine percent certain the earth was warmer then than it had ever been measured to be, there was a clear cause and effect relationship with the greenhouse effect and lastly that due to global warming, the likelihood of freak weather was steadily increasing.",0
"""Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.","In these modern designs, pollution from coal-fired power plants comes from the emission of gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide into the air, as well a significant volume of wastewater which may contain lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium, as well as arsenic, selenium and nitrogen compounds (nitrates and nitrites).",0
The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.,The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year.,1
The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.,The breakdown of ozone in the stratosphere results in reduced absorption of ultraviolet radiation.,0
[CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.,"The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).",0
"California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.","If the government was armed with appropriate legislation and the threat of long prison terms, private citizens would not feel the need to act.",0
"On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.","As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.",1
"During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.","Over the last three decades of the twentieth century, gross domestic product per capita and population growth were the main drivers of increases in greenhouse gas emissions.",1
"The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas",The increased efficiency and reliability of the smart grid is expected to save consumers money and help reduce CO 2 emissions.,0
"Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.","In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that ""the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption"" is ""especially troubling"".",0
‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.,"Coal pollution mitigation, often called clean coal, is a series of systems and technologies that seek to mitigate the pollution and other environmental effects normally associated with the burning (though not the mining or processing) of coal, which is widely regarded as the dirtiest of the common fuels for industrial processes and power generation.",0
Man-made greenhouse gases play only an insignificant role.”,"Recurring droughts leading to desertification in East Africa have created grave ecological catastrophes, prompting food shortages in 1984–85, 2006 and 2011.",1
"The rapid changes in the climate may have profound consequences for humans and other species… Severe drought caused food shortages for millions of people in Ethiopia, with a lack of rainfall resulting in “intense and widespread” forest fires in Indonesia that belched out a vast quantity of greenhouse gas","According to the WWF, the combination of climate change and deforestation increases the drying effect of dead trees that fuels forest fires.",0
The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.,"The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.",1
Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change,"""Massive peat burn is speeding climate change"".",0
Clouds provide negative feedback.,"In other words, regions which are dry at present will in general become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will in general become even wetter.",1
Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.,"Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.",0
"Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.","Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.",1
The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.,"[citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.",0
The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.,"A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling.",0
"California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.","In the absence of substantial federal action, state governments have adopted emissions-control laws such as the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative in the Northeast and the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 in California.",0
Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle,"The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.",0
"Given that a doubling of carbon dioxide would change the surface heat flux by only two watts per square meter, it is evident that a small change in cloud cover can strongly affect the response to carbon dioxide.""","The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.",0
Man-made greenhouse gases play only an insignificant role.”,"The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.",0
"Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.","In the upper range of recreational ethanol concentrations of 20 to 50 mM, depression of the central nervous system is more marked, with effects including complete drunkenness, profound sedation, amnesia, emesis, hypnosis, and eventually unconsciousness.",1
The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.,"In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.",1
Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.,"Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles.",1
"If the same eruptions had happened near the more recent end of the dataset, they could have pushed the overall trend into negative numbers, or a long-term cooling,’ Christy said.”",Part of the cooling trend seen by the satellites can be attributed to several years of cooler than normal temperatures and cooling caused by the eruption of the Mount Pinatubo volcano.,0
"Earth’s climate is now changing faster than at any point in the history of modern civilization, primarily as a result of human activities.","Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles.",1
"The rapid changes in the climate may have profound consequences for humans and other species… Severe drought caused food shortages for millions of people in Ethiopia, with a lack of rainfall resulting in “intense and widespread” forest fires in Indonesia that belched out a vast quantity of greenhouse gas","""Climate change could impact the poor much more than previously thought"".",1
Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.,"In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.",1
"Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.","The gradual intensification of this ice age over the last 3 million years has been associated with declining concentrations of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, though it remains unclear if this change is sufficiently large to have caused the changes in temperatures.",1
There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.,"ESB National Grid, Ireland's electric utility, in a 2004 study that, concluded that to meet the renewable energy targets set by the EU in 2001 would ""increase electricity generation costs by a modest 15%"" ""Impact of Wind Power Generation in Ireland on the Operation of Conventional Plant and the Economic Implications"" (PDF).",1
The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.,"Carbon capture and storage (CCS) (or carbon capture and sequestration or carbon control and sequestration) is the process of capturing waste carbon dioxide (CO 2) usually from large point sources, such as a cement factory or biomass power plant, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere, normally an underground geological formation.",1
"Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level","In the absence of substantial federal action, state governments have adopted emissions-control laws such as the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative in the Northeast and the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 in California.",1
"Earth’s climate is now changing faster than at any point in the history of modern civilization, primarily as a result of human activities.","Over the last three decades of the twentieth century, gross domestic product per capita and population growth were the main drivers of increases in greenhouse gas emissions.",1
Only very few peer-reviewed papers even go so far as to say that recent warming is chiefly anthropogenic.,"""Climate change could impact the poor much more than previously thought"".",1
"Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.",The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year.,0
Man-made greenhouse gases play only an insignificant role.”,"It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.",0
"On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.","Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.",0
"On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.","In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.",1
[CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.,...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.,1
Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.,"The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.",0
Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.,"(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.",1
The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations.,"Average winter temperatures can go as low as −40 °C (−40 °F), and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately −68 °C (−90 °F).",1
"In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.","This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural ""sinks"" involved in the carbon cycle.",0
"Given that a doubling of carbon dioxide would change the surface heat flux by only two watts per square meter, it is evident that a small change in cloud cover can strongly affect the response to carbon dioxide.""","While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks.",0
Scientists retracted claim that sea levels are rising.,"The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.",0
"world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990","Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.",0
"""[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.","The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.",1
"Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).",Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.,0
"While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
[CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.,Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature.,0
The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.,"""Scientists keep upping their projections for how much the oceans will rise this century"".",1
"""Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.","A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling.",1
"Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP"" (Bjorn Lomborg)","'Central estimates of the annual costs of achieving stabilisation between 500 and 550ppm CO2e are around 1% of global GDP, if we start to take strong action now.",0
"In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.",The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year.,1
Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.,"This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).",0
There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).,Total solar irradiance (TSI) – the amount of solar radiation received at the top of Earth's atmosphere – has been measured since 1978 by a series of overlapping NASA and ESA satellite experiments to be 1.365 kilo⁠watts per square meter (kW/m²).,0
"Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).","Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.",0
"Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level",Human influence on the climate system is clear.,1
"Earth’s climate is now changing faster than at any point in the history of modern civilization, primarily as a result of human activities.","""Climate change could impact the poor much more than previously thought"".",1
"And in January, one out of five British children told pollsters they were having nightmares about climate change.","Carbon capture and storage (CCS) (or carbon capture and sequestration or carbon control and sequestration) is the process of capturing waste carbon dioxide (CO 2) usually from large point sources, such as a cement factory or biomass power plant, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere, normally an underground geological formation.",1
Man-made greenhouse gases play only an insignificant role.”,"Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...",0
Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...,"Like the warming ""signal"" that has gradually emerged from the ""noise"" of natural climate variability, the scientific evidence for a human influence on global climate has accumulated over the past several decades, from many hundreds of studies.",0
Clouds provide negative feedback.,"Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.",0
"Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.","Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.",0
There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.,"During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.",0
‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.,"Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.",1
"""[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.","The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.",1
"Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.","Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.",0
The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations.,"Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.",1
Scientists retracted claim that sea levels are rising.,Part of the cooling trend seen by the satellites can be attributed to several years of cooler than normal temperatures and cooling caused by the eruption of the Mount Pinatubo volcano.,1
"‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.","In other words, regions which are dry at present will in general become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will in general become even wetter.",0
Small amounts of very active substances can cause large effects.,"In the upper range of recreational ethanol concentrations of 20 to 50 mM, depression of the central nervous system is more marked, with effects including complete drunkenness, profound sedation, amnesia, emesis, hypnosis, and eventually unconsciousness.",0
"For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
"The rapid changes in the climate may have profound consequences for humans and other species… Severe drought caused food shortages for millions of people in Ethiopia, with a lack of rainfall resulting in “intense and widespread” forest fires in Indonesia that belched out a vast quantity of greenhouse gas","Texas Rep. Joe Barton supposedly once said that 'wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.",1
Climate change need not endanger anyone”,The species said to be most at risk for endangerment or extinction are populations that are not of conservation concern.,0
"""Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.","Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as ""the leading pollutant"" and ""the worst climate pollutant"".",0
"Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level","A microwave oven passes microwave radiation at a frequency near 2.45 GHz (12 cm) through food, causing dielectric heating primarily by absorption of the energy in water.",0
ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C,Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.,1
The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.,"""Massive peat burn is speeding climate change"".",1
"Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.","In January 2015, the Republican-led U.S. Senate voted 98–1 to pass a resolution acknowledging that ""climate change is real and is not a hoax""; however, an amendment stating that ""human activity significantly contributes to climate change"" was supported by only five Republican senators.",1
"For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.","In the absence of substantial federal action, state governments have adopted emissions-control laws such as the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative in the Northeast and the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 in California.",1
There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.,"This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.",0
"California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.",[citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change.,1
"The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas","ESB National Grid, Ireland's electric utility, in a 2004 study that, concluded that to meet the renewable energy targets set by the EU in 2001 would ""increase electricity generation costs by a modest 15%"" ""Impact of Wind Power Generation in Ireland on the Operation of Conventional Plant and the Economic Implications"" (PDF).",0
Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.,"Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; Schmidt, Steig and Michael E. Mann back up Gore's data.",1
"In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.","Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air.",0
"On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.","Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.",1
"Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.",The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).,0
Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.,"Dielectric heating, also known as electronic heating, radio frequency heating, and high-frequency heating, is the process in which a radio frequency (RF) alternating electric field, or radio wave or microwave electromagnetic radiation heats a dielectric material.",1
Scientists retracted claim that sea levels are rising.,"Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.",0
Only very few peer-reviewed papers even go so far as to say that recent warming is chiefly anthropogenic.,"The available evidence suggests very strongly that human activities have already begun to make significant changes to the earth's climate, and that the long-term risk of delaying action is greater than the cost of avoiding/minimising the risk.""",1
Measurements of carbon isotopes and falling oxygen in the atmosphere show that rising carbon dioxide is due to the burning of fossil fuels and cannot be coming from the ocean.,CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.,0
Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.,Total solar irradiance (TSI) – the amount of solar radiation received at the top of Earth's atmosphere – has been measured since 1978 by a series of overlapping NASA and ESA satellite experiments to be 1.365 kilo⁠watts per square meter (kW/m²).,1
"The rapid changes in the climate may have profound consequences for humans and other species… Severe drought caused food shortages for millions of people in Ethiopia, with a lack of rainfall resulting in “intense and widespread” forest fires in Indonesia that belched out a vast quantity of greenhouse gas","In these modern designs, pollution from coal-fired power plants comes from the emission of gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide into the air, as well a significant volume of wastewater which may contain lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium, as well as arsenic, selenium and nitrogen compounds (nitrates and nitrites).",1
Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.,"American Physical Society Climate Change Policy Statement, November 2007 ""Emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities are changing the atmosphere in ways that affect the Earth's climate.",1
"The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas","Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.",1
There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).,Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent.,1
"Earth’s climate is now changing faster than at any point in the history of modern civilization, primarily as a result of human activities.","American Physical Society Climate Change Policy Statement, November 2007 ""Emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities are changing the atmosphere in ways that affect the Earth's climate.",0
"California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.","During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.",1
"The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.","This will cause an elevation of ocean alkalinity, leading to the enhancement of the ocean as a reservoir for CO 2 with implications for climate change as more CO 2 leaves the atmosphere for the ocean.",0
Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...,"Presently, this is a commercially used technology to store the heat collected by concentrated solar power (e.g., from a solar tower or solar trough).",1
"Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.","Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.",0
Scientists retracted claim that sea levels are rising.,Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.,0
"To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
Scientists retracted claim that sea levels are rising.,Total solar irradiance (TSI) – the amount of solar radiation received at the top of Earth's atmosphere – has been measured since 1978 by a series of overlapping NASA and ESA satellite experiments to be 1.365 kilo⁠watts per square meter (kW/m²).,1
Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.,"In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.",0
Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.,"Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).",0
"Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.",This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.,1
"The rapid changes in the climate may have profound consequences for humans and other species… Severe drought caused food shortages for millions of people in Ethiopia, with a lack of rainfall resulting in “intense and widespread” forest fires in Indonesia that belched out a vast quantity of greenhouse gas","A 17-year-long civil war, along with severe drought, negatively impacted Ethiopia's environmental conditions, leading to even greater habitat degradation.",0
Man-made greenhouse gases play only an insignificant role.”,"This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.",1
"Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
"Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.",CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.,1
"Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.","""Climate change could impact the poor much more than previously thought"".",0
"""[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.,"The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause.",0
Only very few peer-reviewed papers even go so far as to say that recent warming is chiefly anthropogenic.,"A 2012 analysis of published research on global warming and climate change between 1991 and 2012 found that of the 13,950 articles in peer-reviewed journals, only 24 rejected anthropogenic global warming.",0
The ­atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years,"A basic and common example of a negative feedback system in the environment is the interaction among cloud cover, plant growth, solar radiation, and planet temperature.",1
The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.,"Although the concentration of the ozone in the ozone layer is very small, it is vitally important to life because it absorbs biologically harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation coming from the sun.",0
"The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.","As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.",0
There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.,El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.,0
"For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.","Concentrated solar power plants may use thermal storage to store solar energy, such as in high-temperature molten salts.",0
The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.,"The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.",0
The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.,"Like the warming ""signal"" that has gradually emerged from the ""noise"" of natural climate variability, the scientific evidence for a human influence on global climate has accumulated over the past several decades, from many hundreds of studies.",1
"But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.","Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds.",0
"Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level","If the government was armed with appropriate legislation and the threat of long prison terms, private citizens would not feel the need to act.",1
"‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017.",The oxidation of methane can produce both ozone and water; and is a major source of water vapor in the normally dry stratosphere.,1
Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle,"The scattering of radiation causes atmospheric cooling, whereas absorption can cause atmospheric warming.",1
"Earth’s climate is now changing faster than at any point in the history of modern civilization, primarily as a result of human activities.","""Scientists keep upping their projections for how much the oceans will rise this century"".",1
"If the same eruptions had happened near the more recent end of the dataset, they could have pushed the overall trend into negative numbers, or a long-term cooling,’ Christy said.”","The long term cooling in the lower stratosphere occurred in two downward steps in temperature both after the transient warming related to explosive volcanic eruptions of El Chichón and Mount Pinatubo, this behavior of the global stratospheric temperature has been attributed to global ozone concentration variation in the two years following volcanic eruptions.",0
"""[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.",Lindzen has given estimates of the Earth's climate sensitivity to be 0.5 °C based on ERBE data.,1
Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...,"For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.",1
"Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.","The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.",1
Clouds provide negative feedback.,"But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive.",0
"""Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.","Flue gas from combustion of the fossil fuels contains carbon dioxide and water vapor, as well as pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and, for coal-fired plants, mercury, traces of other metals, and fly ash.",0
"Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).","Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.",1
"In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.","Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.",1
Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.,The oxidation of methane can produce both ozone and water; and is a major source of water vapor in the normally dry stratosphere.,0
"The rapid changes in the climate may have profound consequences for humans and other species… Severe drought caused food shortages for millions of people in Ethiopia, with a lack of rainfall resulting in “intense and widespread” forest fires in Indonesia that belched out a vast quantity of greenhouse gas","Flue gas from combustion of the fossil fuels contains carbon dioxide and water vapor, as well as pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and, for coal-fired plants, mercury, traces of other metals, and fly ash.",1
Measurements of carbon isotopes and falling oxygen in the atmosphere show that rising carbon dioxide is due to the burning of fossil fuels and cannot be coming from the ocean.,[citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change.,1
"""[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.","In 2007, the American Academy of Pediatrics issued the policy statement Global Climate Change and Children's Health: Anticipated direct health consequences of climate change include injury and death from extreme weather events and natural disasters, increases in climate-sensitive infectious diseases, increases in air pollution–related illness, and more heat-related, potentially fatal, illness.",1
"Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.",The breakdown of ozone in the stratosphere results in reduced absorption of ultraviolet radiation.,1
"Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).","Climate change, through rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and changing sea levels, will affect the nature of hydrometeorological disasters, such as droughts, floods, and cyclones.",1
"In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.","The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.",0
"Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”","According to the WWF, the combination of climate change and deforestation increases the drying effect of dead trees that fuels forest fires.",1
Clouds provide negative feedback.,"Average winter temperatures can go as low as −40 °C (−40 °F), and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately −68 °C (−90 °F).",1
"During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.","Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.",1
Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.,"This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.",1
The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.,Dendroclimatologist Keith Briffa's February 1998 study reporting a divergence problem affecting some tree ring proxies after 1960 warned that this problem had to be taken into account to avoid overestimating past temperatures.,0
Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.,"As a result, despite energy efficiency gains, total energy use and related carbon emissions have continued to increase.",0
Climate change need not endanger anyone”,Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.,1
"For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.","Presently, this is a commercially used technology to store the heat collected by concentrated solar power (e.g., from a solar tower or solar trough).",0
Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...,"The available evidence suggests very strongly that human activities have already begun to make significant changes to the earth's climate, and that the long-term risk of delaying action is greater than the cost of avoiding/minimising the risk.""",0
Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.,A primary cause of the famine (one of the largest seen in the country) is that Ethiopia (and the surrounding Horn) was still recovering from the droughts which occurred in the mid-late 1970s.,1
Climate change need not endanger anyone”,"ESB National Grid, Ireland's electric utility, in a 2004 study that, concluded that to meet the renewable energy targets set by the EU in 2001 would ""increase electricity generation costs by a modest 15%"" ""Impact of Wind Power Generation in Ireland on the Operation of Conventional Plant and the Economic Implications"" (PDF).",1
"Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level","An example is absorption or emission of radio waves by antennas, or absorption of microwaves by water or other molecules with an electric dipole moment, as for example inside a microwave oven.",0
"Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.",Human influence on the climate system is clear.,1
‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.,Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a method to mitigate climate change by capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources such as power plants and subsequently storing it away safely instead of releasing it into the atmosphere.,0
Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...,"This report explicitly endorses the IPCC view of attribution of recent climate change as representing the view of the scientific community: The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability.",0
Man-made greenhouse gases play only an insignificant role.”,"Atmospheric concentrations of anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) greenhouse gases have increased substantially.",0
"The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.","""Massive peat burn is speeding climate change"".",1
There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.,Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature.,1
"world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990","That, in turn, renders most of Sweden's southern areas having warmer summers than almost everywhere in the nearby British Isles, even matching temperatures found along the continental Atlantic coast as far south as in northern Spain.",1
"""Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.","This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural ""sinks"" involved in the carbon cycle.",1
Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.,Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent.,1
Scientists retracted claim that sea levels are rising.,"Texas Rep. Joe Barton supposedly once said that 'wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.",1
Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.,"Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.",0
"‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.","In other words, regions which are dry at present will generally become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will generally become even wetter.",0
"But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.","The next most common gases are carbon dioxide (0.04%), nitrous oxide, methane, and ozone.",0
Man-made greenhouse gases play only an insignificant role.”,"Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.",0
There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.,"Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; Schmidt, Steig and Michael E. Mann back up Gore's data.",0
"Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.",The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30–95 years.,1
Clouds provide negative feedback.,"A basic and common example of a negative feedback system in the environment is the interaction among cloud cover, plant growth, solar radiation, and planet temperature.",0
"Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level","Dielectric heating, also known as electronic heating, radio frequency heating, and high-frequency heating, is the process in which a radio frequency (RF) alternating electric field, or radio wave or microwave electromagnetic radiation heats a dielectric material.",0
"The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.","Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: ""The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.",0
Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.,"United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to ""the ocean waters and this environment that we live in"".",0
[CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.,"Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).",1
There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.,"Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.",1
The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.,"Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.",1
The ­atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years,"There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.",1
The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.,"A 2012 analysis of published research on global warming and climate change between 1991 and 2012 found that of the 13,950 articles in peer-reviewed journals, only 24 rejected anthropogenic global warming.",1
"During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.","The rate of rise started to slow down about 8,200 years before present; the sea level was almost constant in the last 2,500 years, before the recent rising trend that started at the end of the 19th century or in the beginning of the 20th.",1
"The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.","Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.",0
"For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.","In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.",0
"In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.",Total solar irradiance (TSI) – the amount of solar radiation received at the top of Earth's atmosphere – has been measured since 1978 by a series of overlapping NASA and ESA satellite experiments to be 1.365 kilo⁠watts per square meter (kW/m²).,1
[CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.,"Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air.",1
Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.,"""Massive peat burn is speeding climate change"".",1
Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.,"The gradual intensification of this ice age over the last 3 million years has been associated with declining concentrations of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, though it remains unclear if this change is sufficiently large to have caused the changes in temperatures.",0
"For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.","A CSP plant can incorporate thermal energy storage, which stores energy either in the form of sensible heat, or as latent heat (for example, using molten salt), which enables these plants to continue to generate electricity whenever it is needed, day or night.",0
"""The IPCC also made false predictions on the Amazon rain forests, referenced to a non peer-reviewed paper produced by an advocacy group working with the WWF.","The source cited in the report for this claim is a non-peer reviewed policy paper published by International Institute for Sustainable Development, a Canadian think tank.",0
Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.,"For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.",1
"‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.",The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.,1
[CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.,"Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.",0
The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.,"It is present in very low concentrations throughout the latter, with its highest concentration high in the ozone layer of the stratosphere, which absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation.",0
"""[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.","Recurring droughts leading to desertification in East Africa have created grave ecological catastrophes, prompting food shortages in 1984–85, 2006 and 2011.",1
"""[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.","Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.",0
Lindzen and Choi find low climate sensitivity,Lindzen has given estimates of the Earth's climate sensitivity to be 0.5 °C based on ERBE data.,0
Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...,"Concentrated solar power plants may use thermal storage to store solar energy, such as in high-temperature molten salts.",1
"During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.","He disputes the scientific understanding of climate change, arguing that human activity does not play a major role in global warming and that proposals to address climate change would be ineffective and economically harmful.",0
"During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.","Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.",1
"Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level","In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",1
"Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.","The long term cooling in the lower stratosphere occurred in two downward steps in temperature both after the transient warming related to explosive volcanic eruptions of El Chichón and Mount Pinatubo, this behavior of the global stratospheric temperature has been attributed to global ozone concentration variation in the two years following volcanic eruptions.",1
Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.,"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",1
"And in January, one out of five British children told pollsters they were having nightmares about climate change.","In 2007, the American Academy of Pediatrics issued the policy statement Global Climate Change and Children's Health: Anticipated direct health consequences of climate change include injury and death from extreme weather events and natural disasters, increases in climate-sensitive infectious diseases, increases in air pollution–related illness, and more heat-related, potentially fatal, illness.",0
Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.,"But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive.",1
"For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.","During a senate meeting on June 23, 1988, Hansen reported that he was ninety-nine percent certain the earth was warmer then than it had ever been measured to be, there was a clear cause and effect relationship with the greenhouse effect and lastly that due to global warming, the likelihood of freak weather was steadily increasing.",1
Measurements of carbon isotopes and falling oxygen in the atmosphere show that rising carbon dioxide is due to the burning of fossil fuels and cannot be coming from the ocean.,"The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.",1
"The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.","In accordance with the IPCC and other natural gas emissions control groups, measurements had to be taken throughout the pipeline to measure methane emissions from technological discharges and leaks at the pipeline fittings and vents.",0
Clouds provide negative feedback.,"(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.",1
"Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”","Texas Rep. Joe Barton supposedly once said that 'wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.",1
Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change,"Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.",1
Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.,"In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.",0
"If the same eruptions had happened near the more recent end of the dataset, they could have pushed the overall trend into negative numbers, or a long-term cooling,’ Christy said.”","Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.",1
The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.,"The ozone layer blocks ultraviolet solar radiation, permitting life on land.",1
"‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017.",Most recently in Summer 2018 and with much drier than average conditions prevailing from May to December.,0
"Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”","Climate change, through rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and changing sea levels, will affect the nature of hydrometeorological disasters, such as droughts, floods, and cyclones.",0
"Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.","The rate of rise started to slow down about 8,200 years before present; the sea level was almost constant in the last 2,500 years, before the recent rising trend that started at the end of the 19th century or in the beginning of the 20th.",0
"Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.",It is one of the ways countries can meet their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce carbon emissions and thereby mitigate global warming.,1
"Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.",This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.,0
"Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).","Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; Schmidt, Steig and Michael E. Mann back up Gore's data.",1
"For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.","In the absence of substantial federal action, state governments have adopted emissions-control laws such as the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative in the Northeast and the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 in California.",1
"Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.","In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.",1
Measurements of carbon isotopes and falling oxygen in the atmosphere show that rising carbon dioxide is due to the burning of fossil fuels and cannot be coming from the ocean.,"Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.",0
There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).,"The ACRIM2 instrument on the UARS satellite measured the total solar irradiance (TSI), the total solar radiant energy reaching Earth, continuing the climate change database begun in 1980 by the ACRIM1 experiment on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM).",0
"""Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.","In January 2015, the Republican-led U.S. Senate voted 98–1 to pass a resolution acknowledging that ""climate change is real and is not a hoax""; however, an amendment stating that ""human activity significantly contributes to climate change"" was supported by only five Republican senators.",1
"Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.","Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air.",1
"Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”","There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.",0
"At that time, Hansen also produced a model of the future behavior of the globe’s temperature, which he had turned into a video movie that was heavily shopped in Congress.",...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.,0
"Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).",The dominant cause of the warming since the 1950s is human activities.,0
"While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.","""Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5°C Paris Target - UN Report"".",0
Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change,Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.,0
"During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.","In a speech in April 2012, Kasich acknowledged that climate change is real and is a problem.",0
There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).,"As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.",1
"Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.",The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.,0
Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.,"Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.",0
"Earth’s climate is now changing faster than at any point in the history of modern civilization, primarily as a result of human activities.",Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.,0
Man-made greenhouse gases play only an insignificant role.”,"In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.",1
"During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.","From 2008 to 2017, the Republican Party went from ""debating how to combat human-caused climate change to arguing that it does not exist"", according to The New York Times.",0
The ­atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years,The breakdown of ozone in the stratosphere results in reduced absorption of ultraviolet radiation.,1
"Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.","This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.",0
Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.,"During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.",1
"Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.","The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.",1
"The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.","But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive.",1
"The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.","By 1929, the Great Depression arrived, causing political chaos throughout the world.",1
Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.,"(BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.",0
"On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.","Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that ""globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean"" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have ""increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).""",0
"Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.","David Wallace-Wells, ""The Uninhabitable Earth: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think,"" New York Magazine, July 9, 2017.",0
"On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.","In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.",1
By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers,The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year.,1
"""Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.","Although the concentration of the ozone in the ozone layer is very small, it is vitally important to life because it absorbs biologically harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation coming from the sun.",1
"Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level","Water, fat, and other substances in the food absorb energy from the microwaves in a process called dielectric heating.",0
The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations.,"For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.",0
"But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.","A basic and common example of a negative feedback system in the environment is the interaction among cloud cover, plant growth, solar radiation, and planet temperature.",1
The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.,"The rate of rise started to slow down about 8,200 years before present; the sea level was almost constant in the last 2,500 years, before the recent rising trend that started at the end of the 19th century or in the beginning of the 20th.",1
"Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level","Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.",1
"On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.","It is present in very low concentrations throughout the latter, with its highest concentration high in the ozone layer of the stratosphere, which absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation.",1
The ­atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years,The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30–95 years.,0
Climate change need not endanger anyone”,"Given the potential threat to marine ecosystems and its ensuing impact on human society and economy, especially as it acts in conjunction with anthropogenic global warming, there is an urgent need for immediate action.""",0
"For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.",Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).,0
"During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.","The next most common gases are carbon dioxide (0.04%), nitrous oxide, methane, and ozone.",1
"The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.","Although the majority of the natural gas leaks were carbon dioxide, a significant amount of methane was also being consistently released from the pipeline as a result of leaks and breakdowns.",0
Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...,"Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.",1
Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...,"A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling.",1
"To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.","Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet's average albedo, possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism.",0
Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...,"According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.",0
"Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).","Over the last three decades of the twentieth century, gross domestic product per capita and population growth were the main drivers of increases in greenhouse gas emissions.",0
"For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.",CSP with thermal storage systems are also available using Brayton cycle with air instead of steam for generating electricity and/or steam round the clock.,0
"""[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.","The presence of N2, CH4, and H2 in the atmosphere contribute to a greenhouse effect, increasing the surface temperature by 21K over the expected temperature of the body with no atmosphere.",0
Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.,Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.,0
Scientists retracted claim that sea levels are rising.,"The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).",1
Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change,"""Climate change could impact the poor much more than previously thought"".",1
"Societies do fall apart from war, disease or chaos.","By 1929, the Great Depression arrived, causing political chaos throughout the world.",0
‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.,"Carbon capture and storage (CCS) (or carbon capture and sequestration or carbon control and sequestration) is the process of capturing waste carbon dioxide (CO 2) usually from large point sources, such as a cement factory or biomass power plant, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere, normally an underground geological formation.",0
The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.,"The ozone layer blocks ultraviolet solar radiation, permitting life on land.",0
"""[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.","The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.",1
"Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.","In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.",0