{"question_id": 21, "category": "longbench_2wikimqa", "reference": ["November 3, 1867"], "prompt": "Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nThe following are given passages.\nPassage 1:\nDomitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos\nDomitila (or Domitília) de Castro do Canto e Melo (27 December 1797 — 3 November 1867), 1st Viscountess with designation as a Grandee, then 1st Marchioness of Santos, was a Brazilian noblewoman and the long-term mistress and favorite of Emperor Pedro I.\n\nLife\nBirth and family\nDaughter of João de Castro do Canto e Melo, 1st Viscount of Castro and Escolástica Bonifácia de Oliveira e Toledo Ribas, Domitila belonged to a traditional São Paulo noble family: she was the granddaughter of Colonel Carlos José Ribas, great-grandfather of Simão de Toledo Piza, patriarch of this family in São Paulo. Born on 27 December 1797, she was baptized three months later, on 7 March 1798 in the Church of Nossa Senhora da Assunção (Sé) in São Paulo. According to her baptismal record, her godfather was Ensign José Duarte e Câmara.\nThe Brigadier João de Castro Canto e Melo was born in the Terceira Island in the Azores, and died in Rio de Janeiro in 1826. He was the son of João Batista do Canto e Melo and Isabel Ricketts, and descended from Pero Anes do Canto, from Terceira Island. He passed to Portugal, setting up a cadet square at the age of 15 on 1 January 1768, named Standard-Bearer on 17 October 1773. He was 21 when, in 1774, he went to Rio de Janeiro and months later to São Paulo. He was transferred to the Santos Infantry line Regiment, promoted to Ensign in 1775 and to Lieutenant in the same year, to Adjudant in 1778; he was Captain in 1798, Major in the same year, and in 1815 Lieutenant Colonel. Later, after his daughter's love with the emperor, he was made Gentleman of the Imperial Chamber and still received the noble title of Viscount of Castro on 12 October 1825.Domitila's full siblings were:\nJoão de Castro do Canto e Melo (March 1786 – 11 September 1853), 2nd Viscount of Castro, Field Marshal and Gentleman of the Imperial Chamber; married with Inocência Laura Vieira de Azambuja, with whom he had issue.\nJosé de Castro do Canto e Melo (baptized 17 October 1787 – died ca. 1842), Brigadier of the Brazilian Army. Soldier at the age of five on 1 July 1792, Standard-Bearer in 1801, Ensign in 1807, Lieutenant in 1815, Commander of the Cavalry Squad of the Legion of São Paulo and in the Battle of Itupuraí, in the 1816 campaign. Captain in 1818, Sergeant Major of the 2nd Line Cavalry Regiment of Vila de Curitiba, then São Paulo Province, in 1824. Colonel of the Army Staff in 1827. He was licensed due to health reasons in 1829. Brigadier retired from the Army. Gentleman of the Imperial Chamber, dismissed in 1842. Knight of the Military Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz in 1824 and was promoted to Commander in the same order in 1827. Officer of the Order of the Southern Cross in 1827; married with his niece Francisca Pinto Coelho de Mendonça e Castro, with whom he had issue.\nMaria de Castro do Canto e Melo (baptized February 1790; died in infancy).\nPedro de Castro do Canto e Melo (baptized 26 May 1791; died in infancy).\nMaria Benedita de Castro do Canto e Melo (18 December 1792 – 5 March 1857), married to Boaventura Delfim Pereira, Baron of Sorocaba, with whom she had issue; her second son Rodrigo Delfim Pereira, although recognized by her husband, was in fact an illegitimate son of Emperor Pedro I, her sister's lover.\nAna Cândida de Castro do Canto e Melo (January 1795 – 27 May 1834), married to Carlos Maria de Oliva, Veador of the Imperial Chamber and Colonel of the Army, with whom she had issue.\nFortunata de Castro do Canto e Melo (baptized 12 January 1797; died in infancy).\nFrancisco de Castro do Canto e Melo (5 April 1799 – 21 June 1869), Gentleman of the Imperial Chamber, Major retired of the Army; married firstly with Francisca Leite Penteado and secondly with Lina Pereira de Castro. He had issue from his second marriage.\nJeronimo de Castro do Canto e Melo (baptized 13 September 1803; died in infancy).In addition, Domitila had an older illegitimate half-sister, Maria Eufrásia de Castro, born from her father's earlier relationship (in fact, betrothal later terminated) with Teresa Braseiro.\n\nFirst Marriage\nOn 13 January 1813, Domitila, at the age of fifteen, married an officer from the second squad of the Corps of Dragons in the city of Vila Rica (now Ouro Preto), Ensign Felício Pinto Coelho de Mendonça (26 February 1790 – 5 November 1833), cited by several historians as a violent man, who beat and raped her, and from whom she divorced on 21 May 1824.After the wedding in São Paulo, Felício and Domitila left for Vila Rica. Three children were born from the marriage:\n\nDue to her husband's mistreatment, Domitila obtained permission from his family in São Paulo to return to her father's home with her children. He arrived back in São Paulo at the end of 1816. Felício managed to transfer his post in the army from Vila Rica to Santos and settled in São Paulo, trying to reconcile with his wife and in 1818 they returned to live together. However, given his drinking and gambling problems, it did not take long for Felício to return with his old behavior, and began the beatings and death threats to his wife. On the morning of 6 March 1819, Felício surprised Domitila next to the Santa Luiza fountain and stabbed her twice, one stab caught in the thigh and the other in the belly. Felício was arrested and taken to Santos, next to his barracks, from where he left for Rio de Janeiro. Domitila spent two months between life and death. When she recovered from her injuries, she had to fight legally against her father-in-law, who wanted to take the couple's children to educate them in the Captaincy of Minas Gerais. Domitila asked for Felício's legal separation but only obtained it five years later, when she was already the Emperor's mistress. Domitila's detractors would accuse her after being assaulted because she betrayed Felício, when in reality, through documentation and witnesses in the divorce process, he had tried to kill her to sell the land that both, with the death of his mother, had jointly inherited in Minas Gerais.\n\nImperial Mistress\nDomitila met Dom Pedro de Alcântara, Prince-Regent of Brazil days before the Proclamation of the Independence on 29 August 1822. The Prince-Regent was returning from a visit to Santos when he received, on the banks of the Ipiranga Brook, in São Paulo, two missives (one from his wife, Princess Maria Leopoldina of Austria and another from José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva) that informed him about the decisions of the Portuguese Courts, in which Dom Pedro stopped being Prince-Regent and received orders to return to the continent. Outraged by this \"interference with his acts as ruler\", and influenced by whose defended the break with the metropolis, especially by José Bonifácio de Andrada, he decided to separate the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves.\n\nDomitila was not the only lover of Dom Pedro, but she was the most important and the one with whom he had the longest relationship. Before his marriage, the Prince-Regent had been involved with a French ballerina, named Noémi Thierry, with whom he had a son. During his relationship with Domitila he had other parallel ones, such as Adèle Bonpland (wife of French naturalist Aimé Bonpland) and the dressmaker Clemence Saisset (whose husband had a store on Rua do Ouvidor), with whom he had a son. In addition to these liaisons, Domitila's own sister, Maria Benedita de Castro do Canto e Melo, Baroness of Sorocaba, also had a son with Dom Pedro.\nIn 1823, the now Emperor Pedro I installed Domitila at the Barão de Ubá street (today the Estácio neighborhood) which was her first residence in Rio de Janeiro. One year later, and thanks to the support of her lover, Domitila was able to have her first marriage nullified. In 1826, she received as a gift the \"Casa Amarela\", as her mansion became known, at number 293 of the current Avenida D. Pedro II, near Quinta da Boa Vista, in São Cristóvão (where the Museum of the First Reign now operates). The Emperor bought the house from Dr. Teodoro Ferreira de Aguiar and ordered a renovation in a neoclassical style to the architect Pierre Joseph Pézerat. The internal mural paintings are the work of Francisco Pedro do Amaral, while the internal and external bas-reliefs by Zéphyrin Ferrez.Domitila was being elevated by her lover little by little. In 1824 she was created Baroness of Santos; on 4 April 1825 she was appointed Lady-in-waiting of Empress Maria Leopoldina, on 12 October of the same year was created Viscountess of Santos with designation as a Grandee and, on 12 October 1826 she was finally created Marchioness of Santos. Besides all this titles, on 4 April 1827 the Emperor invested his mistress with the Order of Saint Isabel, who was solely granted \"to women of irreproachable conduct\". Although Domitila was not born in that city, the Emperor, in an attempt to attack de Andrada brothers, born in Santos, would have given the titles to his mistress. José Bonifácio de Andrada, upon learning of this fact in his exile in France, wrote to his friend Counselor Drummond: \"Who would dream that the michela (prostitute) Domitila would be Viscountess of the homeland of the Andradas! What a brazen insult!\". Domitila's family also received several imperial benefits: Her father became Viscount of Castro, her brother Francisco became the Emperor's Field Assistant and the rest of her siblings received Hidalgo precedence. Domitila's brother-in-law, Boaventura Delfim Pereira (husband of Maria Benedita), was made Baron of Sorocaba.\nFrom her relationship with Emperor Pedro I, Domitila had five children:\n\nEmpress Maria Leopoldina died in 1826 due to complications caused by a miscarriage, amidst rumours who blame Domitila of the illness and death of the beloved Empress. The Marchioness of Santos' popularity, which was no longer the best, worsened, with her house in São Cristóvão being stoned and her brother-in-law, a butler of the Empress, received two shots. Her right to preside over medical appointments of the Empress, as her lady-in-waiting, was denied, and ministers and officials of the palace suggested that she should not continue to attend court.\n\n  \nEmperor Pedro I ended his relationship with Domitila in 1829 due to his second marriage with Amélie of Leuchtenberg. Already since 1827 he had been looking for a noble blood bride but the sufferings caused to his late wife by him and the scandalous link with the Marchioness of Santos were seen with horror by European courts and several princesses refused to marry the Emperor.\nThe Austrian ambassador to Rio de Janeiro, Baron Wenzel Philipp von Mareschal, wrote to Vienna about the future marriage of the Emperor and the banishment of the mistress: \"Emperor D. Pedro was eventually convinced that the presence of the Lady of Santos would always be inopportune and that a simple change of residence would not satisfy anyone; he insisted on the sale of her properties, the which I heard was already provided and on her departure to São Paulo in eight or ten days\".\nThe Emperor bought the properties of the Marchioness of Santos in Rio de Janeiro for 240 contos (240 insurance policy of the Public Debt from the Amortization Box, of 1 contos de réis), returning to Domitila \"in banknotes of São Paulo\" of the amount of 14 contos de réis, two contos for the Amortization Box with which she had presented it, an allowance of 1 conto de réis per month put at your order, \"at par or in banknotes\". Regarding the residence bought from the former mistress, Mareschal says: \"It will serve the young Queen and her court\". It was Dona Maria da Glória, future Queen Maria II of Portugal; that is why it would later be known as the Queen's Palace, as effectively Dona Maria da Glória settled there, albeit for a short period. Later was bought by the Viscount of Mauá and around 1900 the residence was acquired by the doctor Abel Parente, the protagonist of one of the biggest scandals in Rio de Janeiro, in 1910. It became the Museum of the First Reign in the late 1980s until 2011 when it was deactivated and the restoration and adaptation of the space began to receive the Fashion Museum - Casa da Marquesa de Santos.\n\nSecond Marriage\nSince 1833 Domitila began to cohabitated with the Brigadier Rafael Tobias de Aguiar (4 October 1794 – 7 October1857), with whom she officially married in the city of Sorocaba on 14 June 1842. Rafael Tobias de Aguiar was not only a politician but a wealthy Sorocaban farmer: the base of his fortune was the trade in mules, but in time he ended up diversifying his business with sugar farms, cattle and horse breeding. The Tobian coat was created by him. Nicknamed the \"Reizinho de São Paulo\" (Little King of São Paulo) thanks to his fortune, he held the position of President of the Province of São Paulo for two terms and was elected Provincial Deputy for São Paulo. He ran twice for the position of Senator of the Empire, but his name was never chosen by Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. In 1842, as one of the main leaders of the Liberal Revolution, after his marriage to the Marchioness of Santos and the eminent invasion of Sorocaba by the troops of Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, fled to the south where he was captured. Taken to Rio de Janeiro, he was incarcerated in the Fortress of Laje, located on a rock in the middle of Guanabara Bay. Domitila, on hearing of his arrest, arrived to the Imperial court where, by means of a representant, she pleaded to the Emperor that she could live with her husband in the Fortress of Laje to take care of his health, which was granted.\nIn 1844, Rafael Tobias de Aguiar was given an amnesty and the couple returned to São Paulo, where they were received with a great party. Rafael Tobias de Aguiar died on board the Vapor Piratininga on 7 October 1857 when on his way to Rio de Janeiro in search of medical help. He was accompanied by his wife and one of the couple's children. Domitila's relationship with Rafael Tobias de Aguiar was the longest one of hers, lasting 24 years, during which the couple had six children, of which 4 managed to reach adulthood:\n\nThe Solar da Marquesa de Santos\nOn her return to São Paulo after the end of her relationship with Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, Domitila acquired in 1834 a vast mansion on the old Rua do Carmo, currently Rua Roberto Simonsen in the city center. The first owner of the property was Brigadier José Pinto de Morais Leme according to documentation from 1802. Previously, on the site, there were two houses that were renovated and gave rise to a single building. Domitila was the owner of these house from 1834 until her death in 1867.\nThe property became the center of São Paulo society, animated by masquerade balls and literary evening parties given by the Marchioness of Santos. In 1880, the house was put up for auction and was acquired by the local Diocese, who transformed the Manor into the Episcopal Palace. The House today belongs to the City Hall of São Paulo, which has the Museum of the City installed there. Its historical importance is great not only because his link to Domitila but because the property is the only urban remnant built using the technique known as rammed earth still existing in the historic center of the city.\n\nLater years and death\nAfter being widowed, the Marchioness of Santos became devout and charitable, seeking to help the helpless, protecting the miserable and hungry, caring for the sick and students of the Faculdade de Direito do Largo de São Francisco, in the center of the city of São Paulo.\nDomitila de Castro do Canto e Melo, Marchioness of Santos died of enterocolitis in her residence in the Rua do Carmo, now Roberto Simonsen, near the Pátio do Colégio, on 3 November 1867 aged 69. She was buried in the Cemitério da Consolação, whose original chapel was built with a donation made by Domitila by the amount of 2 contos de réis.Despite information circulating that the cemetery's land was donated by the Marchioness of Santos, this version is incorrect. In fact, the cemetery was built, partly on land in the public domain and partly on land acquired from Marciano Pires de Oliveira for 200, 000 réis, which donated another part. After the inauguration, the area was enlarged with land expropriated by councilor Ramalho and Joaquim Floriano Wanderley.\nHer grave in the Cemitério da Consolação, as well the two other plots she bought adjoining her gravesite —where her younger brother Francisco de Castro do Canto e Melo, her son Felício Pinto Coelho de Mendonça e Castro, and, after a recent discovery, her daughter the Countess of Iguaçu, were also buried—, were all recovered in the 1980s by the Italian accordionist Mario Zan, one of Domitila's most famous and fervent admirers; he took care of the deposit for the maintenance of the gravesites for years and when he died in 2006 he was buried in a tomb in front of the Marchioness. Even after his death, Mario Zan continues, in a way, to pay for the maintenance of Domitila's gravesite, because according to his will, the copyrights of his music were destined to this purpose.\nDomitila's grave always receives fresh flowers from people who continue to consider her a popular saint. Among the legends is that she protects the prostitutes of the city and, due to having achieved a good marriage and restructuring worthily after her scandalous relationship with Emperor Pedro I of Brazil, she became an inspiration for girls who wanted to marry well. In her grave headstone there are plaques from devotees thanking her for some grace.\n\nAncestry\nRepresentations in culture\nMovies\nIn the silent film O Grito do Ipiranga (1917), Domitila was portrayed by Luíza Lambertini.\nIn the Argentine film Embrujo (1941), with direction and argumentation by Enrique Susini.\nIn the film Independência ou Morte (1972), Domitila was portrayed by Glória Menezes.\n\nTheater\nIn Viriato Correia's play A Marquesa de Santos (1938), the Marchioness of Santos was portrayed by Dulcina de Moraes.\nAt the revue No Paço da Marquesa (1950), with the Vedette Virgínia Lane in the role of Domitila.\nIn the play O Imperador Galante (1954), written by Raimundo Magalhães Júnior, with Domitila being again portrayed by Dulcina de Moraes.\nIn the play Um grito de liberdade (1972), by Sérgio Viotti, with actress Nize Silva in the role of Domitila.\nIn the play Pedro e Domitila (1984), written by Ênio Gonçalves, Domitila was portrayed by Taya Perez.\nIn the monologue Marquesa de Santos: verso & reverso (2019), written by Paulo Rezzutti, Domitila was portrayed by Beth Araújo.\n\nRadio\nDramatization of A Marquesa de Santos, by writer Paulo Setúbal by Rádio Nacional Rio de Janeiro, in 1946.\nD. Pedro e a Marquesa de Santos, written by broadcaster Cassiano Gabus Mendes, was aired by Rádio Record, São Paulo, on 7 September 1950.\n\nTelevision\nIn the televised play A Marquesa de Santos, aired on 12 February 12, 1962 on the program Teatro Nove, on TV Excelsior, Channel 9, São Paulo, the role of the Marchioness was portrayed by Cleyde Yáconis.\nIn the soap opera Helena (1987), the Marchioness was portrayed by Norma Suely.\nIn the mini-series Marquesa de Santos (1984) on Rede Manchete, the Marchioness was portrayed by Maitê Proença.\nIn the miniseries Entre o Amor e a Espada (2001), by TVE Brasil, the Marchioness was portrayed by Rejane Santos.\nIn the Rede Globo miniseries O Quinto dos Infernos (2002), the role of the Marchioness was portrayed by Luana Piovani.\nIn Rede Globo's soap opera Novo Mundo (2017), the role of the Marchioness was portrayed by Agatha Moreira.\n\nOpera\nMarquesa de Santos (1948), composed by João Batista de Siqueira. Opera piece in three acts with libretto by Joaquim Ribeiro.\nChalaça (1973), by conductor Francisco Mignone.\nDomitila (2000), with music and libretto by Rio de Janeiro composer João Guilherme Ripper, inspired by the love letters exchanged between Dom Pedro I and Domitila. The soprano Maíra Lauter portrayed Domitila.\n\nRock\nThe album \"Caso Real\" (2015) by the rock band Lítera that was inspired by the love affair between the Emperor Pedro I of Brazil and the Marquesa de Santos, through the book \"Titília e o Demonão – Cartas Inéditas de Dom Pedro I à Marquesa de Santos\", by the writer Paulo Rezzutti.\n\nSambas plots\nOs amores célebres do Brasil (1966), from Acadêmicos do Salgueiro.\nA Favorita do Imperador (1964), from Imperatriz Leopoldinense.\nA flecha do cupido me pegou (1981), from Caprichosos de Pilares.\nMulheres que Brilham – a força feminina no progresso social e cultural do país (2012), from Vai-Vai.\nPaixões proibidas e outros amores (2014), from Nenê de Vila Matilde.\n\nNotes\nPassage 2:\nMaria Isabel de Alcântara, Countess of Iguaçu\nMaria Isabel de Alcântara Bourbon (28 February 1830 – 5 September 1896) was the third daughter (fifth child) of emperor Pedro I of Brazil and his mistress, Domitila de Castro, Marchioness of Santos.\nMaria Isabel received the same name as her second sister, the Duchess of Ceará, who died in 1828 at only two months old. She was never given any titles by her father due to his marriage to Amélie of Leuchtenberg. Still, Pedro I acknowledged her as his daughter in his will but gave her no share of his state, except asking for his widow to aid in her education and upbringing. He had wished that she be given a good European education like her oldest sister, the Duchess of Goiás. However, the Marchioness declined to send the girl to Europe.On 2 September 1848, at the age of eighteen, Maria Isabel married Pedro Caldeira Brant, the Count of Iguaçu, son of Felisberto Caldeira Brant, Marquis of Barbacena. At their wedding, Maria Isabel became the second Countess of Iguaçu. The couple had seven children: \n\nIsabel dos Santos\nLuís de Alcantâra Caldeira Brant, married Maria Luísa Pereira de Brito\nPedro de Alcântara Caldeira Brant\nDeulinda dos Santos, married Claudiano dos Santos\nMaria Teresa Caldeira Brant, married Charles Collins\nIsabel Maria dos Santos, married Antônio Dias Paes Leme\nJosé Severiano de AlcântaraShe died on 5 September 1896, at sixty-six years of age, in São Paulo.\nPassage 3:\nMaria Isabel Barreno\nMaria Isabel Barreno de Faria Martins GOIH (10 July 1939 – 3 September 2016) was a Portuguese writer, essayist, journalist and sculptor. She was one of the authors of the book Novas Cartas Portugesas (New Portuguese Letters), together with Maria Teresa Horta and Maria Velho da Costa. The authors, known as the \"Three Marias,\" were arrested, jailed and prosecuted under Portuguese censorship laws in 1972, during the last years of the Estado Novo dictatorship. The book and their trial inspired protests in Portugal and attracted international attention from European and American women's liberation groups in the years leading up to the Carnation Revolution.\n\nBiography\nBorn in Lisbon in the freguesia of Socorro, her parents moved to Areeiro, where she spent her childhood and adolescence. She studied College of Letters at the Universidade de Lisboa, where she graduated in Historico-Philosophical Sciences.\nAfter graduation, she took a job working for the Instituto de Investigação Industrial. She dedicated herself to the cause of feminism, taking part in the Portuguese feminist movement together with the writers Maria Teresa Horta and Maria Velho da Costa, the \"Three Marias\" (Três Marias).\nOn 8 March  2004, she was made a Grand Official in the Ordem do Infante D. Henrique.Barreno died on 3 September 2016 at the age of 77.\nThe sketch shown here is not a portrait of Barreno but of Maria Fatima Velho da Costa. A 1975 photo of the Three Marias published in The Economist shows Isabel Barreno on the right. \nA late-life photo of her appears with her obituary on a Portuguese government site, cig.gov.pt.\n\nWorks\nAdaptação do Trabalhador de Origem Rural ao Meio Industrial Urbano (1966)\nA Condição da Mulher Portuguesa (1968) (collaboration)\nDe Noite as Árvores São Negras (1968)\nOs Outros Legítimos Superiores (1970)\nNovas Cartas Portuguesas (1971) (co-authored with Maria Teresa Horta and Maria Velho da Costa)\nA Morte da Mãe (1972)\nA Imagem da Mulher na Imprensa (1976)\nInventário de Ana (1982)\nContos Analógicos (1983)\nSinos do Universo (1984)\nContos (1985)\nCélia e Celina (1985)\nO Outro Desbotado (1986)\nO Falso Neutro (1989)\nO Direito ao Presente (1990)\nCrónica do Tempo (1991) – winner of the Fernando Namora Prize\nO enviado (1991)\nO Chão Salgado (1992)\nOs Sensos Incomuns (1993) – winner of the Prémio P.E.N. Clube Português de Ficção, and the Grande Prémio de Conto Camilo Castelo Branco\nO Senhor das Ilhas (1994)\nAs Vésperas Esquecidas (1999)\nPassage 4:\nMaria Isabel of Braganza\nMaria Isabel of Braganza (Maria Isabel Francisca de Assis Antónia Carlota Joana Josefa Xavier de Paula Micaela Rafaela Isabel Gonzaga; 19 May 1797 – 26 December 1818) was a Portuguese infanta who became Queen of Spain as the second wife of King Ferdinand VII.\n\nEarly years\nMaria Isabel, born Maria Isabel Francisca de Assis Antónia Carlota Joana Josefa Xavier de Paula Micaela Rafaela Isabel Gonzaga, was born to John VI of Portugal and Carlota Joaquina of Spain on 19 May 1797. She was born as their third child and second daughter. The marriage between her father and mother was unhappy, Carlota Joaquina attempting to have King John VI deemed insane.In 1807 Napoleon invaded Portugal, and the royal family unwillingly fled to Brazil. Maria Isabel’s mother Carlota sent her eldest surviving son, Pedro, to join his father and grandmother onboard the ship Principe Real whilst Carlota and the rest of her children would board the Affonso d’Albuquerque.Upon their arrival, Carlota and her children were forced to shave their heads and wear white muslin hats.\n\nUpbringing\nMaria Isabel and her siblings were carefully educated by her mother liberally. Maria Isabel was noted to be kind, balanced and shy, and was much like her father within her personality.\n\nMarriage\nOn 20 March 1816, Queen Maria I of Portugal perished. Due to this, Maria Isabel’s father John became the King of Portugal and Brazil. On 22 February 1816 marriage contracts between Ferdinand VII of Spain and Maria Isabel were officially signed; they would soon marry 29 September 1816. Ferdinand was 32 years old and Maria Isabel was 19.\nTowards the end 1816 Maria Isabel and Ferdinand were married, and then settled in Madrid. There, Maria Isabel was then quickly pregnant. Maria Isabel gave birth to a daughter, who they named María Luisa Isabel, on 21 August 1817. María Luisa Isabel died four-five months later.\n\nDeath\nMaria Isabel was pregnant soon after the birth of María Luisa Isabel, but the birth was indeed a difficult one: the baby was in breech and the physicians soon found that the child had died. Maria Isabel stopped breathing soon thereafter and the doctors thought she was dead. \nMaria Isabel’s sister protested against the doctors' thoughts on presuming her dead. The king, however, ordered a fatal caesarean. When they started cutting her stomach to extract the dead fetus, she suddenly shouted in pain and collapsed on her bed, bleeding heavily. She died soon afterwards on 26 December 1818 in the Palace of Aranjuez, and was buried at the Escorial — the royal site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial.\n\nLegacy\nQueen Maria Isabel's dedication and affection for art led her to gather many treasures from the past and create a royal museum, which would end up being the beginnings of Museo del Prado. It opened on 19 November 1819, a year after the queen's death.\n\nIssue\nAncestors\nHonours and arms\nDame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa\nDame of the Order of Saint Isabel\n\nSee also\nNapoleonic Wars\nPassage 5:\nEtan Boritzer\nEtan Boritzer (born 1950) is an American writer of children’s literature who is best known for his book What is God? first published in 1989. His best selling What is? illustrated children's book series on character education and difficult subjects for children is a popular teaching guide for parents, teachers and child-life professionals.Boritzer gained national critical acclaim after What is God? was published in 1989 although the book has caused controversy from religious fundamentalists for its universalist views. The other current books in the What is? series include: What is Love?, What is Death?, What is Beautiful?, What is Funny?, What is Right?, What is Peace?, What is Money?, What is Dreaming?, What is a Friend?, What is True?, What is a Family?, and What is a Feeling? The series is now also translated into 15 languages.\nBoritzer was first published in 1963 at the age of 13 when he wrote an essay in his English class at Wade Junior High School in the Bronx, New York on the assassination of John F. Kennedy. His essay was included in a special anthology by New York City public school children compiled and published by the New York City Department of Education.\nBoritzer now lives in Venice, California and maintains his publishing office there also. He has helped numerous other authors to get published through How to Get Your Book Published! programs. Boritzer is also a yoga teacher who teaches regular classes locally and guest-teaches nationally. He is also recognized nationally as an erudite speaker on The Teachings of the Buddha.\nPassage 6:\nAnne Yelverton\nAnne Yelverton (1628–1698) was Countess of Manchester and Countess of Halifax.\n\nBiography\nAnne Yelverton was born in 1628. She was the daughter of Sir Christopher Yelverton, 1st Baronet, and Anne Twysden. She married Robert Montagu, 3rd Earl of Manchester, son of Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester, and Lady Anne Rich, on 27 June 1655. They had five sons and four daughters:\nHon. Edward Montagu\nHon. Henry Montagu\nLady Anne Montagu (c. 1667–1720), married James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk.\nCharles Montagu, 1st Duke of Manchester (c. 1656–1722)\nLady Elizabeth Montagu (c. 1682)\nLady Catherine Montagu, married Samuel Edwin\nHon. Robert Montagu (d. 1693)\nHon. Heneage Montagu (1675–1698)\nLady Eleanor Montague,   (1647-1695) Married to Anthony Haggard (1646-1755) Marriage about 1682 Berkshire, England, United Kingdom.Her first husband, Robert Montagu, died in 1683. Her second marriage was to Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, son of Hon. George Montagu (the half-brother of Robert Montagu's father, Edward) and Elizabeth Irby, circa 12 May 1688. This marriage was childless, and the Halifax title passed to Charles Montagu's nephew, George Montagu, by special remainder, on the former's death in 1715. Anne Yelverton died on 21 July 1698.\nPassage 7:\nTheodred II (Bishop of Elmham)\nTheodred II was a medieval Bishop of Elmham.\nThe date of Theodred's consecration unknown, but the date of his death was sometime between 995 and 997.\nPassage 8:\nMaria Isabel Guerra\nMaria Isabel Guerra (born 8 July 1955) is a Brazilian former butterfly and medley swimmer. She competed in three events at the 1972 Summer Olympics. She was a soccer player, rocked soccer skillzz.\nPassage 9:\nMaribel Martín\nMaría Isabel Martín Martínez (1 November 1954 in Madrid, Spain), better known as Maribel Martín, is a Spanish actress.\n\nCareer\nShe made her acting debut at age seven in the film Tres de la Cruz Roja (1961),a film directed by Fernando Palacios. She had a career as a child actress in films like: La gran familia (1962), by Fernando Palacios and El Camino (1963) directed by Ana Mariscal.\nAt the end of the 1960s, she took more important roles in films like: The House That Screamed (1969) by Narciso Ibáñez Serrador and La Cera Virgen (1971) directed by Jose Maria Forque. She had her first starring role in The Blood Spattered Bride under the direction of Vicente Aranda. During the 1970s she concentrated her work in the theater and television. Among her films of this period are: Los Viajes Escolares (1973) directed by Jaime Chávarri; La Espada Negra (1976) film directed by Francisco Rovira Beleta.Campana del Infierno (1973) by Claudio Guerin.\nAfter her starring role in Últimas tardes con Teresa (1983) directed by  Gonzalo Herralde, she created the production company Ganesh Films with actor Julian Mateos and from then on she has taken roles in some of their production: The Holy Innocents (1984), by Mario Camus and Moon Child (1989), a film directed by Agusti Villaronga. Her most recent film is Engendro (2005) under the direction of Luis Cabeza.\n\nSelected filmography\nLa gran familia (1962)\nThe House That Screamed (1969)\nThe Blood Spattered Bride (1972)\nThe Bell from Hell (1973)\nThe Great House (1975)\nForget the Drums (1975)\nFortunata y Jacinta  (1980)\nÚltimas tardes con Teresa (1983)\nThe Holy Innocents (1984)\nMoon Child (1989)\nPassage 10:\nIsabel Bacardit\nMaria Isabel Preñanosa Bacardit (born 1960 in Barcelona) is a Spanish painter.\n\nBiography\nIsabel Bacardit was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1960. She starts her artistic education at the School of Arts of Poblenou, with Miquel Simó as her teacher, then moves on to the Escola d’Arts Aplicades i Oficis Artistics (Llotja) in Barcelona.\nStarting as an abstract painter, she paints on materials she finds in the street: cardboard, wood, etc. Inspired by urban images, she paints using pigments mixed with sawdust and paper-paste to achieve densities and textures. Her compositions are based on primary colours.\nIn 1984 she is selected for the Fifth Biennale of Barcelona- Young Contemporary Painting. In 1985 she takes part in the First Exhibition of Young Art in Madrid and in the First Biennale of Young Cultural Productions of the European Mediterranean. In 1986 she is again selected for the Second Exhibition of Young Art in Madrid.\nWith the unexpected death of her partner, the painter Xavier Vidal i Banchs in 1984, Bacardit changes the theme of her work, taking inspiration now from the accidental changes of life. She creates a series of works based on The Disasters of War by Goya and paints proceeding from photographs of accidents taken from newspapers. She also changes her palette, turning to dark and earthen colours.\nIn 1986, due to the works in preparation for the 1992 Olympics, her paintings reflect the transformation of Barcelona, taking machines and diggers as her main motives.\nIn 1987 she illustrates the poem Helicón by Bruno Montané Krebs. She travels to Berlin, where she resides for a year. Here her themes are the signs of war, still visible on the buildings in the divided city. She exhibits in the gallery Vendemmia with the title \"This is my Silence\".\nIn 1988 she moves to Mallorca, where she comes in contact with the theatre works of the Polish author Tadeusz Kantor. She creates the portfolio \"The right to live in peace\", with paintings inspired by the theatre of this author.\nIn 1989 she takes up residence in Santa Coloma de Farnés (Spain). In the midst of nature she changes her themes dramatically. Her work finds inspiration in the landscape, light and silence. She leaves her work on the theme of death, with its dense materiality, behind, moving towards watercolours and transparencies.\nIn 1990 she lives in Rio de Janeiro, where she works with organisations for the welfare of street children, gives painting classes and establishes her studio in the gallery Maria Teresa Vieira. In Salvador de Bahia she exhibits a series of erotic drawings at the University of Fine Arts.\nIn 1991 she arrives in Chile. She exhibits in the gallery Buchi in Santiago de Chile and lives in Valparaiso. She collaborates with various artists: Edgard del Canto (painter), Alma Martinoia (painter), Ivo Vergara (painter), Cristina Correa (painter), Teresa Olivera (actress), Hernan Varela (stained glass artist) and Víctor Barrientos Ormazábal (actor and theatre director). With them, she founds the theatre company \"Theatre only for Fools\".\nShe begins her series \"Earth, Air, Water and Fire\". On request of the cultural centre Las Condes of Santiago de Chile she builds a large scale sculpture out of papier-mache  and acrylics: \"Bird Woman\" which is dedicated to the flamenco dancer Carmen Amaya. For the theatre company \"Theatre of Silence\" she creates the life size puppets of the play \"Taca taca mon amour\" by Mauricio Celedón.In 1994 she returns to Barcelona. She abandons abstract painting and returns to the figurative. In this period stand out:\n\nThe installation \"Since ever, until when, since ever\" for the \"Meeting of Street Artists\" in Granada.\nAn Exhibition in the civic centre Can Felipa with the collective \"Art by Women\", with works based on the theme of the female reproductive organs and birth.\nThe installation \"Shoe-house Zapata\"\nPoeto-musical actions with Lucho Hermosilla, Steven Forster and Gaspar Lucas with the poem Altazor by Vicente Huidobro.In 1996 she travels to Mexico. She meets Ofelia Medina and makes contact with the Zapatista communities in Chiapas, where she becomes strongly influenced by elements of indigenous symbolism and spirituality.\nIn 1997 she returns to Barcelona. In collaboration with Primitiva Reverter, Judit Bacardit, Montserrat Baqués, Mercè Candó, Caty Fernández and Aina Reverter she initiates the publication of the magazine Adiosas. With the same artists she exhibits in the gallery Espai22a.\nIn 1998 she works with the Dutch travelling theatre company \"Azart Ship of Fools\". She travels and acts on the boat of the company and creates masks and part of the costumes for the work The Pilgrim at the End of the World.\nIn 1999 she establishes herself in Vilarnadal (Girona, Spain), where she lives for six years in an old mill. She paints and cultivates the earth.\nIn 2002 she exhibits, together with her sister, the sculptor Judit Bacardit, in the information centre of the Parc dels Aiguamolls de l’Empordà and in the exhibition rooms of the Caixa Girona in Roses.\nIn 2003 they exhibit again at this location. She participates in the European meeting of woman artists \"In Via\" in Switzerland.\nIn 2004 she creates the stage design and decorations for the programme \"The Ship of Fools\" for the local television in Amsterdam.\nSince 2005 she lives in Barcelona.\n\nNotes\n\nAnswer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nQuestion: What is the date of death of Maria Isabel De Alcântara, Countess Of Iguaçu's mother?\nAnswer:"}
{"question_id": 22, "category": "longbench_2wikimqa", "reference": ["Edward Watson"], "prompt": "Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nThe following are given passages.\nPassage 1:\nEdward Watson, Viscount Sondes\nEdward Watson, Viscount Sondes (3 July 1686 – 20 March 1722) of Lees Court, Sheldwich, Kent, and Park Place, London, was a British Whig politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1708 and 1722.Watson was the eldest son of Lewis Watson, 1st Earl of Rockingham and Catherine Sondes, daughter of George Sondes, 1st Earl of Feversham. He matriculated at Merton College, Oxford on 1 June 1703, aged 16 and travelled abroad to Germany in 1707.Watson arrived back from Germany in 1708, in time to be elected as a Whig Member of Parliament for Canterbury at the 1708 British general election. He proposed a motion on 25 January 1709 for an address to the Queen that she should consider remarrying. He also supported the naturalization of the Palatines. He was appointed to a committee to draft a bill to limit the time allowed for public mourning, since this  was felt to be having an  adverse effect on Canterbury's silk trade. He also voted for the impeachment of Dr Sacheverell and possibly in consequence he lost his seat at the 1710 British general election. He was returned unopposed as MP for New Romney at a by-election on 20 April 1713. Following his father's elevation as Earl of Rockingham in 1714, he was styled Viscount Sondes. In 1718, he went over to the Opposition and in 1719 he was appointed a Gentleman of the Bedchamber to the Prince of Wales.He married, on 21 March 1709, Catherine Tufton, eldest daughter of Thomas Tufton, 6th Earl of Thanet in 1709, and had three sons and a daughter:\nLewis Watson, 2nd Earl of Rockingham, no issue\nThomas Watson, 3rd Earl of Rockingham, no issue\nEdward Watson, no issue\nCatherine Watson, married Edward Southwell and had issue.Watson died of consumption at Kensington Gravel Pits 20 March and was buried 31 March 1722 at Rockingham, predeceasing his father by 2 years. In 1729 his widow and her four sisters became co-heiresses to the Barony of Clifford. She died 13 February and was buried 20 February 1734 at Rockingham. The abeyance was terminated in 1734 for the third sister Margaret, wife of Lord Lovel, but following her death without surviving issue in 1775 the barony was restored in favour of Viscount Sondes' grandson, Edward Southwell, 20th Baron Clifford.\nPassage 2:\nKaya Alp\nKaya Alp (Ottoman Turkish: قایا الپ, lit. 'Brave Rock') was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kızıl Buğa or Basuk and the father of Suleyman Shah. He was the grandfather of Ertuğrul Ghazi, the father of the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman I. He was also famously known for being the successing name of Ertokus Bey’s son Kaya Alp. He was a descendant of the ancestor of his tribe, Kayı son of Gun son of Oghuz Khagan, the legendary progenitor of the Oghuz Turks.\nPassage 3:\nEdward Watson (footballer)\nEdward Watson (27 October 1901 – 1986) was an English professional footballer who played as a full-back for Sunderland.\nPassage 4:\nLewis Watson, 1st Earl of Rockingham\nLewis Watson, 1st Earl of Rockingham (29 December 1655 – 19 March 1724) was an English peer and politician. He was the eldest son of Edward Watson, 2nd Baron Rockingham (1630 – 1689) and Anne Wentworth, daughter of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford.In 1681–1685, Watson was Whig Member of Parliament for Canterbury and for Higham Ferrers briefly in 1689, before having to leave the Commons on inheriting his father's barony that year.Lord Rockingham was Master of the Buckhounds in 1703–1705, Custos Rotulorum and Lord Lieutenant of Kent in 1705–1724, Vice-Admiral of Kent in 1705 and Deputy Warden of the Cinque Ports in 1705–1708. In 1714, he was created Earl of Rockingham.In July 1677, he married Catherine Sondes (d. 1696), a daughter of George Sondes, 1st Earl of Feversham. They had five surviving children:\nEdward, styled Viscount Sondes (c. 1687 – Kensington, 20 March 1722), married on 21 March 1708 Lady Catherine Tufton (24 April 1693 – 13 February 1733), daughter of Thomas Tufton, 6th Earl of Thanet and Lady Catherine Cavendish, parents of the 2nd and 3rd Earls of Rockingham and Catherine Watson (d. April 1765), who married Edward Southwell and had Edward Southwell, 20th Baron de Clifford.\nHon. George (24 May 1689 – 1735)\nLady Margaret (1695–1751), married John Monson, 1st Baron Monson.\nLady Mary (d. 1737), married Wray Saunderson.\nLady Arabella, married Sir Robert Furnese, 2nd Baronet.\n\t\t\nHis wife died on 21 March 1696 and was buried at Rockingham. He died on 19 march 1724 and was buried 1 April at Rockingham. He was succeeded by his  grandson, Lewis.\nPassage 5:\nThomas Watson, 3rd Earl of Rockingham\nThomas Watson, 3rd Earl of Rockingham (30 December 1715 – 26 February 1746), styled Hon. Thomas Watson until 1745, was an English nobleman and politician. He represented Canterbury in the House of Commons and was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Kent after succeeding to the earldom, but died shortly thereafter.The second son of Edward Watson, Viscount Sondes, Watson entered Eton College in 1725 and Lincoln's Inn in 1732. In the 1741 British general election, he stood for Canterbury as an opposition Whig. Watson and the Tory Thomas Best ousted the incumbent Sir Thomas Hales, a Whig supporter of Walpole's administration. He continued in opposition to successive governments during his tenure in the House of Commons, which terminated in 1745 when he became Earl of Rockingham on the death of his elder brother Lewis.\nDespite his politics, he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Kent in succession to his brother, but did not long survive the appointment: he died of smallpox at Rockingham Castle 26 February and was buried 11 March 1746 at Rockingham.On his death, which brought to an end the male line of the Watsons of Rockingham Castle, the Earldom of Rockingham, the Viscountcy of Sondes of Lees Court, and the Barony of Throwley became extinct. He was succeeded as Baron Rockingham by Thomas Watson-Wentworth, 1st Earl of Malton, his first cousin once removed. Rockingham left his estate to his first cousin Lewis Monson, who thereafter adopted the surname of Watson.\nPassage 6:\nEdward Watson (dancer)\nEdward Watson MBE (born 21 May 1976) is a British ballet dancer. He is a principal dancer and coach with the Royal Ballet in London.\n\nEarly years\nEdward Watson was born in Bromley, Kent and was brought up in Dartford with his twin sister, Liz.  He first attended dance classes at the age of 3, and was later accepted as a student at the Royal Ballet School, eventually joining the full-time school at White Lodge, Richmond Park.  Whilst at the school, he trained with Anatoly Grigoriev, a former dancer of the Kirov Ballet and was one of six male students who graduated into the Upper School at the age of 16.  At the Upper School his teachers included German Zammel and Julie Lincoln.  Whilst training at the Upper School, Watson danced a number of roles:\n\nCheckmate by Ninette de Valois, 1993 (Role: Black Castle)\nSimple Symphony by Matthew Hart, 1993\nMonotones No. 2 by Frederick Ashton, 1994\nNapoli by August Bournonville, 2004 (Role: Pas de Six)\n\nCareer\nWatson graduated into The Royal Ballet in 1994 and was promoted to Principal in 2005. His repertory with the Company includes major roles in works by Frederick Ashton and Kenneth MacMillan. His many role creations for Wayne McGregor include in Symbiont(s), Qualia, Chroma, Infra, Limen, Carbon Life, Raven Girl, Tetractys, Woolf Works, Obsidian Tear and Multiverse, and for Christopher Wheeldon Lewis Carroll/The White Rabbit in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland), Leontes in The Winter’s Tale and John Singer Sargent in Strapless. Watson has worked with numerous other choreographers, including Siobhan Davies, David Dawson, Javier de Frutos, Alastair Marriott, Cathy Marston, Ashley Page and Arthur Pita.In August 2020, it was announced that Watson will retire following a performance of McGregor's The Dante Project. He will remain with the company as a coach. His official title is répétiteur to the principal dancers.\n\nAwards\nAt the National Dance Awards in 2008, Watson won 'Best Male Dancer'. He also won the Olivier Award in 2012 for Outstanding Achievement in Dance for his performance as Gregor Samsa in Arthur Pita's interpretation of Franz Kafka's Metamorphorsis at the Linbury Studio. In 2015 he won Prix Benois de la Danse for his performance as Leontes in Christopher Wheeldon The Winter's Tale at the Royal Ballet.\n\nHonours\nIn the 2015 Birthday Honours, Watson was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to dance.\nPassage 7:\nLewis Watson, 2nd Earl of Rockingham\nLewis Watson, 2nd Earl of Rockingham (c. 1714 – 4 December 1745) was a British peer, styled Viscount Sondes from 1722 to 1724.He was born the eldest son of Edward Watson, Viscount Sondes and Lady Catherine Tufton, the daughter of Thomas Tufton, 6th Earl of Thanet and Lady Catherine Cavendish.His father having predeceased his own father, Lewis inherited the earldom from his grandfather, Lewis Watson, 1st Earl of Rockingham, in 1724. He was Lord Lieutenant of Kent from 1737 to his death in 1745.He married his first cousin Catherine, daughter of Sir Robert Furnese. As part of the marriage settlement, he purchased a London house in Grosvenor Square and had it grandly decorated with marble tables, Persian carpets, mahogany panelling, silk damask hangings, and an organ.Watson died childless on 4 December and was buried on 14 December 1745 at Rockingham. He was succeeded by his brother, Thomas. His widow subsequently married, on 13 June 1751, as his third wife, Francis, Earl of Guildford, who died on 4 August 1790. She died on 17 December 1766 and was buried at Wroxton.\nPassage 8:\nEdward Southwell Jr.\nEdward Southwell Jr. (16 June 1705 – 16 March 1755) of King's Weston, Gloucestershire,  was an Anglo-Irish Whig politician who sat in the Parliament of Ireland from 1727 to 1755 and in the British House of Commons  from 1739 to 1754.\nSouthwell was the son of Edward Southwell (1671–1730) and Elizabeth Cromwell, 8th Baroness Cromwell and the grandson of Sir Robert Southwell. He was educated at Westminster School from 1715 to 1716 and matriculated at Queen's College, Oxford in 1721. He travelled abroad from 1723.Southwell sat in the Irish House of Commons for Downpatrick from 1727 until his death. He succeeded his father as Principal Secretary of State (Ireland) in 1730, and on 6 May 1732 he was appointed to the Privy Council of Ireland.Southwell married on 21 August 1729, to Lady Katherine Watson (died April 1765), daughter of Edward Watson, Viscount Sondes and Lady Katherine (née Tufton), and lived in Kings Weston House near Bristol. Their son, Edward, later became Baron de Clifford.\nEdward Southwell Jr. sat in the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1739 to 1754 as MP for Bristol.\n\nPersonal papers\nPapers relating to Edward Southwell are held by Bristol Archives (Ref. 44785 and 45317/2/5/1) (online catalogue page 1, online catalogue page 2). A travel journal, dating from 1725 to 1726, is held in the British Library Manuscripts Collections. Other records relating to Edward Southwell are held at Bristol Reference Library.\nPassage 9:\nAbd al-Muttalib\nShayba ibn Hāshim (Arabic: شَيْبَة إبْن هَاشِم; c. 497–578), better known as ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, (Arabic: عَبْد ٱلْمُطَّلِب, lit. 'Servant of Muttalib') was the fourth chief of the Quraysh tribal confederation. He was the grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.\n\nEarly life\nHis father was Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf,: 81  the progenitor of the distinguished Banu Hashim, a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca. They claimed descent from Ismā'īl and Ibrāhīm. His mother was Salma bint Amr, from the Banu Najjar, a clan of the Khazraj tribe in Yathrib (later called Madinah). Hashim died while doing business in Gaza, before Abd al-Muttalib was born.: 81 His real name was \"Shaiba\" meaning 'the ancient one' or 'white-haired' because of the streak of white through his jet-black hair, and is sometimes also called Shaybah al-Ḥamd (\"The white streak of praise\").: 81–82  After his father's death he was raised in Yathrib with his mother and her family until about the age of eight, when his uncle Muttalib ibn Abd Manaf went to see him and asked his mother Salmah to entrust Shaybah to his care. Salmah was unwilling to let her son go and Shaiba refused to leave his mother without her consent. Muṭṭalib then pointed out that the possibilities Yathrib had to offer were incomparable to Mecca. Salmah was impressed with his arguments, so she agreed to let him go. Upon first arriving in Mecca, the people assumed the unknown child was Muttalib's servant and started calling him 'Abd al-Muttalib (\"servant of Muttalib\").: 85–86\n\nChieftain of Hashim clan\nWhen Muṭṭalib died, Shaiba succeeded him as the chief of the Hāshim clan. Following his uncle Al-Muṭṭalib, he took over the duties of providing the pilgrims with food and water, and carried on the practices of his forefathers with his people. He attained such eminence as none of his forefathers enjoyed; his people loved him and his reputation was great among them.: 61 \n'Umar ibn Al-Khaṭṭāb's grandfather Nufayl ibn Abdul Uzza arbitrated in a dispute between 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib and Ḥarb ibn Umayyah, Abu Sufyan's father, over the custodianship of the Kaaba. Nufayl gave his verdict in favour of 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib. Addressing Ḥarb ibn Umayyah, he said:\nWhy do you pick a quarrel with a person who is taller than you in stature; more imposing than you in appearance; more refined than you in intellect; whose progeny outnumbers yours and whose generosity outshines yours in lustre? Do not, however, construe this into any disparagement of your good qualities which I highly appreciate. You are as gentle as a lamb, you are renowned throughout Arabia for the stentorian tones of your voice, and you are an asset to your tribe.\n\nDiscovery of Zam Zam Well\n'Abdul-Muṭṭalib said that while sleeping in the sacred enclosure, he had dreamed he was ordered to dig at the worship place of the Quraysh between the two deities Isāf and Nā'ila. There he would find the Zamzam Well, which the Jurhum tribe had filled in when they left Mecca. The Quraysh tried to stop him digging in that spot, but his son Al-Ḥārith stood guard until they gave up their protests. After three days of digging, 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib found traces of an ancient religious well and exclaimed, \"Allahuakbar!\" Some of the Quraysh disputed his claim to sole rights over water, then one of them suggested that they go to a female shaman who lived afar. It was said that she could summon jinns and that she could help them decide who was the owner of the well. So, 11 people from the 11 tribes went on the expedition. They had to cross the desert to meet the priestess but then they got lost. There was a lack of food and water and people started to lose hope of ever getting out. One of them suggested that they dig their own graves and if they died, the last person standing would bury the others. So all began digging their own graves and just as Abdul-Muṭṭalib started digging, water spewed out from the hole he dug and everyone became overjoyed. It was then and there decided that Abdul-Muttalib was the owner of the Zam Zam well. Thereafter he supplied pilgrims to the Kaaba with Zam Zam water, which soon eclipsed all the other wells in Mecca because it was considered sacred.: 86–89 : 62–65\n\nThe Year of the Elephant\nAccording to Muslim tradition, the Ethiopian governor of Yemen, Abrahah al-Ashram, envied the Kaaba's reverence among the Arabs and, being a Christian, he built a cathedral on Sana'a and ordered pilgrimage be made there.: 21  The order was ignored and someone desecrated (some saying in the form of defecation: 696 note 35 ) the cathedral. Abrahah decided to avenge this act by demolishing the Kaaba and he advanced with an army towards Mecca.: 22–23 There were thirteen elephants in Abrahah's army: 99 : 26  and the year came to be known as 'Ām al-Fīl (the Year of the Elephant), beginning a trend for reckoning the years in Arabia which was used until 'Umar ibn Al-Khaṭṭāb replaced it with the Islamic Calendar in 638 CE (17 AH), with the first year of the Islamic Calendar being 622 CE.\nWhen news of the advance of Abrahah's army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinānah, Khuzā'ah and Hudhayl united in defence of the Kaaba. A man from the Ḥimyar tribe was sent by Abrahah to advise them that he only wished to demolish the Kaaba and if they resisted, they would be crushed. \"Abdul-Muṭṭalib told the Meccans to seek refuge in the nearest high hills while he, with some leading members of Quraysh, remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abrahah sent a dispatch inviting 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib to meet him and discuss matters. When 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib left the meeting he was heard saying, \"The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure He will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonour the servants of His House.\": 24–26 It is recorded that when Abrahah's forces neared the Kaaba, Allah commanded small birds (abābīl) to destroy Abrahah's army, raining down pebbles on it from their beaks. Abrahah was seriously wounded and retreated towards Yemen but died on the way.: 26–27  This event is referred to in the following Qur'anic chapter:\n\nHave you not seen how your Lord dealt with the owners of the Elephant?\nDid He not make their treacherous plan go astray?\n\nAnd He sent against them birds in flocks, striking them with stones of baked clay, so He rendered them like straw eaten up.\nMost Islamic sources place the event around the year that Muhammad was born, 570 CE, though other scholars place it one or two decades earlier. A tradition attributed to Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri in the musannaf of ʽAbd al-Razzaq al-Sanʽani places it before the birth of Muhammad's father.\n\nSacrificing his son Abdullah\nAl-Harith was 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib's only son at the time he dug the Zamzam Well.: 64  When the Quraysh tried to help him in the digging, he vowed that if he were to have ten sons to protect him, he would sacrifice one of them to Allah at the Kaaba. Later, after nine more sons had been born to him, he told them he must keep the vow. The divination arrows fell upon his favourite son Abdullah. The Quraysh protested 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib's intention to sacrifice his son and demanded that he sacrifice something else instead. 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib agreed to consult a \"sorceress with a familiar spirit\". She told him to cast lots between Abdullah and ten camels. If Abdullah were chosen, he had to add ten more camels, and keep on doing the same until his Lord accepted the camels in Abdullah's place. When the number of camels reached 100, the lot fell on the camels. 'Abdul-Muṭṭalib confirmed this by repeating the test three times. Then the camels were sacrificed, and Abdullah was spared.: 66–68\n\nFamily\nWives\nAbd al-Muttalib had six known wives.\n\nSumra bint Jundab of the Hawazin tribe.\nLubnā bint Hājar of the Khuza'a tribe.\nFatima bint Amr of the Makhzum clan of the Quraysh tribe.\nHalah bint Wuhayb of the Zuhrah clan of the Quraysh tribe.\nNatīla bint Janab of the Namir tribe.\nMumanna'a bint Amr of the Khuza'a tribe.\n\nChildren\nAccording to Ibn Hisham, ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib had ten sons and six daughters.: 707–708 note 97  However, Ibn Sa'd lists twelve sons.: 99–101 By Sumra bint Jundab:\n\nAl-Ḥārith.: 708  He was the firstborn and he died before his father.: 99 \nQuthum.: 100  He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.By Fatima bint Amr:\n\nAl-Zubayr.: 707  He was a poet and a chief; his father made a will in his favour.: 99  He died before Islam, leaving two sons and daughters.: 101 : 34–35 \nAbu Talib, born as Abd Manaf,: 99 : 707  father of the future Caliph Ali. He later became chief of the Hashim clan.\nAbdullah, the father of Muhammad.: 99 : 707 \nUmm Hakim al-Bayda,: 100 : 707  the maternal grandmother of the third Caliph Uthman.: 32 \nBarra,: 100 : 707  the mother of Abu Salama.: 33 \nArwa.: 100 : 707 \nAtika,: 100 : 707  a wife of Abu Umayya ibn al-Mughira.: 31 \nUmayma,: 100 : 707  the mother of Zaynab bint Jahsh and Abd Allah ibn Jahsh.: 33 By Lubnā bint Hājar:\n\nAbd al-'Uzzā, better known as Abū Lahab.: 100 : 708 By Halah bint Wuhayb:\n\nḤamza,: 707  the first big leader of Islam. He killed many leaders of the kufar and was considered as the strongest man of the quraysh. He was martyred at Uhud.: 100 \nṢafīyya.: 100 : 707 \nAl-Muqawwim.: 707  He married Qilaba bint Amr ibn Ju'ana ibn Sa'd al-Sahmia, and had children named Abd Allah, Bakr, Hind, Arwa, and Umm Amr (Qutayla or Amra).\nHajl.: 707  He married Umm Murra bint Abi Qays ibn Abd Wud, and had two sons, named Abd Allah, Ubayd Allah, and three daughters named Murra, Rabi'a, and Fakhita.By Natīlah bint Khubāb:\n\nal-'Abbas,: 100 : 707  ancestor of the Abbasid caliphs.\nḌirār,: 707  who died before Islam.: 100 \nJahl, died before Islam\nImran, died before IslamBy Mumanna'a bint 'Amr:\n\nMus'ab, who, according to Ibn Saad, was the one known as al-Ghaydāq.: 100  He is not listed by Ibn Hisham.\nAl-Ghaydaq, died before Islam.\nAbd al-Ka'ba, died before Islam.: 100 \nAl-Mughira,: 100  who had the byname al-Ghaydaq.\n\nThe family tree and some of his important descendants\nDeath\nAbdul Muttalib's son 'Abdullāh died four months before Muḥammad's birth, after which Abdul Muttalib took care of his daughter-in-law Āminah. One day Muhammad's mother, Amina, wanted to go to Yathrib, where her husband, Abdullah, died. So, Muhammad, Amina, Abd al-Muttalib and their caretaker, Umm Ayman started their journey to Medina, which is around 500 kilometres away from Makkah. They stayed there for three weeks, then, started their journey back to Mecca. But, when they reached halfway, at Al-Abwa', Amina became very sick and died six years after her husband's death. She was buried over there. From then, Muhammad became an orphan. Abd al-Muttalib became very sad for Muhammad because he loved him so much. Abd al-Muttalib took care of Muhammad. But when Muhammad was eight years old, the very old Abd al-Muttalib became very sick and died at age 81-82 in 578-579 CE.\nShaybah ibn Hāshim's grave can be found in the Jannat al-Mu'allā cemetery in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.\n\nSee also\nFamily tree of Muhammad\nFamily tree of Shaiba ibn Hashim\nSahaba\nPassage 10:\nKevin Watson\nKevin Edward Watson (born 3 January 1974) is a former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. After his retirement from playing, he turned non-league coach.\n\nPlaying career\nWatson started his career as a trainee with his local side Tottenham Hotspur. Watson scored his only Spurs goal on his debut in a League Cup tie against Brentford. As a youngster his first-team opportunities were limited and he went out on loan to several sides to build his experience, namely Brentford, Bristol City and Barnet.\nIn 1996, he was signed by Swindon Town manager Steve McMahon. Newly promoted to second tier of the English Football League – Watson helped them avoid relegation.\nWatson moved on to Rotherham United in July 1999, astute Millers' manager Ronnie Moore signing him on a free transfer. In his first season Watson helped Rotherham to promotion from League Two, narrowly missing out on the title.\nAnother promotion (and another title near miss) followed in the next season and Rotherham were promoted again into the Football League Championship. A key part of their rapid acceleration, Watson helped guide the team to survival by the narrowest of goal-difference margins.\nAfter over 100 games at Rotherham his knack for promotions was spotted by then Reading manager Alan Pardew who at first, took Watson on loan before signing him permanently in March 2002 for £150,000 – where he promptly repeated the trick, guiding the Royals to promotion from League One, in his now customary second place.\nHis first full season at Reading saw the Royals into a play-off place, where narrow defeat to Wolves cost them a place in the Premiership. Perhaps tellingly Watson was on the bench for those key play-off games.\nWhen former teammate Phil Parkinson was installed as manager at Colchester United one of his first acts was to bring Watson to Layer Road.\nMarshalling the midfield Watson played a key role as in his (and Parkinson's) first full season the U's stormed to promotion from League One, finishing in second place.\nNow with over 100 games for the U's under his belt he has been a key part of \"The Best Col U ever\" as the underdog U's finished their first season in the Football League Championship in 10th place.\nHe was released by Colchester at the end of the 2007–08 season, and then signed on a free transfer for Luton Town. However, Watson failed to make an impact at Luton as a result of a knee injury that kept him out of action for much of his contract duration, and he was released at the end of 2008.\nIn 2015 whilst assistant manager of Stevenage, Watson alongside Stevenage manager Teddy Sheringham registered as players.\n\nCoaching career\nAfter his release from a playing contract at Luton, Watson was given the position of first-team coach by Luton manager Mick Harford on 14 January 2009. After Harford's departure on 1 October 2009, Watson continued in his coaching capacity under new boss Richard Money until May 2010, when he left the club.Following the departure of Aidy Boothroyd from Colchester United to take the manager's job at Coventry City on 20 May 2010, Watson expressed an interest in taking up the vacant managerial position at his former club.In May 2015 he was appointed manager of Maldon & Tiptree However, Watson left the club after only eleven days to take up the position of assistant manager to Teddy Sheringham at Stevenage. He left his position in February after Teddy Sheringham's departure. From July 2015 to November 2015, he worked at the academy of Colchester United.\nIn August 2016, Watson was appointed assistant manager at Eastleigh. In January 2017 he was appointed to the same position at Whitehawk but left the club after just two games, following a change of manager. In March 2017 he was appointed manager of Bishop's Stortford. He left the club at the end of the 2017–18 season.On 28 June 2018, Watson was appointed assistant manager of Hungerford Town. He left the club on 2 October to join Ebbsfleet United as a first-team coach. However, only eight days later, he was appointed caretaker after manager Gary Hill's departure. After a three-game unbeaten run the club confirmed, that Watson had been appointed to the manager's job on a permanent basis.The club was beaten in the heaviest defeat in 27 years, 7–0 by Barrow on 4 January and also crashed out of the FA Trophy to lower league opponents Royston. Other heavy losses such as a 4–0 drubbing at Chesterfield away ultimately saw the club relegated out of the National League and Watson sacked.On 7 January 2021, Watson was announced as the new manager of National League South side Billericay Town.On 5 October 2021, Watson was sacked by Billericay after Watson led them to one win and one draw from eight matches to start the season.\n\nPersonal life\nWatson has been involved in greyhound racing, pairing up with Tottenham Hotspur teammate Stuart Nethercott to buy Elegant Brandy, who won the 1995 Grand National.\n\nHonours\nRotherham United\nFootball League Division Three runner-up: 1999–2000\nFootball League Division Two runner-up: 2000–01Reading\n\nFootball League Division Two runner-up: 2001–02Colchester United\n\nFootball League One runner-up: 2005–06\n\nAnswer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nQuestion: Who is Edward Watson, Viscount Sondes's paternal grandfather?\nAnswer:"}
{"question_id": 23, "category": "longbench_trec", "reference": ["Currency name"], "prompt": "Please determine the type of the question below. Here are some examples of questions.\n\nQuestion: What happened on January 15 , 1969 ?\nType: Event\nQuestion: Where is Procter & Gamble headquartered in the U.S. ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What two countries fought the Hundred Years ' War ?\nType: Country\nQuestion: What TV game show once saw a contestant admit to picking his toes in the shower ?\nType: Invention, book and other creative piece\nQuestion: What does a teaspoon of matter weigh in a black hole ?\nType: Weight\nQuestion: What three colors are on the French flag ?\nType: Color\nQuestion: What two major world religions began in India ?\nType: Religion\nQuestion: What are the Cleveland Indians also called ?\nType: Equivalent term\nQuestion: What does an edentulous smile lack ?\nType: Other entity\nQuestion: What did Esquire name Ash Hole of the Year for 1980 ?\nType: Other entity\nQuestion: What Soviet leader owned a Rolls-Royce ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: Why did Europeans first come to Australia and Oceania ?\nType: Reason\nQuestion: Who was Bonnie Blue Butler 's father ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What company markets a shampoo `` for brunettes only '' ?\nType: Group or organization of person\nQuestion: Who was the first king of England ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: Where can I find an Ask An Expert site ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What country will hit the year 2 first ?\nType: Country\nQuestion: What is the Order of the Arrow in Boy Scouts ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: What artist 's studio was the Bateau-Lavoir in Montmartre ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What country 's capital is Tirana ?\nType: Country\nQuestion: Where is Logan Airport ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: Name the country of giants twelve times the size of man in `` Gulliver 's Travels . ''\nType: Country\nQuestion: How old is Benny Carter ?\nType: Lasting time of somethin\nQuestion: Which soft drink does Madonna advertise for ?\nType: Food\nQuestion: Who is Stephen Hawking ?\nType: Description of a person\nQuestion: What 's the Olympic motto ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: What is the name of the American who was captured when his plane went down over Syrian-held Lebanon ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What famous comedian recently tried without success to revive the play ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What is Michael Jackson 's middle name ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: Which hair care product told us `` hate that gray , wash it away '' ?\nType: Product\nQuestion: What 's the geographic term for the submerged fringe of a continent ?\nType: Equivalent term\nQuestion: What causes `` rolling thunder '' ?\nType: Reason\nQuestion: How can I get a comic character I made copyrighted and published ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: Which country did Hitler rule ?\nType: Country\nQuestion: What World War II leader declared : `` The blow has been struck '' ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What was the verdict in the 1925 trial of John T. 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'' ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: What is `` snoogans '' ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: How many holes are there in a tenpin bowling ball ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: What comic of TV 's golden age went by the motto `` Anything for a laugh '' ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: Where do you find the answers for all these questions ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What Broadway musical was inspired by Cervantes 's Don Quixote ?\nType: Invention, book and other creative piece\nQuestion: What 1964 film introduced the song My Kind of Town ?\nType: Invention, book and other creative piece\nQuestion: What is a multiplexer ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: What Italian liner was hijacked in 1985 ?\nType: Vehicle\nQuestion: What is a green bog ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: Who is Dear Abby ?\nType: Description of a person\nQuestion: How much did a knight 's armor weigh ?\nType: Weight\nQuestion: Which gender has bigger thighs ?\nType: Other 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''\nType: Equivalent term\nQuestion: What does the term `` spaghetti western '' mean ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: What count did Alexandre Dumas write about ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: How old is Britney Spears ?\nType: Lasting time of somethin\nQuestion: What President once told Gene Autry : `` Please give my regards to your wife Dale '' ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: When did World War I start ?\nType: Date\nQuestion: What 's a male witch called ?\nType: Equivalent term\nQuestion: What are the different types of plastic ?\nType: Other entity\nQuestion: Who were the Picts ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What 's bottled in jeroboams ?\nType: Other entity\nQuestion: What is the longest place name in the U.S. ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What TV quiz show left the air in 1975 to the tune of Vera Lynn 's We 'll Meet Again ?\nType: Invention, book and other creative piece\nQuestion: What occupation has the highest divorce rate ?\nType: Title of a person\nQuestion: How much was the minimum wage in 1991 ?\nType: Price\nQuestion: What is the cause of endangered species ?\nType: Reason\nQuestion: How much of the nation 's children between the ages of two and eleven watch ` The Simpsons ' ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: What famous actress made her first appearance on stage at the age of five in the year 191 as `` Baby '' ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: How do you determine if a computer monitor has an SVGA adapter ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: What is `` dew point '' ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: What George Harrison tune sounded too much like He 's So Fine by The Chiffons ?\nType: Invention, book and other creative piece\nQuestion: What does Visine get out ?\nType: Other entity\nQuestion: What is Goldfinger 's first name ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: On what avenue is the original Saks department store located ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What is he doing now ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: Which 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derived its name from biritch , or Russian Whist ?\nType: Sport\nQuestion: How do they raise the cranes when building high-rise buildings ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: What 's the Hungarian word for pepper ?\nType: Word with a special property\nQuestion: What constellation is known as The Water Bearer ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: How many characters makes up a word for typing test purposes ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: Who was chosen to be the first black chairman of the military Joint Chiefs of Staff ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What did Louis Cartier invent for aviator Santos Dumont in 1940 ?\nType: Other entity\nQuestion: Who are the two sons of Ozzie and Harriet Nelson ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: Where is Romania located ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What were the trials called which followed World War II ?\nType: Event\nQuestion: Who starred with Charlie Chaplin in Modern Times and The Great Dictator ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What 's the 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{"question_id": 24, "category": "longbench_narrativeqa", "reference": ["Their daughter, Virgine. "], "prompt": "You are given a story, which can be either a novel or a movie script, and a question. Answer the question asconcisely as you can, using a single phrase if possible. Do not provide any explanation.\n\nStory: Produced by John Bickers and Dagny\n\n\n\n\n\nPIERRE GRASSOU\n\n\nBy Honore De Balzac\n\n\n\nTranslated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley\n\n\n\nDedication\n\nTo The Lieutenant-Colonel of Artillery, Periollas, As a Testimony of the\nAffectionate Esteem of the Author,\n\nDe Balzac\n\n\n\n\n\nPIERRE GRASSOU\n\n\nWhenever you have gone to take a serious look at the exhibition of works\nof sculpture and painting, such as it has been since the revolution\nof 1830, have you not been seized by a sense of uneasiness, weariness,\nsadness, at the sight of those long and over-crowded galleries? Since\n1830, the true Salon no longer exists. The Louvre has again been taken\nby assault,--this time by a populace of artists who have maintained\nthemselves in it.\n\nIn other days, when the Salon presented only the choicest works of art,\nit conferred the highest honor on the creations there exhibited. Among\nthe two hundred selected paintings, the public could still choose: a\ncrown was awarded to the masterpiece by hands unseen. Eager, impassioned\ndiscussions arose about some picture. The abuse showered on Delacroix,\non Ingres, contributed no less to their fame than the praises and\nfanaticism of their adherents. To-day, neither the crowd nor the\ncriticism grows impassioned about the products of that bazaar. Forced to\nmake the selection for itself, which in former days the examining\njury made for it, the attention of the public is soon wearied and the\nexhibition closes. Before the year 1817 the pictures admitted never went\nbeyond the first two columns of the long gallery of the old masters; but\nin that year, to the great astonishment of the public, they filled the\nwhole space. Historical, high-art, genre paintings, easel pictures,\nlandscapes, flowers, animals, and water-colors,--these eight specialties\ncould surely not offer more than twenty pictures in one year worthy of\nthe eyes of the public, which, indeed, cannot give its attention to a\ngreater number of such works. The more the number of artists increases,\nthe more careful and exacting the jury of admission ought to be.\n\nThe true character of the Salon was lost as soon as it spread along\nthe galleries. The Salon should have remained within fixed limits of\ninflexible proportions, where each distinct specialty could show its\nmasterpieces only. An experience of ten years has shown the excellence\nof the former institution. Now, instead of a tournament, we have a mob;\ninstead of a noble exhibition, we have a tumultuous bazaar; instead of\na choice selection we have a chaotic mass. What is the result? A great\nartist is swamped. Decamps' \"Turkish Cafe,\" \"Children at a Fountain,\"\n\"Joseph,\" and \"The Torture,\" would have redounded far more to his credit\nif the four pictures had been exhibited in the great Salon with the\nhundred good pictures of that year, than his twenty pictures could,\namong three thousand others, jumbled together in six galleries.\n\nBy some strange contradiction, ever since the doors are open to every\none there has been much talk of unknown and unrecognized genius. When,\ntwelve years earlier, Ingres' \"Courtesan,\" and that of Sigalon, the\n\"Medusa\" of Gericault, the \"Massacre of Scio\" by Delacroix, the \"Baptism\nof Henri IV.\" by Eugene Deveria, admitted by celebrated artists accused\nof jealousy, showed the world, in spite of the denials of criticism,\nthat young and vigorous palettes existed, no such complaint was made.\nNow, when the veriest dauber of canvas can send in his work, the whole\ntalk is of genius neglected! Where judgment no longer exists, there is\nno longer anything judged. But whatever artists may be doing now, they\nwill come back in time to the examination and selection which presents\ntheir works to the admiration of the crowd for whom they work. Without\nselection by the Academy there will be no Salon, and without the Salon\nart may perish.\n\nEver since the catalogue has grown into a book, many names have appeared\nin it which still remain in their native obscurity, in spite of the ten\nor a dozen pictures attached to them. Among these names perhaps the most\nunknown to fame is that of an artist named Pierre Grassou, coming from\nFougeres, and called simply \"Fougeres\" among his brother-artists, who,\nat the present moment holds a place, as the saying is, \"in the sun,\" and\nwho suggested the rather bitter reflections by which this sketch of\nhis life is introduced,--reflections that are applicable to many other\nindividuals of the tribe of artists.\n\nIn 1832, Fougeres lived in the rue de Navarin, on the fourth floor of\none of those tall, narrow houses which resemble the obelisk of Luxor,\nand possess an alley, a dark little stairway with dangerous turnings,\nthree windows only on each floor, and, within the building, a courtyard,\nor, to speak more correctly, a square pit or well. Above the three or\nfour rooms occupied by Grassou of Fougeres was his studio, looking over\nto Montmartre. This studio was painted in brick-color, for a background;\nthe floor was tinted brown and well frotted; each chair was furnished\nwith a bit of carpet bound round the edges; the sofa, simple enough, was\nclean as that in the bedroom of some worthy bourgeoise. All these things\ndenoted the tidy ways of a small mind and the thrift of a poor man. A\nbureau was there, in which to put away the studio implements, a table\nfor breakfast, a sideboard, a secretary; in short, all the articles\nnecessary to a painter, neatly arranged and very clean. The stove\nparticipated in this Dutch cleanliness, which was all the more visible\nbecause the pure and little changing light from the north flooded with\nits cold clear beams the vast apartment. Fougeres, being merely a genre\npainter, does not need the immense machinery and outfit which ruin\nhistorical painters; he has never recognized within himself sufficient\nfaculty to attempt high-art, and he therefore clings to easel painting.\n\nAt the beginning of the month of December of that year, a season at\nwhich the bourgeois of Paris conceive, periodically, the burlesque idea\nof perpetuating their forms and figures already too bulky in themselves,\nPierre Grassou, who had risen early, prepared his palette, and lighted\nhis stove, was eating a roll steeped in milk, and waiting till the frost\non his windows had melted sufficiently to let the full light in. The\nweather was fine and dry. At this moment the artist, who ate his bread\nwith that patient, resigned air that tells so much, heard and recognized\nthe step of a man who had upon his life the influence such men have\non the lives of nearly all artists,--the step of Elie Magus, a\npicture-dealer, a usurer in canvas. The next moment Elie Magus entered\nand found the painter in the act of beginning his work in the tidy\nstudio.\n\n\"How are you, old rascal?\" said the painter.\n\nFougeres had the cross of the Legion of honor, and Elie Magus bought his\npictures at two and three hundred francs apiece, so he gave himself the\nairs of a fine artist.\n\n\"Business is very bad,\" replied Elie. \"You artists have such\npretensions! You talk of two hundred francs when you haven't put six\nsous' worth of color on a canvas. However, you are a good fellow, I'll\nsay that. You are steady; and I've come to put a good bit of business in\nyour way.\"\n\n\"Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes,\" said Fougeres. \"Do you know Latin?\"\n\n\"No.\"\n\n\"Well, it means that the Greeks never proposed a good bit of business\nto the Trojans without getting their fair share of it. In the olden time\nthey used to say, 'Take my horse.' Now we say, 'Take my bear.' Well,\nwhat do you want, Ulysses-Lagingeole-Elie Magus?\"\n\nThese words will give an idea of the mildness and wit with which\nFougeres employed what painters call studio fun.\n\n\"Well, I don't deny that you are to paint me two pictures for nothing.\"\n\n\"Oh! oh!\"\n\n\"I'll leave you to do it, or not; I don't ask it. But you're an honest\nman.\"\n\n\"Come, out with it!\"\n\n\"Well, I'm prepared to bring you a father, mother, and only daughter.\"\n\n\"All for me?\"\n\n\"Yes--they want their portraits taken. These bourgeois--they are crazy\nabout art--have never dared to enter a studio. The girl has a 'dot' of a\nhundred thousand francs. You can paint all three,--perhaps they'll turn\nout family portraits.\"\n\nAnd with that the old Dutch log of wood who passed for a man and who was\ncalled Elie Magus, interrupted himself to laugh an uncanny laugh which\nfrightened the painter. He fancied he heard Mephistopheles talking\nmarriage.\n\n\"Portraits bring five hundred francs apiece,\" went on Elie; \"so you can\nvery well afford to paint me three pictures.\"\n\n\"True for you!\" cried Fougeres, gleefully.\n\n\"And if you marry the girl, you won't forget me.\"\n\n\"Marry! I?\" cried Pierre Grassou,--\"I, who have a habit of sleeping\nalone; and get up at cock-crow, and all my life arranged--\"\n\n\"One hundred thousand francs,\" said Magus, \"and a quiet girl, full of\ngolden tones, as you call 'em, like a Titian.\"\n\n\"What class of people are they?\"\n\n\"Retired merchants; just now in love with art; have a country-house at\nVille d'Avray, and ten or twelve thousand francs a year.\"\n\n\"What business did they do?\"\n\n\"Bottles.\"\n\n\"Now don't say that word; it makes me think of corks and sets my teeth\non edge.\"\n\n\"Am I to bring them?\"\n\n\"Three portraits--I could put them in the Salon; I might go in for\nportrait-painting. Well, yes!\"\n\nOld Elie descended the staircase to go in search of the Vervelle family.\nTo know to what extend this proposition would act upon the painter, and\nwhat effect would be produced upon him by the Sieur and Dame Vervelle,\nadorned by their only daughter, it is necessary to cast an eye on the\nanterior life of Pierre Grassou of Fougeres.\n\nWhen a pupil, Fougeres had studied drawing with Servin, who was\nthought a great draughtsman in academic circles. After that he went to\nSchinner's, to learn the secrets of the powerful and magnificent color\nwhich distinguishes that master. Master and scholars were all discreet;\nat any rate Pierre discovered none of their secrets. From there he went\nto Sommervieux' atelier, to acquire that portion of the art of painting\nwhich is called composition, but composition was shy and distant to him.\nThen he tried to snatch from Decamps and Granet the mystery of their\ninterior effects. The two masters were not robbed. Finally Fougeres\nended his education with Duval-Lecamus. During these studied and\nthese different transformations Fougeres' habits and ways of life were\ntranquil and moral to a degree that furnished matter of jesting to the\nvarious ateliers where he sojourned; but everywhere he disarmed his\ncomrades by his modesty and by the patience and gentleness of a lamblike\nnature. The masters, however, had no sympathy for the good lad; masters\nprefer bright fellows, eccentric spirits, droll or fiery, or else gloomy\nand deeply reflective, which argue future talent. Everything about\nPierre Grassou smacked of mediocrity. His nickname \"Fougeres\" (that\nof the painter in the play of \"The Eglantine\") was the source of much\nteasing; but, by force of circumstances, he accepted the name of the\ntown in which he had first seen light.\n\nGrassou of Fougeres resembled his name. Plump and of medium height, he\nhad a dull complexion, brown eyes, black hair, a turned-up nose, rather\nwide mouth, and long ears. His gentle, passive, and resigned air gave a\ncertain relief to these leading features of a physiognomy that was full\nof health, but wanting in action. This young man, born to be a virtuous\nbourgeois, having left his native place and come to Paris to be clerk\nwith a color-merchant (formerly of Mayenne and a distant connection of\nthe Orgemonts) made himself a painter simply by the fact of an obstinacy\nwhich constitutes the Breton character. What he suffered, the manner in\nwhich he lived during those years of study, God only knows. He suffered\nas much as great men suffer when they are hounded by poverty and hunted\nlike wild beasts by the pack of commonplace minds and by troops of\nvanities athirst for vengeance.\n\nAs soon as he thought himself able to fly on his own wings, Fougeres\ntook a studio in the upper part of the rue des Martyrs, where he began\nto delve his way. He made his first appearance in 1819. The first\npicture he presented to the jury of the Exhibition at the Louvre\nrepresented a village wedding rather laboriously copied from Greuze's\npicture. It was rejected. When Fougeres heard of the fatal decision,\nhe did not fall into one of those fits of epileptic self-love to which\nstrong natures give themselves up, and which sometimes end in challenges\nsent to the director or the secretary of the Museum, or even by threats\nof assassination. Fougeres quietly fetched his canvas, wrapped it in\na handkerchief, and brought it home, vowing in his heart that he would\nstill make himself a great painter. He placed his picture on the easel,\nand went to one of his former masters, a man of immense talent,--to\nSchinner, a kind and patient artist, whose triumph at that year's Salon\nwas complete. Fougeres asked him to come and criticise the rejected\nwork. The great painter left everything and went at once. When poor\nFougeres had placed the work before him Schinner, after a glance,\npressed Fougeres' hand.\n\n\"You are a fine fellow,\" he said; \"you've a heart of gold, and I must\nnot deceive you. Listen; you are fulfilling all the promises you made in\nthe studios. When you find such things as that at the tip of your brush,\nmy good Fougeres, you had better leave colors with Brullon, and not take\nthe canvas of others. Go home early, put on your cotton night-cap, and\nbe in bed by nine o'clock. The next morning early go to some government\noffice, ask for a place, and give up art.\"\n\n\"My dear friend,\" said Fougeres, \"my picture is already condemned; it is\nnot a verdict that I want of you, but the cause of that verdict.\"\n\n\"Well--you paint gray and sombre; you see nature being a crape veil;\nyour drawing is heavy, pasty; your composition is a medley of Greuze,\nwho only redeemed his defects by the qualities which you lack.\"\n\nWhile detailing these faults of the picture Schinner saw on Fougeres'\nface so deep an expression of sadness that he carried him off to dinner\nand tried to console him. The next morning at seven o'clock Fougeres was\nat his easel working over the rejected picture; he warmed the colors; he\nmade the corrections suggested by Schinner, he touched up his figures.\nThen, disgusted with such patching, he carried the picture to Elie\nMagus. Elie Magus, a sort of Dutch-Flemish-Belgian, had three reasons\nfor being what he became,--rich and avaricious. Coming last from\nBordeaux, he was just starting in Paris, selling old pictures and living\non the boulevard Bonne-Nouvelle. Fougeres, who relied on his palette\nto go to the baker's, bravely ate bread and nuts, or bread and milk, or\nbread and cherries, or bread and cheese, according to the seasons. Elie\nMagus, to whom Pierre offered his first picture, eyed it for some time\nand then gave him fifteen francs.\n\n\"With fifteen francs a year coming in, and a thousand francs for\nexpenses,\" said Fougeres, smiling, \"a man will go fast and far.\"\n\nElie Magus made a gesture; he bit his thumbs, thinking that he might\nhave had that picture for five francs.\n\nFor several days Pierre walked down from the rue des Martyrs and\nstationed himself at the corner of the boulevard opposite to Elie's\nshop, whence his eye could rest upon his picture, which did not obtain\nany notice from the eyes of the passers along the street. At the end of\na week the picture disappeared; Fougeres walked slowly up and approached\nthe dealer's shop in a lounging manner. The Jew was at his door.\n\n\"Well, I see you have sold my picture.\"\n\n\"No, here it is,\" said Magus; \"I've framed it, to show it to some one\nwho fancies he knows about painting.\"\n\nFougeres had not the heart to return to the boulevard. He set about\nanother picture, and spent two months upon it,--eating mouse's meals and\nworking like a galley-slave.\n\nOne evening he went to the boulevard, his feet leading him fatefully to\nthe dealer's shop. His picture was not to be seen.\n\n\"I've sold your picture,\" said Elie Magus, seeing him.\n\n\"For how much?\"\n\n\"I got back what I gave and a small interest. Make me some Flemish\ninteriors, a lesson of anatomy, landscapes, and such like, and I'll buy\nthem of you,\" said Elie.\n\nFougeres would fain have taken old Magus in his arms; he regarded him as\na father. He went home with joy in his heart; the great painter Schinner\nwas mistaken after all! In that immense city of Paris there were some\nhearts that beat in unison with Pierre's; his talent was understood and\nappreciated. The poor fellow of twenty-seven had the innocence of a lad\nof sixteen. Another man, one of those distrustful, surly artists, would\nhave noticed the diabolical look on Elie's face and seen the twitching\nof the hairs of his beard, the irony of his moustache, and the movement\nof his shoulders which betrayed the satisfaction of Walter Scott's Jew\nin swindling a Christian.\n\nFougeres marched along the boulevard in a state of joy which gave to his\nhonest face an expression of pride. He was like a schoolboy protecting\na woman. He met Joseph Bridau, one of his comrades, and one of those\neccentric geniuses destined to fame and sorrow. Joseph Bridau, who had,\nto use his own expression, a few sous in his pocket, took Fougeres to\nthe Opera. But Fougeres didn't see the ballet, didn't hear the music; he\nwas imagining pictures, he was painting. He left Joseph in the middle\nof the evening, and ran home to make sketches by lamp-light. He invented\nthirty pictures, all reminiscence, and felt himself a man of genius. The\nnext day he bought colors, and canvases of various dimensions; he piled\nup bread and cheese on his table, he filled a water-pot with water,\nhe laid in a provision of wood for his stove; then, to use a studio\nexpression, he dug at his pictures. He hired several models and Magus\nlent him stuffs.\n\nAfter two months' seclusion the Breton had finished four pictures. Again\nhe asked counsel of Schinner, this time adding Bridau to the invitation.\nThe two painters saw in three of these pictures a servile imitation\nof Dutch landscapes and interiors by Metzu, in the fourth a copy of\nRembrandt's \"Lesson of Anatomy.\"\n\n\"Still imitating!\" said Schinner. \"Ah! Fougeres can't manage to be\noriginal.\"\n\n\"You ought to do something else than painting,\" said Bridau.\n\n\"What?\" asked Fougeres.\n\n\"Fling yourself into literature.\"\n\nFougeres lowered his head like a sheep when it rains. Then he asked and\nobtained certain useful advice, and retouched his pictures before taking\nthem to Elie Magus. Elie paid him twenty-five francs apiece. At that\nprice of course Fougeres earned nothing; neither did he lose, thanks to\nhis sober living. He made a few excursions to the boulevard to see what\nbecame of his pictures, and there he underwent a singular hallucination.\nHis neat, clean paintings, hard as tin and shiny as porcelain, were\ncovered with a sort of mist; they looked like old daubs. Magus was out,\nand Pierre could obtain no information on this phenomenon. He fancied\nsomething was wrong with his eyes.\n\nThe painter went back to his studio and made more pictures. After seven\nyears of continued toil Fougeres managed to compose and execute quite\npassable work. He did as well as any artist of the second class.\nElie bought and sold all the paintings of the poor Breton, who earned\nlaboriously about two thousand francs a year while he spent but twelve\nhundred.\n\nAt the Exhibition of 1829, Leon de Lora, Schinner, and Bridau, who all\nthree occupied a great position and were, in fact, at the head of the\nart movement, were filled with pity for the perseverance and the poverty\nof their old friend; and they caused to be admitted into the grand salon\nof the Exhibition, a picture by Fougeres. This picture, powerful in\ninterest but derived from Vigneron as to sentiment and from Dubufe's\nfirst manner as to execution, represented a young man in prison, whose\nhair was being cut around the nape of the neck. On one side was\na priest, on the other two women, one old, one young, in tears. A\nsheriff's clerk was reading aloud a document. On a wretched table was a\nmeal, untouched. The light came in through the bars of a window near\nthe ceiling. It was a picture fit to make the bourgeois shudder, and\nthe bourgeois shuddered. Fougeres had simply been inspired by the\nmasterpiece of Gerard Douw; he had turned the group of the \"Dropsical\nWoman\" toward the window, instead of presenting it full front. The\ncondemned man was substituted for the dying woman--same pallor, same\nglance, same appeal to God. Instead of the Dutch doctor, he had painted\nthe cold, official figure of the sheriff's clerk attired in black; but\nhe had added an old woman to the young one of Gerard Douw. The cruelly\nsimple and good-humored face of the executioner completed and dominated\nthe group. This plagiarism, very cleverly disguised, was not discovered.\nThe catalogue contained the following:--\n\n     510. Grassou de Fougeres (Pierre), rue de Navarin, 2.\n     Death-toilet of a Chouan, condemned to execution in 1809.\n\nThough wholly second-rate, the picture had immense success, for it\nrecalled the affair of the \"chauffeurs,\" of Mortagne. A crowd collected\nevery day before the now fashionable canvas; even Charles X. paused to\nlook at it. \"Madame,\" being told of the patient life of the poor Breton,\nbecame enthusiastic over him. The Duc d'Orleans asked the price of\nthe picture. The clergy told Madame la Dauphine that the subject was\nsuggestive of good thoughts; and there was, in truth, a most satisfying\nreligious tone about it. Monseigneur the Dauphin admired the dust on\nthe stone-floor,--a huge blunder, by the way, for Fougeres had painted\ngreenish tones suggestive of mildew along the base of the walls.\n\"Madame\" finally bought the picture for a thousand francs, and the\nDauphin ordered another like it. Charles X. gave the cross of the Legion\nof honor to this son of a peasant who had fought for the royal cause\nin 1799. (Joseph Bridau, the great painter, was not yet decorated.) The\nminister of the Interior ordered two church pictures of Fougeres.\n\nThis Salon of 1829 was to Pierre Grassou his whole fortune, fame,\nfuture, and life. Be original, invent, and you die by inches; copy,\nimitate, and you'll live. After this discovery of a gold mine, Grassou\nde Fougeres obtained his benefit of the fatal principle to which society\nowes the wretched mediocrities to whom are intrusted in these days the\nelection of leaders in all social classes; who proceed, naturally, to\nelect themselves and who wage a bitter war against all true talent. The\nprinciple of election applied indiscriminately is false, and France will\nsome day abandon it.\n\nNevertheless the modesty, simplicity, and genuine surprise of the good\nand gentle Fougeres silenced all envy and all recriminations. Besides,\nhe had on his side all of his clan who had succeeded, and all who\nexpected to succeed. Some persons, touched by the persistent energy of a\nman whom nothing had discouraged, talked of Domenichino and said:--\n\n\"Perseverance in the arts should be rewarded. Grassou hasn't stolen his\nsuccesses; he has delved for ten years, the poor dear man!\"\n\nThat exclamation of \"poor dear man!\" counted for half in the support\nand the congratulations which the painter received. Pity sets up\nmediocrities as envy pulls down great talents, and in equal numbers.\nThe newspapers, it is true, did not spare criticism, but the chevalier\nFougeres digested them as he had digested the counsel of his friends,\nwith angelic patience.\n\nPossessing, by this time, fifteen thousand francs, laboriously earned,\nhe furnished an apartment and studio in the rue de Navarin, and painted\nthe picture ordered by Monseigneur the Dauphin, also the two church\npictures, and delivered them at the time agreed on, with a punctuality\nthat was very discomforting to the exchequer of the ministry, accustomed\nto a different course of action. But--admire the good fortune of men who\nare methodical--if Grassou, belated with his work, had been caught by\nthe revolution of July he would not have got his money.\n\nBy the time he was thirty-seven Fougeres had manufactured for Elie Magus\nsome two hundred pictures, all of them utterly unknown, by the help of\nwhich he had attained to that satisfying manner, that point of execution\nbefore which the true artist shrugs his shoulders and the bourgeoisie\nworships. Fougeres was dear to friends for rectitude of ideas, for\nsteadiness of sentiment, absolute kindliness, and great loyalty; though\nthey had no esteem for his palette, they loved the man who held it.\n\n\"What a misfortune it is that Fougeres has the vice of painting!\" said\nhis comrades.\n\nBut for all this, Grassou gave excellent counsel, like those\nfeuilletonists incapable of writing a book who know very well where a\nbook is wanting. There was this difference, however, between literary\ncritics and Fougeres; he was eminently sensitive to beauties; he felt\nthem, he acknowledged them, and his advice was instinct with a spirit\nof justice that made the justness of his remarks acceptable. After\nthe revolution of July, Fougeres sent about ten pictures a year to the\nSalon, of which the jury admitted four or five. He lived with the most\nrigid economy, his household being managed solely by an old charwoman.\nFor all amusement he visited his friends, he went to see works of art,\nhe allowed himself a few little trips about France, and he planned to go\nto Switzerland in search of inspiration. This detestable artist was an\nexcellent citizen; he mounted guard duly, went to reviews, and paid his\nrent and provision-bills with bourgeois punctuality.\n\nHaving lived all his life in toil and poverty, he had never had the time\nto love. Poor and a bachelor, until now he did not desire to complicate\nhis simple life. Incapable of devising any means of increasing his\nlittle fortune, he carried, every three months, to his notary, Cardot,\nhis quarterly earnings and economies. When the notary had received\nabout three thousand francs he invested them in some first mortgage, the\ninterest of which he drew himself and added to the quarterly payments\nmade to him by Fougeres. The painter was awaiting the fortunate moment\nwhen his property thus laid by would give him the imposing income of two\nthousand francs, to allow himself the otium cum dignitate of the\nartist and paint pictures; but oh! what pictures! true pictures! each a\nfinished picture! chouette, Koxnoff, chocnosoff! His future, his dreams\nof happiness, the superlative of his hopes--do you know what it was?\nTo enter the Institute and obtain the grade of officer of the Legion\nof honor; to side down beside Schinner and Leon de Lora, to reach the\nAcademy before Bridau, to wear a rosette in his buttonhole! What a\ndream! It is only commonplace men who think of everything.\n\nHearing the sound of several steps on the staircase, Fougeres rubbed up\nhis hair, buttoned his jacket of bottle-green velveteen, and was not a\nlittle amazed to see, entering his doorway, a simpleton face vulgarly\ncalled in studio slang a \"melon.\" This fruit surmounted a pumpkin,\nclothed in blue cloth adorned with a bunch of tintinnabulating baubles.\nThe melon puffed like a walrus; the pumpkin advanced on turnips,\nimproperly called legs. A true painter would have turned the little\nbottle-vendor off at once, assuring him that he didn't paint vegetables.\nThis painter looked at his client without a smile, for Monsieur Vervelle\nwore a three-thousand-franc diamond in the bosom of his shirt.\n\nFougeres glanced at Magus and said: \"There's fat in it!\" using a slang\nterm then much in vogue in the studios.\n\nHearing those words Monsieur Vervelle frowned. The worthy bourgeois drew\nafter him another complication of vegetables in the persons of his wife\nand daughter. The wife had a fine veneer of mahogany on her face, and\nin figure she resembled a cocoa-nut, surmounted by a head and tied in\naround the waist. She pivoted on her legs, which were tap-rooted,\nand her gown was yellow with black stripes. She proudly exhibited\nunutterable mittens on a puffy pair of hands; the plumes of a\nfirst-class funeral floated on an over-flowing bonnet; laces adorned\nher shoulders, as round behind as they were before; consequently, the\nspherical form of the cocoa-nut was perfect. Her feet, of a kind that\npainters call abatis, rose above the varnished leather of the shoes in a\nswelling that was some inches high. How the feet were ever got into the\nshoes, no one knows.\n\nFollowing these vegetable parents was a young asparagus, who presented\na tiny head with smoothly banded hair of the yellow-carroty tone that a\nRoman adores, long, stringy arms, a fairly white skin with reddish spots\nupon it, large innocent eyes, and white lashes, scarcely any brows, a\nleghorn bonnet bound with white satin and adorned with two honest bows\nof the same satin, hands virtuously red, and the feet of her mother. The\nfaces of these three beings wore, as they looked round the studio, an\nair of happiness which bespoke in them a respectable enthusiasm for Art.\n\n\"So it is you, monsieur, who are going to take our likenesses?\" said the\nfather, assuming a jaunty air.\n\n\"Yes, monsieur,\" replied Grassou.\n\n\"Vervelle, he has the cross!\" whispered the wife to the husband while\nthe painter's back was turned.\n\n\"Should I be likely to have our portraits painted by an artist who\nwasn't decorated?\" returned the former bottle-dealer.\n\nElie Magus here bowed to the Vervelle family and went away. Grassou\naccompanied him to the landing.\n\n\"There's no one but you who would fish up such whales.\"\n\n\"One hundred thousand francs of 'dot'!\"\n\n\"Yes, but what a family!\"\n\n\"Three hundred thousand francs of expectations, a house in the rue\nBoucherat, and a country-house at Ville d'Avray!\"\n\n\"Bottles and corks! bottles and corks!\" said the painter; \"they set my\nteeth on edge.\"\n\n\"Safe from want for the rest of your days,\" said Elie Magus as he\ndeparted.\n\nThat idea entered the head of Pierre Grassou as the daylight had burst\ninto his garret that morning.\n\nWhile he posed the father of the young person, he thought the\nbottle-dealer had a good countenance, and he admired the face full\nof violent tones. The mother and daughter hovered about the easel,\nmarvelling at all his preparations; they evidently thought him a\ndemigod. This visible admiration pleased Fougeres. The golden calf threw\nupon the family its fantastic reflections.\n\n\"You must earn lots of money; but of course you don't spend it as you\nget it,\" said the mother.\n\n\"No, madame,\" replied the painter; \"I don't spend it; I have not the\nmeans to amuse myself. My notary invests my money; he knows what I have;\nas soon as I have taken him the money I never think of it again.\"\n\n\"I've always been told,\" cried old Vervelle, \"that artists were baskets\nwith holes in them.\"\n\n\"Who is your notary--if it is not indiscreet to ask?\" said Madame\nVervelle.\n\n\"A good fellow, all round,\" replied Grassou. \"His name is Cardot.\"\n\n\"Well, well! if that isn't a joke!\" exclaimed Vervelle. \"Cardot is our\nnotary too.\"\n\n\"Take care! don't move,\" said the painter.\n\n\"Do pray hold still, Antenor,\" said the wife. \"If you move about you'll\nmake monsieur miss; you should just see him working, and then you'd\nunderstand.\"\n\n\"Oh! why didn't you have me taught the arts?\" said Mademoiselle Vervelle\nto her parents.\n\n\"Virginie,\" said her mother, \"a young person ought not to learn certain\nthings. When you are married--well, till then, keep quiet.\"\n\nDuring this first sitting the Vervelle family became almost intimate\nwith the worthy artist. They were to come again two days later. As they\nwent away the father told Virginie to walk in front; but in spite of\nthis separation, she overheard the following words, which naturally\nawakened her curiosity.\n\n\"Decorated--thirty-seven years old--an artist who gets orders--puts his\nmoney with our notary. We'll consult Cardot. Hein! Madame de Fougeres!\nnot a bad name--doesn't look like a bad man either! One might prefer a\nmerchant; but before a merchant retires from business one can never know\nwhat one's daughter may come to; whereas an economical artist--and then\nyou know we love Art--Well, we'll see!\"\n\nWhile the Vervelle family discussed Pierre Grassou, Pierre Grassou\ndiscussed in his own mind the Vervelle family. He found it impossible to\nstay peacefully in his studio, so he took a walk on the boulevard, and\nlooked at all the red-haired women who passed him. He made a series of\nthe oddest reasonings to himself: gold was the handsomest of metals; a\ntawny yellow represented gold; the Romans were fond of red-haired women,\nand he turned Roman, etc. After two years of marriage what man would\never care about the color of his wife's hair? Beauty fades,--but\nugliness remains! Money is one-half of all happiness. That night when he\nwent to bed the painter had come to think Virginie Vervelle charming.\n\nWhen the three Vervelles arrived on the day of the second sitting the\nartist received them with smiles. The rascal had shaved and put on clean\nlinen; he had also arranged his hair in a pleasing manner, and chosen\na very becoming pair of trousers and red leather slippers with pointed\ntoes. The family replied with smiles as flattering as those of the\nartist. Virginie became the color of her hair, lowered her eyes, and\nturned aside her head to look at the sketches. Pierre Grassou thought\nthese little affectations charming, Virginie had such grace; happily she\ndidn't look like her father or her mother; but whom did she look like?\n\nDuring this sitting there were little skirmishes between the family\nand the painter, who had the audacity to call pere Vervelle witty. This\nflattery brought the family on the double-quick to the heart of the\nartist; he gave a drawing to the daughter, and a sketch to the mother.\n\n\"What! for nothing?\" they said.\n\nPierre Grassou could not help smiling.\n\n\"You shouldn't give away your pictures in that way; they are money,\"\nsaid old Vervelle.\n\nAt the third sitting pere Vervelle mentioned a fine gallery of pictures\nwhich he had in his country-house at Ville d'Avray--Rubens, Gerard Douw,\nMieris, Terburg, Rembrandt, Titian, Paul Potter, etc.\n\n\"Monsieur Vervelle has been very extravagant,\" said Madame Vervelle,\nostentatiously. \"He has over one hundred thousand francs' worth of\npictures.\"\n\n\"I love Art,\" said the former bottle-dealer.\n\nWhen Madame Vervelle's portrait was begun that of her husband was nearly\nfinished, and the enthusiasm of the family knew no bounds. The notary\nhad spoken in the highest praise of the painter. Pierre Grassou was, he\nsaid, one of the most honest fellows on earth; he had laid by thirty-six\nthousand francs; his days of poverty were over; he now saved about ten\nthousand francs a year and capitalized the interest; in short, he was\nincapable of making a woman unhappy. This last remark had enormous\nweight in the scales. Vervelle's friends now heard of nothing but the\ncelebrated painter Fougeres.\n\nThe day on which Fougeres began the portrait of Mademoiselle Virginie,\nhe was virtually son-in-law to the Vervelle family. The three Vervelles\nbloomed out in this studio, which they were now accustomed to consider\nas one of their residences; there was to them an inexplicable attraction\nin this clean, neat, pretty, and artistic abode. Abyssus abyssum, the\ncommonplace attracts the commonplace. Toward the end of the sitting the\nstairway shook, the door was violently thrust open by Joseph Bridau; he\ncame like a whirlwind, his hair flying. He showed his grand haggard face\nas he looked about him, casting everywhere the lightning of his glance;\nthen he walked round the whole studio, and returned abruptly to Grassou,\npulling his coat together over the gastric region, and endeavouring, but\nin vain, to button it, the button mould having escaped from its capsule\nof cloth.\n\n\"Wood is dear,\" he said to Grassou.\n\n\"Ah!\"\n\n\"The British are after me\" (slang term for creditors) \"Gracious! do you\npaint such things as that?\"\n\n\"Hold your tongue!\"\n\n\"Ah! to be sure, yes.\"\n\nThe Vervelle family, extremely shocked by this extraordinary apparition,\npassed from its ordinary red to a cherry-red, two shades deeper.\n\n\"Brings in, hey?\" continued Joseph. \"Any shot in your locker?\"\n\n\"How much do you want?\"\n\n\"Five hundred. I've got one of those bull-dog dealers after me, and if\nthe fellow once gets his teeth in he won't let go while there's a bit of\nme left. What a crew!\"\n\n\"I'll write you a line for my notary.\"\n\n\"Have you got a notary?\"\n\n\"Yes.\"\n\n\"That explains to me why you still make cheeks with pink tones like a\nperfumer's sign.\"\n\nGrassou could not help coloring, for Virginie was sitting.\n\n\"Take Nature as you find her,\" said the great painter, going on with his\nlecture. \"Mademoiselle is red-haired. Well, is that a sin? All things\nare magnificent in painting. Put some vermillion on your palette, and\nwarm up those cheeks; touch in those little brown spots; come, butter it\nwell in. Do you pretend to have more sense than Nature?\"\n\n\"Look here,\" said Fougeres, \"take my place while I go and write that\nnote.\"\n\nVervelle rolled to the table and whispered in Grassou's ear:--\n\n\"Won't that country lout spoilt it?\"\n\n\"If he would only paint the portrait of your Virginie it would be worth\na thousand times more than mine,\" replied Fougeres, vehemently.\n\nHearing that reply the bourgeois beat a quiet retreat to his wife, who\nwas stupefied by the invasion of this ferocious animal, and very uneasy\nat his co-operation in her daughter's portrait.\n\n\"Here, follow these indications,\" said Bridau, returning the palette,\nand taking the note. \"I won't thank you. I can go back now to d'Arthez'\nchateau, where I am doing a dining-room, and Leon de Lora the tops of\nthe doors--masterpieces! Come and see us.\"\n\nAnd off he went without taking leave, having had enough of looking at\nVirginie.\n\n\"Who is that man?\" asked Madame Vervelle.\n\n\"A great artist,\" answered Grassou.\n\nThere was silence for a moment.\n\n\"Are you quite sure,\" said Virginie, \"that he has done no harm to my\nportrait? He frightened me.\"\n\n\"He has only done it good,\" replied Grassou.\n\n\"Well, if he is a great artist, I prefer a great artist like you,\" said\nMadame Vervelle.\n\nThe ways of genius had ruffled up these orderly bourgeois.\n\nThe phase of autumn so pleasantly named \"Saint Martin's summer\" was\njust beginning. With the timidity of a neophyte in presence of a man of\ngenius, Vervelle risked giving Fougeres an invitation to come out to\nhis country-house on the following Sunday. He knew, he said, how little\nattraction a plain bourgeois family could offer to an artist.\n\n\"You artists,\" he continued, \"want emotions, great scenes, and witty\ntalk; but you'll find good wines, and I rely on my collection of\npictures to compensate an artist like you for the bore of dining with\nmere merchants.\"\n\nThis form of idolatry, which stroked his innocent self-love, was\ncharming to our poor Pierre Grassou, so little accustomed to such\ncompliments. The honest artist, that atrocious mediocrity, that heart\nof gold, that loyal soul, that stupid draughtsman, that worthy fellow,\ndecorated by royalty itself with the Legion of honor, put himself under\narms to go out to Ville d'Avray and enjoy the last fine days of the\nyear. The painter went modestly by public conveyance, and he could not\nbut admire the beautiful villa of the bottle-dealer, standing in a park\nof five acres at the summit of Ville d'Avray, commanding a noble view\nof the landscape. Marry Virginie, and have that beautiful villa some day\nfor his own!\n\nHe was received by the Vervelles with an enthusiasm, a joy, a\nkindliness, a frank bourgeois absurdity which confounded him. It was\nindeed a day of triumph. The prospective son-in-law was marched about\nthe grounds on the nankeen-colored paths, all raked as they should be\nfor the steps of so great a man. The trees themselves looked brushed and\ncombed, and the lawns had just been mown. The pure country air wafted\nto the nostrils a most enticing smell of cooking. All things about the\nmansion seemed to say:\n\n\"We have a great artist among us.\"\n\nLittle old Vervelle himself rolled like an apple through his park, the\ndaughter meandered like an eel, the mother followed with dignified step.\nThese three beings never let go for one moment of Pierre Grassou\nfor seven hours. After dinner, the length of which equalled its\nmagnificence, Monsieur and Madame Vervelle reached the moment of their\ngrand theatrical effect,--the opening of the picture gallery illuminated\nby lamps, the reflections of which were managed with the utmost care.\nThree neighbours, also retired merchants, an old uncle (from whom were\nexpectations), an elderly Demoiselle Vervelle, and a number of other\nguests invited to be present at this ovation to a great artist followed\nGrassou into the picture gallery, all curious to hear his opinion of the\nfamous collection of pere Vervelle, who was fond of oppressing them with\nthe fabulous value of his paintings. The bottle-merchant seemed to have\nthe idea of competing with King Louis-Philippe and the galleries of\nVersailles.\n\nThe pictures, magnificently framed, each bore labels on which was read\nin black letters on a gold ground:\n\n               Rubens\n     Dance of fauns and nymphs\n\n                         Rembrandt\n     Interior of a dissecting room. The physician van Tromp\n             instructing his pupils.\n\nIn all, there were one hundred and fifty pictures, varnished and dusted.\nSome were covered with green baize curtains which were not undrawn in\npresence of young ladies.\n\nPierre Grassou stood with arms pendent, gaping mouth, and no word upon\nhis lips as he recognized half his own pictures in these works of art.\nHe was Rubens, he was Rembrandt, Mieris, Metzu, Paul Potter, Gerard\nDouw! He was twenty great masters all by himself.\n\n\"What is the matter? You've turned pale!\"\n\n\"Daughter, a glass of water! quick!\" cried Madame Vervelle. The painter\ntook pere Vervelle by the button of his coat and led him to a corner on\npretence of looking at a Murillo. Spanish pictures were then the rage.\n\n\"You bought your pictures from Elie Magus?\"\n\n\"Yes, all originals.\"\n\n\"Between ourselves, tell me what he made you pay for those I shall point\nout to you.\"\n\nTogether they walked round the gallery. The guests were amazed at the\ngravity in which the artist proceeded, in company with the host, to\nexamine each picture.\n\n\"Three thousand francs,\" said Vervelle in a whisper, as they reached the\nlast, \"but I tell everybody forty thousand.\"\n\n\"Forty thousand for a Titian!\" said the artist, aloud. \"Why, it is\nnothing at all!\"\n\n\"Didn't I tell you,\" said Vervelle, \"that I had three hundred thousand\nfrancs' worth of pictures?\"\n\n\"I painted those pictures,\" said Pierre Grassou in Vervelle's ear, \"and\nI sold them one by one to Elie Magus for less than ten thousand francs\nthe whole lot.\"\n\n\"Prove it to me,\" said the bottle-dealer, \"and I double my daughter's\n'dot,' for if it is so, you are Rubens, Rembrandt, Titian, Gerard Douw!\"\n\n\"And Magus is a famous picture-dealer!\" said the painter, who now saw\nthe meaning of the misty and aged look imparted to his pictures in\nElie's shop, and the utility of the subjects the picture-dealer had\nrequired of him.\n\nFar from losing the esteem of his admiring bottle-merchant, Monsieur\nde Fougeres (for so the family persisted in calling Pierre Grassou)\nadvanced so much that when the portraits were finished he presented them\ngratuitously to his father-in-law, his mother-in-law and his wife.\n\nAt the present day, Pierre Grassou, who never misses exhibiting at the\nSalon, passes in bourgeois regions for a fine portrait-painter. He earns\nsome twenty thousand francs a year and spoils a thousand francs' worth\nof canvas. His wife has six thousand francs a year in dowry, and he\nlives with his father-in-law. The Vervelles and the Grassous, who agree\ndelightfully, keep a carriage, and are the happiest people on earth.\nPierre Grassou never emerges from the bourgeois circle, in which he\nis considered one of the greatest artists of the period. Not a family\nportrait is painted between the barrier du Trone and the rue du Temple\nthat is not done by this great painter; none of them costs less than\nfive hundred francs. The great reason which the bourgeois families have\nfor employing him is this:--\n\n\"Say what you will of him, he lays by twenty thousand francs a year with\nhis notary.\"\n\nAs Grassou took a creditable part on the occasion of the riots of May\n12th he was appointed an officer of the Legion of honor. He is a major\nin the National Guard. The Museum of Versailles felt it incumbent to\norder a battle-piece of so excellent a citizen, who thereupon walked\nabout Paris to meet his old comrades and have the happiness of saying to\nthem:--\n\n\"The King has given me an order for the Museum of Versailles.\"\n\nMadame de Fougeres adores her husband, to whom she has presented two\nchildren. This painter, a good father and a good husband, is unable to\neradicate from his heart a fatal thought, namely, that artists laugh at\nhis work; that his name is a term of contempt in the studios; and that\nthe feuilletons take no notice of his pictures. But he still works on;\nhe aims for the Academy, where, undoubtedly, he will enter. And--oh!\nvengeance which dilates his heart!--he buys the pictures of celebrated\nartists who are pinched for means, and he substitutes these true works\nof arts that are not his own for the wretched daubs in the collection at\nVille d'Avray.\n\nThere are many mediocrities more aggressive and more mischievous than\nthat of Pierre Grassou, who is, moreover, anonymously benevolent and\ntruly obliging.\n\n\n\n\nADDENDUM\n\nThe following personages appear in other stories of the Human Comedy.\n\n     Bridau, Joseph\n       The Purse\n       A Bachelor's Establishment\n       A Distinguished Provincial at Paris\n       A Start in Life\n       Modeste Mignon\n       Another Study of Woman\n       Letters of Two Brides\n       Cousin Betty\n       The Member for Arcis\n\n     Cardot (Parisian notary)\n       The Muse of the Department\n       A Man of Business\n       Jealousies of a Country Town\n       The Middle Classes\n       Cousin Pons\n\n     Grassou, Pierre\n       A Bachelor's Establishment\n       Cousin Betty\n       The Middle Classes\n       Cousin Pons\n\n     Lora, Leon de\n       The Unconscious Humorists\n       A Bachelor's Establishment\n       A Start in Life\n       Honorine\n       Cousin Betty\n       Beatrix\n\n     Magus, Elie\n       The Vendetta\n       A Marriage Settlement\n       A Bachelor's Establishment\n       Cousin Pons\n\n     Schinner, Hippolyte\n       The Purse\n       A Bachelor's Establishment\n       A Start in Life\n       Albert Savarus\n       The Government Clerks\n       Modeste Mignon\n       The Imaginary Mistress\n       The Unconscious Humorists\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEnd of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Pierre Grassou, by Honore de Balzac\n\nNow, answer the question based on the story asconcisely as you can, using a single phrase if possible. Do not provide any explanation.\n\nQuestion: Who doe the Vervelle couple believe Grassou is the perfect match for?\n\nAnswer:"}
{"question_id": 25, "category": "longbench_hotpotqa", "reference": ["the deadpan sketch group"], "prompt": "Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nThe following are given passages.\nPassage 1:\nLive at the Electric\nLive at the Electric is a British comedy series that aired on BBC Three from 31 May 2012 and 28 February 2014 and is hosted by Russell Kane who performed stand-up in between comedy sketches from a variety of performers such as Joe Wilkinson and Diane Morgan's double act Two Episodes of Mash. It also featured comedy duo Totally Tom serving as backstage crew for the show.\n\nExternal links\nLive at the Electric at BBC Online \nLive at the Electric at British Comedy Guide\nPassage 2:\nStart-rite\nStart-rite is a brand of children's shoes. The shoemaker, purportedly Britain's oldest and one of the first manufacturers in Norfolk, was established in 1792 in Norwich, England, by James Smith. His grandson, James Southall, gave the firm its current name; it rose in prominence during the 20th century thanks in part to an iconic poster, reading Children's shoes have far to go, which was displayed on the London Underground for 20 years from 1947. Controversy exists around the origins of the image in this poster. It has been attributed to artists  Andy Wood, William Grimmond, Joe Wilkinson of Stanley Studios, Susan Pearce, Nancy Gardner and to the company's own advertising agent.In 1955 Start-rite was granted a royal warrant by Queen Elizabeth II to supply footwear for the young Prince Charles, Princess Anne, Prince Andrew and Prince Edward.  The company was granted a second royal warrant in 1989 by the Prince of Wales to supply children's footwear for Prince William and Prince Harry. This royal warrant was withdrawn in 2003 on production being moved from the UK. In 2016 Prince George was pictured wearing Start-rite shoes in an official portrait taken to commemorate the 90th birthday of the Queen.In 2003 the company ceased production in the UK, outsourcing its operations to India and Portugal. The cost cutting move came amid a £600,000 annual loss, which the company reversed the following year to turn a £1.5 million profit. Sales further increased by 20% to 2007.The company focuses on correctly fitting shoes to children's feet, and was the first to introduce variable width fittings for children's shoes. It once maintained concession stores in the now-defunct children's clothing retailer Adams.\nPassage 3:\nNora Lewin\nNora Lewin is a fictional character on the TV show Law & Order, played by two-time Academy Award winning actress Dianne Wiest from 2000 to 2002. She appeared in 51 episodes (48 episodes of Law & Order, one episode of Law & Order: Criminal Intent and two episodes of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit). Her character was particularly notable for the fact that she was the first woman in the program's history to hold the position of New York County District Attorney (no woman has held the position in real life). Pursuant to New York law, an interim District Attorney is appointed by the Governor.\n\nRole within Law & Order\nPrior to her appointment as interim DA, Lewin was a law professor, which often provoked her critics to dismiss her as a detached academic with no practical experience. Lewin's term as DA is defined by a liberally directed program of legal application to many notable criminal cases, which often brings her into political and legal dilemmas. While she is an idealist, however, she is not prepared to subvert the correct application of the law due to her personal beliefs. In a 2001 episode, she is confronted with the decision to pursue the death penalty in a conviction of an 18-year-old murderer. While she personally opposes the death penalty, she realizes that her office would be seen as soft on crime, and reluctantly succumbs to political pressure. The young man is found guilty and sent to death row.Lewin works closely with Jack McCoy (Sam Waterston) and Abbie Carmichael (Angie Harmon). Her political beliefs often put her into conflict with both of them, especially the latter, a staunch political conservative. After Carmichael leaves the DA's office, Lewin replaces her with Serena Southerlyn (Elisabeth Röhm), whose liberal idealism more closely resembles her own political philosophy.She has a niece, indicating that she has at least one sibling.\n\nDeparture\nIn September 2002, after two years of her term as District Attorney, Lewin departs the office. The manner in which she departed the show is never specified on screen. However, in his tie-in book Law & Order: Crime Scenes, Dick Wolf wrote that his intention for the character was that Lewin found herself disenchanted with the position of D.A., and opted not to run for election following her interim term. Fred Dalton Thompson subsequently joined the cast as Republican Arthur Branch. Wiest later stated, in the book Actors at Work, written by Rosemarie Tichler and Barry Jay Kaplan, that she was tired of the role and wished to move on to other projects.\nIn her first scene, Lewin is introduced to McCoy by Mayor Rudy Giuliani (playing himself in a cameo appearance), who praises Lewin's record and assures her that she will do a fine job as District Attorney.\n\nAppearances on other TV series\nLaw & Order: Criminal Intent\nSeason One\nEpisode 1: \"One\"\nLaw & Order: Special Victims Unit\nSeason Three\nEpisode 10: \"Ridicule\"\nSeason Four\nEpisode 1: \"Chameleon\"\nPassage 4:\nLucy Davis\nLucy Clare Davis (born 17 February 1973) is an English actress best known for playing Dawn Tinsley in the BBC comedy The Office (2001–2003). \nShe is also known for her roles as Hilda Spellman in the Netflix series The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina (2018–2020), Dianne in the horror-comedy Shaun of the Dead (2004), and Etta Candy in Wonder Woman (2017). She is also currently playing the role of Eva in Disney Channel's action comedy series The Villains of Valley View, which premiered on 3 June 2022.\n\nCareer\nDavis appeared briefly in an episode of The Detectives, a show created for and starring her father (Jasper Carrott). She played Maria Lucas in the BBC's 1995 production of Pride and Prejudice, and also had a role in the 1996 Christmas special of One Foot in the Grave. After her breakthrough role as Dawn Tinsley in The Office, Davis appeared in the films Sex Lives of the Potato Men and Shaun of the Dead in 2004, whilst continuing to play Hayley Jordan in The Archers on BBC Radio 4. She gave up this last role when her other acting responsibilities made it impossible to continue, and the part was recast in September 2005.\nDavis appeared in the third-season episode \"Elephants and Hens\" of UK TV programme Black Books. In 2006, Davis appeared as the \"Fashion TV\" host on ABC's Ugly Betty, and later that year played writer Lucy Kenwright in NBC's Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip. In 2008, she appeared in several episodes of the US series Reaper. In 2010, Davis starred in ITV's six-episode comedy drama, Married Single Other, and also appeared in a guest role in The Mentalist alongside her then-husband Owain Yeoman. Davis also appears in the John Landis-produced thriller Some Guy Who Kills People. In 2012, Davis had a guest voice part in Family Guy for the episode \"Be Careful What You Fish For\". Davis appeared in series two, episode eight of the BBC series Death in Paradise (2013). She became a Patron for the performing arts group Theatretrain in 2012.Davis plays the role of Etta Candy in the 2017 film Wonder Woman. Her performance marked the first live action cinematic portrayal of that comic book character. Davis has said of the character: \"She's a woman in a man's world and so being heard and seen aren't the easiest things, but it kind of doesn't deter her. Etta is unapologetically herself and I think that that's the thing that has drawn me to her the most... it took quite a while in my life to be unapologetically myself.\"Davis appeared in the Netflix series The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina as Hilda Spellman, which aired from 2018 to 2020. She is starring as Eva, known as the supervillain Surge, on the Disney Channel sitcom The Villains of Valley View which premiered on 3 June 2022.\n\nPersonal life\nDavis is the daughter of Hazel Jackson and comedian Robert Davis, better known as Jasper Carrott. In December 1997, Davis underwent a kidney transplant after being diagnosed with kidney failure during a medical examination. Her mother donated the kidney. Around Christmas 2005 she was hospitalised once again because of kidney failure, but later recovered. Davis also has type 1 diabetes.On 9 December 2006, Davis married Welsh actor Owain Yeoman at St Paul's Cathedral, London. The wedding was attended by fellow The Office cast members and writers. Davis was entitled to marry there as her father is an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) and St Paul's contains the chapel of the order. The couple separated in January 2011 and divorced in October 2011.In 2007, Davis posed nude in the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals's campaign against the Guards Division's continued use of traditional bearskin caps.\n\nFilmography\nFilm\nTelevision\nRadio\nPassage 5:\nDiane Morgan\nDiane Morgan (born 5 October 1975) is an English actress, comedian, television presenter, and writer. She is best known for playing Philomena Cunk on Charlie Brooker's Weekly Wipe and in other mockumentaries, as Liz in the BBC Two sitcom Motherland, and Kath in the Netflix dark comedy series After Life. She also wrote and starred in the BBC Two comedy series Mandy.\n\nEarly life\nMorgan was born in Bolton, Greater Manchester on 5 October 1975, daughter of a physiotherapist and a stay-at-home mother; she has one brother. She grew up in nearby Farnworth and Kearsley, and attended George Tomlinson School in Kearsley. When she was 20, she studied at the East 15 Acting School in Loughton. She said in a 2020 interview, \"There were a few actors on [my father]'s side of the family: Julie Goodyear, Frank Finlay and Jack Wild. What a dynasty. We're like the Redgraves. Julie's got a touch of the Mandys, actually. Maybe I could cast her as Mandy's mum.\"\n\nCareer\nMorgan had a small part as Dawn in Peter Kay's Phoenix Nights before a spell working various jobs, including as a dental assistant, a telemarketer, a potato peeler at a chip shop, selling Avon, and boxing up worming tablets in a factory. She subsequently made her first attempt at stand-up comedy. She was placed second in the Hackney Empire New Act of the Year award in 2006, and as runner-up in the 2006 Funny Women Awards.Morgan and Joe Wilkinson later formed a sketch comedy duo called Two Episodes of Mash. From 2008, they performed at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe for three consecutive years, and in 2010, they appeared on Robert Webb's satirical news show Robert's Web. In 2012, the act completed its second BBC radio series (co-starring David O'Doherty), and appeared in BBC Three's Live at the Electric. In the same year, she appeared in Him & Her, which featured Wilkinson, and in 2013, she played Nicola in the TV series Pat & Cabbage. In 2014, she made an appearance in the TV series Utopia, as Tess, and in 2015, she appeared in two episodes of Drunk History.\n\nPhilomena Cunk\nMorgan is perhaps best known for her portrayal of Philomena Cunk, an extremely dim-witted and ill-informed interviewer and commentator on current affairs. The character first appeared in a regular segment on Charlie Brooker's Weekly Wipe (2013–2015). Cunk has since appeared in other mockumentary contexts. In December 2016, she presented BBC Two's Cunk on Christmas. In April 2018, the five-part historical mockumentary Cunk on Britain began broadcasting on BBC Two. Also in 2018, Morgan wrote Cunk on Everything: The Encyclopedia Philomena, published by Two Roads on 1 November. In December 2019, Morgan appeared as Cunk for short episodes of Cunk and Other Humans, once again on BBC Two. She returned in a one-off episode of Charlie Brooker's Weekly Wipe titled \"Antiviral Wipe\", about the COVID-19 pandemic, in May 2020. Another series, Cunk on Earth, began broadcasting in September 2022. For her performance in the latter, Morgan was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Female Comedy Performance.\n\nOther roles\nMorgan played David Brent's public relations guru in the film David Brent: Life on the Road (2016). She has appeared in several short films, including The Boot Sale, which was shortlisted in the Virgin Media Shorts film competition 2010.In 2016, Morgan played Mandy in Sky One's comedy Rovers, appearing in all six episodes of the first series. She also appeared in the pilot for the BBC2 comedy We the Jury as Olivia. She also plays receptionist Talia in Sky's comedy drama Mount Pleasant and Liz in the BBC2 sitcom Motherland.\nMorgan plays Kath in the Netflix black-comedy series After Life, written by Ricky Gervais. She starred in the Gold sitcom The Cockfields, again alongside Wilkinson, and in comedy-drama Frayed in 2019. In 2019, she wrote, directed, and starred in the BBC2 comedy short Mandy, described as \"a comedy by Diane Morgan about Mandy, a woman who really, really wants a sofa, and will stop at absolutely nothing to get it\". Carol Decker appeared as herself in the short. The character returned in August 2020 for the full series Mandy, with Shaun Ryder, Maxine Peake, and Natalie Cassidy in guest roles. A Christmas special, We Wish You a Mandy Christmas, loosely based on A Christmas Carol, was broadcast in December 2021.Also in 2020, Morgan played Gemma Nerrick in the British mockumentary Death to 2020, created by Charlie Brooker and Annabel Jones. She reprised the role in Death to 2021. She voiced the character 105E in the 2021 animated Cartoon Network series Elliott from Earth.\nIn April 2022, Morgan starred as Donna in the first episode of the seventh series of Inside No. 9. In December 2022, Morgan reprised her role as Liz on Motherland for the Christmas special.\n\nPersonal life\nMorgan lives in the Bloomsbury district of London with her boyfriend, BBC comedy producer Ben Caudell.Interviewed by Stuart Jeffries for The Guardian' in 2016, she said, \"I've always wanted to make people laugh. It's been my only ambition, ever since my dad introduced me to the genius of the great comedians: Tony Hancock, Woody Allen, people like that. While other kids were into New Kids on the Block, I was into Harold Lloyd and Stan Laurel. I'm still like that. I don't have any hobbies.\"\n\nFilmography\nPassage 6:\nMy Family (series 10)\nThe tenth series of the BBC family sitcom My Family originally aired between 9 July 2010, and 27 August 2010, with a Christmas special that went to air on 24 December 2010. The series was commissioned following consistent ratings from the previous series. The opening episode, \"Wheelie Ben\", re-introduces the six main characters, with the addition of regular appearances from Kenzo Harper, played by Tayler Marshall. However, the character of Roger Bailey only made an appearance in the series finale. All episodes from the tenth series are thirty minutes in length, with the exception of the Christmas Special. The series was once again produced by Rude Boy Productions, a company that produces comedies created by Fred Barron. Unlike previous series of the show, which were filmed on a yearly basis, both Series 10 and 11 were filmed back-to-back. For the first time in the show's history, two episodes of the series remained unaired for some time. At the time of release, the DVD of the series contained two episodes that had yet to be broadcast on television. On 17 June 2011, one of these two episodes were aired, and the remaining one aired on 22 July 2011. The series averaged 4.55 million per episode; however, they managed to get over 6.00 million viewers for the Christmas Special.\n\nEpisode Information\nNotes\nPassage 7:\nDavid Earl (actor)\nDavid Geoffrey Earl (born 20th March 1974) is a British actor and comedian, best known for his comedy character Brian Gittins. He has featured in several projects associated with Ricky Gervais, most notably as Kevin \"Kev\" Twine in the comedy-drama Derek, and in smaller roles in Extras, After Life and the film Cemetery Junction. Earl also works frequently with comic Joe Wilkinson. Together they co-wrote and starred in the sitcom Rovers, and the comedy series The Cockfields. They also host three podcasts called Gossipmongers, Chatabix and My New Football Club. He also co-wrote and starred in the feature film Brian and Charles where he plays an isolated inventor who builds a robot.\n\nEarly life\nEarl was born in Crawley in 1974. Before undertaking any acting roles, Earl worked as a gardener and as a van driver, delivering building tools.\n\nComedy career\nOne of Earl's earliest online videos featured him playing a character called Graham, which he sent to a friend who showed it to Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant. They liked the video and Gervais asked Earl to play an obsessive fan, based on the character from the video, who talks to Andy Millman in a pub in an episode of Extras. Around this time Earl played Tony Queen in the film The Penalty King.Earl went on to create a number of online videos in character as Brian Gittins and played this role in the film Cemetery Junction. In 2012 a sitcom pilot entitled Gittins was broadcast on Channel 4. In the pilot Gittins works as a taxi driver: previously the character had been a cafe owner and this discrepancy is highlighted in an episode of the podcast Flatshare Slamdown, in which Earl appears as Brian. He releases regular Brian Gittins and Friends podcasts.Another of Earl's characters is Steve \"Cumbo\" Cumberland, who features in a number of online videos, including a Channel 4 Comedy Blaps series, co-written with Brett Goldstein.In 2011, Earl was revealed to be the person behind the popular Twitter account of Dr Peter Thraft, a supposed sex therapist.\n\nPersonal life\nEarl has three children and lives in Devon.\n\nFilmography\nPodcasts\nThe Brian Gittins Show\nA live radio show hosted on Spreaker from 2012-2017, where Brian played the role of 'the worst radio presenter in the world'. Callers would Skype in from around the world, and these included David Edwards and Charles Petrescu.\n\nBrian Gittins and Friends\nBrian, David Edwards and Charles Petrescu have a chat with various comedians. It started in 2016, with guests including John Kearns, Lolly Adefope, and Scroobius Pip.\n\nGossipmongers\nIn 2019, David Earl, Joe Wilkinson and Poppy Hillstead began a podcast called Gossipmongers, a weekly podcast where listeners send in unsubstantiated rumours. At the end of each episode they choose their favourite piece of gossip from that episode. In 2020 Poppy was booted from the podcast by Joe and David.\n\nChatabix\nIn 2021, David Earl and Joe Wilkinson began a podcast called Chatabix, a daily weekday podcast recorded very early in the morning.\n\nMy New Football Club\nIn 2021, David Earl and Jon Beer began a podcast called My New Football Club. A weekly podcast about David becoming a new fan of Exeter City.\nPassage 8:\n7 Day Sunday\n7 Day Sunday (7 Day Saturday in 2013) is a British comedy radio talk show hosted by Al Murray on BBC Radio 5 Live. Broadcast weekly on Sunday mornings, the show takes an irreverent look at the topical news stories of the past seven days. \nOriginally presented by Chris Addison: he was joined by regular guests Sarah Millican and Andy Zaltzman, and a fourth special guest each episode. It premièred in January 2010 to mixed reviews. It returned for a second series in September 2010. Al Murray served as host for the last five episodes of the second series, joined by regular guests Rebecca Front and Joe Wilkinson. The show returned for a third series in January 2012 with Murray hosting alongside Andy Zaltzman and Rebecca Front as the regular guests. A fourth series followed from September 2012.\n\nHistory\n7 Day Sunday was announced as a new show on 11 December 2009, to be hosted by Addison and broadcast for an hour in the 11 am to 12 noon slot. The guests for the opening episode were to be Zaltzman, Millican, and a special guest. It was to replace another comedy show The Christian O'Connell Solution, hosted by Christian O'Connell with Bob Mills. The new show was to begin on 10 January 2010, as part of the wider re-organisation of 5 Live's schedule which had already begun to be announced in October 2009, the largest since controller Adrian Van Klaveren joined the station in April 2008.The show is produced for 5 Live by Avalon Television. It was initially commissioned for a 20-week run. This first series duly ran from 10 January 2010 until 6 June 2010. After three months it resumed for a second series on 5 September 2010 until 3 April 2011. The third series began 8 January 2012.In press interviews during March 2010 while promoting his upcoming stand-up tour, Addison explained that doing a radio show was a childhood ambition, and that as a \"current affairs junkie\", hosting 7 Day Sunday was ideal, more relaxed than television and good fun, with the weekly deadline being a good motivation.\n\nFormat\nWhen the show was announced, it was cast as a topical news series aiming to \"pull apart the week's big news stories and see what makes them tick\", with Addison describing it as \"four relatively ill-informed idiots fail to take the news seriously for an hour\".\n\nHosts and regulars\nThe following people have hosted the show during its run:\n\nAs well as the host there are usually two other regulars plus a guest.  For series 1 and 2 regulars were Andy Zaltzman and Sarah Millican.  For series 3 Rebecca Front replaced Sarah Millican.\n\nBroadcasts\nLast updated January 2018The show aired on Sundays from 11 am to noon. It once aired at 9 pm on 31 January 2010. The series occasionally missed a week for sporting events (Formula 1 Grand Prix, London Marathon, etc.).\nSeries One featured 20 episodes which were broadcast between 10 January 2010 and 6 June 2010.  There were no episodes broadcast on 7 February 2010, 25 April 2010.Series Two consisted of 26 episodes, broadcast between 5 September 2010 and 3 April 2011. There were no episode broadcast on 19 September 2010, 3 October 2010, 26 December 2010, 2 January 2010 and 30 January 2010.Series Three had 15 episodes which were broadcast between 8 January 2012 and 6 May 2012. No episode was broadcast on 25 March 2012.Series Four also had 15 episodes, began on 9 September 2012, and ended on 16 December.\nIn 2013, the show returned for a new, slightly different series: it was moved to Saturdays, renamed 7 Day Saturday, had 11 episodes between 8 June and 24 August, kept Al Murray as host, and featured Andy Zaltzman and two guests each programme. There was also a Christmas special, 7 Days of Christmas, broadcast on 24 December 2013.\nSeries Five only had 5 episodes, broadcast between 11 May and 8 June 2014.\nThe last edition of 7 Day Sunday was broadcast on 9 August 2015. This edition was hosted by Jenny Eclair, with the final guests included Andy Zaltzman, Holly Walsh and Stephen Grant.\nThe show was made available on the BBC's iPlayer service and as a podcast, which features additional material.\n\nReception\nAfter the first show, Jane Thynne of The Independent questioned the lack of variety, covering as it did mainly the heavy snowfall with little political content, which given Addison had made his name in a political satire, she found odd. She ultimately reserved judgement on the show, calling Addison witty but recommending he slow down the pace and stop his \"nervous giggling\".Chris Campling of The Times criticised the first episode as being a duplicate of the \"dismal, desperate\" The Christian O'Connell Solution it replaced, with a turgid format. Persevering, he described the second episode as just as dreary with no chemistry and \"none of the News Quiz-esque scoring of laughter points, where clever people fall over each other in their desperation to be funnier than the last.\"After the third episode, Elisabeth Mahoney of The Guardian said the show was \"really quite funny\" but the listener needed to stay focussed on the content as the four way dialogue was quite involved as it covered a comprehensive sweep of topics. For listeners who might want to multi-task on a Sunday morning, she recommended Dave Gorman's show on Absolute Radio.\nPassage 9:\nJohn Jackson (writer)\nJohn Jackson is an English television screenwriter.\n\nLife and career\nAfter leaving Cambridge University, John Jackson developed and script edited the ITV soap Night and Day. Altogether he wrote 35 episodes for the TV Series. In 2009 he wrote the episode The King Is Dead, Long Live the King…  for the BBC One series Robin Hood. From 2010 to 2012 he wrote two episodes of the serial drama Lip Service. From 2011 until 2013 he wrote three episodes for the supernatural drama Being Human. This brought him a Writers' Guild of Great Britain award for Best TV Drama Series. He also wrote two episodes for the Being Human spin off Becoming Human.In 2014 Jackson wrote an episode for another BBC Three series, In the Flesh. He would become a regular writer on ITV's Grantchester, and in 2020, was lead writer on season 3 of Sky's Riviera.\n\nFilmography\nAwards and nominations\nAwards\nWriters' Guild of Great Britain Award:\n\n2012: Best TV Drama Series (Being Human)\nPassage 10:\nEgypt (TV series)\nEgypt is a BBC television docudrama serial portraying events in the history of Egyptology from the 18th through early 20th centuries. It originally aired on Sunday nights at 9 pm on BBC1 in 2005. The first two episodes explored the work of Howard Carter and his archaeological quest in Egypt in the early part of the twentieth century. The next two episodes focused on the eccentric explorer \"The Great Belzoni\" played here by Matthew Kelly. The final two episodes dramatise the discovery and deciphering of the Rosetta Stone by Jean-François Champollion (Elliot Cowan).\nThe music was recorded by the Warsaw Radio Orchestra and is featured on the CD Timeless Histories by Chappell music, produced by Clare Isaacs.\n\nProduction\nThe series was a major new docudrama series produced by the BBC for the Autumn 2005 schedule.\n\"The whole idea behind the series was to be able to discover Ancient Egypt through the eyes of Howard Carter – famous for uncovering the tomb of Tutankhamun; The Great Belzoni – an amazing adventurer and explorer; and the scholar Jean-François Champollion, who was the first to decipher the Rosetta Stone and open up the meaning of hieroglyphics.\"\nIn order to create a sense of \"seeing the treasures of Ancient Egypt for the first time\", Dolling and Bradshaw felt it essential to film at the actual archaeological sites referenced in the series.\n\n\"We had fantastic help from the Government and a local production crew, they managed to fix it for us to film in areas that, as far as we know, have never been used by other television or film productions.\"\n\"Being the first UK TV company to attempt such a project in the most amazing historical sights was very exhilarating, and to be able to return them - with additional sets and some computer imagery - to how they were during the time of the Pharaohs was incredible.\"\nFilming at such invaluable and popular sites created new challenges for the film makers.\n\n\"Keeping people out of shot was one — sometimes this was nearing impossible — but we tended to shoot early in the day so disruptions were kept to a minimum. The other was obviously making sure we didn't damage anything, which thankfully we managed!\"\n\"It was difficult keeping such a unique project running so far from home, and it is a tribute to the cast and crew that we managed to succeed. The series really is great and looks fantastic, well worth all the hard work.\"\nThe co-production between BBC and The Learning Channel was initially budgeted at around £6.5m but problems filming on location in Egypt, including the weather and illness, meant the producers required another £2million. Post production costs involved in recreating Ancient Egypt meant that the final costs could have resulted in a £5million overspend but the BBC denied this.\n\n\"To suggest the overspend is anything in the [range of] £5m is utterly ridiculous — it is simply not true. This was a huge project shot on location in Egypt and, as with any project of such scale, we had contingency funds available to us — so the unavoidable overspend was accommodated for and fully authorised.\"\n\"I think it's useful to point out that the cost per hour of Egypt will still be lower than other comparable programmes such as Pompeii, Genghis Khan and Pyramid. In fact, due to the international co-financing, this is actually incredibly good value for money providing full period drama for the budget normally associated with a documentary.\"\nSeveral multi-media productions were commissioned to tie-in with the series including interactive drama BBC Egypt Interactive, award-winning online-game Death in Sakkara: An Egyptian Adventure, and an interactive exhibition at BBC Birmingham.A companion series Egyptian Journeys with Dan Cruickshank, in which architectural historian Cruickshank travels the country to explore some of the intriguing stories that have emerged from ancient Egypt, was broadcast concurrently on BBC Two.\n\nReception\nReviews\nSam Wollaston writing about episode one in The Guardian said that he \"was expecting to hate this show,\" fearing it would be \"narration interspersed with lame reconstruction,\" but he was pleased to discover it was, in fact, \"a proper drama, with a very decent script and real actors.\" \"And it's a great story, too,\" he states, although he did not enjoy the re-enactments of the life of Tutankhamun, which he described as \"olive-skinned actors with non-speaking parts and an awful lot of eye-liner, wandering around in a semi-darkness lit by flickering candles,\" and claims were not necessary, \"but maybe that will help to sell it to America.\" He concludes that he is \"looking forward to part two.\"David Liddiment writing in The Guardian complimented the cleverly twinning of this docudrama with the more cerebral Egyptian Journeys with Dan Cruickshank on BBC Two but he points out that this was done during the final stages of the BBC's charter renewal review and insists that the corporation should keep up standards after this process is completed.\n\nRatings\nEpisode one (2005-10-30): 7 million viewers (29% audience share).\nEpisode two (2005-11-06): 6 million viewers (24% audience share).\nEpisode three (2005-11-13): 5.7 million viewers (23% audience share).\nEpisode four (2005-11-20): 4.8 million viewers.\nEpisode five (2005-11-27): 4.5 million viewers (18% audience share).\n\nEpisodes\nPart one: Howard Carter\nThe story of the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun by Howard Carter and the popular belief in the Curse of the Pharaohs, a supposed result of Carter's disturbing Tutankhamen's resting place. The episodes include short dramatizations of the life of Tutankhamun.\n\nEpisode one: The Search for Tutankhamun\nTutankhamun vanished from history in 1324 BC following his hurried burial and the erasure of his name from all monuments. In the winter of 1898 Carter is at the temples of Deir el Bahri recording wall reliefs threatened by a freak storm when he is thrown from his horse and makes a discovery in the sand. Retired Boston lawyer Theodore M. Davis funds Carter's excavation of Queen Hatshepsut's tomb but it is found to be empty and Carter deprived of further funding is reduced to selling his paintings to tourists on the street.\nIn 1905 Lord Carnarvon arrives in Luxor to convalesce after a road accident and is shown an artifact bearing the cartouche of the mysterious Tutankhamun discovered by Davis on his new dig. Tutankhamun succeeded his heretical father as pharaoh at the age of 8 and was named in honour of Amun to symbolise his mission to restore the old gods and save the empire from turmoil. An inspired Carnarvon employs Carter but they are denied access to the Valley of the Kings for which only Davis has a permit. Amidst the flurry of construction that marked the beginning of Tutankhamun's reign the most important to the boy Pharaoh would have been that of his tomb. An ailing Davis announces his discovery of this, the final Pharaoh's tomb, prior to his retirement. Carter doubts the find and convinces Carnarvon to take up the concession. The methodical and meticulous excavation commences in 1914 but is quickly interrupted by World War I.\nThe Carnarvons return to Egypt at the end of the war and Carter recommences his excavation but with a continued lack of results leading to doubts that any undiscovered tombs are left in the valley the funding is finally cut in 1922. Tutankhamun's tomb was well concealed to ensure his undisturbed afterlife. Carter convinces Carnarvon to fund one last season during which the tomb is finally unearthed. When the tomb is opened in the presence of Carnarvon and his daughter it is revealed to be the only unplundered pharaoh's tomb in the valley.\n\nEpisode two: The Curse of Tutankhamun\nIn 1922 Carter goes to the Egyptian Antiquities Service in Cairo to announce his discovery but disagrees with Director Pierre Lacau over the clearance and cataloguing of the contents. The discovery revealed a dark time in the history of Egypt and the death of its boy king. Carter assembles an international team of experts to commence the work under the unwelcome scrutiny of Lacau's inspector and the western press. Carnarvon's cavalier attitude to the finds he considers his property starts to infuriate both Carter and Lacau.\nAs the finds are slowly catalogued and removed Carter becomes close to Carnarvon's daughter Evelyn but his strictness begins to alienate his team. Tutankhamun was married to his own sister but the union failed to produce an heir to secure the future of the kingdom. Stories of the curse begin to circulate as Carter breaks through into the burial chamber to reveal an intact tomb. As Lacau threatens to take over the excavation and several of the experts quit, Carnarvon questions Carter over his leadership and his relationship with Evelyn. When he came of age Tutankhamun took over control of the kingdom from his military advisor Ay only to die from unknown causes shortly thereafter. Carter rushes to Carnarvon's death-bed where the two make-up. Upon Tutankhamun's death Ay seized the throne and married the widowed queen. Carter, disappointed by Evelyn's engagement to another man, returns to continue his work. Tutankhamun's death came before the royal tomb could be completed so he was hastily buried in the tomb Ay had prepared for himself. Lacau takes over the running of the tomb in 1924 when Carter and his team stop work to protest continued Egyptian interference.\nThe following year Carter is called back by Lacau to reopen the tomb with funding from Lady Carnarvon. The team start to extract the nested coffins revealing one of them to be made of pure gold that confirms the presence of a Pharaoh. The team begin to notice evidence that the burial was done in a hurry as the body itself is finally uncovered. When Ay died without heir a new dynasty took to the throne that erased all references to the Boy King. In 1932 with his work complete Carter leaves the tomb for the last time and hands the key to Lacau.\n\nCast\nStuart Graham as Howard Carter\nJulian Wadham as Lord Carnarvon\nCaroline Langrishe as Lady Carnarvon\nAlex Weaver as Evelyn Carnarvon\nValentine Pelka as Pierre Lacau\nWilliam Hope as Theodore M. Davis\nLaurence Fox as Leonard\n\nPart two: The Great Belzoni\nThe story of Italian engineer and circus strongman Giovanni Belzoni who became the most unlikely Egyptologist the world has ever seen, intercut with Flashbacks to the life of Ramses the Great, in whose footsteps Belzoni would continually stray.\n\nEpisode three: The Pharaoh and the Showman\nA dissatisfied Belzoni leaves England with his wife, Sarah, and servant, James Curtin, to see the world. Finding themselves destitute in the streets of Cairo after work on an irrigation project falls through, they are rescued by the eccentric John Lewis Bukhardt who introduces them to British Consul Henry Salt. Belzoni is hired to recover the massive Head of Memnon, later revealed to a statue of the Pharaoh Ramesses the Great, as a gift for the British Museum. Arriving in Luxor in 1816 amidst a gold rush of black market antiquities dealers Belzoni finds himself unwelcome.\nAt the Ramesseum Belzoni examines the head and devises a plan for its removal. The local Caimakan, under advice from Belzoni's French rival Bernardino Drovetti, denies Belzoni's permit and initially refuses to supply labour until threats bring him around. Ramesses marriage to his true love Nefertari was fruitful and secured the family line and the country too was fertile thanks to the annual flooding of the Nile. The approaching flood season however threatens to strand the head in the heart of the flood plain bringing an abrupt halt to Belzoni's mission. When the local labourers finally arrive Belzoni immediately sets to work moving the head using the same techniques its builders had used 3,000 years previous. Belzoni sends the ailing Jim back to Cairo to request a bigger boat so that they can collect even more antiquities and with time running out is forced to take greater risks to get the head to the bank of the Nile.\nWith the head secured the Belzonis heads south along the Nile to Abu Simbal in uncharted Nubia to expand the collection of antiquities. Ramesses built two temples at Abu Simbal; one dedicated his beloved wife and the other to his military prowess in the first victorious campaign. Belzoni locates the entrance to the Great Temple but finds it blocked, and so forced to head back to Cairo he vows to return to excavate the site the following season.\n\nEpisode four: The Temple of the Sands\nBelzoni, arriving back in Cairo, is informed by Salt that only the head is to be sent to the British Museum while the rest of the antiquities he has collected are to be kept at the consulate. Salt refuses to fund an excavation at Abu Simbal and Belzoni is sent south again with Salt's secretary William Beechey and a local dealer called Yanni. Belzoni, whilst becalmed at Minya. spots Yenni talking to his French rival Drovetti and hastily rides to Luxor determined to get there first. Arriving to late Belzoni discovers that the entire area licensed to Drovetti and he must dig elsewhere.\nBelzoni, guided by the image of Ramesses, digs in an unlicensed area and discovers a perfectly preserved bust. An infuriated Drovetti has the local ruler issue an edict against Belzoni. With no other option Belzoni heads south to the Island of Philae to collect the antiquities he has stored there only to discover upon arrival that the French have ransacked them. Funds arrive from Salt to begin excavation at Abu Simbal and Belzoni heads to the site with two British Royal Navy officers. Work progresses slowly in the shifting desert until Belzoni devises a plan to build a palisade to hold back the sand. With the entrance uncovered the group cautiously enter to view the magnificent interior. Belzoni records every detail of the temple decorations, which celebrate the capture of Kadesh that made Ramesses a great warrior king. Back in Luxor Belzoni, reunited with Sarah and Jim, is threatened by Drevetti but undeterred he heads deep into the western hills where he enters the Valley of the Kings. Belzoni learns from Yanni and Beechey that Salt is selling off the antiquities he collects rather than donating them to the British Museum.\nPersuaded to go on with his explorations Belzoni constructs a battering ram to break through the thick walls of the valley side and open up an undiscovered tomb. Defying booby-traps Belzoni pushes on into the lavish interior of the tomb where he enters the burial chamber of the Pharaoh Seti I. It was here upon the death of his father that Ramesses started his reign, which would bring peace and prosperity to Egypt. The discovery of Belzoni's Tomb secures the Egyptologist's reputation and makes him a celebrity in his adopted home of London where the British Museum would later honour him.\n\nCast\nMatthew Kelly as Belzoni\nLynsey Baxter as Sarah Belzoni\nNevan Finnigan as James Curtin\nRobert Portal as Henry Salt\nRichard Dempsey as William Beechey\nThomas Lockyer as John Lewis Bukhardt\nJoseph Long as Bernardino Drovetti\n\nPart three: Champollion\nJean-François Champollion uses the Rosetta Stone to unlock the mysteries of the lost civilisation of Ancient Egypt which had been closed off to Europeans for centuries prior to the invasion of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798. The stone, discovered by the French in 1799, had been created as a work of propaganda by the Greek-speaking Pharaoh Ptolemy V to establish his place in Egyptian cosmology and flashbacks are included to explain this belief system.\n\nEpisode five: The Mystery of the Rosetta Stone\nThe young Champollion, encouraged to develop his gift for languages by his elder brother, becomes obsessed with deciphering hieroglyphs as a means to telling the age of the world and revenging France against the British who had confiscated the stone in 1801. When Alexander the Great had conquered Egypt, he had fuelled local resentment by bringing in a Greek speaking elite to rule. Their descendant King Tutankhamun had commissioned a series of stones written in Greek, common Egyptian and hieroglyphs for temples across the land to extol his virtues and underline his claim to the throne.\nChampollion studies under Silvestre de Sacy in Paris but finds the professor who had himself failed decipher hieroglyphs dismissive of further attempts believing them to be symbolic rather than a true language. English scientist Thomas Young uses mathematics to decipher the inscription like a code whilst Champollion believing hieroglyphs to be representative of a spoken language attempts to relate them to the Coptic language of Egypt's ancient Christian communities. Young makes a number of breakthroughs including the spelling of Ptolemy in hieroglyphs while Champollion finds work as assistant professor at the University of Grenoble. France is thrown into political turmoil in 1815 following defeat at the Battle of Waterloo and the republican Champollion is arrested for sedition and exiled to Figeac until 1821. Eccentric Egyptologist Giovanni Belzoni discovers an obelisk inscribed with the name of Cleopatra in Greek and hieroglyphs at Philae and sends it back to Young in England.\nYoung makes a mistake in translating the obelisk setting back his work whilst Champollion using a copy of the obelisk creates a hieroglyphic alphabet that he uses along with Coptic to translate the name of Ramesses the Great from sketches of Abu Simbal. Champollion's discovery arouses the suspicions of the Catholic Church who fear hieroglyphs might disprove the historical accuracy of the Bible. Young wishes Champllion good luck in proving his theories but Sacy and the Church are determined to stop him.\n\nEpisode six: The Secrets of the Hieroglyphs\nChampollion is determined to travel to Egypt to prove his theory but poor and jobless he is reduced to buying up whatever scraps of papyrus he can find and this obsession alienates his wife. The Dendera zodiac purchased by the French King Charles X threatens to challenge the biblical chronologies of church scholars, as it is believed by some to date to before the Great Flood of 2349 BC. Champollion is called in to confirm Sacy's dating of the antiquity to around 2000 BC; he disputes Sacy's dating but not Church authorities by dating it to some 2,000 years later than that during the Roman period.\nChampollion is sent to Turin by the King to value a collection put up for sale by the French Consul to Egypt Bernardino Drovetti. Prior to his departure Champollion's wife announces that she is pregnant and she is not pleased by his new job. Champollion builds a strong reputation for himself in Italy even being invited for an audience with Pope Leo XII. Returning to Paris with a large collection of antiquities for the King he is put in charge of the Egyptian collection at the Louvre. The King finally agrees to fund Champollion's expedition to Egypt on the proviso that he does not publish any finds that contradict the teachings of the Church. Champollion, arriving in 1828, starts by studying the Great Pyramid at Giza discovering it to be a tomb built for the Pharaoh Khufu around 2560 BC. At Saqqara he finds the site largely stripped by dealers but in a forgotten tomb he discovers ancient hieroglyphs he translates to prove his theories. Eager to understand the Ancient Egyptians he pushes on to the ancient capital of Thebes where at the sprawling Temple of Karnak he reads the story of Ramesses the Great and the battle against the Hittites at Kadesh.\nAt Belzoni's Tomb in the Valley of the Kings the ailing Champollion reads the story of Pharaoh Seti I and learns of the burial rites of Pharaohs. He is thus able to comprehend the belief system of the Ancient Egyptians for the first time. Champollion dies back in France 18 months later but his legacy allows Egyptologist to comprehend the meaning behind monuments such as the Great Pyramid of Giza and to decipher papyri that lead to such discoveries as the Tomb of Tutankhamun by Howard Carter.\n\nCast\nElliot Cowan as Jean-François Champollion\nStuart Bunce as Jacques-Joseph Champollion\n\nMedia information\nDVD release\nReleased on Region 2 DVD by BBC Video on 2006-02-06.Also released on Region 1 DVD (2 discs, but does not include the bonus 'Pyramid') by BBC Worldwide 2006-05-23\n\nCompanion book\nThe 2005 companion book to the series was written by author and archaeologist Joyce Tyldesley expands on the series to tell the full story of the discoveries and the colourful characters who made them.\n\nSelected editions\nTyldesley, Joyce (6 October 2005). Egypt, How A Lost Civilization Was Rediscovered. BBC Books (hardcover). ISBN 978-0-563-52257-7.\nTyldesley, Joyce (1 June 2003). Egypt, How A Lost Civilization Was Rediscovered. BBC Books (paperback). ISBN 978-0-563-49381-5.\nTyldesley, Joyce (18 September 2005). Egypt, How A Lost Civilization Was Rediscovered. UC Press (hardcover). ISBN 978-0-520-25020-8.\n\nSee also\nBuilding the Great Pyramid\n\nAnswer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nQuestion: what is the group called that Dianne Morgan and Joe Wilkinson a part of in the BBC comedy \"Two Episodes of Mash\"\nAnswer:"}
{"question_id": 26, "category": "longbench_2wikimqa", "reference": ["La Belle Américaine"], "prompt": "Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nThe following are given passages.\nPassage 1:\nLa Belle Township, Lewis County, Missouri\nLa Belle Township is an inactive township in Lewis County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.La Belle Township was established in 1866, and named after the community of La Belle, Missouri.\nPassage 2:\nThe Great Man (2014 film)\nThe Great Man (Le Grand Homme) is a 2014 French drama film co-written and directed by Sarah Leonor. It was screened in the Discovery section at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival.\n\nCast\nJérémie Renier as Hamilton / Michaël Hernandez\nSurho Sugaipov as Markov / Mourad Massaev\nRamzan Idiev as Khadji\nDaniel Fassi as Gradé Afghanistan\nJean-Yves Ruf as Colonel Lacour\nSabine Massé as Sabina\nMiglen Mirtchev as Johnson\nPaul Massé as Magomed\nLaura Arsangereeva as Madina\nIssita Arslanov as Issita\nMichaël Klein as Directeur d'école\nDaphné Dumons as Camille\nManon Gineste as Maëva\nSava Lolov as Dr. Arnold\nGuillaume Verdier as Sergent-chef Gao\nPassage 3:\nLa Belle\nLa Belle is a French term meaning \"the beautiful one\" (feminine); it is sometimes used metaphorically to refer to the country of France.\nLa Belle may be a place in the US:\n\nLa Belle, Missouri\nLa Belle, New Mexico, a ghost town\nLa Belle, Texas, an unincorporated community\nLa Belle Township, Lewis County, Missouri, an inactive township\nLa Belle Township, Marshall County, South DakotaLa Belle may also be:\n\nLa belle jardinière, aka Madonna and Child with Saint John the Baptist, a painting\nLa Belle, a putative 18th century Huguenot outpost at the Falls of the Ohio\nLa Belle (discotheque), scene of a 1986 bombing in Berlin, Germany\nLa Belle Dame sans Merci, a ballad\nLa Belle, a 17th century sailing ship\nLa Belle Verte, a 1996 film\nJames D. La Belle, U.S. Marine Hero\nLa Belle, a 2000 Korean movie starring Oh Ji-ho\n\nSee also\nLabelle (disambiguation)\nLac La Belle (disambiguation)\nPassage 4:\nLa Belle Américaine\nLa belle américaine is a French comedy film from 1961, directed by Robert Dhéry, written by Alfred Adam and starring Alfred Adam and Louis de Funès. The film was known under the titles La bella americana (Italian), The American Beauty (English) and Der tolle Amerikaner (German).\n\nPlot\nThe wife of a rich man learns that her husband has an affair with a younger woman. She takes revenge on him by selling his beloved big car for little money. The worker Marcel Perrignon is very happy about this bargain but when his boss sees the car, he envies him and Perrignon gets fired. This is the start of a number of mishaps for Perrignon.\n\nCast\nPassage 5:\nThe Great Man (disambiguation)\nThe Great Man is 1956 American drama film directed by and starring José Ferrer, based on a novel by Al Morgan.\nThe Great Man may also refer to:\n\nThe Great Man (2014 film), a 2014 French drama film\nThe Great Man (novel), a 2007 Kate Christensen novel\nWilliam Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham (1708–1778), English statesman known as \"The Great Man\"\nThe Great Man (play), a 2000 play by David Williamson\nGreat Man (film), a 1951 French drama film\n\nSee also\nGreat man theory, a 19th-century idea according to which history can be largely explained by the impact of great men\nPassage 6:\nThe Great Man Votes\nThe Great Man Votes is a 1939 American drama film starring John Barrymore as a widowed professor turned drunkard who has the deciding vote in an election for mayor. It was based on the short story of the same name by Gordon Malherbe Hillman published in the November 1933 issue of American Magazine. The plot of the 2008 movie Swing Vote has been compared to The Great Man Votes.\n\nPlot\nFormer Harvard professor Gregory Vance (John Barrymore), now an outcast alcoholic in a small city, is introduced hitching a ride with the local milkman, who also delivers alcohol to him, after his shift in his current job as a night watchman.  Despite his alcoholism, Vance cares for his children, Joan (Virginia Weidler) and Donald (Peter Holden), bringing them up on the classics, teaching them Latin, and having them recite Shakespeare. They in turn look after their father and his reputation.\nAfter an altercation between his children and some bullies, led by the son of \"Iron Hat\" McCarthy (Donald McBride), the local political boss, Vance is visited by his children's teacher, Agnes Billow (Katherine Alexander), and the two become friendly with each other, especially as she realizes that Vance is a  writer she greatly respected and he reveals that his fall from respectability began with the death of the children's mother.\nWith a city election for mayor nearing, Iron Hat is informed that every vote in the city is already locked in place, with a likely tie between the boss's handpicked current mayor and a rival, with one exception in one crucial ward—Gregory Vance.  At the same time, Vance's wealthy in-laws are threatening to take custody of his children, something Joan and Donald do not want, despite the material advantages that would offer them.\nTrying to woo Vance for his vote, Iron Hat offers him a low-level job with the city, but the children are able to raise the bargaining stakes until Vance is offered the post of Commissioner of Education.  Vance himself is reluctant to be a party to such dirty politics, but when he demands getting the job offer in writing, he is able to expose the corruption of the mayor and Iron Hat.  Now socially respectable and a new man, Vance is able to turn over a new leaf, presumably along with Miss Billow.\n\nCast\nReception\nThe film recorded a loss of $10,000.\nPassage 7:\nLabelle (disambiguation)\nLabelle, LaBelle or La Belle is a family name of French and French-Canadian origins. It may refer to:\n\nPlaces\nLabelle, Quebec\nLabelle, Nova Scotia\nLabelle (electoral district), a federal riding in Quebec\nLabelle (provincial electoral district), another, provincial riding also in Quebec\nLabelle County, Quebec, a former county\nAntoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality, Quebec\nPapineau-Labelle Wildlife Reserve, Quebec.\nLaBelle, Florida\nLaBelle, Pennsylvania, Luzerne Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania\nLaBelle, Texas\nLa Belle Station, Northern Territory, Australia\n\nPeople\nAntoine Labelle\nChuck Labelle\nDoug LaBelle II\nJames W. LaBelle\nJean-Baptiste Labelle\nJean-Baptiste Labelle (politician)\nMarc LaBelle\nPatti LaBelle\n\nOther\nLabelle, a former American R&B and soul group\nLabelle (album), the group's 1972 eponymous debut\n\nSee also\nLabille, a similarly spelled surname\nPassage 8:\nRobert Dhéry\nRobert Dhéry (27 April 1921 – 3 December 2004) (born Robert Léon Henri Fourrey or Robert Foullcy) was a French comedian, actor, director and screenwriter.\nHe was married to actress Colette Brosset, with whom he appeared onstage in La Plume de Ma Tante.\nHe appeared on Broadway from 1958 to 1960 in La Plume de Ma Tante, and was, along with the rest of the entire cast (Pamela Austin, Colette Brosset, Roger Caccia, Yvonne Constant, Genevieve Coulombel, Michael Kent, Jean Lefevre, Jacques Legras, Michael Modo, Pierre Olaf, Nicole Parent, Ross Parker, Henri Pennec) awarded a Special Tony Award 1959 for contribution to the theatre.\n\nSelected filmography\nNight Shift (1944)\nLast Chance Castle (1947)\nBranquignol (1949)\nI Like Only You (1949)\nBernard and the Lion (1951)\nLove Is Not a Sin (1952)\nLa demoiselle et son revenant (1952)\nThe Pirates of the Bois de Boulogne (1954)\nPassage 9:\nThe Great Man's Lady\nThe Great Man's Lady is a 1942 American Western film directed by William A. Wellman and starring Barbara Stanwyck and Joel McCrea. It is based on the short story \"The Human Side\" by Viña Delmar.It was filmed at two locations in Thousand Oaks, California: Joel McCrea Ranch and nearby Moorpark Road.\n\nPlot\nA statue is being dedicated to the late founder of Hoyt City, and reporters from around the country have gathered, speculating that \"the old lady's going to talk.\" When the anticipated \"old lady\" does not appear at the event, they rush to her home. She is centenarian, Hannah Sempler Hoyt, who lives in an old mansion among the skyscrapers of Hoyt City. As she confronts the press who have barged in, a photographer says, \"Hold it, Mrs. Hoyt!\" She replies that her name is Hannah Sempler, and refuses to answer their questions as to whether she and Hoyt had been married, which as another reporter says, would make him a bigamist. The intruders leave, having learned nothing to prove or disprove the many rumors, but Hannah is persuaded to tell her story to a young female biographer who lags behind. She reminisces about her experiences with Ethan Hoyt in the American West.\nIn 1848, a teenaged Hannah Sempler is squired by her wealthy father's associate, Mr. Cadwallader, but she is not interested. Hannah meets and flirts with a young pioneer and dreamer, Ethan Hoyt, who comes to her home seeking financial backing from her father in order to build a city in the western wilderness. Her father rejects Ethan's proposal, stating that it is too risky. Hannah, however, falls in love with the young man, and quite impulsively, they elope and head west. The first years of their marriage are not easy, but the couple are happy. When Ethan loses all his money and possessions in a drunken gambling spree to Steely Edwards, Hannah wins back his losses and befriends Steely, who accompanies the couple to Sacramento, California, where they hope to strike it rich mining.\nIn Sacramento, Hannah and Ethan spend less time together, with Ethan working long hours in the mines. One day, Hannah discovers silver on Ethan's boots, carried from the Virginia City mine where he had been working. Hannah knows she is pregnant, but does not reveal this to Ethan, knowing he would never leave her behind in that condition. Instead she encourages Ethan to go to Virginia City and find his fortune in the silver mines. Thinking Hannah wants him gone so she can be with Steely, Ethan leaves her with no intention of returning.\nAfter he leaves for Virginia City, the friendship between Hannah and Steely grows. Steely looks after Hannah and her twin babies. When Sacramento is threatened by torrential flooding, Hannah plans to travel to San Francisco. But knowing that Hannah still loves Ethan, Steely arranges for her to travel by coach to Virginia City to be with her husband—he will go to San Francisco alone. As the coach crosses a bridge near Sacramento, the river overflows and washes away the coach and its passengers. Hannah survives, but the babies perish.\nAfter burying the twins, and believing that Hannah is also dead, Steely travels to Virginia City to tell Ethan the tragic news. It has been years since they've seen or spoken, and by now Ethan has become a wealthy man. When Steely tells him that Hannah is dead, Ethan shoots him, saying, \"He killed my wife.\" Thinking that Hannah and Steely are now dead—Steely actually survives the shooting—Ethan continues his dream of building a great city.\nSteely returns to Sacramento and discovers that Hannah is still alive. He tells her that Ethan, who believes she is dead, has married another woman. Steely and Hannah move to San Francisco and open a gambling casino. Years later, Hannah's father visits her and urges her to \"disappear\" so as not to threaten the political future of Ethan Hoyt, who is now representing her father's railroad interests. Hannah refuses her father's request, and travels to Hoyt City, where she watches Ethan giving a political speech. No longer a champion of the people as he once dreamed of becoming, Ethan is now a man of wealth and power, participating in corrupt practices to achieve private goals. Ethan sees Hannah in the crowd and they meet. She tells him that she had divorced him, knowing his political future would be ruined by scandal if it were known they were still married. She reminds him of the dreamer he once was. He goes off with a renewed idealism, devoting the rest of his life to helping the less fortunate, even at his own expense.\nThe story concludes as it started, with the aged Hannah and the young female biographer discussing Ethan Hoyt, standing beneath the impressive statue. Hannah has been alone for many years now. Steely died in the 1906 San Francisco fire, the same year that Ethan returned to Hoyt City, to die in Hannah's mansion. No one knew why he chose to do this, and for some thirty more years Hannah has remained silent about their marriage. The biographer now realizes the profound role that Hannah played in Ethan's life and success, and in the founding of this now great city. Also aware of Ethan's mythic reputation, she kisses Hannah sweetly, saying, \"I'm kissing my biography [of Ethan] goodbye.\" Before Hanna leaves the statue, the old woman tears up the marriage certificate she has kept all these years, saying of his myth, and perhaps their relationship, \"Forever, Ethan. Now no one can change it. Forever.\"\n\nCast\nBarbara Stanwyck as Hannah Sempler\nJoel McCrea as Ethan Hoyt\nBrian Donlevy as Steely Edwards\nK. T. Stevens as Girl biographer\nThurston Hall as Mr. Sempler\nLloyd Corrigan as Mr. Cadwallader\nEtta McDaniel as Delilah\nFrank M. Thomas as Mr. Frisbee\nWilliam B. Davidson as Senator Knobs\nLillian Yarbo as Mandy\nHelen Lynd as Bettina Sempler\nDavid Clyde as Bartender\nPassage 10:\nWilliam A. Wellman\nWilliam Augustus Wellman  (February 29, 1896 – December 9, 1975) was an American film director, producer, screenwriter, actor and military pilot. He was known for his work in crime, adventure, and action genre films, often focusing on aviation themes, a particular passion. He also directed several well-regarded satirical comedies. His 1927 film, Wings, was the first film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture at the 1st Academy Awards ceremony.Beginning his film career as an actor, he went on to direct over 80 films, at times co-credited as producer and consultant, from the silent era through the Golden Age of Hollywood. He was nominated for four Academy Awards: three Best Director Oscars for the original A Star Is Born (1937), Battleground (1949), and The High and the Mighty (1954) and one in Best Original Story for A Star is Born, which he won. In 1973, he received the Directors Guild of America's Lifetime Achievement Award. He was previously a decorated combat pilot during World War I, serving in the Lafayette Flying Corps of the French Air Force, and earning a Croix de Guerre with two palms for valorous action.\n\nEarly life\nWellman was born in Brookline, Massachusetts. His father, Arthur Gouverneur Wellman, was a Boston Brahmin. William was a five times great-grandson of Puritan Thomas Wellman, who emigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony circa 1640.  He was also a great-great-great-grandson of Welsh-born Francis Lewis of New York, one of the signatories to the Declaration of Independence. Wellman's mother, Cecilia McCarthy, was an Irish immigrant.  \nDuring his teenage years, Wellman often found himself in trouble with authorities. He was expelled from Newton High School in Newtonville, Massachusetts for dropping a stink bomb on the principal's head. He was also arrested and placed on probation for car theft. His mother, who actually worked as a probation officer, was asked to address Congress on the subject of juvenile delinquency. Later, young William worked as a salesman, as a general laborer in a lumber yard, and as a player on a minor-league hockey team.\n\nWorld War I\nIn World War I, Wellman enlisted in the Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps to serve as a driver in Europe. While in Paris, Wellman joined the French Foreign Legion and was assigned on December 3, 1917 as a fighter pilot, becoming the first American to join Escadrille N.87 in the Lafayette Flying Corps (not the sub-unit Lafayette Escadrille as usually stated), where he earned himself the nickname \"Wild Bill\", and was awarded the Croix de Guerre with two palms. N.87, les Chats Noir (Black Cat Group) was stationed at Lunéville in the Alsace-Lorraine sector and was equipped with Nieuport 17 and later Nieuport 24 \"pursuit\" aircraft. Wellman's combat experience culminated in three recorded \"kills\", along with five probables, although he was ultimately shot down by German anti-aircraft fire on March 21, 1918. Wellman survived the crash but he walked with a pronounced limp for the rest of his life.Wellman's air-combat credits include the following in 1918:\nJanuary 19: a German \"Rumpler\" shot down in front of American lines in Lorraine by Wellman and Thomas Hitchcock.\nJanuary 20: a German \"Rumpler\" shot down near German airfield at Mamy, France; pilot killed/gunner escaped\nMarch 8: forced two observers to jump from an observation balloon (attack unsuccessful; balloon taken down)\nMarch 9: fired on a German \"Rumpler\" over Parroy; plane escaped, but rear gunner killed.\nMarch 9: shot down a German \"Rumpler\"; killed rear gunner; pilot killed by airman Ruamps.\nMarch 9: shot down a German \"Albatros\"; pilot killed; plane fell into American lines\nMarch 17: shot down at least two +one[?] German patrol planes; not confirmed as fight took place over German lines.\nMarch 18: shot down a German \"Rumpler;\" not confirmed as fight took place over German lines.Maréchal des logis (Sergeant) Wellman received a medical discharge from the Foreign Legion and returned to the United States a few weeks later. He spoke at War Savings Stamp rallies in his French uniform. In September 1918 his book about French flight school and his eventful four months at the front, Go Get 'Em! (written by Wellman with the help of Eliot Harlow Robinson), was published. He joined the United States Army Air Service, but was too late to fly for America in the war. Stationed at Rockwell Field in San Diego, he taught combat tactics to new pilots.\n\nFilm career\nWhile in San Diego, Wellman flew to Hollywood for the weekends in his Spad fighter, using Douglas Fairbanks' polo field in Bel Air as a landing strip. Fairbanks was fascinated with the true-life adventures of \"Wild Bill\" and promised to recommend him for a job in the movie business; he was responsible for Wellman being cast in the juvenile lead of The Knickerbocker Buckaroo (1919). Wellman was hired for the role of a young officer in Evangeline (1919), but he was fired for slapping Miriam Cooper, the film's star and also the wife of the production’s director, Raoul Walsh.\n\nWellman hated being an actor, thinking it an \"unmanly\" profession, and was miserable watching himself on screen while learning the craft. He soon switched to working behind the camera, aiming to be a director, and progressed up the line as \"a messenger boy, as an assistant cutter, an assistant property man, a property man, an assistant director, second unit director and eventually...director.\" His first assignment as an assistant director for Bernie Durning provided him with a work ethic that he adopted for future film work. One strict rule that Durning enforced was no fraternization with screen femme fatales, which almost immediately Wellman broke, leading to a confrontation and a thrashing from the director. Despite his transgression, both men became lifelong friends, and Wellman steadily progressed to more difficult first unit assignments.Wellman made his uncredited directorial debut in 1920 at Fox with The Twins of Suffering Creek. The first films he was credited with directing were The Man Who Won and Second Hand Love, released on the same day in 1923. After directing a dozen low-budget 'horse opera' films, Wellman was hired by Paramount in 1927 to direct Wings, a major war drama dealing with fighter pilots during World War I that was highlighted by air combat and flight sequences. The film culminates with the epic Battle of Saint-Mihiel. In the 1st Academy Awards it was one of two films to win Best Picture (the other was Sunrise), although, due to tensions within the studio regarding time and budget overages, Wellman wasn't invited to the event.Wellman's other films include The Public Enemy (1931), the first version of A Star Is Born (1937), Nothing Sacred (1937), Beau Geste (1939) starring Gary Cooper, Thunder Birds (1942), The Ox-Bow Incident (1943), Lady of Burlesque (1943), The Story of G.I. Joe (1945), The Iron Curtain (1948), Battleground (1949) and two films starring and co-produced by John Wayne, Island in the Sky (1953) and The High and the Mighty (1954).While he was primarily a director, Wellman also produced 10 films, one of them uncredited, all of which he also directed. His last film was Lafayette Escadrille (1958), which he produced, directed, wrote the story for and narrated. He wrote the screenplay for two other films that he directed, and one film that he did not direct: 1936's The Last Gangster. Wellman wrote the story for A Star Is Born and (with Robert Carson) received the Academy Award for Best Story. Wellman is credited for the story in the remakes released in 1954, 1976, and 2018. Wellman's work was influenced by his good friend and fellow film director Howard Hawks, with whom he rode motorcycles together in a group called the Moraga Spit and Polish Club. Wellman reportedly worked fast, usually satisfied with a shot after one or two takes. Despite his reputation for not coddling his leading men and women, he coaxed Oscar-nominated performances from seven actors: Fredric March and Janet Gaynor (A Star Is Born), Brian Donlevy (Beau Geste), Robert Mitchum (The Story of G.I. Joe), James Whitmore (Battleground), and Jan Sterling and Claire Trevor (The High and Mighty). Regarding actors, Wellman in a 1952 interview stated, \"Movie stardom isn't about acting ability, it's personality and temperament\". He then added, \"I once directed Clara Bow. She was mad and crazy but what a personality!\"\n\nInnovations\nWings led to several firsts in filmmaking including newly invented camera mounts that could be secured to plane fuselages and motor-driven cameras to shoot actors while flying as the cameramen ducked out of frame in their cockpits. Star Richard Arlen had some flying experience but co-star Buddy Rogers had to learn to fly for the film, as stunt pilots could not be used during close-up shots. Towers up to 100 feet were used to shoot low-flying planes and battle action on the ground.During the filming of Beggars of Life, a silent film starring Wallace Beery, Richard Arlen and Louise Brooks, sound was added to Beery's introductory scene at the behest of Paramount Studio. Wellman reportedly hung a microphone from a broom so Beery could walk and talk within the scene, avoiding the static shot required for early sound shoots. During the filming of Chinatown Nights (1929), he sat under the camera on a dolly with the mic between his legs, essentially inventing a shotgun mic.\n\nAwards\nWellman won a single Academy Award, for the story of A Star Is Born. He was nominated as best director three times: for A Star Is Born, Battleground and The High and Mighty, for which he was also nominated by the Directors Guild of America as best director. In 1973, the DGA honored him with a Lifetime Achievement Award. Copies of both Wings and The Story of G.I. Joe are preserved in the Academy Film Archive. Wellman also has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.\n\nPersonal life and death\nWellman revealed near the end of his life that he had married a French woman named Renee during his time in The Lafayette Flying Corps. She was killed in a bombing raid during the war. Later, between 1918 and 1934, he married four additional times in the United States:\n\nHelene Chadwick: married (1918-1923) separated after a month; later divorced\nMargery Chapin (daughter of Frederic Chapin): married (1925-1926); together for a short time; adopted Robert Emmett Tansey's daughter, Gloria.\nMarjorie Crawford: married (1930-1933) divorced\nDorothy \"Dottie\" Coonan: married (March 20, 1934 – 1975); until his death; they had seven children - four daughters, three sons.Dorothy starred in Wellman's 1933 film Wild Boys of The Road and had seven children with him, including actors Michael Wellman, William Wellman Jr., Maggie Wellman, and Cissy Wellman. His daughter Kathleen \"Kitty\" Wellman married actor James Franciscus, although they later divorced. His first daughter is Patty Wellman, and he had a third son, Tim Wellman.\nWilliam Wellman died of leukemia in 1975 at his Brentwood home in Los Angeles. He was cremated, and his ashes were scattered at sea. His widow Dorothy, at age 95, died on September 16, 2009 in Brentwood, California.\n\nCareer assessments\nDecades after Wellman's death, William Jr. wrote two biographies about his father, The Man and His Wings: William A. Wellman and the Making of the First Best Picture (2006) and Wild Bill Wellman—Hollywood Rebel (2015). Fellow filmmakers have also examined Wellman's career. Richard Schickel in 1973 devoted an episode of his PBS series The Men Who Made the Movies to Wellman, and in 1996, Todd Robinson made the feature-length documentary Wild Bill: Hollywood Maverick.\n\nSelected filmography\nSee also\nList of ambulance drivers during World War I\n\nAnswer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nQuestion: Which film has the director who died later, The Great Man'S Lady or La Belle Américaine?\nAnswer:"}
{"question_id": 27, "category": "longbench_gov_report", "reference": ["The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA; P.L. 95-128, 12 U.S.C. §§2901-2908) addresses how banking institutions meet the credit needs of the areas they serve, particularly in low- and moderate-income (LMI) neighborhoods. The federal banking regulatory agencies—the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC)—currently implement the CRA. The regulators issue CRA credits, or points, where banks engage in qualifying activities—such as mortgage, consumer, and business lending; community investments; and low-cost services that would benefit LMI areas and entities—that occur with a designated assessment area. These credits are then used to issue each bank a performance rating. The CRA requires these ratings be taken into account when banks apply for charters, branches, mergers, and acquisitions among other things. The CRA, which was enacted in 1977, was subsequently revised in 1989 to require public disclosure of bank CRA ratings to establish a four-tiered system of descriptive performance levels (i.e., Outstanding, Satisfactory, Needs to Improve, or Substantial Noncompliance). In 1995, the CRA examination was customized to account for differences in bank sizes and business models. In 2005, the bank size definitions were revised and indexed to the Consumer Price Index. The 2005 amendments also expanded opportunities for banks to earn CRA credit for public welfare investments (such as providing housing, services, or jobs that primarily benefit LMI individuals). Qualifying activities under the CRA have evolved to include consumer and business lending, community investments, and low-cost services that would benefit LMI areas and entities. Congressional interest in the CRA stems from various perceptions of its effectiveness. Some have argued that, by encouraging lending in LMI neighborhoods, the CRA may also encourage the issuance of higher-risk loans to borrowers likely to have repayment problems (under the presumption that low-income is correlated with lower creditworthiness), which can translate into losses for lenders. Others are concerned that the CRA is not generating sufficient incentives to increase credit availability to qualified LMI borrowers, which may impede economic recovery for some, particularly following the 2007-2009 recession. This report informs the congressional debate concerning the CRA's effectiveness in incentivizing bank lending and investment activity to LMI borrowers. After a discussion of the CRA's origins, it presents the CRA's examination process and bank activities that are eligible for consideration of CRA credits. Next, it discusses the difficulty of determining the CRA's influence on bank behavior. For example, the CRA does not specify the quality and quantity of CRA-qualifying activities, meaning that compliance with the CRA does not require adherence to lending quotas or benchmarks. In the absence of benchmarks, determining the extent to which CRA incentives have influenced LMI credit availability relative to other factors is not straightforward. Banks also face a variety of financial incentives—for example, capital requirements, the prevailing interest rate environment, changes in tax laws, and technological innovations—that influence how much (or how little) they lend to LMI borrowers. Because multiple financial profit incentives and CRA incentives tend to exist simultaneously, it is difficult to determine the extent to which CRA incentives have influenced LMI credit availability relative to other factors."], "prompt": "You are given a report by a government agency. Write a one-page summary of the report.\n\nReport:\nCongress passed the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (CRA; P.L. 95-128 , 12 U.S.C. §§2901-2908) in response to concerns that federally insured banking institutions were not making sufficient credit available in the local areas in which they were chartered and acquiring deposits. According to some in Con gress, the granting of a public bank charter should translate into a continuing obligation for that bank to serve the credit needs of the public where it was chartered. Consequently, the CRA was enacted to \"re-affirm the obligation of federally chartered or insured financial institutions to serve the convenience and needs of their service areas\" and \"to help meet the credit needs of the localities in which they are chartered, consistent with the prudent operation of the institution.\" The CRA requires federal banking regulators to conduct examinations to assess whether a bank is meeting local credit needs. The regulators issue CRA credits, or points, where banks engage in qualifying activities—such as mortgage, consumer, and business lending; community investments; and low-cost services that would benefit low- and moderate-income (LMI) areas and entities—that occur within assessment areas (where institutions have local deposit-taking operations). These credits are then used to issue each bank a performance rating from a four-tiered system of descriptive performance levels (Outstanding, Satisfactory, Needs to Improve, or Substantial Noncompliance). The CRA requires federal banking regulators to take those ratings into account when institutions apply for charters, branches, mergers, and acquisitions, or seek to take other actions that require regulatory approval. Congress became concerned with the geographical mismatch of deposit-taking and lending activities for a variety of reasons. Deposits serve as a primary source of borrowed funds that banks may use to facilitate their lending. Hence, there was concern that banks were using deposits collected from local neighborhoods to fund out-of-state as well as various international lending activities at the expense of addressing the local area's housing, agricultural, and small business credit needs. Another motivation for congressional action was to discourage redlining practices. One type of redlining can be defined as the refusal of a bank to make credit available to all of the neighborhoods in its immediate locality, including LMI neighborhoods where the bank may have collected deposits. A second type of redlining is the practice of denying a creditworthy applicant a loan for housing located in a certain neighborhood even though the applicant may qualify for a similar loan in another neighborhood. This type of redlining pertains to circumstances in which a bank refuses to serve all of the residents in an area, perhaps due to discrimination. The CRA applies to banking institutions with deposits insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), such as national banks, savings associations, and state-chartered commercial and savings banks. The CRA does not apply to credit unions, insurance companies, securities companies, and other nonbank institutions because of the differences in their financial business models. The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), the Federal Reserve System, and the FDIC administer the CRA, which is implemented via Regulation BB. The CRA requires federal banking regulatory agencies to evaluate the extent to which regulated institutions are effectively meeting the credit needs within their designated assessment areas, including LMI neighborhoods, in a manner consistent with the federal prudential regulations for safety and soundness . The CRA's impact on lending activity has been publicly debated. Some observers are concerned that the CRA may induce banks to forgo more profitable lending opportunities in nontargeted neighborhoods by encouraging a disproportionate amount of lending in LMI communities. Furthermore, some argue that the CRA compels banks to make loans to higher-risk borrowers that are more likely to have repayment problems, which may subsequently compromise the financial stability of the banking system. For example, some researchers have attributed the increase in risky lending prior to the 2007-2009 recession to banks attempting to comply with CRA objectives. Others are concerned that enforcement of CRA objectives has not been stringent enough to compel banks to increase financial services in LMI areas. Almost all banks receive Satisfactory or better performance ratings (discussed in more detail below) on their CRA examinations, which some may consider indicative of weak enforcement. This report informs the congressional debate concerning the CRA's effectiveness in incentivizing bank lending and investment activity to LMI customers. It begins with a description of bank CRA examinations, including how a bank delineates its assessment area; the activities that may qualify for points under the three tests (i.e., lending, investment, and service) that collectively make up the CRA examination; and how the composite CRA rating is calculated. Next, the report analyzes the difficulty in attributing bank lending decisions to CRA incentives. For example, the CRA does not specify the quality and quantity of CRA-qualifying activities, meaning that CRA compliance does not require adherence to lending quotas or benchmarks. Without explicit benchmarks, linking the composition of banks' loan portfolios to either too strong or too weak CRA enforcement is difficult. Banks are also unlikely to get CRA credit for all of the loans they make to LMI customers. Specifically, higher-risk loans that banking regulators explicitly discourage are unlikely to be eligible for CRA consideration. Furthermore, greater mobility of lending and deposit-taking activity across regional boundaries due to various financial market innovations has complicated the ability to geographically link various financial activities. Hence, many banks' financial activities occurring in a designated assessment area that are eligible for CRA consideration may simply be profitable, meaning they may have occurred without the CRA incentive. Finally, this report summarizes recent policy discussions regarding modernization of the CRA. As noted above, the federal banking regulators conduct regular examinations of banks to assess whether they meet local credit needs in designated assessment areas. The regulators issue CRA credits, or points, when banks engage in qualifying activities—such as mortgage, consumer, and business lending; community investments; and low-cost services that would benefit LMI areas and entities—that occur within assessment areas. Regulation BB provides the criteria that a bank's board of directors must use to determine the assessment area(s) in which its primary regulator will conduct its CRA examination. The assessment area typically has a geographical definition—the location of a bank's main office, branches, and deposit-taking automatic teller machines, as well as surrounding areas where the bank originates and purchases a substantial portion of loans. Assessment areas must generally include at least one metropolitan statistical area (MSA) or at least one contiguous political subdivision, such as a county, city, or town. Regulation BB also requires that assessment areas may not reflect illegal discrimination, arbitrarily exclude LMI geographies, and extend substantially beyond an MSA boundary or a state boundary (unless the assessment area is located in a multistate MSA). Banking regulators regularly review a bank's assessment area delineations for compliance with Regulation BB requirements as part of the CRA examination. Instead of a more conventionally delineated assessment area, certain banking firms may obtain permission to devise a strategic plan for compliance with Regulation BB requirements. For example, wholesale and limited purpose banks are specialized banks with nontraditional business models. Wholesale banks provide services to larger clients, such as large corporations and other financial institutions; they generally do not provide financial services to retail clients, such as individuals and small businesses. Limited purpose banks offer a narrow product line (e.g., concentration in credit card lending) rather than provide a wider range of financial products and services. These banking firms typically apply to their primary regulators to request designation as a wholesale or limited purpose bank and, for CRA examination purposes, are evaluated under strategic plan options that have been tailored for their distinctive capacities, business strategies, and expertise. The option to develop a strategic plan of pre-defined CRA performance goals is available to any bank subject to the CRA. The public is allowed time (e.g., 30 days) to provide input on the draft of a bank's strategic plan, after which the bank submits the plan to its primary regulator for approval (within 60 days after the application is received). Regulation BB does not impose lending quotas or benchmarks. Instead, Regulation BB provides banks with a wide variety of options to serve the needs of their assessment areas. Qualifying CRA activities include mortgage, consumer, and business lending; community investments; and low-cost services that would benefit LMI areas and entities. For example, banks may receive CRA credits for such activities as investing in special purpose community development entities (CDEs), which facilitate capital investments in LMI communities (discussed below); providing support (e.g., consulting, detailing an employee, processing transactions for free or at a discounted rate, and providing office facilities) to minority- and women-owned financial institutions and low-income credit unions (MWLIs), thereby enhancing their ability to serve LMI customers; serving as a joint lender for a loan originated by MWLIs; facilitating financial literacy education to LMI communities, including any support of efforts of MWLIs and CDEs to provide financial literacy education; opening or maintaining bank branches and other transactions facilities in LMI communities and designated disaster areas; providing low-cost education loans to low-income borrowers; and offering international remittance services in LMI communities. The examples listed above are not comprehensive, but they illustrate several activities banks may engage in to obtain consideration for CRA credits. The banking regulators will consider awarding CRA credits or points to a bank if its qualifying activities occur within an assigned assessment area. The points are then used to compute a bank's overall composite CRA rating. Regulators apply up to three tests, which are known as the lending , investment , and service tests, respectively, to determine whether a bank is meeting local credit need in designated assessment areas. The lending test evaluates the number, amount, and distribution across income and geographic classifications of a bank's mortgage, small business, small farm, and consumer loans. The investment test grades a bank's community development investments in the assessment area. The service test examines a bank's retail service delivery, such as the availability of branches and low-cost checking in the assessment area. The point system for bank performance under the lending, investment, and service tests is illustrated in Table 1 . The lending test is generally regarded as the most important of the three tests, awarding banks the most points (CRA credits) in all rating categories. As shown in Table 1 , banks receive fewer credits for making CRA-qualified investments than for providing direct loans to individuals under the lending test. In some instances, an activity may qualify for more than one of the performance tests. Federal banking regulators evaluate financial institutions based upon their capacity, constraints, and business strategies; demographic and economic data; lending, investment, and service opportunities; and benchmark against competitors and peers. Because these factors vary across banks, the CRA examination was customized in 1995 to account for differences in bank sizes and business models. In 2005, the bank size definitions were revised to include small , intermediate small , and large banks. The bank regulators also indexed the asset size thresholds—which are adjusted annually—to inflation using the Consumer Price Index. As of January 1, 2019, a small bank is defined as having less than $1.284 billion in assets as of December 31 of either of the prior two calendar years; an intermediate small bank has at least $321 million as of December 31 of both of the prior two calendar years but less than $1.284 billion as of December 31 of either of the prior two calendar years; and a large bank has $1.284 billion or more in assets. Small banks are typically evaluated under the lending test. Regulators review (1) loan-to-deposit ratios; (2) percentage of loans in an assessment area; (3) lending to borrowers of different incomes and in different amounts; (4) geographical distribution of loans; and (5) actions on complaints about performance. Intermediate small banks are subject to both the lending and investment tests. Large banks are subject to all three tests. As mentioned previously, direct lending to borrowers, taking place in what is referred to as primary lending markets , qualify for CRA credit under the lending test. Investments taking place in secondary lending markets , in which investors purchase loans that have already been originated (such that little or no direct interaction occurs between investors and borrowers), qualify for CRA credit under the investment test. Secondary market investors may assume the default risk associated with a loan if the entire loan is purchased. Alternatively, if a set of loans are pooled together, then numerous secondary investors may purchase financial securities in which the returns are generated by the principal and interest repayments from the underlying loan pool, thereby sharing the lending risk. Direct ownership of loans or purchases of smaller portions (debt securities) of a pool of loans, therefore, are simply alternative methods to facilitate lending. As shown in Table 1 above, a bank may receive CRA consideration under the lending test for making a loan to LMI individuals that is guaranteed by a federal agency, such as the Federal Home Administration (FHA). If, however, a bank purchases securities backed by pools of FHA-guaranteed mortgage originations, this activity receives credit under the investment test. Thus, the bank receives less CRA credit when the financial risk is shared with other lenders than it would for making a direct loan (and holding all of the lending risk) even though it would still facilitate lending to LMI borrowers. In 2005, the activities that qualify for CRA credit were expanded to encourage banks to make public welfare investments. More specifically, qualifying activities include a public welfare investment (PWI) that promotes the public welfare by providing housing, services, or jobs that primarily benefit LMI individuals; and a community development investment (CDI), economic development investment , or project that meets the PWI requirements. Examples of CDI activities include promoting affordable housing, financing small businesses and farms, and conducting activities that revitalize LMI areas. Banks may engage in certain activities that typically would not be permitted under other banking laws as long as these activities promote the public welfare and do not expose institutions to unlimited liability. For example, banks generally are not allowed to make direct purchases of the preferred or common equity shares of other banking firms; however, banks may purchase equity shares of institutions with a primary mission of community development (discussed in more detail in the Appendix ) up to an allowable CDI limit. The Financial Services Regulatory Relief Act of 2006 ( P.L. 109-351 ) increased the amount that national banking associations and state banks (that are members of the Federal Reserve System) may invest in a single institution from 10% to 15% of a bank's unimpaired capital and unimpaired surplus. CDIs that benefit a bank's designated assessment area may qualify for CRA credit. For CRA purposes, the definition of a CDI was expanded in 2005 to include \"underserved and distressed\" rural areas and \"designated disaster areas\" to aid the regional rebuilding from severe hurricanes, flooding, earthquakes, tornados, and other disasters. The disaster area provision allows banks anywhere in America to receive consideration for CRA credit if they facilitate making credit available to a distressed location or geographic area outside of their own assessment areas. Thus, the 2005 revisions to the PWI and CDI definitions made more banking activities eligible for CRA credits. The banking regulators would consider awarding full CRA credits under the lending test to banks that make CDI loans directly in their assessment areas. Under the investment test, however, the banking regulators may choose to prorate the credits awarded to indirect investments. The Appendix provides examples of CDI activities that would qualify for CRA consideration under the investment test. Any awarded CRA credits could be prorated given that investing banks typically would have less control over when and where the funds are loaned. The CRA was revised in 1989 to require descriptive CRA composite performance ratings that must be disclosed to the public. The composite ratings illustrated in Table 2 are tabulated using the points assigned from the individual tests (shown in Table 1 above). Grades of Outstanding and Satisfactory are acceptable; Satisfactory ratings in both community development and retail lending are necessary for a composite Satisfactory . Large banks must receive a sufficient amount of points from the investment and service tests to receive a composite Outstanding rating. Regulators include CRA ratings as a factor when lenders request permission to engage in certain activities, such as moving offices or buying another institution. Denying requests, particularly applications for mergers and acquisitions, is a mechanism that may be applied against banking organizations with ratings below Satisfactory . In 2005, the banking regulators also ruled that any evidence of discrimination or credit practices that violate an applicable law, rule, or regulation by any affiliate would adversely affect an agency's evaluation of a bank's CRA performance. Applicants with poor ratings may resubmit their applications after making the necessary improvements. Covered institutions must post a CRA notice in their main offices and make publicly available a record of their composite CRA performance. Given that the CRA is not a federal assistance program and that several regulators implement it separately, no single federal agency is responsible for evaluating its overall effectiveness. In 2000, Congress directed the Federal Reserve to study the CRA's effectiveness. The Federal Reserve's study reported that lending to LMI families had increased since the CRA's enactment but found it was not possible to directly attribute all of that increase to the CRA. For example, advancements in underwriting over the past several decades have enabled lenders to better predict and price borrower default risk, thus making credit available to borrowers that might have been rejected prior to such technological advances. This section examines the difficulty linking bank lending outcomes directly to the CRA, considering questions raised about the subjectivity of the CRA examination itself, whether prudential regulators use CRA to encourage banks to engage in high-risk lending, and whether the increased lending to LMI borrowers since CRA's enactment can be attributed to other profit-incentives that exist apart from the CRA. Questions have been raised as to whether the CRA examination itself is effective at measuring a bank's ability to meet local credit needs. For example, the CRA examinations have an element of subjectivity in terms of measuring both the quality and quantity of CRA compliance. In terms of quality, regulators determine the \"innovativeness or flexibility\" of qualified loan products; the \"innovativeness or complexity\" of qualified investments; or the \"innovativeness\" of ways banks service groups of customers previously not served. The number of points some CRA-qualifying investments receive relative to others is up to the regulator's judgment given that no formal definition of innovativeness has been established (although regulators provide a variety of examples as guidelines for banks to follow). In terms of quantity, there is no official quota indicating when banks have done enough CRA-qualified activities to receive a particular rating. Without specific definitions of the criteria or quotas, the CRA examination may be considered subjective. Almost all banks pass their CRA examinations. Figure 1 shows the average annual composite scores of banks that received CRA examinations as well as the annual number of bank examinations by size. In general, most banks receive a composite Satisfactory or better rating regardless of the number of banks examined in a year. For all years, approximately 97% or more of banks examined received ratings of Satisfactory or Outstanding . Whether the consistently high ratings reflect the CRA's influence on bank behavior or whether the CRA examination procedures need improvement is difficult to discern. Another issue raised is whether the CRA has resulted in banks making more high-risk loans given that it encourages banks to lend to LMI individuals (perhaps under the presumption that LMI individuals are less creditworthy relative to higher-income individuals). Since passage of the CRA, however, innovations have allowed lenders to better evaluate the creditworthiness of borrowers (e.g., credit scoring, the adoption of automated underwriting), thus enhancing credit availability to both high credit quality and credit-impaired individuals. Credit-impaired borrowers can be charged higher interest rates and fees than those with better credit histories to compensate lenders for taking on greater amounts of credit or default risk. Nontraditional loan products (e.g., interest-only, initially low interest rate) allow borrowers to obtain lower regular payments during the early stages of the loan, perhaps under the expectation that their financial circumstances may improve in the later stages as the loan payments adjust to reflect the true costs. The ability to charge higher prices or offer such nontraditional loan products may result in greater higher-risk lending. Because these technological developments in the financial industry occurred after enactment of the CRA, banks' willingness to enter into higher-risk lending markets arguably cannot be attributed solely to the CRA. Regulators arguably are more reluctant to award banks CRA credit for originating higher-risk loans given the scrutiny necessary to determine whether higher loan prices reflect elevated default risk levels or discriminatory or predatory lending practices. Primary bank regulators are concerned with both prudential regulation and consumer protection. It is difficult for regulators to monitor how well borrowers understood the disclosures regarding loan costs and features, or whether any discriminatory or predatory behavior occurred at the time of loan origination. Regulators use fair lending examinations to determine whether loan pricing practices have been applied fairly and consistently across applicants or if some steering to higher-priced loan products occurred. Nevertheless, although it is not impossible for banks to receive CRA credits for making some higher-priced loans, regulators are mindful of practices such as improper consumer disclosure, steering, or discrimination that inflate loan prices. Prudential regulators are also unlikely to encourage lending practices that might result in large concentrations of high-risk loans on bank balance sheets. Hence, certain lending activities—subprime mortgages and payday lending—have been explicitly discouraged by bank regulators, as discussed in more detail below. Although no consensus definition has emerged for subprime lending, this practice may generally be described as lending to borrowers with weak credit at higher costs relative to borrowers of higher credit quality. In September 2006, the banking regulatory agencies issued guidance on subprime lending that was restrictive in tone. The guidance warned banks of the risk posed by nontraditional mortgage loans, including interest-only and payment-option adjustable-rate mortgages. The agencies expressed concern about these loans because of the lack of principal amortization and the potential for negative amortization. Consequently, a study of 2006 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data reported that banks subject to the CRA and their affiliates originated or purchased only 6% of the reported high-cost loans made to lower-income borrowers within their CRA assessment areas. Banks, therefore, received little or no CRA credit for subprime mortgage lending. Instead, federal regulators offered CRA consideration to banks that helped mitigate the effects of distressed subprime mortgages. On April 17, 2007, federal regulators provided examples of various arrangements that financial firms could provide to LMI borrowers to help them transition into affordable mortgages and avoid foreclosure. The various workout arrangements were eligible for favorable CRA consideration. Banks are unlikely to receive CRA consideration for originating subprime mortgages going forward. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (Dodd-Frank Act; P.L. 111-203 ) requires lenders to consider consumers' ability to repay before extending them mortgage credit, and one way for lenders to comply is to originate qualified mortgages (QMs) that satisfy various underwriting and product-feature requirements. For example, QMs may not have any negative amortization features, interest-only payments, or points and fees that exceed specified caps of the total loan amount; in most cases, borrowers' debt-to-income ratios shall not exceed 43%. QM originations will give lenders legal protections if the required income verification and other proper underwriting procedures were followed. Given the legal protections afforded to QMs, some banks might show greater reluctance toward making non-QM loans. With this in mind, the federal banking regulators announced that banks choosing to make only or predominately QM loans should not expect to see an adverse effect on their CRA evaluations; however, the regulators did not indicate that CRA consideration would be given for non-QMs. Arguably, the federal banking regulators appear less inclined to use the CRA to encourage lending that could be subject to greater legal risks. Banks have demonstrated interest in providing financial services such as small dollar cash advances, which are similar to payday loans, in the form of subprime credit cards, overdraft protection services, and direct deposit advances. However, banks are discouraged from engaging in payday and similar forms of lending. Legislation, such as the Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009 ( P.L. 111-24 ), placed restrictions on subprime credit card lending. In addition, federal banking regulators expressed concern when banks began offering deposit advance products due to the similarities to payday loans. Specifically, on April 25, 2013, the OCC, FDIC, and Federal Reserve expressed concerns that the high costs and repeated extensions of credit could add to borrower default risks and issued final supervisory guidance regarding the delivery of these products. Many banks subsequently discontinued offering deposit advances. In general, these legislative and regulatory efforts explicitly discourage banks from offering high-cost consumer financial products and thus such products are unlikely to receive CRA consideration. When various financial products are deemed unsound by bank regulators and not offered by banks, a possible consequence may be that some customers migrate to nonbank institutions willing to provide these higher-cost products. Accordingly, the effectiveness of the CRA diminishes if more individuals choose to seek financial products from nonbank institutions. In general, it can be difficult to determine the extent to which banks' financial decisions are motivated by CRA incentives, profit incentives, or both. Compliance with CRA does not require banks to make unprofitable, high-risk loans that would threaten the financial health of the bank. Instead, CRA loans have profit potential; and bank regulators require all loans, including CRA loans, to be prudently underwritten. As evidenced below, it may be difficult to determine whether banks have made particular financial decisions in response to profit or CRA incentives in cases where those incentives exist simultaneously. For example, banks increased their holdings of municipal bonds in 2009. Although banks may receive CRA consideration under the investment test for purchasing state and local municipal bonds that fund public and community development projects in their designated assessment areas, banks may choose this investment for reasons unrelated to CRA. During recessions, for example, banks may reduce direct (or primary market) lending activities and increase their holdings of securities in the wake of declining demand for and supply of direct loan originations that occur during economic slowdowns and early recovery periods. In addition, a provision of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ( P.L. 111-5 ) provided banks with a favorable tax incentive to invest in municipal bonds in the wake of the 2007-2009 recession. Hence, determining whether banks increased their municipal holdings because of a turn to securities markets for higher yields following a recession, a favorable tax incentive, or the CRA incentive is challenging. Similarly, banks increased their investments in Small Business Investment Corporations (SBICs, defined in the Appendix ) in 2010. Investments in SBICs allow banks to provide subordinate financing (rather than senior debt) to businesses. Senior lenders have first claims to the business's assets in case of failure; however, subordinate financiers provide funds in the form of mezzanine capital or equity, requiring a higher return because they are repaid after senior lenders. Banks generally are not allowed to act as subordinate financiers because they are not allowed to acquire ownership interests in private equity funds, unless such investments promote public welfare. Hence, attributing community development financing activities, such as SBIC investments, to CRA incentives may arguably be easier (relative to other financing activities) because the ability to engage in subordinate financing activities typically represents a CRA exemption from ordinary permissible banking activities. Following the 2007-2009 recession, however, U.S. interest rates dropped to historically low levels for an abnormally long period of time. Because low-yielding interest rate environments squeeze profits, banks were likely to search for higher-yielding and larger-sized lending opportunities, such as investments in SBICs. Hence, it remains difficult to determine whether a particular bank's decision to increase SBIC financing activities was driven by normal profit or CRA-related incentives. Between June 2016 and June 2017, more than 1700 U.S. bank branches were closed. Many branch closings occurred primarily in rural and low-income tract areas, raising concerns that banks would be able to circumvent their CRA obligation to lend and be evaluated in these areas. A traditional bank business model, however, relies primarily on having access to core deposits , a stable source of funds used to subsequently originate loans. Banks value geographic locations with greater potential to attract high core deposit volumes, which is also consistent with the CRA's requirement that assessment areas include at least one MSA or contiguous political subdivision (as previously discussed). Furthermore, using FDIC and U.S. Census Bureau data, the Federal Reserve noted that the number of branches per capita in 2017 was higher than two decades ago. Hence, determining whether branch closures reflect a bank's intentions to circumvent CRA compliance or to facilitate its ability to attract core deposits is challenging. On April 3, 2018, the U.S. Department of Treasury (Treasury) released recommendations to modernize CRA in a memorandum to the federal banking regulators (OCC, FCIC, and the Fed). Treasury highlighted four of its recommendations, summarized below. When the CRA was enacted in 1977, banks received deposits and made loans primarily through geographical branches. Assessment areas defined geographically arguably may not fully reflect the community served by a bank because of technology developments, such as the internet and mobile phone banking, prompting Treasury to call for revisiting the approach for determining banks' assessment areas. In 2016, the banking regulators issued Interagency Questions and Answers (Q&As) to provide banks guidance pertaining to CRA-eligible activities; however, Treasury noted that each regulator provides its examiners with additional guidance. Also, the Interagency Q&As illustrate past CRA-qualifying activities, but Treasury noted that no formal process currently exists to help determine whether potential (complex, innovative, or innovative) activities would qualify for CRA credit. Treasury recommends establishing clearer standards for CRA-qualifying activities and flexibility (expanding the types of loans, investments, and services that qualify for CRA credit), which may encourage banks to venture beyond activities that typically receive CRA credit. Treasury reports that each bank regulator follows a different examination schedule; the examinations are lengthy; and delays associated with the release of performance evaluations may limit the time banks can react to recommendations before their next CRA examination. Treasury recommends increasing the timeliness of the CRA examination process. Treasury recommends incorporating performance incentives that might result in more efficient lending activities. For example, CRA-qualifying loans may receive credit in the year of origination, but equity investments may receive credit each year that the investment is held. Treasury recommends consistent treatment of loans and investments, which may encourage banks to make more long-term loans (rather than sequences of short-term loans for the sake of being awarded CRA credits at each CRA examination). On August, 28, 2018, the OCC released an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPR) to seek comments on ways to modernize the CRA framework. The ANPR solicited comments on the issues raised by Treasury among other things. The OCC's ANPR does not propose specific changes, but its content and the questions posed suggest that the OCC is exploring the possibility of adopting a quantitative metric-based approach to CRA performance evaluation, changing how assessment areas are defined, expanding CRA-qualifying activities, and reducing the complexity, ambiguity, and burden of the regulations on the bank industry. When the comment period closed on November 19, 2018, the OCC had received 1584 comments. The Federal Reserve and the FDIC did not join the OCC in releasing the ANPR. The Federal Reserve System, however, did host research symposiums around the country to gather comments pertaining to CRA reform. As reported by the Federal Reserve, some banking industry comments suggested, among other things, the need for consistency of the CRA examinations to facilitate CRA compliance. Yet some tailoring may still be necessary with respect to determining assessment areas that better reflect each bank's business models, particularly for models that use technology to deliver products and services. The regulators also heard from community and consumer groups. While expressing the need to retain focus on the historical context of the CRA, these groups highlighted the need to address issues pertaining to banking deserts in underserved communities. Community development investments (CDIs) that meet public welfare investment (PWI) requirements are those that promote the public welfare, primarily resulting in economic benefits for low- and moderate-income (LMI) individuals. This appendix provides examples of CDI activities that would qualify for consideration under the CRA investment test. In many cases, covered banks are more likely to take advantage of these optional vehicles to obtain CRA credits if they perceive the underlying investment opportunities to have profit potential. Loan Participations Banks and credit unions often use participation (syndicated) loans to jointly provide credit. When a financial firm (e.g., bank, credit union) originates a loan for a customer, it may decide to structure loan participation arrangements with other institutions. The loan originator often retains a larger portion of the loan and sells smaller portions to other financial institutions willing to participate. Suppose a financial firm originates a business or mortgage loan in a LMI neighborhood. A bank may receive CRA investment credit consideration by purchasing a participation, thus becoming a joint lender to the LMI borrower. An advantage of loan participations is that the default risk is divided and shared among the participating banks (as opposed to one financial firm retaining all of the risk). CRA consideration is possible if the activity occurs within the designated assessment area. For all participating banks to receive credit, some overlap in their designated assessment areas must exist. An exception is made for participations made to benefit designated disaster areas, in which all participating banks would receive CRA consideration regardless of location. State and Local Government Bonds State and local governments issue municipal bonds, and the proceeds are used to fund public projects, community development activities, and other qualifying activities. The interest that nonbank municipal bondholders receive is exempt from federal income taxes to encourage investment in hospitals, schools, infrastructure, and community development projects that require state and local funding. Legislative actions during the 1980s eliminated the tax-exempt status of interest earned from holdings of municipal bonds for banks. Although banks no longer have a tax incentive to purchase municipal bonds, they still consider the profitability of holding these loans, as they do with all lending opportunities. Furthermore, banks receive CRA investment consideration when purchasing state and local municipal bonds that fund public and community development projects in their designated assessment areas. CRA-Targeted Secondary Market Instruments Secondary market financial products have been developed to facilitate the ability of banks to participate in lending activities eligible for CRA consideration, such as purchasing mortgage-backed securities (MBSs) or shares of real estate investment trusts (REITs). A MBS is a pool of mortgage loans secured by residential properties; a multifamily MBS is a pool of mortgage loans secured by multifamily properties, consisting of structures designed for five or more residential units, such as apartment buildings, hospitals, nursing homes, and manufactured homes. CRA-MBSs are MBSs consisting of loans that originated in specific geographic assessment areas, thereby allowing bank purchases into these pools to be eligible for CRA consideration under the investment test. Similarly, REITs may also pool mortgages, mortgage MBSs, and real estate investments (e.g., real property, apartments, office buildings, shopping malls, hotels). Investors purchase shares in REIT pools and defer the taxes. Banks may only invest in mortgage REITs and MBS REITs. Similar to the CRA-MBSs, the REITs must consist of mortgages and MBSs that would be eligible for CRA consideration. The Community Development Trust REIT is an example of a REIT that serves as a CRA-qualified investment for banks. Community Development Financial Institutions and Equity Equivalent Investments The Community Development Financial Institutions (CDFI) Fund was created by the Riegle Community Development Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994 (the Riegle Act; P.L. 103-325 ). The CDFI Fund was established to promote economic development for distressed urban and rural communities. The CDFI Fund, currently located within the U.S. Department of the Treasury, is authorized to certify banks, credit unions, nonprofit loan funds, and (for-profit and nonprofit) venture capital funds as designated CDFIs. In other words, a bank may satisfy the requirements to become a CDFI, but not all CDFIs are banks. The primary focus of institutions with CDFI certification is to serve the financial needs of economically distressed people and places. The designation also makes these institutions eligible to receive financial awards and other assistance from the CDFI Fund. In contrast to non-CDFI banks, some CDFI banks have greater difficulty borrowing funds and then transforming them into loans for riskier, economically distressed consumers. The lack of loan level data for most CDFI banks causes creditors to hesitate in making low-cost, short-term loans to these institutions. Specifically, the lack of information on loan defaults and prepayment rates on CDFI banking assets is likely to result in limited ability to sell these loan originations to secondary loan markets. Consequently, the retention of higher-risk loans, combined with limited access to low-cost, short-term funding, makes CDFI banks more vulnerable to liquidity shortages. Hence, CDFIs rely primarily on funding their loans (assets) with net assets , which are proceeds analogous to the equity of a traditional bank or net worth of a credit union. CDFI net assets are often acquired in the form of awards or grants from the CDFI Fund or for-profit banks. Funding assets with net assets is less expensive for CDFIs than funding with longer-term borrowings. Banks may obtain CRA investment credit consideration by making investments to CDFIs, which provides CDFIs with net assets (equity). Under PWI authority, banks are allowed to make equity investments in specialized financial institutions, such as CDFIs, as long as they are considered by their safety and soundness regulator to be at least adequately capitalized . Furthermore, the final Basel III notification of proposed regulation (NPR) allows for preferential capital treatment for equity investments made under PWI authority, meaning equity investments to designated CDFIs may receive more favorable capital treatment. Consequently, banks often provide funds to CDFIs through equity equivalent investments (EQ2s), which are debt instruments issued by CDFIs with a continuous rolling (indeterminate) maturity. EQ2s, from a bank's perspective, are analogous to holding convertible preferred stock with a regularly scheduled repayment. Hence, banks may view EQ2s as a potentially profitable opportunity to invest in other specialized financial institutions and receive CRA consideration, particularly when the funds are subsequently used by CDFIs to originate loans in the banks' assessment areas. Small Business Investment Companies The Small Business Administration (SBA) was established in 1953 by the Small Business Act of 1953 (P.L. 83-163) to support small businesses' access to capital in a variety of ways. Although issuing loan guarantees for small businesses is a significant component of its operations, the SBA also has the authority to facilitate the equity financing of small business ventures through its Small Business Investment Company (SBIC) program, which was established by the Small Business Investment Act of 1958 (P.L. 85-699). SBICs that are licensed and regulated by the SBA may provide debt and equity financing and, although not a program requirement, educational (management consulting) resources for businesses that meet certain SBA size requirements. Banks may act as limited partners if they choose to provide funds to SBICs, which act as general partners. Banks may establish their own SBICs, jointly establish SBICs (with other banks), or provide funds to existing SBICs. SBICs subsequently use bank funding to invest in the long-term debt and equity securities of small, independent (SBA-eligible) businesses, and banks may receive CRA investment consideration if the activities benefit their assessment areas. Community banks invest in SBICs because of the profit potential as well as the opportunity to establish long-term relationships with business clients during their infancy stages. Banks that are considered by their regulators to be adequately capitalized are allowed to invest in these specialized financial institutions under PWI authority, but the investments still receive risk-based capital treatment. SBIC assets, similar to CDFIs, are illiquid given the difficulty to obtain credit ratings for SBIC investments; thus, they cannot be sold in secondary markets. Because banks risk losing the principal of their equity investments, they are required to perform the proper due diligence associated with prudent underwriting. Tax Credits The low-income housing tax credit (LIHTC) program was created by the Tax Reform Act of 1986 ( P.L. 99-514 ) to encourage the development and rehabilitation of affordable rental housing. Generally speaking, government (federal or state) issued tax credits may be bought and, in many cases, sold like any other financial asset (e.g., stocks and bonds). Owners of tax credits may reduce their tax liabilities either by the amount of the credits or by using the formulas specified on those credits, assuming the owners have participated in the specified activities that the government wants to encourage. For LIHTCs, banks may use a formula to reduce their federal tax liabilities when they provide either credit or equity contributions (grants) for the construction and rehabilitation of affordable housing. If a bank also owns a LIHTC, then a percentage of the equity grant may be tax deductible if the CDFI uses the funds from the grant to finance affordable rental housing. Furthermore, banks may receive consideration for CRA-qualified investment credits. After a domestic corporation or partnership receives designation as a Community Development Entity (CDE) from the CFDI Fund, it may apply for New Markets Tax Credits (NMTCs). Encouraging capital investments in LMI communities is the primary mission of CDEs, and CDFIs and SBICs automatically qualify as CDEs. Only CDEs are eligible to compete for NMTCs, which are allocated by the CDFI Fund via a competitive process. Once awarded an allocation of NMTCs, the CDE must obtain equity investments in exchange for the credits. Then, the equity proceeds raised must either be used to provide loans or technical assistance or deployed in eligible community investment activities. Only for-profit CDEs, however, may provide NMTCs to their investors in exchange for equity investments. Investors making for-profit CDE equity investments can use the NMTCs to reduce their tax liabilities by a certain amount over a period of years. As previously discussed, a bank may receive CRA credit for making equity investments in nonprofit CDEs and for-profit subsidiaries, particularly if the investment occurs within the bank's assessment area. Furthermore, banks may be able to reduce their tax liabilities if they can obtain NMTCs from the CDEs in which their investments were made.\n\nNow, write a one-page summary of the report.\n\nSummary:"}
{"question_id": 28, "category": "longbench_narrativeqa", "reference": ["Grassou"], "prompt": "You are given a story, which can be either a novel or a movie script, and a question. Answer the question asconcisely as you can, using a single phrase if possible. Do not provide any explanation.\n\nStory: Produced by John Bickers and Dagny\n\n\n\n\n\nPIERRE GRASSOU\n\n\nBy Honore De Balzac\n\n\n\nTranslated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley\n\n\n\nDedication\n\nTo The Lieutenant-Colonel of Artillery, Periollas, As a Testimony of the\nAffectionate Esteem of the Author,\n\nDe Balzac\n\n\n\n\n\nPIERRE GRASSOU\n\n\nWhenever you have gone to take a serious look at the exhibition of works\nof sculpture and painting, such as it has been since the revolution\nof 1830, have you not been seized by a sense of uneasiness, weariness,\nsadness, at the sight of those long and over-crowded galleries? Since\n1830, the true Salon no longer exists. The Louvre has again been taken\nby assault,--this time by a populace of artists who have maintained\nthemselves in it.\n\nIn other days, when the Salon presented only the choicest works of art,\nit conferred the highest honor on the creations there exhibited. Among\nthe two hundred selected paintings, the public could still choose: a\ncrown was awarded to the masterpiece by hands unseen. Eager, impassioned\ndiscussions arose about some picture. The abuse showered on Delacroix,\non Ingres, contributed no less to their fame than the praises and\nfanaticism of their adherents. To-day, neither the crowd nor the\ncriticism grows impassioned about the products of that bazaar. Forced to\nmake the selection for itself, which in former days the examining\njury made for it, the attention of the public is soon wearied and the\nexhibition closes. Before the year 1817 the pictures admitted never went\nbeyond the first two columns of the long gallery of the old masters; but\nin that year, to the great astonishment of the public, they filled the\nwhole space. Historical, high-art, genre paintings, easel pictures,\nlandscapes, flowers, animals, and water-colors,--these eight specialties\ncould surely not offer more than twenty pictures in one year worthy of\nthe eyes of the public, which, indeed, cannot give its attention to a\ngreater number of such works. The more the number of artists increases,\nthe more careful and exacting the jury of admission ought to be.\n\nThe true character of the Salon was lost as soon as it spread along\nthe galleries. The Salon should have remained within fixed limits of\ninflexible proportions, where each distinct specialty could show its\nmasterpieces only. An experience of ten years has shown the excellence\nof the former institution. Now, instead of a tournament, we have a mob;\ninstead of a noble exhibition, we have a tumultuous bazaar; instead of\na choice selection we have a chaotic mass. What is the result? A great\nartist is swamped. Decamps' \"Turkish Cafe,\" \"Children at a Fountain,\"\n\"Joseph,\" and \"The Torture,\" would have redounded far more to his credit\nif the four pictures had been exhibited in the great Salon with the\nhundred good pictures of that year, than his twenty pictures could,\namong three thousand others, jumbled together in six galleries.\n\nBy some strange contradiction, ever since the doors are open to every\none there has been much talk of unknown and unrecognized genius. When,\ntwelve years earlier, Ingres' \"Courtesan,\" and that of Sigalon, the\n\"Medusa\" of Gericault, the \"Massacre of Scio\" by Delacroix, the \"Baptism\nof Henri IV.\" by Eugene Deveria, admitted by celebrated artists accused\nof jealousy, showed the world, in spite of the denials of criticism,\nthat young and vigorous palettes existed, no such complaint was made.\nNow, when the veriest dauber of canvas can send in his work, the whole\ntalk is of genius neglected! Where judgment no longer exists, there is\nno longer anything judged. But whatever artists may be doing now, they\nwill come back in time to the examination and selection which presents\ntheir works to the admiration of the crowd for whom they work. Without\nselection by the Academy there will be no Salon, and without the Salon\nart may perish.\n\nEver since the catalogue has grown into a book, many names have appeared\nin it which still remain in their native obscurity, in spite of the ten\nor a dozen pictures attached to them. Among these names perhaps the most\nunknown to fame is that of an artist named Pierre Grassou, coming from\nFougeres, and called simply \"Fougeres\" among his brother-artists, who,\nat the present moment holds a place, as the saying is, \"in the sun,\" and\nwho suggested the rather bitter reflections by which this sketch of\nhis life is introduced,--reflections that are applicable to many other\nindividuals of the tribe of artists.\n\nIn 1832, Fougeres lived in the rue de Navarin, on the fourth floor of\none of those tall, narrow houses which resemble the obelisk of Luxor,\nand possess an alley, a dark little stairway with dangerous turnings,\nthree windows only on each floor, and, within the building, a courtyard,\nor, to speak more correctly, a square pit or well. Above the three or\nfour rooms occupied by Grassou of Fougeres was his studio, looking over\nto Montmartre. This studio was painted in brick-color, for a background;\nthe floor was tinted brown and well frotted; each chair was furnished\nwith a bit of carpet bound round the edges; the sofa, simple enough, was\nclean as that in the bedroom of some worthy bourgeoise. All these things\ndenoted the tidy ways of a small mind and the thrift of a poor man. A\nbureau was there, in which to put away the studio implements, a table\nfor breakfast, a sideboard, a secretary; in short, all the articles\nnecessary to a painter, neatly arranged and very clean. The stove\nparticipated in this Dutch cleanliness, which was all the more visible\nbecause the pure and little changing light from the north flooded with\nits cold clear beams the vast apartment. Fougeres, being merely a genre\npainter, does not need the immense machinery and outfit which ruin\nhistorical painters; he has never recognized within himself sufficient\nfaculty to attempt high-art, and he therefore clings to easel painting.\n\nAt the beginning of the month of December of that year, a season at\nwhich the bourgeois of Paris conceive, periodically, the burlesque idea\nof perpetuating their forms and figures already too bulky in themselves,\nPierre Grassou, who had risen early, prepared his palette, and lighted\nhis stove, was eating a roll steeped in milk, and waiting till the frost\non his windows had melted sufficiently to let the full light in. The\nweather was fine and dry. At this moment the artist, who ate his bread\nwith that patient, resigned air that tells so much, heard and recognized\nthe step of a man who had upon his life the influence such men have\non the lives of nearly all artists,--the step of Elie Magus, a\npicture-dealer, a usurer in canvas. The next moment Elie Magus entered\nand found the painter in the act of beginning his work in the tidy\nstudio.\n\n\"How are you, old rascal?\" said the painter.\n\nFougeres had the cross of the Legion of honor, and Elie Magus bought his\npictures at two and three hundred francs apiece, so he gave himself the\nairs of a fine artist.\n\n\"Business is very bad,\" replied Elie. \"You artists have such\npretensions! You talk of two hundred francs when you haven't put six\nsous' worth of color on a canvas. However, you are a good fellow, I'll\nsay that. You are steady; and I've come to put a good bit of business in\nyour way.\"\n\n\"Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes,\" said Fougeres. \"Do you know Latin?\"\n\n\"No.\"\n\n\"Well, it means that the Greeks never proposed a good bit of business\nto the Trojans without getting their fair share of it. In the olden time\nthey used to say, 'Take my horse.' Now we say, 'Take my bear.' Well,\nwhat do you want, Ulysses-Lagingeole-Elie Magus?\"\n\nThese words will give an idea of the mildness and wit with which\nFougeres employed what painters call studio fun.\n\n\"Well, I don't deny that you are to paint me two pictures for nothing.\"\n\n\"Oh! oh!\"\n\n\"I'll leave you to do it, or not; I don't ask it. But you're an honest\nman.\"\n\n\"Come, out with it!\"\n\n\"Well, I'm prepared to bring you a father, mother, and only daughter.\"\n\n\"All for me?\"\n\n\"Yes--they want their portraits taken. These bourgeois--they are crazy\nabout art--have never dared to enter a studio. The girl has a 'dot' of a\nhundred thousand francs. You can paint all three,--perhaps they'll turn\nout family portraits.\"\n\nAnd with that the old Dutch log of wood who passed for a man and who was\ncalled Elie Magus, interrupted himself to laugh an uncanny laugh which\nfrightened the painter. He fancied he heard Mephistopheles talking\nmarriage.\n\n\"Portraits bring five hundred francs apiece,\" went on Elie; \"so you can\nvery well afford to paint me three pictures.\"\n\n\"True for you!\" cried Fougeres, gleefully.\n\n\"And if you marry the girl, you won't forget me.\"\n\n\"Marry! I?\" cried Pierre Grassou,--\"I, who have a habit of sleeping\nalone; and get up at cock-crow, and all my life arranged--\"\n\n\"One hundred thousand francs,\" said Magus, \"and a quiet girl, full of\ngolden tones, as you call 'em, like a Titian.\"\n\n\"What class of people are they?\"\n\n\"Retired merchants; just now in love with art; have a country-house at\nVille d'Avray, and ten or twelve thousand francs a year.\"\n\n\"What business did they do?\"\n\n\"Bottles.\"\n\n\"Now don't say that word; it makes me think of corks and sets my teeth\non edge.\"\n\n\"Am I to bring them?\"\n\n\"Three portraits--I could put them in the Salon; I might go in for\nportrait-painting. Well, yes!\"\n\nOld Elie descended the staircase to go in search of the Vervelle family.\nTo know to what extend this proposition would act upon the painter, and\nwhat effect would be produced upon him by the Sieur and Dame Vervelle,\nadorned by their only daughter, it is necessary to cast an eye on the\nanterior life of Pierre Grassou of Fougeres.\n\nWhen a pupil, Fougeres had studied drawing with Servin, who was\nthought a great draughtsman in academic circles. After that he went to\nSchinner's, to learn the secrets of the powerful and magnificent color\nwhich distinguishes that master. Master and scholars were all discreet;\nat any rate Pierre discovered none of their secrets. From there he went\nto Sommervieux' atelier, to acquire that portion of the art of painting\nwhich is called composition, but composition was shy and distant to him.\nThen he tried to snatch from Decamps and Granet the mystery of their\ninterior effects. The two masters were not robbed. Finally Fougeres\nended his education with Duval-Lecamus. During these studied and\nthese different transformations Fougeres' habits and ways of life were\ntranquil and moral to a degree that furnished matter of jesting to the\nvarious ateliers where he sojourned; but everywhere he disarmed his\ncomrades by his modesty and by the patience and gentleness of a lamblike\nnature. The masters, however, had no sympathy for the good lad; masters\nprefer bright fellows, eccentric spirits, droll or fiery, or else gloomy\nand deeply reflective, which argue future talent. Everything about\nPierre Grassou smacked of mediocrity. His nickname \"Fougeres\" (that\nof the painter in the play of \"The Eglantine\") was the source of much\nteasing; but, by force of circumstances, he accepted the name of the\ntown in which he had first seen light.\n\nGrassou of Fougeres resembled his name. Plump and of medium height, he\nhad a dull complexion, brown eyes, black hair, a turned-up nose, rather\nwide mouth, and long ears. His gentle, passive, and resigned air gave a\ncertain relief to these leading features of a physiognomy that was full\nof health, but wanting in action. This young man, born to be a virtuous\nbourgeois, having left his native place and come to Paris to be clerk\nwith a color-merchant (formerly of Mayenne and a distant connection of\nthe Orgemonts) made himself a painter simply by the fact of an obstinacy\nwhich constitutes the Breton character. What he suffered, the manner in\nwhich he lived during those years of study, God only knows. He suffered\nas much as great men suffer when they are hounded by poverty and hunted\nlike wild beasts by the pack of commonplace minds and by troops of\nvanities athirst for vengeance.\n\nAs soon as he thought himself able to fly on his own wings, Fougeres\ntook a studio in the upper part of the rue des Martyrs, where he began\nto delve his way. He made his first appearance in 1819. The first\npicture he presented to the jury of the Exhibition at the Louvre\nrepresented a village wedding rather laboriously copied from Greuze's\npicture. It was rejected. When Fougeres heard of the fatal decision,\nhe did not fall into one of those fits of epileptic self-love to which\nstrong natures give themselves up, and which sometimes end in challenges\nsent to the director or the secretary of the Museum, or even by threats\nof assassination. Fougeres quietly fetched his canvas, wrapped it in\na handkerchief, and brought it home, vowing in his heart that he would\nstill make himself a great painter. He placed his picture on the easel,\nand went to one of his former masters, a man of immense talent,--to\nSchinner, a kind and patient artist, whose triumph at that year's Salon\nwas complete. Fougeres asked him to come and criticise the rejected\nwork. The great painter left everything and went at once. When poor\nFougeres had placed the work before him Schinner, after a glance,\npressed Fougeres' hand.\n\n\"You are a fine fellow,\" he said; \"you've a heart of gold, and I must\nnot deceive you. Listen; you are fulfilling all the promises you made in\nthe studios. When you find such things as that at the tip of your brush,\nmy good Fougeres, you had better leave colors with Brullon, and not take\nthe canvas of others. Go home early, put on your cotton night-cap, and\nbe in bed by nine o'clock. The next morning early go to some government\noffice, ask for a place, and give up art.\"\n\n\"My dear friend,\" said Fougeres, \"my picture is already condemned; it is\nnot a verdict that I want of you, but the cause of that verdict.\"\n\n\"Well--you paint gray and sombre; you see nature being a crape veil;\nyour drawing is heavy, pasty; your composition is a medley of Greuze,\nwho only redeemed his defects by the qualities which you lack.\"\n\nWhile detailing these faults of the picture Schinner saw on Fougeres'\nface so deep an expression of sadness that he carried him off to dinner\nand tried to console him. The next morning at seven o'clock Fougeres was\nat his easel working over the rejected picture; he warmed the colors; he\nmade the corrections suggested by Schinner, he touched up his figures.\nThen, disgusted with such patching, he carried the picture to Elie\nMagus. Elie Magus, a sort of Dutch-Flemish-Belgian, had three reasons\nfor being what he became,--rich and avaricious. Coming last from\nBordeaux, he was just starting in Paris, selling old pictures and living\non the boulevard Bonne-Nouvelle. Fougeres, who relied on his palette\nto go to the baker's, bravely ate bread and nuts, or bread and milk, or\nbread and cherries, or bread and cheese, according to the seasons. Elie\nMagus, to whom Pierre offered his first picture, eyed it for some time\nand then gave him fifteen francs.\n\n\"With fifteen francs a year coming in, and a thousand francs for\nexpenses,\" said Fougeres, smiling, \"a man will go fast and far.\"\n\nElie Magus made a gesture; he bit his thumbs, thinking that he might\nhave had that picture for five francs.\n\nFor several days Pierre walked down from the rue des Martyrs and\nstationed himself at the corner of the boulevard opposite to Elie's\nshop, whence his eye could rest upon his picture, which did not obtain\nany notice from the eyes of the passers along the street. At the end of\na week the picture disappeared; Fougeres walked slowly up and approached\nthe dealer's shop in a lounging manner. The Jew was at his door.\n\n\"Well, I see you have sold my picture.\"\n\n\"No, here it is,\" said Magus; \"I've framed it, to show it to some one\nwho fancies he knows about painting.\"\n\nFougeres had not the heart to return to the boulevard. He set about\nanother picture, and spent two months upon it,--eating mouse's meals and\nworking like a galley-slave.\n\nOne evening he went to the boulevard, his feet leading him fatefully to\nthe dealer's shop. His picture was not to be seen.\n\n\"I've sold your picture,\" said Elie Magus, seeing him.\n\n\"For how much?\"\n\n\"I got back what I gave and a small interest. Make me some Flemish\ninteriors, a lesson of anatomy, landscapes, and such like, and I'll buy\nthem of you,\" said Elie.\n\nFougeres would fain have taken old Magus in his arms; he regarded him as\na father. He went home with joy in his heart; the great painter Schinner\nwas mistaken after all! In that immense city of Paris there were some\nhearts that beat in unison with Pierre's; his talent was understood and\nappreciated. The poor fellow of twenty-seven had the innocence of a lad\nof sixteen. Another man, one of those distrustful, surly artists, would\nhave noticed the diabolical look on Elie's face and seen the twitching\nof the hairs of his beard, the irony of his moustache, and the movement\nof his shoulders which betrayed the satisfaction of Walter Scott's Jew\nin swindling a Christian.\n\nFougeres marched along the boulevard in a state of joy which gave to his\nhonest face an expression of pride. He was like a schoolboy protecting\na woman. He met Joseph Bridau, one of his comrades, and one of those\neccentric geniuses destined to fame and sorrow. Joseph Bridau, who had,\nto use his own expression, a few sous in his pocket, took Fougeres to\nthe Opera. But Fougeres didn't see the ballet, didn't hear the music; he\nwas imagining pictures, he was painting. He left Joseph in the middle\nof the evening, and ran home to make sketches by lamp-light. He invented\nthirty pictures, all reminiscence, and felt himself a man of genius. The\nnext day he bought colors, and canvases of various dimensions; he piled\nup bread and cheese on his table, he filled a water-pot with water,\nhe laid in a provision of wood for his stove; then, to use a studio\nexpression, he dug at his pictures. He hired several models and Magus\nlent him stuffs.\n\nAfter two months' seclusion the Breton had finished four pictures. Again\nhe asked counsel of Schinner, this time adding Bridau to the invitation.\nThe two painters saw in three of these pictures a servile imitation\nof Dutch landscapes and interiors by Metzu, in the fourth a copy of\nRembrandt's \"Lesson of Anatomy.\"\n\n\"Still imitating!\" said Schinner. \"Ah! Fougeres can't manage to be\noriginal.\"\n\n\"You ought to do something else than painting,\" said Bridau.\n\n\"What?\" asked Fougeres.\n\n\"Fling yourself into literature.\"\n\nFougeres lowered his head like a sheep when it rains. Then he asked and\nobtained certain useful advice, and retouched his pictures before taking\nthem to Elie Magus. Elie paid him twenty-five francs apiece. At that\nprice of course Fougeres earned nothing; neither did he lose, thanks to\nhis sober living. He made a few excursions to the boulevard to see what\nbecame of his pictures, and there he underwent a singular hallucination.\nHis neat, clean paintings, hard as tin and shiny as porcelain, were\ncovered with a sort of mist; they looked like old daubs. Magus was out,\nand Pierre could obtain no information on this phenomenon. He fancied\nsomething was wrong with his eyes.\n\nThe painter went back to his studio and made more pictures. After seven\nyears of continued toil Fougeres managed to compose and execute quite\npassable work. He did as well as any artist of the second class.\nElie bought and sold all the paintings of the poor Breton, who earned\nlaboriously about two thousand francs a year while he spent but twelve\nhundred.\n\nAt the Exhibition of 1829, Leon de Lora, Schinner, and Bridau, who all\nthree occupied a great position and were, in fact, at the head of the\nart movement, were filled with pity for the perseverance and the poverty\nof their old friend; and they caused to be admitted into the grand salon\nof the Exhibition, a picture by Fougeres. This picture, powerful in\ninterest but derived from Vigneron as to sentiment and from Dubufe's\nfirst manner as to execution, represented a young man in prison, whose\nhair was being cut around the nape of the neck. On one side was\na priest, on the other two women, one old, one young, in tears. A\nsheriff's clerk was reading aloud a document. On a wretched table was a\nmeal, untouched. The light came in through the bars of a window near\nthe ceiling. It was a picture fit to make the bourgeois shudder, and\nthe bourgeois shuddered. Fougeres had simply been inspired by the\nmasterpiece of Gerard Douw; he had turned the group of the \"Dropsical\nWoman\" toward the window, instead of presenting it full front. The\ncondemned man was substituted for the dying woman--same pallor, same\nglance, same appeal to God. Instead of the Dutch doctor, he had painted\nthe cold, official figure of the sheriff's clerk attired in black; but\nhe had added an old woman to the young one of Gerard Douw. The cruelly\nsimple and good-humored face of the executioner completed and dominated\nthe group. This plagiarism, very cleverly disguised, was not discovered.\nThe catalogue contained the following:--\n\n     510. Grassou de Fougeres (Pierre), rue de Navarin, 2.\n     Death-toilet of a Chouan, condemned to execution in 1809.\n\nThough wholly second-rate, the picture had immense success, for it\nrecalled the affair of the \"chauffeurs,\" of Mortagne. A crowd collected\nevery day before the now fashionable canvas; even Charles X. paused to\nlook at it. \"Madame,\" being told of the patient life of the poor Breton,\nbecame enthusiastic over him. The Duc d'Orleans asked the price of\nthe picture. The clergy told Madame la Dauphine that the subject was\nsuggestive of good thoughts; and there was, in truth, a most satisfying\nreligious tone about it. Monseigneur the Dauphin admired the dust on\nthe stone-floor,--a huge blunder, by the way, for Fougeres had painted\ngreenish tones suggestive of mildew along the base of the walls.\n\"Madame\" finally bought the picture for a thousand francs, and the\nDauphin ordered another like it. Charles X. gave the cross of the Legion\nof honor to this son of a peasant who had fought for the royal cause\nin 1799. (Joseph Bridau, the great painter, was not yet decorated.) The\nminister of the Interior ordered two church pictures of Fougeres.\n\nThis Salon of 1829 was to Pierre Grassou his whole fortune, fame,\nfuture, and life. Be original, invent, and you die by inches; copy,\nimitate, and you'll live. After this discovery of a gold mine, Grassou\nde Fougeres obtained his benefit of the fatal principle to which society\nowes the wretched mediocrities to whom are intrusted in these days the\nelection of leaders in all social classes; who proceed, naturally, to\nelect themselves and who wage a bitter war against all true talent. The\nprinciple of election applied indiscriminately is false, and France will\nsome day abandon it.\n\nNevertheless the modesty, simplicity, and genuine surprise of the good\nand gentle Fougeres silenced all envy and all recriminations. Besides,\nhe had on his side all of his clan who had succeeded, and all who\nexpected to succeed. Some persons, touched by the persistent energy of a\nman whom nothing had discouraged, talked of Domenichino and said:--\n\n\"Perseverance in the arts should be rewarded. Grassou hasn't stolen his\nsuccesses; he has delved for ten years, the poor dear man!\"\n\nThat exclamation of \"poor dear man!\" counted for half in the support\nand the congratulations which the painter received. Pity sets up\nmediocrities as envy pulls down great talents, and in equal numbers.\nThe newspapers, it is true, did not spare criticism, but the chevalier\nFougeres digested them as he had digested the counsel of his friends,\nwith angelic patience.\n\nPossessing, by this time, fifteen thousand francs, laboriously earned,\nhe furnished an apartment and studio in the rue de Navarin, and painted\nthe picture ordered by Monseigneur the Dauphin, also the two church\npictures, and delivered them at the time agreed on, with a punctuality\nthat was very discomforting to the exchequer of the ministry, accustomed\nto a different course of action. But--admire the good fortune of men who\nare methodical--if Grassou, belated with his work, had been caught by\nthe revolution of July he would not have got his money.\n\nBy the time he was thirty-seven Fougeres had manufactured for Elie Magus\nsome two hundred pictures, all of them utterly unknown, by the help of\nwhich he had attained to that satisfying manner, that point of execution\nbefore which the true artist shrugs his shoulders and the bourgeoisie\nworships. Fougeres was dear to friends for rectitude of ideas, for\nsteadiness of sentiment, absolute kindliness, and great loyalty; though\nthey had no esteem for his palette, they loved the man who held it.\n\n\"What a misfortune it is that Fougeres has the vice of painting!\" said\nhis comrades.\n\nBut for all this, Grassou gave excellent counsel, like those\nfeuilletonists incapable of writing a book who know very well where a\nbook is wanting. There was this difference, however, between literary\ncritics and Fougeres; he was eminently sensitive to beauties; he felt\nthem, he acknowledged them, and his advice was instinct with a spirit\nof justice that made the justness of his remarks acceptable. After\nthe revolution of July, Fougeres sent about ten pictures a year to the\nSalon, of which the jury admitted four or five. He lived with the most\nrigid economy, his household being managed solely by an old charwoman.\nFor all amusement he visited his friends, he went to see works of art,\nhe allowed himself a few little trips about France, and he planned to go\nto Switzerland in search of inspiration. This detestable artist was an\nexcellent citizen; he mounted guard duly, went to reviews, and paid his\nrent and provision-bills with bourgeois punctuality.\n\nHaving lived all his life in toil and poverty, he had never had the time\nto love. Poor and a bachelor, until now he did not desire to complicate\nhis simple life. Incapable of devising any means of increasing his\nlittle fortune, he carried, every three months, to his notary, Cardot,\nhis quarterly earnings and economies. When the notary had received\nabout three thousand francs he invested them in some first mortgage, the\ninterest of which he drew himself and added to the quarterly payments\nmade to him by Fougeres. The painter was awaiting the fortunate moment\nwhen his property thus laid by would give him the imposing income of two\nthousand francs, to allow himself the otium cum dignitate of the\nartist and paint pictures; but oh! what pictures! true pictures! each a\nfinished picture! chouette, Koxnoff, chocnosoff! His future, his dreams\nof happiness, the superlative of his hopes--do you know what it was?\nTo enter the Institute and obtain the grade of officer of the Legion\nof honor; to side down beside Schinner and Leon de Lora, to reach the\nAcademy before Bridau, to wear a rosette in his buttonhole! What a\ndream! It is only commonplace men who think of everything.\n\nHearing the sound of several steps on the staircase, Fougeres rubbed up\nhis hair, buttoned his jacket of bottle-green velveteen, and was not a\nlittle amazed to see, entering his doorway, a simpleton face vulgarly\ncalled in studio slang a \"melon.\" This fruit surmounted a pumpkin,\nclothed in blue cloth adorned with a bunch of tintinnabulating baubles.\nThe melon puffed like a walrus; the pumpkin advanced on turnips,\nimproperly called legs. A true painter would have turned the little\nbottle-vendor off at once, assuring him that he didn't paint vegetables.\nThis painter looked at his client without a smile, for Monsieur Vervelle\nwore a three-thousand-franc diamond in the bosom of his shirt.\n\nFougeres glanced at Magus and said: \"There's fat in it!\" using a slang\nterm then much in vogue in the studios.\n\nHearing those words Monsieur Vervelle frowned. The worthy bourgeois drew\nafter him another complication of vegetables in the persons of his wife\nand daughter. The wife had a fine veneer of mahogany on her face, and\nin figure she resembled a cocoa-nut, surmounted by a head and tied in\naround the waist. She pivoted on her legs, which were tap-rooted,\nand her gown was yellow with black stripes. She proudly exhibited\nunutterable mittens on a puffy pair of hands; the plumes of a\nfirst-class funeral floated on an over-flowing bonnet; laces adorned\nher shoulders, as round behind as they were before; consequently, the\nspherical form of the cocoa-nut was perfect. Her feet, of a kind that\npainters call abatis, rose above the varnished leather of the shoes in a\nswelling that was some inches high. How the feet were ever got into the\nshoes, no one knows.\n\nFollowing these vegetable parents was a young asparagus, who presented\na tiny head with smoothly banded hair of the yellow-carroty tone that a\nRoman adores, long, stringy arms, a fairly white skin with reddish spots\nupon it, large innocent eyes, and white lashes, scarcely any brows, a\nleghorn bonnet bound with white satin and adorned with two honest bows\nof the same satin, hands virtuously red, and the feet of her mother. The\nfaces of these three beings wore, as they looked round the studio, an\nair of happiness which bespoke in them a respectable enthusiasm for Art.\n\n\"So it is you, monsieur, who are going to take our likenesses?\" said the\nfather, assuming a jaunty air.\n\n\"Yes, monsieur,\" replied Grassou.\n\n\"Vervelle, he has the cross!\" whispered the wife to the husband while\nthe painter's back was turned.\n\n\"Should I be likely to have our portraits painted by an artist who\nwasn't decorated?\" returned the former bottle-dealer.\n\nElie Magus here bowed to the Vervelle family and went away. Grassou\naccompanied him to the landing.\n\n\"There's no one but you who would fish up such whales.\"\n\n\"One hundred thousand francs of 'dot'!\"\n\n\"Yes, but what a family!\"\n\n\"Three hundred thousand francs of expectations, a house in the rue\nBoucherat, and a country-house at Ville d'Avray!\"\n\n\"Bottles and corks! bottles and corks!\" said the painter; \"they set my\nteeth on edge.\"\n\n\"Safe from want for the rest of your days,\" said Elie Magus as he\ndeparted.\n\nThat idea entered the head of Pierre Grassou as the daylight had burst\ninto his garret that morning.\n\nWhile he posed the father of the young person, he thought the\nbottle-dealer had a good countenance, and he admired the face full\nof violent tones. The mother and daughter hovered about the easel,\nmarvelling at all his preparations; they evidently thought him a\ndemigod. This visible admiration pleased Fougeres. The golden calf threw\nupon the family its fantastic reflections.\n\n\"You must earn lots of money; but of course you don't spend it as you\nget it,\" said the mother.\n\n\"No, madame,\" replied the painter; \"I don't spend it; I have not the\nmeans to amuse myself. My notary invests my money; he knows what I have;\nas soon as I have taken him the money I never think of it again.\"\n\n\"I've always been told,\" cried old Vervelle, \"that artists were baskets\nwith holes in them.\"\n\n\"Who is your notary--if it is not indiscreet to ask?\" said Madame\nVervelle.\n\n\"A good fellow, all round,\" replied Grassou. \"His name is Cardot.\"\n\n\"Well, well! if that isn't a joke!\" exclaimed Vervelle. \"Cardot is our\nnotary too.\"\n\n\"Take care! don't move,\" said the painter.\n\n\"Do pray hold still, Antenor,\" said the wife. \"If you move about you'll\nmake monsieur miss; you should just see him working, and then you'd\nunderstand.\"\n\n\"Oh! why didn't you have me taught the arts?\" said Mademoiselle Vervelle\nto her parents.\n\n\"Virginie,\" said her mother, \"a young person ought not to learn certain\nthings. When you are married--well, till then, keep quiet.\"\n\nDuring this first sitting the Vervelle family became almost intimate\nwith the worthy artist. They were to come again two days later. As they\nwent away the father told Virginie to walk in front; but in spite of\nthis separation, she overheard the following words, which naturally\nawakened her curiosity.\n\n\"Decorated--thirty-seven years old--an artist who gets orders--puts his\nmoney with our notary. We'll consult Cardot. Hein! Madame de Fougeres!\nnot a bad name--doesn't look like a bad man either! One might prefer a\nmerchant; but before a merchant retires from business one can never know\nwhat one's daughter may come to; whereas an economical artist--and then\nyou know we love Art--Well, we'll see!\"\n\nWhile the Vervelle family discussed Pierre Grassou, Pierre Grassou\ndiscussed in his own mind the Vervelle family. He found it impossible to\nstay peacefully in his studio, so he took a walk on the boulevard, and\nlooked at all the red-haired women who passed him. He made a series of\nthe oddest reasonings to himself: gold was the handsomest of metals; a\ntawny yellow represented gold; the Romans were fond of red-haired women,\nand he turned Roman, etc. After two years of marriage what man would\never care about the color of his wife's hair? Beauty fades,--but\nugliness remains! Money is one-half of all happiness. That night when he\nwent to bed the painter had come to think Virginie Vervelle charming.\n\nWhen the three Vervelles arrived on the day of the second sitting the\nartist received them with smiles. The rascal had shaved and put on clean\nlinen; he had also arranged his hair in a pleasing manner, and chosen\na very becoming pair of trousers and red leather slippers with pointed\ntoes. The family replied with smiles as flattering as those of the\nartist. Virginie became the color of her hair, lowered her eyes, and\nturned aside her head to look at the sketches. Pierre Grassou thought\nthese little affectations charming, Virginie had such grace; happily she\ndidn't look like her father or her mother; but whom did she look like?\n\nDuring this sitting there were little skirmishes between the family\nand the painter, who had the audacity to call pere Vervelle witty. This\nflattery brought the family on the double-quick to the heart of the\nartist; he gave a drawing to the daughter, and a sketch to the mother.\n\n\"What! for nothing?\" they said.\n\nPierre Grassou could not help smiling.\n\n\"You shouldn't give away your pictures in that way; they are money,\"\nsaid old Vervelle.\n\nAt the third sitting pere Vervelle mentioned a fine gallery of pictures\nwhich he had in his country-house at Ville d'Avray--Rubens, Gerard Douw,\nMieris, Terburg, Rembrandt, Titian, Paul Potter, etc.\n\n\"Monsieur Vervelle has been very extravagant,\" said Madame Vervelle,\nostentatiously. \"He has over one hundred thousand francs' worth of\npictures.\"\n\n\"I love Art,\" said the former bottle-dealer.\n\nWhen Madame Vervelle's portrait was begun that of her husband was nearly\nfinished, and the enthusiasm of the family knew no bounds. The notary\nhad spoken in the highest praise of the painter. Pierre Grassou was, he\nsaid, one of the most honest fellows on earth; he had laid by thirty-six\nthousand francs; his days of poverty were over; he now saved about ten\nthousand francs a year and capitalized the interest; in short, he was\nincapable of making a woman unhappy. This last remark had enormous\nweight in the scales. Vervelle's friends now heard of nothing but the\ncelebrated painter Fougeres.\n\nThe day on which Fougeres began the portrait of Mademoiselle Virginie,\nhe was virtually son-in-law to the Vervelle family. The three Vervelles\nbloomed out in this studio, which they were now accustomed to consider\nas one of their residences; there was to them an inexplicable attraction\nin this clean, neat, pretty, and artistic abode. Abyssus abyssum, the\ncommonplace attracts the commonplace. Toward the end of the sitting the\nstairway shook, the door was violently thrust open by Joseph Bridau; he\ncame like a whirlwind, his hair flying. He showed his grand haggard face\nas he looked about him, casting everywhere the lightning of his glance;\nthen he walked round the whole studio, and returned abruptly to Grassou,\npulling his coat together over the gastric region, and endeavouring, but\nin vain, to button it, the button mould having escaped from its capsule\nof cloth.\n\n\"Wood is dear,\" he said to Grassou.\n\n\"Ah!\"\n\n\"The British are after me\" (slang term for creditors) \"Gracious! do you\npaint such things as that?\"\n\n\"Hold your tongue!\"\n\n\"Ah! to be sure, yes.\"\n\nThe Vervelle family, extremely shocked by this extraordinary apparition,\npassed from its ordinary red to a cherry-red, two shades deeper.\n\n\"Brings in, hey?\" continued Joseph. \"Any shot in your locker?\"\n\n\"How much do you want?\"\n\n\"Five hundred. I've got one of those bull-dog dealers after me, and if\nthe fellow once gets his teeth in he won't let go while there's a bit of\nme left. What a crew!\"\n\n\"I'll write you a line for my notary.\"\n\n\"Have you got a notary?\"\n\n\"Yes.\"\n\n\"That explains to me why you still make cheeks with pink tones like a\nperfumer's sign.\"\n\nGrassou could not help coloring, for Virginie was sitting.\n\n\"Take Nature as you find her,\" said the great painter, going on with his\nlecture. \"Mademoiselle is red-haired. Well, is that a sin? All things\nare magnificent in painting. Put some vermillion on your palette, and\nwarm up those cheeks; touch in those little brown spots; come, butter it\nwell in. Do you pretend to have more sense than Nature?\"\n\n\"Look here,\" said Fougeres, \"take my place while I go and write that\nnote.\"\n\nVervelle rolled to the table and whispered in Grassou's ear:--\n\n\"Won't that country lout spoilt it?\"\n\n\"If he would only paint the portrait of your Virginie it would be worth\na thousand times more than mine,\" replied Fougeres, vehemently.\n\nHearing that reply the bourgeois beat a quiet retreat to his wife, who\nwas stupefied by the invasion of this ferocious animal, and very uneasy\nat his co-operation in her daughter's portrait.\n\n\"Here, follow these indications,\" said Bridau, returning the palette,\nand taking the note. \"I won't thank you. I can go back now to d'Arthez'\nchateau, where I am doing a dining-room, and Leon de Lora the tops of\nthe doors--masterpieces! Come and see us.\"\n\nAnd off he went without taking leave, having had enough of looking at\nVirginie.\n\n\"Who is that man?\" asked Madame Vervelle.\n\n\"A great artist,\" answered Grassou.\n\nThere was silence for a moment.\n\n\"Are you quite sure,\" said Virginie, \"that he has done no harm to my\nportrait? He frightened me.\"\n\n\"He has only done it good,\" replied Grassou.\n\n\"Well, if he is a great artist, I prefer a great artist like you,\" said\nMadame Vervelle.\n\nThe ways of genius had ruffled up these orderly bourgeois.\n\nThe phase of autumn so pleasantly named \"Saint Martin's summer\" was\njust beginning. With the timidity of a neophyte in presence of a man of\ngenius, Vervelle risked giving Fougeres an invitation to come out to\nhis country-house on the following Sunday. He knew, he said, how little\nattraction a plain bourgeois family could offer to an artist.\n\n\"You artists,\" he continued, \"want emotions, great scenes, and witty\ntalk; but you'll find good wines, and I rely on my collection of\npictures to compensate an artist like you for the bore of dining with\nmere merchants.\"\n\nThis form of idolatry, which stroked his innocent self-love, was\ncharming to our poor Pierre Grassou, so little accustomed to such\ncompliments. The honest artist, that atrocious mediocrity, that heart\nof gold, that loyal soul, that stupid draughtsman, that worthy fellow,\ndecorated by royalty itself with the Legion of honor, put himself under\narms to go out to Ville d'Avray and enjoy the last fine days of the\nyear. The painter went modestly by public conveyance, and he could not\nbut admire the beautiful villa of the bottle-dealer, standing in a park\nof five acres at the summit of Ville d'Avray, commanding a noble view\nof the landscape. Marry Virginie, and have that beautiful villa some day\nfor his own!\n\nHe was received by the Vervelles with an enthusiasm, a joy, a\nkindliness, a frank bourgeois absurdity which confounded him. It was\nindeed a day of triumph. The prospective son-in-law was marched about\nthe grounds on the nankeen-colored paths, all raked as they should be\nfor the steps of so great a man. The trees themselves looked brushed and\ncombed, and the lawns had just been mown. The pure country air wafted\nto the nostrils a most enticing smell of cooking. All things about the\nmansion seemed to say:\n\n\"We have a great artist among us.\"\n\nLittle old Vervelle himself rolled like an apple through his park, the\ndaughter meandered like an eel, the mother followed with dignified step.\nThese three beings never let go for one moment of Pierre Grassou\nfor seven hours. After dinner, the length of which equalled its\nmagnificence, Monsieur and Madame Vervelle reached the moment of their\ngrand theatrical effect,--the opening of the picture gallery illuminated\nby lamps, the reflections of which were managed with the utmost care.\nThree neighbours, also retired merchants, an old uncle (from whom were\nexpectations), an elderly Demoiselle Vervelle, and a number of other\nguests invited to be present at this ovation to a great artist followed\nGrassou into the picture gallery, all curious to hear his opinion of the\nfamous collection of pere Vervelle, who was fond of oppressing them with\nthe fabulous value of his paintings. The bottle-merchant seemed to have\nthe idea of competing with King Louis-Philippe and the galleries of\nVersailles.\n\nThe pictures, magnificently framed, each bore labels on which was read\nin black letters on a gold ground:\n\n               Rubens\n     Dance of fauns and nymphs\n\n                         Rembrandt\n     Interior of a dissecting room. The physician van Tromp\n             instructing his pupils.\n\nIn all, there were one hundred and fifty pictures, varnished and dusted.\nSome were covered with green baize curtains which were not undrawn in\npresence of young ladies.\n\nPierre Grassou stood with arms pendent, gaping mouth, and no word upon\nhis lips as he recognized half his own pictures in these works of art.\nHe was Rubens, he was Rembrandt, Mieris, Metzu, Paul Potter, Gerard\nDouw! He was twenty great masters all by himself.\n\n\"What is the matter? You've turned pale!\"\n\n\"Daughter, a glass of water! quick!\" cried Madame Vervelle. The painter\ntook pere Vervelle by the button of his coat and led him to a corner on\npretence of looking at a Murillo. Spanish pictures were then the rage.\n\n\"You bought your pictures from Elie Magus?\"\n\n\"Yes, all originals.\"\n\n\"Between ourselves, tell me what he made you pay for those I shall point\nout to you.\"\n\nTogether they walked round the gallery. The guests were amazed at the\ngravity in which the artist proceeded, in company with the host, to\nexamine each picture.\n\n\"Three thousand francs,\" said Vervelle in a whisper, as they reached the\nlast, \"but I tell everybody forty thousand.\"\n\n\"Forty thousand for a Titian!\" said the artist, aloud. \"Why, it is\nnothing at all!\"\n\n\"Didn't I tell you,\" said Vervelle, \"that I had three hundred thousand\nfrancs' worth of pictures?\"\n\n\"I painted those pictures,\" said Pierre Grassou in Vervelle's ear, \"and\nI sold them one by one to Elie Magus for less than ten thousand francs\nthe whole lot.\"\n\n\"Prove it to me,\" said the bottle-dealer, \"and I double my daughter's\n'dot,' for if it is so, you are Rubens, Rembrandt, Titian, Gerard Douw!\"\n\n\"And Magus is a famous picture-dealer!\" said the painter, who now saw\nthe meaning of the misty and aged look imparted to his pictures in\nElie's shop, and the utility of the subjects the picture-dealer had\nrequired of him.\n\nFar from losing the esteem of his admiring bottle-merchant, Monsieur\nde Fougeres (for so the family persisted in calling Pierre Grassou)\nadvanced so much that when the portraits were finished he presented them\ngratuitously to his father-in-law, his mother-in-law and his wife.\n\nAt the present day, Pierre Grassou, who never misses exhibiting at the\nSalon, passes in bourgeois regions for a fine portrait-painter. He earns\nsome twenty thousand francs a year and spoils a thousand francs' worth\nof canvas. His wife has six thousand francs a year in dowry, and he\nlives with his father-in-law. The Vervelles and the Grassous, who agree\ndelightfully, keep a carriage, and are the happiest people on earth.\nPierre Grassou never emerges from the bourgeois circle, in which he\nis considered one of the greatest artists of the period. Not a family\nportrait is painted between the barrier du Trone and the rue du Temple\nthat is not done by this great painter; none of them costs less than\nfive hundred francs. The great reason which the bourgeois families have\nfor employing him is this:--\n\n\"Say what you will of him, he lays by twenty thousand francs a year with\nhis notary.\"\n\nAs Grassou took a creditable part on the occasion of the riots of May\n12th he was appointed an officer of the Legion of honor. He is a major\nin the National Guard. The Museum of Versailles felt it incumbent to\norder a battle-piece of so excellent a citizen, who thereupon walked\nabout Paris to meet his old comrades and have the happiness of saying to\nthem:--\n\n\"The King has given me an order for the Museum of Versailles.\"\n\nMadame de Fougeres adores her husband, to whom she has presented two\nchildren. This painter, a good father and a good husband, is unable to\neradicate from his heart a fatal thought, namely, that artists laugh at\nhis work; that his name is a term of contempt in the studios; and that\nthe feuilletons take no notice of his pictures. But he still works on;\nhe aims for the Academy, where, undoubtedly, he will enter. And--oh!\nvengeance which dilates his heart!--he buys the pictures of celebrated\nartists who are pinched for means, and he substitutes these true works\nof arts that are not his own for the wretched daubs in the collection at\nVille d'Avray.\n\nThere are many mediocrities more aggressive and more mischievous than\nthat of Pierre Grassou, who is, moreover, anonymously benevolent and\ntruly obliging.\n\n\n\n\nADDENDUM\n\nThe following personages appear in other stories of the Human Comedy.\n\n     Bridau, Joseph\n       The Purse\n       A Bachelor's Establishment\n       A Distinguished Provincial at Paris\n       A Start in Life\n       Modeste Mignon\n       Another Study of Woman\n       Letters of Two Brides\n       Cousin Betty\n       The Member for Arcis\n\n     Cardot (Parisian notary)\n       The Muse of the Department\n       A Man of Business\n       Jealousies of a Country Town\n       The Middle Classes\n       Cousin Pons\n\n     Grassou, Pierre\n       A Bachelor's Establishment\n       Cousin Betty\n       The Middle Classes\n       Cousin Pons\n\n     Lora, Leon de\n       The Unconscious Humorists\n       A Bachelor's Establishment\n       A Start in Life\n       Honorine\n       Cousin Betty\n       Beatrix\n\n     Magus, Elie\n       The Vendetta\n       A Marriage Settlement\n       A Bachelor's Establishment\n       Cousin Pons\n\n     Schinner, Hippolyte\n       The Purse\n       A Bachelor's Establishment\n       A Start in Life\n       Albert Savarus\n       The Government Clerks\n       Modeste Mignon\n       The Imaginary Mistress\n       The Unconscious Humorists\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEnd of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Pierre Grassou, by Honore de Balzac\n\nNow, answer the question based on the story asconcisely as you can, using a single phrase if possible. Do not provide any explanation.\n\nQuestion: Who does Vervelle want his daughter to marry?\n\nAnswer:"}
{"question_id": 29, "category": "longbench_trec", "reference": ["Other entity"], "prompt": "Please determine the type of the question below. Here are some examples of questions.\n\nQuestion: Who played the father on `` Charles in Charge '' ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: How do you correctly say the word ` qigong ' ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: When did the Berlin Wall go up ?\nType: Date\nQuestion: What does the word camaro mean , from the GM car the Camaro ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: What city is terrorized by Dracula in The Night Stalker ?\nType: City\nQuestion: What does Salk vaccine prevent ?\nType: Disease and medicine\nQuestion: What novel has Big Brother watching ?\nType: Invention, book and other creative piece\nQuestion: What two countries fought the Hundred Years ' War ?\nType: Country\nQuestion: What was the player 's name who played nose tackle for the Eagles in Super Bowl XV ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What is Megan 's law ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: What 's the world 's longest suspension bridge ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What 's the second-lightest element ?\nType: Element and substance\nQuestion: What Kentucky city calls itself The Horse Center of America ?\nType: City\nQuestion: What city is . KDGE Radio located in ?\nType: City\nQuestion: What is the meaning of `` subaru ? ''\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: What causes rust ?\nType: Reason\nQuestion: What is glass made of ?\nType: Element and substance\nQuestion: How many types of cheese are there in France ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: What is meant by `` capital market '' ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: Where must a soccer goalie stand to be permitted to handle the ball ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: How many years ago did Led Zeppelin release its last album ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: How do you find oxidation numbers ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: How long does it take the Milky Way Galaxy to make one revolution ?\nType: Lasting time of somethin\nQuestion: What was the name of Aristotle Onassis 's yacht ?\nType: Vehicle\nQuestion: What famous film and TV cowboy lent his name to a fast food chain ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What are hook worms ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: What developed a crack in 1835 while tolling the death of U.S. Chief Justice John Marshall ?\nType: Other entity\nQuestion: What 's the home of the Rockettes ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What is Colin Powell best known for ?\nType: Reason\nQuestion: When was the Congress of Vienna ?\nType: Date\nQuestion: How many different countries export coffee ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: What is a First World country ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: What is the origin of the name Katie ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: Ray Charles plays which instrument ?\nType: Musical instrument\nQuestion: A corgi is a kind of what ?\nType: Other entity\nQuestion: How do you determine if a computer monitor has an SVGA adapter ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: What African animals are known as The Big Five ?\nType: Animal\nQuestion: What suburban housewife and mother of three wrote The Feminine Mystique ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What is her profession ?\nType: Title of a person\nQuestion: What toy can you make sleep ?\nType: Product\nQuestion: Why do pharmacists work on raised floors ?\nType: Reason\nQuestion: Who was the lawyer who represented Randy Steven Craft ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: Who is the current UN Secretary General ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What disease plagued Europe , Africa and Asia ?\nType: Disease and medicine\nQuestion: What can be done about snoring ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: What are Christopher Marlowe 's and Shakespeare 's literary contributions to English literature ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: How is a hydrogen bomb different from a nuclear bomb ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: What 19th-century painter died in the Marquesas Islands ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What Colorado city owns its own glacier ?\nType: City\nQuestion: What baseball team was routinely called `` dem bums '' by its frustrated fans ?\nType: Group or organization of person\nQuestion: What is the leading pecan and peanut growing state ?\nType: State\nQuestion: What soap was touted as being `` for people who like people '' ?\nType: Product\nQuestion: What English word contains the most letters ?\nType: Word with a special property\nQuestion: The lawyer who represented Randy Craft , what was his name ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What kind of company is 7-Eleven ?\nType: Group or organization of person\nQuestion: How do you make a paintball ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: Where is the oldest living thing on earth ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What 's the Red Planet ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: How is Easter Sunday 's date determined ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: Where does most of the marijuana entering the United States come from ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: When does menstruation begin ?\nType: Date\nQuestion: Which police department made the largest cocaine seizure ever in Ventura County ?\nType: Group or organization of person\nQuestion: Where is Procter & Gamble headquartered in the U.S. ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: How many South American countries have the letter Z in their names ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: Name Dondi 's adoptive grandfather .\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What landmark Italian restaurant can be found at 239 West 48th Street , New York City ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: Whose cupboard was bare ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What people make up half the Soviet Union 's population ?\nType: Group or organization of person\nQuestion: What disease is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito ?\nType: Disease and medicine\nQuestion: Which Latin American country is the largest ?\nType: Country\nQuestion: What was the worst hurricane ?\nType: Event\nQuestion: How can I get my product licensed by the NBA ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: What is a hydrogen bond ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: When was Queen Victoria born ?\nType: Date\nQuestion: What is the origin of U.S. Army sergeant 's stripes ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: What is a leaky heart valve ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: What are Bellworts ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: What is a drought ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: How much waste does an average dairy cow produce in a day ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: What song did Patti Page set people dancing to in 1950 ?\nType: Invention, book and other creative piece\nQuestion: What was her real name ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What World War II leader declared : `` The blow has been struck '' ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What is habeas corpus ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: Which side should a bowler facing a 37803 split hit the 3-pin on-the left or the right ?\nType: Other entity\nQuestion: How long after intercourse does it take to find out if you are pregnant ?\nType: Lasting time of somethin\nQuestion: How many American soldiers are stationed in South Korea ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: 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prescription marked `` q.i.d . '' ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: What actor was the first man to appear on the cover of McCall 's ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What is Bill Gross 's email address ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: How many times a day does the typical person go to the bathroom ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: What country in 1998 had the most suicides regardless of population size ?\nType: Country\nQuestion: Where did surfing originate ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What exactly is the purpose of the anteater ?\nType: Reason\nQuestion: Who sued the Dannon yougurt company for using a character named Ron Raider for promotion ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What is a wet dream ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: Where did the Wright brothers make their first flight ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What type of childhood did Jules Verne have ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: What are the lyrics to the Star Spangled Banner ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: How many calories are there in a Big Mac ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: What does NASDAQ stand for ?\nType: Expression abbreviated\nQuestion: How do I love thee ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: CPR is the abbreviation for what ?\nType: Expression abbreviated\nQuestion: How many yards are in 1 mile ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: What tennis term is said to come from the French word for egg ?\nType: Equivalent term\nQuestion: What is the approximate population of Las Vegas , N.M ?\nType: Other number\nQuestion: What country other than Germany invaded Poland in September 1939 ?\nType: Country\nQuestion: Why does cotton get caught in belly buttons ?\nType: Reason\nQuestion: Why didn 't European colonial rule spread until after the first and second industrial revolutions ?\nType: Reason\nQuestion: What is the origin of a.m. and p.m. ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: What is the number of American soldiers deployed to South Korea ?\nType: Other number\nQuestion: Name Pittsburgh 's baseball team .\nType: Group or organization of person\nQuestion: What game 's board shows the territories of Irkutsk , Yakutsk and Kamchatka ?\nType: Sport\nQuestion: What kind of weapons were used in Medieval warfare ?\nType: Other entity\nQuestion: What is the web address at which I can find the e-mail address of a member of the US House of Representatives ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What qualifications are there for individuals donating blood ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: What country contains the highest point in South America ?\nType: Country\nQuestion: What city would you be in if you were feeding the pigeons in the Piazza San Marco ?\nType: City\nQuestion: What film marked Robert Redford 's directorial debut ?\nType: Invention, book and other creative piece\nQuestion: What is Doegs ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: What is the name of the American who was captured when his plane went down over Syrian-held Lebanon ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What 's the most delicate-tasting member of the onion family ?\nType: Food\nQuestion: What Shakespeare play opens with the line : `` Now is the winter of our discontent.. . '' ?\nType: Invention, book and other creative piece\nQuestion: What country is the largest diamond producer ?\nType: Country\nQuestion: What woman was Time 's Man of the Year for 1952 ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What film did Lee Marvin win the 1965 best actor Oscar for ?\nType: Invention, book and other creative piece\nQuestion: What alloy do copper and tin form ?\nType: Element and substance\nQuestion: Name Dick Tracy 's two children .\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What is making love ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: What camera company said , `` If you haven 't got the time , we 've got the camera ? 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{"question_id": 30, "category": "longbench_multifieldqa_en", "reference": ["The sticking point in the political showdown over the budget is how much spending to cut."], "prompt": "Read the following text and answer briefly.\n\nCNN.com - Transcripts\nTensions Boil Over possible government shutdown; New trouble targeting Gadhafi; Libyan Rebels in Panicked Retreat; Should U.S. Recognize the Rebels?; Meeting With Gadhafi; Washington, D.C. to Feel Burden of Shutdown; Religious Leaders Fast to Protests Cuts for Poor\nWOLF BLITZER, HOST: Don, thanks very much.\nHappening now, the top U.S. general in charge of the military mission in Libya now expressing doubts that the opposition has the manpower to topple Moammar Gadhafi, as deadly new air strikes force rebel fighters into another retreat. This hour, I'll speak with a former Republican Congressman who's in Tripoli right now trying to get Gadhafi to step down.\nAlso, growing outrage across the United States, amidst new signs tomorrow's potential government shutdown may -- repeat may be unavoidable. Why one lawmaker is telling Congress -- and I'm quoting right now -- \"go straight to hell.\"\nAnd possible presidential hopeful, Donald Trump, on a mission to tell President Obama, \"you're fired.\" We're fact checking his controversial investigation into the president's birth.\nUp first, the political showdown over the budget, as tensions reach a boiling point about 31 hours until impending government shutdown. Just hours from now, President Obama will meet with Republican House speaker, John Boehner, and the Democratic Senate majority leader, Harry Reid, for further negotiations. Those talks scheduled to begin 7:00 p.m. Eastern.\nHundreds of thousands of people across the country will be impacted by the shutdown. And we'll be bringing you examples throughout the next two hours.\nOne place it would be felt heavily is right here in Congress' backyard, the city of Washington. Washington, DC -- its spending is tied to the federal budget. And this major metropolitan area could lose millions of dollars while a number of critical services, like trash collection, for example, would be suspended for at least a week.\nToday, an enraged Eleanor Holmes, the delegate representing Washington, DC, lit into Congress over the stalemate.\n(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) ELEANOR HOLMES NORTON (D), D.C. DELEGATE: It's one thing to beat up on the District of Columbia. It's another thing drop a bomb on the city. And that's what this Congressional -- C.R. does. It takes the route of authoritarian governments and dictatorships by dictating to a local government how it may spend its local funds. And it may force the District of Columbia government to shut down, although our government had a balanced budget.\nBLITZER: And get this -- the members of Congress charged with reaching a deal, they'll still be receiving a paycheck if there's a shutdown, despite the hundreds of thousands of government employees who won't be receiving any paychecks. The current Congressional salary, by the way, $174,000 a year.\nOur CNN senior Congressional correspondent, Dana Bash, is up on Capitol Hill with the latest developments -- Dana, specifically, where are the sticking points right now?\nDANA BASH, CNN SENIOR CONGRESSIONAL CORRESPONDENT:\nWell, look, Wolf, this is effectively a bill to fund the government. And the sticking points certainly are about how much spending to cut. That's what this whole issue has been about.\nHowever -- however, one of the main issues, I am told, that were just -- that was discussed at the White House meeting this afternoon with the president, the House speaker and the Senate majority leader, was over not necessarily spending measures, but over lightning rod issues like regulating greenhouse gases and abortion.\nBASH (voice-over): One of the biggest disagreements is not over government spending, but policy.\nREP. JOHN BOEHNER (R-OH), SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE: Some 40 or 50 policy restrictions that were attached to -- to our bill.\nBASH: So-called policy riders Republicans call essential and Democrats call nonstarters. The most divisive is over abortion. A GOP plan to cut all federal funding for Planned Parenthood, which provides abortion procedures in addition other women's health services.\nSEN. HARRY REID (D-NV), MAJORITY LEADER: This is a budget. This is to keep our country running. This is not a woman's health bill.\nBASH: Planned Parenthood staged a rally outside the Capitol to protest.\nCECILE RICHARDS, CEO, PLANNED PARENTHOOD: They don't want to allow Planned Parenthood to serve the three million women that we see every single year. Ninety-seven percent of the services Planned Parenthood provides are preventive care.\nUNIDENTIFIED MALE: I certainly don't think that taxpayers should subsidize abortions. It's -- if a woman chooses to have an abortion, it's legal to do that in this country. But I don't think taxpayers should be put in a position to have to pay for those abortions.\nBASH: Another major sticking point -- how much spending to cut. A Democratic source tells CNN they have finally tentative agreement on slashing $34.5 billion from the rest of this year's budget. But a Republican source says there's no deal.\nBOEHNER: There is no agreement on the number. There are no agreement on the policy issues that are contained with it.\nBASH: Then there's the critical issue of what programs and agencies to cut. Democrats say they're trying to find spending cuts with the least impact on those who need it most. So they're pushing for things like temporary one year cuts in programs. Some examples, cuts in wetlands protection and Pell grants for summer school and graduate students.\nRepublicans call that smoke and mirrors.\nBOEHNER: And our goal is to make real spending cuts.\nBASH: Some examples of what Republicans want to cut -- money for food inspectors, Head Start education programs and funding for housing.\nBASH: This afternoon, House Republicans did pass a bill to keep the government running for one week past tomorrow's midnight deadline. It has $12 billion in cuts. It would fund the Defense Department for the rest of the year. But Democrats, including the president of the United States, call it a distraction and they say that they really want to keep the focus on what they're negotiating, which is a bill that would keep the government open -- keep the government functioning and funded for the rest of the year.\nBLITZER: And the president's playing hardball. He's saying he'll veto that legislation --\nBASH: He was, yes.\nBLITZER: -- if it were to pass the Senate and come to his desk. I hear, Dana, that some employees already are getting furloughing notices.\nBASH: It's true. This is just preventive. But all across the Capitol here today, people in offices and -- and -- well, really, everywhere -- were told whether or not, if, in fact, it does come to a government shutdown, if they're going to be here or not. And this is an example. We obtained one of the furlough notices. And I'll just read you a line. This -- imagine if this came across your desk. It says: \"Because your services are not needed for the orderly suspension of operations and you're not engaged in one of the accepted functions, you're being placed on furlough effective Saturday, April 9, 2011.\"\nNow, again, of course, this is just protective. The government is still open. But interesting that they're already getting ready for a government shutdown and telling people who will come to work and not.\nOne more note. Even people who are here, who are called essential, they're not going to get paid, either.\nBLITZER: All right, Dana.\nDon't go too far away.\nWe'll be in close touch.\nThe impact of the potential government shutdown is even being felt on the front lines of combat in Afghanistan. And Iraq. The Defense secretary, Robert Gates, is in Iraq right now. And he's telling U.S. troops they will feel a pinch.\nROBERT GATES, SECRETARY OF DEFENSE: I hope they didn't have you standing out here in the sun too long\nIf -- if the government shutdown starts on the 8th and goes for a week, you'd get a half a check. If it goes from the 15th to the 30th, you wouldn't get a paycheck on the 30th but you would be back paid for all of it. So that's -- that's the deal.\nBLITZER: Not great deal.\nGates also told the troops this would likely be his last trip to the country as Defense secretary and he wanted to say thank you.\nHe's expected to retire later this year.\nNow to the deadly stalemate in Libya. New signs the military operation in the region is facing some tough new challenges.\nOur Pentagon correspondent, Barbara Starr is here.\nShe's watching the story.\nShe's got more.\nWhat are you learning? BARBARA STARR, CNN PENTAGON CORRESPONDENT: Well, Wolf, there was very dramatic, very hard-nosed testimony today on Capitol Hill from the top U.S. commander responsible for the U.S. involvement in Libya, saying that Gadhafi forces are becoming increasingly difficult to target, as they are using civilian vehicles, mixing in with local populations, moving next to mosques, schools, hospitals -- all the same tactics we saw for years in Iraq.\nAnd now, all of this today leading to a very dramatic exchange between General Carter Ham and one of the most vocal administration critics, Senator John McCain.\nSEN. JOHN MCCAIN (R), ARIZONA: Hearing your testimony, General Ham, is almost an Orwellian experience for me. The fact is that if we had imposed the no-fly zone three weeks, four weeks ago, Gadhafi would not be in power today.\nThe fact is that the situation on the ground is basically a stalemate.\nWould you say that the situation on the ground is a stalemate or an emerging stalemate?\nGEN. CARTER HAM, COMMANDER, U.S. AFRICA COMMAND: Senator, I -- I would agree with that if present on the ground.\nMCCAIN: So the goal -- our policy objective of the removal of Gadhafi is further from being achieved than it was three or four weeks ago.\nHAM: Senator, I -- I don't know that I would agree with that. What I -- because that, again, was not a military mission. The military mission of protecting, I think, was not wholly achieved, but achieved in large part.\nSTARR: General Ham also acknowledging another problem -- a key U.S. aircraft, the AC-130, that flies low and slow to target on the ground, is facing what he called \"a significant threat\" from surface to air missiles, which he said remain effective and operational in some cases.\nAnd, Wolf, get this. General Ham says there were about 20,000 of those surface to air missiles when the campaign started and they are concerned that an awful lot of them are still out there -- Wolf.\nBLITZER: Barbara, thanks very much for that report.\nPanicked rebels are once again on the retreat from Gadhafi's forces. Just today, at least three people were killed, another 10 injured, in new air strikes. And there are mounting questions about whether NATO could be responsible for the attack.\nOur senior international correspondent, Ben Wedeman, is joining us now from Benghazi.\nBen's watching all of this closely.\nYou just heard General Ham, who is the commander of the U.S. military's Africa Command. He was in charge of the mission before handing over complete control to NATO. You just heard him say there could be a stalemate out there.\nWhat's the sense on the ground?\nBEN WEDEMAN, CNN SENIOR INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENT: Well, the sense was a few days ago that it was, indeed, a stalemate -- sort of a seesaw battle that went back and forth between Ajdabiya and Brega.\nBut what we saw today was that that seesaw was tipped over. And it was a general retreat by the opposition forces from somewhere near Brega to almost the other side of Ajdabiya. This, after this air strike, which almost everybody on the ground believes to be NATO leaving not three, but four people dead. And many others are still unaccounted for.\nThat set off this general retreat whereby we saw all their heavy -- all of the opposition forces' heavy equipment -- multiple rocket launchers, tens and tens of these pickup trucks mounted with heavy machine guns streaming through Ajdabiya to the other side, the far side of the city. Some of them going all the way back to Benghazi, according to the head of the rebel forces in the eastern part of the country, Abdul Fatah Younis. He says that the Gadhafi forces were approaching Ajdabiya from three different directions.\nI would not call that a stalemate -- Wolf.\nBLITZER: Ben, you got a close-up look at some of the casualties today out on the front lines.\nWEDEMAN: It's very bad, very bad. I mean it wasn't just fighters. It was also medics who had gone to the scene of this reported air strike, which then got hit again. So one of them was a doctor, one of them was a medic. And we were in the hospital. And there was real anger at NATO, anger at the fact that when they needed those air strikes on the Gadhafi forces, they weren't getting them. And now, for the second time in a week, there's been another strike. Now, of course, we must stress that NATO says that they -- because they don't have enough boots on the ground, they can neither confirm nor deny this was a NATO strike. But certainly, speaking to eyewitnesses in the hospital, it certainly sounded like an air strike. And there are no other planes in the skies of Libya other than NATO planes -- Wolf.\nBLITZER: Ben Wedeman in Benghazi for us.\nThe U.S. says Moammar Gadhafi is no longer the legitimate leader of Libya.\nSo why not recognize the rebels?\nWhy one U.S. official says it raises serious concerns.\nAnd a former U.S. Congressman in Libya armed with a message for the Libyan dictator.\nWill he get to meet with him face-to-face?\nMy interview with Curt Weldon, that Republican former Congressman -- that's coming up, as well.\nBLITZER: Let's get right to Jack.\nHe's got some nuclear concerns on his mind with The Cafferty File -- Jack.\nJACK CAFFERTY, THE CAFFERTY FILE: Well, they had another little temblor in Japan -- a 7.1 magnitude earthquake hit Northeastern Japan today, the strongest aftershock since that massive 9.0 quake and tsunami that followed devastated that nation four weeks ago. And this one today was in roughly the same area.\nOne of the big concerns, of course, is possible further damage to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. The Tokyo Electric Power Company, TEPCO, which operates the plant -- or what's left of it -- said there were no serious incidents as a result of today's aftershock.\nSo they say. Radioactivity from that plant has poisoned the surrounding land, air and ocean. Millions of people have been exposed. Millions more could be, as radioactivity has been picked up in food and drinking water and detected in faraway places, like California.\nThis week, workers plugged a crack in the plant that had been gushing contaminated water into the ocean for weeks. As a result, TEPCO says now radiation levels in the ocean waters off the coast there have dropped dramatically.\nYesterday, the head of the United Nations' scientific committee on the effects of atomic radiation said the Fukushima accident is not expected to have any serious impact on the health of the Japanese people. He said, quote: \"We have seen traces of iodine in the air all over the world, but they are much, much, much lower than traces we have seen at similar distances following Chernobyl,\" unquote.\nWell, not everybody is convinced. In South Korea, more than 130 primary schools and kindergartens ordered closed today outside of Seoul. People there were worried that windy, rainy weather could be carrying radioactive material from Japan.\nNorth Korea aired warnings on television for its people to stay indoors during that rain storm and to take a full shower if they were caught outside in the storm.\nEven here in the United States, some chefs are now using sensors to test levels of radiation in the fish they plan to serve in restaurants.\nHere's the question -- do you think you're being told the truth about the nuclear accident in Japan?\nIf your -- if your trout is he glowing, Wolf --\nBLITZER: Yes?\nCAFFERTY: -- you might want to send it back and get a ham sandwich.\nBLITZER: You want it well done, but not necessarily that well done.\nCAFFERTY: No.\nBLITZER: All right, Jack.\nNot a laughing matter.\nBLITZER: Serious stuff.\nCAFFERTY: Right.\nBLITZER: See you in a few moments.\nNew questions this hour about the capabilities of the rebels in Libya and whether they have the power to overthrow Moammar Gadhafi.\nShould the United States -- should the United States have a hand in helping arm the rebels?\nLet's bring in our foreign affairs correspondent, Jill Dougherty, with this part of the story.\nWhat are you hearing over at the State Department -- Jill. JILL DOUGHERTY, CNN FOREIGN AFFAIRS CORRESPONDENT: Well, you know, Wolf, other countries have done it, other countries like France and Italy have done it -- recognizing the opposition. And supporters say now, with the rebels in retreat, the U.S. shouldn't wait.\nBut what would it really change anything?\nDOUGHERTY (voice-over): The U.S. says Moammar Gadhafi is no longer the legitimate leader of Libya.\nSecretary of State Hillary Clinton is full of praise for them.\nHILLARY RODHAM CLINTON, SECRETARY OF STATE: These were not soldiers. These were not trained military forces. They were doctors and lawyers and university professors and economists and, you know, young men who were students. And they are being attacked by mercenaries, by ruthless forces that Gadhafi is utilizing to show no mercy against his people. And they are courageous. They are moving as fast as they can to try to form themselves into a military operation.\nDOUGHERTY: Clinton has met with the rebel leaders personally, but the administration still is cautious. The president authorized the CIA to send in agents to learn about the rebels and assess their needs. Clinton's special representative, the State Department's Christopher Stevens, seen here in 2008 in Tripoli, is on the ground in Benghazi, scoping them out.\nMARK TONER, U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT SPOKESMAN: We sent somebody in to get that kind of on the ground assessment of the -- of -- of their identity, of their leadership structure, to talk with them firsthand and to see what direction we think they're moving in. We've seen some positive signals.\nDOUGHERTY: Recognizing the rebels, a senior official tells CNN, raises serious issues. It would acknowledge that Libya is now a divided country.\nAnd could the U.S. be sure the group represents the whole opposition movement?\nIt's a bit early, this official says. Maybe they turn out not to be the right folks.\nBut Secretary Clinton knows the timing is urgent.\nCLINTON: What NATO is doing is buying time, buying space.\nDOUGHERTY: So far, the U.S. is providing what's called non- lethal humanitarian aid. The administration hasn't yet decided to arm them or provide financial assistance.\nDOUGHERTY: But a senior U.S. official tells CNN there's a lot the United States could be doing right now without going so far as to recognize the rebels, pointing out that the U.S. funds political groups and other organizations around the world. But this official says you want to be careful about who they are.\nSo, so far, caution seems to be winning out over urgency -- Wolf.\nJill is at the State Department.\nThe House speaker, John Boehner, may be doing double duty if the government shuts down this weekend. You're going to find out why he could be cleaning up a lot of trash in his own backyard.\nAnd a former U.S. Congressman now on a mission to meet with Moammar Gadhafi in Tripoli in person. Curt Weldon, he's here. He'll join us in THE SITUATION ROOM from Tripoli. You're going to find out who he says would be a good replacement for the embattled Libyan leader.\nBLITZER: Military leaders have a message for Congress about \"don't ask/don't tell.\"\nWell, military leaders say preparations for repealing \"don't ask/don't tell\" are going better than they expected. They testified before a House committee today about getting rid of the policy that bars openly gay service members. They caution, though, that it will take time and training to implement the repeal. And it must still be certified by President Obama, the Defense secretary and the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.\nWell, your Smartphone just got a little smarter. The FCC is requiring that wireless carriers provide access to the mobile Internet anywhere it's available, even when it's offered by a competing provider. And that could be a huge -- make a huge difference to smaller carriers, who told the FCC they just can't compete otherwise against industry heavyweights like Verizon and AT&T.\nNew York City school chancellor, Cathie Black, is stepping down after only three months on the job. Mayor Michael Bloomberg says her short stint just didn't work out as either of them had expected or hoped. Her approval rating has plunged to 17 percent.\nBlack chaired \"First\" magazine before overseeing the nation's largest school system. Deputy Mayor Dennis Walcott will replace her.\nAnd a war of words is erupting between an emerging Republican star, New Jersey Governor Chris Christie, and his state's largest teachers' union. In a network TV interview, Christie called the union leaders, quote, \"political thugs.\" He blames them for teacher lay-offs that he says could have been avoided if they had not opposed salary freezes. The New Jersey Education Association is firing back, accusing Christie of name-calling -- Wolf.\nBLITZER: Sticks and stones will break many bones.\nSYLVESTER: Sticks and stones may break my bones --\nSYLVESTER: But words never hurt me.\nA former U.S. Congressman is in Tripoli, Libya right now. His goal -- to talk to Moammar Gadhafi. His message -- we'll talk about that. My interview with Curt Weldon coming up next.\nPlus, we showed it to you earlier -- a member of Congress telling colleagues to, quote, \"go to hell.\"\nNow she's is joining us live here in THE SITUATION ROOM to explain.\nHOLMES NORTON: -- of Columbia. It's another thing to drop a bomb on a city. And that's what this --\nBLITZER: Former Congressman Curt Weldon is in a -- Weldon is on a mission to Libya right now to try to meet with the embattled leader, Moammar Gadhafi. But that may be easier said than done.\nJoining us now from Tripoli, former Republican Congressman Curt Weldon of Pennsylvania. Congressman, thanks very much for coming in.\nAnd joining us now from Tripoli, former Republican Congressman Curt Weldon of Pennsylvania.\nCURT WELDON, FORMER U.S. CONGRESSMAN: My pleasure, Wolf.\nBLITZER: Let's talk about your meeting with Moammar Gadhafi. I take it it has not yet happened.\nDo you expect to meet with the Libyan leader? WELDON: Absolutely. The invitation that was sent to me was from his chief of staff, Bashir Salah, who I've met on all three of my official visits here in 2004 and 2005. And the letter specifically says we want you to come over and meet with the leader and our senior leadership.\nAnd I said it's worth me coming over to support the administration and to try to let the leader know face to face that this is facing -- it's very grave timing in the situation and they have to have some movement fairly quickly or they're not going to be happy with the -- with the alternatives.\nBLITZER: What's taking so long?\nWhy haven't you been able to meet with Gadhafi yet?\nWELDON: Well, it -- that's not unusual. I mean all three of the delegation trips that I led here in 2003 and 2004 -- or, actually, 2004 and 2005 -- they always make you wait until 30 minutes before the meeting and then you go. And some of those meetings were at 10:00 at night, some were at 5:00 in the afternoon.\nAs you know from the excellent reporting being done by your folks here, there's a lot of security concerns, and they are very concerned where Gadhafi is at any given moment. That's one of the issues, but we have been making ourselves available.\nWe have been doing a lot of back-channel meetings with friends and associates that I have here, and we have met with the chief of staff and one of the sons, and today with the prime minister, a very lengthy meeting for two hours. So, we're going to give them until tomorrow. We're not going to stay beyond that. And we have given them some suggestions, and we expect a response by midday tomorrow. And if we don't, we will done exit conversation with your people and let you know our feelings.\nBLITZER: What's the major headline that you got out of these meetings with other leaders? I take it you met with Saif Al-Islam Gadhafi, one of the sons of Moammar Gadhafi. What are they saying to you?\nWELDON: Well, we actually didn't meet with Saif. I have met with Saif probably 10 times over the past seven years, both in America and here in Libya. I have not yet met with Saif. I have offered, if he is available.\nI have met with Saadi. And the general thrust is obviously that they want peace and they want to find a way out of this. But as I have explained to them, there's certain things that have to be done according to our president and our secretary of state, who I'm here to support.\nWe don't have a different agenda. There's no compromise on our part. Our only mission here is to talk face to face with them and say this is reality and this is a grave situation, and you need to do certain things that we suggest that we think will get our administration to respond to your actions. And again, we're not doing any negotiating.\nThey know me, they have seen my efforts. I have not taken anything from their country in the way of financial benefits, and I'm here only because I want to avoid war. I don't want to see American soldiers killed, and I don't want to see more innocence Libyans killed.\nBLITZER: You wrote an op-ed in \"The New York Times\" this week saying that once you meet face to face with Moammar Gadhafi, you will tell him to step down. Is that still your intention?\nWELDON: Absolutely, Wolf. I wrote the op-ed before the trip was planned. And I wrote it, Wolf, because back in 2004, when I led the first delegation of Americans to sit down with him in the tent in Tripoli, he said to me, \"Congressman, why did it take 30 years for someone from your country to come and sit with me and tell me to my face that you believe that I'm a criminal and a terrorist. And then if you didn't believe me, bomb me?\"\nAnd I said, \"Leader, I can't explain that.\" So I said now it's time for someone to sit in a tent face to face with Colonel Gadhafi and let him know how grave this situation is.\nAnd I'm willing to do that. And I think I'm probably the best person because I have met with him three times, and because I sat in that tent in 2004 and listened to him tell me that. So, in effect, that's why I'm here.\nBLITZER: You wrote also in \"The New York Times\" this -- you wrote, \"Colonel Gadhafi's son, Saif, a powerful businessman, a politician, could play a constructive role as a member of the committee to devise a new government structure or constitution.\"\nYou know, a lot of people, including the opposition, the rebels, as they're called, they think Saif Al-Islam Gadhafi is just as much a killer or thug as his father is, and they say they have no interest in dealing with him either.\nWhat do you say to that criticism?\nWELDON: Well, what I said, I'm not endorsing anything anyone for any office here. What I am hoping for is what the president wants, which is a free and fair election to take place, hopefully sooner rather than later.\nBut having been involved with Libya for seven years, I was a witness to the work that Saif did in the Lockerbie case, the La Bella nightclub bombing. I personally witnessed through the Gadhafi Foundation the work that Saif did to free up the Bulgarian nurses who were sentenced to death twice, along with a Palestinian doctor.\nI have seen the work that Saif and Dr. Salani (ph) at the foundation have done in dealing with chemical weapons destruction and with the elimination of landmines and humanitarian efforts worldwide. I have been out to (INAUDIBLE), the chemical weapons plant, and I have actually seen visibly how they have removed the chemical weapons production materials. He was behind all of that.\nBelieve me, Wolf, I'm not happy with some of the statements and the actions that he's made over the past month, and he knows I'm not happy. But I think in a fair election, up until now, he should be given the opportunity to seek office where he can run against other candidates, perhaps, for the presidency. And so I would at this time think that he should be allowed that opportunity.\nThat's not to say I condone anything that he said or his actions. He will have to be accountable for those on his own.\nBLITZER: Because you make him sound like he's a decent guy when so many people think he is a killer, a murderer, especially given the statements that he recently made, that if he goes into Benghazi, if he finds these rebels, he will go and kill them all. You make it sound like he's a decent guy.\nWELDON: Well, I -- you know, I haven't been with him on a continual basis. I have met with him a number of times, both in the U.S. and here, under some very stressful situations, especially when it came to resolving the Lockerbie case and the La Bella nightclub. And despite what Sarkozy said about resolving the issues of the Bulgarian nurses when they were sentenced to death twice, it was Saif who played a very critical role against some very powerful forces in this country that wanted to kill those people.\nYou know, I don't know of any incidences where I, first hand, have seen evidence of him committing human rights violations, and if he did, he has to be held accountable like everyone else. And I have said that publicly and I will say that privately.\nSo my judgment is just based upon my experience with him, the fact that he is a knowledgeable person, he understands the need to interact and interface with the West. I think he could be a viable candidate. But ultimately, my opinion is hopefully going to be the opinion of the Libyan people.\nBLITZER: Because you probably have seen all of the articles, the reports over the past month, month and a half, of mass murder, of killings, not only by Saif Al-Islam, but some of his brothers that have gone on, the atrocities that have been so widely reported. I hear what you're saying about his role over the recent years when the Bush administration, and later the Obama administration, was trying to improve relations with Libya, but over the past several weeks, based on all of the international reporting we have seen, it's been a brutal record that he has accomplished.\nWELDON: Well, again, I don't have firsthand evidence of that. I just got here two days ago. And I fully support an international tribunal to look at human rights violations on everyone in this country. That's necessary. And if they find evidence that he has been involved in that, then he should suffer the consequences of his actions.\n(END VIDEOTAPE) BLITZER: In our next hour, part two of the interview with former congressman Curt Weldon. There have been some questions raised about his motive. Is he in all of this for the money? You're going to find out his answer to that and more. Stand by.\nAlso, Washington, D.C.'s congressional delegate is telling colleagues -- and I'm quoting her now -- \"Go to hell.\" She is joining us live in THE SITUATION ROOM to tell us why.\nPlus, no budget deal, no food -- the extreme tens of thousands of people are going to as a government shutdown looms.\nBLITZER: Let's get back to the outrage boiling over on Capitol Hill, only hours before a potential government shutdown.\nJoining us now, the Democratic delegate representing the city of Washington, D.C., Eleanor Holmes Norton.\nELEANOR HOLMES NORTON (D), D.C. DELEGATE: Of course, Wolf.\nBLITZER: I think it's fair to say that Washington, D.C., a city of a population of about 600,000 people, the only major metropolitan -- the only major city in the United States that's going to foal the direct impact of a federal government shutdown so dramatically, so powerfully, because it is a federal district.\nGive me an example of what's going to happen if there's a government shutdown.\nNORTON: Absolutely, although your viewers will be shocked by what they are about to hear.\nThey know a little bit about taxation without representation -- we pay our taxes, then we have full representation in the House and the Senate. But I bet they didn't know that our local budget, without a dime of federal money in it -- and we support ourselves almost entirely -- has to be sent to the masters in the Congress to sign off on it before we can spend our own local money.\nWell, listen to this, Wolf. We passed our budget in -- last spring. The appropriators signed off on it last summer.\nSo, why are we in a federal budget fight over their money when it is our money I am talking about? I have put forward amendments that said the district can spend its own local funds.\nBLITZER: What's going to happen in the District of Columbia Saturday, Sunday, Monday, if there is a government shutdown? Give me an example or two.\nNORTON: I will give you some dramatic ones. How about the shutdown of the D.C. government itself? Because since the final gavel hasn't fallen on all the federal appropriations, then the district government has now prepared to shut down on Saturday morning just because the federal government is shutting down.\nWe are at the height of the tourist season, the Cherry Blossom Festival. That has been severely curtailed because of the federal shutdown. That's going to -- three million people come here just in one month for the cherry blossoms. Our mayor has had to put out a list of agencies that will be open and a list of agencies that won't be open.\nBLITZER: Trash collection -- will there be any trash collection in the District of Columbia?\nNORTON: No trash collection, and some residents have started up a Facebook page that says if they close down the District of Columbia, we're carrying our trash to Speaker Boehner's House.\nBLITZER: You don't support that do you?\nNORTON: I do not.\nNORTON: And let me just say right here, I do not. But let me tell you, I am only expressing a little of the rage that the taxpaying residents of the District of Columbia are feeling.\nBLITZER: But let me ask you this, Congresswoman, because the Democrats were in control, they had a large majority in the House all of last year; in the Senate, a significant majority. They failed to pass a budget. Don't the Democrats deserve a lot of the blame for this current impasse?\nNORTON: Absolutely not, because the Democrats would never have held our budget up here.\nLISA BLOOM, CNN LEGAL ANALYST: Why didn't they pass the budget?\nNORTON: Well, that doesn't have anything to do with us. This is our local money.\nAll it would take is -- the Democrats in the Senate are ready to agree. The president is ready to sign an amendment --\nBLITZER: But they could have done this any time last year.\nNORTON: Wait a minute, Wolf. Wait a minute -- an amendment that said while we're fighting it out on the federal budget, we will let the district spend its own local funds.\nSo that's all I'm asking. I'm not in this fight, so don't ask me why the Democrats didn't pass the Democratic budget.\nI passed -- we passed our budget. Our budget is balanced. The only issue before the Senate and the House is, can we spend our local money? It doesn't have anything to do with their budget.\nThey can go on from now until Timbuktu. Let us spend our money and don't close down our city because the federal government can't get its act together.\nBLITZER: I'm with you there. This is an outrage, the fact that there is -- if there is going to be shutdown. I'm still hoping there won't be a shutdown, but it's --\nNORTON: I think there may not be.\nBLITZER: -- ridiculous when you think about it, when you think about how close they are. It would be a horrible, horrible tragedy, because 800,000 people directly are going to start losing their paychecks. And the District of Columbia, which is, as you point out correctly, taxation without representation, is going to suffer a great deal more than any other city in the United States.\nGood luck, Congresswoman. Thanks very much.\nNORTON: Thank you, Wolf.\nBLITZER: I feel your pain.\nConcerns within military families over a government shutdown. Also, why they are downright scared they won't be able to put food on the table.\nAnd tens of thousands of people on a hunger strike, including some members of Congress. We'll explain why.\nCAFFERTY: The question this hour is: Do you believe you're being told the truth about the nuclear accident in January?\nFred writes, \"You want the truth? You can't handle the truth.\"\n\"Just how should a government balance our right to know the truth with the perceived need to not create a panic and thus a larger problem? Can you really evacuate a million people? To where? Yes, without the truth, how can anyone try to act reasonably?\"\n\"In the end, we do have a right to know the truth. Honesty is the best policy.\"\nPaul in Ohio writes, \"Jack, I believe they're telling what they think they know with certainty. It is most certain that they don't know everything.\"\nJeremy in California, \"So I'm confused. Is the current California radiation level 'harmless to human health,' 'not immediately harmful to human health,' not permanently harmful to people outside the region,' or no more than an apples-to-oranges transcontinental flight?\"\nCraig writes, \"Perspective. In Japan, they have had yet another earthquake and have lived in fear and chaos for over a month. And yet, their government hasn't shut down. Nuclear disaster, natural disaster, absolute destruction hasn't kept their elected officials from doing their duty to the people.\n\"Yet, in America, we get Harry Reid, John Boehner and a White House who are more concerned with the 2012 election campaign. It's times like these when we see just how far off the mark we really are.\"\nLouis writes, \"No. Just too many things going wrong. They say that the seafood will be safe. I ask this: Do fish migrate or do they set up housekeeping in one spot and then stay there? And if so, why don't I catch fish in the same place every day?\"\nAnd Jim in Colorado, \"The nuclear industry telling the truth? The unicorn, garden gnome and I were talking this over just the other day, and we all agreed it could happen. Why not?\"\nIf you want to read more about the unicorn and the garden gnome, go to CNN.com/CaffertyFile.\nBLITZER: We will, for sure, Jack. Thank you. See you in a few moments.\nSeveral sticking points in the ongoing budget negotiations, but will the government shutdown come down to money or social issues?\nPlus, Donald Trump, he's making allegations about President Obama's birthplace. Does Donald Trump have any grounds for any of that? We're digging deeper for answers.\nBLITZER: The growing outrage over the budget crisis isn't just about Congress' failure to reach a deal, it's also about some of the cuts that are being proposed.\nLets bring in our own Lisa Sylvester once again. She has the details -- Lisa.\nWell, as congressional leaders hammer away on a budget compromise, a group of religious leaders have been fasting and praying to raise awareness of cuts in the budget that they say will harm the poor.\nJIM WALLIS, PRESIDENT, SOJOURNERS: Orange juice never tasted so good.\nSYLVESTER (voice-over): It's been 10 days since Jim Wallis last had solid food. The president of Sojourners, a Christian group that advocates for the underprivileged, is leading the charge among faith groups on a hunger fast to protest proposed cuts in the federal budget for the poor.\nWALLIS: We're saying a budget is a moral document. And whether at your kitchen table, as a family, or a church or a nation, you make choices. What's important, what's not?\nSYLVESTER: Wallis said in the last 10 days, more than 30,000 people around the country have joined in the fast in their own way. He says they have become a bit like God's lobbyists for the poor, putting a theological and moral spin on the cuts. Wallis said he is all for deficit reduction but --\nWALLIS: I don't think doing this at the expense of the poorest people is a good choice, or hurting those who are already hurting the most is moral or even is smart.\nSYLVESTER: Fiscal conservatives have suggested cuts in food stamps, foreign aid, and preschool programs for low-income families, that private groups can and should provide for the needy. But David Beckman of Bread for the World, who used to work at the World Bank, says the private sector can't fill the gap.\nDAVID BECKMAN, PRESIDENT, BREAD FOR THE WORLD: All the private charitable feeding in the country amounts to about six percent of the food that poor people get from the national programs. So if you slash food stamps, as the House Republicans are proposing to do, there is no way that churches and charities and charitable people can make up for that.\nSYLVESTER: Tony Hall was a member of Congress for years. As part of the fast, he is urging his former colleagues to reconsider cuts.\nTONY HALL, ALLIANCE TO END HUNGER: When you make decisions about people's lives, be careful. You don't cut the poorest of the poor, because they didn't get you here. They didn't cause this mess.\nSYLVESTER: On Wednesday, members of Congress began signing up for the fast.\nREP. BARBARA LEE (D), CALIFORNIA: Several members of Congress today will be joining you in this fast.\nSYLVESTER: Now, Sheila Jackson Lee, Keith Ellison and Jim McGovern are among 28 congressional Democrats who have signed on so far to join the hunger fast, and they will be doing a relay, with each taking one day to fast and then passing on the fast to their colleagues.\nWallis and Hall, they're doing it a little differently. They're fasting all the way through Easter Sunday. But they say for them, this fight for the poor is larger than just the specific budget battle -- Wolf.\nBLITZER: These are committed, committed people to try to help.\nWe're going back to Libya in just a few moments. Rebel forces, furious with NATO right now, the R-rated message they are sending through our own Ben Wedeman.\n\nNow, answer the following question based on the above text, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nQuestion: What is the sticking point in the political showdown over the budget?\nAnswer:"}
{"question_id": 31, "category": "longbench_qmsum", "reference": ["The group talked about the material and they found it would be hard to balance the budget and the quality. In order to save the cost and ensure satisfying user experience, the Project Manager decided to choose high-quality recycled plastic as the material. But in terms of the battery, he would pay a lot to equip the remote with a cutting-edge lithium battery."], "prompt": "You are given a meeting transcript and a query containing a question or instruction. Answer the query in one or more sentences.\n\nTranscript:\nProject Manager: All set ? Okay . Cool . Right . So um basically I'm just gonna go over real quickly um some news I've just got from the board on how we're supposed to do with this um {vocalsound} remote control . And then I'm gonna turn over to you guys to make brief presentations um on what you've found and then we'll have a bit of discussion . So basically uh what I've just found out from the board I dunno if you guys got this email as well but it needs to be television only . So no {disfmarker} we're not doing D_V_D_ , we're not doing anything else ,\nMarketing: Okay .\nProject Manager: it's just gonna be a television remote . {vocalsound} Um it also needs to have the company colours included in it .\nIndustrial Designer: {vocalsound}\nProject Manager: {vocalsound} Um so that's red and black . And it has to have the slogan , case you guys forget the slogan it's , we put fashion in electronics . Um and no teletext . I'm not sure what teletext is but I'm assuming you guys do , so we don't wanna include that um in this particular design . {vocalsound} For reasons that I don't really know . There's {disfmarker} but it's the board so there you go . So basically um given those guidelines which will have some effect on how we design we'll discuss it later I mean 'cause it's television only we'll be able to change our uh {vocalsound} um well we can s sacrifice more function for a better television remote . {vocalsound} Anyway . So I'm gonna turn over to the Industrial Designer uh to go ahead and make a presentation on {disfmarker}\nIndustrial Designer: Okay . So do I unplug this bit here ?\nProject Manager: Oh , right yeah .\nMarketing: Gotta plug you in .\nProject Manager: Yep . Might have to hit function F_ eight but it looks like it's gonna come up . Yep . Cool .\nIndustrial Designer: Okay . Right . That's page one of my presentation .\nProject Manager: Brilliant .\nMarketing: Very nice . For your first PowerPoint it's lovely .\nIndustrial Designer: So the uh method . We're gonna have to understand how remote controls work and res uh successfully complete this project . Um remote control works as follows . This is all pretty basic stuff you guys . Um sends message to another system , so there's an energy source involved in that like a battery or solar power , something along those lines , there's an integrated circuit , which is the microchip , um and that actually compose the messages and usually the way a a remote control works is it sends infrared bits to another system . A user interface controls the chip , basically that's the casing and the buttons and um accordingly the messages as well . So my findings , um I just did a preliminary study here and uh I found that too much metal in remote design could potentially cause interference with the ability of the remote to send commands . And too much metal can cause remotes to behave unexpectedly by receiving false signals . Um too much metal is used sometimes and people pick up radio signals and the like , and there's also the possibility of the remote catching on fire and injuring the customer , just think of those lawsuits , that'd be really bad .\nMarketing: {vocalsound}\nProject Manager: {vocalsound} 'Kay .\nIndustrial Designer: Therefore I suggest primarily plastic construction . Um , components . Just some ideas that I had , um , energy source , it's kinda hip to be eco friendly so I thought maybe we could do something with solar power with an alkaline battery backup . Um the user interface , I was {disfmarker} since we can't use metal I was thinking maybe a high grade recycled plastic .\nProject Manager: Mm .\nIndustrial Designer: The chip , um , silicon based chip I don't really see any way around that , we can't really be different in that respect . Um , the sender well I'm thinking infrared 'cause it is the industry standard , multi channel , that's a word I made up , I don't really know what it means .\nProject Manager: 'Kay . Fair enough .\nMarketing: {vocalsound}\nIndustrial Designer: Uh PAL and N_T_S_C_ compatible and uh probably a two hundred foot range .\nProject Manager: 'Kay .\nIndustrial Designer: Uh and the receiver of course is any number of electronic devices . Um but in this case it'll only be T_V_s . Um personal preferences , I really think that we should use plastic as opposed to metal , um , the company simply can't afford this kinds of lawsuits\nMarketing: Fine .\nIndustrial Designer: which adm admittedly is gonna come at the cost of a certain aesthetic value ,\nProject Manager: {vocalsound} Is is there a way that we can use um modern types of polymers , or mo modern types of plastics\nIndustrial Designer: 'cause we were thinking {disfmarker}\nProject Manager: that maybe do have some kind of aesthetic value um like if a white {disfmarker} like if we talk about like well like on the lapt on these laptops and other ones they use a a pretty nice ,\nIndustrial Designer: Right .\nMarketing: It needs , yeah .\nProject Manager: you can do i is there some kind of nice colo der quality plastic that we can work with ?\nIndustrial Designer: Yeah that shouldn't be a problem . Um for example the plastic they have on your laptop there is something that's perfectly possible for us to do .\nProject Manager: Okay , okay .\nIndustrial Designer: {vocalsound} That's the end of my presentation .\nMarketing: Cool .\nProject Manager: Great . Thank you very much Nathan . {vocalsound} Um if next we can have the um User Interface Developer go ahead and make a brief presentation that'd be great as well .\nUser Interface: {vocalsound}\nProject Manager: S plug yourself in here . Mm . {vocalsound} Um hit function F_ eight real quickly , hold down {disfmarker} Mm .\nIndustrial Designer: {vocalsound}\nMarketing: Looks like you're in okay .\nIndustrial Designer: Is it plugged in well ? There it goes . Computer adjusting .\nUser Interface: Th\nProject Manager: There you go . Sweet .\nMarketing: There you go .\nUser Interface: Well so . Here we have a uh my technical functions design presentation . Um so a few of the requirements we need here . Uh we n basically need to operate an electronic device , it needs to be universal um and possibly uh operate several different types of devices although we now uh find that uh that that's no problem .\nProject Manager: Yeah sorry I couldn't get that g to use before .\nUser Interface: Um so some of my findings . Um basically wanna send messages uh to a television set . Um that would be any number of different things uh such as switch on the television , uh switch to the next channel , that sort of thing , I think we're all quite uh quite uh intelligent and know know what a normal remote control does . Um {vocalsound} now some of the other things I found is a a complicated remote control sorry that we can't quite see my red there very well\nProject Manager: Oh yeah look at that .\nIndustrial Designer: Mm . {vocalsound}\nUser Interface: but uh this remote control has many functions um so it can do a lot of things but it uh it is quite complicated\nProject Manager: Mm-hmm .\nUser Interface: and most users will find it uh find that they won't use most of the functions because they don't know how to use them and don't wanna take the time to learn how to do it . As you also notice it's quite a boring design . Um . Another remote control , slightly different , it's a simpler remote control uh many less buttons but uh has many fewer functions , um m much easier for the user to manipulate and use . Um it also has a bit of a cheap look and it's also quite boring . So\nProject Manager: {vocalsound} Nice .\nIndustrial Designer: {vocalsound}\nUser Interface: my personal preferences .\nMarketing: {vocalsound}\nUser Interface: {vocalsound} Revolutionise the idea of uh a remote control . Um so attain the functionality of a complicated device but use a simple formatted display uh for the user to to work with . And I was gonna add another uh slide here but I didn't quite have time there .\nProject Manager: {vocalsound} Okay .\nUser Interface: Um . Just incorporating some of the ideas that we had previously like uh having multiple face but it's uh {gap} .\nProject Manager: Great . Thanks for that Ron .\nMarketing: Right .\nProject Manager: {vocalsound} 'Kay\nMarketing: Does that mean I'm up ?\nProject Manager: yep that's you .\nMarketing: I think so . Okay .\nUser Interface: I can plug you in .\nMarketing: Oh that would be perfect . Thank you . Slide show up and running .\nProject Manager: Give it a little bit .\nMarketing: Or not . Uh . Oh there we go . Perfect . Okay . So this is me . Um basically I was looking through some marketing reports that we've got and we had a usability test where we were actually sort {disfmarker} like watching a hundred people {vocalsound} use T_V_ remotes and see what it is that they're using and then they filled out a questionnaire about what they like and what they don't about their general T_V_ remote control practices . Um pretty much through testing we were finding out that most of the time , everybody's used to using changing the channel , turning it on , using the volume , m the majority of the time that's all that's going on , the other functions happen , for some people they're important , but the primary uses are really really basic . Um and so big complicated remotes like one we saw in the last presentation are really not the general public's use , they're not using a lot of it , they don't need it , they even find it frustrating when there are all those buttons that they don't know what to do with . {vocalsound} And um we also found out that uh fifty percent of our people , their {disfmarker} the worst thing about a remote is how often they lose it . And then they can't find it in the room . So I think what we were talking about with a pager or something , will really come into play with a lot of these people . {vocalsound} Um there's also a survey about what they liked about remotes ,\nIndustrial Designer: {vocalsound}\nMarketing: and pretty much they all think they're hideous and not very useful , and the younger demographics are all really interested in voice recognition options . I don't know if that's something we're ready to look into technically , that's up to the design people , but it is s something worth thinking about , especially since the younger demographic's obviously the one that's gonna keep growing , so if that's the direction we're headed in it's something to think about . Um but basically it really is the primary functions and getting it to look nice , which are the standards . {vocalsound} So it's a good start for us .\nProject Manager: {vocalsound} That's great . Thank you Sarah . Right . So um\nMarketing: Need to unplug this ?\nProject Manager: yep I'll just uh switch that back here .\nMarketing: Need it back .\nProject Manager: I'll finish up with just a bit of discussion plan on for the next phase .\nMarketing: There you go .\nProject Manager: {vocalsound} Right so I think we've covered most of these important questions through this um {vocalsound} through you guys's presentations um {vocalsound} we've got uh y the Industrial Designer suggests uh or pretty much emphatically suggested that we need to go with plastic . {vocalsound} Um Sarah , she's recommended that we go for simpler functions , so fewer functions um but we need to decide who are we selling this to , you s your stats suggested that seventy five percent of people under thirty five wanted , thought about voice control ,\nMarketing: Oh right .\nProject Manager: {vocalsound} um so do we wanna go for that , or do we want to go for an older demographic , and my thought is {vocalsound} um {vocalsound} we've got w if we're gonna go for a sleek look I mean we are putting the fashion in electronics {vocalsound} um . {vocalsound}\nMarketing: {vocalsound} We're not catering to the pensioners of the world I don't think so .\nUser Interface: {vocalsound}\nProject Manager: Yes . So maybe this {disfmarker} we should look into this younger demographic . Um . So\nMarketing: Right .\nProject Manager: {vocalsound} uh we need to wonder ah h about how we make it better and smaller and faster um think we're constrained to plastics very well , we've got this idea , Ron was saying we need to think about uh revolutionising the way it's looking um ,\nMarketing: Right .\nProject Manager: which might be easier given that we're going for simpler function and that we're only going for a telly .\nMarketing: Uh .\nProject Manager: Um so um . How {disfmarker} th this voice operation thing is {disfmarker} I think is a good idea um assuming that it's doable , um at least for the basic controls , maybe we can balance it that way , you know we can see .\nMarketing: Right .\nIndustrial Designer: Mm .\nProject Manager: Okay you can't say record alias tonight at seven P_M_\nIndustrial Designer: {vocalsound}\nProject Manager: but we might be able to say um {vocalsound} volume up .\nMarketing: Yeah .\nIndustrial Designer: Right . I think it would be possible to uh combine the locator device and the voice recognition technology .\nProject Manager: Mm .\nMarketing: {vocalsound} Oh . That could work . I like that .\nIndustrial Designer: With a simple command like locate . And then it could start to beep\nMarketing: Yeah . Something very basic .\nIndustrial Designer: and\nMarketing: Right .\nProject Manager: {vocalsound} Right .\nIndustrial Designer: therefore be found .\nUser Interface: Sounds good .\nMarketing: Is that only gonna be within our two hundred foot range then ?\nIndustrial Designer: Oh yeah I think that's very doable .\nMarketing: Okay .\nProject Manager: The difficulty wh would be in um I think like i you couldn't speak into the remote that you're trying to find . 'Kay you have something that picks up a voice from far away {disfmarker}\nMarketing: Yeah .\nIndustrial Designer: It's a good point .\nProject Manager: If it's hidden under the couch {disfmarker} but then again you have this wee {disfmarker} this wee thing you know that's just a little chip or whatever that has the page button , maybe that could be voice activated too .\nUser Interface: A little sticky pad to stick on top of your uh television .\nMarketing: Mm .\nUser Interface: And you just say something to {disfmarker} into that\nMarketing: Yeah .\nUser Interface: and it\nProject Manager: Yeah .\nIndustrial Designer: Yeah .\nUser Interface: finds your {disfmarker}\nMarketing: K {vocalsound}\nProject Manager: Or an isolated magnet or something like , or you know something that wouldn't interfere I don't know that'd be the technical thing\nMarketing: Yeah .\nProject Manager: but {disfmarker} yeah I like that , I like that , the voice recognition for the paging system .\nUser Interface: {vocalsound} The other thing is we might be able to handle the simplicity of a remote control and kind of put the more complicated things into a voice control . So it could be sold to both the younger market and the older market .\nMarketing: True .\nUser Interface: And the younger market could use kind of the voi voice control method and the older market might might k\nMarketing: Making it just an option ?\nIndustrial Designer: Mm .\nUser Interface: exactly and might consider the older market could use the simpler design with the traditional buttons and what not .\nMarketing: Yeah . Right .\nProject Manager: {vocalsound} Yeah .\nIndustrial Designer: I was thinking uh {disfmarker}\nMarketing: Are we still thinking about this screen {disfmarker} sorry .\nIndustrial Designer: Oh go ahead .\nMarketing: Go ahead . The uh if we're gonna do this touch pad screen thing , it would be still , do we know if that's an option technically right now to that ?\nProject Manager: Mm-hmm .\nUser Interface: 'S definitely an option technically . I've looked into uh costs of uh touch screen methods and what not ,\nMarketing: Okay . Okay .\nUser Interface: they seem to be uh you know almost as cheap as a button method at this point .\nMarketing: We're doing okay .\nProject Manager: Okay .\nMarketing: 'Cause it seems like an interesting option especially because then you could have like your primary screen just be these you know four or five basic functions , you can have\nProject Manager: Mm . {vocalsound}\nIndustrial Designer: Yeah .\nMarketing: menu options or something to have all these other complicated voice recognition , settings , things that you're not gonna use every day and that a lot of people aren't gonna use but it is an option there for this hi-tech market that sort of re is the sleek thing we're going for .\nIndustrial Designer: Gotta wonder though , if we're adding so much technology to this one remote , are we still gonna be able to meet out twelve pou our twelve fifty Euro you know goal for selling these things .\nProject Manager: Mm-hmm .\nMarketing: True . Worth looking into .\nProject Manager: Mm-hmm . Mm-hmm .\nUser Interface: {vocalsound}\nIndustrial Designer: It seems like , we're not gonna be able to handle all these functions with just one microchip .\nMarketing: Yeah .\nIndustrial Designer: The microchip is probably the most expensive part of the the whole mechanism .\nProject Manager: Okay .\nMarketing: True . Yeah .\nProject Manager: Okay .\nIndustrial Designer: So it's just something to consider .\nProject Manager: Absolutely . Mm 'kay um well yeah I guess we'll cross that bridge um in a la slightly later stages of development um but yeah I know , that's perfectly viable question . Mm 'kay um so I'm seeing that we're gonna just basically focus on this young demographic group , aim it at them , but then in a sense that its bells and whistles are available for anybody who wants them but basically we'll make a sleek simple functioned um uh remote control .\nMarketing: Mm-hmm .\nProject Manager: Um I think this voice recognition thing is a we've got a market for it uh I don't think there's too many ,\nMarketing: Mm .\nProject Manager: we'd more or less be cornering the market on it as well , we don't have many um .\nMarketing: Yeah .\nProject Manager: {vocalsound} I appear to have lost my microphone . Mm . {vocalsound} Right um we don't have many people {vocalsound} or there's not very many competitors out there that do that so cool . Um right . I guess we've c we've touched on most of this . The idea of a paging function , a touch screen , and face plates . Um . The thing with {disfmarker} I see {vocalsound} would there not be a {vocalsound} we'd have to maybe sacrifice the face plates for a touch screen ?\nUser Interface: {vocalsound} Um I'm not sure that's sincerely correct ,\nProject Manager: Okay .\nUser Interface: I think if you kind of take the example of a mobile phone that uh trying to pass a portion of the device is not interchangeable whereas the surrounding portions are interchangeable .\nMarketing: Mm . Just the casing .\nProject Manager: Okay .\nUser Interface: We could have the casing , the the face plates .\nProject Manager: Okay .\nIndustrial Designer: Back to the uh the cost {disfmarker} the material . {vocalsound} We have to ask whether we're going to include a certain number of face plates with the package ? That's something I w for {disfmarker} say we're including three or four face plates , it's gonna drive the cost up .\nMarketing: Mm .\nProject Manager: Mm .\nIndustrial Designer: And the other question is , if we do include them are we really in a position to evaluate that market ?\nMarketing: Yeah .\nIndustrial Designer: We haven't done any tests on face plates and whether {disfmarker}\nMarketing: Right .\nProject Manager: Okay .\nIndustrial Designer: See if there {disfmarker} if there's even interest out there .\nProject Manager: Okay . Right .\nIndustrial Designer: Off the top of my head it sounds kind of like a gimmick that wouldn't really go anywhere .\nProject Manager: Yeah 'cause then ha you would have to {disfmarker} who all\nMarketing: Mm . Right .\nProject Manager: it's not like with cell phones like where you have a {disfmarker} you know Nokia model X_ and then ten people make face plates for it , we'd be just our model of pho of t remote control . {vocalsound}\nIndustrial Designer: Yeah .\nMarketing: Well in the publicity of a face plate on a phone is you have it out and around , it is sort of emblematic whereas you're just sit at home ,\nProject Manager: Mm-hmm .\nMarketing: so unless somebody comes over to watch T_V_ {disfmarker}\nProject Manager: Mm . Mm-hmm . {vocalsound} Yeah .\nUser Interface: Well hopefully some people have people coming t over to w to hang out at your house\nProject Manager: {vocalsound}\nIndustrial Designer: {vocalsound}\nMarketing: True . True . True .\nUser Interface: and most people have their televisions in the living room . Uh . {vocalsound}\nProject Manager: Alright well we can {disfmarker} we can discuss that one further when we think about um whether th when we do costs and so forth , um .\nMarketing: Yeah . Oh yeah .\nUser Interface: Sure .\nProject Manager: {vocalsound} True , if plastic is dead cheap and if we're making the whole thing out of plastic anyway um {vocalsound} yeah we'll cross that bridge later um but yeah we will have to evaluate what's most important . Um I think we've had a bit of discussion already on this thing , n s there any other questions comments that came up in these presentations ?\nUser Interface: Well have we confirmed that we're gonna go ahead with a uh touch screen um {disfmarker}\nProject Manager: Yeah yeah okay . Um {disfmarker}\nUser Interface: Interface ?\nProject Manager: Yeah I think that would be best . Let's based on what sh on what you guys have all said to me let's go for a plastic built or uh b plastic cased 'cause tha tha that's easy on the cost , try to look for some kind of high quality recycled plastic as you recommended and I think that's a great idea . With a touch screen for the basic functions . {vocalsound} Um {disfmarker} And we'll yeah tha let's provisionally {disfmarker} let's go for a touch screen one with several submenus um for possible extra stuff that one basically put the channel and the on and off switch on the touch screen . Um do we have {disfmarker} Mm wait a minute it occurs to me that if we have a touch screen people are going to have to recharge their remote controls . {vocalsound} Yet at the same time that might help for this whole complaint of it being lost .\nMarketing: True . 'Cause it would have a docking base ?\nProject Manager: Mm-hmm . But then again that costs as well .\nMarketing: Yeah .\nProject Manager: Hmm .\nMarketing: {vocalsound}\nIndustrial Designer: {vocalsound}\nUser Interface: So these new lithium batteries they last twenty years {vocalsound} even with the touch screen ?\nProject Manager: Do they ? Okay .\nUser Interface: Those new ones .\nIndustrial Designer: Can we afford to include one of those ?\nMarketing: Can we afford that ?\nUser Interface: {vocalsound}\nMarketing: And will somebody buy it if we don't ? {vocalsound}\nIndustrial Designer: {vocalsound}\nProject Manager: Well I I don't think yeah I can't see anybody buying a lap a remote control that they have to plug in so we'd have to see some kind of new battery technology .\nMarketing: Right .\nProject Manager: Okay so let's go with a um touch screen {vocalsound} with um some kind of {disfmarker} you know with with some kind of cutting edge battery technology {disfmarker}\nMarketing: For twelve Euros ? {vocalsound}\nUser Interface: {vocalsound}\nProject Manager: Yeah well hey you know well it's it's worth looking into , if not we can always default to just doing a a well presented plastic simple\nMarketing: It is . Fair enough .\nIndustrial Designer: {vocalsound}\nProject Manager: you know so {disfmarker} you know . Well yeah I mean\nMarketing: The basics .\nProject Manager: you can put the {disfmarker} we could I I dunno I mean I suppose we could put the the basics on the centre easiest you know , you know people know the channel and volume function make them large and easy to get at and then the the other the other bits and bobs you know go through menu um w we'll do the aesthetics .\nMarketing: Mm .\nProject Manager: Okay so we'll {gap} touch screen and the battery , focus on um {vocalsound} uh presentation .\nMarketing: 'Kay .\nProject Manager: Um {vocalsound} it's th uh with this voice recognition option as well um just as for the simple functions the um the on off , channels , volume , um\nIndustrial Designer: Right .\nProject Manager: and um a small paging function . Even if you can't do voice recognition for the paging you know just some kind of simple button that's just a I guess another infrared signal to the remote control and while {disfmarker} to emit some kind of paging . Just a beep .\nIndustrial Designer: Okay .\nProject Manager: Um right so any comments ? Thoughts before we break into {disfmarker} go into the next round of individual work on this .\nIndustrial Designer: Since we're doing uh touch screen , do we wanna look into the possibility of people being able to input different types of skins for the you know the actual interface part of it and things like that ? Or is it just gonna be one touch screen for everybody .\nUser Interface: Be interesting .\nMarketing: Mm .\nIndustrial Designer: What what would be on that touch screen ? 'Cause you said earlier that we have to think about company colours and um\nMarketing: {vocalsound} And {gap} oh .\nIndustrial Designer: logo or something or motto , I can't remember exactly what you said .\nMarketing: Yeah the {vocalsound} the fashion\nUser Interface: We put fashion into electronics .\nMarketing: do . Yeah .\nProject Manager: W it's my understanding that if you were going to do a skin you'd need to have some way for people to download or import skins into the remote control .\nMarketing: Right , and then you're dealing with ports and cords and {disfmarker}\nProject Manager: Yeah I think perhaps {disfmarker}\nIndustrial Designer: 'S too much .\nProject Manager: good idea but yeah\nMarketing: Yeah .\nProject Manager: I think that that one m might just be um and they just {disfmarker} yeah I think that one might just be out of the range for this particular {disfmarker}\nMarketing: For now .\nProject Manager: a P_D_A_ would {disfmarker} they would {disfmarker} makes a lot of sense for a P_D_A_ 'cause you're gonna be using it to connect up to things anyway but {disfmarker} I dunno , what do you guys think ?\nIndustrial Designer: Think we just need to come up with a nice black and red interface on the touch screen .\nMarketing: Yeah . Nice .\nIndustrial Designer: That'd be okay .\nUser Interface: Yeah . Uh I I'm I'm in agreement with that , I'm wondering how we're gonna get uh we put fashion into electronics onto this device .\nMarketing: Um . Well but if we're gonna use a touch screen where it's gonna come on like on your cell phone it'll have your your carrier provider name come up first like while it's loading\nProject Manager: Hmm .\nMarketing: and then it goes away , perhaps it could be like a temporary {disfmarker}\nProject Manager: Mm .\nMarketing: Comes on every time you turn it on and then that's it 'cause it is a bit much to have it like engraved on the back or something I think .\nIndustrial Designer: Mm . True .\nUser Interface: {vocalsound}\nProject Manager: Yeah . Yeah .\nUser Interface: {vocalsound} I'm hoping for a subliminal maybe half a millisecond as it turns on . {vocalsound}\nMarketing: Yeah .\nProject Manager: {vocalsound}\nIndustrial Designer: {vocalsound}\nMarketing: Y {vocalsound}\nProject Manager: Yeah . Yeah I know I d it seems like it would suffice to have just the R_R_ on there .\nUser Interface: {vocalsound} Mm-hmm .\nProject Manager: Jus\nMarketing: Yeah you would think .\nProject Manager: But apparently not .\nMarketing: But .\nProject Manager: So .\nIndustrial Designer: People aren't gonna want their remote to boot up and to see flashing things come on .\nMarketing: If it comes from above .\nUser Interface: {vocalsound}\nIndustrial Designer: They just want it to be on and ready to go .\nProject Manager: Yeah .\nMarketing: Yeah . {vocalsound}\nProject Manager: {vocalsound} Well fair enough . Um and yeah that would help the battery life too and if it {disfmarker} the remote they do have to press a button for the remote to turn on . But then again who wants to turn on a remote control . Kind of if i\nUser Interface: Well all you have to do is touch the screen and it automatically goes on .\nProject Manager: Oh\nMarketing: Mm .\nProject Manager: to wake up okay or go into like a dormant mode .\nUser Interface: Yep . Goes into a sleep mode .\nProject Manager: Okay . {vocalsound} Oh yeah I like that I like the idea of um putting the logo in the boot up screen , nice . Um . Um cool so any last things before we break ? Alright . Fair enough . Sounds good .\nMarketing: We're good ?\nProject Manager: I'm gonna save th a copy of this in case you guys need any reminders . I'm gonna save a copy of this and the minutes that I'll do it in a second and put them in the shared folder for later reference .\nUser Interface: I've put my files in the shared folder as well .\nProject Manager: Brilliant .\nMarketing: Yeah .\nProject Manager: {vocalsound} That's fab guys . Cool .\n\nNow, answer the query based on the above meeting transcript in one or more sentences.\n\nQuery: What did the Project Manager elaborate on the members when discussing the materials of the television remote?\nAnswer:"}
{"question_id": 32, "category": "longbench_repobench-p", "reference": ["\tpublic boolean addRemittUser(UserDTO user) {"], "prompt": "Please complete the code given below. \nsrc/main/java/org/remitt/datastore/DbEligibilityJob.java\npublic class DbEligibilityJob {\n\n\tstatic final Logger log = Logger.getLogger(DbEligibilityJob.class);\n\n\tpublic static boolean addEligibilityJob(String username, String plugin,\n\t\t\tMap<EligibilityParameter, String> payload) {\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\n\t\tboolean success = false;\n\n\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tcStmt = c.prepareStatement(\"INSERT INTO tEligibilityJobs \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" ( user, stamp, plugin, payload, completed ) \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" VALUES ( ?, NOW(), ?, ?, FALSE ) \" + \";\");\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(1, username);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(2, plugin);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setObject(3, payload);\n\t\t\tcStmt.execute();\n\t\t\tsuccess = true;\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (Throwable e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught Throwable\", e);\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\treturn success;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static boolean resubmitEligibilityJob(String username, Integer id) {\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\n\t\tboolean success = false;\n\n\t\t// Need to make sure that we're taking the failed job off the stack.\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\t\ttry {\n\t\t\t\tcStmt = c.prepareStatement(\"UPDATE tEligibilityJobs \"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t+ \" SET processed = NOW(), completed = TRUE \"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t+ \" WHERE user = ? AND id = ? ; \");\n\t\t\t\tcStmt.setString(1, username);\n\t\t\t\tcStmt.setInt(2, id);\n\t\t\t\tcStmt.execute();\n\t\t\t\tsuccess = true;\n\t\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t\t} catch (Throwable e) {\n\t\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught Throwable\", e);\n\t\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\t\ttry {\n\t\t\t\tcStmt = c\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.prepareStatement(\"INSERT INTO tEligibilityJobs \"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t+ \" ( user, stamp, plugin, payload, completed, resubmission ) \"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t+ \" SELECT user, stamp, plugin, payload, FALSE, TRUE \"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t+ \" FROM tEligibilityJobs WHERE id = ? AND user = ? \"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t+ \";\");\n\t\t\t\tcStmt.setInt(1, id);\n\t\t\t\tcStmt.setString(2, username);\n\t\t\t\tcStmt.execute();\n\t\t\t\tsuccess = true;\n\t\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t\t} catch (Throwable e) {\n\t\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught Throwable\", e);\n\t\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn success;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static List<Integer> getUnprocessedEligibilityJobList() {\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\n\t\tList<Integer> output = new ArrayList<Integer>();\n\n\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tcStmt = c.prepareStatement(\"SELECT id \" + \" FROM tEligibilityJobs \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" WHERE completed = FALSE;\");\n\n\t\t\tboolean hadResults = cStmt.execute();\n\t\t\tif (hadResults) {\n\t\t\t\tResultSet r = cStmt.getResultSet();\n\t\t\t\twhile (r.next()) {\n\t\t\t\t\toutput.add(r.getInt(\"id\"));\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\tr.close();\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (SQLException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught SQLException\", e);\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\treturn output;\n\t}\n\n\t@SuppressWarnings(\"unchecked\")\n\tpublic static EligibilityJob getEligibilityJobById(Integer id) {\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\n\t\tEligibilityJob output = new EligibilityJob();\n\n\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tcStmt = c.prepareStatement(\"SELECT * \" + \" FROM tEligibilityJobs \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" WHERE id = ?;\");\n\t\t\tcStmt.setInt(1, id);\n\n\t\t\tboolean hadResults = cStmt.execute();\n\t\t\tif (hadResults) {\n\t\t\t\tResultSet r = cStmt.getResultSet();\n\t\t\t\tr.next();\n\t\t\t\toutput.setId(r.getInt(\"id\"));\n\t\t\t\toutput.setUsername(r.getString(\"username\"));\n\t\t\t\toutput.setPlugin(r.getString(\"plugin\"));\n\t\t\t\toutput.setPayload((HashMap<EligibilityParameter, String>) r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.getObject(\"payload\"));\n\t\t\t\toutput.setResponse((EligibilityResponse) r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.getObject(\"response\"));\n\t\t\t\toutput.setResubmission(r.getBoolean(\"resubmission\"));\n\t\t\t\tr.close();\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t\toutput = null;\n\t\t} catch (SQLException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught SQLException\", e);\n\t\t\toutput = null;\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\treturn output;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static boolean saveEligibilityJob(String username, Integer id,\n\t\t\tEligibilityResponse response) {\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\n\t\tboolean success = false;\n\n\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tcStmt = c.prepareStatement(\"UPDATE tEligibilityJobs \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" SET response = ?, processed = NOW(), completed = TRUE \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" WHERE user = ? AND id = ? ; \");\n\t\t\tcStmt.setObject(1, response);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(2, username);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setInt(3, id);\n\t\t\tcStmt.execute();\n\t\t\tsuccess = true;\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (Throwable e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught Throwable\", e);\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\treturn success;\n\t}\n\n}\nsrc/main/java/org/remitt/datastore/UserManagement.java\npublic class UserManagement {\n\n\tstatic final Logger log = Logger.getLogger(UserManagement.class);\n\n\tpublic static final String SQL_GET_USER = \"SELECT \"\n\t\t\t+ \" u.username AS username \" + \" , u.contactemail AS contactemail \"\n\t\t\t+ \" , u.callbackserviceuri AS callbackserviceuri \"\n\t\t\t+ \" , u.callbackservicewsdluri AS callbackservicewsdluri \"\n\t\t\t+ \" , u.callbackusername AS callbackusername\"\n\t\t\t+ \" , u.callbackpassword AS callbackpassword \"\n\t\t\t+ \" , GROUP_CONCAT(r.rolename) AS roles \" + \" FROM tUser u \"\n\t\t\t+ \" LEFT OUTER JOIN tRole r ON r.username = u.username \"\n\t\t\t+ \" WHERE u.username = ? \" + \" GROUP BY u.username \" + \" LIMIT 1 \"\n\t\t\t+ \";\";\n\n\tpublic static final String SQL_LIST_USERS = \"SELECT \"\n\t\t\t+ \" u.username AS username \" + \" , u.contactemail AS contactemail \"\n\t\t\t+ \" , u.callbackserviceuri AS callbackserviceuri \"\n\t\t\t+ \" , u.callbackservicewsdluri AS callbackservicewsdluri \"\n\t\t\t+ \" , u.callbackusername AS callbackusername\"\n\t\t\t+ \" , u.callbackpassword AS callbackpassword \"\n\t\t\t+ \" , GROUP_CONCAT(r.rolename) AS roles \" + \" FROM tUser u \"\n\t\t\t+ \" LEFT OUTER JOIN tRole r ON r.username = u.username \"\n\t\t\t+ \" GROUP BY u.username \" + \";\";\n\n\tpublic UserManagement() {\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Add REMITT user with \"default\" role.\n\t * \n\t * @param username\n\t * @param password\n\t * @param callbackServiceUri\n\t * @param callbackServiceWsdlUri\n\t * @param callbackUsername\n\t * @param callbackPassword\n\t * @return Success.\n\t */\n\tpublic static boolean addUser(String username, String password,\n\t\t\tString callbackServiceUri, String callbackServiceWsdlUri,\n\t\t\tString callbackUsername, String callbackPassword) {\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\n\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tcStmt = c.prepareStatement(\"INSERT INTO tUser \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" (  username, passhash, \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" callbackserviceuri, callbackservicewsdluri, \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" callbackusername, callbackpassword ) \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" VALUES ( ?, MD5(?), ?, ?, ?, ? ) \" + \";\");\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(1, username);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(2, password);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(3, callbackServiceUri);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(4, callbackServiceWsdlUri);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(5, callbackUsername);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(6, callbackPassword);\n\t\t\tcStmt.execute();\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t\treturn false;\n\t\t} catch (Throwable e) {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t\treturn false;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tboolean status = false;\n\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt2 = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tcStmt2 = c.prepareStatement(\"INSERT INTO tRole \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" ( username, rolename ) \" + \" VALUES ( ?, ? ) \" + \";\");\n\t\t\tcStmt2.setString(1, username);\n\t\t\tcStmt2.setString(2, \"default\");\n\t\t\tcStmt2.execute();\n\t\t\tc.close();\n\t\t\tstatus = true;\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (Throwable e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(e);\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\treturn status;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Retrieve a single <UserDTO> object for a named user.\n\t * \n\t * @param username\n\t * @return User object.\n\t */\n\tpublic static UserDTO getUser(String username) {\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\n\t\tUserDTO ret = new UserDTO();\n\n\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tcStmt = c.prepareStatement(SQL_GET_USER);\n\t\t\tlog.debug(SQL_GET_USER + \" with param \" + username);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(1, username);\n\t\t\tcStmt.execute();\n\t\t\tResultSet rs = cStmt.getResultSet();\n\t\t\trs.next();\n\t\t\tret.setUsername(rs.getString(1));\n\t\t\tret.setContactEmail(rs.getString(2));\n\t\t\tret.setCallbackServiceUri(rs.getString(3));\n\t\t\tret.setCallbackServiceWsdlUri(rs.getString(4));\n\t\t\tret.setCallbackUsername(rs.getString(5));\n\t\t\tret.setCallbackPassword(rs.getString(6));\n\t\t\tret.setRoles(rs.getString(7).split(\",\"));\n\t\t\trs.close();\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (Throwable e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(e);\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\treturn ret;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Get list of all users in the system.\n\t * \n\t * @return List of user objects.\n\t */\n\tpublic static List<UserDTO> listUsers() {\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\n\t\tList<UserDTO> ret = new ArrayList<UserDTO>();\n\n\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tcStmt = c.prepareStatement(SQL_LIST_USERS);\n\t\t\tif (cStmt.execute()) {\n\t\t\t\tResultSet rs = cStmt.getResultSet();\n\t\t\t\twhile (rs.next()) {\n\t\t\t\t\tUserDTO u = new UserDTO();\n\t\t\t\t\tu.setUsername(rs.getString(\"username\"));\n\t\t\t\t\tu.setContactEmail(rs.getString(\"contactemail\"));\n\t\t\t\t\tu.setCallbackServiceUri(rs.getString(\"callbackserviceuri\"));\n\t\t\t\t\tu.setCallbackServiceWsdlUri(rs\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.getString(\"callbackservicewsdluri\"));\n\t\t\t\t\tu.setCallbackUsername(rs.getString(\"callbackusername\"));\n\t\t\t\t\tu.setCallbackPassword(rs.getString(\"callbackpassword\"));\n\t\t\t\t\tu.setRoles(rs.getString(\"roles\").split(\",\"));\n\t\t\t\t\tret.add(u);\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\trs.close();\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (Throwable e) {\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\treturn ret;\n\t}\n\n}\nsrc/main/java/org/remitt/prototype/PluginInterface.java\npublic interface PluginInterface {\n\n\tpublic String getPluginName();\n\n\tpublic Double getPluginVersion();\n\n\tpublic String getInputFormat();\n\n\tpublic String getOutputFormat();\n\n\tpublic HashMap<String, String> getOptions();\n\n\tpublic byte[] render(Integer jobId, byte[] input, String option)\n\t\t\tthrows Exception;\n\n\tpublic String[] getPluginConfigurationOptions();\n\n\tpublic void setDefaultUsername(String username);\n\n}\nsrc/main/java/org/remitt/prototype/ConfigurationOption.java\npublic class ConfigurationOption {\n\n\tprivate String namespace;\n\tprivate String name;\n\tprivate String value;\n\n\tpublic ConfigurationOption() {\n\t}\n\n\tpublic ConfigurationOption(String namespace, String name, String value) {\n\t\tthis.setNamespace(namespace);\n\t\tthis.setName(name);\n\t\tthis.setValue(value);\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @param namespace\n\t *            the namespace to set\n\t */\n\tpublic void setNamespace(String namespace) {\n\t\tthis.namespace = namespace;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @return the namespace\n\t */\n\tpublic String getNamespace() {\n\t\treturn namespace;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @param name\n\t *            the name to set\n\t */\n\tpublic void setName(String name) {\n\t\tthis.name = name;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @return the name\n\t */\n\tpublic String getName() {\n\t\treturn name;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @param value\n\t *            the value to set\n\t */\n\tpublic void setValue(String value) {\n\t\tthis.value = value;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @return the value\n\t */\n\tpublic String getValue() {\n\t\treturn value;\n\t}\n\n}\nsrc/main/java/org/remitt/prototype/ValidationInterface.java\npublic interface ValidationInterface {\n\n\tpublic String getPluginName();\n\n\tpublic Double getPluginVersion();\n\n\tpublic ValidationResponse validate(String userName, byte[] input)\n\t\t\tthrows Exception;\n\n\tpublic String[] getPluginConfigurationOptions();\n\n}\nsrc/main/java/org/remitt/prototype/EligibilityResponse.java\npublic class EligibilityResponse implements Serializable {\n\n\tprivate static final long serialVersionUID = 80195456387213L;\n\n\tprivate EligibilityStatus status;\n\tprivate EligibilitySuccessCode successCode;\n\tprivate String rawResponse;\n\tprivate String[] messages;\n\n\tpublic EligibilityResponse() {\n\t}\n\n\tpublic String[] getMessages() {\n\t\treturn messages;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void setMessages(String[] m) {\n\t\tmessages = m;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic String getRawResponse() {\n\t\treturn rawResponse;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void setRawResponse(String r) {\n\t\trawResponse = r;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic EligibilityStatus getStatus() {\n\t\treturn status;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void setStatus(EligibilityStatus s) {\n\t\tstatus = s;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic EligibilitySuccessCode getSuccessCode() {\n\t\treturn successCode;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void setSuccessCode(EligibilitySuccessCode s) {\n\t\tsuccessCode = s;\n\t}\n}\nsrc/main/java/org/remitt/server/Configuration.java\npublic class Configuration {\n\n\tpublic static String DEFAULT_CONFIG = \"/WEB-INF/remitt.properties\";\n\tpublic static String OVERRIDE_CONFIG = System.getProperty(\"remitt.properties\");\n\n\tstatic final Logger log = Logger.getLogger(Configuration.class);\n\n\tprotected static CompositeConfiguration compositeConfiguration = null;\n\n\tprotected static HttpServlet servletContext = null;\n\n\tprotected static ControlThread controlThread = null;\n\n\tprotected static ComboPooledDataSource comboPooledDataSource = null;\n\n\tprotected static Scheduler scheduler = null;\n\n\t/**\n\t * Get servlet object.\n\t * \n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic static HttpServlet getServletContext() {\n\t\treturn servletContext;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Store servlet object.\n\t * \n\t * @param hS\n\t */\n\tpublic static void setServletContext(HttpServlet hS) {\n\t\tservletContext = hS;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Get current global configuration object.\n\t * \n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic static CompositeConfiguration getConfiguration() {\n\t\tif (compositeConfiguration == null) {\n\t\t\tConfiguration.loadConfiguration();\n\t\t}\n\t\tif (compositeConfiguration == null) {\n\t\t\tlog\n\t\t\t\t\t.error(\"Should never be null here, configuration is failing to load!\");\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn compositeConfiguration;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Load configuration from both template and override properties files.\n\t */\n\tpublic static void loadConfiguration() {\n\t\tlog.trace(\"Entered loadConfiguration\");\n\t\tif (compositeConfiguration == null) {\n\t\t\tlog.info(\"Configuration object not present, instantiating\");\n\t\t\tcompositeConfiguration = new CompositeConfiguration();\n\n\t\t\tPropertiesConfiguration defaults = null;\n\t\t\ttry {\n\t\t\t\tlog\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.info(\"Attempting to create PropertiesConfiguration object for DEFAULT_CONFIG\");\n\t\t\t\tdefaults = new PropertiesConfiguration(servletContext\n\t\t\t\t\t\t.getServletContext().getRealPath(DEFAULT_CONFIG));\n\t\t\t\tlog.info(\"Loading default configuration from \"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t+ servletContext.getServletContext().getRealPath(\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDEFAULT_CONFIG));\n\t\t\t\tdefaults.load();\n\t\t\t} catch (ConfigurationException e) {\n\t\t\t\tlog.error(\"Could not load default configuration from \"\n\t\t\t\t\t\t+ servletContext.getServletContext().getRealPath(\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDEFAULT_CONFIG));\n\t\t\t\tlog.error(e);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tif (OVERRIDE_CONFIG != null) {\n\t\t\t\tPropertiesConfiguration overrides = null;\n\t\t\t\ttry {\n\t\t\t\t\tlog\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.info(\"Attempting to create PropertiesConfiguration object for OVERRIDE_CONFIG\");\n\t\t\t\t\toverrides = new PropertiesConfiguration();\n\t\t\t\t\tlog.info(\"Setting file for OVERRIDE_CONFIG\");\n\t\t\t\t\toverrides.setFile(new File(OVERRIDE_CONFIG));\n\t\t\t\t\tlog.info(\"Setting reload strategy for OVERRIDE_CONFIG\");\n\t\t\t\t\toverrides\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.setReloadingStrategy(new FileChangedReloadingStrategy());\n\t\t\t\t\tlog.info(\"Loading OVERRIDE_CONFIG\");\n\t\t\t\t\toverrides.load();\n\t\t\t\t} catch (ConfigurationException e) {\n\t\t\t\t\tlog.error(\"Could not load overrides\", e);\n\t\t\t\t} catch (Exception ex) {\n\t\t\t\t\tlog.error(ex);\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\tif (overrides != null) {\n\t\t\t\t\tcompositeConfiguration.addConfiguration(overrides);\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t// Afterwards, add defaults so they're read second.\n\t\t\tcompositeConfiguration.addConfiguration(defaults);\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static void setControlThread(ControlThread ct) {\n\t\tcontrolThread = ct;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static ControlThread getControlThread() {\n\t\treturn controlThread;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Attempt to find the current installed location of REMITT. First tries\n\t * \"REMITT_HOME\" environment variable, then attempts to use the\n\t * catalina.home property.\n\t * \n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic static String getInstallLocation() {\n\t\tString home = System.getenv(\"REMITT_HOME\");\n\t\thome = (home == null || home == \"\") ? System\n\t\t\t\t.getProperty(\"catalina.home\") : home;\n\t\thome = (home == null || home == \"\") ? System.getProperty(\"jetty.home\")\n\t\t\t\t: home;\n\t\treturn home;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Get an unused database connection from the <ComboPooledDataSource> pool\n\t * of db connections.\n\t * \n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic static Connection getConnection() {\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\treturn comboPooledDataSource.getConnection();\n\t\t} catch (SQLException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(e);\n\t\t\treturn null;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static ComboPooledDataSource getComboPooledDataSource() {\n\t\treturn comboPooledDataSource;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static void setComboPooledDataSource(ComboPooledDataSource c) {\n\t\tcomboPooledDataSource = c;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Resolve plugin name for translation plugin to be used with render and\n\t * transport plugins and their respective parameters.\n\t * \n\t * @param renderPlugin\n\t *            Full class name of the render plugin being used\n\t * @param renderOption\n\t *            Name of the render option being passed\n\t * @param transportPlugin\n\t *            Full class name of the transport plugin being used\n\t * @param transportOption\n\t *            Option name of the transport plugin being passed\n\t * @return Full class name of the appropriate translation plugin, or null if\n\t *         none is available.\n\t */\n\tpublic static String resolveTranslationPlugin(String renderPlugin,\n\t\t\tString renderOption, String transportPlugin, String transportOption) {\n\t\tlog.info(\"resolveTranslationPlugin: \" + renderPlugin + \", \"\n\t\t\t\t+ renderOption + \", \" + transportPlugin + \", \"\n\t\t\t\t+ (transportOption == null ? \"\" : transportOption));\n\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\t\tCallableStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\tString ret = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tcStmt = c\n\t\t\t\t\t.prepareCall(\"CALL p_ResolveTranslationPlugin( ?, ?, ?, ? );\");\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(1, renderPlugin);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(2, renderOption);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(3, transportPlugin);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(4, transportOption);\n\n\t\t\tboolean hasResult = cStmt.execute();\n\t\t\tif (hasResult) {\n\t\t\t\tResultSet r = cStmt.getResultSet();\n\t\t\t\tr.next();\n\t\t\t\tret = r.getString(1);\n\t\t\t\tlog.info(\"Resolved to class : \" + ret);\n\t\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(r);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (SQLException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught SQLException\", e);\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\treturn ret;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Get a list of plugins for a particular category.\n\t * \n\t * @param category\n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic static List<String> getPlugins(String category) {\n\t\tList<String> results = new ArrayList<String>();\n\n\t\tif (category.equalsIgnoreCase(\"validation\")) {\n\t\t\tcategory = \"validation\"; // validation\n\t\t} else if (category.equalsIgnoreCase(\"render\")) {\n\t\t\tcategory = \"render\"; // render\n\t\t} else if (category.equalsIgnoreCase(\"translation\")) {\n\t\t\tcategory = \"translation\"; // translation\n\t\t} else if (category.equalsIgnoreCase(\"transport\")) {\n\t\t\tcategory = \"transport\"; // transport\n\t\t} else if (category.equalsIgnoreCase(\"eligibility\")) {\n\t\t\tcategory = \"eligibility\"; // eligibility\n\t\t} else if (category.equalsIgnoreCase(\"scooper\")) {\n\t\t\tcategory = \"scooper\"; // scooper\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\t// No plugins for dud categories.\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Could not find plugins for category \" + category);\n\t\t\treturn results;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tConnection c = getConnection();\n\n\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tlog.debug(\"SELECT * FROM tPlugins \" + \"WHERE category = \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ category);\n\n\t\t\tcStmt = c.prepareStatement(\"SELECT * FROM tPlugins \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \"WHERE category = ?\");\n\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(1, category);\n\n\t\t\tboolean hadResults = cStmt.execute();\n\t\t\tif (hadResults) {\n\t\t\t\tResultSet rs = cStmt.getResultSet();\n\t\t\t\twhile (rs.next()) {\n\t\t\t\t\tresults.add(rs.getString(\"plugin\"));\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\trs.close();\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (SQLException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught SQLException\", e);\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\treturn results;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Retrieve user-set configuration option for a particular plugin namespace.\n\t * \n\t * @param plugin\n\t *            Fully qualified class name with path (example:\n\t *            \"org.remitt.plugin.render.XsltPlugin\")\n\t * @param userName\n\t *            Corresponds to username field in tUser table.\n\t * @param option\n\t *            Option string name.\n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic static String getPluginOption(Object plugin, String userName,\n\t\t\tString option) {\n\t\tConnection c = getConnection();\n\t\tString className = plugin.getClass().getName();\n\n\t\tif (!(plugin instanceof PluginInterface)\n\t\t\t\t&& !(plugin instanceof EligibilityInterface)) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Could not resolve plugin\");\n\t\t\treturn null;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\tString ret = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tcStmt = c.prepareStatement(\"SELECT cValue FROM tUserConfig WHERE \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" cNamespace=? AND user=? AND cOption=?;\");\n\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(1, className);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(2, userName);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(3, option);\n\t\t\tboolean hasResult = cStmt.execute();\n\t\t\tif (hasResult) {\n\t\t\t\tResultSet r = cStmt.getResultSet();\n\t\t\t\tr.next();\n\t\t\t\tret = r.getString(1);\n\t\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(r);\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (SQLException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught SQLException\", e);\n\t\t\tlog.info(\"Statement: SELECT cValue FROM tUserConfig WHERE \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \"cNameSpace = '\" + className + \"' AND user = '\"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ userName + \"' AND cOption = \" + option);\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn ret;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Get all configuration values for a user.\n\t * \n\t * @param username\n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic static ConfigurationOption[] getConfigValues(String username) {\n\t\tList<ConfigurationOption> results = new ArrayList<ConfigurationOption>();\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\t\tPreparedStatement pStmt = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tpStmt = c.prepareStatement(\"SELECT * FROM tUserConfig \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" WHERE user = ?\");\n\t\t\tpStmt.setString(1, username);\n\t\t\tboolean hasResult = pStmt.execute();\n\t\t\tif (hasResult) {\n\t\t\t\tResultSet rs = pStmt.getResultSet();\n\t\t\t\twhile (!rs.isAfterLast()) {\n\t\t\t\t\trs.next();\n\t\t\t\t\tConfigurationOption item = new ConfigurationOption(rs\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.getString(\"cNamespace\"), rs.getString(\"cOption\"),\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\trs.getString(\"cValue\"));\n\t\t\t\t\tresults.add(item);\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\trs.close();\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (SQLException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught SQLException\", e);\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(pStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn results.toArray(new ConfigurationOption[0]);\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Set the configuration value for an option.\n\t * \n\t * @param user\n\t * @param namespace\n\t * @param option\n\t * @param value\n\t */\n\tpublic static void setConfigValue(String user, String namespace,\n\t\t\tString option, String value) {\n\t\tlog.info(\"setConfigValue: \" + user + \", \" + namespace + \", \" + option\n\t\t\t\t+ \", \" + value);\n\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\t\tCallableStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tcStmt = c.prepareCall(\"{ CALL p_UserConfigUpdate( ?, ?, ?, ? ); }\");\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(1, user);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(2, namespace);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(3, option);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(4, value);\n\n\t\t\tcStmt.execute();\n\t\t\tcStmt.getResultSet();\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (SQLException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught SQLException\", e);\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Get list of previously scooped files.\n\t * \n\t * @param username\n\t *            Username of user running scooper\n\t * @param pluginClass\n\t *            Fully qualified scooper class name\n\t * @param host\n\t *            Host name\n\t * @param path\n\t *            SFTP path to files\n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic static List<String> getScoopedFiles(String username,\n\t\t\tString pluginClass, String host, String path) {\n\t\tList<String> results = new ArrayList<String>();\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\t\tPreparedStatement pStmt = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tpStmt = c.prepareStatement(\"SELECT filename, stamp FROM tScooper \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" WHERE scooperClass = ? AND user = ? \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" AND host = ? AND path = ?\");\n\t\t\tpStmt.setString(1, pluginClass);\n\t\t\tpStmt.setString(2, username);\n\t\t\tpStmt.setString(3, host);\n\t\t\tpStmt.setString(4, path);\n\t\t\tboolean hasResult = pStmt.execute();\n\t\t\tif (hasResult) {\n\t\t\t\tResultSet rs = pStmt.getResultSet();\n\t\t\t\twhile (!rs.isAfterLast()) {\n\t\t\t\t\trs.next();\n\t\t\t\t\tresults.add(rs.getString(\"filename\"));\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\trs.close();\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (SQLException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught SQLException\", e);\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(pStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn results;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Record scooped file.\n\t * \n\t * @param scooperClass\n\t * @param user\n\t * @param host\n\t * @param path\n\t * @param filename\n\t * @param content\n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic static Integer addScoopedFile(String scooperClass, String user,\n\t\t\tString host, String path, String filename, byte[] content) {\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\n\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\tInteger ret = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tcStmt = c.prepareStatement(\"INSERT INTO tScooper ( \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" scooperClass, user, host, path, filename, content \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" ) VALUES ( \" + \"?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ? \" + \" );\",\n\t\t\t\t\tPreparedStatement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);\n\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(1, scooperClass);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(2, user);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(3, host);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(4, path);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(5, filename);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setBytes(6, content);\n\n\t\t\tcStmt.execute();\n\t\t\tResultSet newKey = cStmt.getGeneratedKeys();\n\t\t\tret = newKey.getInt(\"id\");\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(newKey);\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (SQLException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught SQLException\", e);\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn ret;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Push a remittance payload obtained from a scooper back to the\n\t * \"callback url\" specified for the user who owns the payload.\n\t * \n\t * @param scooperId\n\t */\n\tpublic static void pushScoopedData(Integer scooperId) {\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\n\t\tString user = null;\n\t\tbyte[] content = null;\n\n\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tcStmt = c.prepareStatement(\"SELECT \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" user, host, path, filename, content\"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" FROM tScooper AS a \" + \" WHERE id = ? \" + \";\");\n\t\t\tcStmt.setInt(1, scooperId);\n\n\t\t\tif (cStmt.execute()) {\n\t\t\t\tResultSet rs = cStmt.getResultSet();\n\t\t\t\trs.next();\n\t\t\t\tuser = rs.getString(1);\n\t\t\t\tcontent = rs.getBytes(5);\n\t\t\t\trs.close();\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (Throwable e) {\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t// Bomb the hell out if we somehow fail.\n\t\tif (user == null || content == null) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Unable to pull scooper content for id = \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ scooperId.toString());\n\t\t\treturn;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tX12Message835 parser = new X12Message835();\n\t\tString parsedMessage = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tparser.parse(new String(content));\n\t\t\tparsedMessage = parser.getRemittance().toString();\n\t\t} catch (FormatException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(e);\n\t\t\treturn;\n\t\t}\n\t\tif (parsedMessage == null) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Null message, cannot process any further\");\n\t\t\treturn;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tUserDTO u = UserManagement.getUser(user);\n\t\tpushDataCallback(u, content);\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static void pushRemittanceData(String username, byte[] content) {\n\t\tX12Message835 parser = new X12Message835();\n\t\tString parsedMessage = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tparser.parse(new String(content));\n\t\t\tparsedMessage = parser.getRemittance().toString();\n\t\t} catch (FormatException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(e);\n\t\t\treturn;\n\t\t}\n\t\tif (parsedMessage == null) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Null message, cannot process any further\");\n\t\t\treturn;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tUserDTO u = UserManagement.getUser(username);\n\t\tpushDataCallback(u, parsedMessage.getBytes());\n\t}\n\n\tprivate static void pushDataCallback(UserDTO u, byte[] content) {\n\t\tRemittCallback_Service locator = new RemittCallback_ServiceLocator();\n\t\tRemittCallback_PortType service = null;\n\n\t\tString serviceUrl = u.getCallbackServiceUri();\n\t\tlog.debug(\"pushDataCallback(): Using callback service URI : \"\n\t\t\t\t+ u.getCallbackServiceUri());\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tservice = locator.getRemittCallbackSOAP(new URL(serviceUrl));\n\t\t} catch (ServiceException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(e);\n\t\t\treturn;\n\t\t} catch (MalformedURLException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(e);\n\t\t\treturn;\n\t\t}\n\n\t\t// Override with basic authentication for callback\n\t\t((Stub) service).setUsername(u.getCallbackUsername());\n\t\t((Stub) service).setPassword(u.getCallbackPassword());\n\t\t((Stub) service)._setProperty(Call.USERNAME_PROPERTY, u\n\t\t\t\t.getCallbackUsername());\n\t\t((Stub) service)._setProperty(Call.PASSWORD_PROPERTY, u\n\t\t\t\t.getCallbackPassword());\n\n\t\tlog\n\t\t\t\t.info(\"pushDataCallback(): TODO: Need to pull original reference from payloads to pass back\");\n\t\tint response = -1;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tresponse = service\n\t\t\t\t\t.sendRemittancePayload(0, \"\", new String(content));\n\t\t} catch (RemoteException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(e);\n\t\t}\n\t\tlog.info(\"pushDataCallback(): received response of \" + response);\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Get a constructed file name based on the jobId presented with a\n\t * particular file extension.\n\t * \n\t * @param jobId\n\t * @param fileExtension\n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic static String getFileName(Integer jobId, String fileExtension) {\n\t\treturn jobId.toString() + \"-\" + System.currentTimeMillis() + \".\"\n\t\t\t\t+ fileExtension;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Get scheduler object.\n\t * \n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic static Scheduler getScheduler() {\n\t\treturn scheduler;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Store scheduler object.\n\t * \n\t * @param s\n\t */\n\tpublic static void setScheduler(Scheduler s) {\n\t\tscheduler = s;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Get <List<String>> of users who have a certain scooper enabled.\n\t * \n\t * @param scooperEnabledConfigOption\n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic static List<String> getUsersForScooper(\n\t\t\tString scooperEnabledConfigOption) {\n\t\tList<String> results = new ArrayList<String>();\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\t\tPreparedStatement pStmt = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tpStmt = c.prepareStatement(\"SELECT user FROM tUserConfig \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" WHERE cNamespace = ? \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" AND cValue IN ( '1', 'yes', 'true' );\");\n\t\t\tpStmt.setString(1, scooperEnabledConfigOption);\n\t\t\tboolean hasResult = pStmt.execute();\n\t\t\tif (hasResult) {\n\t\t\t\tResultSet rs = pStmt.getResultSet();\n\t\t\t\twhile (rs.next()) {\n\t\t\t\t\tresults.add(rs.getString(1));\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\trs.close();\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (SQLException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught SQLException\", e);\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(pStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn results;\n\t}\n\n}\nsrc/main/java/org/remitt/prototype/FileListingItem.java\npublic class FileListingItem implements Serializable {\n\n\tprivate static final long serialVersionUID = 20100405145800L;\n\n\tprivate String filename;\n\tprivate Integer filesize;\n\tprivate Date inserted;\n\tprivate String originalId;\n\n\tpublic FileListingItem() {\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void setFilename(String filename) {\n\t\tthis.filename = filename;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic String getFilename() {\n\t\treturn filename;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void setFilesize(Integer filesize) {\n\t\tthis.filesize = filesize;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic Integer getFilesize() {\n\t\treturn filesize;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void setInserted(Date inserted) {\n\t\tthis.inserted = inserted;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic Date getInserted() {\n\t\treturn inserted;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void setOriginalId(String originalId) {\n\t\tthis.originalId = originalId;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic String getOriginalId() {\n\t\treturn originalId;\n\t}\n\n}\nsrc/main/java/org/remitt/prototype/UserDTO.java\npublic class UserDTO implements Serializable {\n\n\tprivate static final long serialVersionUID = 2010032100000L;\n\n\tprivate String username;\n\tprivate String password;\n\tprivate String contactEmail;\n\tprivate String callbackServiceUri;\n\tprivate String callbackServiceWsdlUri;\n\tprivate String callbackUsername;\n\tprivate String callbackPassword;\n\tprivate String[] roles;\n\n\tpublic UserDTO() {\n\t}\n\n\t@Override\n\tpublic String toString() {\n\t\treturn \"UserDTO object [\" + getUsername() + \", roles = \"\n\t\t\t\t+ StringUtils.join(getRoles(), ',') + \"]\";\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @param username\n\t *            the username to set\n\t */\n\tpublic void setUsername(String username) {\n\t\tthis.username = username;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @return the username\n\t */\n\tpublic String getUsername() {\n\t\treturn username;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @param password\n\t *            the password to set\n\t */\n\tpublic void setPassword(String password) {\n\t\tthis.password = password;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @return the password\n\t */\n\tpublic String getPassword() {\n\t\treturn password;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @param contactEmail\n\t *            the contactEmail to set\n\t */\n\tpublic void setContactEmail(String contactEmail) {\n\t\tthis.contactEmail = contactEmail;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @return the contactEmail\n\t */\n\tpublic String getContactEmail() {\n\t\treturn contactEmail;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @param callbackServiceUri\n\t *            the callbackServiceUri to set\n\t */\n\tpublic void setCallbackServiceUri(String callbackServiceUri) {\n\t\tthis.callbackServiceUri = callbackServiceUri;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @return the callbackServiceUri\n\t */\n\tpublic String getCallbackServiceUri() {\n\t\treturn callbackServiceUri;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @param callbackServiceWsdlUri\n\t *            the callbackServiceWsdlUri to set\n\t */\n\tpublic void setCallbackServiceWsdlUri(String callbackServiceWsdlUri) {\n\t\tthis.callbackServiceWsdlUri = callbackServiceWsdlUri;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @return the callbackServiceWsdlUri\n\t */\n\tpublic String getCallbackServiceWsdlUri() {\n\t\treturn callbackServiceWsdlUri;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @param callbackUsername\n\t *            the callbackUsername to set\n\t */\n\tpublic void setCallbackUsername(String callbackUsername) {\n\t\tthis.callbackUsername = callbackUsername;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @return the callbackUsername\n\t */\n\tpublic String getCallbackUsername() {\n\t\treturn callbackUsername;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @param callbackPassword\n\t *            the callbackPassword to set\n\t */\n\tpublic void setCallbackPassword(String callbackPassword) {\n\t\tthis.callbackPassword = callbackPassword;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @return the callbackPassword\n\t */\n\tpublic String getCallbackPassword() {\n\t\treturn callbackPassword;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @param roles\n\t *            the roles to set\n\t */\n\tpublic void setRoles(String[] roles) {\n\t\tthis.roles = roles;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @return the roles\n\t */\n\tpublic String[] getRoles() {\n\t\treturn roles;\n\t}\n\n}\nsrc/main/java/org/remitt/datastore/DbFileStore.java\npublic class DbFileStore {\n\n\tstatic final Logger log = Logger.getLogger(DbFileStore.class);\n\n\tpublic DbFileStore() {\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Remove a file from database-backed file store.\n\t * \n\t * @param username\n\t * @param category\n\t * @param filename\n\t * @return Success.\n\t */\n\tpublic static boolean deleteFile(String username, String category,\n\t\t\tString filename) {\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\n\t\tboolean success = false;\n\n\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tcStmt = c.prepareStatement(\"DELETE FROM tFileStore \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" WHERE user = ? \" + \" AND category = ? \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" AND filename = ?\" + \";\");\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(1, username);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(2, category);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(3, filename);\n\t\t\tcStmt.execute();\n\t\t\tsuccess = true;\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (Throwable e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught Throwable\", e);\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\treturn success;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Create new \"unique\" filename.\n\t * \n\t * @param extension\n\t * @return String representation of the filename.\n\t */\n\tpublic static synchronized String generateFilename(String extension) {\n\t\treturn new Long(System.currentTimeMillis()).toString() + \".\"\n\t\t\t\t+ extension;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Retrieve file contents from database-backed file store.\n\t * \n\t * @param username\n\t * @param category\n\t * @param file\n\t * @return Contents of file.\n\t */\n\tpublic static byte[] getFile(String username, String category, String file) {\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\n\t\tbyte[] ret = null;\n\n\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tcStmt = c.prepareStatement(\"SELECT content FROM tFileStore \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" WHERE user = ? AND category = ? and filename = ? \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \";\");\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(1, username);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(2, category);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(3, file);\n\n\t\t\tif (cStmt.execute()) {\n\t\t\t\tResultSet rs = cStmt.getResultSet();\n\t\t\t\trs.next();\n\t\t\t\tret = rs.getBytes(\"content\");\n\t\t\t\trs.close();\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (Throwable e) {\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\treturn ret;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Insert file into database-backed file store. Duplicates throw SQL errors,\n\t * since the db backed file store has a constraint specifying a unique index\n\t * for the file names.\n\t * \n\t * @param username\n\t * @param category\n\t * @param filename\n\t * @param content\n\t * @return Success, true or false.\n\t */\n\tpublic static boolean putFile(String username, String category,\n\t\t\tString filename, byte[] content, Integer processorId) {\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\n\t\tboolean success = false;\n\n\t\tInteger payloadId = 0;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tpayloadId = Configuration.getControlThread()\n\t\t\t\t\t.getPayloadFromProcessor(processorId).getId();\n\t\t} catch (Exception ex) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Couldn't get payloadId from processorId = \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ (processorId == null ? \"null\" : processorId));\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tcStmt = c.prepareStatement(\"INSERT INTO tFileStore \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" ( user, stamp, category, filename, content, \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" contentsize, processorId, payloadId ) \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" VALUES ( ?, NOW(), ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ? ) \" + \";\");\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(1, username);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(2, category);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(3, filename);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setBytes(4, content);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setInt(5, content.length);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setInt(6, processorId);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setInt(7, payloadId);\n\t\t\tcStmt.execute();\n\t\t\tsuccess = true;\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (Throwable e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught Throwable\", e);\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\treturn success;\n\t}\n\n}\nsrc/main/java/org/remitt/prototype/EligibilityRequest.java\npublic class EligibilityRequest implements Serializable {\n\n\tprivate static final long serialVersionUID = -7314219097240200502L;\n\n\tprivate String plugin;\n\tprivate Map<EligibilityParameter, String> request;\n\n\tpublic EligibilityRequest() {\n\t}\n\n\tpublic String getPlugin() {\n\t\treturn plugin;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void setPlugin(String plugin) {\n\t\tthis.plugin = plugin;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic Map<EligibilityParameter, String> getRequest() {\n\t\treturn request;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void setRequest(Map<EligibilityParameter, String> request) {\n\t\tthis.request = request;\n\t}\n\n}\nsrc/main/java/org/remitt/server/DbUtil.java\npublic class DbUtil {\n\n\tpublic static void closeSafely(Connection c) {\n\t\tif (c != null) {\n\t\t\ttry {\n\t\t\t\tc.close();\n\t\t\t} catch (Exception ex) {\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static void closeSafely(PreparedStatement c) {\n\t\tif (c != null) {\n\t\t\ttry {\n\t\t\t\tc.close();\n\t\t\t} catch (Exception ex) {\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static void closeSafely(CallableStatement c) {\n\t\tif (c != null) {\n\t\t\ttry {\n\t\t\t\tc.close();\n\t\t\t} catch (Exception ex) {\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static void closeSafely(ResultSet rs) {\n\t\tif (rs != null) {\n\t\t\ttry {\n\t\t\t\trs.close();\n\t\t\t} catch (Exception ex) {\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n}\nsrc/main/java/org/remitt/prototype/ValidationResponse.java\npublic class ValidationResponse implements Serializable {\n\n\tprivate static final long serialVersionUID = 7874460334444969370L;\n\n\tprivate ValidationStatus status;\n\tprivate List<ValidationResponseMessage> messages = new ArrayList<ValidationResponseMessage>();\n\n\tpublic ValidationResponse() {\n\t}\n\n\tpublic List<ValidationResponseMessage> getMessages() {\n\t\treturn messages;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void setMessages(List<ValidationResponseMessage> messages) {\n\t\tthis.messages = messages;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void addMessage(ValidationResponseMessage message) {\n\t\tthis.messages.add(message);\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void setStatus(ValidationStatus status) {\n\t\tthis.status = status;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic ValidationStatus getStatus() {\n\t\treturn status;\n\t}\n\n\t@Override\n\tpublic String toString() {\n\t\treturn new ToStringBuilder(this).append(\"status\", status).append(\n\t\t\t\t\"messages\", messages).toString();\n\t}\n\n}\nsrc/main/java/org/remitt/datastore/KeyringStore.java\npublic class KeyringStore {\n\n\tstatic final Logger log = Logger.getLogger(KeyringStore.class);\n\n\tpublic KeyringStore() {\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Remove a key from a user's keyring.\n\t * \n\t * @param username\n\t * @param keyname\n\t * @return Success.\n\t */\n\tpublic static boolean deleteKey(String username, String keyname) {\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\n\t\tboolean success = false;\n\n\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tcStmt = c.prepareStatement(\"DELETE FROM tKeyring \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" WHERE user = ? \" + \" AND keyname = ? \" + \";\");\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(1, username);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(2, keyname);\n\t\t\tcStmt.execute();\n\t\t\tsuccess = true;\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (Throwable e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught Throwable\", e);\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\treturn success;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Get a key from a user's keyring.\n\t * \n\t * @param username\n\t *            User name\n\t * @param keyname\n\t *            Canonical key name\n\t * @return Keyring item object.\n\t */\n\tpublic static KeyringItem getKey(String username, String keyname) {\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\n\t\tKeyringItem ret = null;\n\n\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tcStmt = c.prepareStatement(\"SELECT \" + \" privatekey \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" , publickey \" + \" FROM tKeyring \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" WHERE user = ? AND keyname = ? \" + \";\");\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(1, username);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(2, keyname);\n\n\t\t\tif (cStmt.execute()) {\n\t\t\t\tResultSet rs = cStmt.getResultSet();\n\t\t\t\trs.next();\n\t\t\t\tret = new KeyringItem();\n\t\t\t\tret.setKeyname(keyname);\n\t\t\t\tret.setPrivatekey(rs.getBytes(1));\n\t\t\t\tret.setPublickey(rs.getBytes(2));\n\t\t\t\trs.close();\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (Throwable e) {\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\treturn ret;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Get keyring for user.\n\t * \n\t * @param username\n\t * @return All items on keyring as array.\n\t */\n\tpublic static KeyringItem[] getKeys(String username) {\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\n\t\tList<KeyringItem> ret = new ArrayList<KeyringItem>();\n\n\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tcStmt = c.prepareStatement(\"SELECT \" + \" keyname \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \", privatekey \" + \" , publickey \" + \" FROM tKeyring \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" WHERE user = ? \" + \";\");\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(1, username);\n\n\t\t\tif (cStmt.execute()) {\n\t\t\t\tResultSet rs = cStmt.getResultSet();\n\t\t\t\twhile (rs.next()) {\n\t\t\t\t\tKeyringItem i = new KeyringItem();\n\t\t\t\t\ti.setKeyname(rs.getString(1));\n\t\t\t\t\ti.setPrivatekey(rs.getBytes(2));\n\t\t\t\t\ti.setPublickey(rs.getBytes(3));\n\t\t\t\t\tret.add(i);\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\trs.close();\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (Throwable e) {\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\treturn ret.toArray(new KeyringItem[0]);\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Get a named public or private key from a user's keyring.\n\t * \n\t * @param username\n\t *            User name\n\t * @param keyname\n\t *            Canonical key name\n\t * @param privateKey\n\t *            Whether or not the key being requested is a private key. If\n\t *            false, the public key will be returned.\n\t * @return Contents of key.\n\t */\n\tpublic static byte[] getKey(String username, String keyname,\n\t\t\tboolean privateKey) {\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\n\t\tbyte[] ret = null;\n\n\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tcStmt = c.prepareStatement(\"SELECT \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ (privateKey ? \"privatekey\" : \"publickey\")\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" FROM tKeyring \" + \" WHERE user = ? AND keyname = ? \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \";\");\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(1, username);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(2, keyname);\n\n\t\t\tif (cStmt.execute()) {\n\t\t\t\tResultSet rs = cStmt.getResultSet();\n\t\t\t\trs.next();\n\t\t\t\tret = rs.getBytes(1);\n\t\t\t\trs.close();\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (Throwable e) {\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\treturn ret;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * Add a key to the user's keyring.\n\t * \n\t * @param username\n\t * @param keyname\n\t * @param privatekey\n\t * @param publickey\n\t * @return Success.\n\t */\n\tpublic static boolean putKey(String username, String keyname,\n\t\t\tbyte[] privatekey, byte[] publickey) {\n\t\tConnection c = Configuration.getConnection();\n\n\t\tboolean success = false;\n\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tlog.trace(\"Executing deleteKey so we don't have duplicates\");\n\t\t\tdeleteKey(username, keyname);\n\t\t} catch (Exception ex) {\n\t\t\tlog.debug(ex);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tcStmt = c.prepareStatement(\"INSERT INTO tKeyring \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" ( user, keyname, privatekey, publickey ) \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" VALUES ( ?, ?, ?, ? ) \" + \";\");\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(1, username);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(2, keyname);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setBytes(3, privatekey);\n\t\t\tcStmt.setBytes(4, publickey);\n\t\t\tcStmt.execute();\n\t\t\tsuccess = true;\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (Throwable e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught Throwable\", e);\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\n\t\treturn success;\n\t}\n\n}\nsrc/main/java/org/remitt/prototype/ParserInterface.java\npublic interface ParserInterface {\n\n\tpublic String parseData(String inputData) throws Exception;\n\n}\nsrc/main/java/org/remitt/server/Service.java\n@GZIP\n@WebService(targetNamespace = \"http://server.remitt.org/\")\npublic interface Service {\n\n\t/**\n\t * Get version number of REMITT protocol being used.\n\t * \n\t * @return String representation of protocol version.\n\t */\n\tpublic String getProtocolVersion();\n\n\t/**\n\t * Change current user's password\n\t * \n\t * @param newPassword\n\t *            New password\n\t * @return Success\n\t */\n\tpublic Boolean changePassword(\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"pw\") @WebParam(name = \"pw\") String newPassword);\n\n\t/**\n\t * Get the currently authenticated user's name.\n\t * \n\t * @return String representation of the user's name.\n\t */\n\tpublic String getCurrentUserName();\n\n\t/**\n\t * Insert payload into the system for processing.\n\t * \n\t * @param originalId\n\t *            Foreign system id for this payload\n\t * @param inputPayload\n\t *            XML text payload\n\t * @param renderPlugin\n\t *            Fully qualified Java class name of rendering plugin.\n\t * @param renderOption\n\t *            Optional option for render plugin.\n\t * @param transportPlugin\n\t *            Fully qualified Java class name of transport plugin\n\t * @param transportOption\n\t *            Optional option for the transport plugin\n\t * @return tPayload unique identifier for this job.\n\t */\n\tpublic Integer insertPayload(\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"originalId\") @WebParam(name = \"originalId\") String originalId,\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"inputPayload\") @WebParam(name = \"inputPayload\") String inputPayload,\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"renderPlugin\") @WebParam(name = \"renderPlugin\") String renderPlugin,\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"renderOption\") @WebParam(name = \"renderOption\") String renderOption,\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"transportPlugin\") @WebParam(name = \"transportPlugin\") String transportPlugin,\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"transportOption\") @WebParam(name = \"transportOption\") String transportOption);\n\n\t/**\n\t * Resubmit an existing payload.\n\t * \n\t * @param originalPayloadId\n\t *            tPayload unique identifier for the original payload.\n\t * @return New tPayload unique identifier for this job.\n\t */\n\tpublic Integer resubmitPayload(\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"originalPayloadId\") @WebParam(name = \"originalPayloadId\") Integer originalPayloadId);\n\n\t/**\n\t * Get all configuration values for a user.\n\t * \n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic ConfigurationOption[] getConfigValues();\n\n\t/**\n\t * Set configuration option.\n\t * \n\t * @param namespace\n\t *            Fully qualified class name of plugin.\n\t * @param option\n\t *            Option key.\n\t * @param value\n\t *            Option value.\n\t * @return Success.\n\t */\n\tpublic Boolean setConfigValue(\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"namespace\") @WebParam(name = \"namespace\") String namespace,\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"option\") @WebParam(name = \"option\") String option,\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"value\") @WebParam(name = \"value\") String value);\n\n\t/**\n\t * Retrieve current job status\n\t * \n\t * @param jobId\n\t * @return Integer indicating current status. 0 = completed, 1 =\n\t *         verification, 2 = rendering, 3 = translation, 4 = transport, 5 =\n\t *         unknown, 6 = failed\n\t */\n\tpublic Integer getStatus(\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"jobId\") @WebParam(name = \"jobId\") Integer jobId);\n\n\t/**\n\t * Retrieve current job status for a list of job ids.\n\t * \n\t * @param jobIds\n\t *            Array of payload ids.\n\t * @return Array of Integers indicating current status. 0 = completed, 1 =\n\t *         verification, 2 = rendering, 3 = translation, 4 = transport, 5 =\n\t *         unknown\n\t */\n\tpublic Integer[] getBulkStatus(\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"jobIds\") @WebParam(name = \"jobIds\") Integer[] jobIds);\n\n\t/**\n\t * Retrieve list of file names that match the provided criteria.\n\t * \n\t * @param category\n\t * @param criteria\n\t * @param value\n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic FileListingItem[] getFileList(\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"category\") @WebParam(name = \"category\") String category,\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"criteria\") @WebParam(name = \"criteria\") String criteria,\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"value\") @WebParam(name = \"value\") String value);\n\n\t/**\n\t * Get list of plugins for a specified category.\n\t * \n\t * @param category\n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic String[] getPlugins(\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"category\") @WebParam(name = \"category\") String category);\n\n\t/**\n\t * Retrieve output file.\n\t * \n\t * @param category\n\t *            Output file category.\n\t * @param filename\n\t *            Name of file to be retrieved.\n\t * @return Contents of target file as byte array.\n\t */\n\tpublic byte[] getFile(\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"category\") @WebParam(name = \"category\") String category,\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"filename\") @WebParam(name = \"filename\") String filename);\n\n\t/**\n\t * Get list of years for which the system has output files.\n\t * \n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic Integer[][] getOutputYears();\n\n\t/**\n\t * Get list of months in a target year for which the system has output\n\t * files.\n\t * \n\t * @param targetYear\n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic String[] getOutputMonths(\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"targetyear\") @WebParam(name = \"targetYear\") Integer targetYear);\n\n\t/**\n\t * Get list of plugin options.\n\t * \n\t * @param pluginClass\n\t *            Fully qualified class name of target plugin.\n\t * @param qualifyingOption\n\t *            Optional qualifier, required by render plugin.\n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic String[] getPluginOptions(\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"pluginclass\") @WebParam(name = \"pluginclass\") String pluginClass,\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"qualifyingoption\") @WebParam(name = \"qualifyingoption\") String qualifyingOption);\n\n\t/**\n\t * Check for eligibility.\n\t * \n\t * @param request\n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic EligibilityResponse getEligibility(\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"request\") @WebParam(name = \"request\") EligibilityRequest request);\n\n\t/**\n\t * Insert batches of eligibility checks.\n\t * \n\t * @param requests\n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic Integer batchEligibilityCheck(\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"requests\") @WebParam(name = \"requests\") EligibilityRequest[] requests);\n\n\t/**\n\t * Use a REMITT parser to parse source data.\n\t * \n\t * @param parserClass\n\t *            <ParserInterface> descendent class name\n\t * @param data\n\t *            Raw data to be parsed\n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic String parseData(\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"parserClass\") @WebParam(name = \"parserClass\") String parserClass,\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"data\") @WebParam(name = \"data\") String data);\n\n\t/**\n\t * Validate an arbitrary\n\t * \n\t * @param validatorClass\n\t *            <ValidationPlugin> descendent class name\n\t * @param data\n\t *            Raw data to be validated.\n\t * @return Payload describing validator output\n\t */\n\tpublic ValidationResponse validatePayload(\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"parserClass\") @WebParam(name = \"validatorClass\") String validatorClass,\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"data\") @WebParam(name = \"data\") byte[] data);\n\n\t/**\n\t * Add a REMITT user.\n\t * \n\t * @param user\n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic boolean addRemittUser(\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"user\") @WebParam(name = \"user\") UserDTO user);\n\n\t/**\n\t * Get array of REMITT user objects.\n\t * \n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic UserDTO[] listRemittUsers();\n\n\t/**\n\t * Add an encryption key to the REMITT user's key ring.\n\t * \n\t * @param keyname\n\t * @param privatekey\n\t * @param publickey\n\t * @return\n\t */\n\tpublic boolean addKeyToKeyring(\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"keyname\") @WebParam(name = \"keyname\") String keyname,\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"privatekey\") @WebParam(name = \"privatekey\") byte[] privatekey,\n\t\t\t@PathParam(\"publickey\") @WebParam(name = \"publickey\") byte[] publickey);\n\n}\nsrc/main/java/org/remitt/prototype/EligibilityInterface.java\npublic interface EligibilityInterface {\n\n\tpublic String getPluginName();\n\n\tpublic Double getPluginVersion();\n\n\tpublic EligibilityResponse checkEligibility(String userName,\n\t\t\tMap<EligibilityParameter, String> values, boolean resubmission,\n\t\t\tInteger jobId) throws Exception;\n\n\tpublic String[] getPluginConfigurationOptions();\n\n}\nimport java.sql.CallableStatement;\nimport java.sql.Connection;\nimport java.sql.PreparedStatement;\nimport java.sql.ResultSet;\nimport java.sql.SQLException;\nimport java.util.ArrayList;\nimport java.util.List;\nimport javax.annotation.Resource;\nimport javax.jws.WebService;\nimport javax.ws.rs.GET;\nimport javax.ws.rs.POST;\nimport javax.ws.rs.Path;\nimport javax.ws.rs.Produces;\nimport javax.xml.ws.WebServiceContext;\nimport javax.xml.ws.handler.MessageContext;\nimport org.apache.cxf.headers.Header;\nimport org.apache.cxf.helpers.CastUtils;\nimport org.apache.cxf.jaxws.context.WrappedMessageContext;\nimport org.apache.cxf.message.Message;\nimport org.apache.log4j.Logger;\nimport org.remitt.datastore.DbEligibilityJob;\nimport org.remitt.datastore.DbFileStore;\nimport org.remitt.datastore.KeyringStore;\nimport org.remitt.datastore.UserManagement;\nimport org.remitt.prototype.ConfigurationOption;\nimport org.remitt.prototype.EligibilityInterface;\nimport org.remitt.prototype.EligibilityRequest;\nimport org.remitt.prototype.EligibilityResponse;\nimport org.remitt.prototype.FileListingItem;\nimport org.remitt.prototype.ParserInterface;\nimport org.remitt.prototype.PluginInterface;\nimport org.remitt.prototype.UserDTO;\nimport org.remitt.prototype.ValidationInterface;\nimport org.remitt.prototype.ValidationResponse;\nimport org.remitt.server.Configuration;\nimport org.remitt.server.DbUtil;\nimport org.remitt.server.Service;\n\t\tlog.debug(\"getOutputYears for \" + userName);\n\n\t\tInteger[][] returnValue = null;\n\t\tPreparedStatement cStmt = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tcStmt = c.prepareStatement(\"SELECT \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \" DISTINCT(YEAR(stamp)) AS year \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \", COUNT(YEAR(stamp)) AS c \" + \" FROM tFileStore \"\n\t\t\t\t\t+ \"WHERE user = ? \" + \" GROUP BY YEAR(stamp) \" + \";\");\n\t\t\tcStmt.setString(1, userName);\n\n\t\t\tboolean hadResults = cStmt.execute();\n\t\t\tList<Integer[]> results = new ArrayList<Integer[]>();\n\t\t\tif (hadResults) {\n\t\t\t\tResultSet rs = cStmt.getResultSet();\n\t\t\t\twhile (rs.next()) {\n\t\t\t\t\tList<Integer> atomicResult = new ArrayList<Integer>();\n\t\t\t\t\tatomicResult.add(rs.getInt(1));\n\t\t\t\t\tatomicResult.add(rs.getInt(2));\n\t\t\t\t\tresults.add(atomicResult.toArray(new Integer[0]));\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\trs.close();\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\treturnValue = results.toArray(new Integer[0][0]);\n\t\t} catch (NullPointerException npe) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught NullPointerException\", npe);\n\t\t} catch (SQLException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(\"Caught SQLException\", e);\n\t\t} finally {\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(cStmt);\n\t\t\tDbUtil.closeSafely(c);\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn returnValue;\n\t}\n\n\t@POST\n\t@Path(\"eligibility\")\n\t@Produces(\"application/json\")\n\t@Override\n\tpublic EligibilityResponse getEligibility(EligibilityRequest request) {\n\t\tString userName = getCurrentUserName();\n\n\t\tEligibilityInterface p = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tp = (EligibilityInterface) Class.forName(request.getPlugin())\n\t\t\t\t\t.newInstance();\n\t\t} catch (InstantiationException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(e);\n\t\t\treturn null;\n\t\t} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(e);\n\t\t\treturn null;\n\t\t} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(e);\n\t\t\treturn null;\n\t\t}\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\treturn p.checkEligibility(userName, request.getRequest(), false,\n\t\t\t\t\t(int) System.currentTimeMillis() % 1000000000);\n\t\t} catch (Exception e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(e);\n\t\t\treturn null;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\t@POST\n\t@Path(\"eligibilitybatch\")\n\t@Produces(\"application/json\")\n\t@Override\n\tpublic Integer batchEligibilityCheck(EligibilityRequest[] requests) {\n\t\tString userName = getCurrentUserName();\n\t\tfor (EligibilityRequest param : requests) {\n\t\t\tDbEligibilityJob.addEligibilityJob(userName, param.getPlugin(),\n\t\t\t\t\tparam.getRequest());\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn 1;\n\t}\n\n\t@POST\n\t@Path(\"parse\")\n\t@Produces(\"application/json\")\n\t@Override\n\tpublic String parseData(String parserClass, String data) {\n\t\t// String userName = getCurrentUserName();\n\n\t\tParserInterface p = null;\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\tp = (ParserInterface) Class.forName(parserClass).newInstance();\n\t\t} catch (InstantiationException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(e);\n\t\t\treturn null;\n\t\t} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(e);\n\t\t\treturn null;\n\t\t} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(e);\n\t\t\treturn null;\n\t\t}\n\t\ttry {\n\t\t\treturn p.parseData(data);\n\t\t} catch (Exception e) {\n\t\t\tlog.error(e);\n\t\t\treturn null;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\t@POST\n\t@Path(\"addkey/{keyname}/{privatekey}/{publickey}\")\n\t@Produces(\"application/json\")\n\t@Override\n\tpublic boolean addKeyToKeyring(String keyname, byte[] privatekey,\n\t\t\tbyte[] publickey) {\n\t\treturn KeyringStore.putKey(getCurrentUserName(), keyname, privatekey,\n\t\t\t\tpublickey);\n\t}\n\n\t@POST\n\t@Path(\"adduser/{user}\")\n\t@Produces(\"application/json\")\n\t@OverrideNext line of code:\n"}
{"question_id": 33, "category": "longbench_trec", "reference": ["Date"], "prompt": "Please determine the type of the question below. Here are some examples of questions.\n\nQuestion: What do I have to do to get good grades in school ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: What is the acreage of the Chappellet vineyard ?\nType: Size, area and volume\nQuestion: How many men died building the Mackinaw Bridge ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: What is the folklore story regarding birds ' nests and birds in Christmas trees ?\nType: Invention, book and other creative piece\nQuestion: What is the predominant color of the Tab label ?\nType: Color\nQuestion: How do I log on to home page at Headquarters U.S. European Command ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: What developed a crack in 1835 while tolling the death of U.S. Chief Justice John Marshall ?\nType: Other entity\nQuestion: Who is Nicolo Paganini ?\nType: Description of a person\nQuestion: What is the fine for having a dog on a beach ?\nType: Price\nQuestion: How can I enforce new rules to a group of youngsters who have been allowed to do as they please .\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: What is the largest city in the world ?\nType: City\nQuestion: What is the largest county in size in Massachusetts ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: How many horses died during the civil war ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: What is Australia Day ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: What is a fear of sinning ?\nType: Disease and medicine\nQuestion: What was the former residence of Scottish kings in Edinburgh ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What is Bill Gates of Microsoft E-mail address ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What is the VDRL test of blood ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: What features of the African elephant are larger than those of the Indian elephant ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: Where is the Henry Ford Museum ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: How long did Shea and Gould practice law in Los Angeles ?\nType: Lasting time of somethin\nQuestion: What football bowl game 's first queen was Hallie Woods ?\nType: Sport\nQuestion: What is the dot on an the letter i called ?\nType: Equivalent term\nQuestion: What is a geoscientist ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: What are the Benelux countries ?\nType: Country\nQuestion: What blew up at Lakehurst , New Jersey , on May 6 , 1977 ?\nType: Other entity\nQuestion: What is the difference between pop music and rock and roll ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: Name the person who burst through the screen in the Lite beer commercials .\nType: Individual\nQuestion: Who is buried in the great pyramid of Giza ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What countries have the best math students ?\nType: Country\nQuestion: What 's a Craps player called ?\nType: Equivalent term\nQuestion: What country was Hitler the chancellor of ?\nType: Country\nQuestion: What well-known TV talk show host was a lay preacher by the time he was seventeen ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: When was John D. Rockefeller born ?\nType: Date\nQuestion: What is the biblical meaning of ` stones ' ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: Who killed JFK ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What U.S. university boasts the largest library ?\nType: Group or organization of person\nQuestion: Name the U.S. Senate majority leader and the Speaker of the House .\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What state has the most Indians ?\nType: State\nQuestion: How many small businesses are there in the United States ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: What kind of education do I need to become a flight attendant ?\nType: Other entity\nQuestion: What condiment do the Dutch dip their French fries in ?\nType: Food\nQuestion: Who was President Cleveland 's wife ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What university was Woodrow Wilson President of ?\nType: Group or organization of person\nQuestion: What does Choo Choo Charlie say ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: What is the average age of a member of the team that worked on the Manhatten Project ?\nType: Lasting time of somethin\nQuestion: Who advised listeners to `` see the U.S.A. in your Chevrolet '' ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What 's the nickname of oddsmaker Jimmy Snyder ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: Who told all in Ball Four ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What film dramatized the Scopes monkey trial ?\nType: Invention, book and other creative piece\nQuestion: How many square feet is Bill Gates ' home ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: What are some science fair projects for 8th graders ?\nType: Event\nQuestion: How can you contact play producers and promoters on-line ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: What is hypnotherapy ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: Who is Mia Farrow 's mother ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: Name the Ranger who was always after Yogi Bear .\nType: Individual\nQuestion: When did Mount St. Helen last have a significant eruption ?\nType: Date\nQuestion: How much did Lucy Van Pelt originally charge for psychiatric sessions ?\nType: Price\nQuestion: Who was the first woman in space ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What was the name of the first Watergate special prosecutor , later fired by Nixon ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: Name the Ranger who was always after Yogi Bear .\nType: Individual\nQuestion: How many people live in Tokyo ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: What is the oldest profession ?\nType: Title of a person\nQuestion: What American sergeant lost both of his hands in combat during World War II and then went on to act in a single movie for which he won two Oscars ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: Who directed `` Jaws '' ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: Why is black the color of mourning in the West ?\nType: Reason\nQuestion: What is Cabarnet Sauvignon ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: Who played the part of the Godfather in the movie , ` The Godfather ' ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What according to the Kinsey Institute , is the sexual preference of four percent of American males ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: What is the AIM-54C Phoenix ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: Who painted Mother and Child ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: Who was the first black to be head coach of a major league pro sports team ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What are the Cleveland Indians also called ?\nType: Equivalent term\nQuestion: What did Englishman John Hawkins begin selling to New World colonists in 1562 ?\nType: Other entity\nQuestion: When did the American Civil War end ?\nType: Date\nQuestion: Who wrote the book , `` Huckleberry Finn '' ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: How do ants have sex ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: Who is Zebulon Pike ?\nType: Description of a person\nQuestion: Which one of the original seven Mercury program astronauts did not fly on any of the Mercury flights ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What New England state covers 5.9 square miles ?\nType: State\nQuestion: The Olympic Games in which year allowed Nadia Comaneci to become popular ?\nType: Date\nQuestion: How many South American countries have the letter Z in their names ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: What does the method called `` cold fusion '' create ?\nType: Techniques and method\nQuestion: What labor leader was last seen in the parking lot of a Michigan restaurant ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: Where is Kings Canyon ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: How many American actors were nominated for the best actor Oscar for 1983 ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: When was the Congress of Vienna ?\nType: Date\nQuestion: What basketball maneuver did Bert Loomis invent ?\nType: Techniques and method\nQuestion: Which two inventors invented Post-its ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: Which area produces the least acidic coffee ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What do ladybugs eat ?\nType: Food\nQuestion: How far is Yaroslavl from Moscow ?\nType: Distance, linear measure\nQuestion: What are the most albums sold by one artist or band ?\nType: Invention, book and other creative piece\nQuestion: What 's a `` coup de poing '' to a French boxer ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: From what cause does tuberculosis stem ?\nType: Reason\nQuestion: What is an aortic abdominal aneurysm ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: Who did Dita Beard work for ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What does a man suffering from diphallic terata have ?\nType: Disease and medicine\nQuestion: What team did baseball 's St. Louis Browns become ?\nType: Group or organization of person\nQuestion: How many stars are there in Big Dipper ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: What English queen had seventeen children ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What is a portal ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: What letter adorns the flag of Rwanda ?\nType: Letter like a-z\nQuestion: How long does it take different materials to decompose ?\nType: Lasting time of somethin\nQuestion: What is the belt of low pressure around the equator called ?\nType: Equivalent term\nQuestion: What does SHIELD stand for ?\nType: Expression abbreviated\nQuestion: What was the U.S. highway death toll in 1969 ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: Where can I find out the top 1 singles ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What food of the three bears did Goldilocks eat ?\nType: Food\nQuestion: What TV character said ; `` One of these days , Alice , pow , right in the kisser '' ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What English queen had six fingers on one hand ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: Who is Desmond Tutu ?\nType: Description of a person\nQuestion: What is New England 's highest mountain ?\nType: Mountain\nQuestion: What three European countries begin with the letter A ?\nType: Country\nQuestion: What island has a park called The Battery at is southern tip ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What is the probability that at least 2 out of 25 people will have the same birthday ?\nType: Percent, fraction\nQuestion: Why do we ask for the `` check '' and not the bill at a restaurant ?\nType: Reason\nQuestion: Who was Maria Theresa ?\nType: Description of a person\nQuestion: What little boy and dog live in a shoe ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: Which hair care product told us `` hate that gray , wash it away '' ?\nType: Product\nQuestion: What nutrients are for healthy bones and teeth ?\nType: Food\nQuestion: What was the name of Randy Craft 's lawyer ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: Who was the first governor of West Virginia ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What is the capital of California ?\nType: City\nQuestion: What was the name of Darth Vader 's son ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: Which of the following men was not married to Rita Hayworth ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What English physician was born on January 18 , 1779 and went on to create two important inventions ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What was the death toll at the eruption of Mount Pinatubo ?\nType: Other number\nQuestion: What is the mission of Nike ?\nType: Event\nQuestion: What non-mechanical sport achieves the highest speeds ?\nType: Sport\nQuestion: Where is Hearst Castle , built by publisher William Randolph Hearst ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What is the difference between optical and digital video ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: What animals did The Amazing Three masquerade as ?\nType: Animal\nQuestion: What are two plants that clothes are made from ?\nType: Plant\nQuestion: What province is Edmonton located in ?\nType: State\nQuestion: Who recorded the 1957 hit Tammy ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: How do you exterminate bees that are in the walls of your home ? Will bee eggs remain over winter ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: What is the Bernoulli Principle ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: How can I easily remove red wine stains from t-shirts ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: What is the origin of Boxing Day ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: What is the abbreviation for Original Equipment Manufacturer ?\nType: Abbreviation\nQuestion: What Italian liner was hijacked in 1985 ?\nType: Vehicle\nQuestion: When does the average teenager first have intercourse ?\nType: Date\nQuestion: What are the `` Star Wars '' satellites ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: Where was helium first discovered , hence its name ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What does appropriates money mean ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: What is a fear of robbers ?\nType: Disease and medicine\nQuestion: What product on the market is good for hiding facial scars ?\nType: Product\nQuestion: What 's the most powerful card in Euchre ?\nType: Other entity\nQuestion: What is the definition of low island ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: What did Abolitionists try to end ?\nType: Other entity\nQuestion: What is the history of the hairdryer ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: Which operating system runs on IBM-compatible machines ?\nType: Product\nQuestion: What British commander surrendered to George Washington at Yorktown in 1781 ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: Where did the energy for the Big Bang come from ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: What presidential administration challenged Americans to explore The New Frontier ?\nType: Group or organization of person\nQuestion: What is the difference between ninjitsu and kung fu ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: What city was Bobby Kennedy assassinated in ?\nType: City\nQuestion: Who starred in the movie The War of the Worlds ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What river runs through Liverpool ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: Who invented volleyball ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What do Mormons believe ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: What is an annotated bibliography ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: How deep is a fathom ?\nType: Distance, linear measure\nQuestion: When was Hurricane Hugo ?\nType: Date\nQuestion: What is Dick Clark 's birthday ?\nType: Date\nQuestion: Who is Colin Powell ?\nType: Description of a person\nQuestion: Who is Robin Williams ?\nType: Description of a person\nQuestion: How do telephones work ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: What do penguins eat ?\nType: Food\nQuestion: How many sperm cells are in an average ejaculation ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: What are the seven deadly sins ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: Who is Samuel Pickering ?\nType: Description of a person\nQuestion: What is the name of the Indian who became prime minister by beating Mrs. Gandhi in the 1977 election ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What is the difference between terry cloth and French terry ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: What is a bone marrow transplant ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: Where did the Battle of the Bulge take place ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: Who painted `` Soft Self-Portrait with Grilled Bacon '' ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: Why did Egyptians shave their eyebrows ?\nType: Reason\nQuestion: What is the song Stairway to Heaven by Led Zeppelin about ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: Who declared : `` I think I 'll go out and milk the elk '' ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: How old is too old for a child to not be talking ?\nType: Lasting time of somethin\nQuestion: What former major-league left-handed baseball pitcher was known as `` Space Man '' ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What excuse did the NATO people give for hitting the Chinese embassy ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: What is the meaning of `` CPR '' ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: Who is the only prime minister of Canada to serve 22 years but not necessarily consecutively ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: How fast do cheetahs run ?\nType: Speed\nQuestion: How many times larger than life size is the Statue of Liberty ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: What color is the stripe along each side of a Coho salmon ?\nType: Color\nQuestion: Who was the first elected mayor of Washington , D.C. ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What task does the Bouvier breed of dog perform ?\nType: Title of a person\nQuestion: Which of the following celebrities was not born in Philadelphia ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: Why is the word `` abbreviation '' so long ?\nType: Reason\nQuestion: Who was Santos-Dumont ?\nType: Description of a person\nQuestion: What U.S. state is Fort Knox in ?\nType: State\nQuestion: What was the effect of the Yalta Conference ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: Where must a soccer goalie stand to be permitted to handle the ball ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What did Jimmy Stewart invent ?\nType: Other entity\nQuestion: What is the origin of thank you notes ?\nType: Description of something\nQuestion: What is your favorite color ?\nType: Color\nQuestion: How much calcium should an adult female have daily ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: What does the Greek word polis mean , as in Minneapolis ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: Where is Ayer 's rock ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: Who protects DC Comics ' realm of dreams ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What is hyperopia ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: What are Arnold Palmer 's fans called ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What famed tennis tournament 's men 's singles title was Fred Perry the last Englishman to win ?\nType: Sport\nQuestion: What room did W.C. Fields keep his library in ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: How do you buy stocks ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: Which type of submarine was bought recently by South Korea ?\nType: Vehicle\nQuestion: What man-made waterways is 1.76 miles long ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: Who made a boat out of gopher wood ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What country is the biggest producer of tungsten ?\nType: Country\nQuestion: What is Latin for incompetent ?\nType: Equivalent term\nQuestion: How do you make a million bucks ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: What 's another name for aspartame ?\nType: Equivalent term\nQuestion: What is a heuristic ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: Name the organization that is presided by a Security Council .\nType: Group or organization of person\nQuestion: What did the ancients call the four great elements ?\nType: Element and substance\nQuestion: How does a hydroelectric dam work ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: Who leads the star ship Enterprise in Star Trek ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What medium is Stuart Hamblen the first singing cowboy in ?\nType: Invention, book and other creative piece\nQuestion: What was the nickname of German flying ace Manfred von Richthofen ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What started in 1849 when gold was discovered at Sutter 's Mill ?\nType: Event\nQuestion: What has been the most common Christian name of U.S. presidents ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: How many people died in the Vietnam war ?\nType: Number of something\nQuestion: Where does Mother Angelica live ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What is the exchange rate for Australian to American money ?\nType: Price\nQuestion: Who invented the radio ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What is proposition 98 about ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: What are `` darning needles '' and `` horse stingers '' better known as ?\nType: Equivalent term\nQuestion: What was Al Capone 's nickname ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What is a fear of strong light ?\nType: Disease and medicine\nQuestion: How did Peabody and Sherman travel through time ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: What shrubs can be planted that will be safe from deer ?\nType: Plant\nQuestion: How do I check if my modem is v.9 compatible ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: What chapter of Gone with the Wind has Rhett Butler leaving Scarlett O 'Hara ?\nType: Order, rank\nQuestion: Where is `` Global Schoolhouse '' ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: How big is a baby bald eagle ?\nType: Size, area and volume\nQuestion: Where does the song Anything Goes take place ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: What state is the Filenes store located in ?\nType: State\nQuestion: What was the first minimum wage ?\nType: Price\nQuestion: What continent 's second-highest peak is Mont Blanc ?\nType: Mountain\nQuestion: What is the largest U.S. state east of the Mississippi ?\nType: State\nQuestion: What Green Bay Packers coach philosophized : `` There 's nothing that stokes the fire like hate '' ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: When did Princess Diana and Prince Charles get married ?\nType: Date\nQuestion: Who led the opposition when Konrad Adenauer was Chancellor in Germany ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: How does a copier work ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: What product did Robert Conrad dare people to knock off his shoulder ?\nType: Product\nQuestion: What is the full name of the man who invented the multicolored game cube that has 42.3 quintillion potential combinations ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: What does the word `` opera '' mean ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: What is white chocolate ?\nType: Definition of something\nQuestion: Who is actress Goldie Hawn 's current actor boyfriend ?\nType: Individual\nQuestion: How is Answers.com funded ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: On what continent is Mozambique ?\nType: Other location\nQuestion: How does an abacus work ?\nType: Manner of an action\nQuestion: 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{"question_id": 34, "category": "longbench_2wikimqa", "reference": ["Preslav"], "prompt": "Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nThe following are given passages.\nPassage 1:\nWhere Was I\n\"Where Was I?\" may refer to:\n\nBooks\n\"Where Was I?\", essay by David Hawley Sanford from The Mind's I\nWhere Was I?, book by John Haycraft 2006\nWhere was I?!, book by Terry Wogan 2009\n\nFilm and TV\nWhere Was I? (film), 1925 film directed by William A. Seiter. With Reginald Denny, Marian Nixon, Pauline Garon, Lee Moran.\nWhere Was I? (2001 film), biography about songwriter Tim Rose\nWhere Was I? (TV series) 1952–1953 Quiz show with the panelists attempting to guess a location by looking at photos\n\"Where Was I?\" episode of Shoestring (TV series) 1980\n\nMusic\n\"Where was I\", song by W. Franke Harling and Al Dubin performed by Ruby Newman and His Orchestra  with vocal chorus by  Larry Taylor and Peggy McCall  1939\n\"Where Was I\", single from Charley Pride discography 1988\n\"Where Was I\" (song), a 1994 song by Ricky Van Shelton\n\"Where Was I (Donde Estuve Yo)\", song by Joe Pass from Simplicity (Joe Pass album)\n\"Where Was I?\", song by Guttermouth from The Album Formerly Known as a Full Length LP (Guttermouth album)\n\"Where Was I\", song by Sawyer Brown (Billy Maddox, Paul Thorn, Anne Graham) from Can You Hear Me Now 2002\n\"Where Was I?\", song  by  Kenny Wayne Shepherd from Live On  1999\n\"Where Was I\", song by Melanie Laine (Victoria Banks, Steve Fox) from Time Flies (Melanie Laine album)\n\"Where Was I\", song by Rosie Thomas from With Love (Rosie Thomas album)\nPassage 2:\nBeaulieu-sur-Loire\nBeaulieu-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: ​[boljø syʁ lwaʁ], literally Beaulieu on Loire) is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France. It is the place of death of Jacques MacDonald, a French general who served in the Napoleonic Wars.\n\nPopulation\nSee also\nCommunes of the Loiret department\nPassage 3:\nDance of Death (disambiguation)\nDance of Death, also called Danse Macabre, is a late-medieval allegory of the universality of death.\nDance of Death or The Dance of Death may also refer to:\n\nBooks\nDance of Death, a 1938 novel by Helen McCloy\nDance of Death (Stine novel), a 1997 novel by R. L. Stine\nDance of Death (novel), a 2005 novel by Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child\n\nTheatre and film\nThe Dance of Death (Strindberg play), a 1900 play by August Strindberg\nThe Dance of Death, a 1908 play by Frank Wedekind\nThe Dance of Death (Auden play), a 1933 play by W. H. Auden\n\nFilm\nThe Death Dance, a 1918 drama starring Alice Brady\nThe Dance of Death (1912 film), a German silent film\nThe Dance of Death (1919 film), an Austrian silent film\nThe Dance of Death (1938 film), crime drama starring Vesta Victoria; screenplay by Ralph Dawson\nThe Dance of Death (1948 film), French-Italian drama based on Strindberg's play, starring Erich von Stroheim\nThe Dance of Death (1967 film), a West German drama film\nDance of Death or House of Evil, 1968 Mexican horror film starring Boris Karloff\nDance of Death (1969 film), a film based on Strindberg's play, starring Laurence Olivier\nDance of Death (1979 film), a Hong Kong film featuring Paul Chun\n\nMusic\nDance of Death (album), a 2003 album by Iron Maiden, or the title song\nThe Dance of Death & Other Plantation Favorites, a 1964 album by John Fahey\nThe Dance of Death (Scaramanga Six album)\n\"Death Dance\", a 2016 song by Sevendust\n\nSee also\nDance of the Dead (disambiguation)\nDanse Macabre (disambiguation)\nBon Odori, a Japanese traditional dance welcoming the spirits of the dead\nLa danse des morts, an oratorio by Arthur Honegger\nTotentanz (disambiguation)\nPassage 4:\nPlace of origin\nIn Switzerland, the place of origin (German: Heimatort or Bürgerort, literally \"home place\" or \"citizen place\"; French: Lieu d'origine; Italian: Luogo di attinenza) denotes where a Swiss citizen has their municipal citizenship, usually inherited from previous generations. It is not to be confused with the place of birth or  place of residence, although two or all three of these locations may be identical depending on the person's circumstances.\n\nAcquisition of municipal citizenship\nSwiss citizenship has three tiers. For a person applying to naturalise as a Swiss citizen, these tiers are as follows:\n\nMunicipal citizenship, granted by the place of residence after fulfilling several preconditions, such as sufficient knowledge of the local language, integration into local society, and a minimum number of years lived in said municipality.\nCantonal (state) citizenship, for which a Swiss municipal citizenship is required. This requires a certain number of years lived in said canton.\nCountry citizenship, for which both of the above are required, also requires a certain number of years lived in Switzerland (except for people married to a Swiss citizen, who may obtain simplified naturalisation without having to reside in Switzerland), and involves a criminal background check.The last two kinds of citizenship are a mere formality, while municipal citizenship is the most significant step in becoming a Swiss citizen. \nNowadays the place of residence determines the municipality where citizenship is acquired, for a new applicant, whereas previously there was a historical reason for preserving the municipal citizenship from earlier generations in the family line, namely to specify which municipality held the responsibility of providing social welfare. The law has now been changed, eliminating this form of allocating responsibility to a municipality other than that of the place of residence. Care needs to be taken when translating the term in Swiss documents which list the historical \"Heimatort\" instead of the usual place of birth and place of residence.\nHowever, any Swiss citizen can apply for a second, a third or even more municipal citizenships for prestige reasons or to show their connection to the place they currently live – and thus have several places of origin. As the legal significance of the place of origin has waned (see below), Swiss citizens can often apply for municipal citizenship for no more than 100 Swiss francs after having lived in the same municipality for one or two years. In the past, it was common to have to pay between 2,000 and 4,000 Swiss francs as a citizenship fee, because of the financial obligations incumbent on the municipality to grant the citizenship.\nA child born to two Swiss parents is automatically granted the citizenship of the parent whose last name they hold, so the child gets either the mother's or the father's place of origin. A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the citizenship, and thus the place of origin, of the Swiss parent.\n\nInternational confusion\nAlmost uniquely in the world (with the exception of Japan, which lists one's Registered Domicile; and Sweden, which lists the mother's place of domicile as place of birth), the Swiss identity card, passport and driving licence do not show the holder's birthplace, but only their place of origin. The vast majority of countries show the holder's actual birthplace on identity documents. This can lead to administrative issues for Swiss citizens abroad when asked to demonstrate their actual place of birth, as no such information exists on any official Swiss identification documents. Only a minority of Swiss citizens have a place of origin identical to their birthplace. More confusion comes into play through the fact that people can have more than one place of origin.\n\nSignificance and history\nA citizen of a municipality does not enjoy a larger set of rights than a non-citizen of the same municipality. To vote in communal, cantonal or national matters, only the current place of residence matters – or in the case of citizens abroad, the last Swiss place of residence.\nThe law previously required that a citizen's place of origin continued to bear all their social welfare costs for two years after the citizen moved away. In 2012, the National Council voted by 151 to 9 votes to abolish this law. The place of domicile is now the sole payer of welfare costs.In 1923, 1937, 1959 and 1967, more cantons signed treaties that assured that the place of domicile had to pay welfare costs instead of the place of origin, reflecting the fact that fewer and fewer people lived in their place of origin (1860: 59%, in 1910: 34%).In 1681, the Tagsatzung – the then Swiss parliament – decided that beggars should be deported to their place of origin, especially if they were insufficiently cared for by their residential community.In the 19th century, Swiss municipalities even offered free emigration to the United States if the Swiss citizen agreed to renounce municipal citizenship, and with that the right to receive welfare.\n\nSee also\nAncestral home (Chinese)\nBon-gwan\nRegistered domicile\n\n\n== Notes and references ==\nPassage 5:\nMaria Pietersdr Olycan\nPortrait of Maria Pietersdochter Olycan is an oil-on-canvas painting by the Dutch Golden Age painter Frans Hals, painted in 1638, now in the São Paulo Museum of Art. It is considered a pendant to the portrait of Maria's husband Andries van Hoorn.\n\nLife\nMaria Pietersdr Olycan was born in Haarlem in 1607 as the daughter of the wealthy brewers Pieter Jacobsz Olycan and Maritge Claesdr. Voogt. She was the younger sister of the brewer Jacob Pietersz Olycan. Maria's older sister Dorothea married Cornelis van Loo, the son of another brewer, Claes van Loo. Her brother Nicolaes van Olycan married Agatha Dicx, the daughter of the brewer and mayor, Dirk Dicx. Maria's younger sister Hester married the brewer Tyman Oosdorp.\nOn 25 July 1638 Maria married the widower Andries van Hoorn, also a brewer. He had a daughter Christine by his first marriage and a brewery of his own. His sister Agatha had married the brewer Cornelis Guldewagen. Andries and Maria had a daughter of their own, also called Maria, in 1639, but Maria Pietersdr Olycan died only five years later in 1655. Andries survived his second wife by 22 years and lived to see his daughter Christine's wedding in 1657 to Adriaan Noirot, and his daughter Maria's wedding in 1662 to the diplomat jhr. mr. Cornelis Ascanius van Sypesteyn. He also lived to see the Sypesteyn house be searched by a mob in 1672 on suspicion of hiding Johan de Witt, and though nothing was found, C.A. van Sypesteyn continued to be mistrusted and was stabbed to death in 1673 in Gorinchem. Maria van Hoorn outlived both her parents and her husband and died in 1704.\n\nPainting\nMaria's dress reflects the height of fashion in 1638. The millstone collar has made way for layers of intricate lace that edge see-through linen collars that come together with a brooch in a manner that suggests a decolleté. She is holding a fan and wears matching pearl bracelets and a pearl necklace. Her hair is wrapped around a diadem that is studded with gold dangles. This portrait was documented by Hofstede de Groot in 1910, before the sitter was identified. He wrote \"384. PORTRAIT OF A WOMAN. M. 206. Half-length. She is turned slightly to the left, and looks at the spectator. Her left hand is at her breast ; her right hand holds her fan. She wears a black dress trimmed with lace, a close-fitting cap, a white lace collar and wristbands, and a pearl necklace. Grey background. Painted about the years 1635-40. Canvas, 31 1/2 inches by 25 1/2 inches. Exhibited in the Royal Academy Winter Exhibition, London, 1903, No. 45. Exhibited at the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1909, No. 31. Purchased in the Isle of Wight, 1896, from the grandson of George IV.'s cook, who had formerly owned it, by the London dealers Dowdeswell. In the possession, successively, of the London dealer C. Wertheimer ; of the Paris dealer C. Sedelmeyer ; and the London dealers T. Agnew and Sons. In the collection of J. Pierpont Morgan, London.\"\nOf this portrait's pendant, Hofstede de Groot noted that it did not resemble the wedding portrait of Michiel de Wael that he included as #242. Of this portrait of an as yet unidentified man, he wrote:282. PORTRAIT OF A MAN SEATED. M. 135. Half-length. He faces right, and leans his left hand on a stick. He has a moustache and slight imperial. He wears a large black felt hat, a black costume, a white ruff, and yellowish-grey gloves. Doubtfully identified as a portrait of Michiel de Wael. [Compare 242.] Inscribed, \"AETAT SVAE 32 AN 1638\" (the last numeral is not clear); canvas, 34 inches by 26 1/2 inches. Exhibited at the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1909, No. 30. Bought in Paris by an elder Seymour (for .40). Sale. Arthur Seymour, London, April I, 1897, No. 113 (T. Agnew and Sons). In the collection of J. Pierpont Morgan, London. \nIn 1974 Seymour Slive tried to trace the remark about the king's cook but there is no reference in the Royal collections of such a statement. He remarked on Andries' portrait bearing an inscription and coat of arms while Maria's portrait lacks this, but notes that coats of arms were generally added by later descendants.\n\nWedding pendant\nSee also\nList of paintings by Frans Hals\nPassage 6:\nSennedjem\nSennedjem was an Ancient Egyptian artisan who was active during the reigns of Seti I and Ramesses II. He lived in Set Maat (translated as \"The Place of Truth\"), contemporary Deir el-Medina, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes. Sennedjem had the title \"Servant in the Place of Truth\". He was buried along with his wife, Iyneferti, and members of his family in a tomb in the village necropolis. His tomb was discovered January 31, 1886. When Sennedjem's tomb was found, it contained furniture from his home, including a stool and a bed, which he used when he was alive.His titles included Servant in the Place of Truth, meaning that he worked on the excavation and decoration of the nearby royal tombs.\n\nSee also\n\nTT1 – (Tomb of Sennedjem, family and wife)\nPassage 7:\nBoris I of Bulgaria\nKnyaz Boris I (also Bogoris), venerated as Saint Tsar Boris I (Mihail) the Baptizer  (Church Slavonic: Борисъ А҃  / Борисъ-Михаилъ Bulgarian: Борис I / Борис-Михаил; died 2 May 907), was the ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire in 852–889. At the time of his baptism in 864, Boris was named Michael after his godfather, Emperor Michael III. The historian Steven Runciman called him one of the greatest persons in history.Despite a number of military setbacks, the reign of Boris I was marked with significant events that shaped Bulgarian and European history. With the Christianization of Bulgaria in 864 paganism (i.e. Tengrism) was abolished. A skillful diplomat, Boris I successfully exploited the conflict between the Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Papacy to secure an autocephalous Bulgarian Church, thus dealing with the nobility's concerns about Byzantine interference in Bulgaria's internal affairs.\nWhen in 885 the disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius were banished from Great Moravia, Boris I gave them refuge and provided assistance which saved the Glagolithic and later promoted the development of the Cyrillic script in Preslav and the Slavic literature. After he abdicated in 889, his eldest son and successor tried to restore the old pagan religion but was deposed by Boris I. During the Council of Preslav which followed that event, the Byzantine clergy was replaced with Bulgarian, and the Greek language was replaced with what is now known as Old Church Slavonic.\nHe is regarded as a saint in the Orthodox Church, as the Prince and baptizer of Bulgaria, and as Equal-to-the-Apostles, with his feast day observed on May 2 and in Synaxis of all venerable and holy Fathers of Bulgaria (movable holiday on the 2nd Sunday of Pentecost).\n\nName and titles\nThe most common theory is that the name Boris is of Bulgar origin. After his official act of conversion to Christianity, Boris adopted the Christian name Michael. He is sometimes called Boris-Michael in historical research.\nThe only direct evidence of Boris's title are his seals and the inscription found near the town of Ballsh, modern Albania, and at Varna. There he is called by the Byzantine title \"Archon of Bulgaria\", which is usually translated as \"ruler\", and in the 10-11th centuries also as \"Knyaz\" (Кнѧзъ, Bulg.). In the Bulgarian sources from that period, Boris I is called \"Knyaz\" or \"Tsar\" (\"Царь\", Bulg.), and during the Second Bulgarian Empire, \"Tsar\".In modern historiography Boris is called by different titles. Most historians accept that he changed his title after his conversion to Christianity. According to them, before the baptism he had the title Khan or Kanasubigi, and after that Knyaz.\n\nReign\nCentral Europe in the 9th century\nThe early 9th century marked the beginning of a fierce rivalry between the Greek East and Latin West, which would ultimately lead to the schism between the Orthodox Church in Constantinople and the Catholic Church in Rome.\nAs early as 781, the Empress Irene began to seek a closer relationship with the Carolingian dynasty and the Papacy. She negotiated a marriage between her son, Constantine, and Rotrude, a daughter of Charlemagne by his third wife Hildegard. Irene went as far as to send an official to instruct the Frankish princess in Greek; however, Irene herself broke off the engagement in 787, against her son's wishes. When the Second Council of Nicaea of 787 reintroduced the veneration of icons under Empress Irene, the result was not recognized by Charlemagne since no Frankish emissaries had been invited even though Charlemagne was by then ruling more than three provinces of the old Roman empire. While this improved relations with the Papacy, it did not prevent the outbreak of a war with the Franks, who took over Istria and Benevento in 788.\nWhen Charlemagne was proclaimed Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Leo III, the Pope was effectively nullifying the legitimacy of Irene. He certainly desired to increase the influence of the papacy and to honour his protector Charlemagne. Irene, like many of her predecessors since Justinian I, was too weak to protect Rome and its much reduced citizenry and the city was not being ruled by any emperor. Thus, Charlemagne's assumption of the imperial title was not seen as an usurpation in the eyes of the Franks or Italians. It was, however, seen as such in Byzantium, but protests by Irene and her successor Nicephorus I had no great effect.\nMojmír I managed to unite some Slavic princes and established Great Moravia in 833. His successor, Rastislav, also fought against the Germans. Both states tried to maintain good relations with Bulgaria on account of its considerable military power.\n\nMilitary campaigns\nBoris I was the son and successor of Presian I of Bulgaria. In 852 he sent emissaries to Eastern Francia to confirm the peace treaty of 845. At the time of his accession he threatened the Byzantines with an invasion, but his armies did not attack, and he received a small area in Strandzha to the southeast. The peace treaty was not signed, however, although both states exchanged temporary delegations. In 854 the Moravian Prince Rastislav persuaded Boris I to help him against East Francia. According to some sources, some Franks bribed the Bulgarian monarch to attack Louis the German. The Bulgarian-Slav campaign was a disaster, and Louis scored a great victory and invaded Bulgaria. At the same time the Croats waged a war against the Bulgarians. Both peoples had coexisted peacefully up to that time, suggesting that the Croats were paid by Louis to attack Bulgaria and distract Boris' attention from his alliance with Great Moravia. Kanasubigi Boris could not achieve any success, and both sides exchanged gifts and settled for peace. As a result of the military actions in 855, the peace between Bulgaria and Eastern Francia was restored, and Rastislav was forced to fight against Louis alone. In the meantime, a conflict between the Byzantines and Bulgarians had started in 855–856, and Boris, distracted by his conflict with Louis, lost Philippopolis (Plovdiv), the region of Zagora, and the ports around the Gulf of Burgas on the Black Sea to the Byzantine army led by Michael III and the caesar Bardas.\n\nSerbia\nAfter the death of Knez Vlastimir of Serbia circa 850, his state was divided between his sons. Vlastimir and Boris' father had fought against each other in the Bulgarian-Serbian War of 839–842, which resulted in a Serbian victory, and Boris sought to avenge that defeat. In 853 or 854, the Bulgarian army led by Vladimir-Rasate, the son of Boris I, invaded Serbia, with the aim of replacing the Byzantine overlordship over the Serbs. The Serbian army was led by Mutimir and his two brothers; they defeated the Bulgarians, capturing Vladimir and 12 boyars. Boris I and Mutimir agreed to peace (and perhaps an alliance), and Mutimir sent his sons Pribislav and Stefan to the border to escort the prisoners, where they exchanged items as a sign of peace. Boris himself gave them \"rich gifts\", while he was given \"two slaves, two falcons, two dogs, and 80 furs\". An internal conflict among the Serbian brothers resulted in Mutimir banishing the two younger brothers to the Bulgarian court. Mutimir, however, kept a nephew, Petar, at his court for political reasons. The reason for the feud is not known, though it is postulated that it was a result of treachery. Petar would later defeat Pribislav, Mutimir's son, and take the Serbian throne.\n\nMotivations for baptism and conversion to Christianity\nThere are a number of versions as to why Boris converted to Christianity. Some historians attribute it to the intervention of his sister who had already converted while being at Constantinople.  Another story mentions a Greek slave in the ruler's court.  A more mythological version is the one in which Boris is astonished and frightened by an icon of Judgement day and thus decides to adopt Christianity. Richard B. Spence sees the decision as deliberate, practical, and politic.For a variety of diplomatic reasons, Boris became interested in converting to Christianity. In order to both extend his control over the Slavic world and gain an ally against one of the most powerful foes of the Bulgars, the Byzantine Empire, Boris sought to establish an alliance with Louis the German against Ratislav of Moravia. Through this alliance, Louis promised to supply Boris with missionaries, which would have effectively brought the Bulgars under the Roman Church.  However, late in 863, the Byzantine Empire under Emperor Michael III declared war on Boris and the Bulgars during a period of famine and natural disasters.  Taken by surprise, Boris was forced to make peace with the Byzantines, promising to convert to Christianity according to the eastern rites, in exchange for peace and territorial concessions in Thrace (he regained the region of Zagora recently recovered by the Byzantines).  At the beginning of 864, Boris was secretly baptized at Pliska by an embassy of Byzantine clergymen, together with his family and select members of the Bulgarian nobility.  With Emperor Michael III as his godfather, Boris also adopted the Christian name Michael.Separate from diplomatic concerns, Boris was interested in converting himself and the Bulgarians to Christianity to resolve the disunity within the Bulgarian society. When he ascended to the throne, the Bulgars and Slavs were separate elements within Boris' kingdom, the minority Bulgars constituting a military aristocracy. Richard Spence compares it to the relationship between the Normans and Saxons in England. Religious plurality further contributed to divisions within the society. The Slavs had their own polytheistic belief system while the Bulgar elite believed in Tangra, the Sky God, or God of Heaven.\nThe arrival of Methodius and his followers introduced the Cyrillic alphabet, freeing the Bulgarians from dependence on Greek as a written and liturgical language. A Slavic Christian culture developed that helped unify the realm.\n\nBaptism of the Bulgarians and the establishment of the Bulgarian Church\nAfter his baptism, the first major task that Boris undertook was the baptism of his subjects and for this task he appealed to Byzantine priests between 864 and 866. At the same time Boris sought further instruction on how to lead a Christian lifestyle and society and how to set up an autocephalous church from the Byzantine Patriarch Photios.  Photios' answer proved less than satisfactory, and Boris sought to gain a more favorable settlement from the Papacy.  Boris dispatched emissaries led by the kavhan Peter with a long list of questions to Pope Nicholas I at Rome in August 866, and obtained 106 detailed answers, detailing the essence of religion, law, politics, customs and personal faith.  Stemming from his concerns with the baptism of the Bulgarians, Boris also complained to Nicholas about the abuses perpetrated by the Byzantine priests responsible for baptizing the Bulgarians and how he could go about correcting the consequences resulting from these abuses. The pope temporarily glossed over the controversial question of the autocephalous status desired by Boris for his church and sent a large group of missionaries to continue the conversion of Bulgaria in accordance with the western rite. Bulgaria's shift towards the Papacy infuriated Patriarch Photios, who wrote an encyclical to the eastern clergy in 867 in which he denounced the practices associated with the western rite and Rome's ecclesiastical intervention in Bulgaria. This occasioned the Photian Schism, which was a major step in the rift between the eastern and western churches.\nTo deliver his response to Boris’ questions, Pope Nicholas I sent two bishops to Bulgaria: Paul of Populonia and Formosus of Porto. The Pope expected that these priests would execute their episcopal responsibilities to address Boris’ concerns, but did not intend for them to be elevated to the positions that they assumed in the Bulgar hierarchy. In Bulgaria, the activities of Bishop Formosus (later Pope Formosus) met with success, until the pope rejected Boris' request to nominate Formosus as archbishop of Bulgaria. Nicholas justified the rejection of the request by arguing that it was “uncanonical to transfer an already established bishop from one see to another”. The new Pope Adrian II refused Boris' request for a similar nomination of either Formosus or Deacon Marinus (later Pope Marinus I), after which Bulgaria began to shift towards Constantinople once again.  At the Fourth Council of Constantinople in 870 the position of the Bulgarian church was reopened by Bulgarian envoys, and the eastern patriarchs adjudicated in favor of Constantinople.  This determined the future of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, which was granted the status of an autocephalous archbishopric by the Patriarchate of Constantinople and an archbishop of its own. Later in the 870s, the Patriarch of Constantinople surrendered Bulgaria to the Papacy, but this concession was purely nominal, as it did not affect the actual position of Bulgaria's autocephalous church.The Christianization of the Bulgarians as a result of Boris’ actions had profound effects not only on the religious belief system of the Bulgarians but also the structure of the Bulgarian government. Upon embracing Christianity, Boris took on the title of Tsar and joined the community of nations that embraced Christ, to the great delight of the Eastern Roman Empire, which was later given the name Byzantium by historians.Toward the end of his reign, Boris began to increase the number of native Bulgarian clergy. Consequently, Boris began to send Bulgarians to Constantinople to obtain a monastic education and some of these Bulgarians returned to their homeland to serve as clergymen. In 885, Boris was presented with a new opportunity to establish a native clergy when Slavic-speaking disciples of St. Cyril and St. Methodius were forced to flee from Moravia after a German-inspired reaction to the death of the apostle.\n\nChanges to Bulgarian culture brought on by Clement and Naum\nIn 886 Boris' governor of Belgrade welcomed the disciples of Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius, who were exiled from Great Moravia into Bulgaria and sent them on to Boris in Pliska. Boris happily greeted two of these disciples, Clement of Ohrid and Naum of Preslav, who were of noble Bulgarian Slavic origin. To utilize the disciple's talents, Boris commissioned Clement to be a “teacher” in the province of Kutmichevitsa.\nBoth Clement and Naum were instrumental in furthering the cultural, linguistic and spiritual works of Cyril and Methodius. They set up educational centers in Pliska and in Ohrid to further the development of Slavonic letters and liturgy. Clement later trained thousands of Slavonic-speaking priests who replaced the Greek-speaking clergy from Constantinople still present in Bulgaria. The script that was originally developed by Cyril and Methodius is known as the Glagolitic alphabet.\nIn Bulgaria, Clement of Ohrid and Naum of Preslav created (or rather compiled) the new Bulgarian script, later called Cyrillic that was declared the official alphabet in  893. Old Bulgarian was declared as the official language in the same year. In the following centuries this script was adopted by other Slavic peoples and states. The introduction of Slavic liturgy paralleled Boris' continued development of churches and monasteries throughout his realm.\n\nReactions to religious conversion\nConversion to Christianity met great opposition among the Bulgarian elite. Some refused to become Christians while others apostatized after baptism and started a rebellion against Boris for forcing them to be baptized. Some people did not object necessarily to the Christian religion but to the fact that it was brought by foreign priests, which, as a result, established external foreign policy. By breaking the power of the old cults, Boris reduced the influence of the boyars, who resisted the khan's authority. In the summer of 865 a group of Bulgar aristocrats (boyars) started an open revolt. Boris ruthlessly suppressed it and executed 52 boyars together with their entire families. Thus the Christianization continued.\n\nEnd of Boris' reign\nIn 889 Boris abdicated the throne and became a monk. His son and successor Vladimir attempted a pagan reaction, which brought Boris out of retirement in 893. Vladimir was defeated and Boris had him blinded, his wife shaved and sent to a monastery. Boris gathered the Council of Preslav placing his third son, Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria, on the throne, threatening him with the same fate if he too apostatized. Boris returned to his monastery, emerging once again in c. 895 to help Simeon fight the Magyars, who had invaded Bulgaria in alliance with the Byzantines. After the passing of this crisis, Boris resumed monastic life and died in 907. The location of his retreat, where perhaps he was interred, is not certain; it may be near Preslav, or Pliska, or in a monastery near Varna or Ravda.\n\nLegacy\nSt. Boris Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named for Boris I of Bulgaria.\nBoris I's life is featured in the 1985 film \"Boris I\" (Борис Първи), with Stefan Danailov in the title role.\n\nSee also\nChristianization of Bulgaria\nCyril and Methodius\nGlagolitic alphabet\n\nFootnotes\nPassage 8:\nMaria (wife of Boris I of Bulgaria)\nMaria (Bulgarian: Мария) was a Bulgarian royal consort as the wife of the Knyaz Boris I of Bulgaria. Her parents are unknown. She is mentioned in one charter from 850/96, together with her family members. \nThese are the children of Boris and Maria:\n\nVladimir of Bulgaria\nGavriil (Gabriel)\nSimeon I of Bulgaria\nJacob\nAnna\n\nFootnotes\n\n\n== External links ==\nPassage 9:\nPlace of birth\nThe place of birth (POB) or birthplace is the place where a person was born. This place is often used in legal documents, together with name and date of birth, to uniquely identify a person. Practice regarding whether this place should be a country, a territory or a city/town/locality differs in different countries, but often city or territory is used for native-born citizen passports and countries for foreign-born ones.\nAs a general rule with respect to passports, if the place of birth is to be a country, it's determined to be the country that currently has sovereignty over the actual place of birth, regardless of when the birth actually occurred. The place of birth is not necessarily the place where the parents of the new baby live. If the baby is born in a hospital in another place, that place is the place of birth. In many countries, this also means that the government requires that the birth of the new baby is registered in the place of birth.\nSome countries place less or no importance on the place of birth, instead using alternative geographical characteristics for the purpose of identity documents. For example, Sweden has used the concept of födelsehemort (\"domicile of birth\") since 1947. This means that the domicile of the baby's mother is the registered place of birth. The location of the maternity ward or other physical birthplace is considered unimportant.\nSimilarly, Switzerland uses the concept of place of origin. A child born to Swiss parents is automatically assigned the place of origin of the parent with the same last name, so the child either gets their mother's or father's place of origin. A child born to one Swiss parent and one foreign parent acquires the place of origin of their Swiss parent. In a Swiss passport and identity card, the holder's place of origin is stated, not their place of birth. In Japan, the registered domicile is a similar concept.\nIn some countries (primarily in the Americas), the place of birth automatically determines the nationality of the baby, a practice often referred to by the Latin phrase jus soli. Almost all countries outside the Americas instead attribute nationality based on the nationality(-ies) of the baby's parents (referred to as jus sanguinis).\nThere can be some confusion regarding the place of birth if the birth takes place in an unusual way: when babies are born on an airplane or at sea, difficulties can arise. The place of birth of such a person depends on the law of the countries involved, which include the nationality of the plane or ship, the nationality(-ies) of the parents and/or the location of the plane or ship (if the birth occurs in the territorial waters or airspace of a country).\nSome administrative forms may request the applicant's \"country of birth\". It is important to determine from the requester whether the information requested refers to the applicant's \"place of birth\" or \"nationality at birth\". For example, US citizens born abroad who acquire US citizenship at the time of birth, the nationality at birth will be USA (American), while the place of birth would be the country in which the actual birth takes place.\n\nReference list\n8 FAM 403.4 Place of Birth\nPassage 10:\nMotherland (disambiguation)\nMotherland is the place of one's birth, the place of one's ancestors, or the place of origin of an ethnic group.\nMotherland may also refer to:\n\nMusic\n\"Motherland\" (anthem), the national anthem of Mauritius\nNational Song (Montserrat), also called \"Motherland\"\nMotherland (Natalie Merchant album), 2001\nMotherland (Arsonists Get All the Girls album), 2011\nMotherland (Daedalus album), 2011\n\"Motherland\" (Crystal Kay song), 2004\n\nFilm and television\nMotherland (1927 film), a 1927 British silent war film\nMotherland (2010 film), a 2010 documentary film\nMotherland (2015 film), a 2015 Turkish drama\nMotherland (2022 film), a 2022 documentary film about the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War\nMotherland (TV series), a 2016 British television series\nMotherland: Fort Salem, a 2020 American science fiction drama series\n\nOther uses\nMotherland Party (disambiguation), the name of several political groups\nPersonifications of Russia, including a list of monuments called Motherland\n\nSee also\nAll pages with titles containing Motherland\nMother Country (disambiguation)\n\nAnswer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nQuestion: Where was the place of death of Maria (Wife Of Boris I Of Bulgaria)'s husband?\nAnswer:"}
{"question_id": 35, "category": "longbench_repobench-p", "reference": ["    private LocalRateLimiter localRateLimiter;"], "prompt": "Please complete the code given below. \nsrc/main/java/uw/task/util/LocalRateLimiter.java\npublic class LocalRateLimiter {\r\n\r\n    private ConcurrentHashMap<String, RateLimiter> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();\r\n\r\n    /**\r\n     * 尝试获得限制允许状态。\r\n     *\r\n     * @param name\r\n     * @return\r\n     */\r\n    public boolean tryAcquire(String name, int requests, int seconds, long waitTime, int permits) {\r\n        if (requests == 0 || seconds == 0) {\r\n            return true;\r\n        }\r\n        final double rate = (double) requests / (double) seconds;\r\n        RateLimiter limiter = map.computeIfAbsent(name, key -> RateLimiter.create(rate));\r\n        if (limiter != null) {\r\n            //检查并修改\r\n            if (limiter.getRate() != rate) {\r\n                limiter.setRate(rate);\r\n            }\r\n            return limiter.tryAcquire(permits, waitTime, TimeUnit.SECONDS);\r\n        } else {\r\n            return true;\r\n        }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n}\r\nsrc/main/java/uw/task/TaskFactory.java\npublic class TaskFactory {\n\n    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(TaskFactory.class);\n\n    /**\n     * rabbitTemplate模板.\n     */\n    private RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate;\n\n    /**\n     * 全局sequence序列，主要用于taskLog日志。\n     */\n    private GlobalSequenceManager globalSequenceManager;\n\n    /**\n     * 用于本地执行任务的taskConsumer。\n     */\n    private TaskRunnerContainer taskRunnerContainer;\n\n    /**\n     * rpc异步调用线程池\n     */\n    private ExecutorService taskRpcService = null;\n\n    /**\n     * 最大重试次数。\n     */\n    private static final int MAX_RETRY_TIMES = 10;\n\n\n    public TaskFactory(TaskProperties taskProperties, RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate,\n                       TaskRunnerContainer taskRunnerContainer, GlobalSequenceManager globalSequenceManager) {\n        this.rabbitTemplate = rabbitTemplate;\n        this.taskRunnerContainer = taskRunnerContainer;\n        this.globalSequenceManager = globalSequenceManager;\n        taskRpcService = new ThreadPoolExecutor(taskProperties.getTaskRpcMinThreadNum(),\n                taskProperties.getTaskRpcMaxThreadNum(), 20L, TimeUnit.SECONDS, new SynchronousQueue<>(),\n                new ThreadFactoryBuilder().setDaemon(true).setNameFormat(\"TaskRpc-%d\").build(), new ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy());\n\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * 把任务发送到队列中\n     *\n     * @param taskData 任务数据\n     */\n    public void sendToQueue(final TaskData<?, ?> taskData) {\n        Message message = buildTaskQueueMessage(taskData);\n        String queue = message.getMessageProperties().getConsumerQueue();\n        //此处可能出现The channelMax limit is reached.报错，所以进行重试。\n        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_RETRY_TIMES; i++) {\n            try {\n                if (i > 0) {\n                    Thread.sleep(i * 500);\n                }\n                rabbitTemplate.send(queue, queue, message);\n                return;\n            } catch (Exception e) {\n                log.error(e.getMessage(), e);\n            }\n        }\n        throw new TaskRuntimeException(\"The channelMax limit is reached!\");\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * 构造Task消息对象，此方法用于提前构造TaskData。\n     *\n     * @param taskData\n     * @return\n     */\n    private Message buildTaskQueueMessage(final TaskData taskData) {\n        taskData.setId(globalSequenceManager.nextId(\"task_runner_log\"));\n        taskData.setQueueDate(new Date());\n        taskData.setRunType(TaskData.RUN_TYPE_GLOBAL);\n        MessageProperties messageProperties = new MessageProperties();\n        messageProperties.setConsumerQueue(TaskMetaInfoManager.getFitQueue(taskData));\n        Message msg = rabbitTemplate.getMessageConverter().toMessage(taskData, messageProperties);\n        return msg;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * 同步执行任务，可能会导致阻塞。\n     * 在调用的时候，尤其要注意，taskData对象不可改变！\n     *\n     * @param taskData 任务数据\n     * @return\n     */\n    @SuppressWarnings(\"unchecked\")\n    public <TP, RD> TaskData<TP, RD> runTask(final TaskData<TP, RD> taskData) {\n        taskData.setId(globalSequenceManager.nextId(\"task_runner_log\"));\n        taskData.setQueueDate(new Date());\n        // 当自动RPC，并且本地有runner，而且target匹配的时候，运行在本地模式下。\n        if (taskData.getRunType() == TaskData.RUN_TYPE_AUTO_RPC && TaskMetaInfoManager.checkRunnerRunLocal(taskData)) {\n            // 启动本地运行模式。\n            taskData.setRunType(TaskData.RUN_TYPE_LOCAL);\n        }\n        if (taskData.getRunType() == TaskData.RUN_TYPE_LOCAL) {\n            taskRunnerContainer.process(taskData);\n            return taskData;\n        } else {\n            taskData.setRunType(TaskData.RUN_TYPE_GLOBAL_RPC);\n            //加入优先级信息。\n            MessageProperties messageProperties = new MessageProperties();\n            messageProperties.setPriority(10);\n            messageProperties.setDeliveryMode(MessageDeliveryMode.NON_PERSISTENT);\n            messageProperties.setExpiration(\"180000\");\n            Message message = rabbitTemplate.getMessageConverter().toMessage(taskData, messageProperties);\n            // 全局运行模式\n            String queue = TaskMetaInfoManager.getFitQueue(taskData);\n            //此处可能出现The channelMax limit is reached.报错，所以进行重试。\n            for (int i = 0; i < MAX_RETRY_TIMES; i++) {\n                try {\n                    if (i > 0) {\n                        Thread.sleep(i * 500);\n                    }\n                    Message retMessage = rabbitTemplate.sendAndReceive(queue, queue, message);\n                    return (TaskData<TP, RD>) rabbitTemplate.getMessageConverter().fromMessage(retMessage);\n                } catch (Exception e) {\n                    log.error(e.getMessage(), e);\n                }\n            }\n            throw new TaskRuntimeException(\"The channelMax limit is reached!\");\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * 同步执行任务，可能会导致阻塞。\n     * 在调用的时候，尤其要注意，taskData对象不可改变！\n     *\n     * @param taskData 任务数据\n     * @return\n     */\n    @SuppressWarnings(\"unchecked\")\n    public <TP, RD> TaskData<TP, RD> runTaskLocal(final TaskData<TP, RD> taskData) {\n        taskData.setId(globalSequenceManager.nextId(\"task_runner_log\"));\n        taskData.setQueueDate(new Date());\n        // 当自动RPC，并且本地有runner，而且target匹配的时候，运行在本地模式下。\n        if (taskData.getRunType() == TaskData.RUN_TYPE_AUTO_RPC && TaskMetaInfoManager.checkRunnerRunLocal(taskData)) {\n            // 启动本地运行模式。\n            taskData.setRunType(TaskData.RUN_TYPE_LOCAL);\n        }\n        if (taskData.getRunType() == TaskData.RUN_TYPE_LOCAL) {\n            taskRunnerContainer.process(taskData);\n            return taskData;\n        } else {\n            throw new TaskRuntimeException(taskData.getClass().getName() + \" is not a local task! \");\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * 远程运行任务，并返回future<TaskData<?,?>>。 如果需要获得数据，可以使用futrue.get()来获得。\n     * 此方法要谨慎使用，因为task存在限速，大并发下可能会导致线程数超。\n     * 在调用的时候，尤其要注意，taskData对象不可改变！\n     *\n     * @param taskData 任务数据\n     * @return\n     */\n    @SuppressWarnings(\"unchecked\")\n    public <TP, RD> Future<TaskData<TP, RD>> runTaskAsync(final TaskData<TP, RD> taskData) {\n        taskData.setId(globalSequenceManager.nextId(\"task_runner_log\"));\n        taskData.setQueueDate(new Date());\n\n        // 当自动RPC，并且本地有runner，而且target匹配的时候，运行在本地模式下。\n        if (taskData.getRunType() == TaskData.RUN_TYPE_AUTO_RPC && TaskMetaInfoManager.checkRunnerRunLocal(taskData)) {\n            // 启动本地运行模式。\n            taskData.setRunType(TaskData.RUN_TYPE_LOCAL);\n        }\n        if (taskData.getRunType() == TaskData.RUN_TYPE_LOCAL) {\n            // 启动本地运行模式。\n            return taskRpcService.submit(() -> {\n                taskRunnerContainer.process(taskData);\n                return taskData;\n            });\n        } else {\n            // 全局运行模式\n            taskData.setRunType(TaskData.RUN_TYPE_GLOBAL_RPC);\n            //加入优先级信息。\n            MessageProperties messageProperties = new MessageProperties();\n            messageProperties.setPriority(10);\n            messageProperties.setDeliveryMode(MessageDeliveryMode.NON_PERSISTENT);\n            messageProperties.setExpiration(\"180000\");\n            Message message = rabbitTemplate.getMessageConverter().toMessage(taskData, messageProperties);\n            String queue = TaskMetaInfoManager.getFitQueue(taskData);\n            return taskRpcService.submit(() -> {\n                //此处可能出现The channelMax limit is reached.报错，所以进行重试。\n                for (int i = 0; i < MAX_RETRY_TIMES; i++) {\n                    try {\n                        if (i > 0) {\n                            Thread.sleep(i * 500);\n                        }\n                        Message retMessage = rabbitTemplate.sendAndReceive(queue, queue, message);\n                        return (TaskData<TP, RD>) rabbitTemplate.getMessageConverter().fromMessage(retMessage);\n                    } catch (Exception e) {\n                        log.error(e.getMessage(), e);\n                    }\n                }\n                throw new TaskRuntimeException(\"The channelMax limit is reached!\");\n            });\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * 获得队列信息。\n     *\n     * @param queueName\n     * @return 0 是消息数量 1 是消费者数量\n     */\n    public int[] getQueueInfo(String queueName) {\n        AMQP.Queue.DeclareOk declareOk = this.rabbitTemplate.execute(new ChannelCallback<AMQP.Queue.DeclareOk>() {\n            public AMQP.Queue.DeclareOk doInRabbit(Channel channel) throws Exception {\n                return channel.queueDeclarePassive(queueName);\n            }\n        });\n        return new int[]{declareOk.getMessageCount(), declareOk.getConsumerCount()};\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * 清除队列。\n     *\n     * @param queueName\n     * @return 被清除的队列数\n     */\n    public int purgeQueue(String queueName) {\n        return this.rabbitTemplate.execute(channel -> {\n            AMQP.Queue.PurgeOk queuePurged = channel.queuePurge(queueName);\n            return queuePurged.getMessageCount();\n        });\n    }\n\n}\nsrc/main/java/uw/task/listener/RunnerTaskListener.java\npublic interface RunnerTaskListener {\r\n\r\n    /**\r\n     * 执行前的监听器。\r\n     *\r\n     * @param data\r\n     */\r\n    public void onPreExecute(TaskData data);\r\n\r\n    /**\r\n     * 执行后的监听器。\r\n     *\r\n     * @param data\r\n     */\r\n    public void onPostExecute(TaskData data);\r\n\r\n}\r\nsrc/main/java/uw/task/util/GlobalRateLimiter.java\npublic class GlobalRateLimiter {\r\n\r\n    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GlobalRateLimiter.class);\r\n\r\n    private static final String REDIS_PREFIX = \"TaskRateLimit:\";\r\n\r\n    private final RedisTemplate<String, Long> redisTemplate;\r\n\r\n    /**\r\n     * LUA脚本。\r\n     * 返回值为：可用请求数,等待毫秒数。\r\n     */\r\n    private static final RedisScript<Long> LUA_RATE_LIMIT = RedisScript.of(\r\n            \"local key = KEYS[1];\\n\" +\r\n                    \"local requests = tonumber(ARGV[1]);\\n\" +\r\n                    \"local millis = tonumber(ARGV[2])*1000;\\n\" +\r\n                    \"local permits = tonumber(ARGV[3]);\\n\" +\r\n                    \"local remainRequests=0;\\n\" +\r\n                    \"local waitMillis=0;\\n\" +\r\n                    \"local nowRate= redis.call('INCRBY', key,permits);\\n\" +\r\n                    \"if (nowRate==permits) then \\n\" +//如果是第一次执行，设置有效期保护。\r\n                    \"    redis.call('PEXPIRE',key,millis);\\n\" +\r\n                    \"end\\n\" +\r\n                    \"remainRequests = requests-nowRate;\\n\" +\r\n                    \"if (remainRequests<1) then \\n\" +//请求数超过限制\r\n                    \"    waitMillis = redis.call('PTTL',key);\\n\" +\r\n                    \"    if (waitMillis == -1) then \\n\" +\r\n                    \"        redis.call('PEXPIRE',key,millis);\\n\" +\r\n                    \"        waitMillis = millis;\\n\" +\r\n                    \"    end\\n\" +\r\n                    \"end \\n\" +\r\n                    \"return waitMillis\", Long.class);\r\n\r\n\r\n    public GlobalRateLimiter(final RedisConnectionFactory redisConnectionFactory) {\r\n        redisTemplate = new RedisTemplate<String, Long>();\r\n        redisTemplate.setKeySerializer(new StringRedisSerializer());\r\n        redisTemplate.setValueSerializer(new GenericToStringSerializer<Long>(Long.class));\r\n        redisTemplate.setExposeConnection(true);\r\n        redisTemplate.setConnectionFactory(redisConnectionFactory);\r\n        redisTemplate.afterPropertiesSet();\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    /**\r\n     * 尝试可否获得授权。\r\n     *\r\n     * @param permits       申请访问次数\r\n     * @return 如果未超限则返回0，-1为不确定时间，其他为需要等待的毫秒数\r\n     */\r\n    public long tryAcquire(String name, int requests, int seconds, int permits) {\r\n        if (requests == 0 || seconds == 0) {\r\n            return 0;\r\n        }\r\n        Long waitLimit = redisTemplate.execute(LUA_RATE_LIMIT, Collections.singletonList(REDIS_PREFIX + name), requests,seconds, permits);\r\n        if (waitLimit==null)\r\n            return 0;\r\n        else\r\n            return waitLimit;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n}\r\nsrc/main/java/uw/task/exception/TaskPartnerException.java\npublic class TaskPartnerException extends Exception {\r\n\r\n    /**\r\n     * <code>serialVersionUID</code> 的注释\r\n     */\r\n    private static final long serialVersionUID = 8713460933603499992L;\r\n\r\n    public TaskPartnerException() {\r\n        super();\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    public TaskPartnerException(String msg) {\r\n        super(msg);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    public TaskPartnerException(Throwable nestedThrowable) {\r\n        super(nestedThrowable);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    public TaskPartnerException(String msg, Throwable nestedThrowable) {\r\n        super(msg, nestedThrowable);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n}\nsrc/main/java/uw/task/TaskData.java\npublic class TaskData<TP, RD> implements Serializable {\n\n    /**\n     * serialVersionUID\n     */\n    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1333167065535557828L;\n\n    /**\n     * 任务状态:未设置\n     */\n    public static final int STATE_UNKNOWN = 0;\n\n    /**\n     * 任务状态:成功\n     */\n    public static final int STATE_SUCCESS = 1;\n\n    /**\n     * 任务状态:程序错误\n     */\n    public static final int STATE_FAIL_PROGRAM = 2;\n\n    /**\n     * 任务状态:配置错误，如超过流量限制\n     */\n    public static final int STATE_FAIL_CONFIG = 3;\n\n    /**\n     * 任务状态:第三方接口错误\n     */\n    public static final int STATE_FAIL_PARTNER = 4;\n\n    /**\n     * 任务状态:数据错误\n     */\n    public static final int STATE_FAIL_DATA = 5;\n\n    /**\n     * 运行模式：本地运行\n     */\n    public static final int RUN_TYPE_LOCAL = 1;\n\n    /**\n     * 运行模式：全局运行\n     */\n    public static final int RUN_TYPE_GLOBAL = 3;\n\n    /**\n     * 运行模式：全局运行RPC返回结果\n     */\n    public static final int RUN_TYPE_GLOBAL_RPC = 5;\n\n    /**\n     * 运行模式：自动运行RPC返回结果，使用此模式，会自动选择本地还远程运行模式。\n     */\n    public static final int RUN_TYPE_AUTO_RPC = 6;\n\n    /**\n     * 自动重试[为了兼容,默认开启重试]\n     */\n    public static final int RETRY_TYPE_AUTO = 0;\n\n    /**\n     * 用户手工重试\n     */\n    public static final int RETRY_TYPE_MANUAL = 1;\n\n    /**\n     * id，此序列值由框架自动生成，无需手工设置。\n     */\n    private long id;\n\n    /**\n     * 关联TAG，由调用方设定，用于第三方统计信息。\n     */\n    private String refTag;\n\n    /**\n     * 关联id，由调用方根据需要设置，用于第三方统计信息。\n     */\n    private long refId;\n\n    /**\n     * 关联子id，由调用方根据需要设置，用于第三方统计信息。\n     */\n    private long refSubId;\n\n    /**\n     * 关联对象，此对象不存入数据库，但可以通过Listener来访问。\n     */\n    @JsonIgnore\n    private Object refObject;\n\n    /**\n     * 流量限制TAG。\n     */\n    private String rateLimitTag;\n\n    /**\n     * 需要执行的类名，此数值必须由调用方设置。\n     */\n    private String taskClass = \"\";\n\n    /**\n     * 任务标签，用于细分任务队列，支持多实例运行。\n     */\n    private String taskTag = \"\";\n\n    /**\n     * 任务延迟毫秒数。一般这个时间不宜太长，大多数情况下不要超过60秒。\n     */\n    private long taskDelay;\n\n    /**\n     * 执行参数，此数值必须有调用方设置。\n     */\n    private TP taskParam;\n\n    /**\n     * 任务运行类型，默认为自动RPC，根据情况选择本地还是远程运行。\n     */\n    private int runType = RUN_TYPE_AUTO_RPC;\n\n    /**\n     * 重试类型\n     */\n    private int retryType;\n\n    /**\n     * 指定运行目标。\n     */\n    private String runTarget = \"\";\n\n    /**\n     * 任务运行时主机IP，此信息由框架自动设置。\n     */\n    private String hostIp;\n\n    /**\n     * 任务运行时主机ID（可能为docker的ContainerID），此信息由框架自动设置。\n     */\n    private String hostId;\n\n    /**\n     * 进入队列时间，此信息由框架自动设置。\n     */\n    private Date queueDate;\n\n    /**\n     * 开始消费时间，此信息由框架自动设置。\n     */\n    private Date consumeDate;\n\n    /**\n     * 开始运行时间，此信息由框架自动设置。\n     */\n    private Date runDate;\n\n    /**\n     * 运行结束日期，此信息由框架自动设置。\n     */\n    private Date finishDate;\n\n    /**\n     * 执行信息，用于存储框架自动设置。\n     */\n    private RD resultData;\n\n    /**\n     * 出错信息\n     */\n    private String errorInfo;\n\n    /**\n     * 已经执行的次数，此信息由框架自动设置。\n     */\n    private int ranTimes;\n\n    /**\n     * 执行状态，此信息由框架根据异常自动设置。\n     */\n    private int state;\n\n    /**\n     * @return the id\n     */\n    public long getId() {\n        return id;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @param id the id to set\n     */\n    public void setId(long id) {\n        this.id = id;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the refId\n     */\n    public long getRefId() {\n        return refId;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @param refId the refId to set\n     */\n    public void setRefId(long refId) {\n        this.refId = refId;\n    }\n\n    /**\n\t * @return the refSubId\n\t */\n\tpublic long getRefSubId() {\n\t\treturn refSubId;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @param refSubId the refSubId to set\n\t */\n\tpublic void setRefSubId(long refSubId) {\n\t\tthis.refSubId = refSubId;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @return the refTag\n\t */\n\tpublic String getRefTag() {\n\t\treturn refTag;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @param refTag the refTag to set\n\t */\n\tpublic void setRefTag(String refTag) {\n\t\tthis.refTag = refTag;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @return the rateLimitTag\n\t */\n\tpublic String getRateLimitTag() {\n\t\treturn rateLimitTag;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @param rateLimitTag the rateLimitTag to set\n\t */\n\tpublic void setRateLimitTag(String rateLimitTag) {\n\t\tthis.rateLimitTag = rateLimitTag;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @return the refObject\n\t */\n\tpublic Object getRefObject() {\n\t\treturn refObject;\n\t}\n\n    /**\n     * @param refObject the refObject to set\n     */\n    public void setRefObject(Object refObject) {\n        this.refObject = refObject;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the taskClass\n     */\n    public String getTaskClass() {\n        return taskClass;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @param taskClass the taskClass to set\n     */\n    public void setTaskClass(String taskClass) {\n        this.taskClass = taskClass;\n    }\n\n    /**\n\t * @return the taskTag\n\t */\n\tpublic String getTaskTag() {\n\t\treturn taskTag;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic long getTaskDelay() {\n\t\treturn taskDelay;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void setTaskDelay(long taskDelay) {\n\t\tthis.taskDelay = taskDelay;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @param taskTag the taskTag to set\n\t */\n\tpublic void setTaskTag(String taskTag) {\n\t\tthis.taskTag = taskTag;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n     * @return the taskParam\n     */\n    public TP getTaskParam() {\n        return taskParam;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @param taskParam the taskParam to set\n     */\n    public void setTaskParam(TP taskParam) {\n        this.taskParam = taskParam;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the runType\n     */\n    public int getRunType() {\n        return runType;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @param runType the runType to set\n     */\n    public void setRunType(int runType) {\n        this.runType = runType;\n    }\n\n    public int getRetryType() {\n        return retryType;\n    }\n\n    public void setRetryType(int retryType) {\n        this.retryType = retryType;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the runTarget\n     */\n    public String getRunTarget() {\n        return runTarget;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @param runTarget the runTarget to set\n     */\n    public void setRunTarget(String runTarget) {\n        this.runTarget = runTarget;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the hostIp\n     */\n    public String getHostIp() {\n        return hostIp;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @param hostIp the hostIp to set\n     */\n    public void setHostIp(String hostIp) {\n        this.hostIp = hostIp;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the hostId\n     */\n    public String getHostId() {\n        return hostId;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @param hostId the hostId to set\n     */\n    public void setHostId(String hostId) {\n        this.hostId = hostId;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the queueDate\n     */\n    public Date getQueueDate() {\n        return queueDate;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @param queueDate the queueDate to set\n     */\n    public void setQueueDate(Date queueDate) {\n        this.queueDate = queueDate;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the consumeDate\n     */\n    public Date getConsumeDate() {\n        return consumeDate;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @param consumeDate the consumeDate to set\n     */\n    public void setConsumeDate(Date consumeDate) {\n        this.consumeDate = consumeDate;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the runDate\n     */\n    public Date getRunDate() {\n        return runDate;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @param runDate the runDate to set\n     */\n    public void setRunDate(Date runDate) {\n        this.runDate = runDate;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the finishDate\n     */\n    public Date getFinishDate() {\n        return finishDate;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @param finishDate the finishDate to set\n     */\n    public void setFinishDate(Date finishDate) {\n        this.finishDate = finishDate;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the resultData\n     */\n    public RD getResultData() {\n        return resultData;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @param resultData the resultData to set\n     */\n    public void setResultData(RD resultData) {\n        this.resultData = resultData;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the errorInfo\n     */\n    public String getErrorInfo() {\n        return errorInfo;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @param errorInfo the errorInfo to set\n     */\n    public void setErrorInfo(String errorInfo) {\n        this.errorInfo = errorInfo;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the ranTimes\n     */\n    public int getRanTimes() {\n        return ranTimes;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @param ranTimes the ranTimes to set\n     */\n    public void setRanTimes(int ranTimes) {\n        this.ranTimes = ranTimes;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the status\n     */\n    public int getState() {\n        return state;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @param status the status to set\n     */\n    public void setState(int status) {\n        this.state = status;\n    }\n\n}\nsrc/main/java/uw/task/TaskRunner.java\npublic abstract class TaskRunner<TP, RD> {\r\n\r\n    /**\r\n     * 执行任务。\r\n     * 业务层面的异常请根据实际情况手动Throw TaskException:\r\n     * 目前支持的异常:\r\n     * 1. TaskDataException 任务数据异常\r\n     * 2. TaskPartnerException 任务合作方异常\r\n     *\r\n     * @param taskData 数据\r\n     * @throws Exception 异常\r\n     * @return 指定的返回对象\r\n     */\r\n    public abstract RD runTask(TaskData<TP, RD> taskData) throws Exception;\r\n\r\n    /**\r\n     * 初始化配置信息\r\n     *\r\n     * @return TaskRunnerConfig配置\r\n     */\r\n    public abstract TaskRunnerConfig initConfig();\r\n\r\n    /**\r\n     * 初始化联系人信息\r\n     *\r\n     * @return TaskContact联系人信息\r\n     */\r\n    public abstract TaskContact initContact();\r\n}\nsrc/main/java/uw/task/conf/TaskMetaInfoManager.java\npublic class TaskMetaInfoManager {\r\n\r\n\t/**\r\n\t * 运行主机配置\r\n\t */\r\n\tstatic List<String> targetConfig = null;\r\n\r\n\t/**\r\n\t * Runner任务实例缓存。\r\n\t */\r\n\t@SuppressWarnings(\"rawtypes\")\r\n\tstatic Map<String, TaskRunner> runnerMap = new HashMap<>();\r\n\r\n\t/**\r\n\t * Cron任务实例缓存。\r\n\t */\r\n\tstatic Map<String, TaskCroner> cronerMap = new HashMap<>();\r\n\r\n\t/**\r\n\t * Runner任务配置缓存\r\n\t */\r\n\tstatic ConcurrentHashMap<String, TaskRunnerConfig> runnerConfigMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();\r\n\r\n\t/**\r\n\t * Cron任务配置缓存。\r\n\t */\r\n\tstatic ConcurrentHashMap<String, TaskCronerConfig> cronerConfigMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();\r\n\r\n\t/**\r\n\t * 获得任务运行实例。\r\n\t *\r\n\t * @param taskClass\r\n\t * @return\r\n\t */\r\n\tpublic static TaskRunner<?, ?> getRunner(String taskClass) {\r\n\t\treturn runnerMap.get(taskClass);\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\t/**\r\n\t * 检查一个runner是否可以在本地运行。\r\n\t * \r\n\t * @param taskData\r\n\t * @return\r\n\t */\r\n\tpublic static boolean checkRunnerRunLocal(TaskData<?, ?> taskData) {\r\n\t\treturn runnerMap.containsKey(taskData.getTaskClass());\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\t/**\r\n\t * 根据服务器端Queue列表，返回合适的key。\r\n\t * \r\n\t * @return\r\n\t */\r\n\tpublic static String getFitQueue(TaskData<?, ?> data) {\r\n\t\tStringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(100);\r\n\t\tsb.append(data.getTaskClass()).append(\"#\");\r\n\t\tif (data.getTaskTag() != null && data.getTaskTag().length() > 0) {\r\n\t\t\tsb.append(data.getTaskTag());\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\tsb.append(\"$\");\r\n\t\tif (data.getRunTarget() != null && data.getRunTarget().length() > 0) {\r\n\t\t\tsb.append(data.getRunTarget());\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\tString all = sb.toString();\r\n\t\tif (runnerConfigMap.containsKey(all)) {\r\n\t\t\treturn all;\r\n\t\t}\r\n        // 检测去除TAG的情况\r\n        if (!all.contains(\"#$\")) {\r\n            String test = all.substring(0, all.indexOf('#') + 1) + all.substring(all.lastIndexOf('$'), all.length());\r\n            if (runnerConfigMap.containsKey(test)) {\r\n                return test;\r\n            }\r\n        }\r\n\t\t// 检测去除目标的情况\r\n\t\tif (!all.endsWith(\"$\")) {\r\n\t\t\tString test = all.substring(0, all.lastIndexOf('$') + 1);\r\n\t\t\tif (runnerConfigMap.containsKey(test)) {\r\n\t\t\t\treturn test;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\t// 两个都去除的情况\r\n\t\tif (!all.endsWith(\"#$\")) {\r\n\t\t\tString test = data.getTaskClass() + \"#$\";\r\n\t\t\tif (runnerConfigMap.containsKey(test)) {\r\n\t\t\t\treturn test;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\t// 最后都没匹配到，返回原始数据\r\n\t\treturn all;\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\t/**\r\n\t * 获得任务配置\r\n\t *\r\n\t * @param data\r\n\t * @return\r\n\t */\r\n\tpublic static TaskRunnerConfig getRunnerConfig(TaskData<?, ?> data) {\r\n\t\tTaskRunnerConfig config = null;\r\n\t\tStringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(100);\r\n\t\tsb.append(data.getTaskClass()).append(\"#\");\r\n\t\tif (data.getTaskTag() != null && data.getTaskTag().length() > 0) {\r\n\t\t\tsb.append(data.getTaskTag());\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\tsb.append(\"$\");\r\n\t\tif (data.getRunTarget() != null && data.getRunTarget().length() > 0) {\r\n\t\t\tsb.append(data.getRunTarget());\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\tString all = sb.toString();\r\n\t\tconfig = runnerConfigMap.get(all);\r\n\t\tif (config != null) {\r\n\t\t\treturn config;\r\n\t\t}\r\n        // 检测去除TAG的情况\r\n        if (!all.contains(\"#$\")) {\r\n            String test = all.substring(0, all.indexOf('#') + 1) + all.substring(all.lastIndexOf('$'), all.length());\r\n            config = runnerConfigMap.get(test);\r\n            if (config != null) {\r\n                return config;\r\n            }\r\n        }\r\n\t\t// 检测去除目标的情况\r\n\t\tif (!all.endsWith(\"$\")) {\r\n\t\t\tString test = all.substring(0, all.lastIndexOf('$') + 1);\r\n\t\t\tconfig = runnerConfigMap.get(test);\r\n\t\t\tif (config != null) {\r\n\t\t\t\treturn config;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\t// 两个都去除的情况\r\n\t\tif (!all.endsWith(\"#$\")) {\r\n\t\t\tString test = data.getTaskClass() + \"#$\";\r\n\t\t\tconfig = runnerConfigMap.get(test);\r\n\t\t\tif (config != null) {\r\n\t\t\t\treturn config;\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\tthrow new RuntimeException(\"找不到任务配置: taskClass = \" + data.getTaskClass());\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\t/**\r\n\t * 更新系统队列表。\r\n\t * \r\n\t * @param config\r\n\t */\r\n\tstatic void updateSysQueue(final TaskRunnerConfig config) {\r\n\t\tString key = getRunnerConfigKey(config);\r\n\t\t// 检测是否老的TaskRunnerConfig是否是本地的完整配置，如果是，则不管。\r\n\t\tTaskRunnerConfig old = runnerConfigMap.get(key);\r\n\t\tif (old == null || (old != null && old.getCreateDate() == null)) {\r\n\t\t\tif (config.getState() < 1) {\r\n\t\t\t\trunnerConfigMap.remove(key);\r\n\t\t\t} else {\r\n\t\t\t\trunnerConfigMap.put(key, config);\r\n\t\t\t}\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\t/**\r\n\t * 获得croner配置键。 使用taskClass#Id$target来配置\r\n\t * \r\n\t * @return\r\n\t */\r\n\tpublic static String getCronerConfigKey(TaskCronerConfig config) {\r\n\t\tStringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(100);\r\n\t\tsb.append(config.getTaskClass()).append(\"#\");\r\n\t\tif (config.getTaskParam() != null && config.getTaskParam().length() > 0) {\r\n\t\t\tsb.append(config.getId());\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\tsb.append(\"$\");\r\n\t\tif (config.getRunTarget() != null && config.getRunTarget().length() > 0) {\r\n\t\t\tsb.append(config.getRunTarget());\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\treturn sb.toString();\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n\t/**\r\n\t * 获得Runner配置结合Host。\r\n\t * \r\n\t * @return\r\n\t */\r\n\tpublic static String getRunnerConfigKey(TaskRunnerConfig config) {\r\n\t\tStringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(100);\r\n\t\tsb.append(config.getTaskClass()).append(\"#\");\r\n\t\tif (config.getTaskTag() != null && config.getTaskTag().length() > 0) {\r\n\t\t\tsb.append(config.getTaskTag());\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\tsb.append(\"$\");\r\n\t\tif (config.getRunTarget() != null && config.getRunTarget().length() > 0) {\r\n\t\t\tsb.append(config.getRunTarget());\r\n\t\t}\r\n\t\treturn sb.toString();\r\n\t}\r\n\r\n    /**\r\n     * 获得RunnerLog配置KEY\r\n     *\r\n     * @return\r\n     */\r\n    public static String getRunnerLogKey(TaskData<?,?> log) {\r\n        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(100);\r\n        sb.append(log.getTaskClass()).append(\"#\");\r\n        if (log.getTaskTag() != null && log.getTaskTag().length() > 0) {\r\n            sb.append(log.getTaskTag());\r\n        }\r\n        sb.append(\"$\");\r\n        if (log.getRunTarget() != null && log.getRunTarget().length() > 0) {\r\n            sb.append(log.getRunTarget());\r\n        }\r\n        return sb.toString();\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    /**\r\n     * 获得CronerLog配置KEY\r\n     *\r\n     * @return\r\n     */\r\n    public static String getCronerLogKey(TaskCronerLog log) {\r\n        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(100);\r\n        sb.append(log.getTaskClass()).append(\"#\");\r\n        if (log.getTaskParam() != null && log.getTaskParam().length()>0){\r\n            sb.append(log.getTaskParam());\r\n        }\r\n        sb.append(\"$\");\r\n        if (log.getRunTarget() != null && log.getRunTarget().length() > 0) {\r\n            sb.append(log.getRunTarget());\r\n        }\r\n        return sb.toString();\r\n    }\r\n}\r\nsrc/main/java/uw/task/api/TaskAPI.java\npublic class TaskAPI {\n\n    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(TaskAPI.class);\n\n    /**\n     * Task配置文件\n     */\n    private TaskProperties taskProperties;\n\n    /**\n     * Rest模板类\n     */\n    private RestTemplate restTemplate;\n\n    /**\n     * 日志客户端。\n     */\n    private LogClient logClient = null;\n\n    /**\n     * 本机的外网IP\n     */\n    private String hostIp = \"\";\n\n    public TaskAPI(final TaskProperties taskProperties, final RestTemplate restTemplate,\n                   final LogClient logClient) {\n        this.taskProperties = taskProperties;\n        this.restTemplate = restTemplate;\n        this.logClient = logClient;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the hostIp\n     */\n    public String getHostIp() {\n        return hostIp;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * 更新当前主机目标配置。\n     *\n     * @return\n     */\n    public List<String> getServerTargetConfig() {\n        List<String> targetConfig = null;\n        // 判断是否是私有模式。\n        boolean privacyMode = taskProperties.isPrivacyMode();\n        try {\n            String[] data = restTemplate.getForObject(\n                    taskProperties.getTaskCenterHost() + \"/taskapi/target/config?targetType={targetType}\", String[].class,\n                    privacyMode ? 1 : 0);\n            targetConfig = Arrays.asList(data);\n        } catch (Exception e) {\n            log.error(\"TaskAPI.getHostConfig()服务端Target配置拉取异常:{}\", e.getMessage());\n        }\n        if (targetConfig == null || targetConfig.size() == 0) {\n            if (log.isWarnEnabled()) {\n                log.warn(\"获得主机Target服务端配置失败，启用默认配置项!\");\n            }\n            targetConfig = new ArrayList<>();\n            if (!privacyMode) {\n                targetConfig.add(\"\");\n            }\n        }\n        return targetConfig;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * 更新当前主机状态，返回主机IP地址。\n     *\n     * @return 主机IP地址\n     */\n    public String updateHostStatus() {\n        String ip = \"\";\n        TaskHostStatus taskHostStatus = new TaskHostStatus();\n        taskHostStatus.setHostId(taskProperties.getHostId());\n        taskHostStatus.setTaskProject(taskProperties.getProject());\n        try {\n            ip = restTemplate.postForObject(taskProperties.getTaskCenterHost() + \"/taskapi/host/status\", taskHostStatus,\n                    String.class);\n            hostIp = ip;\n        } catch (Exception e) {\n            log.error(\"TaskAPI.updateHostStatus()服务端主机状态更新异常:{}\", e.getMessage());\n        }\n        return ip;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * 初始化CronerConfig。\n     *\n     * @param config\n     */\n    public TaskCronerConfig initTaskCronerConfig(TaskCronerConfig config) {\n        try {\n            config = restTemplate.postForObject(taskProperties.getTaskCenterHost() + \"/taskapi/croner/config\", config,\n                    TaskCronerConfig.class);\n        } catch (Exception e) {\n            log.error(\"TaskAPI.initTaskCronerConfig上传Croner配置到服务端异常:{}\", e.getMessage());\n        }\n        return config;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * 初始化RunnerConfig\n     *\n     * @param config\n     */\n    public TaskRunnerConfig initTaskRunnerConfig(TaskRunnerConfig config) {\n        try {\n            config = restTemplate.postForObject(taskProperties.getTaskCenterHost() + \"/taskapi/runner/config\", config,\n                    TaskRunnerConfig.class);\n        } catch (Exception e) {\n            log.error(\"TaskAPI.initTaskRunnerConfig上传Runner配置到服务端异常:{}\", e.getMessage());\n        }\n        return config;\n\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * 初始化联系人信息。\n     *\n     * @param contact\n     */\n    public void initTaskContact(TaskContact contact) {\n        try {\n            restTemplate.postForLocation(taskProperties.getTaskCenterHost() + \"/taskapi/contact\", contact);\n        } catch (Exception e) {\n            log.error(\"TaskAPI.initTaskContact上传联系人信息到服务端异常:{}\", e.getMessage());\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * 根据更新时间获得变化的TaskRunner队列列表。\n     *\n     * @param lastUpdateTime 最后更新时间\n     * @return\n     */\n    public List<TaskRunnerConfig> getTaskRunnerQueueList(long lastUpdateTime) {\n        List<TaskRunnerConfig> list = null;\n        try {\n            TaskRunnerConfig[] data = restTemplate.getForObject(\n                    taskProperties.getTaskCenterHost() + \"/taskapi/runner/queue?lastUpdateTime={lastUpdateTime}\",\n                    TaskRunnerConfig[].class, lastUpdateTime);\n            list = Arrays.asList(data);\n        } catch (Exception e) {\n            log.error(\"TaskAPI.getTaskRunnerQueueList()服务端主机状态更新异常:{}\", e.getMessage());\n        }\n\n        return list;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * 根据包名前缀获得TaskRunner配置列表。\n     *\n     * @param taskPackage\n     * @param lastUpdateTime 最后更新时间\n     * @return\n     */\n    public List<TaskRunnerConfig> getTaskRunnerConfigList(String taskPackage, long lastUpdateTime) {\n        List<TaskRunnerConfig> list = null;\n        try {\n            TaskRunnerConfig[] data = restTemplate.getForObject(\n                    taskProperties.getTaskCenterHost()\n                            + \"/taskapi/runner/config?taskPackage={taskPackage}&lastUpdateTime={lastUpdateTime}\",\n                    TaskRunnerConfig[].class, taskPackage, lastUpdateTime);\n            list = Arrays.asList(data);\n        } catch (Exception e) {\n            log.error(\"TaskAPI.getTaskRunnerConfigList()服务端主机状态更新异常:{}\", e.getMessage());\n        }\n\n        return list;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * 根据包名前缀获得TaskCroner配置列表。\n     *\n     * @param taskPackage\n     * @param lastUpdateTime 最后更新时间\n     * @return\n     */\n    public List<TaskCronerConfig> getTaskCronerConfigList(String taskPackage, long lastUpdateTime) {\n        List<TaskCronerConfig> list = null;\n        try {\n            TaskCronerConfig[] data = restTemplate.getForObject(\n                    taskProperties.getTaskCenterHost()\n                            + \"/taskapi/croner/config?taskPackage={taskPackage}&lastUpdateTime={lastUpdateTime}\",\n                    TaskCronerConfig[].class, taskPackage, lastUpdateTime);\n            list = Arrays.asList(data);\n        } catch (Exception e) {\n            log.error(\"TaskAPI.getTaskCronerConfigList()服务端主机状态更新异常:{}\", e.getMessage());\n        }\n\n        return list;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * 发送Runner任务日志。\n     *\n     * @param log\n     */\n    public void sendTaskRunnerLog(TaskRunnerLog log) {\n        logClient.log(log);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * 发送CronLog日志\n     *\n     * @param configId      配置Id,方便更新下一次执行时间\n     * @param taskCronerLog 日志对象\n     */\n    public void sendTaskCronerLog(long configId, TaskCronerLog taskCronerLog) {\n        try {\n            restTemplate.getForObject(\n                    taskProperties.getTaskCenterHost()\n                            + \"/taskapi/croner/tick?id={id}&nextDate={nextDate}\",\n                    Integer.class, configId, taskCronerLog.getNextDate().getTime());\n        } catch (Exception e) {\n            log.error(\"TaskAPI.cornerTick()服务端主机状态更新异常: \" + e.getMessage(), e);\n        }\n\n        int logLevel = taskCronerLog.getLogLevel();\n        int logLimitSize = taskCronerLog.getLogLimitSize();\n        if (logLevel > TaskCronerConfig.TASK_LOG_TYPE_NONE) {\n            switch (logLevel) {\n                case TaskCronerConfig.TASK_LOG_TYPE_RECORD: {\n                    taskCronerLog.setTaskParam(null);\n                    taskCronerLog.setResultData(null);\n                }\n                break;\n                case TaskCronerConfig.TASK_LOG_TYPE_RECORD_TASK_PARAM: {\n                    String taskParam = taskCronerLog.getTaskParam();\n                    if (logLimitSize > 0 && StringUtils.isNotBlank(taskParam) && taskParam.length() > logLimitSize) {\n                        taskCronerLog.setTaskParam(taskParam.substring(0, logLimitSize));\n                    }\n                    taskCronerLog.setResultData(null);\n                }\n                break;\n                case TaskCronerConfig.TASK_LOG_TYPE_RECORD_RESULT_DATA: {\n                    String resultData = taskCronerLog.getResultData();\n                    if (logLimitSize > 0 && StringUtils.isNotBlank(resultData) && resultData.length() > logLimitSize) {\n                        taskCronerLog.setResultData(resultData.substring(0, logLimitSize));\n                    }\n                    taskCronerLog.setTaskParam(null);\n                }\n                break;\n                case TaskCronerConfig.TASK_LOG_TYPE_RECORD_ALL: {\n                    if (logLimitSize > 0) {\n                        String taskParam = taskCronerLog.getTaskParam();\n                        String resultData = taskCronerLog.getResultData();\n                        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(taskParam) && taskParam.length() > logLimitSize) {\n                            taskCronerLog.setTaskParam(taskParam.substring(0, logLimitSize));\n                        }\n                        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(resultData) && resultData.length() > logLimitSize) {\n                            taskCronerLog.setResultData(resultData.substring(0, logLimitSize));\n                        }\n                    }\n                }\n                break;\n            }\n            logClient.log(taskCronerLog);\n        }\n    }\n}\nsrc/main/java/uw/task/exception/TaskDataException.java\npublic class TaskDataException extends Exception {\r\n\r\n    /**\r\n     * <code>serialVersionUID</code> 的注释\r\n     */\r\n    private static final long serialVersionUID = 8713460933603499992L;\r\n\r\n    public TaskDataException() {\r\n        super();\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    public TaskDataException(String msg) {\r\n        super(msg);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    public TaskDataException(Throwable nestedThrowable) {\r\n        super(nestedThrowable);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    public TaskDataException(String msg, Throwable nestedThrowable) {\r\n        super(msg, nestedThrowable);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n}\nsrc/main/java/uw/task/entity/TaskRunnerConfig.java\npublic class TaskRunnerConfig implements Serializable {\n\n    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;\n\n    /**\n     * 限速类型：不限速\n     */\n    public static final int RATE_LIMIT_NONE = 0;\n\n    /**\n     * 限速类型：本地进程限速\n     */\n    public static final int RATE_LIMIT_LOCAL = 1;\n\n    /**\n     * 限速类型：本地TASK限速\n     */\n    public static final int RATE_LIMIT_LOCAL_TASK = 2;\n\n    /**\n     * 限速类型：本地TASK+TAG限速\n     */\n    public static final int RATE_LIMIT_LOCAL_TASK_TAG = 3;\n\n    /**\n     * 限速类型：全局主机HOST限速\n     */\n    public static final int RATE_LIMIT_GLOBAL_HOST = 4;\n\n    /**\n     * 限速类型：全局TAG限速\n     */\n    public static final int RATE_LIMIT_GLOBAL_TAG = 5;\n\n    /**\n     * 限速类型：全局TASK限速\n     */\n    public static final int RATE_LIMIT_GLOBAL_TASK = 6;\n\n    /**\n     * 限速类型：全局TAG+HOST限速\n     */\n    public static final int RATE_LIMIT_GLOBAL_TAG_HOST = 7;\n\n    /**\n     * 限速类型：全局TASK+IP限速\n     */\n    public static final int RATE_LIMIT_GLOBAL_TASK_HOST = 8;\n\n    /**\n     * 限速类型：全局TASK+TAG限速\n     */\n    public static final int RATE_LIMIT_GLOBAL_TASK_TAG = 9;\n\n    /**\n     * 限速类型：全局TASK+TAG+IP限速\n     */\n    public static final int RATE_LIMIT_GLOBAL_TASK_TAG_HOST = 10;\n\n    /**\n     * 什么都不记录\n     */\n    public static final int TASK_LOG_TYPE_NONE = -1;\n\n    /**\n     * 记录日志\n     */\n    public static final int TASK_LOG_TYPE_RECORD = 0;\n\n    /**\n     * 记录日志,含请求参数\n     */\n    public static final int TASK_LOG_TYPE_RECORD_TASK_PARAM = 1;\n\n    /**\n     * 记录日志,含返回参数\n     */\n    public static final int TASK_LOG_TYPE_RECORD_RESULT_DATA = 2;\n\n    /**\n     * 记录全部日志\n     */\n    public static final int TASK_LOG_TYPE_RECORD_ALL = 3;\n\n    private long id;\n\n    /**\n     * 任务名称\n     */\n    private String taskName;\n\n    /**\n     * 任务描述\n     */\n    private String taskDesc;\n\n    /**\n     * 执行类信息\n     */\n    private String taskClass;\n\n    /**\n     * 执行类TAG，可能用于区分子任务\n     */\n    private String taskTag;\n\n    /**\n     * 消费者的数量\n     */\n    private int consumerNum = 1;\n\n    /**\n     * 预取任务数。\n     */\n    private int prefetchNum = 1;\n\n    /**\n     * 详见流量限制类型说明。\n     */\n    private int rateLimitType = RATE_LIMIT_NONE;\n\n    /**\n     * 流量限定数值，默认为10次\n     */\n    private int rateLimitValue = 10;\n\n    /**\n     * 流量限定时间(S)，默认为1秒\n     */\n    private int rateLimitTime = 1;\n\n    /**\n     * 当发生流量限制时，等待的秒数，默认300秒\n     */\n    private int rateLimitWait = 30;\n\n    /**\n     * 超过流量限制重试次数，默认不在重试，放弃任务。\n     */\n    private int retryTimesByOverrated = 0;\n\n    /**\n     * 对方接口错误重试次数，默认不再重试，放弃任务。\n     */\n    private int retryTimesByPartner = 0;\n\n    /**\n     * 运行目标，默认不指定\n     */\n    private String runTarget = \"\";\n\n    /**\n     * 失败率\n     */\n    private int failRate;\n\n    /**\n     * 接口失败率\n     */\n    private int failPartnerRate;\n\n    /**\n     * 程序失败率\n     */\n    private int failProgramRate;\n\n    /**\n     * 配置失败率\n     */\n    private int failConfigRate;\n\n    /**\n     * 数据失败率\n     */\n    private int failDataRate;\n\n    /**\n     * 队列等待超时\n     */\n    private int queueTimeout;\n\n    /**\n     * 等待超时\n     */\n    private int waitTimeout;\n\n    /**\n     * 运行超时\n     */\n    private int runTimeout;\n\n    /**\n     * 创建日期。\n     */\n    private Date createDate;\n\n    /**\n     * 修改日期。\n     */\n    private Date modifyDate;\n\n    /**\n     * 状态值\n     */\n    private int state = 1;\n\n    /**\n     * 详见日志类型说明\n     */\n    private int logLevel = TASK_LOG_TYPE_RECORD;\n\n    /**\n     * 日志字符串字段大小限制: 0 表示无限制\n     */\n    private int logLimitSize = 0;\n\n    public TaskRunnerConfig() {\n    }\n\n    public long getId() {\n        return id;\n    }\n\n    public void setId(long id) {\n        this.id = id;\n    }\n\n    public String getTaskName() {\n        return taskName;\n    }\n\n    public void setTaskName(String taskName) {\n        this.taskName = taskName;\n    }\n\n    public String getTaskDesc() {\n        return taskDesc;\n    }\n\n    public void setTaskDesc(String taskDesc) {\n        this.taskDesc = taskDesc;\n    }\n\n    public String getTaskClass() {\n        return taskClass;\n    }\n\n    public void setTaskClass(String taskClass) {\n        this.taskClass = taskClass;\n    }\n\n    public String getTaskTag() {\n        return taskTag;\n    }\n\n    public void setTaskTag(String taskTag) {\n        this.taskTag = taskTag;\n    }\n\n    public int getConsumerNum() {\n        return consumerNum;\n    }\n\n    public void setConsumerNum(int consumerNum) {\n        this.consumerNum = consumerNum;\n    }\n\n    public int getPrefetchNum() {\n        return prefetchNum;\n    }\n\n    public void setPrefetchNum(int prefetchNum) {\n        this.prefetchNum = prefetchNum;\n    }\n\n    public int getRateLimitType() {\n        return rateLimitType;\n    }\n\n    public void setRateLimitType(int rateLimitType) {\n        this.rateLimitType = rateLimitType;\n    }\n\n    public int getRateLimitValue() {\n        return rateLimitValue;\n    }\n\n    public void setRateLimitValue(int rateLimitValue) {\n        this.rateLimitValue = rateLimitValue;\n    }\n\n    public int getRateLimitTime() {\n        return rateLimitTime;\n    }\n\n    public void setRateLimitTime(int rateLimitTime) {\n        this.rateLimitTime = rateLimitTime;\n    }\n\n    public int getRateLimitWait() {\n        return rateLimitWait;\n    }\n\n    public void setRateLimitWait(int rateLimitWait) {\n        this.rateLimitWait = rateLimitWait;\n    }\n\n    public int getRetryTimesByOverrated() {\n        return retryTimesByOverrated;\n    }\n\n    public void setRetryTimesByOverrated(int retryTimesByOverrated) {\n        this.retryTimesByOverrated = retryTimesByOverrated;\n    }\n\n    public int getRetryTimesByPartner() {\n        return retryTimesByPartner;\n    }\n\n    public void setRetryTimesByPartner(int retryTimesByPartner) {\n        this.retryTimesByPartner = retryTimesByPartner;\n    }\n\n    public String getRunTarget() {\n        return runTarget;\n    }\n\n    public void setRunTarget(String runTarget) {\n        this.runTarget = runTarget;\n    }\n\n    public int getFailRate() {\n        return failRate;\n    }\n\n    public void setFailRate(int failRate) {\n        this.failRate = failRate;\n    }\n\n    public int getFailPartnerRate() {\n        return failPartnerRate;\n    }\n\n    public void setFailPartnerRate(int failPartnerRate) {\n        this.failPartnerRate = failPartnerRate;\n    }\n\n    public int getFailProgramRate() {\n        return failProgramRate;\n    }\n\n    public void setFailProgramRate(int failProgramRate) {\n        this.failProgramRate = failProgramRate;\n    }\n\n    public int getFailConfigRate() {\n        return failConfigRate;\n    }\n\n    public void setFailConfigRate(int failConfigRate) {\n        this.failConfigRate = failConfigRate;\n    }\n\n    public int getFailDataRate() {\n        return failDataRate;\n    }\n\n    public void setFailDataRate(int failDataRate) {\n        this.failDataRate = failDataRate;\n    }\n\n    public int getQueueTimeout() {\n        return queueTimeout;\n    }\n\n    public void setQueueTimeout(int queueTimeout) {\n        this.queueTimeout = queueTimeout;\n    }\n\n    public int getWaitTimeout() {\n        return waitTimeout;\n    }\n\n    public void setWaitTimeout(int waitTimeout) {\n        this.waitTimeout = waitTimeout;\n    }\n\n    public int getRunTimeout() {\n        return runTimeout;\n    }\n\n    public void setRunTimeout(int runTimeout) {\n        this.runTimeout = runTimeout;\n    }\n\n    public Date getCreateDate() {\n        return createDate;\n    }\n\n    public void setCreateDate(Date createDate) {\n        this.createDate = createDate;\n    }\n\n    public Date getModifyDate() {\n        return modifyDate;\n    }\n\n    public void setModifyDate(Date modifyDate) {\n        this.modifyDate = modifyDate;\n    }\n\n    public int getState() {\n        return state;\n    }\n\n    public void setState(int state) {\n        this.state = state;\n    }\n\n    public int getLogLevel() {\n        return logLevel;\n    }\n\n    public void setLogLevel(int logLevel) {\n        this.logLevel = logLevel;\n    }\n\n    public int getLogLimitSize() {\n        return logLimitSize;\n    }\n\n    public void setLogLimitSize(int logLimitSize) {\n        this.logLimitSize = logLimitSize;\n    }\n}\nsrc/main/java/uw/task/util/MiscUtils.java\npublic class MiscUtils {\r\n\r\n    /**\r\n     * taskData的copy器。\r\n     */\r\n    private static BeanCopier beanCopier = BeanCopier.create(TaskData.class, TaskData.class, false);\r\n\r\n    /**\r\n     * copy taskData对象。\r\n     *\r\n     * @param srcData\r\n     * @param dstData\r\n     */\r\n    public static void copyTaskData(TaskData srcData, TaskData dstData) {\r\n        beanCopier.copy(srcData, dstData, null);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    /**\r\n     * 打印异常信息，屏蔽掉spring自己的堆栈输出。\r\n     *\r\n     * @param e 需要打印的异常信息\r\n     * @return\r\n     */\r\n    public static String exceptionToString(Throwable e) {\r\n        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();\r\n        sb.append(e.toString()).append(\"\\n\");\r\n\r\n        StackTraceElement[] trace = e.getStackTrace();\r\n        for (StackTraceElement traceElement : trace) {\r\n            if (traceElement.getClassName().startsWith(\"org.spring\")) {\r\n                continue;\r\n            }\r\n            if (traceElement.getClassName().startsWith(\"sun.\")) {\r\n                continue;\r\n            }\r\n            sb.append(\"\\tat \").append(traceElement).append(\"\\n\");\r\n        }\r\n        Throwable ourCause = e.getCause();\r\n        if (ourCause != null) {\r\n            sb.append(\"CAUSE BY\").append(ourCause.toString()).append(\"\\n\");\r\n            trace = ourCause.getStackTrace();\r\n            for (StackTraceElement traceElement : trace) {\r\n                if (traceElement.getClassName().startsWith(\"org.spring\")) {\r\n                    continue;\r\n                }\r\n                if (traceElement.getClassName().startsWith(\"sun.\")) {\r\n                    continue;\r\n                }\r\n                sb.append(\"\\tat \").append(traceElement).append(\"\\n\");\r\n            }\r\n        }\r\n        return sb.toString();\r\n    }\r\n\r\n}\r\nsrc/main/java/uw/task/TaskListenerManager.java\npublic class TaskListenerManager {\r\n\r\n\t/**\r\n\t * runner监听器列表。\r\n\t */\r\n    private ArrayList<RunnerTaskListener> runnerListenerList = new ArrayList<>();\r\n\r\n    /**\r\n     * croner监听器列表。\r\n     */\r\n    private ArrayList<CronerTaskListener> cronerListenerList = new ArrayList<>();\r\n\r\n    /**\r\n     * 加入一个RunnerListener。\r\n     *\r\n     * @param listener\r\n     */\r\n    public void addRunnerListener(RunnerTaskListener listener) {\r\n        runnerListenerList.add(listener);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    /**\r\n     * 加入一个RunnerListener.\r\n     *\r\n     * @param listener\r\n     */\r\n    public void addCronerListener(CronerTaskListener listener) {\r\n        cronerListenerList.add(listener);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    /**\r\n     * 清除RunnerListener列表\r\n     */\r\n    public void clearRunnerListener() {\r\n        runnerListenerList.clear();\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    /**\r\n     * 清除RunnerListener列表\r\n     */\r\n    public void clearCronerListener() {\r\n        cronerListenerList.clear();\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    /**\r\n     * 获得Runner Listener列表。\r\n     *\r\n     * @return\r\n     */\r\n    public ArrayList<RunnerTaskListener> getRunnerListenerList() {\r\n        return runnerListenerList;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    /**\r\n     * 获得Croner Listener列表。\r\n     *\r\n     * @return\r\n     */\r\n    public ArrayList<CronerTaskListener> getCronerListenerList() {\r\n        return cronerListenerList;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n}\r\nsrc/main/java/uw/task/entity/TaskRunnerLog.java\n@JsonIgnoreProperties({\"taskData\"})\npublic class TaskRunnerLog extends LogBaseVo {\n\n    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(TaskRunnerLog.class);\n\n    private TaskData taskData;\n\n    /**\n     * logLimitSize。\n     */\n    private int logLimitSize;\n\n    public TaskRunnerLog(TaskData taskData) {\n        this.taskData = taskData;\n    }\n\n    public TaskData getTaskData() {\n        return taskData;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the id\n     */\n    public long getId() {\n        return taskData.getId();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the refId\n     */\n    public long getRefId() {\n        return taskData.getRefId();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the refSubId\n     */\n    public long getRefSubId() {\n        return taskData.getRefSubId();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the refTag\n     */\n    public String getRefTag() {\n        return taskData.getRefTag();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the rateLimitTag\n     */\n    public String getRateLimitTag() {\n        return taskData.getRateLimitTag();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the taskClass\n     */\n    public String getTaskClass() {\n        return taskData.getTaskClass();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the taskTag\n     */\n    public String getTaskTag() {\n        return taskData.getTaskTag();\n    }\n\n    public long getTaskDelay() {\n        return taskData.getTaskDelay();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the taskParam\n     */\n    public String getTaskParam() {\n        Object value = taskData.getTaskParam();\n        if (value != null) {\n            // 报错了\n            if (taskData.getState() != TaskData.STATE_SUCCESS || logLevel == TaskRunnerConfig.TASK_LOG_TYPE_RECORD_ALL ||\n                    logLevel == TaskRunnerConfig.TASK_LOG_TYPE_RECORD_TASK_PARAM) {\n                String data = null;\n                try {\n                    data = JsonMapper.MAPPER.writeValueAsString(value);\n                } catch (Exception e) {\n                    data = e.getMessage();\n                    logger.error(e.getMessage(), e);\n                }\n                if (data != null) {\n                    if (logLimitSize > 0 && data.length() > logLimitSize) {\n                        data = data.substring(0, logLimitSize);\n                    }\n                    return data;\n                }\n            }\n        }\n        return null;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the runType\n     */\n    public int getRunType() {\n        return taskData.getRunType();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the retryType\n     */\n    public int getRetryType() {\n        return taskData.getRetryType();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the runTarget\n     */\n    public String getRunTarget() {\n        return taskData.getRunTarget();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the hostIp\n     */\n    public String getHostIp() {\n        return taskData.getHostIp();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the hostId\n     */\n    public String getHostId() {\n        return taskData.getHostId();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the queueDate\n     */\n    public Date getQueueDate() {\n        return taskData.getQueueDate();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the consumeDate\n     */\n    public Date getConsumeDate() {\n        return taskData.getConsumeDate();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the runDate\n     */\n    public Date getRunDate() {\n        return taskData.getRunDate();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the finishDate\n     */\n    public Date getFinishDate() {\n        return taskData.getFinishDate();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the resultData\n     */\n    public String getResultData() {\n        Object value = taskData.getResultData();\n        if (value != null) {\n            // 报错了\n            if (taskData.getState() != TaskData.STATE_SUCCESS || logLevel == TaskRunnerConfig.TASK_LOG_TYPE_RECORD_ALL ||\n                    logLevel == TaskRunnerConfig.TASK_LOG_TYPE_RECORD_RESULT_DATA) {\n                String data = null;\n                try {\n                    data = JsonMapper.MAPPER.writeValueAsString(value);\n                } catch (Exception e) {\n                    data = e.getMessage();\n                    logger.error(e.getMessage(), e);\n                }\n                if (data != null) {\n                    if (logLimitSize > 0 && data.length() > logLimitSize) {\n                        data = data.substring(0, logLimitSize);\n                    }\n                    return data;\n                }\n            }\n        }\n        return null;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the errorInfo\n     */\n    public String getErrorInfo() {\n        return taskData.getErrorInfo();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the ranTimes\n     */\n    public int getRanTimes() {\n        return taskData.getRanTimes();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the status\n     */\n    public int getState() {\n        return taskData.getState();\n    }\n\n    public int getLogLimitSize() {\n        return logLimitSize;\n    }\n\n    public void setLogLimitSize(int logLimitSize) {\n        this.logLimitSize = logLimitSize;\n    }\n}\nsrc/main/java/uw/task/conf/TaskProperties.java\n@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = \"uw.task\")\npublic class TaskProperties {\n\n    /**\n     * 是否启用uw-task服务注册和主机注册，默认不启用。\n     *\n     */\n    private boolean enableTaskRegistry = false;\n    /**\n     * 任务名，必须设置为基础包名。\n     */\n    private String project;\n\n    /**\n     * 私有模式。不运行全局target任务。\n     */\n    private boolean privacyMode = false;\n\n    /**\n     * croner线程数，默认在3个，建议按照实际croner任务数量*70%。\n     */\n    private int cronerThreadNum = 5;\n\n    /**\n     * RPC最小线程数,用于执行RPC调用，如不使用rpc，建议设置为1，否则按照最大并发量*10%设置。\n     */\n    private int taskRpcMinThreadNum = 1;\n\n    /**\n     * RPC最大线程数,用于执行RPC调用，超过此线程数，将会导致阻塞。\n     */\n    private int taskRpcMaxThreadNum = 100;\n\n    /**\n     * 队列任务重试延时毫秒数，默认2秒\n     */\n    private long taskQueueRetryDelay = 2000;\n\n    /**\n     *  rpc任务重试延时毫秒数，默认100毫秒\n     */\n    private long taskRpcRetryDelay = 100;\n\n    /**\n     * 运行主机ID\n     */\n    private String hostId = ManagementFactory.getRuntimeMXBean().getName();\n\n    /**\n     * 任务服务器\n     */\n    private String taskCenterHost = \"127.0.0.1\";\n\n    /**\n     * Redis配置\n     */\n    private RedisProperties redis = new RedisProperties();\n\n    /**\n     * Rabbit MQ配置\n     */\n    private RabbitProperties rabbitmq = new RabbitProperties();\n\n    public static class RedisProperties extends org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.data.redis.RedisProperties {\n\n    }\n\n    public static class RabbitProperties extends org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.amqp.RabbitProperties {\n\n    }\n\n    public boolean isEnableTaskRegistry() {\n        return enableTaskRegistry;\n    }\n\n    public void setEnableTaskRegistry(boolean enableTaskRegistry) {\n        this.enableTaskRegistry = enableTaskRegistry;\n    }\n\n    /**\n\t * @return the privacyMode\n\t */\n\tpublic boolean isPrivacyMode() {\n\t\treturn privacyMode;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @param privacyMode the privacyMode to set\n\t */\n\tpublic void setPrivacyMode(boolean privacyMode) {\n\t\tthis.privacyMode = privacyMode;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic int getTaskRpcMinThreadNum() {\n\t\treturn taskRpcMinThreadNum;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void setTaskRpcMinThreadNum(int taskRpcMinThreadNum) {\n\t\tthis.taskRpcMinThreadNum = taskRpcMinThreadNum;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic int getTaskRpcMaxThreadNum() {\n\t\treturn taskRpcMaxThreadNum;\n\t}\n\n\tpublic void setTaskRpcMaxThreadNum(int taskRpcMaxThreadNum) {\n\t\tthis.taskRpcMaxThreadNum = taskRpcMaxThreadNum;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n     * @return the project\n     */\n    public String getProject() {\n        return project;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @param project the project to set\n     */\n    public void setProject(String project) {\n        this.project = project;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @return the hostId\n     */\n    public String getHostId() {\n        return hostId;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @param hostId the hostId to set\n     */\n    public void setHostId(String hostId) {\n        this.hostId = hostId;\n    }\n\n    /**\n\t * @return the cronerThreadNum\n\t */\n\tpublic int getCronerThreadNum() {\n\t\treturn cronerThreadNum;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n\t * @param cronerThreadNum the cronerThreadNum to set\n\t */\n\tpublic void setCronerThreadNum(int cronerThreadNum) {\n\t\tthis.cronerThreadNum = cronerThreadNum;\n\t}\n\n\t/**\n     * @return the taskCenterHost\n     */\n    public String getTaskCenterHost() {\n        return taskCenterHost;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * @param taskCenterHost the taskCenterHost to set\n     */\n    public void setTaskCenterHost(String taskCenterHost) {\n        this.taskCenterHost = taskCenterHost;\n    }\n\n    public RedisProperties getRedis() {\n        return redis;\n    }\n\n    public void setRedis(RedisProperties redis) {\n        this.redis = redis;\n    }\n\n    public RabbitProperties getRabbitmq() {\n        return rabbitmq;\n    }\n\n    public void setRabbitmq(RabbitProperties rabbitmq) {\n        this.rabbitmq = rabbitmq;\n    }\n\n    public long getTaskQueueRetryDelay() {\n        return taskQueueRetryDelay;\n    }\n\n    public void setTaskQueueRetryDelay(long taskQueueRetryDelay) {\n        this.taskQueueRetryDelay = taskQueueRetryDelay;\n    }\n\n    public long getTaskRpcRetryDelay() {\n        return taskRpcRetryDelay;\n    }\n\n    public void setTaskRpcRetryDelay(long taskRpcRetryDelay) {\n        this.taskRpcRetryDelay = taskRpcRetryDelay;\n    }\n}\npackage uw.task.container;\nimport java.util.ArrayList;\nimport java.util.Date;\nimport org.slf4j.Logger;\nimport org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;\nimport uw.task.TaskData;\nimport uw.task.TaskFactory;\nimport uw.task.TaskListenerManager;\nimport uw.task.TaskRunner;\nimport uw.task.api.TaskAPI;\nimport uw.task.conf.TaskMetaInfoManager;\nimport uw.task.conf.TaskProperties;\nimport uw.task.entity.TaskRunnerConfig;\nimport uw.task.entity.TaskRunnerLog;\nimport uw.task.exception.TaskDataException;\nimport uw.task.exception.TaskPartnerException;\nimport uw.task.listener.RunnerTaskListener;\nimport uw.task.util.GlobalRateLimiter;\nimport uw.task.util.LocalRateLimiter;\nimport uw.task.util.MiscUtils;\n\n\n\n\n/**\n * 在此处接受MQ信息，并进行处理。\n *\n * @author axeon\n */\npublic class TaskRunnerContainer {\n\n    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(TaskRunnerContainer.class);\n\n    /**\n     * TaskFactory\n     */\n    private TaskFactory taskFactory;\n\n    /**\n     * 服务端任务API\n     */\n    private TaskAPI taskAPI;\n\n    /**\n     * 全局流量限制服务\n     */\n    private GlobalRateLimiter globalRateLimiter;\n\n    /**\n     * 本地流量限制服务\n     */Next line of code:\n"}
{"question_id": 36, "category": "longbench_triviaqa", "reference": ["Richard Burton", "Richard Walter Jenkins", "Richard Burton (actor)"], "prompt": "Answer the question based on the given passage. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words. The following are some examples.\n\nPassage:\nHarry Hole\nHarry Hole is the main character in a series of crime novels written by Norwegian author Jo Nesbø. Hole is a brilliant and driven detective with unorthodox methods, a classic loose cannon in the police force.\n\nCharacter\n\nHarry Hole, a police officer with the Oslo Crime Squad, lost his mother, a descendant of the Sami people, to cancer while he was in his twenties, and he has never had a close relationship to his father, Olav Hole, a former teacher. He was born in 1965, and has a younger sister with Down syndrome. He is unmarried, but has had close relationships with a number of women throughout the series of ten novels. Otherwise, he has few close friends – and the ability to make enemies from amongst his colleagues who, nevertheless, grudgingly respect him.\n\nHole is a heavy smoker and an alcoholic although, at times, his alcoholism is under control. The effects of his problem sometimes bring him into repeated conflict with his superiors and some colleagues, but Bjarne Møller, head of Hole's department and one of his closest friends, manages to prevent him from being sacked as a result, primarily because he recognises that Harry Hole is a brilliant detective who is recognised amongst his colleagues because of his role in the solving the case of a serial killer in Australia. Hole is one of few in the force who has undergone special training in police interrogation techniques and firearms by the FBI.\n\nHole has few friends within the Oslo Police Department, exceptions being some staff at the forensics division of the Norwegian police, including Beate Lønn, whom he often uses to secure crucial information in critical situations where specialist knowledge is required, and Bjørn Holm, another skilled forensics officer. Harry is also friendly with Gunnar Hagen, his former senior officer prior to the case chronicled in Phantom.\n\nIn many ways, the author's home city of Oslo has the starring role in the Harry Hole novels. Much of the background detail of the stories involves real locations, and the city is shown \"warts and all\", ranging from Hole's favourite eating and drinking places that he frequents, to the traffic of the so-called \"Traffic Machine\" road system, the real-life headquarters of the Police Department, the swimming pool at Frogner Park, to the haunts of neo-Nazis, drug addicts and prostitutes, all of this described vividly (in the various novels) at different times of the year – in the snow and freezing weather of winter to the high temperatures of a particularly warm summer. Harry Hole's friends and acquaintances include city residents from every social background, including immigrants from other parts of the world to old school friends such as Øystein Eikeland, the taxi driver – possibly the person with whom he is closest.\n\nHarry Hole's home address is in Sofies Gate in Bislett, Oslo. In Phantom he no longer lives here, as he has been in Hong Kong for three years. Near his place of residence is his favourite \"watering hole\", Restaurant Schrøder (Schrøder's, for short) in St. Hanshaugen, which figures in most of the novels. He has had a serious relationship with Rakel Fauke, whose son, Oleg, looks up to Harry as a father figure. After the case chronicled in The Snowman, their relationship is put under severe pressure.\n\n\"Hole\", Harry's family name, is the name of a historic Norwegian town (Hole, Norway), with a heritage that goes back to Norway's origins in the Viking Age. The name is derived from Old Norse Hólar, the plural form of hóll, meaning \"round (and isolated) hill\". The word is pronounced as two syllables, with stress on the first (hoh-leh), as is implied in The Bat, where the Australian police call him \"Harry Holy\".\n\nAppearances in the Harry Hole series\n\n* In The Bat (1997), Hole is sent to Sydney, Australia to aid the Australian police in their investigation of the murder of a Norwegian citizen.\n* In Cockroaches (1998), Hole is sent to Thailand to investigate the murder of the Norwegian ambassador.\n* In The Redbreast (2000), Hole tracks an assassin planning an attack on a prominent member of the establishment.\n* In Nemesis (2002), Hole investigates a fatal bank robbery and becomes implicated in the apparent murder of an ex-girlfriend.\n* In The Devil's Star (2003), Hole investigates a series of serial killings and suspects a fellow policeman of criminal activity. \n* In The Redeemer (2005), Hole is on the trail of a Croatian hitman who kills a Salvation Army officer during a Christmas street concert.\n* In The Snowman (2007), Hole struggles to identify Norway's first serial killer.\n* In The Leopard (2009), Hole returns from self-imposed exile in Hong Kong and unofficially investigates a serial killer.\n* In Phantom (2011), Hole again returns from Hong Kong to look into a murder apparently committed by his would-be son, Oleg. His investigation draws him into Oslo's drug scene.\n* In Police (2013), Hole is needed once again to discover the identity of a serial killer who is stalking the streets of Oslo, killing police officers who previously investigated old cases.\n\nBooks\n\n*1997 – Flaggermusmannen; English title: The Bat (2012)\n*1998 – Kakerlakkene; English title: Cockroaches (2013)\n*2000 – Rødstrupe; English translation: The Redbreast (2006)\n*2002 – Sorgenfri; English translation: Nemesis (2008)\n*2003 – Marekors; English translation: The Devil's Star (2005)\n*2005 – Frelseren; English translation by Don Bartlett: The Redeemer (2009)\n*2007 – Snømannen; English translation by Don Bartlett: The Snowman (2010)\n*2009 – Panserhjerte; English translation by Don Bartlett: The Leopard (2011)\n*2011 – Gjenferd; English translation by Don Bartlett: Phantom (2012)\n*2013 - Politi; English translation: Police (2013)\nQuestion:\nWhich author created the detective Harry Hole?\nAnswer:\nJo Nesbø\nPassage:\nLake Constance\nLake Constance (German: Bodensee) is a lake on the Rhine at the northern foot of the Alps, and consists of three bodies of water: the Obersee (\"upper lake\"), the Untersee (\"lower lake\"), and a connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the Seerhein.\n\nThe lake is situated in Germany, Switzerland and Austria near the Alps. Its shorelines lie in the German states of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg, the Austrian state of Vorarlberg, and the Swiss cantons of Thurgau, St Gallen and Schaffhausen. The river Rhine flows into the lake from the south, with its original course forming the Austro-Swiss border, and has its outflow of the \"Lower Lake\" where it to some extent forms the German-Swiss border until the city Basel.\n\nDescription\n\nFreshwater Lake Constance is central Europe's third largest, after Lake Balaton and Lake Geneva. It is 63 km long, and at its widest point, nearly 14 km. It covers approximately 571 km2,  and is 395 m above sea level.  The greatest depth is 252 m in the middle of the eastern part (Obersee). Its volume is approximately 10 e9m3. The lake has four parts: the main section, called Obersee, 476 km2; the north section, Überlinger See, 61 km2; the west section, Untersee, 63 km2; and the northwest section, the Zeller See and Gnadensee. The regulated Rhine flows into the lake in the southeast, through the Obersee, the city of Konstanz and the Untersee, and flows out near Stein am Rhein. Lake Constance provides fresh water to many cities in south Germany.  The culminating point of the lake's drainage basin is the Tödi at 3,614 metres above sea level. \n\nThe lake itself is an important drinking water source for southwestern Germany, called Bodensee-Wasserversorgung (\"Lake Constance Water Supply\").  Car ferries link Romanshorn to Friedrichshafen, and Konstanz to Meersburg.\n\nHistory\n\nLake Constance was formed by the Rhine Glacier during the ice age and is a zungenbecken lake. The Rhine, the Bregenzer Ache, and the Dornbirner Ache carry sediments from the Alps to the lake, thus gradually decreasing the depth and coastline extension of the lake in the southeast.\n\nLake Constance was first mentioned by the Roman geographer Pomponius Mela about 43 AD. He noted that the Rhine flows through two lakes, and gave them the Latin names Lacus Venetus (Obersee) and Lacus Acronius (Untersee). Pliny the Elder used the name Lacus Brigantinus, after the Roman city of Brigantium (today Bregenz). The lake is also colloquially known as the Swabian Sea  (das schwäbische Meer).\n\nThe lake was frozen in the years 1077 (?), 1326 (partial), 1378 (partial), 1435, 1465 (partial), 1477 (partial), 1491 (partial?), 1517 (partial), 1571 (partial), 1573, 1600 (partial), 1684, 1695, 1709 (partial), 1795, 1830, 1880 (partial), and 1963.\n\nApproximately 1000 t of fish were caught by 150 professional fishermen in 2001 which was below the previous ten year average of 1200 t per year. The Lake Constance trout (Salmo trutta) was almost extinct in the 1980s due to pollution, but thanks to protective measures they have made a significant return. Lake Constance was the home of the now extinct species of trout Salvelinus profundus,  as well as of the Lake Constance whitefish (Coregonus gutturosus). \n\nName\n\nAfter the Council of Constance, the Latin-speaking Catholic world gave the lake its current international name. It was derived from the city of Konstanz, that, in turn, was named after a Roman emperor (either Constantius Chlorus or his grandson Constantius II). The German name, Bodensee, derives from the town of Bodman, situated at a nearby branch of the lake some 8 km northwest of Konstanz.\n\nInternational borders\n\nLake Constance is the only area in Europe where no borders exist, because there is no legally binding agreement as to where the borders lie between Switzerland, Germany and Austria.   However, Switzerland holds the view that the border runs through the middle of the lake, Austria is of the opinion that the contentious area belongs to all the states on its banks, and Germany holds an ambiguous opinion. Legal questions pertaining to ship transport and fishing are regulated in separate treaties.\n\nNaturally, disputes arise. One concerns a houseboat which was moored in two states (ECJ c. 224/97 Erich Ciola); another concerns the rights to fish in the Bay of Bregenz. In relation to the latter, an Austrian family was of the opinion that it alone had the right to fish in broad portions of the bay. However, this was accepted neither by the Austrian courts nor by the organs and courts of the other states. \n\nRecent floods\n\n* A 100-year flood around June 1999 (Pfingsthochwasser 1999) raised the level about 2 metres above normal, flooding harbors and many shoreline buildings and hotels.\n* In late August 2005, heavy rain raised the level by more than 70 cm in a few days.  The rains caused widespread flooding and washed out highways and railroads.\n\nIslands in the lake\n\nThe three major islands are:\n*Mainau Island\n*Reichenau Island\n*Lindau\n\nThese are all of the islands and former islands in Lake Constance, listed from east to west:\n\nTowns and cities at the lake\n\nAustria\n\n*Hard\n*Hörbranz\n*Bregenz\n*Lochau\n*Höchst\n*Fussach\n*Gaissau\n\nGermany\n\nFrom the entry of the Rhine, on the northern or right shore:\n*On the Upper Lake (Obersee) and Überlinger See\n**Lindau (in Bavaria)\n**Wasserburg\n**Nonnenhorn\n**Kressbronn (in Baden-Württemberg)\n**Langenargen\n**Eriskirch\n**Friedrichshafen\n**Immenstaad\n**Hagnau\n**Stetten\n**Meersburg\n**Uhldingen-Mühlhofen (on Überlinger See)\n**Überlingen\n**Sipplingen\n**Bodman-Ludwigshafen\n*Konstanz with suburbs\n**Wallhausen\n**Dingelsdorf\n**Litzelstetten\n*On the lower lake (Untersee)\n**Reichenau (including the island with same name)\n**Allensbach (on Gnadensee)\n**Radolfzell (on Zellersee)\n**Moos\n**Gaienhofen\n**Öhningen\n\nSwitzerland\n\nFrom the entry of the Rhine, on the southern or left shore:\n*On the Upper Lake (Obersee)\n**Altenrhein, St. Gallen\n**Rorschach, St. Gallen\n**Horn, Thurgau\n**Steinach, St. Gallen\n**Arbon, Thurgau (as all the following)\n**Frasnacht\n**Egnach\n**Romanshorn\n**Uttwil\n**Kesswil\n**Güttingen\n**Altnau\n**Landschlacht\n**Münsterlingen\n**Bottighofen\n**Kreuzlingen (and Konstanz, Germany)\n*On the Rhine\n**Gottlieben\n*On the Lower Lake (Untersee)\n**Ermatingen\n**Mannenbach\n**Berlingen\n**Steckborn\n**Mammern\n**Eschenz\n**Stein am Rhein, Schaffhausen\nQuestion:\nWhat is the German name for Lake Constance?\nAnswer:\nBoden-see\nPassage:\nSPEEDWAY LEGEND IVAN MAUGER AT OTA THIS ... - Somerset Rebels\nSomerset Rebels Speedway Official Website: SPEEDWAY LEGEND IVAN MAUGER AT OTA THIS FRIDAY\nSPEEDWAY LEGEND IVAN MAUGER AT OTA THIS FRIDAY\nSunday  July 24, 2011\n6-time World Speedway Champion, Ivan Mauger, will be at the Oak Tree Arena this Friday (29th) to promote his autobiography.\nMauger is touring British tracks promoting and selling copies of his autobiography ‘The Will To Win’ which will be on sale prior to Somerset’s Premier League match against Redcar, with Mauger personally signing each copy sold!\n‘The name of Ivan Mauger is synonymous with the history of speedway.  Quite simply put, he is the most successful and decorated rider the sport has ever known, acknowledged as such by critical acclaim and voted Man of the Millennium by speedway followers.\nFrom humble beginnings in Christchurch, New Zealand, Mauger ventured overseas as a 17 year-old, enjoyed a stellar career, winning his 15th FIM Gold Medal a month before his 40th birthday.\nIn the same meticulous style that characterised his professional approach to racing, Mauger now relates his life story with co-author, Martin Rogers.’\nShare This:\nQuestion:\nWho was voted speedway’s man of the millennium\nAnswer:\nIvan Mauger\nPassage:\nSo THIS is why Henry VIII called wife No.4 the Flanders ...\nSo THIS is why Henry VIII called wife No.4 the Flanders Mare! Anne of Cleves is an upside down image of the king in portraits | Daily Mail Online\nSo THIS is why Henry VIII called wife No.4 the Flanders Mare! Anne of Cleves is an upside down image of the king in portraits\nFrom the look on his face, Henry VIII is certainly upset about something.\nTurn the portrait upside down and you will see what’s on his mind.\nHidden in the king’s features is none other than Anne of Cleves – the bride he considered so ugly that he never consummated their marriage.\nUpside down: Henry in the inverted picture and Whistler's Anne of Cleves portrait\nThe double portrait from the 1940s is the work of artist Rex Whistler and is to be revealed on tomorrow’s episode of Antiques Roadshow.\nShow expert Rupert Maas said: ‘It’s just great fun. Anne wasn’t a very attractive woman according to popular history – although I’m not sure she was quite as hideous as this.’\nAnne was the fourth of Henry’s six wives, sent over from Germany after he saw a flattering portrait by Holbein. On arrival, he called her the ‘Flanders Mare’.\nRELATED ARTICLES\nShare this article\nShare\nThey divorced six months after marrying in 1540. He married twice more while she remained in England and was given a generous settlement.\nHenry and Anne are one of many double-acts Whistler made into reversible portraits. Mr Maas said: ‘Whistler preferred the old masters to modernism, which is why he drew and painted in an old-fashioned style.’\nA bit more flattering: The Hans Holbein portraits of the couple from 1539\nThe artist, who died in 1944, gave the portrait to the current owner when she was seven after she sat for him.\nThe Roadshow programme from Enniskillen, Northern Ireland will be shown on BBC1 tomorrow at 8pm.\nQuestion:\nWhich of Henry V111's wives was known as The Flanders Mare\nAnswer:\nFlanders mare\nPassage:\nPhil Cunningham (folk musician)\nPhil Cunningham, MBE, born 1960 in Edinburgh, Scotland is a Scottish folk musician and composer. He is best known for playing the accordion with Silly Wizard, as well as in other bands and in duets with his brother, Johnny. When they played together, Johnny and Phil would often horse around, as only brothers can, egging each other on to play faster and faster, and trying, light-heartedly, to trip each other up.   Phil has played with other great Celtic musicians, such as Aly Bain.\n\nBiography\n\nPhil played accordion and violin from a very young age. He attended school in Portobello, and was raised Mormon, attending church regularly and playing organ.  However, by age fifteen due to issues with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints he left, and now describes himself as a spiritualist.\n\nAt the age of 16, he joined his older brother Johnny in the group Silly Wizard, where he played accordion, tin whistle, harmonium, guitar, synthesizer, and he sang.  He also wrote many of the group's songs.  After the breakup of Silly Wizard, Phil and Johnny recorded two albums and toured with Irish siblings Mícheál Ó Domhnaill and Triona Ni Domhnaill as the quartet Relativity.  Phil has since had a successful solo career, releasing the albums Airs & Graces and The Palomino Waltz, and several collaborations with fellow Scottish folk musician Aly Bain. He has produced several albums with American singer Connie Dover.  In recent years, Phil has also composed classical music and music for theater and television, with 1997 seeing the premiere of his Highlands and Islands Suite at the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall.  In 2002, Phil was awarded the MBE for services to Scottish music.  He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters at Glasgow Caledonian University's graduation ceremony on 27 November 2007.[http://www.gcal.ac.uk/news/news/graduation/slide3.html Graduation Honorary Awards : News Headlines : Glasgow Caledonian University]\n\nDiscography \n\nSolo albums \n\n*Airs & Graces (1984)\n*Palomino Waltz (1989)\n\nSilly Wizard \n\n*Caledonia's Hardy Sons (1978)\n*So Many Partings (1980)\n*Wild and Beautiful (1981)\n*Kiss the Tears Away (1983)\n*A Glint of Silver (1986)\n*Live Wizardry (1988)\n\nRelativity \n\n*Relativity (1986)\n*Gathering Pace (1987)\n\nWith Johnny Cunningham \n\n*Against the Storm (1980)\n\nWith Aly Bain \n\n*The Pearl (1995)\n*The Ruby (1997)\n*Another Gem (2000)\n*Spring The Summer Long (2003)\n*Best of Aly and Phil (2004)\n*Roads Not Travelled (2006)\n*Portrait (2010)\n*Five and Twenty (2012)\n\nWith Connie Dover \n\n*Somebody (1991)\n*The Wishing Well (1994)\n*If Ever I Return (1997)\n*The Border of Heaven (2000)\n\nWith Kris Drever \n\n*Mark the Hard Earth (2010)\nQuestion:\nWeird Al Yankovic, Phil Cunningham, Benny Andersson of Abba and Sharon Shannon are all noted exponents of what musical instrument?\nAnswer:\nFisarmonica\nPassage:\nJava Sea\nThe Java Sea () is a large (320,000-km²) shallow sea on the Sunda Shelf formed as sea levels rose at the end of the last ice age.  The Java Sea lies between the Indonesian islands of Borneo to the north, Java to the south, Sumatra to the west, and Sulawesi to the east. Karimata Strait to its northwest links it to the South China Sea.\n\nThe sea measures about 1,500 km (900 miles) east-west by 420 km (260 miles) north-south and occupies a total surface area of 433,000 square km (167,000 square miles). It covers the southern section of the 1,790,000-square-km (690,000-square-mile) Sunda Shelf.\n\nA shallow sea, it has a mean depth of 46 metres (151 feet). The almost uniform flatness of the sea bottom and the presence of drainage channels (traceable to the mouths of island rivers) indicate that the Sunda Shelf was once a stable, dry, low-relief land area (peneplain) above which were left standing a few monadnocks (granite hills that by virtue of their resistance to erosion form the present islands).\n\nExtent\n\nThe International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defines the Java Sea as being one of the waters of the East Indian Archipelago. The IHO defines its limits as follows: \n\nOn the North. By the Southern limit of the South China Sea [Lucipara Point () thence to Tanjong Nanka, the Southwest extremity of Banka Island, through this island to Tanjong Berikat the Eastern point (), on to Tanjong Djemang () in Billiton, along the North coast of this island to Tanjong Boeroeng Mandi () and thence a line to Tanjong Sambar () the Southwest extreme of Borneo], the South coast of Borneo and the Southern limit of Makassar Strait [By a line from the Southwestern extreme of Celebes (), through the Southern point of Tana Keke, to the Southern extreme of Laoet () thence up the West coast of that island to Tanjong Kiwi and thence across to Tanjong Petang, Borneo () at the Southern end of Laoet Strait].\n\nOn the East. By the Western limit of Flores Sea [A line from Tg Sarokaja () to the Western Paternoster island () thence to the Northeastern Postiljon Island () and to the West point of Laikang Bay, Celebes].\n\nOn the South. By the Northern and Northwestern limits of Bali Sea [A line from the Western Paternoster Island to the East point of Sepandjang and thence through this island to the West point of Gedeh Bay on the South coast of Kangean (). A line from the West point of Gedeh Bay, Kangean Island, to Tg Sedano, the Northeast extreme of Java and down the East coast to Tg Bantenan, the Southeast extreme of the island], the North and West coasts of Java to Java Hoofd () its Western point, and thence a line to Vlakke Hoek () the Southern extreme of Sumatra.\n\nOn the West. The East coast of Sumatra between Vlakke Hoek and Lucipara Point ().\n\nHistory\n\nThe Battle of the Java Sea from February to March 1942, was one of the costliest naval battles of World War II. The naval forces of the Netherlands, Britain, Australia, and the United States were nearly destroyed trying to defend Java from Japanese attack.  \n\nOn 28 December 2014, Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 crashed into the Java Sea while on route to Singapore from Surabaya, Indonesia due to bad weather. All passengers and crew died. \n\nEconomic activities\n\nThe southern section of the seafloor has long been recognized as geologically similar to northern Java, where oil fields occur and extend under the sea. Prospects are also favourable for oil fields in the waters off southeast Kalimantan. As the site of successful exploration for petroleum and natural gas, the Java Sea has become the basis of Indonesia’s export program.\n\nFishing is an important economic activity in the Java Sea. Over 3,000 species of marine life are found in the area. A number of national parks exist in the area such as Karimunjawa. The Thousand Islands are located north of the national capital Jakarta, and are the city's only regency.\n\nThe area around the Java Sea is also a popular tourist destination. Scuba diving offers a chance to explore and photograph underwater caverns, wrecks, coral, sponges, and other marine life.\nQuestion:\nThe shallow Java Sea is between the islands of Java and what?\nAnswer:\nKalimantan Borneo\nPassage:\nChalk\nChalk is a soft, white, porous sedimentary carbonate rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. Calcite is calcium carbonate or CaCO3. It forms under reasonably deep marine conditions from the gradual accumulation of minute calcite shells (coccoliths) shed from micro-organisms called coccolithophores. Flint (a type of chert unique to chalk) is very common as bands parallel to the bedding or as nodules embedded in chalk. It is probably derived from sponge spicules or other siliceous organisms as water is expelled upwards during compaction. Flint is often deposited around larger fossils such as Echinoidea which may be silicified (i.e. replaced molecule by molecule by flint).\n\nChalk as seen in Cretaceous deposits of Western Europe is unusual among sedimentary limestones in the thickness of the beds. Most cliffs of chalk have very few obvious bedding planes unlike most thick sequences of limestone such as the Carboniferous Limestone or the Jurassic oolitic limestones. This presumably indicates very stable conditions over tens of millions of years.\n\nChalk has greater resistance to weathering and slumping than the clays with which it is usually associated, thus forming tall steep cliffs where chalk ridges meet the sea. Chalk hills, known as chalk downland, usually form where bands of chalk reach the surface at an angle, so forming a scarp slope. Because chalk is well jointed it can hold a large volume of ground water, providing a natural reservoir that releases water slowly through dry seasons.\n\nDeposits\n\nThe Chalk Group is a European stratigraphic unit deposited during the late Cretaceous Period. It forms the famous White Cliffs of Dover in Kent, England, as well as their counterparts of the Cap Blanc Nez on the other side of the Dover Strait. The Champagne region of France is mostly underlain by chalk deposits, which contain artificial caves used for wine storage. Some of the highest chalk cliffs in the world occur at Jasmund National Park in Germany and at Møns Klint in Denmark – both once formed a single island.\n\nFormation\n\nNinety million years ago what is now the chalk downland of Northern Europe was ooze accumulating at the bottom of a great sea. Chalk was one of the earliest rocks made up of sub-microscopic particles to be studied under the electron microscope, when it was found to be composed almost entirely of coccoliths. Their shells were made of calcite extracted from the rich sea-water. As they died, a substantial layer gradually built up over millions of years and, through the weight of overlying sediments, eventually became consolidated into rock. Later earth movements related to the formation of the Alps raised these former sea-floor deposits above sea level.\n\nComposition\n\nThe chemical composition of chalk is calcium carbonate, with minor amounts of silt and clay. It is formed in the sea by sub-microscopic plankton, which fall to the sea floor and are then consolidated and compressed during diagenesis into chalk rock.\n\nUses\n\nChalk is a source of quicklime by thermal decomposition, or slaked lime following quenching with water.   In southeast England, deneholes are a notable example of ancient chalk pits. Such bell pits may also mark the sites of ancient flint mines, where the prime object was to remove flint nodules for stone tool manufacture. The surface remains at Cissbury are one such example, but perhaps the most famous is the extensive complex at Grimes Graves in Norfolk.\n\nWoodworking joints may be fitted by chalking one of the mating surfaces. A trial fit will leave a chalk mark on the high spots of the corresponding surface. Chalk transferring to cover the complete surface indicates a good fit. Builder's putty also mainly contains chalk as a filler in linseed oil.\n\nChalk may be used for its properties as a base. In agriculture, chalk is used for raising pH in soils with high acidity. The most common forms are CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) and CaO (calcium oxide). Small doses of chalk can also be used as an antacid. Additionally, the small particles of chalk make it a substance ideal for cleaning and polishing. For example, toothpaste commonly contains small amounts of chalk, which serves as a mild abrasive. Polishing chalk is chalk prepared with a carefully controlled grain size, for very fine polishing of metals.  Chalk can also be used as fingerprint powder.\n\nPrevious uses \n\nThe traditional uses of chalk have in some cases been replaced by other substances, although the word \"chalk\" is often still applied to the usual replacements. Blackboard chalk is a substance used for drawing on rough surfaces, as it readily crumbles leaving particles that stick loosely to these surfaces. Although traditionally composed of natural chalk, modern blackboard chalk is generally made from the mineral gypsum (calcium sulfate), often supplied in sticks of compressed powder about 10 cm (4 in) long. Sidewalk chalk is similar to blackboard chalk, but it is shaped into larger sticks and often colored. It is used to draw on sidewalks, streets, and driveways. Tailor's chalk is traditionally a hard chalk used to make temporary markings on cloth, mainly by tailors. However, it is now usually made from talc (magnesium silicate).\n\nChalk was also traditionally used in recreation. In field sports, such as tennis played on grass, powdered chalk was used to mark the boundary lines of the playing field or court. If a ball hits the line, a cloud of chalk or pigment dust will be visible. In recent years, powdered chalk has been replaced with titanium dioxide.  In gymnastics, rock-climbing, weight-lifting and tug of war, chalk — now usually magnesium carbonate — is applied to the hands and feet to remove perspiration and reduce slipping.\n\nChalk may also be used as a house construction material instead of brick or wattle and daub: quarried chalk was cut into blocks and used as ashlar, or loose chalk was rammed into blocks and laid in mortar.   There are still houses standing which have been constructed using chalk as the main building material. Most are pre-Victorian though a few are more recent.\nQuestion:\nWhat name, derived from the Greek word for chalk, is given to hydrated calcium sulphate?\nAnswer:\nCaSO4·2H2O\n\n\nPassage:\nElizabeth Taylor's Top Scandals | TVGuide.com\nElizabeth Taylor's Top Scandals | TVGuide.com\nElizabeth Taylor's Top Scandals\nShare on WhatsApp\n1 of 8The marrying kind\nTaylor loved and loved hard, marrying eight times to seven different men: Conrad Hilton, Michael Wilding, Michael Todd, Eddie Fisher, Richard Burton (twice), John Warner and Larry Fortensky. The marriages spanned 46 years and two of them were born from affairs. Only one didn't end in divorce: her third marriage to film producer Todd, who died in a plane crash. That paved the way for hubby No. 4…\nPhoto By: UPI/Landov; Jay Scott/Camera Press/Retna; AFP/Getty Images; PA Photos/Landov; Tom Wargacki/WireImage.com; Ron Galella/WireImage.com; Everett Collection\nMore Photo Galleries\nQuestion:\nWhat is the next in this series: Conrad Hilton, Michael Wilding, Michael Todd, Eddie Fisher, Richard Burton?\nAnswer:\n"}
{"question_id": 37, "category": "longbench_repobench-p", "reference": ["        self.tr = Tracerouter()"], "prompt": "Please complete the code given below. \nswitzerland/client/Reporter.py\nclass Reporter(threading.Thread):\n    \"\"\" send packet batches and report flow activity \"\"\"\n    flow_activity_interval = 10 # seconds between sending flow updates\n    batch_wait_timeout = 1 # maximum time to wait for a full batch\n\n    def __init__(self, parent):\n        threading.Thread.__init__(self)\n        self.parent = parent\n        self.link = parent.link\n        self.flow_manager = parent.fm\n        self.batch_to_process = parent.fm.batch_to_process \n        self.last_flow_activity_update = None\n        if self.parent.config.debug_monotonicity:\n            self.latest = 0\n\n    def send_flow_stats(self):\n        \"\"\" send stats about flows \"\"\"\n        pass\n\n    def send_flow_announcements(self):\n        \"\"\" send information about which flows have been opened/closed \"\"\"\n        if len(self.flow_manager.new_flows) == 0 and \\\n           len(self.flow_manager.deleted_flows) == 0:\n           return # don't bother reporting flow activity if nothing new to report\n        new     = [f.summary() for f in self.flow_manager.new_flows]\n        deleted = [f.id        for f in self.flow_manager.deleted_flows]\n\n        self.link.send_message(\"active_flows\", [new, deleted])\n\n        for flow in self.flow_manager.new_flows:\n            flow.reported = True\n        self.flow_manager.new_flows = [ ]\n        self.flow_manager.deleted_flows = [ ]\n\n    def send_flow_activity(self):\n        self.send_flow_announcements()\n        self.send_flow_stats()\n\n    def send_batch(self, batch, flow, now):\n        \"\"\" send packet batch \"\"\"\n        # have to report flow before sending batches from it\n        if not flow.reported: \n            # XXX this opening_hash juggling could be cleaned up...\n            self.send_flow_announcements()\n        hashes = batch.get_hashes()\n        timestamp = batch.newest_timestamp\n        if self.parent.config.debug_monotonicity:\n            if timestamp > self.latest:\n                self.latest = timestamp\n            else:\n                log.debug(\"send-batch out of order by %gs\" % (self.latest - timestamp))\n        if flow.inbound:\n            self.link.send_message(\"recd\", [flow.id, timestamp, hashes])\n        else:\n            self.link.send_message(\"sent\", [flow.id, timestamp, hashes])\n\t#for p in batch.packets:\n\t#    log.debug(\"%s %s\", p.hash, p.data)\n        #log.debug(\"%d [%d,%d] %d packets for %s\", \\\n        #    now, batch.oldest_timestamp, batch.newest_timestamp, batch.size, flow)\n\n    def run(self):\n      try:\n        while True:\n            self.batch_to_process.acquire()\n            # wait for a full batch\n            self.batch_to_process.wait(Reporter.batch_wait_timeout) \n            # now either there's a full batch or we timed out waiting\n\n            # This looks crazy, but it prevents lots of exceptions during\n            # multi-threaded shutdown (the previous line is a long wait)\n            try:\n                now = int(time.time())\n            except:\n                return\n\n            # scan batches\n            for flow in self.flow_manager.flows.values():\n                while flow.queue.has_unsent_batches():\n                    batch = flow.queue.get_oldest_unsent_batch()\n                    time_batch_open = now - batch.oldest_timestamp\n                    # if batch completed or timed out, send it and look at the next\n                    if batch.full or time_batch_open > PacketBatch.timeout:\n                        self.send_batch(batch, flow, now)\n                        flow.queue.mark_oldest_batch_sent()\n                        batch.sent = True\n                        batch.full = True\n                    # otherwise nothing more to do for this flow\n                    else:\n                        break\n\n            # send flow updates\n            if self.last_flow_activity_update == None or \\\n               now - self.last_flow_activity_update > Reporter.flow_activity_interval:\n                self.send_flow_activity()\n                self.last_flow_activity_update = now\n\n            self.batch_to_process.release()\n      except:\n        if traceback:    # only false during interpreter shutdown\n          traceback.print_exc()\n          self.parent.quit_event.set()\n        return\nswitzerland/client/Cleaner.py\nclass Cleaner(threading.Thread):\n    \"\"\"Periodically clean up stale packets and expired flows.\"\"\"\n\n    interval = 10              # seconds between waking up and cleaning\n\n    def __init__(self, parent):\n        threading.Thread.__init__(self)\n        self.parent = parent\n\n    def run(self):\n        try:\n            while True:\n                time.sleep(Cleaner.interval)\n                self.parent.fm.clean(int(time.time()))\n        except:\n            # Exit-time crash avoidance.\n            if self.parent.quit_event.set != None:\n                log.info(\"Cleaner exception:\\n\" + traceback.format_exc())\n                self.parent.quit_event.set()\nswitzerland/client/TimeManager.py\nclass TimeManager:\n\n  def __init__(self):\n    \n    self.ntp_sysinfo = {}\n    self.method = \"none\"  # what we tell the user about how ntp is working\n\n    # get_time_error is the function Alice will call to get an estimate\n    # of the inaccuracy of her clock.  Ideally we use ntpd's measure of\n    # root dispersion, but that can be impossible for many reasons, in which\n    # case we fall back to something else by switching out this function \n    self.get_time_error = self.ntpd_root_dispersion\n\n    log.info(\"Looking for ntpd...\")\n    try:\n      ntpdc = Popen(\"ntpdc\", stdin=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, stdout=PIPE)\n    except:\n      log.info(\"Couldn't run ntpdc.  Will try something else...\")\n      log.debug(traceback.format_exc())\n      self.get_time_error = self.ntpdate_poll\n      return\n      \n    ntpdc.stdin.write(\"sysinfo\\n\")\n    ntpdc.stdin.close()\n    self.lines = ntpdc.stdout.readlines()\n    if not self.lines or \"onnection refused\" in self.lines[0]:\n      log.debug('ntpdc is present but ntpd does not appear to be alive: (\"%s\").  Will try something else...' % self.lines)\n      self.get_time_error = self.ntpdate_poll\n      return\n\n    err = ntpdc.stderr.readlines()\n    if err:\n      log.debug('error running ntpdc: (\"%s\")' % err)\n      self.get_time_error = self.ntpdate_poll\n      return\n      \n    for line in self.lines:\n      pos = line.find(\":\")\n      key = line[:pos].lower()\n      val = line[pos+1:].strip()\n      self.ntp_sysinfo[key]=val\n\n    mode = self.ntp_sysinfo[\"system peer mode\"]\n    if mode == \"unspec\":\n      log.debug(\"\"\"\n      NTP is in \"unspec\" mode.  This is probably because your system clock\n      is wrong by seconds or more.  Switzerland won't work if your clock is\n      that wrong.  Unspec mode could also mean that you're offline or that \n      you need to give NTP another minute or two to find time servers.  If \n      this doesn't work, try stopping NTP, use the ntpdate program to adjust \n      the clock and then start NTP again.\"\"\")\n      log.info(\"ntpdc is in unspec mode.  Will try something else...\")\n      self.get_time_error = self.ntpdate_poll\n    elif mode != \"client\":\n      log.info(\"Note that NTP is in mode %s\", mode)\n\n\n  def query_timeserver(self, timeserver):\n    '''Query a timeserver using ntpdate and return the clock delta'''\n    try:\n      regex = re.compile(\"offset (-?[0-9]+\\.[0-9]+) sec\")\n      executable = \"ntpdate\"\n      # try bin/ntpdate if ntpdate doesn't work\n      try:\n        Popen(executable, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, shell=False)\n      except:\n        executable = os.path.join(\"bin\", \"ntpdate\")\n        try:\n          Popen(executable, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, shell=False)\n        except:\n          log.error('''Can't even find a copy of \"ntpdate\" :(''')\n          raise UncertainTimeError, \"Cannot find an ntpdate executable\"\n\n      if platform.system() == \"Windows\":\n        cmd = [executable,\"-b\",\"-q\",timeserver]\n        cmd = \" \".join(cmd)\n        ntpdate = Popen(cmd, stdin=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, shell=True)\n      else:\n        cmd = [executable,\"-q\",timeserver]        \n        ntpdate = Popen(cmd, stdin=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, stdout=PIPE)\n      ntpdate_lines = ntpdate.stdout.read()\n      match = regex.search(ntpdate_lines)\n      if not match:\n        log.error(\"Failed to parse the output from ntpdate.\")\n        log.debug(ntpdate_lines)\n        return None\n      delta = float(match.group(1))\n      return abs(delta)\n\n    except UncertainTimeError:\n      # let this pass upwards\n      raise\n    except:\n      log.warn(\"Weird but possibly non-fatal error:\\n\"+traceback.format_exc())\n      return None\n\n  def ntpdate_poll(self):\n    '''An alternative method for finding the root dispersion'''\n    servers = [\"0.pool.ntp.org\", \"1.pool.ntp.org\", \"2.pool.ntp.org\"]\n    try:\n      results = [self.query_timeserver(s) for s in servers]\n      results = filter(lambda r : r != None, results)\n      if results:\n        log.debug(\"ntpdate poll results are: %s\" % results)\n        log.info(\"Believing the maximum clock error reported by %d timeservers\"\\\n                  % len(results))\n        log.debug(\"Not quite as good as a working ntpd, but this should be ok\")\n        self.method = \"ntpdate -q\"\n        return max(results)\n      else:\n        log.info(\"We haven't succeeded in polling any NTP servers, either.\")\n        raise UncertainTimeError\n    except UncertainTimeError:\n      # let this pass upwards\n      raise\n    except:\n      log.debug(\"ntpdate_poll error:\\n%s\" % traceback.format_exc())\n      raise UncertainTimeError\n\n  def ntpd_root_dispersion(self):\n    try:\n        \n      mode = self.ntp_sysinfo[\"system peer mode\"]\n      self.method = \"ntpd, root dispersion measured with ntpdc (%s mode)\" % mode\n      return float(self.ntp_sysinfo[\"root dispersion\"].split()[0])\n    except KeyError:\t\t \n      # try to use ntpdate to calculate the root dispersion by finding the max \n      # deviation as reported by 3 time servers\n      log.warning(\"Couldn't find root dispersion in ntpdc output.  Trying ntpdate...\")\n      return self.ntpdate_poll()\nswitzerland/client/AliceLink.py\nclass AliceLink(Protocol.Protocol):\n  \"Extend the protocol base class for Alice's end.\"\n\n  def __init__(self, quit_event, parent, config):\n    self.in_messages = Messages.alice_in_messages \n    self.out_messages = Messages.alice_out_messages\n    try:\n      self.flow_manager = parent.fm\n    except AttributeError:\n      self.flow_manager = None\n    self.parent = parent\n    self.config = config\n    self.quit_event = quit_event\n    self.dangling_note = False\n    self.forged_notification = True\n    try:\n      self.server_ip = s.gethostbyname(config.host)\n    except:\n      log.error(\"DNS error looking up %s\" % config.host)\n      sys.exit(1)\n\n    self.socket = s.socket(s.AF_INET, s.SOCK_STREAM)\n    log.info(\"Connecting to %s:%s\", config.host, `config.port`)\n    self.socket.settimeout(10.0)\n    try:\n      self.socket.connect((self.server_ip, config.port))\n    except:\n      log.error(\"couldn't connect to %s:%s\", config.host, `config.port`)\n      sys.exit(1)\n    self.socket.settimeout(40)\n\n    self.peer = (config.host, config.port)\n    self.time_connected = time.time()\n    self.member_queue = []  # members to be added once we public_ip is known\n\n    Protocol.Protocol.__init__(self, log, config.seriousness, private_ip=config.private_ip)\n    # up until now it has been safe to send messages on the socket because\n    # we are still blocking the caller thread\n\n  def run(self):\n    excepted = False\n    try:\n      Protocol.Protocol.run(self)\n    except:\n      print traceback.format_exc()\n      excepted=True\n    if not excepted:\n      log.info(\"Adieu...\")\n    self.quit_event.set()\n    self.ready.set() # to hurry Alice up\n\n  def handshake(self):\n    \"\"\"Confirm that we are talking to a Switzerland server\"\"\"\n    \n    self.socket.send(Protocol.handshake1)\n\n    self.socket.settimeout(30)\n    try:\n      msg = self.socket.recv(len(Protocol.handshake2))\n    except s.timeout:\n      self.debug_note(\"Timeout during handshake\", seriousness=11)\n      return False\n    except s.error, e:\n      log.error(\"error during handshake: %s\" % e)\n      return False\n    except:\n      log.error(\"error during handshake\")\n      return False\n\n    if msg[:-2] == Protocol.no_common_version[:-2]:\n      log.error(\"Server refuses to speak protocols before version %d; we need version %d\" % (Protocol.parse_version(msg[-2:]), Protocol.protocol_version))\n      return False\n    \n    elif msg[:-2] != Protocol.handshake2[:-2]:\n      log.error(\"Handshake failed, wasn't expecting:\\n\" + msg)\n      return False\n\n    log.debug(\"Started session with version %d\" % Protocol.parse_version(msg[-2:]))\n    self.socket.setblocking(1)\n    return True\n\n  def setup(self):\n    \"Handshake successful; now do initial housekeeping\"\n    self.send_myip()\n\n  def lookup_flow_by_id(self, flow_id, caller):\n    \"\"\"\n    Called in handle_forged_{in,out}\n    Return the flow, or None if we fail.\n    \"caller\" is modified-{in,out} & is only used for error reporting.\n    \"\"\"\n    if flow_id not in self.flow_manager.flow_id_to_address:\n      msg = \"stale %s flow id %s\" % (caller, `flow_id`)\n      log.info(msg)\n      self.send_message(\"error-cont\", [msg])\n      return None\n\n    flow_addr = self.flow_manager.flow_id_to_address[flow_id]\n    if flow_addr not in self.flow_manager.flows:\n      msg= \"bad %s flow addr %s in id to addr dict\" % (caller, `flow_addr`)\n      log.error(msg)\n      self.send_message(\"error-cont\", [msg])\n      return None\n\n    flow = self.flow_manager.flows[flow_addr]\n    return flow\n\n  def handle_forged_out(self, args, seq_no):\n    \"\"\" Send context surrounding a forged hash \"\"\"\n    if self.flow_manager == None:\n      # we're in a test case\n      return\n    self.flow_manager.lock.acquire()\n    try:\n      flow_id, forgeries = args\n      log.warn(\"Switzerland has informed us of %d modified/spoofed outbound packets in flow #%d\" % (len(forgeries), flow_id))\n      self.forged_note()\n      flow = self.lookup_flow_by_id(flow_id, \"modified-out\")\n      self.nat_firewall_warnings(flow)\n      contexts = {}\n      reports = {}\n      for wanted in forgeries:\n        hash = wanted[0]             # hash of forged packet \n        receipt_context = wanted[1]\n        filename = self.parent.pcap_logger.log_forged_in(receipt_context, flow_id)\n        ctxt, report = flow.get_fo_context_and_diff(receipt_context, self.parent)\n        if report:\n          log.error(\"Here is what we know about these modified packets:\\n%s\\n\" %\n                    fmt_forged_report(report))\n          reports[hash] = report\n        else:\n          log.error(\"This packet appears to have been injected\")\n          log.error(\"(at least, we couldn't find a packet we're sure was modified)\")\n          log.error(\"(AND THIS CODE SHOULDN'T RUN)\")\n        if ctxt:\n          contexts[hash] = ctxt\n          self.parent.pcap_logger.log_forged_out(ctxt, filename)\n        else:\n          log.error(\"No modified-out context for %s\" % hexlify(hash))\n          contexts[hash] = None\n      self.send_message(\"fo-context\", [contexts, reports], reply_seq_no=seq_no)\n      \n    finally:\n      self.flow_manager.lock.release()\n\n\n  def handle_forged_in(self, args, seq_no):\n    \"\"\" Send context about forged packets whose batches have exactly\n        the newest_timestamps specified in timestamps. \"\"\"\n    self.flow_manager.lock.acquire()\n    try:\n      try:\n        flow_id, packets_wanted = args\n        log.warn(\"Switzerland has informed us of %d modified inbound packets in flow #%d\" % (len(args[1]), flow_id))\n        self.forged_note()\n        flow = self.lookup_flow_by_id(flow_id, \"modified-in\")\n        if not flow or self.nat_firewall_warnings(flow) == -1:\n          # errors have already been reported\n          return\n\n        contexts = {}\n        out_filenames = []\n        for ts,hash in packets_wanted:\n          context = contexts[hash] = flow.get_fi_context(ts, hash)\n          if not context:\n            log.warn(\"No context was available for hash %s\" % hexlify(hash))\n            out_filenames.append(\"\")\n          else:\n            fn = self.parent.pcap_logger.log_forged_in(context, flow_id)\n            out_filenames.append(fn)\n\n        self.send_message(\"fi-context\", [contexts], reply_seq_no=seq_no,\\\n                          data_for_reply=out_filenames)\n      except:\n        log.error(\"exception in handle_forged_in:\")\n        log.error(traceback.format_exc())\n    finally:\n      self.flow_manager.lock.release()\n\n  def forged_note(self):\n    \"\"\"\n    Point the user towards some (hopefully) helpful documentation about the\n    forged -in and -out PCAPs.  But only do this once!\n    \"\"\"\n    if not self.forged_notification:\n      log.warn(\"For information about Switzerland's modified/forged PCAP \"+\\\n               \"records, please see\") \n      log.warn(\"http://switzerland.wiki.sourceforge.net/forged\")\n      self.forged_notification = True\n\n  def nat_firewall_warnings(self, flow):\n    \"\"\"\n    Warn the user if they are seeing reports of modified packets when there\n    are NAT firewalls along the path, since those NATs are mischievous.\n    Return -1 if we encounter & report a fatal error along the way.\n    \"\"\"\n\n    if flow.inbound:\n      them = flow.src_ip\n    else:\n      them = flow.dest_ip\n    them_p = s.inet_ntoa(them)\n    try:\n      peer_firewalled = self.flow_manager.is_peer_firewalled(them)\n    except:\n      msg = \"Can no longer find \" + them_p + \" in peer records (\"\n      msg += `self.flow_manager.peers` + \")\"\n      log.error(msg)\n      self.send_message(\"error-cont\", [msg])\n      return -1\n    if not (peer_firewalled or self.firewalled):\n      return\n    msg = \"(Note that \"\n    if self.firewalled: \n      msg += \"you are behind a NAT firewall\"\n      if peer_firewalled: \n        msg += \" and \"\n    if peer_firewalled:\n      msg += \"this other machine (at %s) is behind a NAT firewall\" % them_p\n    msg += \", so it is likely that these modifications are being made \"\n    msg += \"by firewalls, not ISPs)\"\n    log.warn(msg)\n\n  def handle_forged_details(self, args, reply_seq_no):\n    \"\"\"\n    A \"forged-details\" message is the followup to for forged-in; it shows \n    us Alice's side of the story.\n    \"\"\"\n    meta = args[0]\n    in_reply_to, remembered = meta\n    id = args[1]\n    msgs = args[2]\n\n    if in_reply_to != \"fi-context\":\n      self.protocol_error(\"reply %d should not be a forged-details message\\n\" % reply_seq_no)\n      sys.exit(0)\n\n    out_filenames = remembered\n\n    for filename, (timestamp, context, report) in zip(out_filenames, msgs):\n      if filename:\n        # This nonsense ensures we're prettier for the users\n        log.error(\"Report on forged/modified packet:\\n%s\\n\" % \\\n                  fmt_forged_report(report))\n        if context:\n          self.parent.pcap_logger.log_forged_out(context, filename)\n        else:\n          log.error(\"no outbound context to write to \" + filename) \n\n  def dummy_handle_forged_in(self, args, seq_no):\n    \"This variant of handle_forged_in is only used for testing\"\n    self.debug_note(\"Heard about %d dummy forged packets: %s\" % \\\n                    (len(args[1]), `args[0]`), 2)\n    forgeries = args[1]\n    contexts = {}\n    for timestamp,hash in forgeries:\n      contexts[hash] = [(1,\"packet1\"), (2,\"packet2\"),(3,\"x\" + `timestamp`)]\n    self.send_message(\"fi-context\", [contexts], reply_seq_no=seq_no)\n\n  def handle_new_members(self, args):\n    new_peers = args[0]\n    try:\n      self.flow_manager.listen_for(new_peers)\n    except:\n      # it's most likely this is due to an invalid new_peers list\n      self.protocol_error(\"Problem with new-members: %s\\n\" % new_peers)\n      raise\n\n  def handle_farewell(self, args):\n    old_peer = args[0]\n    try:\n      if self.flow_manager:\n        self.flow_manager.farewell(old_peer)\n    except:\n      self.protocol_error(\"Problem with farwell: %s\\n\" % old_peer)\n      raise\n\n  def send_myip(self):\n    \"Figure out the local IP address, and send it.\"\n    if self.config.force_public_ip: # if force_public_ip is set, assume this public ip\n      self.send_message(\"my-ip\", [[self.private_ip, self.config.force_public_ip]])\n    else:\n      self.send_message(\"my-ip\", [[self.private_ip]])\n\n  def handle_public_ip(self, args):\n    \"Switzerland tells alice her publicly visible ip\"\n    stored_data = args[0]\n    log.debug(\"Switzerland says our public ip is %s\", `args[1]`)\n    self.public_ip = args[1]\n    self.firewalled = self.public_ip != self.private_ip\n    log.info(\"Private IP: %s ; Public IP: %s\", `self.private_ip`, `self.public_ip`)\n    self.now_ready()\n\n  def handle_dangling_flow(self, args):\n    \"Switzerland has failed to matchmake our view of this flow with out peers\"\n    msg = \"Switzerland is unable to test flow #%d.  \" % args[0]\n    if not self.dangling_note:\n      msg += \"Reasons for this may include:\\n\"\n      msg += \" - Modifications to the first packet in the flow (hash 0x%s)\\n\" % \\\n             hexlify(args[1])\n      # XXX we could make the inclusion of some of these lines conditional on\n      # whether the peer is actually firewalled\n      msg += \" - The flow is not actually with the other Switzerland client\\n\" \n      msg += \"   (it could be with their firewall, another machine on their LAN,\\n\"\n      msg += \"   or an impostor)\\n\"\n      msg+=\" - Alice and Bob seeing a different packet as the first packet in the\\n\"\n      msg+=\"   flow (most likely if the flow was active before switzerland started)\\n\"\n    else:\n      msg += \"(opening hash 0x%s)\" % hexlify(args[1])\n    log.warn(msg)\n    self.dangling_note = True\n    # XXX we should also take steps to prevent the flow manager from send sent\n    # and recd messages for this flow\n\n  def debug_ip_id(self, args):\n    ip_id = args[0]\n    print \"\\n\\n\\n\\n\"\n    print \"Debugging ip_id\", hexlify(ip_id)\n    print \"ip_id table:\", self.flow_manager.ip_ids\n    #if ip_id in self.flow_manager.scapy_ip_ids:\n    #  print \"ip_id is in the scapy table:\",self.flow_manager.scapy_ip_ids[ip_id]\n    \n    #else:\n    #  print \"ip_id is not in scapy table\"\n    try:\n      print \"Found:\", hexlify(self.flow_manager.ip_ids[ip_id])\n    except:\n      print \"Unable to find ip_id in flow_manager.ip_ids!!!\"\n    print \"\\n\\n\\n\\n\"\n\n  def now_ready(self):\n    if self.member_queue:\n      map (self.handle_new_members, self.member_queue)\n    Protocol.Protocol.now_ready(self)\n\n  def determine_response(self, msg_type, args, seq_no, reply_seq_no):\n\n    # First look for messages common to Alice & Switzerland\n    if Protocol.Protocol.determine_response(self, msg_type, args, seq_no, reply_seq_no):\n      return True\n\n    # Okay, that didn't work...\n    if msg_type == \"forged-in\":\n      self.handle_forged_in(args, seq_no)\n      return True\n    elif msg_type == \"new-members\":\n      if self.flow_manager:  # only false in unit tests\n        if self.ready.isSet():\n          self.handle_new_members(args)\n        else:\n          self.member_queue.append(args)\n      return True\n    elif msg_type == \"forged-out\":\n      self.handle_forged_out(args, seq_no)\n      return True\n    elif msg_type == \"forged-details\":\n      self.handle_forged_details(args, reply_seq_no)\n      return True\n    elif msg_type == \"farewell\":\n      self.handle_farewell(args)\n      return True\n    elif msg_type == \"debug-ipid\":\n      self.debug_ip_id(args)\n      return True\n    elif msg_type == \"public-ip\":\n      self.handle_public_ip(args)\n      return True\n    elif msg_type == \"flow-status\":\n      log.info(args[0])\n      return True\n    elif msg_type == \"dangling-flow\":\n      self.handle_dangling_flow(args)\n      return True\n    else:\n      return False\n\n    return True   # Tricksy\n   \n  def tst(self):\n    self.send_message(\"ping\")\n    self.send_message(\"sent\", [\"flow\",\"time\",[1,2,4]])\n    time.sleep(1)\n    self.send_message(\"sent\", [\"flow\",\"time\",[1,2,5]])\n    time.sleep(2)\n    self.send_message(\"sent\", [\"flow\",\"time\",[1,2,6]])\n    self.send_message(\"ping\")\n    self.send_message(\"ping\")\n    self.send_message(\"ping\")\n    self.send_message(\"signoff\")\nswitzerland/client/TimeManager.py\nclass UncertainTimeError(Exception):\n  pass\nswitzerland/common/PcapLogger.py\nclass PcapLogger:\n  \"\"\"\n  This device organises the elaborate switzerland logging structure, which\n  is a standard log containing references to a directory of incident-specific\n  pcap log files.\n  \"\"\"\n  \n  # XXXXXX fix this default before release\n  def __init__(self, log_dir):\n    self.lock = threading.RLock()\n    self.make_or_check_directory(log_dir, \"log dir\")\n    #ts = self.timestamp()\n    self.log_dir = log_dir     \n    # XXX do not expect this to be secure if log_dir is world writeable\n    # on a multi-user system\n    self.make_or_check_directory(self.log_dir, \"pcap log dir\")\n \n  def make_or_check_directory(self, path, alias=\"directory\"):\n    alias += \" \"\n    try:\n      os.mkdir(path, 0755)\n    except OSError, e:\n      assert not os.path.islink(path), alias + path + \" should not be a symlink!\"\n      assert os.path.isdir(path), \"cannot create \" + alias + path + \":\\n\"+`e`\n\n  def new_flow(self, flow, id):\n    log.info(\"New bidirectional flow %d : %s\\n\" % (id,`flow`))\n\n  def timestamp(self, t=None):\n    if t == None:\n      t = time.time()\n    frac = `t - int(t)`[2:5]\n    return time.strftime(\"%Y%m%d%H%M%S\", time.localtime(t)) + frac\n\n  def log_forged_in(self, context, id):\n    self.lock.acquire()\n    try:\n      in_path, out_path = self.__gen_filenames(context)\n      pcap = PcapWriter(in_path)\n      self.log_to_pcap(context, pcap)\n      pcap.file.close() \n    finally:\n      self.lock.release()\n    return out_path\n\n  def log_forged_out(self, context, out_path):\n    self.lock.acquire()\n    try:\n      pcap = PcapWriter(out_path)\n      self.log_to_pcap(context, pcap)\n      pcap.file.close() \n    finally:\n      self.lock.release()\n\n  def __gen_filenames(self, context):\n    \"Determine the filenames for the inbound and outbound logs\"\n\n    ts = self.timestamp(context[0][0])\n    filename1 = ts + \"-in.pcap\"\n    filename2 = ts + \"-out.pcap\"\n    path1 = self.log_dir + os.path.sep + filename1\n    path2 = self.log_dir + os.path.sep + filename2\n    n = 0\n    while os.path.exists(path1):\n      # This inbound filename has already been used; find another\n      filename1 = ts + \"-\"  + `n` + \"-in.pcap\"\n      filename2 = ts + \"-\"  + `n` + \"-out.pcap\"\n      path1 = self.log_dir + os.path.sep + filename1 \n      path2 = self.log_dir + os.path.sep + filename2 \n      n +=1\n    log.info(\"Recording inbound modified packets & context in %s\\n\" % path1)\n\n    return (path1,path2)\n    \n  def log_to_pcap(self, packets, pcap_log):\n    ## consider adding linktype= to this:\n\n    for timestamp, hash, packet in packets:\n      # be careful what we feed to scapy!\n      if type(packet) != types.StringType:\n        raise LoggerError, \"Packet data %s is not a string!\\n\" % packet\n\n      try:\n        pcap_log.write(packet,timestamp)\n      except:\n        log.error(\"Tripped on %s\", `pcap_log`)\n        raise\n      pcap_log.file.flush()\nswitzerland/client/FlowManager.py\nclass FlowManager:\n    \"FlowManager tracks active Flows (and also the Peers who are in our circle\"\n\n    def __init__(self, config, parent=None):\n        self.flows = { }\n        self.flow_id_to_address = { }\n        # jered used these to implement the Reporter:\n        self.new_flows = [ ]\n        self.deleted_flows = [ ]\n        # I'mma use these to implement the API:\n        self.api_new_flows = []\n\n        self.unique_id = 0\n        self.config = config\n        self.private_ip = s.inet_aton(config.private_ip)\n        self.lock = threading.RLock()\n        self.batch_to_process = threading.Condition(self.lock)\n        self.peers = {}\n        self.parent = parent\n\n        self.ip_ids = {}        # for debugging\n\n    def farewell(self, old_peer):\n        \"A peer has left. Remove any outstanding flows with it.\"\n        self.lock.acquire()\n        try:\n            ip = s.inet_aton(old_peer)\n            try:\n                del self.peers[ip] \n            except KeyError:\n                msg = \"Farewell message for non-existent peer %s\" % old_peer\n                log.error(msg)\n                self.parent.link.send_message(\"error-cont\", [msg])\n\n            for f in self.flows.values():\n                if f.src_ip == ip or f.dest_ip == ip:\n                    f.marked_for_deletion = True\n            log.info(\"Peer %s has disconnected\" % old_peer)\n        finally:\n            self.lock.release()\n\n    def listen_for(self, new_peers):\n        \"Start sniffing packets from these peers.\"\n        self.lock.acquire()\n        try:\n            note = \"Listening for traffic with peers: \"\n            for p,firewalled in new_peers:\n                # XXX add a test for private IPs here\n                # s.inet_ntoa(p) asserts that p is a valid peer address\n                new = s.inet_ntoa(p)\n                assert s.inet_ntoa(p) != self.parent.link.private_ip\n                assert s.inet_ntoa(p) != self.parent.link.public_ip\n\n                self.peers[p] = Peer(firewalled)\n                note += new\n                if firewalled: note += '*'\n                note += \", \"\n            note = note[:-2] # chop off the last comma & space\n            log.info(note)\n        finally:\n            self.lock.release()\n\n\n    def is_peer_firewalled(self, peer):\n        \"Here to let a packet know if its peer is firewalled\"\n        self.lock.acquire()\n        try:\n          return self.peers[peer].firewalled\n        finally:\n          self.lock.release()\n\n    def is_local_flow(self, packet):\n        \"\"\"\n        determine if this flow is to or from the local machine (Alice)\n        so we can filter out broadcast traffic.\n        \"\"\"\n        if self.config.ignore_nonlocal_packets:\n          if packet.dest_ip == self.private_ip and packet.source_ip == self.private_ip: \n            log.warning(\"sniffing packets from self!\")\n          if packet.source_ip == self.private_ip or packet.dest_ip == self.private_ip:\n            return True\n          else:\n            return False\n        else:\n          raise NotImplementedError, \"Promiscuity not implemented\"\n\n        return True\n\n    def mark_if_firewalled(self, packet):\n        \"\"\"\n        flag whether peer in this packet is firewalled\n        \"\"\"\n        if packet.dest_ip == self.private_ip:\n          peer_ip = packet.source_ip\n        elif packet.source_ip == self.private_ip:\n          peer_ip = packet.dest_ip\n        else:\n          raise NotImplementedError, \"Promiscuity not implemented\"\n\n        try:\n          packet.peer_firewalled = self.is_peer_firewalled(peer_ip)\n        except KeyError:\n          # we don't know if they're firewalled, since they're\n          # not a true peer\n          packet.peer_firewalled = True\n\n    def is_in_circle(self, packet):\n        \"\"\"\n        determine if a packet is to or from a host in Alice's circle.\n        packets to hosts outside Alice's circle will not be logged (unless\n        config.filter_packets is False), however statistics will be kept\n        and sent to switzerland (anonymously)\n        \"\"\"\n        if not self.config.filter_packets:\n          return True\n\n        self.lock.acquire()\n        try:\n            if (packet.dest_ip not in self.peers) and \\\n               (packet.source_ip not in self.peers):\n                return False\n        finally:\n            self.lock.release()\n          \n        return True\n\n    def archive_packet(self, packet):\n      global a_lock\n      global archives\n      if not self.config.keep_archives:\n        return\n      a_lock.acquire()\n      try:\n          thread = self.parent.link.thread_no()\n          archive = archives.setdefault(thread,{})\n          hash = packet.get_hash()\n          archive.setdefault(hash,[]).append(packet)\n\n      finally:\n          a_lock.release()\n\n    def create_flow(self, packet, flow_addr):\n        \"\"\" create a new flow with given initial packet and flow id string \"\"\"\n        opening_hash = packet.get_hash()\n        flow = AliceFlow(packet.dest_ip == self.private_ip, # inbound flow?\n            packet.source_ip, packet.source_port, \n            packet.dest_ip, packet.dest_port, packet.proto, \n            packet.timestamp, opening_hash, self.is_in_circle(packet))\n        flow.id = self.unique_id # internal serial# for flow, != flow_addr\n        self.unique_id += 1\n        if flow.in_circle: # only report flows in circle to switzerland\n            self.new_flows.append(flow)\n            self.api_new_flows.append(flow)\n            log.info(\"Attempting to test flow #%d %s\" % (flow.id, flow.__str__()))\n            log.debug(\"(flow opens with hash: %s\\npacket data: %s\" % \\\n                (hexlify(opening_hash), hexlify(packet.data.tostring())))\n            log.debug(\"masked from: %s)\" % hexlify(packet.original_data))\n        self.flows[flow_addr] = flow\n        # map IP datagram flow info to our internal flow id\n        self.flow_id_to_address[flow.id] = flow_addr\n\n\n    def handle_packet(self, packet):\n        \"\"\"\n        called for each incoming packet. if packet destined for alice from\n        host in circle, find existing flow or detect new flow, then queue\n        for that flow.  return True if the packet completes a PacketBatch,\n        False otherwise.\n        \"\"\"\n        self.lock.acquire()\n        try:\n            assert isinstance(packet, Packet.Packet), 'expecting Packet'\n            if not self.is_local_flow(packet): # ignore packets not from/to alice\n                return False\n            self.mark_if_firewalled(packet)\n            self.archive_packet(packet)\n\n            flow_addr = packet.flow_addr()\n            if not self.flows.has_key(flow_addr): # create flow if it doesn't already exist\n                self.create_flow(packet, flow_addr)\n\n            flow = self.flows[flow_addr]\n            assert flow != None, 'expecting to find flow'\n\n            # track flow data\n            flow.activity = True\n            flow.time_last_active = packet.timestamp\n            flow.bytes_transferred += len(packet)\n            flow.packets_transferred += 1\n\n            if flow.in_circle:\n                return flow.queue.append(packet)\n            return False\n        finally:\n            self.lock.release()\n\n    def clean(self, now):\n        \"\"\" remove inactive flows or stale packets in active flows \"\"\"\n        self.lock.acquire()\n        try:\n          for f in self.flows.keys():\n              flow = self.flows[f]\n              inactive = now - flow.time_last_active\n              if inactive > Flow.timeout or flow.marked_for_deletion:\n                  log.debug(\"Flow %s timed out, deleting\", `flow`)\n                  flow.active = False\n                  if flow.in_circle: # switzerland only knows about this flow if it's in alice's circle\n                      self.deleted_flows.append(flow)\n                  del self.flow_id_to_address[flow.id]\n                  del self.flows[f]\n              else:\n                  flow.clean(now)\n        finally:\n          self.lock.release()\nswitzerland/client/AliceConfig.py\nclass AliceConfig:\n    def __init__(self, getopt=False, **keywords):\n\n        # all of the variables above become attributes of AliceConfig;\n        # we pick the value passed to this function (if there was one)\n        # or the default value otherwise\n\n        self.private_ip = None\n\n        for variable in alice_options.keys():\n            if variable in keywords:\n                self.__dict__[variable] = keywords[variable]\n            else:\n                self.__dict__[variable] = alice_options[variable][0]\n\n        if getopt:\n            self.get_options()\n\n        # Defaults remaining if getopt hasn't set things:\n        if self.interface == None and getopt:\n            self.interface = local_ip.get_interface()\n            log.info(\"interface is now %s\", self.interface)\n\n        if self.force_private_ip and self.private_ip == None: # could have been set by getopt?\n            self.private_ip = force_private_ip\n        if self.private_ip == None:\n            self.private_ip = local_ip.get_local_ip(self.interface)\n\n    def get_options(self):\n        if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] == \"help\":\n            self.usage()\n        try:\n            (opts, args) = \\\n                getopt.gnu_getopt(sys.argv[1:], 's:p:i:l:u:L:P:f:b:hqv',\n                    ['server=', 'port=', 'interface=', 'ip=', 'help',\n                    'private-ip=', 'public-ip=', 'logfile=', 'pcap-logs=',\n                    'quiet', 'uncertain-time', 'verbose', 'buffer='])\n        except getopt.GetoptError:\n            self.usage()\n\n        for opt, arg in opts:\n            if opt in ('-s', '--server'):\n                try:\n                    if \":\" in arg:\n                        self.host, self.port = arg.split(\":\")\n                        self.port = int(self.port)\n                    else:\n                        self.host = arg\n                except ValueError:\n                    self.usage(False)\n                    print \"Invalid argument for the\", opt, \"flag (specify a\",\n                    print \"server to connect to)\"\n                    sys.exit(1)\n            elif opt in ('-f', '--public-ip'):\n                self.force_public_ip = arg\n            elif opt in ('-p', '--port'):\n                try:\n                    self.port = int(arg)\n                except ValueError:\n                    self.usage(False)\n                    print \"Invalid argument for the\", opt, \"flag (need a\",\n                    print \"port number\"\n                    sys.exit(1)\n            elif opt in ('-i', '--interface'):\n                self.interface = arg\n            elif opt in ('-b', '--buffer'):\n                try:\n                    self.packet_buffer_size = int(arg)\n                    assert(self.packet_buffer_size > 1)\n                except:\n                    print \"Invalid packet buffer size (suggestion: 25000 or more)\"\n                    sys.exit(1)\n            elif opt in ('-l', '--ip', '--private-ip'):\n                self.private_ip = arg\n            elif opt in ('-L', '--logfile'):\n                self.logfile = arg\n            elif opt in ('-P', '--pcap-logs'):\n                self.pcap_logdir = arg\n            elif opt in ('-h', '--help'):\n                self.usage()\n            elif opt in ('-q', '--quiet'):\n                self.quiet = True\n            elif opt in ('-u', '--uncertain-time'):\n                self.allow_uncertain_time = True\n                try:\n                    self.manual_clock_error = float(arg)\n                except ValueError:\n                    self.usage(False)\n                    print \"Invalid argument for the\", opt, \"flag (please\",\n                    print \"specify the maximum error of your clock in seconds)\"\n                    sys.exit(1)\n            elif opt in ('-v', '--verbose'):\n                self.log_level -= (logging.INFO - logging.DEBUG)\n\n    def usage(self, exit=True):\n        print\n        print \"%s [OPTIONS]\" % sys.argv[0]\n        print\n        print \"This is the client for EFF's Switzerland network traffic auditing system\"\n        print\n        print \"  -h, --help                 Print usage info\"\n        print \"  -s, --server <host[:port]> Switzerland server [and port]\"\n        print \"  -p, --port <port number>   Switzerland server port\"\n        print \"  -i, --interface <iface>    Interface on which to monitor traffic\"\n        print \"  -l, --private-ip <ip>      (LAN) ip address of monitored interface\"\n        print \"  -f, --public-ip <ip>       Force a public IP address.  Useful if you want to\"\n        print \"                             tunnel to a server using ssh, tor,  a proxy, etc. \"\n        print \"                             NB:this is disallowed by the default server config\"\n        print \"  -u, --uncertain-time       Work without NTP.  This is dangerous;\"\n        print \"       <time in seconds>     acurately specify the error in your system clock\"\n        print '  -L, --logfile <file>       Write a copy of the output to <file>. \"-\" for none'\n        print \"                             (defaults to \" + default_logfile + \")\"\n        print \"  -P, --pcap-logs <dir>      Sets the directory to which PCAPs of modified\"\n        print '                             packets will be written. \"-\" for none.'\n        print \"                             (defaults to \" + default_pcap_logdir + \")\"\n        print \"  -q, --quiet                Do not print output\"\n        if sys.argv[0].endswith('WebGUI.py'):\n            print \"  -a, --webaddr              Sets the ip address to run the Switzerland client\"\n            print \"                             web server (defaults to 0.0.0.0)\"\n            print \"  -w, --webport              Sets the port to run the Switzerland client\"\n            print \"                             web server (defaults to 8080)\"\n            print \"  -F, --fake                 Runs WebGUI in an off-network demonstration mode\"\n            print \"                             with fake data\"   \n        print\n        if exit: sys.exit(0)\n\n    def check(self):\n        if not self.host:\n            self.host = \"switzerland.eff.org\"\n            log.info(\"no switzerland server specified, defaulting to %s\" % self.host)\n\n        # check for a valid ip address\n        if self.private_ip == None:\n            log.error(\"Switzerland wasn't able to determine your local IP address.\")\n            log.error(\"Make sure you're online; if you are, use the -l flag to specify you IP\")\n            sys.exit(1)\n        try:\n            s.inet_aton(self.private_ip)\n        except s.error:\n            log.error(\"invalid local address format %s\", `self.private_ip`)\n            sys.exit(1)\n\n        if self.pcap_logdir and self.pcap_logdir != \"-\":\n            try:\n                st = os.stat(self.pcap_logdir)\n                if not stat.S_ISDIR(st[stat.ST_MODE]): # not a directory\n                    log.error(\"%s isn't a directory\", self.pcap_logdir)\n                    log.error('Please make this a directory, or use \"-P -\" for no logging')\n                    sys.exit(1)\n            except OSError, e:\n                if e.errno == errno.ENOENT: # no such file or directory\n                    log.warn(\"PCAP log directory %s doesn't exist\", self.pcap_logdir)\n                    log.warn(\"trying to create it\")\n                    dir = os.path.split(self.pcap_logdir)\n                    create = [dir[1]]\n                    while ((not os.path.exists(dir[0])) and (not dir[0] == os.path.dirname(dir[0]))):\n                        dir = os.path.split(dir[0])\n                        create.insert(0, dir[1])\n                    try:\n                        dir=dir[0]\n                        for newdir in create:\n                            dir=os.path.join(dir, newdir)\n                            os.mkdir(dir)\n                    except OSError:\n                        log.error(\"can't create PCAP log directory\")\n                        log.error('Please create it, or use \"-P -\" for no logging')\n                        sys.exit(1)\n                else: # can't stat, that's probably bad\n                    log.error(\"can't stat PCAP log directory %s: %s\", self.pcap_logdir, str(e))\n                    log.error('Use \"-P -\" for no logging')\n                    sys.exit(1)\n            if not util.writable(self.pcap_logdir):\n                log.error(\"Cannot write to PCAP log directory %s\", self.pcap_logdir)\n                log.error(\"Change its permissions or specify another directory with -P\")\n                log.error('Use \"-P -\" for no logging')\n                sys.exit(1)\nswitzerland/client/Tracerouter.py\nclass Tracerouter(threading.Thread):\n    def __init__(self):\n        self.ready = False\n        self.tr_cmd = CALCULATING\n        self.routes = {}\n        self.q_work = threading.Condition()\n        self.queue = []\n        threading.Thread.__init__(self)\n        self.setDaemon(True)\n\n    def run(self):\n        self.setup()\n        self.do_traceroutes()\n\n    def setup(self):\n        if platform.system() == \"Windows\":\n            tr_cmd = [\"tracert\"]\n            use_shell = True\n        else:\n            tr_cmd = [\"traceroute\"]\n            use_shell = False\n\n        try:\n            run = Popen([\"mtr\", \"--report\", \"-n\", \"localhost\"],\n                        shell=use_shell, stdout=PIPE)\n            test = run.stdout.read()\n            if \"1\" in test:\n                tr_cmd = [\"mtr\", \"--report\", \"--report-cycles\", \"2\"]\n                # print \"mtr works...\"\n        except:\n            try:\n                run = Popen(tr_cmd + [ \"localhost\"], \n                            shell=use_shell, stdout=PIPE)\n                test = run.stdout.read()\n            except:\n                print traceback.format_exc()\n                tr_cmd = None\n        self.tr_cmd = tr_cmd\n        self.use_shell = use_shell\n        self.ready = True\n        print \"ready\"\n\n    def do_traceroutes(self):\n        while True:\n\n            try:\n                target_ip = self.get_from_queue()\n                run = Popen(self.tr_cmd + [\"-n\", target_ip], stdout=PIPE)\n                self.routes[target_ip] = run.stdout.read()\n            except:\n                traceback.print_exc() \n\n    def get_from_queue(self):\n        # Wait til there's something in the queue\n        self.q_work.acquire()\n        if len(self.queue) == 0:\n            self.q_work.wait()\n        else:\n            self.q_work.release()\n\n        # Grab the next traceroute target off the queue\n        target_ip = self.queue[0]\n        del self.queue[0]\n        print \"got\", target_ip\n        return target_ip\n\n    def enqueue(self, target):\n        self.q_work.acquire()\n        try:\n            self.queue.append(target)\n            self.routes[target] = \"Waiting\"\n            self.q_work.notify()\n        finally:\n            self.q_work.release()\n       \n\n    def route_to(self, target_ip):\n        if not self.tr_cmd:\n            return False\n        elif self.tr_cmd == CALCULATING:\n            self.enqueue(target_ip)\n            return \"Waiting\"\n        elif target_ip in self.routes:\n            return self.routes[target_ip]\n        else:\n            self.enqueue(target_ip)\n            # This *probably* means we return \"waiting\", unless things happen\n            # very quickly\n            return self.routes[target_ip]\nswitzerland/client/PacketListener.py\nclass PacketListener(threading.Thread):\n    \"\"\" sniff incoming IP datagrams on a network interface or from a save file.\n        pass packets off to FlowManager. \"\"\"\n\n    def __init__(self, parent):\n        \"\"\"self.parent.fm: FlowManager to receive packets\"\"\"\n        threading.Thread.__init__(self)\n        self.parent = parent\n        self.packets_in_buf = parent.config.packet_buffer_size\n        self.entry_size = packet_size + packlen_size + ts_size + valid_size + \\\n                          padding2_size\n        self.buffer_size = self.packets_in_buf * self.entry_size\n        self._zcat_pipe = None\n        self._zcat = None\n        self.tmpfile = None\n        self.lock = threading.RLock()\n        self.latest = 0\n        self.max_timewarp = 0\n        self._skew = parent.config.skew\n        self.kernel_tweaked = False\n        self.frag_warn = False # have we warned about fragmented packets?\n        self.done = threading.Event() # are we done replaying an \n                                      # offline capture?\n        self.half_done = False  # True when FastCollector has finished\n                                # healthily but we haven't read all the\n                                # packets from the buffer yet\n        \n        if platform.system() == 'Windows':\n          self.sniffer_thread = os.path.sep.join(['FastCollector.exe'])\n          self.sniffer_thread2 = os.path.sep.join(['bin','FastCollector.exe'])\n        else:\n          self.sniffer_thread = os.path.sep.join(['FastCollector'])\n          self.sniffer_thread2 = os.path.sep.join(['bin','FastCollector'])\n        if parent.config.pcap_playback:\n          self.live = False\n          self.target = self.filename_magic(parent.config.pcap_playback)\n        else:\n          assert parent.config.interface, \"Can't create PacketListner with neither a pcap file nor an interface\"\n          self.live = True\n          self.target = parent.config.interface\n\n    def minimize_packet_loss(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        Platform-specific code to maximise buffer/queue space in the kernel\n        captured packets, to minimize the risk that the kernel drops packets\n        before they get to the sniffer.\n        \"\"\"\n        p = platform.system()\n        # Implementing the recommendations from\n        # http://www.net.t-labs.tu-berlin.de/research/hppc/\n        if p[-3:] == \"BSD\" or p == \"Darwin\":\n          cmd = [\"sysctl\",\"-w\",\"net.bpf.bufsize=10485760\"]\n          try:     # Recent FreeBSDs\n            proc = Popen(cmd, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE)\n            assert proc.wait() == 0\n            cmd[2] = \"net.bpf.maxbufsize=10485760\"\n            proc = Popen(cmd, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE)\n            assert proc.wait() == 0\n          except:  # Older FreeBSDs\n            cmd[2] = \"debug.bpf_bufsize=10485760\"\n            proc = Popen(cmd, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE)\n            assert proc.wait() == 0\n            cmd[2] = \"debug.maxbpf_bufsize=10485760\"\n            proc = Popen(cmd, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE)\n            assert proc.wait() == 0\n\n        elif p == \"Linux\":\n          vars = [(\"/proc/sys/net/core/rmem_default\", \"33554432\"),\n                  (\"/proc/sys/net/core/rmem_max\", \"33554432\"),\n                  (\"/proc/sys/net/core/netdev_max_backlog\", \"10000\")]\n          self.old_kernel_state = []\n          for file, value in vars:\n            # save kernel state before overwriting it\n            f = open(file, 'r')\n            self.old_kernel_state.append((file, f.read()))\n            f.close()\n            f = open(file, 'w')\n            f.write(value)\n            f.close()\n          self.kernel_tweaked = True\n\n        # on Windows, we should call pcap_setbuff from inside FastCollector.\n\n    def restore_kernel_state(self):\n        p = platform.system()\n        if p == \"Linux\":\n            for file, value in self.old_kernel_state:\n                # save kernel state before overwriting it\n                f = open(file, 'w')\n                f.write(value)\n                f.close()\n            self.kernel_tweaked = False\n\n    def launch_collector(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        Launch the PacketCollector, which lives in another process.\n        For live captures this approach is necessary to avoid packet loss;\n        for offline playback it is helpful for testing.\n        Because of the weirdness of pypcap, target can be *either* an\n        interface name or a pcap filename! :/\n        \"\"\"\n        \n        try:\n          if self.live: self.minimize_packet_loss()\n        except:\n          log.info(traceback.format_exc())\n          print \"Failed to set kernel buffers to minimize packet loss!!!\"\n          print \"You may encounter problems as a result of this...\"\n\n        try:\n          if platform.system() == 'Windows':\n            use_shell = True\n          else:\n            use_shell = False\n          try: \n            mode = '-i' # interactive\n            if not self.live:\n              mode = '-f'\n            sz = \"-b%ld\" % self.packets_in_buf\n            log.debug(\"Launching packet collector: \"+ `[self.sniffer_thread, mode, self.target]`)\n            try:\n              self.sniff = Popen(\n                [self.sniffer_thread, mode, sz, self.target], shell=use_shell,\n                stdout=PIPE, stdin=PIPE, stderr=PIPE\n              )         \n            except:\n              # try bin/FastCollector\n              self.sniff = Popen(\n                [self.sniffer_thread2, mode, sz, self.target], shell=use_shell,\n                stdout=PIPE, stdin=PIPE, stderr=PIPE\n              )         \n          except:\n            log.error(\"failed to start %s\", self.sniffer_thread)\n            raise\n\n          if self.live: self.prioritise_sniffer()\n\n        except OSError:\n          value = sys.exc_info()[1]\n          if \"No such file or directory\" in value:\n            print self.sniffer_thread, \"does not appear to be in the PATH...\"\n            #print \"(which is\", os.environ[\"PATH\"] + \")\"\n          else:\n            raise\n          self.parent.quit_event.set()\n          print \"exiting\"\n          print threading.enumerate()\n          sys.exit(1)\n\n        self.tmpfile = self.get_tempfile_name()\n        log.debug(\"Opening tempfile %s\" % self.tmpfile)\n        self.file = open(self.tmpfile, \"a+b\")\n        fd = self.file.fileno()\n        self.mem = mmap.mmap(fd, self.buffer_size, access=mmap.ACCESS_WRITE)\n\n        self.parent.config.pcap_datalink = self.get_pcap_datalink()\n        log.debug(\"Got pcap_datalink: %s\" % `self.parent.config.pcap_datalink`)\n\n    def prioritise_sniffer(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        OS-dependent code to ensure the sniffer runs with the highest\n        available priority level.\n        \"\"\"\n        if platform.system() == 'Windows':\n          util.set_win32_priority(self.sniff.pid, 5)\n        else:  # UNIX is nice\n          try:\n            n = Popen([\"renice\", \"-19\", `self.sniff.pid`], stdout=PIPE)\n            log.debug(n.stdout.read())\n          except OSError:\n            log.error(\"Attempt to prioritise sniffer failed with\" + `sys.exc_info[0:2]`)\n\n    def get_tempfile_name(self):\n      \"\"\"\n      Communicate with the sniffer process to obtain the name of the\n      mmap()ed tempfile through which it will pass us packets.\n      \"\"\"\n      log.debug(\"looking for temp file..\")\n      self.sniff.stdin.close()\n      line = self.sniff.stdout.readline()\n      while line == \"\":\n        line = self.sniff.stdout.readline()\n        rval = self.sniff.poll()\n        if rval != None:              # The sniffer died\n          msg = \"packet collector exited with return code %d\\n\" % rval\n          msg += self.sniff.stderr.read()\n          raise SnifferError, msg\n\n      words = line.split()\n      if len(words) == 0 or words[0] != \"Tempfile:\":\n        raise SnifferError(\"packet collector didn't print a Tempfile: line\")\n      return words[1]\n\n    def get_pcap_datalink(self):\n        \"\"\"\n        Communicate with sniffer process to obtain the output of\n        pcap_datalink on the capture (this will later determine header\n        length of link layer portion of the packet).\n        \"\"\"\n        line = self.sniff.stdout.readline() # XXX This is for \"Initialized...\" line\n        line = self.sniff.stdout.readline()\n        while line == \"\":\n            line = self.sniff.stdout.readline()\n            rval = self.sniff.poll()\n            if rval != None:              # The sniffer died\n                msg = \"packet collector exited with return code %d\\n\" % (rval)\n                msg += self.sniff.stderr.read()\n                raise SnifferError, msg\n        words = line.split()\n        if len(words) == 0 or words[0] != \"pcap_datalink:\":\n            raise SnifferError,\"packet collector didn't print a pcap_datalink: line\"\n        return int(words[1])\n\n\n    def run(self):\n        \"\"\" sit in a tight loop and collect packets\n            in interactive mode, run until the parent thread exits.\n            in offline mode, break when the dump file ends \"\"\"\n\n        # This only returns on an error condition...\n        try:\n          self.launch_collector()\n          self.read_packets()\n\n          # The obvious thing to do with exceptions here would be to set the\n          # quit event and then \"raise\".  But if there's a context switch in\n          # between those two lines, we might never see the exception.  So\n          # print it before sending quit_event.\n        except SnifferError,e:    # sniffer error; clean up on the way out\n          self.cleanup()\n          log.error(e)\n          if \"handle a packet of size\" in repr(e):\n            self.large_segment_message()\n          self.parent.quit_event.set()\n          sys.exit(1)\n        except:                   # What kind of error is this?\n          self.cleanup()\n          log.error(traceback.format_exc())\n          self.parent.quit_event.set()\n          sys.exit(1)\n\n        # notify parent thread that there's no more input\n        self.done.set()\n        self.cleanup()\n        # close pipe from zcat for gzipped traces\n        if self._zcat != None:\n            self._zcat.wait()\n            if self._zcat_pipe:\n                os.unlink(self._zcat_pipe)\n        # organise shutdown for the entire client process\n        log.info(\"Goodbye...\")\n        self.parent.quit_event.set()\n\n\n    def filename_magic(self, filename):\n        \"\"\"\n        Do all our housekeeping for playbacks of stored pcaps.  Sometimes\n        these are gzipped, so we try to use named pipes to decompress them\n        for the pcap library code.  Returns a filename for a pcap library.\n        \"\"\"\n        # pcapy can't deal with gzipped input\n        if filename.endswith('.gz'):\n            trim_gz = filename[:-3]\n\n            # if there's an ungzipped copy in the same place, use it\n            if os.path.exists(trim_gz):\n                filename = trim_gz\n\n            # XXX this isn't going to work on windows\n            elif platform.system() == 'Windows':\n                print \"sorry, I don't know how to open gzipped traces on windows\"\n                print \"please gunzip %s and try again\\n\" % (filename)\n                raise NotImplementedError\n\n            # use a named pipe if we got em\n            else:\n                tmp = tempfile.mktemp()\n                posix.mkfifo(tmp)\n\n                self._zcat = Popen('zcat \"%s\" > \"%s\"' % (filename, tmp), shell=True)\n                self._zcat_pipe = tmp\n                filename = tmp\n            \n        return filename\n\n    def read_packets(self):\n      \"\"\"\n      Read packets out of the mmap()ed buffer that PacketCollector.py\n      is busy writing them into.\n      \"\"\"\n\n      self.pos = 0\n      count = 0\n\n      if platform.system() == 'Windows':\n        self.check_for_sniffer_error = self.check_for_sniffer_error_win32\n        self.sniff.fd_stderr = self.sniff.stderr.fileno()\n        self.sniff.os_stderr = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(self.sniff.fd_stderr)\n      else:\n        self.check_for_sniffer_error = self.check_for_sniffer_error_posix\n\n      while True:\n        packet = self.read_one_packet()\n        if packet == None:\n          return\n        else:\n          timestamp, data = packet\n          \n        count +=1\n        if count % lag_check_frequency == 0:\n          delta = time.time() - timestamp\n          log.info(\"Capturing a packet currently takes us %lf seconds\" % delta)\n        self.process_packet(timestamp, data)\n        if double_check:\n          print \"Pos is now 0x%x\" % self.pos\n          print Ether(data).summary()\n\n        #if count % 10 == 0:\n        #  # at this point we aren't interested in normal playback termination\n        #  # from the sniffer (ie, half_done==True).  We just need to know\n        #  # about urgent conditions like dropped packets in live deployment\n        #  self.check_for_sniffer_error()\n\n    def read_one_packet(self):\n      \"Read a single packet out of the mmaped buffer; return (timestamp, data).\"\n      self.lock.acquire()\n      try:\n        if not self.tmpfile: return\n        valid = self.mem[self.pos]\n        while valid == '\\x00':\n          if self.check_for_sniffer_error(): return     # playback complete\n          time.sleep(poll_interval)\n          valid = self.mem[self.pos]\n          if double_check: sys.stdout.write(\".\")\n\n        base_pos = self.pos\n        self.pos += vs\n\n        len = struct.unpack(\"H\", self.mem[self.pos:self.pos+pls])[0]\n        if double_check: print \"Packet of length\", len\n        if len > 1514:\n          print \"Wild packet length %d at pos 0x%x\" % (len, self.pos)\n          self.parent.quit_event.set()\n          sys.exit(1)\n        self.pos +=pls + padding2_size\n\n        timestamp = struct.unpack(\"d\", self.mem[self.pos:self.pos+tss])[0]\n        if timestamp > self.latest:\n          self.latest = timestamp\n        else:\n          t = self.latest - timestamp\n\n          # Tell the user and the server every time we see packets\n          # more out-of-order than anything we've seen yet\n          if t > self.max_timewarp:\n            msg = \"Timestamp monotonicity violated by up to %g seconds\" % t\n            self.max_timewarp = t\n            if t > 0.0002:  # 200 microseconds\n              log.error(msg)\n              # XXX if this gets up into the millisecond range we should\n              # probably switch to a hard error.\n              self.parent.link.send_message(\"error-cont\", [msg])\n            else:\n              log.debug(msg)\n\n\n        if double_check: print \"Timestamp\", timestamp\n        self.pos += tss\n\n        data = self.mem[self.pos:self.pos+len]\n        # mark this packet as read\n        self.mem[base_pos] = \"\\x00\"\n        self.pos = (self.pos + packet_size) % self.buffer_size\n        return (timestamp, data)\n      finally:\n        self.lock.release()\n\n    def process_packet(self, timestamp, data):\n      \"Integrate this packet appropriately into Alice's data structures.\"\n      try:\n        packet = Packet.Packet(\n          timestamp + self._skew,\n          data, \n          self.parent\n        )\n      except:\n        msg = \"Packet parser failed on this packet (raw hex):\\n\"\n        msg += hexlify(data) + \"\\n\"\n        if have_scapy:\n          msg += \"Scapy analysis\\n\" + `Ether(data).summary()` + \"\\n\"\n        msg += \"The error was:\\n\" + traceback.format_exc()\n        log.warn(msg)\n        self.parent.link.send_message(\"error-cont\", [msg])\n        # HELP I'M STUCK IN AN EXCEPTION HANDLER!\n        return\n        \n      if dummy:\n        return\n      if packet.is_fragment(): # skip fragmented packets\n          if not self.frag_warn:\n              log.warn(\"We saw fragments! This may result in false drop reports.\")\n              self.frag_warn = True\n          return\n      self.parent.fm.batch_to_process.acquire()\n      # notify reporter thread if this packet completes a batch\n      if self.parent.fm.handle_packet(packet):\n          self.parent.fm.batch_to_process.notify()\n      self.parent.fm.batch_to_process.release()\n\n    def check_for_sniffer_error_win32(self):\n      \"\"\"\n      Windows doesn't have \"select\" for pipes, so we have to resort to dirty tricks\n      adapted from http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2006-August/396531.html\n      \"\"\"\n      if self.half_done:\n        return True\n      try:\n        data, avail, _ = PeekNamedPipe(self.sniff.os_stderr, 0)\n      except: # pipe closed, we must be done\n        return self.report_sniffer_error()\n      if avail != 0:\n        return self.report_sniffer_error()\n      return False\n\n    def check_for_sniffer_error_posix(self):\n      \"\"\"\n      Return False for no condition; -1 for an error and +1 for a healthy\n      shutdown\n      \"\"\"\n      if self.half_done:\n        return True\n      # XXX perhaps we should use some combination of os.open() flags\n      # and read() here instead of select...\n      s = select.select([self.sniff.stderr], [], [], 0)\n      if s[0]:\n        self.report_sniffer_error()\n        return True\n      return False\n\n    def report_sniffer_error(self):\n      \"\"\"\n      go ahead and read from the sniffer's stderr, there's something there\n      \"\"\"\n      print \"We have news from PacketCollector:\"\n      ret = self.sniff.wait()\n      output= self.sniff.stderr.read()\n      if output:\n        msg = \"Packet sniffer error\\n\" + output\n        try:\n          self.parent.link.send_message(\"error-bye\", [msg])\n        except:\n          pass\n        raise SnifferError, output\n      else:\n        print \"(Normal termination)...\"\n        print self.sniff.stdout.read()\n        self.half_done = True\n        return True\n\n    def cleanup(self):\n      # Alice may call this code too, so avoid deadlocks\n      self.lock.acquire()\n      try:\n        if self.kernel_tweaked:\n          self.restore_kernel_state()\n      except:\n        log.error(traceback.format_exc())\n      try:\n        if not self.tmpfile:\n          return\n        self.mem.close()\n        self.file.close()\n        try:            # to kill FastCollector\n          if platform.system() == \"Windows\":\n            # According to http://code.activestate.com/recipes/347462/, \n            # this is how we killa process on Windows\n            win32api.TerminateProcess(int(self.sniff._handle), -1)\n          else:\n            os.kill(self.sniff.pid, signal.SIGTERM)\n        except:\n          pass          # it's probably already dead\n        time.sleep(0.3) # give the FastCollector time to exit\n        if self.packets_in_buf > 25000:   # the old/default value\n          log.info(\"Closing packet capture thread...\")\n          # this takes longer with large buffers!\n          time.sleep (0.5 * self.packets_in_buf / 25000.0)\n        try:\n          cmd = [\"shred\", \"-n\", \"1\", self.tmpfile]\n          shred = Popen(cmd, stdin=PIPE, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE)\n          assert shred.wait() == 0\n        except:\n          # XXX some platforms won't have shred.  Ideally we should use their\n          # native RNGs here... also, is this a good mode for open()?\n          if not self.tmpfile:\n            log.error(\"tmpfile already gone\")\n            return\n          f = open(self.tmpfile, 'w')\n          blank_entry = \"\\x00\" * self.entry_size\n          for n in xrange(self.packets_in_buf):\n            f.write(blank_entry)\n          f.close()\n        try:\n          os.unlink(self.tmpfile)\n        except OSError, e:\n          if \"No such file or directory\" in e:\n            pass\n          else:\n            raise\n      finally:\n        self.lock.release()\n        self.tmpfile = None\n          \n\n    segment_message = \\\n\"\"\"This error is usually a results of having a feature called \"TCP Segmentation\nOffloading\" or \"Large Segment Offloading\" enabled in your operating\nsystem.  See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_segment_offload for more info.\nTry running Switzerland with Segmentation Offloading disabled.\n\"\"\"\n\n    def large_segment_message(self):\n      \"Tell the user about large segement offloading and how to disable it\"\n      msg = self.segment_message\n      plat = platform.system()\n      if plat == \"Linux\":\n        msg += \"On linux, you can disable it with the following command:\\n\"\n        msg += \"ethtool -K %s tso off\" % self.parent.config.interface\n      elif plat == \"Darwin\" or plat[-3:] == \"BSD\":\n        msg += \"On %s, you can disable it with the following command:\\n\" % plat\n        msg += \"ifconfig %s -tso\" % self.parent.config.interface\n      elif plat == \"Windows\":\n        msg += \"On Windows, you should be able to disable it using the advanced \"\n        msg += \"settings for your network driver.\" \n      else:\n        msg += \"Sorry, we can't yet tell you how to disable it on %s\" % plat\n      log.warn(msg)\nimport sys\nimport time\nimport os\nimport platform\nimport traceback\nimport threading\nimport socket as s\nimport logging\n            import psyco\nfrom switzerland.client import PacketListener\nfrom switzerland.client import Cleaner\nfrom switzerland.client import Reporter\nfrom switzerland.client.AliceLink import AliceLink\nfrom switzerland.client.FlowManager import FlowManager\nfrom switzerland.client.AliceConfig import AliceConfig\nfrom switzerland.client.TimeManager import TimeManager, UncertainTimeError\nfrom switzerland.client.Tracerouter import Tracerouter\nfrom switzerland.common.PcapLogger import PcapLogger\n#!/usr/bin/env python\n\n\n#logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG,\n#                    format=\"[%(name)s]: %(message)s\")\n\nlog = logging.getLogger('')\nlog.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)\nstartup_handler = logging.StreamHandler()\nlog.addHandler(startup_handler)\n\nwelcome_msg = \\\n\"\"\"--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nWelcome to Switzerland.  \nREAD THE PRIVACY AND SECURITY SECTIONS OF THE README.txt!!\n\nOnce you've done that... this is a Version Zero alpha release.  It's sure to\nbreak at some point.  If/when that happens, please let us know by email \n(switzerland-devel@eff.org), IRC (#switzerland on irc.oftc.net) or bug report\n( https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=browse&group_id=233013&atid=1088569 )\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\"\"\"\n\nclass Alice:\n    \"\"\"\n    Alice is the Switzerland client.\n    config is an AliceConfig object saying how she should operate;\n    linkobj is only changed in test cases\n    \"\"\"\n    def __init__(self, config, linkobj=AliceLink):\n\n        self.config = config\n\n        #logging.basicConfig(level=config.log_level,\n        #                    format=\"[%(name)s]: %(message)s\")\n        config.check()\n\n        self.init_logging()\n         \n        self.params = {}\n        if config.use_ntp:\n            self.ntp_setup()\n\n        # local address may be fake for testing\n        self.fm = FlowManager(config, parent=self)\n        self.quit_event = threading.Event()\n        self.cleaner = Cleaner.Cleaner(self)\n        \n        self.listener = PacketListener.PacketListener(self)\n        self.link = linkobj(self.quit_event, self, config)\n        self.reporter = Reporter.Reporter(self)\nNext line of code:\n"}
{"question_id": 38, "category": "longbench_qasper", "reference": ["Facebook status update messages", "Facebook status update messages"], "prompt": "You are given a scientific article and a question. Answer the question as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write \"unanswerable\". If the question is a yes/no question, answer \"yes\", \"no\", or \"unanswerable\". Do not provide any explanation.\n\nArticle: Introduction\nExplanations of happenings in one's life, causal explanations, are an important topic of study in social, psychological, economic, and behavioral sciences. For example, psychologists have analyzed people's causal explanatory style BIBREF0 and found strong negative relationships with depression, passivity, and hostility, as well as positive relationships with life satisfaction, quality of life, and length of life BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 , BIBREF0 .\nTo help understand the significance of causal explanations, consider how they are applied to measuring optimism (and its converse, pessimism) BIBREF0 . For example, in “My parser failed because I always have bugs.”, the emphasized text span is considered a causal explanation which indicates pessimistic personality – a negative event where the author believes the cause is pervasive. However, in “My parser failed because I barely worked on the code.”, the explanation would be considered a signal of optimistic personality – a negative event for which the cause is believed to be short-lived.\nLanguage-based models which can detect causal explanations from everyday social media language can be used for more than automating optimism detection. Language-based assessments would enable other large-scale downstream tasks: tracking prevailing causal beliefs (e.g., about climate change or autism), better extracting process knowledge from non-fiction (e.g., gravity causes objects to move toward one another), or detecting attribution of blame or praise in product or service reviews (“I loved this restaurant because the fish was cooked to perfection”).\nIn this paper, we introduce causal explanation analysis and its subtasks of detecting the presence of causality (causality prediction) and identifying explanatory phrases (causal explanation identification). There are many challenges to achieving these task. First, the ungrammatical texts in social media incur poor syntactic parsing results which drastically affect the performance of discourse relation parsing pipelines . Many causal relations are implicit and do not contain any discourse markers (e.g., `because'). Further, Explicit causal relations are also more difficult in social media due to the abundance of abbreviations and variations of discourse connectives (e.g., `cuz' and `bcuz').\nPrevailing approaches for social media analyses, utilizing traditional linear models or bag of words models (e.g., SVM trained with n-gram, part-of-speech (POS) tags, or lexicon-based features) alone do not seem appropriate for this task since they simply cannot segment the text into meaningful discourse units or discourse arguments such as clauses or sentences rather than random consecutive token sequences or specific word tokens. Even when the discourse units are clear, parsers may still fail to accurately identify discourse relations since the content of social media is quite different than that of newswire which is typically used for discourse parsing.\nIn order to overcome these difficulties of discourse relation parsing in social media, we simplify and minimize the use of syntactic parsing results and capture relations between discourse arguments, and investigate the use of a recursive neural network model (RNN). Recent work has shown that RNNs are effective for utilizing discourse structures for their downstream tasks BIBREF3 , BIBREF4 , BIBREF5 , BIBREF6 , but they have yet to be directly used for discourse relation prediction in social media. We evaluated our model by comparing it to off-the-shelf end-to-end discourse relation parsers and traditional models. We found that the SVM and random forest classifiers work better than the LSTM classifier for the causality detection, while the LSTM classifier outperforms other models for identifying causal explanation.\nThe contributions of this work include: (1) the proposal of models for both (a) causality prediction and (b) causal explanation identification, (2) the extensive evaluation of a variety of models from social media classification models and discourse relation parsers to RNN-based application models, demonstrating that feature-based models work best for causality prediction while RNNs are superior for the more difficult task of causal explanation identification, (3) performance analysis on architectural differences of the pipeline and the classifier structures, (4) exploration of the applications of causal explanation to downstream tasks, and (5) release of a novel, anonymized causality Facebook dataset along with our causality prediction and causal explanation identification models.\nRelated Work\nIdentifying causal explanations in documents can be viewed as discourse relation parsing. The Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB) BIBREF7 has a `Cause' and `Pragmatic Cause' discourse type under a general `Contingency' class and Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) BIBREF8 has a `Relations of Cause'. In most cases, the development of discourse parsers has taken place in-domain, where researchers have used the existing annotations of discourse arguments in newswire text (e.g. Wall Street Journal) from the discourse treebank and focused on exploring different features and optimizing various types of models for predicting relations BIBREF9 , BIBREF10 , BIBREF11 . In order to further develop automated systems, researchers have proposed end-to-end discourse relation parsers, building models which are trained and evaluated on the annotated PDTB and RST Discourse Treebank (RST DT). These corpora consist of documents from Wall Street Journal (WSJ) which are much more well-organized and grammatical than social media texts BIBREF12 , BIBREF13 , BIBREF14 , BIBREF15 .\nOnly a few works have attempted to parse discourse relations for out-of-domain problems such as text categorizations on social media texts; Ji and Bhatia used models which are pretrained with RST DT for building discourse structures from movie reviews, and Son adapted the PDTB discourse relation parsing approach for capturing counterfactual conditionals from tweets BIBREF4 , BIBREF3 , BIBREF16 . These works had substantial differences to what propose in this paper. First, Ji and Bhatia used a pretrained model (not fully optimal for some parts of the given task) in their pipeline; Ji's model performed worse than the baseline on the categorization of legislative bills, which is thought to be due to legislative discourse structures differing from those of the training set (WSJ corpus). Bhatia also used a pretrained model finding that utilizing discourse relation features did not boost accuracy BIBREF4 , BIBREF3 . Both Bhatia and Son used manual schemes which may limit the coverage of certain types of positive samples– Bhatia used a hand-crafted schema for weighting discourse structures for the neural network model and Son manually developed seven surface forms of counterfactual thinking for the rule-based system BIBREF4 , BIBREF16 . We use social-media-specific features from pretrained models which are directly trained on tweets and we avoid any hand-crafted rules except for those included in the existing discourse argument extraction techniques.\nThe automated systems for discourse relation parsing involve multiple subtasks from segmenting the whole text into discourse arguments to classifying discourse relations between the arguments. Past research has found that different types of models and features yield varying performance for each subtask. Some have optimized models for discourse relation classification (i.e. given a document indicating if the relation existing) without discourse argument parsing using models such as Naive-Bayes or SVMs, achieve relatively stronger accuracies but a simpler task than that associated with discourse arguments BIBREF10 , BIBREF11 , BIBREF9 . Researchers who, instead, tried to build the end-to-end parsing pipelines considered a wider range of approaches including sequence models and RNNs BIBREF12 , BIBREF15 , BIBREF14 , BIBREF17 . Particularly, when they tried to utilize the discourse structures for out-domain applications, they used RNN-based models and found that those models are advantageous for their downstream tasks BIBREF4 , BIBREF3 .\nIn our case, for identifying causal explanations from social media using discourse structure, we build an RNN-based model for its structural effectiveness in this task (see details in section UID13 ). However, we also note that simpler models such as SVMs and logistic regression obtained the state-of-the-art performances for text categorization tasks in social media BIBREF18 , BIBREF19 , so we build relatively simple models with different properties for each stage of the full pipeline of our parser.\nMethods\nWe build our model based on PDTB-style discourse relation parsing since PDTB has a relatively simpler text segmentation method; for explicit discourse relations, it finds the presence of discourse connectives within a document and extracts discourse arguments which parametrize the connective while for implicit relations, it considers all adjacent sentences as candidate discourse arguments.\nDataset\nWe created our own causal explanation dataset by collecting 3,268 random Facebook status update messages. Three well-trained annotators manually labeled whether or not each message contains the causal explanation and obtained 1,598 causality messages with substantial agreement ( $\\kappa =0.61$ ). We used the majority vote for our gold standard. Then, on each causality message, annotators identified which text spans are causal explanations.\nFor each task, we used 80% of the dataset for training our model and 10% for tuning the hyperparameters of our models. Finally, we evaluated all of our models on the remaining 10% (Table 1 and Table 2 ). For causal explanation detection task, we extracted discourse arguments using our parser and selected discourse arguments which most cover the annotated causal explanation text span as our gold standard.\nModel\nWe build two types of models. First, we develop feature-based models which utilize features of the successful models in social media analysis and causal relation discourse parsing. Then, we build a recursive neural network model which uses distributed representation of discourse arguments as this approach can even capture latent properties of causal relations which may exist between distant discourse arguments. We specifically selected bidirectional LSTM since the model with the discourse distributional structure built in this form outperformed the traditional models in similar NLP downstream tasks BIBREF3 .\nAs the first step of our pipeline, we use Tweebo parser BIBREF20 to extract syntactic features from messages. Then, we demarcate sentences using punctuation (`,') tag and periods. Among those sentences, we find discourse connectives defined in PDTB annotation along with a Tweet POS tag for conjunction words which can also be a discourse marker. In order to decide whether these connectives are really discourse connectives (e.g., I went home, but he stayed) as opposed to simple connections of two words (I like apple and banana) we see if verb phrases exist before and after the connective by using dependency parsing results. Although discourse connective disambiguation is a complicated task which can be much improved by syntactic features BIBREF21 , we try to minimize effects of syntactic parsing and simplify it since it is highly error-prone in social media. Finally, according to visual inspection, emojis (`E' tag) are crucial for discourse relation in social media so we take them as separate discourse arguments (e.g.,in “My test result... :(” the sad feeling is caused by the test result, but it cannot be captured by plain word tokens).\nWe trained a linear SVM, an rbf SVM, and a random forest with N-gram, charater N-gram, and tweet POS tags, sentiment tags, average word lengths and word counts from each message as they have a pivotal role in the models for many NLP downstream tasks in social media BIBREF19 , BIBREF18 . In addition to these features, we also extracted First-Last, First3 features and Word Pairs from every adjacent pair of discourse arguments since these features were most helpful for causal relation prediction BIBREF9 . First-Last, First3 features are first and last word and first three words of two discourse arguments of the relation, and Word Pairs are the cross product of words of those discourse arguments. These two features enable our model to capture interaction between two discourse arguments. BIBREF9 reported that these two features along with verbs, modality, context, and polarity (which can be captured by N-grams, sentiment tags and POS tags in our previous features) obtained the best performance for predicting Contingency class to which causality belongs.\nWe load the GLOVE word embedding BIBREF22 trained in Twitter for each token of extracted discourse arguments from messages. For the distributional representation of discourse arguments, we run a Word-level LSTM on the words' embeddings within each discourse argument and concatenate last hidden state vectors of forward LSTM ( $\\overrightarrow{h}$ ) and backward LSTM ( $\\overleftarrow{h}$ ) which is suggested by BIBREF3 ( $DA = [\\overrightarrow{h};\\overleftarrow{h}]$ ). Then, we feed the sequence of the vector representation of discourse arguments to the Discourse-argument-level LSTM (DA-level LSTM) to make a final prediction with log softmax function. With this structure, the model can learn the representation of interaction of tokens inside each discourse argument, then capture discourse relations across all of the discourse arguments in each message (Figure 2 ). In order to prevent the overfitting, we added a dropout layer between the Word-level LSTM and the DA-level LSTM layer.\nWe also explore subsets of the full RNN architecture, specifically with one of the two LSTM layers removed. In the first model variant, we directly input all word embeddings of a whole message to a BiLSTM layer and make prediction (Word LSTM) without the help of the distributional vector representations of discourse arguments. In the second model variant, we take the average of all word embeddings of each discourse argument ( $DA_k=\\frac{1}{N_k} \\sum _{i=1}^{N_k}W_{i}$ ), and use them as inputs to a BiLSTM layer (DA AVG LSTM) as the average vector of embeddings were quite effective for representing the whole sequence BIBREF3 , BIBREF5 . As with the full architectures, for CP both of these variants ends with a many-to-one classification per message, while the CEI model ends with a sequence of classifications.\nExperiment\nWe explored three types of models (RBF SVM, Linear SVM, and Random Forest Classifier) which have previously been shown empirically useful for the language analysis in social media. We filtered out low frequency Word Pairs features as they tend to be noisy and sparse BIBREF9 . Then, we conducted univariate feature selection to restrict all remaining features to those showing at least a small relationship with the outcome. Specifically, we keep all features passing a family-wise error rate of $\\alpha = 60$ with the given outcome. After comparing the performance of the optimized version of each model, we also conducted a feature ablation test on the best model in order to see how much each feature contributes to the causality prediction.\nWe used bidirectional LSTMs for causality classification and causal explanation identification since the discourse arguments for causal explanation can show up either before and after the effected events or results and we want our model to be optimized for both cases. However, there is a risk of overfitting due to the dataset which is relatively small for the high complexity of the model, so we added a dropout layer (p=0.3) between the Word-level LSTM and the DA-level LSTM.\nFor tuning our model, we explore the dimensionality of word vector and LSTM hidden state vectors of discourse arguments of 25, 50, 100, and 200 as pretrained GLOVE vectors were trained in this setting. For optimization, we used Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) and Adam BIBREF23 with learning rates 0.01 and 0.001.\nWe ignore missing word embeddings because our dataset is quite small for retraining new word embeddings. However, if embeddings are extracted as separate discourse arguments, we used the average of all vectors of all discourse arguments in that message. Average embeddings have performed well for representing text sequences in other tasks BIBREF5 .\nWe first use state-of-the-art PDTB taggers for our baseline BIBREF13 , BIBREF12 for the evaluation of the causality prediction of our models ( BIBREF12 requires sentences extracted from the text as its input, so we used our parser to extract sentences from the message). Then, we compare how models work for each task and disassembled them to inspect how each part of the models can affect their final prediction performances. We conducted McNemar's test to determine whether the performance differences are statistically significant at $p < .05$ .\nResults\nWe investigated various models for both causality detection and explanation identification. Based on their performances on the task, we analyzed the relationships between the types of models and the tasks, and scrutinized further for the best performing models. For performance analysis, we reported weighted F1 of classes.\nCausality Prediction\nIn order to classify whether a message contains causal relation, we compared off-the-shelf PDTB parsers, linear SVM, RBF SVM, Random forest and LSTM classifiers. The off-the-shelf parsers achieved the lowest accuracies ( BIBREF12 and BIBREF13 in Table 3 ). This result can be expected since 1) these models were trained with news articles and 2) they are trained for all possible discourse relations in addition to causal relations (e.g., contrast, condition, etc). Among our suggested models, SVM and random forest classifier performed better than LSTM and, in the general trend, the more complex the models were, the worse they performed. This suggests that the models with more direct and simpler learning methods with features might classify the causality messages better than the ones more optimized for capturing distributional information or non-linear relationships of features.\nTable 4 shows the results of a feature ablation test to see how each feature contributes to causality classification performance of the linear SVM classifier. POS tags caused the largest drop in F1. We suspect POS tags played a unique role because discourse connectives can have various surface forms (e.g., because, cuz, bcuz, etc) but still the same POS tag `P'. Also POS tags can capture the occurrences of modal verbs, a feature previously found to be very useful for detecting similar discourse relations BIBREF9 . N-gram features caused 0.022 F1 drop while sentiment tags did not affect the model when removed. Unlike the previous work where First-Last, First3 and Word pairs tended to gain a large F1 increase for multiclass discourse relation prediction, in our case, they did not affect the prediction performance compared to other feature types such as POS tags or N-grams.\nCausal Explanation Identification\nIn this task, the model identifies causal explanations given the discourse arguments of the causality message. We explored over the same models as those we used for causality (sans the output layer), and found the almost opposite trend of performances (see Table 5 ). The Linear SVM obtained lowest F1 while the LSTM model made the best identification performance. As opposed to the simple binary classification of the causality messages, in order to detect causal explanation, it is more beneficial to consider the relation across discourse arguments of the whole message and implicit distributional representation due to the implicit causal relations between two distant arguments.\nArchitectural Variants\nFor causality prediction, we experimented with only word tokens in the whole message without help of Word-level LSTM layer (Word LSTM), and F1 dropped by 0.064 (CP in Table 6 ). Also, when we used the average of the sequence of word embeddings of each discourse argument as an input to the DA-level LSTM and it caused F1 drop of 0.073. This suggests that the information gained from both the interaction of words in and in between discourse arguments help when the model utilizes the distributional representation of the texts.\nFor causal explanation identification, in order to test how the LSTM classifier works without its capability of capturing the relations between discourse arguments, we removed DA-level LSTM layer and ran the LSTM directly on the word embedding sequence for each discourse argument for classifying whether the argument is causal explanation, and the model had 0.061 F1 drop (Word LSTM in CEI in Table 6 ). Also, when we ran DA-level LSTM on the average vectors of the word sequences of each discourse argument of messages, F1 decreased to 0.818. This follows the similar pattern observed from other types of models performances (i.e., SVMs and Random Forest classifiers) that the models with higher complexity for capturing the interaction of discourse arguments tend to identify causal explanation with the higher accuracies.\nFor CEI task, we found that when the model ran on the sequence representation of discourse argument (DA AVG LSTM), its performance was higher than the plain sequence of word embeddings (Word LSTM). Finally, in both subtasks, when the models ran on both Word-level and DA-Level (Full LSTM), they obtained the highest performance.\nComplete Pipeline\nEvaluations thus far zeroed-in on each subtask of causal explanation analysis (i.e. CEI only focused on data already identified to contain causal explanations). Here, we seek to evaluate the complete pipeline of CP and CEI, starting from all of test data (those or without causality) and evaluating the final accuracy of CEI predictions. This is intended to evaluate CEI performance under an applied setting where one does not already know whether a document has a causal explanation.\nThere are several approaches we could take to perform CEI starting from unannotated data. We could simply run CEI prediction by itself (CEI Only) or the pipeline of CP first and then only run CEI on documents predicted as causal (CP + CEI). Further, the CEI model could be trained only on those documents annotated causal (as was done in the previous experiments) or on all training documents including many that are not causal.\nTable 7 show results varying the pipeline and how CEI was trained. Though all setups performed decent ( $F1 > 0.81$ ) we see that the pipelined approach, first predicting causality (with the linear SVM) and then predicting causal explanations only for those with marked causal (CP + CEI $_{causal}$ ) yielded the strongest results. This also utilized the CEI model only trained on those annotated causal. Besides performance, an added benefit from this two step approach is that the CP step is less computational intensive of the CEI step and approximately 2/3 of documents will never need the CEI step applied.\nWe had an inevitable limitation on the size of our dataset, since there is no other causality dataset over social media and the annotation required an intensive iterative process. This might have limited performances of more complex models, but considering the processing time and the computation load, the combination of the linear model and the RNN-based model of our pipeline obtained both the high performance and efficiency for the practical applications to downstream tasks. In other words, it's possible the linear model will not perform as well if the training size is increased substantially. However, a linear model could still be used to do a first-pass, computationally efficient labeling, in order to shortlist social media posts for further labeling from an LSTM or more complex model.\nExploration\nHere, we explore the use of causal explanation analysis for downstream tasks. First we look at the relationship between use of causal explanation and one's demographics: age and gender. Then, we consider their use in sentiment analysis for extracting the causes of polarity ratings. Research involving human subjects was approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board.\nConclusion\nWe developed a pipeline for causal explanation analysis over social media text, including both causality prediction and causal explanation identification. We examined a variety of model types and RNN architectures for each part of the pipeline, finding an SVM best for causality prediction and a hierarchy of BiLSTMs for causal explanation identification, suggesting the later task relies more heavily on sequential information. In fact, we found replacing either layer of the hierarchical LSTM architecture (the word-level or the DA-level) with a an equivalent “bag of features” approach resulted in reduced accuracy. Results of our whole pipeline of causal explanation analysis were found quite strong, achieving an $F1=0.868$ at identifying discourse arguments that are causal explanations.\nFinally, we demonstrated use of our models in applications, finding associations between demographics and rate of mentioning causal explanations, as well as showing differences in the top words predictive of negative ratings in Yelp reviews. Utilization of discourse structure in social media analysis has been a largely untapped area of exploration, perhaps due to its perceived difficulty. We hope the strong results of causal explanation identification here leads to the integration of more syntax and deeper semantics into social media analyses and ultimately enables new applications beyond the current state of the art.\nAcknowledgments\nThis work was supported, in part, by a grant from the Templeton Religion Trust (ID #TRT0048). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. We also thank Laura Smith, Yiyi Chen, Greta Jawel and Vanessa Hernandez for their work in identifying causal explanations.\n\n Answer the question based on the above article as concisely as you can, using a single phrase or sentence if possible. If the question cannot be answered based on the information in the article, write \"unanswerable\". If the question is a yes/no question, answer \"yes\", \"no\", or \"unanswerable\". Do not provide any explanation.\n\nQuestion: What types of social media did they consider?\n\nAnswer:"}
{"question_id": 39, "category": "longbench_2wikimqa", "reference": ["Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg"], "prompt": "Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nThe following are given passages.\nPassage 1:\nGeorg, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen\nGeorg, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen (11 October 1892 – 6 January 1946) was the head of the house of Saxe-Meiningen from 1941 until his death.\n\nBiography\nHe was born in Kassel the eldest son of Prince Frederick Johann of Saxe-Meiningen (1861-1914) and Countess Adelaide of Lippe-Biesterfeld (1870–1948). His father was a son of Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and his mother a daughter of Count Ernst of Lippe-Biesterfeld. Georg studied law at the Universities of Munich and Jena.Georg suspended his studies to serve in World War I and saw action as a Captain in a cavalry regiment. His uncle Bernhard III abdicated on 10 November 1918 following the German Revolution as the German monarchies were abolished. After the war he resumed his law studies and for a time served as a substitute judge for the town of Hildburghausen in the Free State of Thuringia. On 1 May 1933 he joined the Nazis, becoming NSDAP member (# 2.594.794).\nAfter the death of his uncle Ernst on 29 December 1941, Georg succeeded to the headship of the house of Saxe-Meiningen and assumed the title of Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and style Georg III.\nGeorg died in the Russian prisoner of war camp near Cherepovets (Tscherepowetz in German) in Northern Russia. His heir was his second and only surviving son Prince Frederick Alfred who renounced the succession, being a monk in 1953, allowing it to pass to his uncle Bernhard.\n\nMarriage and children\nHe was married in Freiburg im Breisgau on 22 February 1919 to Countess Klara Marie von Korff genannt Schmising-Kerssenbrock (Darmstadt, 31 May 1895 - Högerhof bei Türnitz, Lower Austria, 10 February 1992). They had four children:\n\nAncestry\nPassage 2:\nErnest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg\nErnest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (Gotha, 30 January 1745 – Gotha, 20 April 1804) was the reigning Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg from 1772 to 1804. He was the third but second surviving son of Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and Luise Dorothea of Saxe-Meiningen. The death of his older brother Frederick in 1756 made him the heir to the duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.\n\nEarly life\nLuise Dorothea was intensely worried about the training of her surviving sons, Ernest and her youngest son August, and had them educated by a select group of teachers. In 1768 and 1769, both princes went on an educational journey to the Netherlands, England and France, and Ernest met important people in politics, science and the arts.\n\nSuccession\nIn 1772 his father died, and Ernest inherited the duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. As a liberal and enlightened prince, he was interested in the arts and sciences and used his reign to further them. He promoted the educational system, the economy, theatre, art collections and libraries as well as the natural sciences in his duchy, which was thereby ranked in the top place of the Saxon duchies in Thuringia. Privately, he was particularly interested in astronomy and physics. He appointed competent specialists in all of these areas like the mechanic and clockmaker Johann Andreas Klindworth to whom he granted the title of court mechanic.For his special interests, he employed the services of the important astronomer Franz Xaver von Zach for Gotha. With him, he established the Observatory of Gotha (Sternwarte Gotha), which developed into a European centre of astronomy. His will stated that this institution should survive as the only visible indication of his existence. It was so successful that Gotha, despite its size, was thought of as a place that important people of the time should visit. One such person was Goethe, who visited several times.\n\nFreemasonry\nFrom 1774 he was a Freemason in the Zinnendorf system and a member of the Gotha Lodge Zum Rautenkranz, which had been founded by Abel Seyler, Konrad Ekhof and other members of the Seyler Theatre Company in the same year. In 1775, he was appointed Grand Master of the Landesloge of Germany (Zinnendorf system). In 1783, he became a member of the Bavarian Illuminati under the name of Quintus Severus and/or Timoleon, and in 1784, he was made Supervisor of Abessinien (a name for Upper Saxony). In 1787, he granted Adam Weishaupt, the founder of the secret society, asylum in Gotha. He was buried wrapped in a white cloth on the park island.\n\nDescendants\nIn Meiningen on 21 March 1769, Ernest married Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen, the half-first cousin of his mother. They had four sons:\n\nErnest (b. Gotha, 27 February 1770 – d. Gotha, 3 December 1779).\nEmil Leopold August, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (b. Gotha, 23 November 1772 – d. Gotha, 27 May 1822), known as Augustus.\nFrederick IV, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (b. Gotha, 28 November 1774 – d. Gotha, 11 February 1825).\nLudwig (b. Gotha, 21 October 1777 – d. Gotha, 26 October 1777).\n\nAncestors\nPassage 3:\nKarl Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen\nAugust Friedrich Karl Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (Frankfurt, 19 November 1754 – Sonneberg, 21 July 1782), was a duke of Saxe-Meiningen.\n\nFamily\nHe was the first son of Anton Ulrich, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal.\n\nReign\nAugust Friedrich succeeded his father in the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen (1763) when he was only eight years old. Because of this, his mother, the Dowager Duchess Charlotte Amalie, acted as regent during his minority, which ended in 1779. He was succeeded by his last younger surviving brother, Georg.\n\nMarriage\nIn Gedern on 5 June 1780, Karl Wilhelm married Louise of Stolberg-Gedern. They had no children. The widowed Louise later married Duke Eugen of Württemberg and had issue.\n\nAncestry\nPassage 4:\nPrincess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen\nPrincess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen (Feodora Viktoria Auguste Marie Marianne; 12 May 1879 – 26 August 1945) was born at Potsdam, the only child of Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, and his wife, Princess Charlotte of Prussia (the eldest daughter of Frederick III, German Emperor, and Victoria, Princess Royal). Feodora was the first great-grandchild of both Queen Victoria of Great Britain and Emperor William I of Germany.\n\nEarly life\nPrincess Feodora was born on 12 May 1879 as the only child of Bernhard, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Meiningen, and his wife Princess Charlotte of Prussia, herself the eldest daughter of German Crown Prince Frederick William and Crown Princess Victoria. The new baby was the first grandchild of the Crown Prince and Princess, and through her mother was also the first great-grandchild of the British Queen Victoria.Charlotte, who loved to socialize, had hated being pregnant, believing that it limited her activities. Preferring to return to enjoying social life in Berlin, she declared after Feodora's birth that she would have no further children, dismaying her mother, Crown Princess Victoria. It was unusual to be an only child in European royal families, and Feodora likely endured a lonely childhood. Charlotte loved to travel, and often left her daughter with Vicky at Friedrichshof, whom she viewed as the source of a convenient nursery. The Crown Princess, for her part, loved having the chance to spend time with her eldest granddaughter. Describing Feodora on one visit, she wrote that \"she is really a good little child, & far easier to manage than her Mama\".Victoria, who became German empress in 1888, perceived a deficit in Feodora's upbringing and gradually became concerned about the girl's physical appearance and mental development, describing the thirteen-year-old as possessing \"sharp pinched features\" and an unusually short stature. Feodora also cared little for her studies, preferring instead to discuss fashion. Her grandmother, who placed a high value on education, blamed insufficient parental guidance for the girl's lack of studiousness, commenting that the \"atmosphere of her home is not the best for a child of her age... With Charlotte for an example, what else can one expect... Her parents are rarely ever at home or together... She hardly knows what home life is!\"Queen Victoria was fond of her eldest great-grandchild. In June 1887, the young Feodora and her parents attended the queen's  Golden Jubilee in London. While her parents stayed at Buckingham Palace, Feodora stayed with her young cousin Princess Alice of Battenberg at the home of the Dowager Duchess of Buccleuch at Whitehall, allowing the girls to watch the royal procession as it made its way to Westminster Abbey. Queen Victoria described her as \"sweet little Feo, who is so good and I think grown quite pretty. We were delighted to have her and I think the dear child has enjoyed herself.\"\n\nMarriage\nAs Feodora grew older, her marriage began to be a consideration. The exiled Prince Peter Karađorđević, thirty-six years older than Feodora, proposed himself as a suitor, though this was likely a bid to gain support for succeeding to the Serbian throne. Charlotte declared that \"for such a throne Feodora is far too good\". Her mother's maternal first cousin Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the only son of Charlotte's friend (and Feodora's maternal grandaunt) the Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, was also considered.Several months after returning from Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebrations in June 1897, Feodora became engaged to Prince Heinrich XXX Reuss of Köstritz (1864-1939), with the betrothal announced in early October. Born in Castle Neuhoff, he was the youngest son of Prince Heinrich IX Reuss of Köstritz (1827-1898) and Baroness Anne Marie Wilhelmine Helene of Zedlitz und Leipe (1829-1907). Henry's father died in early 1898, forcing a temporary postponement of the marriage. Rumours that the marriage had been cancelled proved to be untrue, and they married at Breslau on 24 September 1898 in  a Lutheran ceremony. Princess Feodora was the only great-grandchild of Queen Victoria and only grandchild of German Empress Victoria to be married in their lifetimes; she married in 1898 and both the Queen and the German Empress died in 1901.\nPrince Henry was a captain in the Brunswick Infantry Regiment No. 92, though not particularly wealthy or high-ranked. Feodora's grandmother Empress Victoria was surprised at the choice of groom, particularly his lack of position, but observed that the bride at least seemed happy. Of the fifteen-year age gap, Victoria commented, \"I am very glad he is older than she is, and if he is wise and steady and firm, he may do her a vast deal of good, and it may turn out very well, but she has had a strange example in her mother, and is a strange little creature.\" The historian John Van der Kiste writes that Feodora was \"evidently besotted\" with her new husband, and she likely also sought marriage as an escape from her \"irksome home life\".Once returned from their honeymoon, Henry spent much of his time on duty with his regiment, while Feodora joined a reading group and attended the opera and theatre in Berlin. Feodora also often accompanied her husband during his military assignments, travelling throughout Germany.\n\nLast years\nFeodora suffered most of her adult life from ill health, describing it as \"the old story\" of her life. Like her mother and maternal grandmother, and maternal great grandmother Feodora's illnesses included dizziness, insomnia, nausea, various pains, paralysis, constipation, and diarrhoea. She underwent several operations to treat her illnesses and alleviate her infertility, each without success.Feodora visited Windsor Castle in 1900, which would be the last time she saw her great-grandmother before Queen Victoria's death the following year. Henry attended her funeral, but ill health kept Feodora from attending. Feodora blamed malaria for her condition, though Charlotte told family members that Henry had given his wife a venereal disease, an allegation Feodora furiously denied. Charlotte asked her daughter to get tested by Charlotte's personal physician; when Feodora refused, it confirmed to Charlotte that her beliefs were correct. In reaction, Feodora refused to enter her mother's house and complained to family members of Charlotte's \"incredible\" actions.In 1903, the couple moved to Flensburg upon Henry being transferred, where they lived in a small house. Feodora found that the region's mild climate had a positive impact on her health. To further improve it and increase the probability of becoming pregnant, she took pills of arsenic and thorium. Her poor health recurred, however, and she again began suffering from toothache and migraines. In October 1904, a serious illness was blamed on influenza. Her further efforts to conceive included numerous visits to private clinics through the years, which often led to painful surgeries and procedures.\n\nTwo World Wars\nWith the outbreak of World War I, Henry was dispatched to the Western Front, while his wife opened a small hospital to treat wounded soldiers. By this stage, relations between him and his wife had deteriorated; Henry believed Feodora enjoyed complaining about being sick and seeing doctors. He wrote that her illness \"consists mainly in complete lack of energy and mental apathy\", and complained that \"she grossly exaggerates her illnesses and causes me and others quite unnecessary anxiety\". Henry died in 1939.\nAfter the war concluded with Germany's defeat, Feodora's father's rule over the Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen was ended. Her post-war life is mostly unknown, and records of her subsequent medical history have mainly been lost. She spent her final years at the Sanatorium Buchwald-Hohenwiese, near Hirschberg, Silesia, in what is now southwestern Poland. She died by suicide on 26 August 1945, dying shortly after World War II ended. In describing Feodora's life, the historian John Van der Kiste writes that \"the princess who had so desperately wanted children of her own had instead continued to battle with constant physical ailments, insomnia and severe depression, and endured many years of ill-health similar to that of her mother\".\n\nMedical analysis\nIn the 1990s, the historian John Röhl and his colleagues Martin Warren and David Hunt found Feodora's grave in Poland, exhuming the body for DNA analysis in the belief that it would reveal signs of the genetic disease porphyria however, it was proved inconclusive.\n\nAncestry\nPassage 5:\nPrincess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen\nPrincess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen (German: Marie Charlotte Amalie Ernestine Wilhelmine Philippine, Prinzessin von Sachsen-Meiningen) (11 September 1751, Frankfurt am Main, Free Imperial City of Frankfurt, Holy Roman Empire – 25 April 1827, Genoa, Kingdom of Sardinia) was a member of the House of Saxe-Meiningen and a Princess of Saxe-Meiningen by birth and a member of the House of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and Duchess consort of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg through her marriage to Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.\n\nEarly life and family\nPrincess Charlotte was born on \n11 September 1751. She was the eldest child and daughter of Anton Ulrich, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and his second wife, Landgravine Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal. Charlotte was an elder sister of Charles William, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and George I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen.\n\nMarriage\nCharlotte married Ernest, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (later Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg), son of Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg and his wife Luise Dorothea of Saxe-Meiningen, on 21 March 1769 in Meiningen. Charlotte and Ernest had four children:\n\nErnest, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (b. Gotha, 27 February 1770 – d. Gotha, 3 December 1779).\nAugustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (b. Gotha, 23 November 1772 – d. Gotha, 27 May 1822)\nFrederick IV, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (b. Gotha, 28 November 1774 – d. Gotha, 11 February 1825).\nPrince Ludwig of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (b. Gotha, 21 October 1777 – d. Gotha, 26 October 1777).Charlotte's husband, Ernest, was regarded as an enlightened monarch and a great patron of art and science, who led his country into a cultural flowering. He was assisted in his cultural undertakings by his wife, Charlotte.\nLike her husband, Charlotte was a patron of astronomy. She counted relief panels for the court astronomer Franz Xaver von Zach and she also participated in observations. Charlotte also participated in the First European Astronomy Congress in 1798 at the Seeberg Observatory and independently corresponded with the leading astronomers of her time.\n\nLater life\nAfter her husband's death in 1804, there were difficulties with Charlotte's son, Augustus, upon his succession. Charlotte left Gotha with Zach and spent some time in Eisenberg. Later she traveled with Zach throughout southern Europe and lived several years in Marseilles, and later in Genoa, where she died in 1827.\n\nAncestry\nPassage 6:\nBernhard, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen\nBernhard, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen (German: Bernhard, Prinz von Sachsen-Meiningen; 30 June 1901 – 4 October 1984) was the head of the House of Saxe-Meiningen from 1946 until his death.\n\nPrince of Saxe-Meiningen\nBernhard was born in Köln the third son of Prince Frederick Johann of Saxe-Meiningen and Countess Adelaide of Lippe-Biesterfeld. His father was the second son of Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and his mother a daughter of Count Ernst of Lippe-Biesterfeld.\nAfter the death of his older brother Prince Georg in 1946 his nephew Prince Frederick Alfred renounced his succession rights and so Bernhard succeeded to the headship of the house of Saxe-Meiningen and the nominal title of Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (as Bernhard IV).\nAs his first marriage was morganatic his second son Prince Frederick Konrad succeeded him as head of the ducal house following his death in Bad Krozingen.\nBernhard and his first wife were declared guilty of a Nazi conspiracy against Austria in 1933; he was sentenced to six weeks in prison, while she was placed under house arrest. After intervention of the German envoy, he was released from prison, upon which they escaped to Italy. Three weeks later he was arrested while trying to return to his castle of Pitzelstaetten\n\nFamily\nBernhard was married morganatically to Margot Grössler (1911–1998), a merchant's daughter from Breslau (today: Wrocław) in Eichenhof im Riesengebirge on 25 April 1931. This union ended in divorce on 10 June 1947. They had two children, both of whom had no succession rights:\n\nPrincess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen (27 April 1932) she married Burkhard Kippenberg on 6 April 1967. They have one son:\nWalter Johannes Kippenberg (27 January 1968)\nPrince Frederick Ernest of Saxe-Meiningen  (21 January 1935 – 13 July 2004) he married Ehrengard von Massow on 3 March 1962. He remarried Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha on 12 June 1977. They have two children and one grandson:\nPrincess Marie Alexandra of Saxe-Meiningen (5 July 1978) married Benno Beat Christian Wiedmer on 27 July 2004.\nPrince Friedrich Constantin of Saxe-Meiningen (3 June 1980) He has one son with Sophia Lupus:\nMichael of Saxe-Meiningen (July 2015)Bernhard married secondly in Ziegenberg über Bad Nauheim on 11 August 1948 to Baroness Vera Schäffer von Bernstein (1914–1994). They had three children, whose son Konrad with full rights to the succession to the house of Saxe-Meiningen:\n\nPrincess Eleonore Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen (9 November 1950) she married Peter Eric Rosden on 22 October 1982.\nPrince Frederick Konrad of Saxe-Meiningen (14 April 1952)\nPrincess Almut of Saxe-Meiningen (25 September 1959) she married Eberhard von Braunschweig on 16 October 1993. They have two children:\nMarie Cecilie von Braunschweig (4 August 1994)\nJulius-Alexander von Braunschweig (20 October 1996)\n\nAncestry\nPassage 7:\nPrincess Marie Elisabeth of Saxe-Meiningen\nPrincess Marie Elisabeth of Saxe-Meiningen (23 September 1853 – 22 February 1923) was the only daughter of Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, by his first wife, Princess Charlotte of Prussia. She was notable as a musician and composer. One of her most famous works is Romanze in F major for clarinet and piano.\n\nEarly life\nPrincess Marie Elisabeth was born on 23 September 1853 in Potsdam. She was the third child and only daughter of Georg, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Meiningen, by his first wife, Princess Charlotte of Prussia, and had one surviving brother, Hereditary Prince Bernhard. Her parents' marriage was very happy, as it was the rare instance of a love match rather than a marriage of state. In 1855, tragedy struck with the death of their younger infant brother; Charlotte died three months later of complications after childbirth of a baby son, two months earlier. This youngest brother died, one day old. Georg was inconsolable, but remarried several years later to Princess Feodora of Hohenlohe-Langenburg in order to provide a mother for his remaining young children. Marie Elisabeth's father succeeded as Duke Georg II of Saxe-Meiningen in 1866. His second marriage was unhappy; it produced three younger brothers (Ernst, Friedrich, and Viktor) for Marie Elisabeth before Feodora's death in 1872.Marie Elisabeth's father participated in the Franco-Prussian War, where he fought in nearly every battle. After the war, Georg II devoted himself to the stage, and his court became famous for its brilliance and culture. A year after Feodora's death, Georg II married for a third and last time to Ellen Franz, a stage actress. A happy marriage, together they founded the Meiningen Ensemble, which became the centre for dramatic art in Germany.\n\nMusic\nAs her father was a great patron of the stage and the founder of a national theater, Marie Elisabeth was raised in this environment, consequently becoming artistic and a great lover of music like her parents. She received a thorough education under the tutelage of Theodor Kirchner, a talented pianist. Her father was a great patron of German composer and pianist Johannes Brahms, who worked as a music teacher in Meiningen for various pupils, including Marie Elisabeth, whom he gave piano lessons to. In addition to Brahms, Marie Elisabeth was in close contact with other famous musicians, such as Richard Strauss, Franz Mannstädt, and Hans von Bülow.\nMarie Elisabeth was a student of the Conservatorium; she and Prince Alexander of Hesse, another royal pupil of Brahms, celebrated the birthday of musician Joachim Raff in Frankfurt in 1886. There, they interpreted Brahm's Sonata (Op. 78) for pianoforte and violin in a special feature for the ceremony. At the 1878 wedding of her elder brother Bernhard to Princess Charlotte of Prussia, eldest daughter of German Crown Prince Frederick William, Marie Elisabeth composed a piece of music specially meant for the occasion entitled torch dance.\nAs of 1913, Marie Elisabeth was the author of Einzugsmarsch for orchestra, Fackeltanz for piano as well as several other piano compositions. She also wrote a \"pretty\" Cradle Song for violin and piano, and, in 1892, she produced a Romanze in F major for clarinet and piano which had been influenced by Brahms' teachings. At her residence in Berchtesgaden, Marie Elisabeth received a regular circle of artists and encouraged talented singers by financing their education.\nMarie Elisabeth died on 22 February 1923 in Obersendling. She never married, and is buried in the cemetery park in Meiningen.\n\nAncestry\nPassage 8:\nPrincess Louise Eleonore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg\nPrincess Louise Eleonore of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (11 August 1763, in Langenburg – 30 April 1837, in Meiningen) was a German regent.  She was duchess of Saxe-Meiningen by marriage to George I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, and Regent of Saxe-Meiningen during the minority of her son from 1803 to 1821.\n\nLife\nLouise Eleonore was a daughter of Prince Christian Albert Louis of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1726-1789) and his wife Princess Caroline of Stolberg-Gedern (1732–1796).\nOn 27 November 1782, in Langenburg, she married George I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen.\n\nRegency\nWhen her husband died on 24 December 1803, she took over as regent of the duchy for their son Bernhard II. She ruled with energy, courage, and good sense during the Napoleonic Wars, which for the next decade ravaged the Saxon states.The duchy was forced to join the Confederation of the Rhine during these Wars and provide it with troops; afterwards the duchy was struck with famine, which Luise sought to prevent by importing wheat.  French armies, and later those of Russia, marched back and forth across the country, but Luise refused to flee; she stayed with her infant son and two daughters inside their castle.She used every strategy to preserve the autonomy of her regency, so that when she joined the Allies in 1813, she had saved the duchy for her son. He became the ruling Duke of Meiningen eight years later.By adjustments in the duchy's administration she ensured the duchy was better managed and in 1821 opened the Gymnasium Bernhardinum in Meiningen (already begun by her husband). \nHer children were carefully educated, with a grand tour to Italy under their tutor Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi.  After her son came of age, Luise retired as regent and went on several foreign trips, including one to England to visit her daughter Adelaide.\n\nIssue\nAdelheid  (later Adelaide, 13 August 1792 – 2 December 1849), with whom Luise had a very close relationship; in 1818 she married King William IV of the United Kingdom while Luise was regent and special taxes needed to be instituted in the duchy to raise funds for her enormous dowry (6,000 florins per year).\nIda (25 June 1794 – 4 April 1852), married Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.\nStillborn daughter (16 October 1796).\nBernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, (17 December 1800 – 3 December 1882), married Princess Marie Frederica of Hesse-Kassel (1804–1888).\n\nAncestry\nPassage 9:\nFriedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen\nFriedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (16 February 1679 in Ichtershausen – 10 March 1746 in Meiningen), was a duke of Saxe-Meiningen.\n\nLife\nHe was the fifth son of Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and his first wife, Marie Hedwig of Hesse-Darmstadt.\nWhen his father died in 1706, according to his will, he inherited the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen with his older full-brother, Ernst Ludwig I, and his younger half-brother, Anton Ulrich.\nBut, shortly after, Ernst Ludwig signed a contract between himself and his brothers, and they were compelled to leave full control of the duchy in his hands.\nWhen Ernst Ludwig died (1724), Friedrich Wilhelm and Anton Ulrich took again the government of the duchy as guardians of his nephews until 1733.\nAfter the death of his nephew, Karl Frederick (1743), he inherited the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen.\nFriedrich Wilhelm never married and died after only three years of reigning. He was succeeded by his younger half-brother, Anton Ulrich.\n\nAncestors\nPassage 10:\nBernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen\nBernhard III (German: Bernhard Friedrich Wilhelm Albrecht Georg; 1 April 1851 – 16 January 1928), was the last reigning duke of Saxe-Meiningen.\n\nBiography\nBernhard was born on 1 April 1851 at Meiningen in what was then the German Confederation,\nas the eldest son of Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen and his first wife Princess Charlotte of Prussia.Bernhard had one full sister, Princess Marie Elisabeth, and several half-brothers by his father's second marriage. \nFrom 1860 Bernhard was schooled by a Prof. Rossmann before he went to study at Heidelberg University in 1869. For the war against France he interrupted his studies and served as Ordonnanz-Offizier. After the war ended he resumed his studies at Leipzig. From 1873 he again served in the military and rose into the highest echelons: By 1905 he was Generaloberst and inspector general of the 2nd Army Inspection (Central Germany). In 1909, he became Generaloberst im Range eines Generalfeldmarschalls and retired from active service in 1912.\n\nHe married in Berlin on 18 February 1878 Princess Charlotte of Prussia, his second cousin, daughter of Frederick III, German Emperor and granddaughter of the Queen Victoria. They had one daughter: Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen (b. Potsdam, 12 May 1879 - d. Schloß Neuhoff, 26 August 1945), married on 24 September 1898 to Heinrich XXX of Reuss-Köstritz.\n\nReign\nBernhard assumed the Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen after the death of his father in 1914. With the start of World War I Bernhard hoped to be assigned command over an army but was disappointed. In reaction he also withdrew from his role in the Duchy's government.After Germany lost the war, the German revolution forced Bernhard to abdicate as duke on 10 November 1918. Like all the German princes he lost his title and state. He spent the rest of his life in his former country as a private citizen.Bernhard died on 16 January 1928 in Meiningen. He is buried next to his wife in the park at Altenstein.\n\nInterests\nDespite his military career he also took a great interest in the arts. He was active as a composer, poet and translator. He was known in particular as an expert on Modern Greek and was renowned for translating German literature into Greek. For his historical studies, for which he repeatedly travelled to Greece and Asia Minor, the University of Breslau awarded him an honorary doctorate.\n\nHonours\nErnestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, 1869; Joint Grand Master, 25 June 1914\n Kingdom of Prussia:Iron Cross (1870), 2nd Class\nGrand Commander's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, 2 April 1877\nKnight of the Order of the Black Eagle, 23 April 1877; with Collar, 1878\n Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Falcon, 1870\n Grand Duchy of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Grand Ducal Hessian Order of Ludwig, 18 February 1878\n Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (military division), 25 February 1878\n Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the House and Merit Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Crown in Gold, 18 February 1878\n Baden:Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1881\nKnight of the Order of Berthold the First, 1881\n Kingdom of Saxony: Knight of the Order of the Rue Crown, 1885\n  Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1887\n United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (civil division), 21 June 1887\n Empire of Japan: Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum, 5 February 1896\n Russian Empire: Knight of the Imperial Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, 1896\n\nAncestry\n\nAnswer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nQuestion: What nationality is Princess Charlotte Of Saxe-Meiningen's husband?\nAnswer:"}
{"question_id": 40, "category": "longbench_triviaqa", "reference": ["John Herschel Glenn", "John Glenn, Jr.", "John H. Glenn", "John H. Glenn Jr.", "John Glrnn", "John Glenn", "John Glenn Junior", "J H Glenn", "John Herschel Glenn Jr.", "John Herschel Glenn, Jr.", "Glenn, Jr., John Herschell", "John Herschell Glenn, Jr.", "John H. Glenn, Jr."], "prompt": "Answer the question based on the given passage. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words. The following are some examples.\n\nPassage:\nKing Richard III Stakes\n|}\n\nThe King Richard III Stakes is a Listed flat horse race in Great Britain open to horses aged four years or older. It is run over a distance of 7 furlongs and 9 yards (1,416 metres) at Leicester in April.\n\nHistory\n\nDuring the late 1970s and early 1980s, the event was known as the Philip Cornes Trophy Stakes.  It was renamed the Leicestershire Stakes in 1983. \n\nHolsten Brewery started to sponsor the race in 1984, and from this point it was called the Holsten Pils Trophy.  It reverted to its previous title in 1988.\n\nFor a period the Leicestershire Stakes held Listed status. It was promoted to Group 3 level in 1999, and relegated back to Listed class in 2004.\n\nThe race was given its present title in 2013. It is now named after King Richard III, whose skeleton was discovered in Leicester and identified earlier that year.\n\nRecords\n\nMost successful horse since 1978 (3 wins):\n* Warningford – 1999, 2001, 2002\n\nLeading jockey since 1978 (3 wins):\n* Ray Cochrane – Rami (1991), Warningford (1999), Sugarfoot (2000)\n* Richard Hughes - Tillerman (2003), Producer (2013), Coulsty (2015)\n\nLeading trainer since 1978 (3 wins):\n* Henry Cecil – Belmont Bay (1981), Valiyar (1983), Monsagem (1990)\n* Richard Hannon, Sr. – Shalford (1992), Swing Low (1993), Producer (2013)\n* James Fanshawe – Warningford (1999, 2001, 2002)\n\nWinners since 1978\n\n The race was held at Doncaster in 2000, and Newmarket in 2001.\n\n The 2012 running was abandoned due to waterlogging.\nQuestion:\nAt which race course is the King Richard III Stakes run in April?\nAnswer:\nCounty Borough of Leicester\nPassage:\nThere's a sucker born every minute\n\"There's a sucker born every minute\" is a phrase closely associated with P. T. Barnum, an American showman of the mid-19th century, although there is no evidence that he said it. Early examples of its use are found instead among gamblers and confidence men.\n\nAttribution to Barnum\n\nWhen Barnum's biographer, Arthur H. Saxon, tried to track down  Barnum had uttered this phrase, he was unable to verify it. According to Saxon, \"There's no contemporary account of it, or even any suggestion that the word 'sucker' was used in the derogatory sense in his day. Barnum was just not the type to disparage his patrons.\" \n\nSome sources claim the quote is most likely from famous con-man Joseph (\"Paper Collar Joe\") Bessimer,  and other sources say it was actually uttered by David Hannum, spoken in reference to Barnum's part in the Cardiff Giant hoax. Hannum, who was exhibiting the \"original\" giant and had unsuccessfully sued Barnum for exhibiting a copy and claiming it was the original, was referring to the crowds continuing to pay to see Barnum's exhibit even after both it and the original had been proven to be fakes.\n\nAnother source credits late 1860s Chicago \"bounty broker, saloon and gambling-house keeper, eminent politician, and dispenser of cheating privileges...\" Michael Cassius McDonald as the originator of the aphorism. According to the book Gem of the Prairie: Chicago Underworld (1940) by Herbert Asbury, when McDonald was equipping his gambling house known as The Store (at Clark and Monroe Streets in Chicago) his partner Harry Lawrence expressed concern over the large number of roulette wheels and faro tables being installed and their ability to get enough players to play the games. McDonald then allegedly said, \"Don't worry about that, there's a sucker born every minute.\"\n\nHistory\n\nEarly uses of the phrase refer to it as a catch-phrase among gamblers. In an 1879 discussion of gambling in Chicago, an \"old-timer\" is quoted as saying, “[G]oodness knows how they live, it’s mighty hard times with the most of them; in the season they make a bit on base ball, or on the races, and then, you know, ‘there’s a sucker born every minute,’ and rigid city legislation drives the hard-up gambler, who would be a decent one of the kind, to turn skin-dealer and sure-thing player.”  The use of quotation marks indicates that it must already have been an established catch-phrase.\n\nThe phrase appears in print in the 1885 biography of confidence man Hungry Joe, The Life of Hungry Joe, King of the Bunco Men.   \n\nIn a slightly different form, the phrase shows up in the January 1806 European Magazine: \"It was the observation of one of the tribe of Levi, to whom some person had expressed his astonishment at his being able to sell his damaged and worthless commodities, 'That there vash von fool born every minute.'\" \n\nAccording to David W. Maurer, writing in The Big Con (1940),  there was a similar saying amongst con men: \"There's a mark born every minute, and one to trim 'em and one to knock 'em.\"  Here \"trim\" means to steal from, and \"knock\" means to persuade away from a scam.  The meaning is that there is no shortage of new victims, nor of con men, nor of honest men.\n\nIn the 1930 John Dos Passos novel The 42nd Parallel, the quotation is attributed to Mark Twain.\nQuestion:\n“There’s a sucker born every minute” is a phrase erroneously attributed to what famous showman?\nAnswer:\nPhineas Barnum\nPassage:\nDaniel Chatto\nDaniel St. George Chatto (born 22 April 1957), previously Daniel Chatto St. George Sproule, is a British artist and former actor. He is the husband of Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones, the daughter of Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, and niece of Queen Elizabeth II.\n\nBiography\n\nChatto is the son of actor Tom Chatto (1920–1982, originally Thomas Chatto St John Sproule) and the theatrical agent Ros Chatto (née Rosalind Joan Thompson; died 2012).  He has an older brother, James Chatto.\n\nOn 14 July 1994, Chatto married Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones. They have two sons:\n*Samuel David Benedict Chatto\n*Arthur Robert Nathaniel Chatto\n\nName change\n\nIn 1987, Daniel Chatto legally changed his name by a deed poll from Daniel Chatto St. George Sproule to Daniel St. George Chatto.  At the same time, his mother, also using a deed poll, abandoned her married surname of Sproule in favour of Chatto. \n\nFilmography\n\n*The Marquise (1980)\n*Quartet (1981, directed by James Ivory)\n*Priest of Love (1981)\n*To the Manor Born (as Heatherington-Poole, series finale, 1981)\n*A Shocking Accident (1982, short)\n*Nancy Astor (1982; based on the life of Nancy Astor)\n*Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story (1982; as Prince Andrew, Duke of York)\n*Heat and Dust (1983, by James Ivory); based on a novel by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala\n*The Razor's Edge (1984; based on a novel by William Somerset Maugham)\n*A Christmas Carol (1984; based on a novel by Charles Dickens)\n*Dutch Girls (1985, TV)\n*The Death of the Heart (1985; based on a novel by Elizabeth Bowen)\n*The Shooting Party (1985)\n*Little Dorrit (1988; based on a novel by Charles Dickens)\nQuestion:\nWhich famous figure married 36 year old Daniel Chatto on July 14th 1994?\nAnswer:\nSARAH ARMSTRONG JONES\nPassage:\nRoyal Yacht Squadron\nThe Royal Yacht Squadron is one of the most prestigious yacht clubs in the world. Its clubhouse is Cowes Castle on the Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom.  Member yachts are given the Suffix RYS to their names, and permitted to fly the White Ensign of the Royal Navy[http://www.rys.org.uk/da/11662 Overview: The Royal Yacht Squadron] rather than the merchant Red Ensign flown by the majority of other UK registered vessels. The club's patron is Queen Elizabeth II and the club's admiral is Prince Philip who is also a former club commodore.\n\nHistory\n\nFounded on 1 June 1815 in the Thatched House Tavern in St James's, London as The Yacht Club by 42 gentlemen interested in sea yachting,[http://www.british-towns.net/attractions/attraction_selected.asp?GetTLID3336 British Attractions – Royal Yacht Squadron – Outdoor Venue] the original members decided to meet in London and in Cowes twice a year, to discuss yachting over dinner. Membership was restricted to those who owned a vessel not under 10 tons. Today this is interpreted as a gentleman \"actively interested in yachting\".[http://www.rys.org.uk/da/11662 Overview: The Royal Yacht Squadron]\n\nThe Earl of Yarborough, later first commodore of the club, welcomed the Prince Regent as a member in 1817. In 1820, when the Prince Regent became George IV, it was renamed the Royal Yacht Club.\n\nThe club started organising racing as a principal feature of the annual regatta, which is now known as Cowes Week. In 1833, William IV renamed the club, The Royal Yacht Squadron.\nIts association with the Royal Navy began early and Nelson's captain at Trafalgar, Admiral Sir Thomas Hardy, headed the list of naval members. The spirit of invention led to yachts \"of such celerity in sailing and beauty of construction\" that they were of utility to the Royal Navy.\nIn 1829, the Admiralty issued a warrant to wear what is now the navy's White Ensign. The burgee (a triangular shaped flag identifying yacht club membership) is differenced with a St George's Cross and crown on a white background.\n\nIn 1851, one of the \"forred\" hands, on board the yacht America concerning the first sailing of the America's Cup, 1851 wrote 'The Royal Yacht Club—In a fix' (tune). \"Come listen to my ditty, and a song to you I'll sing...\" \n\nAnother naval connection is that the Antarctic explorer Robert Falcon Scott was a member of the Royal Yacht Squadron. To enable the application of naval discipline on board a civilian ship, he registered the Terra Nova RYS as a yacht of the squadron and sailed under the White Ensign on his second and final expedition to Antarctica in 1910.\n\nRecently, Royal Yacht Squadron allowed full membership to women, which had been restricted since its foundation.\n\nRacing\n\nIn 1851, the club's commodore, visiting the Great Exhibition, issued a challenge for the squadron's £100 Cup for a race around the island. The New York City–based America, representing the New York Yacht Club, triumphed in this race, giving its name to one of the oldest and best-known trophies: the America's Cup.  The victory was witnessed by Queen Victoria and the Prince of Wales, later commodore of the club and Edward VII.\n\nThe site is also used as the start of the Round the Island Race which occurs annually.\n\nDuring the American Civil War Deerhound RYS witnessed the fight between USS Kearsarge and the Confederate cruiser CSS Alabama. Gazelle RYS rescued the Empress Eugenie at the end of the Franco-Prussian War and the squadron yachts supplied British soldiers in the Crimean War.\n\nThe German Kaiser brought the 1887 America's Cup challenger Thistle, to Cowes in 1892 which encouraged the Prince of Wales to build Britannia, one of the most successful racing yachts of all time.\n\nThe Pavilion\n\nThe Pavilion, designed by Sir Thomas Croft, was opened in 2000. This elegant creation provides on shore facilities for yachtsmen and their families while allowing the castle to retain its 'country house' ambiance. The Pavilion also enabled the squadron to cross burgees with the New York Yacht Club in celebration of the 150th anniversary of the schooner America’s famous victory of 1851.\nQuestion:\nThe Royal Yacht Squadron of Cowes, based on the Isle of Wight, started a competition in 1851 now known by what name?\nAnswer:\nInternational Cup Race\nPassage:\nBelgrade Theatre\nThe Belgrade Theatre is a live performance venue seating 858 and situated in Coventry, England. It was the first civic theatre to be built after the Second World War in Britain and as such was more than a place of entertainment. It joined the new Coventry Cathedral as a symbol of optimism and culture in one of the largest re-development projects then undertaken, to rebuild the city of Coventry, which had been almost totally destroyed by bombing. The building is now a grade II listed building. In 1963 the Belgrade was registered as a charity by the Charity Commission (number 219163). \nThe Belgrade acquired its name in recognition and thanks for a gift of timber from the Yugoslavian (today Serbian) capital city of Belgrade (Coventry's official sister city), that was used extensively in the construction of the auditorium. Since opening in 1958, the theatre has established itself as a centre for the new and innovative productions.\n\nHaving pioneered the Theatre-in-Education movement in the 1960s the theatre continues to work with disadvantaged young people and uses drama as a tool to develop personal and social skills. Their most successful programme \"Acting Out\" has been commissioned by Coventry's LEA for the last 10 years and has been replicated across the UK. One graduate of the course credits \"Acting Out\" with saving her life. \n\nThe theatre reopened in September 2007 after undergoing a £12 million refurbishment with a 7-storey extension to provide a second auditorium.\n\nPrince Edward officially opened the refurbishment of the Belgrade's B2 studio on 5 February 2008, this also marked the 50th anniversary of the Belgrade's opening performed by Princess Alexandra.\nQuestion:\nIn which English city did the Belgrade Theatre open in 1958?\nAnswer:\nCofantre\nPassage:\n8 Facts About Famous Cartoon Characters' First Appearances\n8 Facts About Famous Cartoon Characters' First Appearances\ntweet\nWe all have grown up with our favourite cartoons that have made our childhood memories beautiful and everlasting. All the cartoon characters that have become most important and unforgettable part of our lives. Whether it be Mickey Mouse, Tom & Jerry, Popeye, Donald Duck or The Flintstones, the place that these characters occupy in our childhood memories is a precious one. But how much do we know about the origin and facts about these famous cartoon characters? Or when did they first appear on television or big screen? May be some people know the answer, some do not. So here is something interesting about these characters. Below is the list of the movies where these cartoon characters appear for the first time, let’s have a look.\nMickey Mouse- Plane Crazy (1928)\nWalt Disney’s first cartoon starring the most famous cartoon character, Mickey Mouse for the first time came in 1928. The name of the cartoon was Plane Crazy which was actually a silent cartoon. The first Mickey Mouse cartoon with sound was featured in the Walt Disney’s Steamboat Willie, two months later after Plane Crazy. Mickey Mouse starrer Lend a Paw won an Oscar in 1941.\n \nPopeye- Popeye the Sailor with Betty Boop (1933)\nElzie Crisler Segar gave birth to Popeye in 1929 by sketching his character in a newspaper comic strip. It was further\nadapted by the animator Max Fleischer. Popeye the Sailor with Betty Boop was the first cartoon in which Popeye was introduced for the first time. Popeye cartoons were made for cinema and TV until the 1980s, and the live-action movie of Popeye was released in 1980.\n \nDonald Duck- The Wise Little Hen (1934)\nIn 1934, came Donald Duck with the cartoon The Wise Little Hen. Clarence Nash was the voice of Donald Duck for\n50 years. Der Fuehrer’s Face was an anti-Hitler movie of Donald Duck which was released in 1942 won an Oscar.\n \nBugs Bunny- Porky’s Hare Hunt (1938)\nPorky’s Hare Hunt was the cartoon in which Bugs Bunny appeared for the first time in 1938. In 1940 came the cartoon film A Wild Hare in which Bugs Bunny quoted, “Eh, What’s up, Doc?” for the first time which became his famous saying. But he was not named until Elmer’s Pet Rabbit which was released in 1941. Knighty-Knight Bugs (1958) won an Oscar.\n \nTom & Jerry- Puss Gets The Boot (1940)\nPuss Gets The Boot was released in 1940 in which Tom & Jerry appeared for the first time. The very first cartoon of Tom & Jerry was nominated for an Oscar. The only full length movie in which Tom & Jerry speak was released in 1992 named, Tom & Jerry: The Movie.\n \nCasper the Ghost- The Friendly Ghost (1945)\nThe 1945 cartoon film, The Friendly Ghost was the cartoon in which Casper the Ghost appeared for the first time. Casper has starred in more than 50 movies and has appeared in part live action/part compuetr animated feature film which released in 1995 which earned nearly $300 million around the world.\n \nThe Flintstones- The Flintstone Flyer (1960)\nIt was the first episode of The Flintstones to be broadcasted on television. It went on to become the longest-running cartoon series until it was overtaken by The Simpsons. The live action film The Flintstones which was released in 1994 was one of the top earning films of the year.\nSimpsons- Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire (1989)\nThis successful series began in 1987 as short episodes screened on the Tracey Ulman Show. It was developed into longer weekly episodes and has become the longest-running cartoon series ever.\nTAGS\nQuestion:\n\"Where did the cartoon character \"\"Casper\"\" first appear?\"\nAnswer:\n\"A film, \"\"The Friendly Ghost\"\"\"\nPassage:\nChicken Forestiere Recipe - Pepper\nChicken Forestiere Recipe\nMikka Wee Words\nA French classic, the term a la forestiere means “of the forest”, wherein a certain kind of meat is accompanied by earthy and hearty flavors, which usually come from mushrooms. And if you’re an occasional diner at the Old Swiss Inn, you’ll find that Chicken Forestiere is one of this European restaurant’s bestselling dishes.\nAnd a creamy mushroom sauce, more often than not, is a tricky sauce to work with since too much can be quite overbearing to the palette. So we thinned it out in this recipe by using a splash of fine Madeira wine.\nButtered Linguini is the chosen partner carbohydrate for this meal, but you can also opt to substitute it with some mashed potatoes or a basic risotto. But personally, I believe the Buttered Linguini goes perfect with this since the simplicity of the side dish makes an excellent pairing for the sophisticatedly-dressed poultry. Bon appetit!\nChicken Forestiere with Buttered Linguini\nTotal Time: 40 minutes / Yield: 2 servings\nIngredients for the Chicken\nProcedure for the Buttered Linguini\nPrepare buttered linguini by melting butter in a pan.\nToss in cooked linguini and season with salt and pepper.\nTurn off fire and toss in parsley.\nKeep warm and set aside.\nProcedure for the Chicken\nCut chicken breast into thin slices. Season with salt and pepper.\nDredge in all-purpose flour and place in a plate.\nHeat olive oil in a sauté pan and pan fry chicken pieces for 1-2 minutes on each side or until browned. Be careful not to overcook.\nRemove chicken pieces from pan and transfer to a plate, set aside.\nProcedure for the Madeira Mushroom Sauce\nIn the same pan, add in butter and melt.\nSauté garlic and shallots for 1-2 minutes.\nAdd in mushroom slices and cook for another 2 minutes.\nAdd in Madeira wine and season with salt and pepper.\nAdd in water and simmer for 3-5 minutes or until alcohol evaporates. Add more water if it gets too dry.\nReturn the chicken into the pan and simmer for 2 minutes.\nAdd in cream and parsley.\nTurn off fire and mix.\nServe with a side of the buttered linguini.\nNotes\nPaillard is an older French culinary term referring to a quick-cooking, thinly sliced or pounded piece of meat. In France, the word “escalope” has largely replaced it. The cut is known as “scallop” in the USA, not to be confused with the shellfish scallop.\nMikka Wee Mikka Wee Mikka Wee’s goal is to travel the world with a backpack stuffed with her books and not much of an itinerary. With an appetite thrice the size of her 5-foot frame, waffles are the one thing that makes her weak in the knees. She also likes to torture herself with sci-fi movie marathons until her brain turns into goop. Her list of not-so-secret culinary crushes includes David Chang, Ivan Orkin, Rene Redzepi, and Anthony Bourdain. Alexander Supertramp is her hero. FOLLOW\nQuestion:\nIf a dish is described as 'a la forestiere', what must it contain?\nAnswer:\nPsychoactive mushroom\nPassage:\nWhat does fluke mean? - Definitions.net\nWhat does fluke mean?\nA trematode; a parasitic flatworm of the trematoda class, related to the tapeworm.\nThe man had become infected with flukes after eating a meal of raw fish.\nfluke(Noun)\nEither of the two lobes of a whale's or similar creature's tail.\nThe dolphin had an open wound on the left fluke of its tail where the propeller had injured it.\nfluke(Noun)\nAny of the triangular blades at the end of an anchor, designed to catch the ground.\nThe fluke of the anchor was wedged between two outcroppings of rock and could not be dislodged.\nfluke\nA metal hook on the head of certain staff weapons (such as a bill), made in various forms depending on function, whether used for grappling or to penetrate armour when swung at an opponent.\nThe polearm had a wide, sharpened fluke attached to the central point.\nfluke\nIn general, an offshoot from a central piece.\nAfter casting the bronze statue, we filed down the flukes and spurs from the molding process.\nWebster Dictionary(5.00 / 1 vote)Rate this definition:\nFluke(noun)\nan instrument for cleaning out a hole drilled in stone for blasting\nFluke(noun)\nan accidental and favorable stroke at billiards (called a scratch in the United States); hence, any accidental or unexpected advantage; as, he won by a fluke\nOrigin: [Cf. LG. flunk, flunka wing, the palm of an anchor; perh. akin to E. fly.]\nFreebase(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition:\nFluke\nFluke are an English electronic music group formed in the late 1980s by Mike Bryant, Jon Fugler and Mike Tournier with Julian Nugent as the band's manager. The band's conception was influenced by the members interest in the burgeoning acid house music scene and particularly the work of Cabaret Voltaire and Giorgio Moroder. The band are noted for their diverse range of electronic styles spanning the house, techno, ambient and blues genres; for their reclusivity, rarely giving interviews; and for lengthy timespans between albums. Many listeners know of Fluke only through the inclusion of their music in many blockbuster film soundtracks—most notably The Matrix Reloaded and Sin City—as well as featuring prominently on the soundtracks to Need for Speed: Underground 2 and the Wipeout video game series. The film The Experiment uses their song \"YKK\". To date Fluke have produced five original studio albums, two \"best of\" compilations and two live albums. Throughout their career they have made several changes to their line-up with credited appearances attributed to Neil Davenport playing guitars, Robin Goodridge on drums and Hugh Bryder as a DJ. When Fluke were touring for Risotto they were joined on stage by Rachel Stewart who acted as a personification of the band's official mascot, a character from the Wipeout series named Arial Tetsuo. Stewart continued as lead female vocalist and as a dancer for all of Fluke's live performances between 1997 and 1999.\nChambers 20th Century Dictionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition:\nFluke\nflōōk, n. a flounder: a parasitic  trematoid worm which causes the liver-rot in sheep, so called because  like a miniature flounder: a variety of kidney potato. [A.S. flóc,  a plaice; cf. Ice. flóke.]\nFluke\nflōōk, n. the part of an anchor which  fastens in the ground.—adj. Fluk′y. [Prob. a transferred use of the  foregoing.]\nFluke\nflōōk, n. a successful shot made by  chance, as at billiards: any unexpected advantage.\nEditors Contribution(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition:\nfluke\nthe test was a fluke.\nNumerology\nThe numerical value of fluke in Chaldean Numerology is: 6\nPythagorean Numerology\nQuestion:\nWhat kind of creature is a fluke?\nAnswer:\nWorms, animals\nPassage:\nApportionment Act of 1911\nThe Apportionment Act of 1911 (, ) was an apportionment bill passed by the United States Congress on August 8, 1911. The law set the number of members of the United States House of Representatives at 435, effective with the 63rd Congress on March 4, 1913.   This number included a provision for the addition of one seat each for Arizona and New Mexico when they became states.\n\nPrevious apportionment\n\nThe requirement for allocating United States Representatives is found in Article One, Section 2, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution.  Following each ten-year census, Congress is required to create a law that establishes the process of apportionment for the next ten years.  After the first census, Congress began to pass legislation to dictate the method of allotting U.S. Representatives to the states based on population (see Apportionment Act of 1792).  The Jefferson method of apportionment had been in use after the first census of 1790 through the 1830 census, and required fractional remainders to be discarded when calculating each state's total number of U.S. Representatives.      Daniel Webster proposed the Webster method, which was adopted for the 1840 census and allocated one representative to states with a fractional remainder greater than 0.5.   Prior to the Apportionment Act of 1911, the Hamilton/Vinton (largest remainder) method had been used for this purpose since 1850.        In addition to setting the number of U.S. Representatives at 435, the Apportionment Act of 1911 returned to the Webster method of apportionment of U.S. Representatives.  Adopted in 1868, Section Two of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had already removed the three-fifths method of counting slaves, and instead required \"counting the whole number of all persons in each State.\"\n\nText\n\nSubsequent apportionment\n\nFor the first and only time, Congress failed to pass an apportionment act after the 1920 census.  This left the allocations of the Act of 1911 in place until the 1930 census.  The Reapportionment Act of 1929 established a method for reallocating seats among the states, given population shifts and the maximum of 435 representatives.   The Apportionment Act of 1941 made the apportionment process self-executing after each decennial census.   This lifted Congress's responsibility to pass an apportionment act for each census, and ensured that the events surrounding the 1920 census would not happen again.  The number of U.S. Representatives increased temporarily to 437 when Alaska and Hawaii were admitted as states during the 86th Congress (seating one member from each of those states without changing the apportionment of the other seats).  After the 1960 census and the 1962 election, that number went back to 435.\nQuestion:\nPublic Law 62-5, which was passed on August 8, 1911 set the membership of the House of Representatives to what number?\nAnswer:\n435\nPassage:\nCityPASS Blog | City Traveler | Top 5 Deep Dish Pizza ...\nCityPASS Blog | City Traveler | Top 5 Deep Dish Pizza Spots in Chicago\nTop 5 Deep Dish Pizza Spots in Chicago\nPizza, Chicago Style\nFrom panoramic views at Skydeck Chicago to the interactive science exhibits at the Museum of Science and Industry, the Windy City’s sight-seeing opportunities are certainly nothing short of spectacular.\nAs you make your way through the numerous unique Chicago attractions , you’ll also be making way for a mean appetite. Luckily, you’ll probably find yourself running into a familiar aroma specific to the region, a distinct smell that may be hard to escape.\nIt comes as no surprise that Chicago is the deep-dish pizza capital of the world; thick, crunchy crust topped with lava-like cheese oozing from the seams, coupled with your choice of ingredients stuffed into a single pie. Is your mouth watering yet? When every corner pizza joint looks just as delectable as the next and you can’t seem to make up your mind, CityPASS has you covered. Take a bite out of our top 5 deep dish pizza spots in Chicago.\nLou Malnati’s\nRecently voted the best deep dish pizza in the city, Chicago residents have pinned Lou Malnati’s as the go-to eatery for all things local pie. Legend has it that the majestic waters of Lake Michigan create the perfect mixing component when the dough is made. Whether it’s the home-made dough, tastefully satisfying plum tomato sauce, or the rich pizza-making history of the Malnati family, you’re not walking out of Lou’s without a smile and a stain.\nPequod’s\nLocated in the city’s Lincoln Park section, Pequod’s is a neighborhood favorite that appeals to all ages across the spectrum, from toddlers to local old-timers. Here you will find a fairly different take on conventional deep dish (as if there’s really such a thing as “conventional” deep dish). The kicker here is the invariable ring of burnt-to-perfection cheese that surrounds the boarder of your perfect looking pie. It’s the bite you always look forward to, multiplied to serve you ultimate satisfaction.\nGiordano's Famous Chicago Style Pizza\nGiordano’s\nThe recipe for this pastry-like pizza dates back decades to the founder’s mother, who put together a multi-crusted pie packed with ricotta cheese and an array of meat fillings. This culinary creation became better known to the local village as the Italian Easter Pie. Mama Giordano became an instant staple in her small northern Italian town and eventually introduced the secret recipe to Chicago in 1974. Ever since the release of this magnificent treat, Chicago locals and tourists alike have been coming to Giordano’s for stuffed pie and deep dish delicacies.\nArt of Pizza\nThis unique pizzeria located on Ashland Avenue has bridged the gap between calzones and traditional thin-crust pizza, creating a revelation of epic proportions. When you’re on the hunt for a pizza slice that places you into a food coma, while encompassing all of the flavors one requests when signing up for carb overload, Art of Pizza is the clear choice. Stuffed pizza with limitless ingredients alongside a crispy exterior creates an almost irresistible situation. Choose your ingredients wisely or you may find yourself crawling home.\nGino’s East of Chicago\nTopping off our list is a pizza joint with multiple locations sprinkled around the city, known to locals as the premier spot for Chicago deep dish. Gino’s East prides itself on their creations, ensuring that every single pie features golden crust, red vine-ripened tomatoes, and the freshest ingredients of your choice. Cranking out mouth-watering deep dish pizzas since 1966, Gino’s hasn’t changed a thing and continues to deliver their customers top notch pizza in city known for just that.\nAdditional Chicago Posts\nQuestion:\n\"What city is famous for \"\"deep-dish\"\" pizza?\"\nAnswer:\nChi-Beria\nPassage:\nIan Hopkins appointed as GMP Deputy Chief Constable\nIan Hopkins appointed as GMP Deputy Chief Constable\n/ Ian Hopkins appointed as GMP Deputy Chief Constable\nLast updated on 18/10/2016 02:03:45 PM\nGreater Manchester Police can announce the appointment of Ian Hopkins as Deputy Chief Constable on Friday 11 January 2012.  Ian has been GMP’s temporary DCC since December 2011 and will retain overall responsibility for Force performance, the Force Change Programme and Corporate Communications.\nChief Constable Sir Peter Fahy said, \"I am delighted that Ian Hopkins has now been appointed permanently as the Deputy Chief Constable. He was appointed on a temporary basis by the Police Authority 12 months ago and has provided strong leadership to the force through a difficult period of budget cuts, change and serious incidents ensuring that performance has nevertheless improved. He has wide operational experience and a record of driving innovation and better service to the public. He is well suited to meet the challenges of the next few years.\"\nSpeaking about his appointment DCC Hopkins said, “I have been extremely proud to be the Deputy Chief Constable of Greater Manchester Police since 2011.  The past year was a very challenging one for the Force and I’m pleased to have been able to contribute, helping to  keep the people of Greater Manchester safe.\n“The challenge ahead is considerable but I am totally committed to helping officers and staff to continue to deliver an improved performance for the people that we serve.”\nThe interview was conducted by Chief Constable Sir Peter Fahy, PCC Tony Lloyd and Chief Executive Officer of Greater Manchester Probation Trust Roz Hamilton.\nBiography\nIan joined GMP in April 2008 on promotion to Assistant Chief Constable.  He started his career in Staffordshire in 1989 and in 1991 he transferred to Northamptonshire Police. In June 2003, he transferred to Cheshire Police where he was Divisional Commander for Chester and Ellesmere Port. In 2005, he took control of the Cheshire Eastern Area Basic Command Unit.\nAs an Assistant Chief Constable in GMP, Ian has had responsibility for Specialist Operations, Call Handling and Response Policing and territorial Divisions including Salford, Wigan and Trafford. Ian has much experience of managing large events such as Party Political Conferences, a number of high profile football games as well as significant protests, firearms incidents and critical incidents. Ian was also selected to undertake a three-month secondment as syndicate director for the 2011 Strategic Command Course at Bramshill.\nIan has an MBA (distinction), Postgraduate Diploma in Operations Management and is a Fellow of the Chartered Management Institute. He is a Director of Marketing Manchester and the ACPO lead for the Policing of Party Political Conferences.\nIan was appointed Deputy Chief Constable of Greater Manchester Police in December 2011. He currently has responsibility for Force performance, the Force Change Programme and Corporate Communications.\n/ Share\nQuestion:\nWho is the Chief Constable of the Greater Manchester Police Force?\nAnswer:\nIan Hopkins\nPassage:\nTagus\nThe Tagus (; ; ; Ancient Greek: Τάγος Tagos) is the longest river on the Iberian Peninsula.  It is 1038 km long, 716 km in Spain, 47 km along the border between Portugal and Spain and 275 km in Portugal, where it empties into the Atlantic Ocean near Lisbon.  It drains an area of 80100 sqkm (the second largest in the Iberian peninsula after the Douro).  The Tagus is highly utilized for most of its course. Several dams and diversions supply drinking water to most of central Spain, including Madrid, and Portugal, while dozens of hydroelectric stations create power. Between dams it follows a very constricted course, but after Almourol it enters a vast alluvial valley prone to flooding. At its mouth is a large estuary on which the port city of Lisbon is situated.\n\nThe source of the Tagus is the Fuente de García, in the Frías de Albarracín municipal term, Montes Universales, Sistema Ibérico, Sierra de Albarracín Comarca. All its major tributaries enter the Tagus from the right (north) bank.  The main cities it passes through are Aranjuez, Toledo, Talavera de la Reina and Alcántara in Spain, and Abrantes, Santarém, Almada and Lisbon in Portugal.\n\nCourse\n\nIn Spain\n\nThe first notable city on the Tagus is Sacedón. Below Aranjuez it receives the combined flow of the Jarama,  Henares, Algodor and Tajuña.  Below Toledo it receives the Guadarrama River.  Above Talavera de la Reina it receives the Alberche.  At Valdeverdeja is the upper end of the long upper reservoir, the Embalse de Valdecañas, beyond which are the Embalse de Torrejon, into which flow the Tiétar, and the lower reservoir, the Alcántara Dam into which flows the Alagón at the lower end.\n\nThere is a canal and aqueduct between the Tagus and the Segura.\n\nIn Portugal\n\nAfter forming the border it enters Portugal, passing Vila Velha de Ródão, Abrantes, Constância, Entroncamento, Santarém and Vila Franca de Xira at the head of the long narrow estuary, which has Lisbon at its mouth. The estuary is protected by the Tagus Estuary Natural Reserve. There is the largest bridge across the river, the Vasco da Gama Bridge, which with a total length of  is the longest bridge in Europe.\n\nThe Portuguese Alentejo region and former Ribatejo Province take their names from the river; Alentejo, from além Tejo \"Beyond the Tagus\" and Ribatejo from arriba Tejo, an archaic way of saying \"Upper Tagus\".\n\nGeology\n\nThe lower Tagus is on a fault line. Slippage along it has caused numerous earthquakes, the major ones being those of 1309, 1531 and 1755. \n\nHistory\n\nThe Pepper Wreck, properly the wreck of the Nossa Senhora dos Mártires, is a shipwreck located and excavated at the mouth of the Tagus between 1996 and 2001.\n\nThe river had strategic value to the Spanish and Portuguese empires, as it guarded the approach to Lisbon. For example, in 1587, Sir Francis Drake briefly approached the river after his successful raid at Cadiz. \n\nPopular culture\n\nA major river, the Tagus is brought to mind in the songs and stories of the Portuguese. A popular fado song in Lisbon notes that while people get older, the Tagus remains young (\"My hair getting white, the Tagus is always young\"). The author, Fernando Pessoa, wrote a poem that begins: \n\"The Tagus is more beautiful than the river that flows through my village. But the Tagus is not more beautiful than the river that flows through my village...\" \n\nRichard Crashaw's poem \"Saint Mary Magdalene, or the Weeper\" refers to the \"Golden\" Tagus as wanting Mary Magdalene's silver tears. In classical poetry the Tagus was famous for its gold-bearing sands (Catullus 29.19, Ovid, Amores, 1.15.34, Juvenal, Satires, 3.55, etc.).\nQuestion:\nWhich European capital city is on the River Tagus?\nAnswer:\nCapital of Portugal\nPassage:\nThe 19th-Century British Poet Laureates\nLouisiana Tech University - Frellsen Fletcher Smith - The 19th-Century British Poet Laureates\nThe 19th-Century British Poet Laureates\nDocuments by the 19th-Century British Poet Laureates\nThe post of British Poet Laureate has existed in some form since 1189, and though it was traditionally a position held for life, it is now held for a period of ten years. During the 19th century, five different men held the post, though Henry James Pye was appointed in the late 18th century and served until 1813, and Alfred Austin was appointed in 1896 and served most of his term during the early 20th century. The three men who served in between those two, and who indeed served for 83 of the years of the 19th century, were Robert Southey (served 1813-1843), William Wordsworth (served 1843-1850), and Alfred, Lord Tennyson (served 1850-1892). At Louisiana Tech we are fortunate to have documents by all three of these men in The Frellsen Fletcher Smith Collection, including handwritten poems by all three men. For more information about these documents click on the author links to the left.\n- Dr. Rick Simmons, Department of English, Louisiana Tech University\nAbove: The signatures of Poet Laureates Robert Southey, William Wordsworth, and Alfred, Lord Tennyson, as they appear on documents in the Frellsen Fletcher Smith Collection.\n \nLouisiana Tech University, A Member of the University of Louisiana System © 2012\nRuston, LA | 318-257-2000 | Directory\nQuestion:\nWho was the first poet laureate of the 20th century?\nAnswer:\nAlfred Austin\nPassage:\nLord Lucan flew to freedom from this private airfield ...\nLord Lucan flew to freedom from this private airfield | Daily Mail Online\nAfter 40 years, new stunning evidence emerges that Lord Lucan flew to freedom from private airfield: The most minutely researched and brilliantly told account ever of 1974 murder - with a killer conclusion\nNanny Sandra Rivett was bludgeoned to death in a Belgravia home in 1974\nMan later named as the killer was Richard John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan\nThere has been no sighting of Lord Lucan since November 8 that year\nIt was rumoured that he committed suicide following the brutal attack\nBut new witness suggests that he was driven to a Kent airfield and fled UK\nQuestion:\nNotorious British peer Richard John Bingham is better known by what name?\nAnswer:\nRichard Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan\nPassage:\nKittiwake\nThe kittiwakes (genus Rissa) are two closely related seabird species in the gull family Laridae, the black-legged kittiwake (R. tridactyla) and the red-legged kittiwake (R. brevirostris).   The epithets \"black-legged\" and \"red-legged\" are used to distinguish the two species in North America, but in Europe, where R. brevirostris is not found, the black-legged kittiwake is often known simply as kittiwake, or more colloquially in some areas as tickleass or tickleace.  The name is derived from its call, a shrill 'kittee-wa-aaake, kitte-wa-aaake'. The genus name Rissa is from the Icelandic name Rita for the black-legged kittiwake.\n\nDescription\n\nThe two species are physically very similar. They have a white head and body, grey back, grey wings tipped solid black and a yellow bill. Black-legged kittiwake adults are somewhat larger (roughly 40 cm in length with a wingspan of 90 –) than red-legged kittiwakes (35 – in length with a wingspan around 84 –). Other differences include a shorter bill, larger eyes, a larger, rounder head and darker grey wings in the red-legged kittiwake. While most black-legged kittiwakes do, indeed, have dark-grey legs, some have pinkish-grey to reddish legs, making colouration a somewhat unreliable identifying marker.\n\nIn contrast to the dappled chicks of other gull species, kittiwake chicks are downy and white since they are under relatively little threat of predation, as the nests are on extremely steep cliffs. Unlike other gull chicks which wander around as soon as they can walk, kittiwake chicks instinctively sit still in the nest to avoid falling off.  Juveniles take three years to reach maturity. When in winter plumage, both birds have a dark grey smudge behind the eye and a grey hind-neck collar. The sexes are visually indistinguishable.\n\nDistribution and habitat\n\nKittiwakes are coastal breeding birds ranging in the North Pacific, North Atlantic, and Arctic oceans.  They form large, dense, noisy colonies during the summer reproductive period, often sharing habitat with murres. They are the only gull species that are exclusively cliff-nesting.\n\nThe black-legged kittiwake is one of the most numerous of seabirds. Breeding colonies can be found in the Pacific from the Kuril Islands, around the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk throughout the Bering Sea and the Aleutian Islands to southeast Alaska,  and in the Atlantic from the Gulf of St. Lawrence through Greenland and the coast of Ireland down to Portugal, as well as in the high Arctic islands.   In the winter, the range extends further south and out to sea.\n\nIn sharp contrast, the red-legged kittiwake has a very limited range in the Bering Sea, breeding only on the Pribilof, Bogoslof and Buldir islands in the United States, and the Commander Islands in Russia.  On these islands, it shares some of the same cliff habitat as the black-legged kittiwake, though there is some localized segregation between the species on given cliffs.\n\nPhoto gallery \n\nFile:Kittiwake w.jpg|Kittiwake - winter Ireland\nFile:Kittiwake with young chick.jpg|Kittiwake with chicks, Iceland\nFile:Rissa tridactyla -Staple Island, Farne Islands, Northumberland, England -adult and chicks-8.jpg|Farne Islands, England\nQuestion:\nThe Kittiwake belongs to which family of birds?\nAnswer:\nSea Gulls\nPassage:\nPeople - London Internet Church\nPeople - London Internet Church\nPeople\nThe London Internet Church  is a gathered global community  that meets online to worship, enquire, encourage and pray.\nPeople\nThe Venerable Peter Delaney MBE,\nArchdeacon Emeritus and Director of the London Internet Church\nPeter Delaney was Archdeacon of London from 1999 to 2010 and Priest in Charge of St Stephen Walbrook since 2004. He is a man with a passion for the arts and communication as a means of understanding humanity and God. After a classical art education and a brief period teaching he worked for NBC television in Hollywood and here found his vocation to the Anglican Priesthood returning to England to read theology at Kings College London.\nHe served at Marylebone with Chaplaincies to the National Heart Hospital and London Clinic. He was Chaplain at the University Church of Christ the King. From there he was invited to become Precentor and Residentiary Canon at Southwark Cathedral, where he developed an arts programme of exhibitions and theatre and theological training.\nThe Rt Revd and Rt Hon Richard Chartres\nBishop of London\nThe Bishop of London is the Diocesan Bishop for the London Diocese, which covers London, north of the Thames. He also exercises personal responsibility for the ‘Two Cities’ Area of the Diocese, covering the City of London and the City of Westminster.\nRichard John Carew Chartres became the 132nd Bishop of London in November 1995 and was enthroned at St Paul’s on 26 January 1996. He was educated at Hertford Grammar School and studied history at Trinity College Cambridge. Before ordination he taught Ancient History at the International School in Seville. He was ordained in 1973 and served as a curate in St Andrewï’s Bedford. In 1975 he was appointed Chaplain to Robert Runcie, then Bishop of St Albans, and from 1980-84 he served as the Archbishop’s Chaplain at Lambeth and Canterbury. He moved to St Stephen’s Rochester Row in the Diocese of London in 1984. During eight years in the parish he also served as Director of Ordinands for the Central Area and as Gresham Professor of Divinity.He was consecrated Bishop of Stepney in 1992.\nAfter his move to the see of London, he was appointed Dean of HM Chapels Royal in 1996 and a Privy Counsellor. This accounts for the curious fact that the Bishop of London is the only bishop who bears the title “Right Honourable” in addition to the usual “Right Reverend”. He is an ex-officio member of the House of Lords. He is an Honorary Bencher of the Middle Temple, Chairman of the Ecumenical London Church Leaders, a director of Coexist Foundation – a charity promoting interfaith understanding – and is associated with numerous other London organisations. He is also Chairman of the Church Buildings Division of the Church of England and deputises for the Archbishop of Canterbury as Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Church Commissioners. He is also responsible on behalf of the Archbishop for relations with the Orthodox Churches.\nHe founded St Ethelburga’s Centre for Reconciliation and Peace and is currently the Chairman of the Trustees. His publications include “The History of Gresham College 1597-1997” (with David Vermont) and “Tree of Knowledge, Tree of Life” [2005] and many articles and essays especially on religion and the environment. He is married to Caroline, a freelance writer, and they have four children Alexander, Sophie, Louis and Clio.\nThe Bishop of London’s Office\nDiary Secretary: Frances Charlesworth [email protected]\nThe Old Deanery\nMartin Sargeant\nTrustee London Internet Church\nMartin Sargeant works with the Archdeacon of London and is Operations Manager for the Diocese. One of the founding trustees of the London Internet Church, Martin has a keen interest in ‘improving non-verbal communications’ and sees the internet as one of the ways we can achieve this in relation to the church. He recalls one of the most moving experiences of his life as attending the ordination of a friend as a Roman Catholic priest – his friend being deaf, and the service having a deaf choir performing.\nPlease Support Us\nPlease make a donation and help us continue our work. Alternatively - the next time you shop online - do it via our website; it will not cost you a penny more!\nQuestion:\nWho is the Bishop of London, in office since 1995?\nAnswer:\nRichard Chartres\n\n\nPassage:\nJohn Glenn Returns to Space - The New York Times\nJohn Glenn Returns to Space\n� Photo Essay (11 photos)\nJohn Glenn Returns to Space\nThirty-six years after he rode a cramped Mercury capsule to become the first American to orbit Earth, on Feb. 20, 1962, and 24 years after the trajectory of fame landed him in the U.S. Senate, John Glenn  suited up again as an astronaut. On Oct. 29, 1998, at the age of 77, he became the oldest person ever to fly in space, a hero of the Cold War stepping forward this time as a role model for the geriatric generation -- and to satisfy an unending yearning.\nQuestion:\nIn 1998 at the age of 77 who became the oldest person to fly in space?\nAnswer:\n"}