{"question_id": 41, "category": "longbench_samsum", "reference": ["Victor took over Chris's company, which was under a huge debt. He sold the office and did some changes but Chris still works there as Director. David's business goes very slow but he expects it to get better by the end of the year."], "prompt": "Summarize the dialogue into a few short sentences. The following are some examples.\n\nDialogue: Kevin: hey \r\nStan: yo! what are you up to\r\nKevin: nothing really, wanna hangout\r\nStan: sure, let's wait for Tim\r\nKevin: ok but you know it may take ages\r\nTim: hi there, stop talking about me, wanna to the movies?\r\nStan: excellent idea my friend\r\nKevin: agreed!!\nSummary: Kevin, Stan and Tim are going to the movies.\nDialogue: Amanda: We were at a Christmas Market today. Toby loved it! \r\nFlora: Aww, what a cutie!\r\nElena: Did you guys meet Santa?\r\nAmanda: Yes, but it didn't go very well. Toby was scared of him :D \r\nFlora: Haha, he looks as if Santa was trying to murder him!\r\nElena: Daddy looks happy though!\r\nAmanda: LOL, yes, daddy had a lot of fun today. I'm not sure which one of my boys is happier now :D\r\nElena: I bet you're as tired as they're happy ;)\r\nAmanda: I'm exhausted! But it was worth it, you know?\r\nFlora: Did you buy something nice?\r\nAmanda: Lots of sweets and some Christmas decorations.\r\nFlora: Cool!\r\nAmanda: And they had this cool castle with artificial snow falling down all the time. Look! \r\nElena: Wow, it's really beautiful. \r\nFlora: Looks kind of like the ice castle from “Frozen”.\r\nAmanda: Yeah, I thought about it too when I saw it!\nSummary: Amanda was at a Christmas Market today with Toby and her husband. Her husband loved it, but Toby was scared of Santa. They bought sweets and Christmas decorations and filmed a castle with artificial snow.\nDialogue: Paul: need a hammer\r\nPaul: a big one\r\nPaul: mine is to small\r\nPaul: do u have one?\r\nCarlos: not really\r\nCarlos: but I think Derek have\r\nCarlos: ask him\r\nPaul: ok, thx\nSummary: Paul needs a big hammer. Derek might have one. \nDialogue: Madison: Hey Will, what are you and Trina doing on Saturday?\r\nWilliam: We wanted to go for a walk and see the illumination\r\nMadison: Oooh, it's this Saturday??\r\nWilliam: Yes, wanna come too?\r\nMadison: I was just about to propose a movie night but we could do both\r\nWilliam: Sounds great, double date?\r\nMadison: Triple date, Josh and Hannah are free too, is that all right?\r\nWilliam: Sure, the more the merrier :)\r\nMadison: What time do you wanna meet?\r\nWilliam: 5? It's dark at 4 already but 5 might be better\r\nMadison: Great I will let everyone know\r\nWilliam: \r\nMadison: woow, is that from last year?\r\nWilliam: Yep. I love the illumination\nSummary: William and Trina are going to see the illumination on Saturday. Madison will join them with a partner and so will Josh and Hannah. They will meet at 5.\nDialogue: Alexa: My dear Linda, I am back at home!\r\nLinda: Very good! And how do you feel?\r\nAlexa: A bit jet-lagged of course but happy to be at home. This time it was much too long to be away.\r\nLinda: But your photos were fantastic, so it wasn't that bad ;)\r\nAlexa: Shall we talk on the phone some time at the weekend?\r\nLinda: Absolutely! Anytime on Saturday or Sunday. Shall call you?\r\nAlexa: Yes, please.\r\nLinda: Now have a good night's sleep after that long flight. Love!\r\nAlexa: :*\nSummary: Linda will call Alexa over the weekend for a catch up chat. \nDialogue: Cosmo: Hi...\r\nAnna: Do I know you?\r\nCosmo: I've been watching your fb and instagram profiles for a while... would you like to meet me?\r\nAnna: I don't even know you!\r\nCosmo: I find you're very attractive, saw your legs and ass on your pictures\r\nAnna: It is with the utmost satisfaction that I'm clicking on the \"block\" button. Farewell, creep!\nSummary: Anna blocks Cosmo as he gets creepy.\nDialogue: Missy: how was the party last nite\r\nKelsey: not much of a party. Twas like 10 ppl and mnly talking\r\nSaige: yeah, midweek is no good for parties\r\nMissy: i guess nothin 2 regret\r\nKelsey: I mean it was kinda cool to have a chat and all but that's it\r\nSaige: exactly. Two beers and cab home lol\r\nMissy: my bday party gotta be better then\r\nKelsey: its always better than anyting\nSummary: Kelsey and Saige went to a meeting last night. It was midweek. There were around 10 people there, who were mainly talking to each other. Missy is planning a birthday party.\nDialogue: Mary: That’s great news! I’m so happy that you’re coming home! Would you like to say over at your parents’ house?\nJosh: Don’t no yet. Probably I’ll stay at the hotel close to the city center. My parents live an hour from the city…\nMary: Sure, we should meet when you come. \nJosh: Of course! \nMary: Call me when you’re in London. I don’t have any plans for the weekend\nJosh: Do you want to meet at Gary’s?\nMary: Yes, that’s our favorite pub 😊\nMary: Maybe John and Lucy can join us\nJosh: Perfect 😊\nMary: I’ll call them today\nJosh: \nMary: \nJosh: 😊\nSummary: Josh is coming to London. He is going to stay at a hotel. He is going to meet Mary at Gary's pub on the weekend. Mary is going to invite John and Lucy as well.\nDialogue: Anna: Hey, I’d like to invite you over to my place for movie night & food tonight :) Everybody good with 8pm?\r\nLiz: Yaaay! Are we cooking or ordering?\r\nAnna: Whatever you guys prefer, I don’t mind cooking\r\nLiz: Sweet, let’s cook something? Some pasta maybe? I can come early and help you :)\r\nAnna: Alright, perfect :)\r\nAretha: I’m totally in! What are we watching?\r\nLiz: Horror movie?\r\nAnna: Nooo I hate horror movies! How about something nice and smart?\r\nAretha: Like a drama? Sounds good to me ;)\r\nKaren: Yes for drama, yes for pasta!\r\nLiz: Awesome, everybody’s on board! Has anybody seen Lady Bird?\r\nAnna: No, but I hear it’s super good\r\nKaren: Good!\r\nAretha: Yeah it’s been on my list for a while! Let’s do this!\r\nLiz: Last question, what are we drinking? Wine?\r\nAnna: I’ll get some wine :) \r\nLiz: We’re doing white or red?\r\nAnna: I’ll get both, no worries :)\r\nAretha: I can’t wait!\r\nLiz: \nSummary: Anna has invited them for 8 pm to come over for dinner and watch \"Lady Bird\". Liz will come earlier and help prepare the pasta. Anna will buy both red and white wine.\nDialogue: Donna: I gotta go check out this movie\r\nBruce: What movie?\r\nDonna: Venom, you know new superhero one\r\nBruce: With Tom Hardy?\r\nDonna: Exactly, I've been waiting so, so long for it\r\nBruce: Really? What do you girls see in him?\r\nDonna: In this actor? I am not going to see this movie for him, come on:D\r\nBruce: Yeah right, it's like saying that when Charlize Theron is on the screen it is completely irrelevant for men's attitude towards the movie:D\r\nDonna: hahahah what are you talking about:D I just really like Marvel stories\r\nBruce: Oh I do to, I'm just teasing you babe\r\nDonna: You wanna go with me?\r\nBruce: On a date to watch some handsome dude?\r\nDonna: Oh just stop it finally:D\r\nBruce: hahaha sure I'll go with ya, probably there is gonna be some pretty lady there too, I'll be fine\r\nDonna: OMG one more word:D:D \nSummary: Donna is eager to see the new superhero movie Venom with Tom Hardy. Bruce is surprised as to what girls see in this actor. Donna wants to see the film because she likes Marvel stories. She suggests that Bruce joins her. \nDialogue: Jennifer: Girls, let's decide where we're going to have our \"girls' holidays\"\r\nAmalia: we need: hot men, beaches and cheap alcohol\r\nAmalia: I don't have other needs \r\nMichel: hahah, but also not to expensive, we'll be wasted all the time anyways :P\r\nTheresa: ok, I'll check the cheapest flights to the South in April \r\nTheresa: what about Malta?\r\nJennifer: I'd go for the safest party choice\r\nAmalia: which is?\r\nJennifer: Ibiza/Canaries\r\nTheresa: Ibiza is horrible, I really disliked the place\r\nJennifer: so what about Tenerife?\r\nTheresa: we can try, seems nice\r\nTheresa: 1-14 April?\r\nJennifer: I can stay only till 10th, but I can leave you a bit earlier\r\nTheresa: ok, I'll check the prices and let you know\nSummary: Theresa, Jennifer and Amalia are most likely going to Tenerife between 1-14 April for their \"girls holidays\". Theresa is going to check the prices for Tenerife. Malta is not safe enough. Theresa didn't like Ibiza or Canarie Islands.\nDialogue: Yuval: Guys I think I have haemorrhoids \nRiki: Eew! \nOmer: Is it painful?\nYuval: Not really. But I feel strange polyps when I touch my anus. \nYuval: I thought only old people have haemorrhoids \nOmer: Maybe you should go to a doctor\nRiki: This is disgusting. You should keep it for yourself!\nSummary: Yuval thinks he might have haemorrhoids.\nDialogue: Olivier: Yo , how are U?\nPierre: yes and U?\nOlivier: ok\nPierre: new number?\nOlivier: yep\nPierre: ready for a skype this week end?\nOlivier: I can't. I 'll go away with my parents\nPierre: no problem. Ciao\nSummary: Olivier is leaving with his parents this weekend, so he can't skype with Pierre.\nDialogue: Joey: \nHeather: hahahaha\nBetty: I've seen it :D\nJodie: L O L\nDennis: hahaha made my day\nSummary: Joey sent a funny gif. \nDialogue: Nancy: Mary, do you know where mom is?\r\nMary: I have no idea.\r\nMary: Why do you ask?\r\nNancy: I have an important question for her.\nSummary: Nancy is looking for mom, because she has an important question for her.\nDialogue: Carol: Hello my dear, how's your summer this year? One hears about awful heat waves in Australia.\r\nResa: Not so bad here! Maybe slightly warmer than average but rarely above 30. Very pleasant indeed.\r\nResa: If you were staying with us, I image you'd be in the pool all the time.\r\nCarol: Sure I would. Are you?\r\nResa: No. You know me.\r\nResa: Bill saw the ENT doc today. He will have an MRI scan soon to determine if he has growths on the ear nerves.\r\nCarol: What?! What does it mean?\r\nCarol: Any suspicion of spreading????\r\nResa: No, the doc says these are usually benign.\r\nCarol: Thank goodness for that.\r\nResa: And slow growing, but the damage to the nerve is the issue.\r\nCarol: Has he got any hearing problems?\r\nResa: I'm frustrated because everything Bill has suffered from, I've asked him to seek medical attention and he's declined. So he's suffering now (and am I) from lack of preventive care.\r\nCarol: Typical male. Thomas is not different.\r\nCarol: Of course the partner suffers along, sometimes even more.\r\nResa: So true...\r\nResa: It's bad Carol. We cannot hold a decent conversation. He can no longer watch television.\r\nCarol: That really sounds awful. So sorry for you.\r\nCarol: And what about hearing aids? Also refused??\r\nCarol: But he loved television so much!\r\nResa: Another challenge to deal with.\r\nResa: Hearing aid will come once the cause of deafness is diagnosed.\r\nCarol: My mother in law had a pair of earplugs connected to the TV set via Bluetooth, so she could walk around her room and still hear tv.\r\nCarol: I mean the technology is there to grab it.\r\nResa: Yes, that's a fantastic option.\r\nResa: We'll go that route soon I'm sure.\r\nCarol: You are a very brave and strong woman Theresa!\r\nResa: Thank you dear. I know I'm strong. And that keeps us both going.\r\nCarol: Lucky Bill to have you!\nSummary: There are heatwaves in Australia. It's over 30 degrees where Resa stays. Bill will have an MRI scan soon. He declined to look for medical help before. Bill can't hear properly.\nDialogue: Bill: Maybe try this one \r\nNate: Nah, the indoors are too modern.\r\nBill: Is there a restaurant they'll like?\r\nNate: Probably an old-fashioned one with traditional food.\r\nBill: I don't think we have such places here.\r\nNate: Me neither.\nSummary: They probably like an old-fashioned restaurant with traditional food. There is no such place in the city.\nDialogue: Carmen: Hi Diego, hello Tom. I wanted to introduce you to each other. Diego is a researcher at the University of Salamanca. He works on mid-century queer history. Tom is currently preparing his PhD. He's looking into lives of non-heteronormative individuals during Franco regime. He will be coming to Salamanca for his research. \r\nDiego: Hi Tom. Nice meeting you. I'm here in Salamanca. I'd be happy to hear more about your fascinating research. \r\nTom: Hello Diego! I'm looking forward to meeting you. I've read your recent paper.\r\nDiego: Which one?\r\nTom: The one about Spanish force units....\r\nDiego: Ah that one! And what do you think?\r\nTom: It's very inspiring and relevant for my own work.\r\nDiego: I'm glad to hear that.\r\nTom: If possible I'd like to talk about your methodology when we meet.\r\nDiego: Sure! When are you coming to Salamanca?\r\nTom: Next month.\r\nDiego: I'll be looking forward to meeting you!\r\nTom: Me too.\nSummary: Carmen is introducing Diego and Tom. Diego is a researcher at the University of Salamanca, and is interested in Tom work on Spanish force units. They are meeting up in Salamanca next month.\nDialogue: Taylor: Will you watch Ben10 tonight?\r\nOwen: I would not be at home tonight\r\nTaylor: Oh :/\nSummary: Owen will not watch Ben10 tonight, as he will not be at home.\nDialogue: Violet: The evening was so nice!\nTabitha: that's true\nScarlett: and the pizza there was just amazing, the best in town I'd say\nBenjamin: it is!\nViolet: thanks Benjamin for organising it\nBenjamin: was not easy, hahaha\nViolet: I know!\nSummary: Violet, Tabitha, Scarlett and Benjamin had a nice evening. Benjamin organized it. \nDialogue: Kate: Someone beat up Peter!\nHarry: What?! When?!\nKate: We're on our way to the hospital\nPeter: I'm with Kate. Someone attacked him on his way back from work\nHarry: Is it serious? Is he already at the hospital?\nKate: Yes, we're going to meet Julia, she's already there\nPeter: Don't know how serious it is, he was attacked in the park\nHarry: Damn, I told him so many times not to go there :/\nJulia: Peter has a broken arm and a light concussion, I'm in the hall\nKate: Should be there in 10 sweetie, hang in there\nSummary: Peter has been attacked in a park and has a broken arm and a concussion. Julia is already at the hospital. Kate will be there in 10 minutes.\nDialogue: Jude: Hi sister! Am on the train now. You know what? I've forgotten my reading glasses on the table.\r\nBora: Typical! You can always get a pair of glasses at any supermarket. Maybe even at the airport?\r\nJude: Am a bit annoyed with myself. I had ample time at home. Just didn't go around.\r\nJude: Yes, I'll buy a pair at the airport. Till later!\r\nBora: Take care!\nSummary: Jude has left his reading glasses on the table. He will buy a pair at the airport.\nDialogue: David: Hey, may I have one delicate question?\r\nMay: Oh hi!\r\nMay: Of course you can, shoot\r\nDavid: How was your flight to Japan?\r\nMay: Great, why are you asking?\r\nDavid: I'd like to go to the US, but the flight's so long and I'm kind of afraid of flying\r\nDavid: Mike told me that you're as well so I thought I may ask you for some advice how to survive a long flight. I was reading different articles online, but I'd rather talk with someone I know\r\nMay: Sure thing! Well, the flight was amazing, I was really scared before, but then it was really all right. The plane was big, there was a huge variety of films and even games and ebooks.\r\nDavid: How long was the flight?\r\nMay: To Tokyo 9 hours and 11 on our way back.\r\nDavid: Whoah, that's long...\r\nMay: I know, but I really didn't notice when we landed. It was worse on the way back, because you know I wasn't so excited to go back and it was slightly longer\r\nMay: I watched like three films, slept a little, had dinner and there we were. If you're really scared you can always take some calming pills, they always help me\r\nDavid: Which ones are you taking?\r\nMay: I always stick to the natural ones with valerian, I buy different ones, it doesn't matter as long as they're natural. I wouldn't take something strong or chemical\r\nDavid: Ok, thank you so much May!\r\nMay: No problem, enjoy your trip and send me some pictures ;)\nSummary: David wants to go to the US, but he's afraid of flying. May tells him about her journey to Japan. She gives David some tips how to survive a long flight.\nDialogue: Sid: Wanna catch a movie?\r\nAnnie: sure what do you have in mind?\r\nSid; the Aquaman? :D\r\nAnnie: haha isn't it a bit childish\r\nSid: noooooo I mean yes but it's the highest grossing movie this week\r\nAnnie: seriously?\r\nSid: yeah?\r\nAnnie: okay let's see what the fuss is all about\nSummary: Sid and Annie are going to watch Aquaman, highest grossing movie this week.\nDialogue: Alexis: Guys, do you remember Codrington, where we spent the amazing summer 1999?\r\nJoan: Sure, how could I forget?\r\nAlexis: I just discovered that the town is empty, all people moved to Antigua\r\nJoan: what?! what happened?\r\nHeather: Yes, I read about it. The hurricane Irma in 2017 was so devastating that they evacuated the whole town, and it's remained empty since\r\nJoan: so sad!\r\nAlexis: very. 95% of the island was destroyed apparently\r\nAlexis: so the government of Antigua and Barbuda evacuated the population to the main island leaving Barbuda empty for the first time in modern history\r\nJoan: I'm wondering what happened to that lovely lady that hosted us\r\nAlexis: me too\nSummary: Alexis, Joan and Heather were in Codrington in the summer of 1999. The town is empty, because the hurricane Irma devastated it in 2017. All the people had to flee to Antigua.\nDialogue: Ruby: It is Our Lord Jesus Christ who is the Way, the Truth and the Life.\nRuby: When you believe God, you are saved.\nElyssa: I feel really uncomfortable now.\nElyssa: Please stop sending me the text like this\nElyssa: Your missionary text makes me uncomfortable.\nRuby: If you felt uncomfortable I am sorry.\nRuby: I will send you only the bible verses from now on. \nElyssa: Please don’t.\nElyssa: I hope you get what I mean. Please don’t contact me anymore.\nSummary: Elyssa does not want to receive religious messages from Ruby anymore.\nDialogue: Ben: Should we talk to her about the plan?\r\nBill: Sure, but I would wait till the last day.\r\nDominic: I agree with Bill, I just don't trust her\r\nBen: But quitting together at the same time from day to day may kill this business \r\nBill: Wasn't that the point? Has she every respected us?\r\nDominic: if we tell her now, she will fire us anyway, but not in the convenient moment. you know I need money for the instalment \r\nBen: Sure, maybe you are right \r\nBen: I know she's a bitch, but I pity her a bit, she doesn't know how troubled she's going to be without us\r\nBill: She had too many chances to show some basic respect\nSummary: Ben, Bill and Dominic will wait with talking to her about the plan till the last day, so she doesn't fire them in an inconvenient moment. Dominic doesn't trust her and needs money for the instalment.\nDialogue: Brad: Beer tonight??\r\nSam: Good idea\r\nTheo: Sure %) %) %) \nSummary: Brad, Sam and Theo will go for a beer tonight.\nDialogue: Anthony: Has anybody read The picture of Dorian Gray?\r\nDonald: sure, who hasn't?\r\nMark: but it's an overrated book\r\nMark: I really dislike his style\r\nDonald: but isn't it beginning of camp?\r\nAnthony: I think it is, that's why I need to read it for my art project\r\nAnthony: does anybody have the book\r\nMark: I can lend it to you\r\nAnthony: perfect!\nSummary: Mark dislikes The Picture of Dorian Gray. Anthony needs to read it for an art project. Mark will lend the book to Anthony.\nDialogue: Mom: remember about your doctor appointment\r\nSon: when is it?\r\nMom: tomorrrow, 5 pm\r\nSon: thanks, mom!\nSummary: Son has a doctor appointment tomorrow at 5 pm.\nDialogue: Mark: \r\nMark: Dear Julie, @Johnson, we are now urgently searching for Polish Translators for a 6 months internal assignment (either freelance or interim). \r\nMark: I saw your profile and I think this could be a fit with what you are searching\r\nMark: Here is the link to the ad we published \r\nMark: Let me know if you are interested.\r\nJulie: Dear Mark, thank you for your interest in my candidacy for the position of Polish Translator. Please find my CV attached. I am looking forward to hearing from you.\r\nMark: Dear Julie, I would like to have a quick call with you to discuss this.\r\nMark: Here are some open slots for me to call you:\r\nMark: 1/3: 9h30 – 11h00; 5/3: 12h00, 13h00; 6/3: 9h00 – 10h00\r\nJulie: Dear Mark, I will be available tomorrow from 15h00 – 17h00 CET.\r\nMark: Dear Julie, I propose to call you tomorrow Thu 1/3 at 15h00 CET. Is it ok with you?\r\nMark: The call will take max 30 min\r\nJulie: Ok, 15h00 CET is fine with me. Thank you.\r\nMark: Perfect, I’ll call you then.\r\nMark: Bye!\r\nJulie: Bye!\r\nMark: Dear Julie, I just tried to call you now-sorry if I have disturbed. In fact, I would like to replace the phone call to this afternoon with a videoconference, so that I can invite other colleagues and decide faster. \r\nMark: Is it OK for you (you just need a laptop or a smartphone to connect).\r\nJulie: Yes, of course, no problem \r\nMark: Thank you.\r\nJulie: Thank you, too\nSummary: Mark's company urgently needs a Polish Translator for a six-month-long internal assignment. Julie agrees to an improvised video conference with Mark and his colleagues.\nDialogue: Bonnie: Did you hear? Your brother is going to Vegas alone.\r\nBranden: Yep. So?\r\nBonnie: I wish he'd find a girl.\r\nBranden: None of my business.\r\nBonnie: He's just so lonely.\r\nBranden: I think he's happy.\r\nBonnie: I don't think so.\r\nBranden: How would you know?\r\nBonnie: A mom knows! Never mind...\r\nBranden: Stay out of it!\nSummary: Branden's lonely brother is going to Las Vegas alone and Bonnie wishes he would find a girlfriend there. Branden advices Bonnie to keep out of this.\nDialogue: Steve: Was the technician already there?\r\nAria: Nope... still waiting\r\nSteve: OK, let me know\r\nAria: \nSummary: Aria is waiting for the technician. Steve wants to know when he arrives.\nDialogue: Ian: where u at\r\nAdam: almost there, u?\r\nIan: im at the gate waiting for\r\nAdam: just a couple of mins\r\nIan: okay im waitin'\nSummary: Ian waits for Adam, who will show up in a couple of minutes.\nDialogue: Elena: What was the title of the essay that we wrote in class?\nBlake: The one on ideology?\nElena: no\nElena: er...\nElena: the one we wrote last Friday\nBlake: I don't remember\nElena: could you check?\nBlake: What was the impact of superpowers on economy and society in cuba\nElena: thanks!!!\nSummary: Elena cannot remember the title of the essay they wrote in class last Friday and Blake finds it out for her. It was \"What was the impact of superpowers on economy and society in Cuba?\"\nDialogue: Wacky: Hello Mona, just wanted to remind you about the club meeting at 6 pm on Monday.\r\nMona: Hi Wacky, thank you but I haven't forgotten.\r\nWacky: And you'll bring the slides.\r\nMona: Of course I will.\r\nWacky: Then everything is ok. CU\nSummary: Wacky and Mona are going to the club meeting at 6 pm on Monday. Mona will bring the slides.\nDialogue: Frank: Mike, I'm glad you didn't risk it.\r\nMathew: Exactly, the police was there.\r\nMichael: Wow, I didn't see them.\r\nFrank: Next time you have to keep your ears open.\nSummary: The police could have caught Michael if he did something illegal.\nDialogue: Mary: can you do some groceries on the way home??\r\nCharles: why me again? I am so tired\r\nMary: please, i will make it up for you...\r\nCharles: ok, what do we need?\r\nMary: which store will you go to?\r\nCharles: why does that matter?\r\nMary: it doesn't... ok just get something for breakfast and supper, you know, bread, some cheese, ham maybe\r\nCharles: want me to make pancakes today?\r\nMary: Yes!!! <3\r\nCharles: \nSummary: Charles will buy something for breakfast and supper for Mary on his way home. He will also make pancakes today. \nDialogue: Bob: Dear friends! For those who don’t know, Nancy and I are moving to Spain. We off in a week! \r\nKelly: good luck! X\r\nJoanna: all the best! keep posting!\r\nKim: Congratulations.. I guess ;)\r\nEmma: Wow! Sounds like constant holiday!\r\nJo: keep us updated! good luck guys!\r\nAndy: can't wait to visit! ;)\r\nBob: you're more than welcome to visit ;)\r\nAndy: cheers mate! hope the move goes well\r\nHelen: How exciting! oh, i wish you could take me with you!\r\nSteven: enjoy your new life! we're gonna miss you! \r\nMarisa: looking forward to hearing all about it! x \nSummary: They wish good luck to Bob and Nancy, who are moving to Spain in a week.\nDialogue: Javier: Just finished the first 20 lines of code. Took me a while but it's done.\r\nSergio: Nice! Paul also finished his ones so now we can start making the base of the program.\r\nJavier: Wanna meet at the library and start working asap?\r\nSergio: That's a good idea, we don't have a lot of time.\nSummary: Javier and Paul have both finished their lines of code. Javier and Sergio will meet in the library soon to start making the base of the program. \nDialogue: Billy: I need new suitcase\r\nTom: why? \r\nTom: your old one is not so bad \r\nBilly: I have won a cruise in a lottery \r\nBilly: and I can't go there with an old one \r\nTom: I see \r\nTom: I will help you in research \nSummary: Billy has won a cruise and wants to buy a new suitcase.\nDialogue: Otto: Hey, should I wait at the reception desk in case someone doesn’t know where room 456 is?\r\nVincent: Yeah, that’s a good idea\r\nJodie: Splendid idea\r\nOtto: Cool. See you guys at 10\r\nJodie: xx\nSummary: Otto will wait at the reception desk to show the way to room 456. He'll meet Jodie and Vincent at 10.\nDialogue: Ben: Hi, uncle, it's Ben.\r\nUncle: Hi Ben. How're you?\r\nBen: I am fine, and you.\r\nUncle: I am all right. Anything happen?\r\nBen: No, nothing.\r\nBen: Just wanna make sure you'll come.\r\nUncle: What d'you mean? Come to your place?\r\nBen: So, you don't remember.\r\nUncle: Of course, I do. It is...\r\nBen: My birthday, Uncle.\r\nUncle: Of course, it is=)\r\nBen: You forgot, didn't you?\r\nUncle: maybe a little:)\r\nBen: But you'll remember now?\r\nUncle: Of course, I will.\r\nUncle: Will have a little something for you too=)\nSummary: It's Ben's birthday. His uncle forgot a little, but he will come to Ben's place and will have a little something for Ben. \nDialogue: Father: Hi Brian, could you pick up Danny on your way to FR? Say at 15:45?\r\nFather: I've tried to call you but your phone is offline or something.\r\nBrian: Hi dad, I was jogging. Didn't get calls. Sure we'll pick her up.\nSummary: Brian was jogging and didn't hear his father's call. At his dad's request, Brian will pick up Danny around 3.45 pm on his way to FR.\nDialogue: Clare: has anyone got any ideas what is happening with the busses right now???\r\nBethany: there just aren't any\r\nClare: it definitely looks that way!! \r\nSusan: I think nr 56 has been stopped altogether, number 28 goes the long way around Bartons Gate and across the flyover and nr 2 does its normal route but at different times than before. that's how I deciphered the leaflet at least!\r\nClare: right ok, that's really helpful, thanks Sue. \r\nBethany: What about the prices though, have they gone up as well? I saw something in the evening post?\r\nClare: they are going up next month I believe\r\nSusan: that's right, on the 11th.\r\nBethany: lots of changes then eh?\r\nClare: and not for the better by the sounds, we will have to wait and see.\nSummary: The bus timetable has changed. The prices will go up next month.\nDialogue: Lucy: Hi son\r\nGary: Hi mum\r\nLucy: How are you doing today\r\nGary: Not in the best mood, Mum. \r\nLucy: Oh? Why's that?\r\nGary: I really felt like hitting this bloke earlier. He was in the training session and kept on talking to his mate.\r\nLucy: That's very rude.\r\nGary: I was going \"shush!\" all the time but they ignored me. I lobbed a bit of orange peel at the back of his head and he still ignored me. I was really at the point where I was going to smack him one.\r\nLucy: Good job you didn't. You'd probably lose your job.\r\nGary: Yeah. But it was a trip down memory lane, though.\r\nLucy: Oh? You're thinking of old Pecky?\r\nGary: That's it. The time Pecky was teasing me in the maths class for actually wanting to learn something from the teacher. I had to clock him one in order to get him to shut up and let me learn.\r\nLucy: History repeats itself. \r\nGary: He then pushed my chair over and I got the scar inside my lip I still have.\r\nLucy: Yes. I remember. And you both got put on report for two weeks.\r\nGary: which was unfair because I was only trying to get something from the class.\r\nGary: Still, thinking of that stopped me from doing the same again today.\nSummary: Gary was annoyed by a man who was talking to another person during a training session. Gary wanted to hit him. He reminded Gary Pecky. Pecky had teased Gary in the school.\nDialogue: Hun: Just saw a couple arguing over fries 😂😂\r\nHun: reminded me of us 😍\r\nJim: hello my lady, i see you're not angry at me anymore\r\nHun: no I'm not, I just realized how stupid this must have looked like\r\nJim: I'm sorry anyways, we will solve our food problems better next time\r\nHun: I swear any time I'd think I'm not hungry I'd buy myself something small so that I don't eat your food\r\nJim: that would be lovely darling 😍\r\nHun: I'll try my best 🙂\r\nJim: love you ❤️\r\nHun: love you too boo ❤️\nSummary: Hun isn't upset with Jim anymore after seeing a couple fight over fries. She promises to order something small for herself next time, even if she doesn't feel hungry.\nDialogue: Jenna: I'm cooking 2nite :)\r\nEaton: yeah we know\r\nLilly: so whatever are we going to eat?\r\nJenna: chicken? indian way?\r\nLilly: with rice? yummy\r\nEaton: fine w me as long as you let me add my spices this time\r\nJenna: if you don't add them to my food i don't care\r\nLilly: kids, cut it, we'll enjoy it anyway\nSummary: Jenna is going to prepare some Indian-style chicken with rice tonight. Eaton will use his own spices.\nDialogue: Eugene: \r\nJasmina: Owwww! So qt!\r\nEugene: Ik.\r\nJasmina: Where did you find it?\r\nEugene: The internet, ofc!\r\nJasmina: Duh!\nSummary: Eugene found it on the internet. Jasmina finds it really cute.\nDialogue: Jordan: Hey. Watcha doin? ;)\r\nAlonzo: Not much. Watchin telly.\r\nJordan: Wanna come over? Parents not home ;)\r\nAlonzo: OMW!\r\nJordan: Bring some wine ;)\r\nAlonzo: Gonna have some fun :)\nSummary: Alonzo is watching TV. Jordan's parents aren't home. Alonzo is going to visit Jordan and bring wine.\nDialogue: Emma: hey, are you at the apartment?\r\nAndrew: yup\r\nEmma: I forgot to turn off the stove, i'm freaking out\r\nAndrew: shoot, i'll turn it off, no worries\r\nEmma: I feel really bad, I should have paid more attention\r\nAndrew: that's fine, it can happen to the best of us\r\nEmma: that's right\r\nAndrew: ok, it's off now, you can relax\nSummary: Andrew turns off the stove because Emma forgot to.\nDialogue: Alan: sweetie when wil you be home?\r\nJoan: I'm studying with Laura after classes Dad\r\nAlan: will you be home by 7?\r\nAlan: I'm making my famous chicken wings :)\r\nJoan: dad my grades are important aren't they?\r\nAlan: more important than my wings?\r\nAlan: I'm hurt :D joking. study away!\nSummary: Alan is making his famous chicken wings and would like Joan to be home by 7. Joan won't make it as she is studying with Laura.\nDialogue: Dustin: Dear Sammy, we wish you all the very best for your 47th birthday! May good fortune beam upon you and all your undertakings! Love from Dustin and Catherine\r\nDustin: \r\nSammy: Thank you so much, Dustin and Cathrine, for your good wishes so early in the morning!\r\nDustin: Were we again the first ones to reach you via whatsapp?\r\nDustin: What are your plans for today?\r\nSammy: Yes, your message came as first. Nothing much. Lawrie with his wife are coming in early afternoon and drive us to one of his favorite restaurants, somewhere in the mountains. This being a workday, it's only the four of us.\r\nDustin: Sounds pleasant enough. There are a few excellent places in the Credence Creek Valley. Well, we wish you a lovely meal in a fantastic atmosphere.\r\nSammy: Thanks a lot!\r\nSammy: And I'll be seeing you two on Friday, just as scheduled. Love to you and Catherine!\nSummary: Dustin wishes Sammy a happy 47th birthday. Sammy will go to a restaurant in the mountains. \nDialogue: Kate: Hey guys, I created the group because I don't know if you realise but it's Michelle's brithday next week :)\r\nAgatha: Oh cool! :) Hey everybody :)\r\nMonica: Hey girls :) How is everybody? What are we thinking for Michelle?\r\nPaula: Hey hey, whatever you guys decide, I'm in :)\r\nKate: Okie dokie, happy to hear! I was thinking to send her some flowers and maybe earrings? unless you have some other ideas?\r\nPaula: I'm not sure she'd like flowers, I know she's all about the environment and all... but jewellery sounds good!\r\nAgatha: Yeah, she always wears some stones, I think she likes long hanging earrings\r\nMonica: I went with her last time to this cute little boutique store and there was a pair she loooooooved. There were a bit pricey so she didn't get them but I think if we all chip in?\r\nAgatha: sounds awesome, thanks Monica! :) do you think you could get the and we will all pay you back?\r\nMonica: Yeah, no prob at all! it's like 5 min from my house\r\nAgatha: how much are they?\r\nMonica: I think something around 80 quid, is that okay?\r\nPaula: thats 20 each, I'm cool with that!\r\nAgatha: yeah. me too, I'm in! Kate?\r\nKate: Absolutely! Monica, that's so awesome you can just walk there! I'm gonna get a card for her, if you are okay with that too?\r\nAgatha: sounds fab! fantastic idea, girls :)\nSummary: It is Michelle's birthday next week. Monica will buy a pair of earrings Michelle liked, which cost 80 pounds. They will pay Monica back.\nDialogue: Claire: I'm in the bus going home\r\nPatrick: A bus? Are you insane??\r\nClaire: The flights were so expensive\r\nPatrick: They always are on Fridays\r\nPatrick: What time will you be in Brussels?\r\nClaire: Around midnight\r\nPatrick: So many hours....\r\nPatrick: I feel sorry for you\r\nClaire: What to do?\r\nClaire: At least I can work.\r\nPatrick: Work?\r\nClaire: Yeah. I need to write some dialogs.\r\nPatrick: Humm... for a movie?\r\nClaire: haha I wish...\r\nClaire: And how about you? What's up?\r\nPatrick: I'm leaving the office soon\r\nPatrick: Heading back home.\r\nClaire: Any plans for the weekend?\r\nPatrick: Nothing. Just chill. \nSummary: Claire is going home by bus. She will be in Brussels around midnight. Patrick is going home soon.\nDialogue: Patty: Happy b-day darling, may all your dreams come true!\r\nAgatha: Thank you <3 <3\r\nPatty: \nSummary: Patty is sending Agatha birthday wishes. \nDialogue: Tom: Should we order a pizza tonight?\r\nPeter: isn't it your turn to cook?\r\nTom: it is, but I'm very tired today\r\nChris: pizza is good for me, don't worry\r\nPeter: I don't mind it as well\r\nTom: thanks!\nSummary: Tom, Peter and Chris are having pizza tonight. Tom's too tired to cook.\nDialogue: Ashley: Karen, I loved your presentation.\nKaren: Thanks, dear 😘\nPeter: It was great!\nAshley: I loved the anecdotes \nAshley: It was so interesting\nKaren: I'm happy you liked it\nKaren: 🙃\nSummary: Karen had a presentation. Peter and Ashley participated and liked it.\nDialogue: Malia: Have you got prom partner for yourself?\r\nColby: Nope, \r\nMalia: :/\r\nColby: Wbu?\r\nMalia: same\r\nColby: Have you asked Edward?\r\nMalia: Nope\r\nColby: Should I ask him about you?\r\nMalia: Dont tell her I asked you to do so\r\nColby: dont worry\r\nMalia: k\r\nColby: Whom should I go with?\r\nMalia: What about Lilli?\r\nColby: She wont be coming \r\nMalia: Why\r\nColby: She has to go somewhere else\r\nMalia: Oke\r\nColby: See you at prom night then\r\nMalia: Bye\nSummary: Malia and Colby don't have prom partners yet. Colby is going to ask Edward on Malia's behalf.\nDialogue: Richard: I'm thinking seriously about moving back up to Byron next year\r\nSusan: (y) yay!\r\nRichard: I'm over Sydney\r\nSusan: Something to think about. Seriously\r\nSusan: When you coming up for a visit?\r\nRichard: I'm going to try for 1st week in December. Atm I'm getting flogged with work\r\nSusan: 1st week December ok, but we are back in Sydney for the following weekend ie the 8/9th December, so don't come then\r\nRichard: Ok. Won't know definitely until the Dec roster comes out. And I have a second job between Nov and Feb so things are pretty crammed but we've got a few newbies on atm so if I can't find wiggle room I'll just get sick for a week ;)\r\nSusan: 2nd job? Sounds busy\r\nRichard: I did it the last two years over Xmas. \r\nSusan: Doing?\r\nRichard: My girlfriend does massive Xmas decoration installs. I drive the cherry picker and knock things over\r\nSusan: lol\r\nSusan: you funny :))\nSummary: Richard is thinking about moving back to Byron next year. Richard wants to visit 1st week of December but Susan asks him to pick a different date. Richard is busy with two jobs.\nDialogue: Kitty: I don’t have your account numbers, could you send me them? I want to wire you money\r\nBarb: Sure, I’ll leave you a voice message with it \r\nKen: Mine is 2145 8900 0000 0012 0921 21 \r\nKitty: Thanks, that helps a lot\nSummary: Kitty will convey money to Barb and Ken.\nDialogue: Horacy: hi Flora\r\nFlora: hi\r\nHoracy: thank you for yesterday\r\nFlora: :*\r\nHoracy: it was lovely\r\nHoracy: would yo like to repeat it?\r\nFlora: would be great ;)\r\nHoracy: i thought we can go iceskating together\r\nFlora: i cant ice skating\r\nHoracy: no problem, i will teach you\r\nFlora: okay than ;)\r\nHoracy: do you have time tomorow?\r\nFlora: im finishing classes at 3 and i have no plans for afternoon\r\nHoracy: great i will pik you from school\r\nFlora: ok, do you know where is it?\r\nHoracy: yeah, you've told me, remember?\r\nFlora: true, so see you than :*\r\nHoracy: bye\r\nHoracy: :*\nSummary: Horacy and Flora are going iceskating tomorrow. Horacy will pick her up from school at 3.\nDialogue: Eve: Would you like to join us and go horse-riding?\r\nEve: I'm sure you'll love it!\r\nMary: And where is that?\r\nEve: Smarzewo, 40mins drive\r\nEve: We're all in love with this place\r\nMary: Sounds good. What time are you going?\r\nEve: Friday 5pm\r\nMary: You're sure that we can come too?\r\nEve: yes!\r\nMary: Ok, so I'll meet you at the shops and will join you then!\r\nEve: That's great! See you soon :)\nSummary: Eve invited Mary for horse-riding in Smarzewo. They are going to meet at the shops on Friday at 5 P.M.\nDialogue: Bobbi: Hi girl, you going to Jaguar Jaguar later?\r\nKristy: Nah, not really up for it tonight, getting an early one.\r\nBobbi: Oh, right! See you at lectures tomorrow then?\r\nKristy: Sure, we'll have coffee after.😁\r\nBobbi: Cool! See you then!😀\nSummary: Bobbi will see Kirsty at lectures tomorrow and have a coffee afterwards. \nDialogue: Nick: Thanks for an enjoyable evening all. Still laughing at the egg tossing exploits! Lucas and I swapping wet Derry for wet Dublin, joy😩\r\nAlex: Haha it was a good one! Enjoy Dublin! 😉\r\nZoe: Good luck guys!\r\nAnna: Disappointed to have missed another fun night out. A wet one here in Barcelona too so heading to swimming pool (indoors I hope!) and the aquarium! Hope you have fun in Dublin... Lukas please pass on my regards to all there 😊\nSummary: Nick has spent an enjoyable evening with his friends. Nick and Lucas are leaving Derry for Dublin. Anna is in Barcelona and is going to the swimming pool and the aquarium. \nDialogue: Terry: What time are we going to land in Pisa?\nMatt: about 11PM\nKai: I thought the flight lasts about 4h\nMatt: sure, but there is one hour difference between Portugal and Austria\nMartina: right!\nMartina: i completely forgot\nMatt: we will get our hour back\nSummary: Terry, Matt and Kai are going to land in Pisa at about 11 pm. There is one hour difference between Portugal and Austria.\nDialogue: Ryan: oh man, that was a poor start\r\nDaniel: you're talking about the match?\r\nRyan: yeah, I was so pumped for this season\r\nRyan: and look what happened\r\nDaniel: it's only the first match\r\nDaniel: there's like 37 more before the end\r\nRyan: I'm not worried about the defeat, that can happen to anyone\r\nRyan: but they didn't show any will to fight\r\nDaniel: from what I read the training camp was pretty tough\r\nDaniel: it's possible that they still haven't recovered completely\r\nRyan: I hope so\r\nRyan: I don't want it to be a repeat of the previous season\r\nDaniel: give them some more time before pressing the panic button\r\nDaniel: they may be a young team but the coach is experienced\r\nDaniel: I'm sure he knows what to do\r\nRyan: you're always optimistic when it comes to this team\r\nDaniel: what else can I do?\r\nDaniel: their job is to win\r\nDaniel: our job is to support and believe in them\r\nRyan: that means that I suck at my job :P\nSummary: Ryan is disappointed about the first game of the season. Ryan believes the team may still be tired after the training camp and they still have 37 games to get better. \nDialogue: Nicole: Dinner's ready, where are you?\r\nMatt: Sorry, got delayed.\r\nMatt: I'm coming, though.\r\nNicole: OK, drive safe!\nSummary: Matt is driving over for dinner with Nicole but he will be late.\nDialogue: Parker: Ok, its confirmed :D\r\nCody: Youre really pregnant <3\r\nParker: I am :) The doctor says everything is fine, I got a bunch of leaflets and everything xp\r\nCody: I’m so happy, you have no idea\r\nParker: Me too :*\r\nCody: When do you want to tell your parents?\r\nParker: I want to invite them for dinner, what do you think?\r\nCody: Great, tell me when, we can invite mine too!\r\nParker: Cool, I’ll call you later :D\nSummary: Parker is pregnant. Parker and Cody want to invite their parents for dinner to tell them about the pregnancy. \nDialogue: Parker: Have you seen the game?\r\nTom: It was mind-blowing !!\r\nGreg: Awesome!! \nSummary: Parker, Tom and Greg have watched the game. \nDialogue: Anna: I have to stop watching these ultra romantic movies and series on Netflix\r\nAnna: I will never find me a man!!!\r\nJulia: When calls the heart again?\r\nAnna: and again and again\r\nAnna: \r\nJulia: I can't imagine what you could possibly see in him. he's so ugly :P\r\nAnna: He gets cute when you see how noble and gentleman like he is\r\nJulia: gentleman caller you need?\r\nAnna: I do ;(\r\nJulia: Haha I am more into guys like Richard Madden in Bodyguard\r\nAnna: manly, silent, able to get out of any shitty situation bruce willis style?\r\nJulia: and gentle in bed\r\nAnna: of course because it almost always goes hand in hand...\r\nJulia: so you too are a helpless romantic admit it\r\nAnna: when was the last time you slept with someone\r\nJulia: there is no connection xD\r\nAnna: you say? haha, I know, I just said I need to stop watching these movies\r\nJulia: Let's watch something strong and feminine tonight\r\nAnna: you go sister!!\nSummary: Anna watches romantic movies and series on Netflix. She's dating a guy. Anna and Julia will watch some strong and feminine movie tonight.\nDialogue: Jared: Just send me a scanned copy and I will read it later\nIsabel: I prefer not to send it via messenger\nIsabel: I'm going to leave you a copy in your mailbox ok?\nJared: Whatever is fine for you\nJared: I just won't be able to read it before the evening\nSummary: Isabel will leave Jared a copy in his mailbox. Jared won't be able to read it before the evening.\nDialogue: Sam: happy birthday Zoe\r\nZoe: thankyouu ^.^ ^.^\r\nSam: you're welcome :)\r\nZoe: wow i didnt think youd remember\r\nSam: why wouldn't i\r\nZoe: i dont know\r\nSam: how could i forget\r\nZoe: ...\nSummary: It's Zoe's birthday. Sam gives her wishes. Zoe didn't expect Sam to remember her birthday.\nDialogue: Eva: Karolina stood me up again\r\nCarson: How come?? \r\nEva: I was supposed to go for a coffee because \r\nEva: We havent seen each other for so long\r\nCarson: Shes probably busy with work\r\nEva: Shes not working anymore\r\nEva: Shes looking for another job\r\nCarson: Hmm maybe I should text her\r\nEva: try\nSummary: Karolina and Eva haven't seen each other long. They were supposed to have a coffee, but Karolina stood Eva up. Karolina is not working anymore and she's looking for another job. \nDialogue: Amelia: Want to go shopping tomorrow? :)\r\nAnna: can't :(\r\nAnna: I'm meeting my study group in the morning\r\nAmelia: noon?\r\nAnna: I'm visiting my grandma, she turns 86\r\nAnna: Then I have to do some work cause I am sooo behind and have to make up for it by Monday\r\nAmelia: Omg that doesn't sound like a Sunday at all :(\r\nAnna: and then in the evening\r\nAnna: I have to help my mum cleaning windows\r\nAmelia: cherry on top\r\nAnna: I'm looking forward to Monday :(\r\nAmelia: shopping next weekend perhaps? :)\r\nAmelia: \nSummary: Amelia wants to go shopping on Sunday with Anna. Anna can't join her, because she has already plans for the whole day.\nDialogue: Luis: Tell me something about this event.\r\nAshley: It was organized by the Spanish & Portuguese society\r\nLuis: Ah okay nice. How was it?\r\nAshley: Oh, I could have asked you to join…\r\nLuis: Ha no, I was good. I was doing yoga! There’s also a big game tonight for NI.\r\nAshley: It was nice. BTW. David got a job offer from his company\r\nLuis: Really! Nice... do you think he’ll stay?\r\nAshley: Unfortunately, they cannot offer him a full-time job. He can work as a freelancer from Spain, but he told me he would like to come back here.\r\nLuis: Maybe he can search for another job?\r\nAshley: Imagine that he had the only copy of the company’s project on his external disc, and it broke 2 days ago 😳\r\nLuis: Really? So he is fucked…\r\nAshley: Yes. He has to do everything again from the beginning.\r\nLuis: Shit. Well, stupid he had no back up. Does his boss know?\r\nAshley: They say everything happens for a reason. He thought of it actually, so he ordered a new disc for that purpose 5 days ago. It arrives tomorrow.\r\nLuis: Ah damn. The company should have given him something\r\nAshley: His company works on macs. David prefers using Linux, so he was doing the project on his own computer.\r\nLuis: Life is a box of chocolates ❤\r\nAshley: It sucks…\r\nLuis: Damn. I guess he can work on it from Spain 🙄\nSummary: David was offered to work for the company as a freelancer from Spain. He broke the only copy of the project they had.\nDialogue: Ellen: recommend a movie\r\nMira: hmmm\r\nMira: what genre?\r\nEllen: idk, sth entertaining!\r\nMira: superheroe movies included?\r\nEllen: yup\r\nMira: have you seen Thor?\r\nEllen: I think so, the one from like 8 years ago?\r\nMira: and Thor: ragnarok?\r\nEllen: nope!\r\nMira: it's on netflix now :)\r\nEllen: sounds good!!\r\nMira: and you can watch it with Sam :P\r\nEllen: that's another plus, thanks!!\r\nMira: no prob :*\nSummary: Mira recommends Ellen the movie Thor: Ragnarok.\nDialogue: Nel: How was your day?\r\nSam: Long. \r\nNel: Right. \r\nNel: And how's your cold?\r\nSam: I'm feeling better. \r\nSam: And how was yours?\r\nNel: Fine, no bad surprises. \r\nSam: I'm glad to hear that :)\nSummary: Sam is feeling better now. Nel's day was fine.\nDialogue: Maola: Nethan still doesn't speak \nOntina: How old is he you said?\nMaola: 12 and half months \nMaola: It worries me\nOntina: But he speaks some simple words, right?\nMaola: Yes. For example...like \"mama\" or \"daddy\"or\"hungry\"\nOntina: Then do not worry too much\nOntina: Most of my friends said their kids started to talk around 16 months \nOntina: And suddenly talk so much 18 to 19 months and reach at pean between 22 and 24 months\nOntina: peak*\nMaola: Isn't there good way to make this period earlier?\nOntina: There were 2 ways that actually helped my son speaking faster\nMaola: What were they?\nOntina: Try to answer him back with longer sentence\nOntina: For example, when he says \"mama\"\nOntina: Then \"mama, thank you\" like this\nOntina: Or sing his favourite song together\nMaola: How about reading the book together?\nOntina: That was the 2nd method I used.\nOntina: Try it. \nOntina: And don't worry!\nSummary: Maola worries that her son does not speak at the age of over 12 months. According to Ontina, she shouldn't worry, and she can try different language development methods.\nDialogue: Judith: Hi Abe how are you?\r\nAbel: Good and you?\r\nJudith: fine thanks listen I was wondering if you could give Suzie a ride to the sports centre this evening\r\nAbel: Sure no problem I can pick her up around 6:30\r\nJudith: perfect thank you so much Abe\r\nAbel: no problem\r\nJudith: see you soon!\r\nAbel: see you!\nSummary: Abel will drive Suzie to the sports centre at 6:30. \nDialogue: David: so it seems it's the end of the story\r\nKevin: between you and Joan you mean\r\nLaurent: what???\r\nKevin: you don't know? Joan left \r\nDavid: true enough. officially confirmed now\r\nLaurent: did she have any, you know ...\r\nDavid: legitimate reason you mean?\r\nLaurent: i guess that's what I mean\r\nKevin: only david's gay \r\nDavid: hahaha very funny. it just burnt up & down\r\nKevin: shit man. i had no idea at all. the last time we met\r\nDavid: a couple of months ago mate\r\nKevin: right, time flies man\r\nLaurent: believe me Kev, David's doing well\r\nKevin: i hope so. keep it up man\r\nDavid: cheers mate!\nSummary: Joan left David because the relationship burnt up.\nDialogue: Jackie: Did you forget about me??\r\nFreddie: Of course not! I'm on my way! Give me another 5 minutes please\r\nJackie: Hurry up\r\nFreddie: Are you mad?\r\nJackie: Not yet 😆\nSummary: Freddie is on his way, he will be with Jackie in 5 minutes. \nDialogue: Janek: Przemek is pissing me off\r\nJanek: Look\r\nJanek: \r\nMilena: Who is that fucking asshole? \r\nJanek: He worked at our company\r\nJanek: In the IT section\r\nMilena: I dont know him \r\nMilena: But sounds like a douche\r\nJanek: He doesn't leave me alone\r\nJanek: Hes a hypocrite and idk what to write him back\r\nJanek: He pisses me off all the time and then he tries to say that he was just kidding \r\nMilena: Ignore that piece of shit \nSummary: Przemek from the IT department annoys Janek. Milena tells Janek to ignore Przemek.\nDialogue: Terry: we have to discuss our presentation this week\r\nKim: Coudn't we postpone it till Monday? We've so much work in our department right now\r\nTerry: there is nothing more important than this presentation \r\nBill: I'm afraid Terry is right\r\nKim: gosh, then we have to do it I guess\r\nTerry: Yes Kim, you should know that it can get the company the biggest investment in our history\r\nTerry: so nobody will remember the little tasks of the HR department in even a week, but this may get you a whole new position in the company\r\nKim: sorry, I didn't know it's so important\r\nTerry: come over to my office today, I'll show you some unbelievable data\r\nBill: hmm, I thought Kim was better informed about it than anybody\r\nTerry: no, they don't care about the HR people, which is super stupid of Jeffrey \r\nBill: yes, he is fucking up everything now\r\nTerry: that's why we have to keep our own agenda and don't let him drag us down with him\r\nKim: I'll be there in 10min, sounds too good\nSummary: Kim will be in Terry's office in 10 minutes to discuss their presentation.\nDialogue: Walter: Have you bought Dad a Christmas gift yet?\r\nSusan: No. Have you?\r\nWalter: No, not yet.\r\nSusan: What are you thinking of getting him?\r\nWalter: A new razor, maybe. And you?\r\nSusan: The same.\r\nWalter: Oh. Well, I can get him a CD I guess. It's more interesting than the winter socks he always asks for.\r\nSusan: Whatever you want to do. I may not end up getting him a razor after all. \nSummary: Walter wants to buy a new razor for their dad for Christmas. He will buy a CD as Susan wants to buy the same. Susan may change her mind about the gift.\nDialogue: Sam: r u ready 4 tomorrow exam?\r\nCal: not realy, no. U?\r\nSam: More or less, we'll see\r\nCal: Hope it won't be too difficult like last year...\r\nSam: yeah, that was massacre\nSummary: Sam is more prepared for the exam than Cal. They hope that the exam will not be as difficult as last year. \nDialogue: Kyle: ok Ive had it\r\nStan: what? what did i do\r\nKyle: not you I just have to change jobs\r\nStan: ok... \r\nStan: sooo what happened\r\nKyle: doesn't matter I'm changing jobs asap\r\nStan: ok I'll let you know if we're looking for anyone\r\nKyle: ok thanks\nSummary: Kyle needs to change the job immediately. Stan will let him know if they have vacant positions.\nDialogue: Jessica: Have you seen Linda's outfit today?\r\nMartha: OMG, no! I've missed classes.\r\nJennifer: That was... I don't even know how to describe it.\r\nJessica: Yeah... our friend got creative!\r\nJennifer: That was mind-blowing!\r\nMartha: What did she wear?\r\nJennifer: Jess, you have some pictures...\r\nJessica: Nooo... I accidentally deleted them... :////\r\nMartha: Come on, girls!\r\nJennifer: If we describe it, we won't do her justice...\r\nJessica: Yeah, even a picture wouldn't do justice\r\nMartha: What did she wear???\r\nJessica: Nothing special, we just wanted to make you curious! :d \r\nMartha: You both are insane!\nSummary: Linda wore an interesting outfit in Jessica's and Jennifer's view.\nDialogue: Max: My dad just quit smoking\r\nMax: But bought e-cigarette instead\r\nMax: Not sure if it's less poisoning or there are just too few studies about it, but as I can see he vapes much more often than he smoked a normal cigarette\r\nJake: Yeah. I know.\r\nJake: It's like even while reading a book you still have this robotic ciggy in your mouth.\r\nMax: Hope he quits that too :/\nSummary: Max's dad doesn't smoke anymore. Max wants him to stop vaping too.\nDialogue: Yigal: Wanna ride a bike tomorrow?\r\nKate: great idea!\r\nKai: sure, if the weather is good\r\nYigal: I'll show you the famous Sint-Annatunnel\r\nKai: the one built in the 1930s?\r\nYigal: yes, the pedestrian & bicycle tunnel under the Scheldt\r\nKai: great! I really wanted to see it\r\nYigal: I know, then we can grab some Chinese food on the other side of the river\r\nKate: sounds good\nSummary: Yigal is going to show Kai and Kate the Sint-Annatunnel. They are planning to eat some Chinese food after crossing the river.\nDialogue: Martin: short break now?\r\nFred: ok\r\nMartin: so in the kitchen in 5 mins?\r\nFred: give me 10\r\nMartin: ok\nSummary: Martin and Fred will meet in the kitchen for a short break in 10 minutes.\nDialogue: Geoffrey: hey guys, got some business for you\r\nJeff: hey, what's up?\r\nJim: yo man\r\nGeoffrey: how about playing footbal or whatever, at the weekends for example?\r\nJeff: like every week?\r\nGeoffrey: yep\r\nJim: sounds cool\r\nJim: but we need a team and a place\r\nGeoffrey: I'll ask around\r\nGeoffrey: but all in all, are you in?\r\nJeff: If we choose a day when we're all free, then sure, I'm in\r\nJim: me too\nSummary: Jeff, Jum and Geoffrey will play football at the weekend after arranging the team and place.\nDialogue: Felicity: Hi, Gene. Have you seen this Polish movie?\r\nGene: What Polish movie?\r\nFelicity: It's called Cold War. Nominated for Oscars.\r\nGene: No, I wouldn't mind though.\r\nFelicity: Let's go tonight, the show is at 8.\r\nGene: Cool. Pick you up at 7:30.\nSummary: Gene will pick up Felicity at 7.30 to watch an Oscar-nominated Polish movie Cold War at 8.\nDialogue: Charlie: Hey Marie as mentioned before, we explored the option of giving you some credit towards future trips as compensation for the unsatisfactory apartment situation. It is not easy for us, as accommodation is different and there might always be someone that draws the short straw one way or another\r\nMarie: Sure, I get it\r\nCharlie: We agreed that we can give you 100USD credit for a future trip, how does that sound?\r\nMarie: Ok, we’ll take it :)\r\nCharlie: We'll also leave a note on the system informing the future manager to give you a nicer room\r\nMarie: I appreciate it that you took it seriously and tried to make it better\r\nCharlie: Thanks for your understanding guys and sorry for any inconvenience\nSummary: Marie's accommodation was not up to standard. Charlie offers Marie a $100 credit for future trips as a compensation for the inconvenience. Charlie will also make sure Marie gets a nicer room then. Marie appreciates and accepts the offer. \nDialogue: Christopher: Okay, I think I've added everyone who's in our group. Hi, guys!\r\nJoan: Hi there! So how do we share the work?\r\nLindsay: And what's more important, who's gonna present our project before the class? :P\r\nBrian: I can present whatever you give me :P\r\nJoan: Yeah, as long as you don't have to prepare it yourself? :P\r\nLindsay: I can do the work for Brian as long as he does the presenting part for me. You know how I hate speaking in public.\r\nChristopher: I think it's time to start learning :P\r\nLindsay: If you want me to pass out in front of everyone then OK.\r\nKenneth: Calm down guys, we don't have anything to present yet :P\r\nJoan: Yup, Ken's right. How about this: points 1-3 for me, Ken & Chris, 4-5 for Lindsay and Brian (and we don't care which one of you does more work as long as it's done ;))? And then we'll send our parts to one person who'll combine them into one presentation.\r\nBrian: I can do it! I'm good at PowerPoint :D\r\nKenneth: Just don't go too crazy with the transitions between slides :P\r\nBrian: No worries, it will be pretty as hell! \r\nLindsay: I don't think I believe you, but OK :D\r\nJoan: Okay, guys, do you think we could meet tomorrow after school? @Kenneth @Christopher\r\nKenneth: I bet the two of you meet every day after school :P\r\nChristopher: Shut up!\r\nJoan: Come on, boys, stop acting like kids! We're almost out of high school!\r\nKenneth: Uh huh, looks like someone's girlfriend's mad XDDD \r\nJoan: Lindsay, I've changed my mind, can I get Brian after all? :P\r\nLindsay: Forget it, Brian's going to by my voice, I'm not giving him up :P\r\nBrian: Thanks, Lindsay ♥ \r\nJoan: Grrrr, I hate group projects!\r\nChristopher: And who doesn't? :)\r\nKenneth: Yeah... OK, I promise to behave. Can we just get it over with?\r\nJoan: YES!\r\nLindsay: I think everybody agrees ;) So if we're done here now, I've gotta go. Talk to you later, guys!\r\nJoan: Bye!\r\nKenneth: See ya!\r\nBrian: Laters!\nSummary: Christopher, Joan, Lindsay, Brian and Kenneth have to prepare a project. Brian is willing to present in front of the class and make a PowerPoint presentation. Joan proposes a way to divide the work that everybody agree on. Joan proposes a meeting in person. \nDialogue: Jim: Don't forget to check the tyre pressure when you go to fill up the car today.\r\nVal: Damn... Almost forgot! Thanks for reminding me.\r\nJim: :-)\nSummary: Val will check the tyre pressure, as reminded by Jim.\nDialogue: Annick: have you seen mum today?\nBéatrice: i spend the all afternoon with her.\nAnnick: how was she?\nBéatrice: as usual. Asking for going back home, but she doesn't remember\nAnnick: did you talk with the people in charge of the room\nBéatrice: I saw this woman Angie ou Angela, and asked her about the cleaning\nAnnick: Don't know her\nBéatrice: she said that it's done every 2 days and the bathroom everyday.\nAnnick: impossible, at least once a week for the room. \nBéatrice: the bathroom wasn't very clean either. I'll buy some household products.\nAnnick: i booked the hairdresser for next monday\nBéatrice: ok i'll ask the caregiver to give her a shower in the morning\nAnnick: shower has to be given twice a week. Mum never complains but ...\nBéatrice: elderly people are not so clean...\nAnnick: caregiver are overwhelmed. The rule is shower on demand, but some never ask\nBéatrice: Mum asks very often, but they don't have time\nAnnick: a real shame. It costs us a lot for such a poor service\nBéatrice: Some people are nice. Véronique !\nAnnick: and Amélie too!\nBéatrice: and the room is quite confortable. Mum is fine. She's happy there\nAnnick: hope so.\nSummary: Béatrice spent the whole afternoon with their mother today. She tried to sort out the issues of cleaning in her apartment and giving her a shower when she asks for it. Both Béatrice and Annick think their mother receives a poor service for the money the home costs, though some caregivers are nice.\nDialogue: Elizabeth: How about the cathedral?\r\nKathleen: Eh probably there’s a tower…\r\nElizabeth: Yes, there is ;]\r\nKathleen: No way, I’m not climbing some stupid stairs\r\nElizabeth: You can wait outside, it’ll not take long…\r\nKathleen: Great, standing there alone, nice organization!\r\nElizabeth: How on earth am I supposed to organize anything when you are against anything I come up with!!\r\nKathleen: Maybe you just have bad ideas ;/\r\nElizabeth: The rest of the group is not complaining, only you\r\nKathleen: Maybe you just don’t know about it\r\nElizabeth: Listen, I’m done, I will not ask you about anything, you’ll see the program in a few days and tell me if you want to go or not\r\nKathleen: It’s even worse, you promised everyone will have a chance to express their opinions!\r\nElizabeth: But I didn’t expect anyone to behave in a way that you do, sorry\r\nKathleen: I’m just not agreeing to everything, unlike others! I have my own views about all that, I won’t change my mind\r\nElizabeth: Soo you’ll decide in a few days\r\nKathleen: That’s a bitch move\r\nElizabeth: Alright, we’re getting that far… Be careful\r\nKathleen: Pff stop threatening me\r\nElizabeth: I’m not threatening, those messages are being saved, I can show them to coordinators and you may have to leave the group because you behave in an inappropriate way\r\nKathleen: Seriously!\nSummary: Kathleen does not agree with the suggestions Elisabeth does for the trip. Elisabeth finds Kathleen's behaviour difficult to organise something for. She threatens to show Kathleens messages to the coordinators. \nDialogue: Natalie: ciao!\r\nNatalie: so here are the samples of what we do\r\nNatalie: commercial1 \r\nNatalie: commercial2 \r\nBrian: nice :D\r\nNatalie: thx, and more artistic stuff\r\nNatalie: , \r\nBrian: I'm a bit busy now.. can we talk 2morrow?\r\nNatalie: sure!\nSummary: Natalie is sending Brian the samples of what they do and they'll talk tomorrow. \n\n\nDialogue: David: Hi victor how are you?\r\nVictor: i am fine thanks, what about you?\r\nDavid: very well thanks, i heard you have taken over Chris's company? is that true?\r\nVictor: Yes he was under huge debt, but he is still working as Director\r\nDavid: That is good, your running company at its old premises?\r\nVictor: No i sold off the office and accommodated them in my office, you know there is a lot of free space.\r\nDavid: yes i know. thats good to hear i was worried about Chris but really appreciate what you are doing.\r\nVictor: he was not willing to get help so i thought to do it this way.. and he can own it back anytime he wants\r\nDavid: God bless you\r\nVictor: Thanks, hows your business?\r\nDavid: its good but not too much work these days..\r\nVictor: yes market is very slow..\r\nDavid: yes expecting it to get better by the end of the year.\r\nVictor: really? we can hope for the best\r\nDavid: yes.\nSummary: "} {"question_id": 42, "category": "longbench_passage_retrieval_en", "reference": ["Paragraph 14"], "prompt": "Here are 30 paragraphs from Wikipedia, along with an abstract. Please determine which paragraph the abstract is from.\n\nParagraph 1: Irish orthography is very etymological, which allows the same written form to represent all dialects of Irish and remain regular. For example, (\"tree\") is read in Mayo and Ulster, in Galway, or in Munster. A spelling reform in the mid-20th century lead to , the modern standard written form used by the Government of Ireland, which regulates both spelling and grammar. The reform removed inter-dialectal silent letters, simplified some letter sequences, and modernised archaic spellings to reflect modern pronunciation but it also removed letters pronounced in one dialect but not in another. Some words may have dialectal pronunciations not reflected by their standard spelling, they may have dialectal spellings to reflect this.\n\nParagraph 2: Charles Whitley, a retiree at Sunnyvale Rest Home, thinks he has discovered the secret of youth. He is convinced that if he acts young, he will become young. His oldest and best friend Ben Conroy, whom he has known since childhood, thinks he is going crazy, and is able to persuade the home's superintendent, Mr. Cox that this is the case. Mr. Cox decides to put Charles in isolation and under observation. Ben tries to convince Charles to act as sedate as the other residents in order to avoid this fate, to no avail. While Ben sees aging as an inescapable fact of life, Charles is convinced that Ben's thinking of himself as old is what made him old.\n\nParagraph 3: Founded in January of 1984, the Landless Rural Workers' Movement of Brazil, was a socialist movement looking to challenge the status quo and promote the rights of labor over capital. Getting their start from the land gifted to them by the Catholic and Lutheran churches, members of this movement's first priority was to attain permanence on their settled land. Once settled, various MST branches were legitimized under the “social function” component of the Republic of Brazil’s constitution, meaning that their contributions to society were recognized by the government. Next, the MST looked for a way to promote their socialist values. The answer came in the form of collectivization, taking inspiration from cooperatives found in Cuba. One MST leader stated “Only agricultural cooperation would allow settlements to best develop their production, introduce the division of labor, allow access to credit and new technologies…”. However, they did not find immediate success as the rationalization of labor in these settlements sparked a great deal of tension between members.  Factors such as the inability to become profitable and the paralleled behaviors between landlords and administrators of the cooperatives stagnated the progress of the MST. However, a reevaluation of the MST’s ideals helped them refocus their struggle. First was the reintroduction of Campones tradition which placed the good of the family or community at center of decisions made on the farms. They also substituted large-scale production and rationalization of labor for subsistence farming which allowed for a less rigid organization of labor. The MST also partook in communal living, another significant element of Campones culture that encouraged families on the same cooperatives to live closely with one another. Finally, money earned by the cooperative was reinvested into the settlement to help sustain their farming technology, healthcare, and educational facilities amongst other things. The success of this rebrand created a number of opportunities for the MST. For example, in 1992 the Confederation of Agrarian Reform Cooperatives of Brazil provided the organization with support on a national level for things like education, technical training, and organizational support. The following year the MST established its first cooperative training course which became a part of the Technical Institute of Training and Research on Agrarian Reform. Furthermore, by 2008 “the MST had helped establish 161 cooperatives of various kinds, including 140 agro-industries”. Additionally, the MST collaborated with the Brazilian government to create economic stability in their settlements through the Food Acquisition Program, which requires 30% of milk served to Brazilian public Schools to be bought from agrarian reform settlements.\n\nParagraph 4: In the Cartesian view, the distinction between these two concepts is a methodological necessity driven by a distrust of the senses and the res extensa as it represents the entire material world. The categorical separation of these two, however, caused a problem, which can be demonstrated in this question: How can a wish (a mental event), cause an arm movement (a physical event)? Descartes has not provided any answer to this but Gottfried Leibniz proposed that it can be addressed by endowing each geometrical point in the res extensa with mind. Each of these points is within res extensa but they are also dimensionless, making them unextended. \n\nParagraph 5: On May 20, 1847, Lyons informed the Foreign Office in London that he had applied to the Greek Government for compensation for Don David Pacifico, a British subject, for loss of possessions, including documents relating to a substantial claim against the Portuguese government for monies owed. The British Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston, a philhellene and supporter of the Greek War of Independence of 1821–1829, advised Lyons to have Pacifico compile an itemized valuation of his losses, and, if his statement was proven by satisfactory evidence, to present a note to the Greek Minister of Foreign Affairs requiring him to direct that the sum be paid to Don Pacifico. Pacifico complied on February 22, 1848, and Lyons duly dispatched a demand for payment to M. Drossos Mansolas, the Greek Minister for Foreign Affairs. He also wrote to M. Constantine Colocotronis, the Prime Minister. Colocotronis rejected Pacifico's claims, with the same objections used by his predecessor in office, M. Colettis. The objections of the Greek government were that the claimed damages were impossibly great, with some estimates of the claimed sum as being larger than the value of the Greek Royal Palace, while the Greek government also considered this to be an affair of the Judiciary, not the Executive branch. On August 31, 1848, David Pacifico again wrote to Lyons, mentioning that sixteen months had passed since the incident and satisfaction had not been forthcoming. Moreover, he had been forced to abandon his house during the Easter celebrations of 1848; and he drew to the attention of Lyons that several years earlier two Jews had been massacred at Patras, and likewise the synagogue at Negroponte had been burned down. After additional exchanges of letters among all the parties, on October 15, 1848, Don David Pacifico appealed again to the British Government to obtain the settlement of his claims.\n\nParagraph 6: Orange Reservoir is a reservoir located in the reservation's northern tract. Within the borders of West Orange, it is owned by the City of Orange and operated and maintained under contract with United Water. It was originally developed during the intense urbanization of northeastern New Jersey in the late 19th century, drawing from the Rahway River. The man-made lake is no longer part of the water-supply system and since the late 2000s (decade) various proposals have been made to allow its use as a recreational resource as part of the Recreational Complex. The complex abutting the reservoir includes a miniature golf course, and a boathouse-restaurant opened in 2011. Proposals were complicated by the fact that while owned by one municipality, it lies within the borders of another, and it is unclear whether it is taxable. Offers by the Essex County Park System to buy or lease property were put in place as a possible resolution. The county was able to reach an agreement to lease the reservoir from the City of Orange until 2032. In November 2013 it was announced that bridges and other improvements for recreational use would be made.\n\nParagraph 7: Caribbean monk seals had a relatively large, long, robust body, could grow to nearly in length and weighed . Males were probably slightly larger than females, which is similar to Mediterranean monk seals. Like other monk seals, this species had a distinctive head and face. The head was rounded with an extended broad muzzle. The face had relatively large wide-spaced eyes, upward opening nostrils, and fairly big whisker pads with long light-colored and smooth whiskers. When compared to the body, the animal's foreflippers were relatively short with little claws and the hindflippers were slender. Their coloration was brownish and/or grayish, with the underside lighter than the dorsal area. Adults were darker than the more paler and yellowish younger seals. Caribbean monk seals were also known to have algae growing on their pelage, giving them a slightly greenish appearance, which is similar to Hawaiian monk seals.\n\nParagraph 8: The Middle Awash research region is located south of Hadar and crosses the present Awash River. The area's palaeoanthropological significance was identified by Taieb in the 1960s, after geological work began in 1938. Between 1975 and 1978 Rift Valley Research Mission in Ethiopia conducted additional research, followed by their team in 1981. Sedimentary layers in Ethiopia's Afar depression's Middle Awash research area have revealed vertebrate fossils, including the world's oldest hominids. The hominid-bearing layers are 4.4 million years old, according to radioisotopic dating, geochemical examination of interbedded volcanic ashes, and biochronological factors. Sedimentological, botanical, and faunal evidence point to the Aramis hominid inhabiting a forest environment. The first deposits discovered are found around the western edge of Afar. Bio chronologically, these are from the late Miocene. They haven't found any skeletons of hominids. The heaviest and most broadly exhibited Middle Awash layers are Pliocene deposits, which crop out east and west of the current river. After Gen Suwa identified hominid fossils in the Aramis headwaters on December 17, 1992, the inquiry focused on the area revealed between both the upper Adgantoli and lower Sagantole drainages. On the sides of the center complex, older sediments were gradually elevated above the Awash river bottom and are now uncovered. Between 3.5 and 4.5 Myr, the Rift Valley Research Missin in Ethiopa 'Aramis' and 'Haradaso' members were biochronologically identified. The species A. afarensis, which is presumed to be descended from the Aramis hominids, is thought to have exhibited a wide range of ecological tolerances, as evidenced by the fact that its bones have been discovered in rather open settings. It's probable that early Aramis hominids avoided these rather open areas, which would have predated A. afarensis's spread out of woodland habitats. This could explain why there are so few basals in l Pliocene hominid remains in non-woodland locations in the Middle Awash and elsewhere.\n\nParagraph 9: Seda has appeared in more than two dozen movies, including Bad Boys II (2003) as Roberto, as well as numerous television appearances. Aside from Homicide, he has had notable roles as Dino Ortolani in Oz, Matty Caffey in Third Watch, Paul Falsone (in a Homicide crossover with Law & Order), House, and CSI: Miami. He is featured as one of the three leads in the HBO World War II mini-series The Pacific (released on March 14, 2010), portraying Marine John Basilone. Seda appeared as a guest star in an episode of Burn Notice, and in 2007 he made a cameo appearance in Ludacris' song \"Runaway Love\", as an abusive, alcoholic stepfather.\n\nParagraph 10: The dinar replaced the first Sudanese pound (SDP) on June 8, 1992, at a rate of SD 1 = £S.10. On January 10, 2007, a second Sudanese pound (SDG) was introduced at a rate of 1 pound = 100 dinars. According to the Bank of Sudan, the dinar was to have stopped circulating after a six-month transitional period. The pound and the dinar were to be accepted as legal currency side by side during the six-month period but cheques would be cashed in pounds from the commercial banks. The Bank of Sudan began distributing the new currency to commercial banks and sent consignments of banknotes to the south in 2007. This second Sudanese pound became the only legal tender as of July 1, 2007.\n\nParagraph 11: The Moore 24 is a development of Grendal, a prototype sailboat that was intended for a Transpacific Yacht Race for boats under in length. That race was never held, but Grendal went on to win the 1970 Midget Ocean Racing Class (MORC) championships. Grendal had a beam of under , but the production boat was given a wider beam of . The Moore 24 also received a raised deck to increase headroom below, a relocated keel and a new sail plan. Development has continued though the production period of the boat and production boats in 2021 were all flush-decked, with open transoms, while remaining class-legal.\n\nParagraph 12: In 1533 he accepted the ideas of the Anabaptists, and was baptized in Delft by Obbe Philips. According to the Mennonite Encyclopedia, \"He was an influential figure in Anabaptism's consolidation period following the fall of Münster.\" He rejected the violence of Münster, but theoretically accepted polygamy (he is not known to have practiced it). After the Münster debacle, a number of diverse disciples of Hoffman gathered for counsel at Bocholt in 1536. Joris had some success in highlighting their common beliefs, while defusing the ideas of those who wanted vengeance. He believed that God would take vengeance, but that the saints should not. He promoted compromise on the question of polygamy, stating he thought the number of wives a man had was not important, as long as the family obeyed God. The group made no decision on the issue. David Joris remained on the \"mystic\" edge of Anabaptism, leading by citing dreams, visions and prophecies. Against this is his rationalist approach to the topic of the devil and supernatural evil. David Joris anticipated the views of Thomas Hobbes, John Epps and John Thomas in interpreting the devil as an allegory. He adapted in his own interest the theory of three dispensations: the old, with its revelation of the Father, the newer with its revelations of the Son, and the final or era of the Spirit.\n\nParagraph 13: The extraordinary success of Mrika led to an encounter between Enver Hoxha and Jakova. Hoxha asked Jakova to write another opera, this time on Albanian national hero, Skanderbeg, but Jakova answered that \"operas are not like loafs which can be put in the oven at any time\". It is reported that Hoxha laughed at that response and that he immediately assured Jakova, that he personally would provide to all the necessary conditions to guarantee the opera's success. Skënderbeu would indeed premiere 10 years after Mrika and was of a much better artistic quality then Mrika. Jakova worked very intensively on the music while at the same time he had other responsibilities as the director of the House of Culture and also teaching assignments. He spent several months only on the work of separating the Turkish music from the Arabic one, which was one of the elements of the opera, and many classical composers struggled with, because of the very distant relationship between classical music and oriental one. Wen Jakova finished the opera, he brought it to Tirana for an approval, but he was asked to review many parts of it. Jakova categorically refused to revise, eventually Fadil Paçrami, then Minister of Culture, backed him up. Although Skënderbeu was a great success, and Jakova was congratulated by Enver Hoxha, the vicissitudes of its realization had heavy consequences on Jakova's spirit. This occurred when Jakova's mother was paralyzed at home. The stress accumulated and the despair of a heavy life without recognition, brought him to attempt to kill himself on 9 September 1969, by throwing himself from the second floor of the House of Culture of Shkodër. He eventually died a few days later, on 16 September 1969 in a Tirana hospital, from the fatal wounds. The people of Shkodër, shocked and embittered for the great composer, organized an imposing funeral procession for Albania's greatest musician and composer of that time. The procession was unattended by public authorities, with the exception of the secretary of the Albanian League of Writers and Artists. The death ceremony was accompanied by the sounds of the musical band of the city of Shkodër, which Jakova himself had created.\n\nParagraph 14: The CMLL crew took less than 15 minutes to set up the steel cage for the main event, which was fast for the type of cage that CMLL uses. After the cage was assembled the participants for the Infierno en el Ring match came to the ring, tecnicos first (Ángel de Oro, Ángel de Plata, Ángel Azteca Jr., Diamante, Fabián el Gitano and Sensei) followed by the rudos (Doctor X, Hooligan, Puma King, Tiger Kid, Monster and Histeria). Before the match it was announced that there would be a three-minute time limit where wrestlers were not allowed to escape the cage. Once the bell rings all 12 wrestlers began fighting, some pairing up against the wrestlers they had been feuding with for a while, Dr. X and Fabián el Gitano, Los Ángeles and Puma King and Tiger Kid. The theme of the match was \"every man for himself\", demonstrated by Hooligan as he was the first man to escape after the time limit expired, distracting his teammate Doctor X in order to escape the cage. Ángel de Oro and Ángel de Plata both climbed the cage at the same time, only to have Ángel de Plata pull his brother off the cage so he could escape himself. While the other wrestlers were preoccupied Monster saw an opening and climbed out of the cage, the third man to escape the match. Moments later Sensei becomes the fourth man to escape the cage, keeping his mask safe. The brother team of Puma King and Tiger Kid are the next to try to escape the cage, but like with the Ángel brothers Tiger Kid prevented his brother from escaping so that he could get out of the cage himself. Out next was Ángel Azteca Jr. who climbed over the cage to ensure he would not have to fight for his mask that night. Puma King and Ángel de Oro seemed to work together to escape the cage, only for Puma King to double cross Ángel de Oro so that Puma King could escape the cage. With Diamante's escape there are only four wrestlers left in the ring. Histeria quickly abandons fellow rudo Doctor X to escape the cage, saving his match for the second time in a week. In the cage Ángel de Oro accidentally hit Fabián el Gitano when he was trying to hit Doctor X. This gave the Doctor an opening to escape the cage, choosing to leave the cage instead of trying to punish his rival Fabián el Gitano further.\n\nParagraph 15: After long training and practice, Zinga becomes an international opera star and succeeds in all kind of concerts and dramas. This brings him wealth and fame that he has never dreamt of. Yet he feels alienated from his African past, always being sarcastic towards his slave-born identity as his being referred as the Negro King. One day after a great performance, Zinga is instructed to give a speech about what he feels about his success. Not good at public speaking, he sings an old song derived from his long lost childhood memory that he barely remembers and into which has to put some words. In the song, he himself is regarded as a ‘wanderer’ and ‘hears the cold felt by his people’. John has a feeling that by singing the song he may find out some information about his origins, which means much to him. The result does not fail him. The song is moving and invokes one of the audience's memories about the song. He comes to the dressing room at the back of the stage and talk to John about what he knows. John then finds out that his ancestor belongs to the island of Casanga, located on the west coast of Africa. The man from the audience, Pele, was the only white man to escape from the island since it was dominated by a brutal queen, and it is now ruled by a wicked witch doctor. And the song John sang was the secret song passed on by every king, regarded as the \"Song of Freedom\" of the Casanga people. Pele also tells Zinga the medallion hanging on his neck, which he got from his father and his father had from his great-grandfather, is the symbol of the kingship-----he, John Zinga, is the king of his people. Hearing that his people are still uncivilized on the island, Zinga's idea of going back to his homeland to help his people became even more fixed. At this time Donizetti happens to come in and tells John some good news - a new contract to work in the great New York City. Zinga refuses to go to New York to carry on his singing career, since he considers his people bigger than his success. Donizetti is mad about Zinga leaving his career, but cannot stop him from crossing the ocean to come to the little island in Africa.\n\nParagraph 16: Damage to land and Forest and threat to the survival of biodiversity was done by the illegal and senseless mining. Mining exercises had been carried out places even where it was not permissible as per the regulations determining and governing the Sariska Tiger Project and National Park Status. At the same time, A PIL (Public Interest Litigation) filed in the Supreme Court against mining had led to prohibition made by Supreme Court to sanction and issue new mining leases. TBS filed a petition to the SC on 11 October 1991 to go into calling a halt to mining activities as also delimiting the sariska area. So much desperate and vexed interest of the mine-owners even fatally assaulted the General Secretary of TBS in the presence of the chairperson of the commission, and state and district administrative and police officials. At several places, TBS activists were assaulted to demoralise them. By this time the national press had started championing the TBS cause and TBS decided to take the battle to its logical conclusion. The apex court found the mine owners guilty of assaulting the TBS General Secretary and awarded appropriate imprisonment to the offender. The Environment Ministry of the GOI issued a notification to ban mining and industrial activities, in view of the alarming ecological degradation of the Aravallis. But the state government, under pressure from several quarters didn’t comply with the court orders. Not losing the pace, TBS spearheaded a Satyagraha, SARISKA BACHAO ANDOLAN in Jan 1993 on specific demand of closing down the mines. On 4 April 1993 the mine owners manhandled Dr Rajeev Dhawan, Advocate SC and the TBS activists. The offenders did not stop at that and attacked even the dispensary at TBS ashram. In a quick succession of events the SC ordered the Gov. of Rajasthan to stop all mining activity immediately. In May 1993, the SC ordered the state government to provide protection cover to TBS. Beginning 2 October 1993 Aravalli Bachao Yatra was launched all through the Aravalli range (from Himmatnagar in Gujarat to Delhi, via Rajasthan and Haryana). On 6 May 1994 the SC granted pardon to the assaulters, when they paid for it. With a warning of dire consequences of such act was committed again. On 6 May 1994, the Govt. of Rajasthan designated 8 April 1993 verdict of the SC as tentative which resulted in reopening of Sariska delimitation Issue. TBS did not stop working towards creation of water harvesting structures and soil management based on the traditional wisdom of the people in the Sariska Region. TBS can legitimately congratulate itself that it is playing the role of a catalyst in the awareness and confidence building campaign among the people.\n\nParagraph 17: Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Italian military and political circles vigorously debated the role and necessity of aircraft carriers in the expanding Italian fleet. Gino Ducci (Regia Marina chief of staff in the early 1920s), Romeo Bernotti (assistant chief of staff) and naval officer Giuseppe Fioravanzo all championed development of a fleet air arm, the building of aircraft carriers and consolidation of the air and naval academies. Other factions opposed these ideas, especially carrier construction, not so much on the grounds of military usefulness, but rather on cost and practicality. More than anything else, Italy's limited industrial capacity, inadequate shipyard space and lack of financial capital prevented her from building the kind of well-balanced fleet envisioned by her naval theorists. Priority went to those ships deemed most necessary in a future conflict.\n\nParagraph 18: It is the year 1857, a large part of the Indian subcontinent is under the control of the British East India Company. On 7 April, in Barrackpore, Mangal Pandey (Aamir Khan), a sepoy (soldier of Indian origin) in the 34th Bengal Native Infantry of the company's army, is being led to his execution by hanging for fomenting mutiny against company rule. Witnessing the execution is Pandey's friend, Captain William Gordon (Toby Stephens), who is relieved when the execution is delayed due to the hangman's refusal to hang Pandey. The film then flashes back to four years earlier. While fighting in Afghanistan, Pandey saves Gordon's life by dragging him to safety when the two were targeted by Afghan snipers. Afterwards, Gordon seeks out Pandey at a camp and offers him his pistol as a token of gratitude. Three years later (31 December 1856), during the New Year Eve's ball at the Governor General's palace in Calcutta, Pandey angers Captain Hewson (Ben Nealon) when he attempts to stop him from severely beating an Indian servant for inadvertently touching Emily Kent, the daughter of Mr. Graham Kent, an influential British businessman. Gordon witnesses the assault but does not stop it leading to tension with Pandey. However he apologizes to Pandey during a wrestling match and a friendship is formed between them transcending rank, colour and race. \n\nParagraph 19: In Marburg, he married a virgin and received 160 guilders from her father's estate, which he soon acquired. The marriage lasted less than 20 weeks, with Simeon murdering his wife after running out of money, after which he sold her clothes. Not long after, he married again to a 40-year-old widow. The marriage lasted less than four weeks, and he murdered her again, taking away 40 guilders. Shortly afterwards, he married the daughter of a farmer from the County of Hanau, whom he later abandoned. His next wife was the daughter of a tailor. He moved with her to Frankfurt, killing her half a mile outside of the town. He stole 12 guilders from her body. In Frankfurt, he married the wife of a rope maker. The marriage lasted nine weeks, after which Fleischer abandoned her, taking 39 guilders with him. He then moved to Miltenberg, where he married a baker's maid. After only 12 days, he killed her in the woods near Tauberbischofsheim and discarding the body there. The reward was 5 guilders, and he then sold her clothes for 11 guilders. Fleischer then travelled to Bad Mergentheim, marrying a carpenter's daughter there. Under the guise of taking her back to her parents, he threw her into the Main River, near Würzburg. The booty was 3 guilders, selling her clothes in Würzburg. In Würzburg, he married a tavern owner, but murdered her eleven days later, near Rothenburg ob der Tauber. On this occasion, no guilders were found. He then killed the daughter of a man named Hafner, from whom he stole 9 guilders. In Dinkelsbühl, he married a squire's maid, whom he then killed near a mill outside of Ellwangen. In Ellwangen, he married a blacksmith's daughter, whom he then murdered near Schwäbisch Gmünd. This time, he took 13 guilders. In Schwäbisch Gmünd, he married a landlady, whom he drowned in a river near Marbach am Neckar. His next target was a seamstress, with whom he stayed for three weeks, before extorting 28 guilders from her. With the previous stolen money, he moved to Pforzheim, marrying a young baker's daughter, whom he later killed. He then eliminated another wife in Baden-Baden. A similar crime occurred in Rastatt. A third such was allegedly committed either in Baden-Baden or Rastatt. Three guilders were taken from this crime scene. At Offenburg, he married a tailor's daughter, whom he then killed in Strasbourg. Another was killed in either Strasbourg or Haguenau. Another three women were killed after this, but no locations were given. In Wissembourg, he married a rich widow, who provided him with a lot of money. He murdered both her and her daughter in the forest near Kandel. He stayed in Seltz for about five days, where he married a maid. Not long after, he threw her down a well in Landau, stealing 18 guilders from her beforehand. In Speyer, he murdered the daughter of a man named Wagner. In Grünstadt, he married another woman, whom he cruelly murdered after eleven days. In Alzey, he married a baker's daughter, whom he then murdered near Bad Kreuznach. Not long after, he killed another woman, from whom he stole 60 guilders. He promised to marry a rich farmer's daughter in Kaiserslautern, for which he was given 100 guilders. After five weeks, he threw her into a latrine. At Neustadt an der Weinstraße, he married a tailor's maid. The marriaged lasted only seven days, after which he murdered her, but was then caught red-handed and arrested.\n\nParagraph 20: Nothing is known about the early history of this north Yemeni kingdom. The region later to be known as Ma’īn first enters history at the time of the Sabaean mukarrib Karib’il Watar I, and at that time consisted of a number of small city-states, which were under very strong Sabaean influence. The inscriptions from the city-state of Ḥaram, which date from this time, exhibit Minaean linguistic features, alongside the significant Sabaean impact. The Kingdom of Ma’īn emerged in the 6th century BCE, but then found itself under the rule of Saba’. Only in about 400 BCE were the Minaeans able to ally themselves to Ḥaḑramawt and free themselves from direct Saba’ rule. In the 4th century both Ma’īn and Ḥaḑramawt were ruled by the same family, a close relationship that broke up again probably in the second half of the same century (approx 350-300 BCE). The next capital of the kingdom was Yathill (modern Baraqish) and later Qarnāwu (near modern Ma’īn). The kingdom enjoyed its golden age in the 3rd century BCE when it was able to extend its influence all along the incense trail due to the conquest of Najrān, ‘Asīr and Ḥijāz. From the time of Waqah'il Sadiq I. (sources differ on when this golden age was, by as much as 2 centuries; Hermann von Wissmann has it a during 360 BCE, while Kenneth A. Kitchen dates it to approximately 190–175 BCE) Minaean rule reached as far as Dedan. The extent of their long-distance trade is also shown by the presence of Minaean merchants in the Aegean. With the expansion of Ma’īn as far as the Red Sea they were also able to carry out sea trade. At the end of the 2nd century BCE Ma’īn found itself under the rule of Qatabān, but after the collapse of the Qatabānian Empire a few centuries later, the Minaean Kingdom fell too. The area was under Sabaean rule at the latest by the time the Roman general Aelius Gallus waged a military campaign in the area in 25/24 BCE.\n\nParagraph 21: Many pubs in Brighton are listed buildings. The Bath Arms is an early 19th-century house in The Lanes which became a pub later in that century. The Black Horse at Rottingdean is a timber-framed 16th-century building, although much altered. The oldest inn in continuous use in Brighton, the Cricketers Inn, dates from 1545 but was rebuilt in the 17th century, 1790, 1824 and 1886. The Druids Head Inn, also in The Lanes, was converted in 1825; it had been built as a house. The Dyke Tavern (1895), Brighton's best example of a Tudor Revival/Arts and Crafts purpose-built pub, closed in 2016 and was listed the following year. The Font (formerly the Font and Firkin) occupies a historic chapel in The Lanes, rebuilt in 1825 by Amon Henry Wilds and Charles Busby on the site of a 17th-century Nonconformist meeting-house. The street-corner building at 83 Gloucester Road in the North Laine, now an office, was a pub for many years and retains elaborate decoration on the façade. The Bier Haus, formerly the Jurys Out and the Thurlow Arms, was built in the early 19th century and has the local speciality mathematical tiles on the façade. The historic King and Queen was rebuilt in a fanciful, \"striking\" Tudor Revival style in the 1930s by local architects Clayton & Black. Two early 19th-century houses were combined in the 20th century to form the Market Inn in The Lanes. The former Montpelier Inn dates from the 1830s, when the surrounding residential area was developing, and retains original features such as sash windows. The Post and Telegraph, a J D Wetherspoon pub, was built as a bank in 1921–23. The Prince Albert, built in the 1840s, is famous for its Banksy mural and artwork depicting deceased musicians. The Pump House, opened as a pub in 1776 and named after the pump house which fed seawater to one of the local bath-houses, may be older than 18th-century and is faced with mathematical tiles. The Quadrant, a mid-19th-century four-storey building, retains many original internal features. The Regency Tavern dates from the 19th century and stands at the corner of Regency Square. The Royal Pavilion Tavern, close to the site of the former Castle Inn, is an old house which became a hotel and, soon afterwards, a pub in the early 19th century. The Seven Stars on Ship Street, formerly O'Neil's, dates from around 1900 and has an elaborate three-storey façade. The Star Inn in Kemptown expanded to occupy three early 19th-century terraced houses and has a late 19th- or early 20th-century façade. The Sussex Tavern on East Street dates from the 18th century but was extended in the 19th century and has a low tile-hung wing to the rear on Market Street. The Victory Inn is late 19th-century and has a distinctive façade of glazed green tiles and engraved windows, and retains some 19th-century bar fittings.\n\nParagraph 22: With Barrow's attention focused on Parker, the problem of acquiring food and rent money fell to Buck and Jones. On June 23, as the two were fleeing the scene of a clumsy grocery store robbery fifty miles away in Fayetteville, they crested a hill on Highway 71 and smashed into the back of a slower moving vehicle. The driver climbed out of his car and grabbed two rocks; the Barrows jumped out of their car, Buck with a shotgun and Jones with a BAR. Town Marshal Henry Humphrey of Alma and Crawford County Deputy Sheriff Ansel M. \"Red\" Salyers were also on Highway 71, driving toward Fayetteville to investigate the grocery store robbery. In the opposite lane the first car passed them — they waved to the driver, whom they knew — then seconds later came the speeding V-8. They heard the crash and turned around, and at the scene they recognized the V-8's Kansas plate. As Marshal Humphrey drew his gun and got out of the car, Buck shot him in the chest. Jones fired a round from the BAR at Salyers. Salyers ducked behind his car and fired back with a rifle, then as Jones fumbled to reload he dashed toward a farmhouse. Buck's shotgun had jammed; he ran to Salyers's car, yelling to Jones to get Humphrey's pistol. From the farmhouse a hundred yards away, Salyers took aim and managed to shoot off two of Jones's fingertips as the robbers careened away in his automobile. A few miles from Fort Smith Buck and Jones hijacked a couple's car at gunpoint, then realized the roads into Fort Smith were blocked. The car was found abandoned in the mountains. They staggered in the door of the tourist cabin ten hours after they had left. The Barrow Gang packed up what they could and decamped.\n\nParagraph 23: Again, fire destroys The Queen Vic and Peggy transfers ownership to Phil before she leaves Walford. Phil renovates the pub and rents it to Alfie Moon and his wife Kat (Jessie Wallace). Kat is away temporarily in 2012 when Roxy again is landlady but upon Kat's return, The Queen Vic is forced to close down due to an outbreak of bed bugs, the source of which was thought to be Shirley Carter (Linda Henry), who has been staying. Instead, it was found that the source was the flat where Kat was meeting her lover Derek Branning (Jamie Foreman). The Queen Vic returns to Phil when Kat and Alfie fail to pay rent and Roxy is again made manager. However, Phil has a change of mind about Kat and Alfie when he finds out from Kat about her affair and subsequent attempt to save her marriage, all the while leaving Roxy as manager. During Christmas 2012, Alfie finds out about the affair, they separate and Roxy and Amy move back to The Queen Vic. Roxy replaces Kat as the joint licensee of the pub with Alfie, but leaves after Alfie reunites with Kat on the day of his and Roxy's wedding. As an act of revenge against the Moons, Phil decides to sell the pub and Alfie and Kat are forced to move out. Janine initially tries to buy the pub, but is arrested for murder before paying Phil. Mick Carter (Danny Dyer) buys The Queen Victoria on Christmas Day, 2013, and the following day moves into the pub with his wife Linda Carter (Kellie Bright) and son Johnny Carter (Sam Strike). Phil is surprised to discover that Mick is Shirley's brother. When Shirley persuades their estranged father into giving them £10,000 to repair the rising damp in the cellar, Mick and Linda give Shirley a 10% stake in the pub.\n\nParagraph 24: “The October evening wind flows coldly over the moorland. The houses are few and widely scattered. Lights shine here and there but one is more brilliant than the rest. Men and women are excitedly approaching the light. They are just plain folk, the women with shawls on their heads and clogs on their feet. The scene is in an ancient barn. The door opens and two men come through, one is old, the other of middle age. The old man rises and the service begins as he reads Isaiah Chapter 40 … Comfort Ye My People …The sermon has as its text ‘Watchman, what of the night? The Morning cometh’ and the speaker recounts the difficulties under which his followers have laboured. At this point he shows them a piece of paper – their licence – and dwells on what this means. The blessed morning has come. The big barn doors are open for public worship and, please God, the open door shall never be taken away again. Finally, he commends them for keeping alight the flame of the blessed Gospel in that place. The meeting ended with the singing of the 124th Psalm – not very well rendered for this was the first time they had ever dared to sing together aloud.”\n\nParagraph 25: Kumi odori was born out of the necessity of diplomatic acts. In 1372, King Satto of Chūzan consented to follow the tribute system with China and, as part of this system, Chinese envoys settled in Okinawa for approximately six months out of the year whenever the succession of a new king needed to be confirmed by the Chinese emperor (Foley 2). It was essential that these important visitors be entertained, so kumi odori was developed in 1719 by the odori bugyo, or minister of dance, Tamagusuku Chokun. Appointed to the position in 1715, his main responsibility was to commission entertainment for the lavish banquets held for the visiting emissaries. He had previously made five trips to Japan, stopping in both Satsuma and Edo (today's Tokyo). While there, he studied all the fine arts, gaining knowledge of kyogen, kabuki and Noh, which greatly influenced his work (Foley 3). He was inspired by the Chinese arts as well, and at this time Chinese literature, Confucianism, and even the sanshin, an instrument later adapted for kumi odori performances, had been absorbed into Okinawan culture (Foley 2). Kumi odori was staged for the first time at the Choyo banquet in spring of 1719: Shushin kaneiri (Possessed by Love, She Takes Possession of the Temple Bell) and Nido tekiuchi (The Children's Revenge), which were Chokun's first works, were performed by male aristocrats and remain a major part of the repertory to this day. With the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate and the rise of Meiji Rule in 1868, kumi odori was all but forgotten. The aristocrats who previously enjoyed the luxuries of time and money that allowed them to study court dance were now scarce in number but, through a few notable figures, it was passed down through the generations and performed for the general population. Even the common people now had the chance to enter the schools and become performers (Thornbury 233). After the American occupation of Okinawa came to an end and Okinawa was ceded back to Japan in 1972, there was a revival of sorts of all the indigenous art forms. The Japanese support of local Okinawan arts is a source of much debate. Although Okinawan culture was suppressed by the Japanese government during the war, but the On May 15, 1972 kumi odori was proclaimed a nationally important intangible cultural property, or kuni no juyo mukei bunkazai, under the Cultural Properties Protection Law, or Bunkazai Hogoho. Kumi odori was the fifth performing art to be selected as such, joining gagaku (ancient court music), bunraku (puppet theatre), no, and kabuki (other traditional Japanese dances) as corporate entities. After its inception, gidayu bushi, tokiwazu bushi, itchu bushi, kato bushi, miyazono bushi, and ogie bushi- all musical or narrative arts- would join them in this esteemed category (Thornbury 233-234). After a decade of petitioning for an arts complex to house the prefecture's native arts, the National Theatre Okinawa was built in Urasoe-shi, near the city of Naha in 2004. The reasons for this are not entirely clear, but despite government funding shortages, the officials in Tokyo agreed to support the project. Not only does the theatre attach importance to the city of Okinawa, but it is also a tourist attraction, which gives a more rational basis for their support (Thornbury 243).\n\nParagraph 26: As the pyre is being readied, turmeric powder mixed with oil is applied on the body and later cleansed in warm water. If the deceased is a male person, close male relatives will perform the task and vice versa. Later the corpse is wrapped in a piece of cloth and brought inside the house. The corpse will be decorated by wrapping a turban, if the corpse is male and vermillon will be applied on the fore head, if the corpse is female. A garland made of 'tulasi leaves' is placed on the corpse. The body is then shifted on to a single plantain leaf and moved in such a position that the head rests in the south direction. Close relatives and prominent personalities in the village place sheets of clothes on the corpse. In recent times, sandal wood and flower wreaths placed on the body. Then the funeral pyre is built by adding logs of mango tree wood. Historically, the locals used to reserve a field exclusively meant for burning dead people. After woman sprinkling tulasi water into the corpse's mouth, the body is shifted on to a bamboo stretcher. Carried by sons or near relatives, the carrying of the stretcher to the funeral pyre is often accompanied by the chanting of 'govinda govinda'. The stretcher bearers circle the pyre anticlockwise direction and shift the body on the pyre. The body is positioned such that the head faces southern side. Additional fire wood is stocked such that it covers the corpse fully. Usually the eldest son lights the pyre near the corpse's feet direction. As the pyre turns into full blaze the knife, axes used in cutting the wood is thrown over the pyre from West to East. The remaining items like rice, paddy, coconut shells, incense sticks, plantain leaf, etc. is bundled together and thrown to the flames.\n\nParagraph 27: When the time came for resolution of the process, United Nations Secretary Gereral Kofi Annan appointed Martti Ahtisaari to lead the Kosovo status process in November 2005. In a period of fourteen months Ahtisaari held seventeen rounds of negotiations between Serbian and Kosovar officials in Vienna and made twenty-six expert missions to both capitals. These discussions had a great support of the Contact Group, which included the United States, the UK, France, Germany and Italy as well as Russia. On 2 February 2007, the final report was released which included the \"Ten guiding principles\", which created a structure and authorities for the broad governing of Kosovo and its government. The report contained a broad provision for Kosovo's autonomy which included the power to enter into international agreements as well as to become a member of international organizations but the report also constrains Kosovo's sovereignty because of the power sharing arrangements with the minority groups that international missions had the power to enforce. The only contact group state that refused the proposal was Russia, stating that the Serbian part of the agreement was not held. Because of Russia's rejection of the plan, a \"Troika\" from German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier of representatives from the United States, European Union, and Russia held additional negotiations to reach an agreement. However, the parties were not able to reach an agreement on the final status of Kosovo. Despite the stalemate inside the international consensus, Kosovo declared independence on 17 February 2008 and the Assembly adopted a declaration of independence in accordance with the Special Envoy of the U.N. Ahtissari and the plan agreed by the official Prishtina. (8) It pledged to be a democratic republic and accept all the obligations under the Ahtisaari plan, including the adoption of a new constitution within 120 days. The Kosovo Assembly approved a new constitution in April 2008 and it went into effect on 15 June 2008. Although Kosovo declared independence in February, the U.N. did not approve the plan of the Special Envoy, Ahtisaari; the Constitutional Commission began to draft the Constitution as early as March 2007. The commission was to be composed of 21 Kosovo members, 15 appointed by the President of Kosovo, 3 by the Assembly holding seats reserved for minorities especially Serbs, and 3 members of other minority communities also appointed by the Assembly. First the sub-groups of the Commission published the drafted segments of the Constitution in late summer of 2007. Then the entire Commission submitted drafts for the reviewing process, internal and international advisors did the review. By the end of 2007, the Commission produced a draft constitution, directly derived from the Ahtisaari plan. After the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution was published for public comment, with more than 1000 comments from the public and the Commission holding public hearings for gathering more suggestions the final draft was created. The final draft was completed in April 2008 and the ratification process then went into force on 15 June 2008. The new Constitution created a parliamentary republic with pledges to protect minorities. In terms of structure, the President is the head of state and the Prime Minister, elected by the Kosovo Assembly, is the head of the government. The unicameral Kosovo Assembly contains 120 seats. Of those seats, ten are reserved for ethnic Serbs, ten for other designated minorities, and three are for other non-specified minority groups.\n\nParagraph 28: In 1837, Illinois' legislature had approved moving the state capital from Vandalia to Springfield, despite the opposition of Governor Joseph Duncan, a former Jacksonian Democrat who had split with the President and won election as a Whig. The state government offices were constructed and the move occurred midway during Governor Carlin's term. Carlin's inaugural message blamed the Whig-controlled state bank and the Bank of Illinois at Shawneetown for Illinois' financial distress, which added to hardships encountered by frontier farmers. His predecessor, Governor Duncan, had urged Carlin to scrap the large Internal Improvements Act passed by the legislature in 1837, but Carlin tried to make a go of it, despite the large amount of money required and his lack of financial experience. He appointed former governor John Reynolds to try to sell bonds in Europe, since the Illinois and Michigan Canal from Chicago to the Illinois River (which crossed Greene County near Carrollton) required at least $1 million in financing. The two deals Reynolds arranged were on unfavorable terms to the state, and it lost more than $150,000. One of the parties to a contract, Wright and Company (London bankers) went bankrupt while Governor Carlin vacillated on approving the contract. Illinois ultimately sold bonds with a face value of $804,000 for $261,500, which proved a source of political controversy for many years, and which led to suspension of canal construction in 1842. Legislators also wanted the state to purchase an additional $3 million in bank stock, arguing that its dividends would fund the internal improvements, but Carlin warned it would not work, and the Senate Committee on Banks defeated the proposal. The substitute, a one-mill property tax to pay the bond interest, proved inadequate. Carlin begged Congress to donate more land to construct the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and also recommended that the state legislature repeal the charters of the state and Shawneetown banks, as occurred during the administration of his successor, Thomas Ford. Despite his federal land office background, Carlin refused to accept any funds from federal land sales, and also ordered that settlers must pay with gold or silver despite the liquidity crisis, which exacerbated the crisis.\n\nParagraph 29: As the 16-bit era of video games began in the late 1980s, their content became more realistic. The increased graphical and audio fidelity of the products made violent scenes appear more explicit, especially those containing blood. As controversy stemmed around the realism of this violence, 1992 games Mortal Kombat and Night Trap entered the limelight. Mortal Kombat is a \"brutal\" fighting game and Night Trap is a full-motion video Sega CD game where players protect a slumber party from vampires. The games were at the center of federal hearings held from December 9, 1993, to March 4, 1994 by United States senators Joseph Lieberman and Herb Kohl. . One quote that explains how Lieberman felt about video games during one of these trials is “Instead of enriching a child’s mind... these games teach a child to enjoy inflicting torture.”. As a result, the video game industry was given a year to create its own classification system or to otherwise have one imposed on them by the federal government. In May 1993, British censors banned Night Trap from being sold to children under 15 years old in the United Kingdom, which was an influence on Sega's decision to create an age rating system.\n\nParagraph 30: Klein is widely known for his work on skepticism. His most influential work, however, is on the nature of knowledge, where he has long defended the defeasibility theory. His recent work defends infinitism about justification. On this view, to be justified in believing P is to possess a reason R1 to believe P, and a reason R2 to believe R1, and a reason R3.....and so on, ad infinitum. Justification is, so to speak, \"turtles all the way down.\" He has also recently advocated a picture of knowledge according to which one can have knowledge of p even if the justification for the belief of p is essentially based on false premises. Klein calls these \"useful falsehoods\".\n\nThe following is an abstract.\n\nThe CMLL crew set up a steel cage for the main event in under 15 minutes, which was considered fast for their standards. The wrestlers for the Infierno en el Ring match entered the ring, with the tecnicos (good guys) coming out first, followed by the rudos (bad guys). Before the match, it was announced that there would be a three-minute time limit where wrestlers were not allowed to escape the cage. Once the match began, all 12 wrestlers started fighting. Hooligan was the first to escape the cage after the time limit expired, distracting his teammate Doctor X. Ángel de Oro and Ángel de Plata both attempted to climb the cage simultaneously, but Ángel de Plata pulled his brother off so he could escape alone. Monster and Sensei were the next to escape, followed by Tiger Kid preventing his brother Puma King from escaping so he could get out himself. Ángel Azteca Jr. also climbed out of the cage to secure his mask. Puma King and Ángel de Oro initially worked together to escape, but Puma King betrayed Ángel de Oro and escaped alone. With Diamante's escape, only four wrestlers remained in the ring. Histeria abandoned Doctor X to escape the cage, and Ángel de Oro accidentally hit Fabián el Gitano, allowing Doctor X to escape the cage instead of punishing his rival further.\n\nPlease enter the number of the paragraph that the abstract is from. The answer format must be like \"Paragraph 1\", \"Paragraph 2\", etc.\n\nThe answer is: "} {"question_id": 43, "category": "longbench_passage_retrieval_en", "reference": ["Paragraph 9"], "prompt": "Here are 30 paragraphs from Wikipedia, along with an abstract. Please determine which paragraph the abstract is from.\n\nParagraph 1: Tobin's first book of poems, Where the World is Made, won the Katherine Bakeless Nason Prize. The poems reveal a quest for transcendence with a strong theological impulse, though without appeal to dogma. The judge of the award, Ellen Bryant Voigt, called the book “a musical Bildungroman… a first book of remarkable authority.” Edward Hirsch praised the book as a “work profoundly alert to spiritual matters” composed of ‘finely wrought poems… in search of the sacred,” and Eleanor Wilner viewed the poems as “darkly devotional… unsparing, unsparing at times harrowing in their awareness.” Double Life followed Where the World is Made, a book that gained particular praise for its polyphonic sequence on the life of the Spanish plantation master turned friar, Bartolome de las Casas, and its “Homage to Bosh,” a long ekphrastic poem based on the paintings of Hieronymous Bosh. Eamonn Wall described The Narrows, Tobin's third book which he describes as a “mural in verse” as “a prodigious feat of raw physical, moral, psychic and literary energy.” Of the book B.H Fairchild wrote: “All stories of arrival and survival in America are the American story, but rarely are they told as compellingly as this one… a poem of narrative power and astonishing lyric depth and grace.” A review of Second Things, his fourth book, marked Tobin as fast becoming “one of the best poets of his generation.” Belated Heavens, in turn, won the Massachusetts Book Award. Of The Net, Tobin's sixth book of poems, David Ferry remarked: These are very beautiful poems, and The Net is a very beautiful book” that displays “an extraordinary capacity for using his resources as a poet through his command of diction and idiom, and through his versification.” “The whole book is a master class in craft,” remarked Jill Alexander Essbaum. The book-length poem From Nothing, on the life of Jesuit priest and physicist, George LeMaitre, won the Julia Ward Howe Award and is part of a proposed three book trilogy. On From Nothing, Emily Grosholz reflects, “the poet draws the weft of scientific vocabulary through the warp of everyday speech.” “In From Nothing,” Alan Shapiro declared, “Tobin brings his learning and astounding imaginative powers to bear on such central questions as the origin and end of the universe… a memorable, powerful and moving book that should be read by everyone who wonders how we got here and what our being here can mean.” Stepehn Schneider called The Stone in the Air, Tobin's suite of translations from the German of Paul Celan, “compelling and haunting, a testimony to the power of language and poetry to confront the unspeakable.” The New York Times named Blood Labors one of the Best Poetry Books of the Year. “Blood Labors is an ebullient and ecclesiastical wonder, capturing more of creation, the uncreated, and the recreated than any dozen books on a poetry bookshelf,” Barbara Ras commented, “[it] dazzles with its brilliance.”\n\nParagraph 2: He also batted .304 in the World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals that year. In order to combine Horton's offensive power with a good defense, manager Mayo Smith moved regular center fielder Mickey Stanley to shortstop as a replacement for Ray Oyler, who was benched because of his paltry .135 batting average. He kept Al Kaline, a routine Gold Glove Award winner, in right field and put Jim Northrup in center field; the two had platooned in right field for much of the year. When the Tigers were safely ahead, Oyler would replace Stanley at shortstop, batting in Horton's lineup spot; Stanley returned to center field, and Northrup would move over to replace Horton in left field. In Game 2, Horton had a solo home run to give the Tigers an early 1–0 lead, and they won 8–1. While not considered a great defensive outfielder, he made a pivotal play in the fifth inning of Game 5. With the Cardinals leading the Series 3–1 and the game 3–2, Lou Brock doubled with one out. He tried to score on Julián Javier's single, but chose not to slide; Horton's throw reached catcher Bill Freehan on one bounce to beat Brock on a close play. Horton still lists the throw as the most memorable moment of his career. Detroit scored three runs in the seventh inning to win 5–3, and went on to win Games 6 and 7 as well; Horton had two runs and two RBI in the 13–1 blowout in Game 6, and two hits and a run in the final 4–1 victory.\n\nParagraph 3: Over the last 150, Arcade Creeks hydrology has changed drastically. Due to infrastructure building, peak flow has increased in volume while the construction of drainage systems and loss of land have decreased volume of depression storage. Both these two factors have caused an increase in peak flows as well as higher scour capacity. In the early years, the creek would run dry in some sections but starting about 45 years ago and due to urbanization, the stream flows perennially. During the summer months low flows run about 2 cubic feet per second (cfs), while the average base flows from between 15 and 20 cfs. During pea flows of intense storm systems, it can be as high or higher than 2,800 cfs. Arcade Creek is prone to flooding due to levees on both sides of the stream between Marysville blvd. and adjoining of Steelhead Creek in addition to constriction of channel flow due to road structures. Because of this during heavy storms and large amounts of precipitation, the golf course northeast and the residential area southeast are prone to flooding. Flooding stage gets reported via automatic sensors located at Scott Road and Deer Creek Crossing. CEQA-mandated a need to implement flood control in which the City of Citrus Heights approved a development plan that would provide three basins with a total of 20 acres that would receive and collect any storm water that spills over the creeks banks. Arcade Creeks groundwater is shallow, about 8 to 15 feet deep in depth, but due to being deeply incised from high flows this shallow groundwater lost. In addition, due to the fact that Arcade Creek has a large volume of urban runoff and drainage into the creek, it is filled with toxic pollutants, fertilizers, bacteria, metals, pesticides, soap, grease, fats, oil and other hydrocarbons. Arcade Creek also experiences high volume of litter and trash due to being surrounded by residential and commercial buildings. For the past 10 years, the USGS and Sacramento River Watershed Program have been monitoring Arcade Creeks water quality. It was found that the dissolved oxygen levels were among the lowest, while containing some of the highest contaminant concentration among the bodies of water tested. In 2001, SRWP determined that Arcade Creek ranked #7 in highest concentration of mercury, while having the highest levels of dissolved copper (4.0 ug/L), highest concentration of Zinc, fourth highest in copper, and third highest in arsenic contamination. In addition, Arcade Creek was found to have the highest number diazinon, chloropyrifos, prometon, and prowl which are strong pesticides. Because Arcade Creek flows into the Sacramento River, which leads to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, and is used as drinking water for over 20 million people toxicity is a major concern.\n\nParagraph 4: The land on which the stadium sits today formed part of what was then called the English district of Dresden, an affluent area home to the city's bourgeoisie and nobility. For more than 110 years the 8 courts equipped venue included a flat velodrome, tennis, cricket and finally a soccer pitch. In the 1870s, during the administration of the park by the \"Verein für Volkssport Dresden\", the newly established Dresden English Football Club (D.E.F.C.) began playing its first matches in the area. D.E.F.C. were Germany's first football club, arguably the first football club established outside of Great Britain, and thus likely making the area the first in which Cambridge rules football was played in Germany, meaning the park is of great significance to German football. here starts on the same known ground for competitors which flung the leather ball into the net, \"With naked legs!\". Until 10 March 1894, a game was never lost (during 20 years record period), without somebody not conceding a goal. Some of the first soccer players were: Beb (Captain), Burchard, Graham, Crossley, Spencer, Atkins, Ravenscraft, Johnson, Le Maistre, Luxmoore and Young. The president of the club and venue was the Anglican Rev. Bowden. He came from the neighborhood and later by Socialist Unity Party of Germany's blasted All Saints Church. In addition here was the fathoming of the youth football, what it takes to turn into – invincible versus other clubs. In 1883, the venue at \"Güntzwiesen\" was in first time recorded in public interests of organized gymnastics federations. In 1885 the VI. German Gymnastics Festival (transl.: Deutsches Turnfest) took place, with 20,000 participants and 270,000 marching athletes from the today known Deutscher Turnerbund. Later in 1896, the city of Dresden has been purchased additional surrounded land to setting it up into a proportional manner of living standards. The ground of this constructed stadium was a part of about 8 courts, which every citizen of Dresden could use for free. The surface spread over 70,000 m2. So far the complete area has been well-kept by gardeners. Every few years the area has been advanced in small ways. For a long time the Georg-Arnold-Bath has been an unknown part of the stadium. A 5m diving platform with extra 60m stands for swimming competitions existed. It was to be demolished in World War II again. Costs conducting oneself for all about 36,000 RM, to the extent of stronger money value. The new successor was the Dresdensia FC.\n\nParagraph 5: Bazil Marian nicknamed \"Bombardierul\" (The Bomber) because of his powerful shots was born on 7 November 1922 in Uioara de Sus, Romania and started playing junior level football at age 11 at local club Solvay. He made his Divizia A debut playing for Victoria Cluj on 24 September 1947 in a 2–1 home victory against Venus București. Victoria relegated by the end of the season, but he stayed in Divizia A, playing one season for Mica Brad before moving at Carmen București. At Carmen in December 1946 in a game against Ciocanul București at the score of 4–0 he ran alone towards the opposite goal, dribbled the goalkeeper, after which he sat down with his bottom on the ball and his hand over his eyes, as if looking for his opponents, before pushing the ball into the net. At the end of the season, following another victory against Ciocanul with 6–0 in which he scored two goals, the Carmen team was dissolved by the Communist regime that just took over the country, so he and teammate Valentin Stănescu wanted to flee to Italy, going on a ship from the Port of Constanța but were caught by the authorities who told them that they can choose from either going to jail or play for a working-class team such as Locomotiva București and both of them chose the latter. At Locomotiva he managed to score 32 goals in 24 appearances in the 1947–48 Divizia A season but did not win the top-goalscorer of the league as ITA Arad's Ladislau Bonyhádi scored a record of 49 goals. In 1950 in a game against CFR Timișoara, The Bomber scored a goal with a powerful shot from 18 meters that broke the net and after the game the opponents goalkeeper, Dumitru Pavlovici said:\"I am the happiest that Marian's bomb was a goal. Otherwise, if his kick would have hit me in full, I would have gone straight to the hospital\". At the end of the 1951 Divizia A season, Locomotiva relegated to Divizia B but Marian stayed with the club, helping it promote back to the first league after one season, also in a match played in a cold weather against Metalul București he scored a goal which was cancelled by the referee so he ran to the fence from the stands, where boiled țuică was sold and drank a cup, afterwards coming back to the pitch, scoring another goal which the referee cancelled again so he went to drink another cup of țuică, then he went and shook the referee's hand and asked to be replaced, leaving the pitch saying that if he scores another goal and it gets cancelled, he'll have to drink another cup and he will get drunk. He retired to start his coaching career after playing for Locomotiva on 14 November 1954 in a Divizia A match which ended with a 3–2 loss against Progresul Oradea, however six years later at age 39 he came out of retirement after he promoted Jiul Petroșani to the first league because the squad wasn't too strong, playing 14 games in which he scored two goals.\n\nParagraph 6: In the Great Temple there were two main structures, the Gem-Aten and the Sanctuary, which were separated by about 300m. Upon entering the enclosure wall, one faced the first of these structures, the Gem-Aten, which was a very long building preceded by a court called the Per-Hai (House of Rejoicing). On the left of the main entrance to the Temple was a columned pavilion and on both the left and the right were small chapels. These chapels, originally built for Queen Kiya, were later taken over by the elder princesses. The first great pylon directly ahead was the entrance into the Per-Hai and it had swinging doors and five pairs of tall masts with crimson pennants flanking the doorway. The inside of the Per-Hai had two rows of four columns on each side. Within these colonnades were altars made of limestone carved with images of the King and Queen giving offerings. Through the Per-Hai and the next great pylon was the Gem-Aten, the [Place of] He Who Found the Aten, and this was a series of six courtyards separated by pylons, all leading to a main sanctuary and altar. This Temple differed from temples of other gods because as one progressed through the courts, they became more open to the air and light, as opposed to temples like those of Amun-Ra where the halls would get darker and more shrouded in mystery. The first court had a high altar with small chapels and chambers on either side. Each successive court had altars and magazines where offering supplies could be stored. The fourth court was columned and had many furnished chambers where people could rest in the shade. The final court had a main High Altar intended for the Royal pair, and it was surrounded by 365 mud-brick altars on either side, one for each day of the year, divided to represent Upper and Lower Egypt. The offerings given here were dedicated to the Aten but were then used to feed the officiating priests, the temple staff, and even some of the local populace. Beyond this High Altar the Gem-Aten abruptly ended in a blank wall, which shows no sign of having had a door in it. On the outside of the Gem-Aten there was enough room to have a large ambulatory and there were 40 rows of 20 offering tables set up on each side.\n\nParagraph 7: Members of this family also synthesize tetrodotoxin (TTX), an ancient marine alkaloid and powerful neurotoxin (Na+ pump inhibitor, 1 mg can kill an adult) that serves to protect members of an order of fishes, the Tetraodontiformes (tetras-four and odontos-tooth), which include the puffer fish (see fugu, raw puffer fish served in Japan). As mentioned above, Vibrionaceae bacteria are in symbiosis with many marine organisms. In the case of the puffer fish, and other marine organisms harboring TTX-producing Vibrionaceae, the symbiosis is an ancient and powerful one, providing protection against predation for the marine organisms that harbor these bacteria, while providing the bacteria a protected environment with plenty of nutrients for growth. TTX and saxitoxin provide good examples of convergent biochemical evolution: both toxins are extremely toxic at low levels, both are Na+ pump inhibitors and both have nearly identical binding constants on the Na+ pump in neurons.\n\nParagraph 8: CELs are only seen in gases at very low densities (typically less than a few thousand particles per cm³) for forbidden transitions. For allowed transitions, the gas density can be substantially higher. At higher densities, the reverse process of collisional de-excitation suppresses the lines. Even the hardest vacuum produced on earth is still too dense for CELs to be observed. For this reason, when CELs were first observed by William Huggins in the spectrum of the Cat's Eye Nebula, he did not know what they were, and attributed them to a hypothetical new element called nebulium. However, the lines he observed were later found to be emitted by extremely rarefied oxygen.\n\nParagraph 9: Originally played on a no-line court, each match consists of five sets. Each set features a different configuration (men's singles, men's doubles, women's singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles). Prior to each match, coaches decide the order in which the sets will be played. Each player on a team usually plays in at least one of the five sets. Scoring is no-advantage; there is no requirement to win a game by two points; at deuce, whoever scores the next point wins the game. The first team to reach five games wins each set. A nine-point tiebreaker is played if a set reaches four-all. One point is awarded for each game won. If necessary, extended play and a supertiebreaker are played to determine the winner of the match.\n\nParagraph 10: Interest in a quantifiable global rating of functioning dates back to as early as 1962 with the publication of the Health-Sickness Rating Scale (which was rated 0 to 100) by Luborsky et al. in the paper \"Clinicians' Judgements of Mental Health\". This was subsequently revised in 1976 as the Global Assessment Scale (GAS) in the paper \"The Global Assessment Scale:Procedure for Measuring Overall Severity of Psychiatric Disturbance\" by Endicott et al. The rating scale was further modified and published as the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale in the DSM-III-R and DSM-IV. Some versions of the scale stopped at 90 as the maximum score, and others extended to 100. Because the scale was most often used with people seeking health services, it would be rare to have scores over 90, as they would indicate not just a lack of symptoms, but also \"superior functioning.\"\n\nParagraph 11: Boll made headlines by challenging his critics to \"put up or shut up\". In June 2006, his production company issued a press release stating that Boll would challenge his five harshest critics each to a 10-round boxing match. Invitations were also open to film directors Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary. To qualify, critics had to have written two extremely negative reviews of Boll, in print or on the Web. In 2005, footage from the fights were to be included on the DVD of his upcoming film Postal. On 20 June 2006, Rich \"Lowtax\" Kyanka stated on Something Awful that he had been invited by Boll to be the first contestant, after Kyanka reviewed Alone in the Dark. The online gambling site GoldenPalace.com decided to sponsor this event, dubbing it \"Raging Boll\" (a play on the 1980 Martin Scorsese film Raging Bull). A lot was drawn up in late August 2006, featuring Kyanka, Rue Morgue magazine writer Chris Alexander, webmaster of Cinecutre Carlos Palencia Jimenez-Arguello, Ain't it Cool News writer Jeff Sneider, and Chance Minter, amateur boxer and website critic. Boll fought and won against all five participants. The first match took place on 5 September 2006 in Estepona, Spain, against Carlos Palencia. The others battled on 23 September 2006, at the Plaza of Nations in Vancouver, Canada.\n\nParagraph 12: The ornamentation of the Ben Youssef Madrasa derives closely from that of earlier Moroccan and Andalusian architecture, which makes use of pools, gardens, fountains, and surfaces covered in zellij (mosaic tilework) and intricately carved stucco and wood. In particular, the decorative arrangement follows the architectural traditions established in earlier Marinid madrasas: zellij tiling is used along lower walls, calligraphic friezes are generally present at eye-level, and the middle and upper areas of the walls are covered in stucco decoration before transitioning into wooden elements, including ornately-carved eaves. The arches of the ground-floor galleries in the courtyard also have stucco consoles supporting carved wooden lintels that bridge the distances between each pier. The main central courtyard of the madrasa communicates a strong visual experience for visitors and students via these embellishing elements and their symmetrical arrangement. This courtyard is entered from the vestibule via a wooden screen (mashrabiyya) under a monumental archway which is itself decorated with carved stucco. Although the student cells that surround the courtyard have little to no interior decorative elements, the small secondary courtyards that grant access to them do bear some stucco and wooden decoration. The motifs carved into wood and stucco include traditional elements such as arabesques, sebka (or dark wa ktaf), calligraphic inscriptions, and muqarnas, as well as more distinctly Saadian-era motifs such as pine cones.\n\nParagraph 13: Paspalj came to the Spurs courtesy of the team's assistant coach Gregg Popovich who noticed the 23-year-old small forward at a warm-up tournament in Dortmund, West Germany in early June 1989 where the Yugoslav national team had been preparing for EuroBasket 1989 later that month. Liking Paspalj's game, Popovich established initial contact with the player through Paspalj's national squad training camp teammate Zoran Jovanović who spoke English having played college ball at Louisiana State. When approached by Popovich about coming to the Spurs, Paspalj immediately expressed interest despite openly admitting to never actually believing anything would come of it as the notion of playing basketball in the NBA seemed vague and far fetched to him. Immediately following the EuroBasket championship—where Yugoslavia won gold in dominating fashion with Paspalj making the All-Tournament Team by contributing 13.4 points per game over five games, all of them blowout wins for the rampant Yugoslavs—the player was even quoted in Yugoslav press rubbishing the idea of going to the NBA while announcing intention of completing his mandatory Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) service before finishing his contract with Partizan and only then transferring abroad to either Italian or Spanish league. Nevertheless, the Spurs acquisition was agreed within weeks with Paspalj on summer vacation in Budva and Popovich reaching out with a US$350,000 gross sum offer for a one-year contract with options to extend afterwards. Basketball player Nebojša Bukumirović, another former NCAA player, also participated as an operational liaison in the subsequent transfer process from Partizan to San Antonio. Still, Paspalj's transfer was not without procedural issues stemming from the fact NBA teams did not pay transfer fees for European players under contract with clubs in Europe, treating their entry into the league within the same legal framework as American collegiate players turning professional. Any transfer fee compensation to European clubs for releasing a player early from his contractual obligations thus fell on the player himself. In Paspalj's case, due to still being under contract with Partizan, the club wanted him to pay US$50,000 for the release but the player refused, claiming supposed earlier unmet stipulations from his contract. Even the club's outgoing head coach Duško Vujošević—himself on his way out of the club—got involved, reportedly counselling Paspalj privately to pay the fee by reasoning that it's \"unbecoming of the best forward in Europe to leave his club this way\". In the end, the player chose not to pay the fee; instead accepting an agreement whereby KK Partizan retained his rights should he return to Europe.\n\nParagraph 14: On 9 December 1858, Mactavish was appointed the role of Governor of Assiniboia. When he arrived in Red River, he was reported as having energy, determination, and good mental character. Mactavish believed that the political realm of his title was not a position that he would excel in. Mactavish felt that the position as a \"stoker in hell\" would have been more appealing than Governor of Assiniboia. Mactvish viewed political life as disgusting, and was \"anxious\" for the appointment to be over. Mactavish was very open and clear in his dissatisfaction with the job. Due to his Métis wife, and his career in the HBC and the fur trade, Mactavish had Métis sympathies, and in the political climate of the time, siding with the Métis would create conflict. Further, the HBC was an unpopular administration at the time, because the rising popular interest was in the annexing of Red River, and Mactavish just simply did not want to deal with it. Regardless of his hatred for his job, Mactavish performed well, and created a great deal of positivity in the settlement. He made many changes in the settlement, including the implementation of a semi-weekly mail, and developing Fort Garry as a central point of business, which, in turn, increased the importance of the settlement.\n\nParagraph 15: In late 2012, Skoal introduced their \"ReadyCut\" line. ReadyCut was essentially the same as their previous tobacco offerings, with the primary difference being in the way in which it was presented in the can. As opposed to pouches, or loose tobacco, ReadyCut was pressed into small bricks roughly one inch long, and half an inch square. The premise behind this was that a user could get their average \"pinch\" without the need to pack the can, or spend too much time digging the tobacco out. Furthermore, there would be less tobacco dropped, making the ReadyCut bricks cleaner. Shortly after its introduction, however, many users began to complain that the number of bricks in the can did not equate the same amount of tobacco which the company claimed was packaged. (Most cans have roughly one ounce of loose tobacco in them, while the average number of pouches per can is in the 15 to 20 range.) Users noted that if the bricks were broken apart and pressed around to form the usual loose tobacco, the can itself seemed half full; thus being less than the advertised one ounce. As a result of this, and the perceived stigma associated with pouch use by regular users, ReadyCut sales quickly dwindled, to a point that by the end of 2013, Skoal had largely pulled ReadyCut from the market.\n\nParagraph 16: The \"Timeport\" phone with a voice control system was offered as an option on the Mercedes-Benz S-Class. The Timeport phone was similar to a Motorola Startac. In 2000, Mercedes and telecommunications and electronics company Motorola announced they would offer the Timeport cell phone system on all models in the year 2001. The Timeport cell-phone was a jointly developed and became available on all of Mercedes 2001 models (including the 2001 W220 S-Class) The Timeport phone was integrated with S-Class systems, major features included Voice-control and automatic mutein of the radio when accepting an incoming call (or tape or CD player). Another feature was that the directory of numbers in the phone could be downloaded to the car, and shown on the in-car display. Even though the phone was integrated as a system with car, it was portable handset that could be removed from the car. The cell-phone had an electro-luminescent Organic display with multiple colors available. The Mercedes-Benz Timeport phones were the only ones in the StarTac family to have the organic-luminescent display. (see also OLED) Another set of phones that the S-Class used were the Nokia 6150, Nokia 6210, Nokia 6310, and Nokia 6310i. These phones worked with S-Class equipped with D2B data communication system (another later system was the UHI).\n\nParagraph 17: The XIX Army Corps was reorganized into the Western Campaign in May 1940, containing three Panzer Divisions. The 1st Panzer Division under Friedrich Kirchner, the 2nd Panzer Division under Rudolf Veiel, the 10th Panzer Division under Ferdinand Schaal, and the Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland joined the XIX Army Corps, now under the command of Panzer Group Kleist. The XIX Army Corps became part of the German effort to trap the Allied troops with an attack through the Ardennes forest, devised by Erich von Manstein known as the sickle cut. The XIX Army Corps crossed into Luxembourg on 10 May, and progressed through southern Belgium supported by the German Third Air Fleet. Then Battle of Sedan was won by 15 May 1940 by the Germans, despite heavy losses to the French Char B1 bis tanks. The XIX Army Corps established a bridgehead on the Meuse, which allowed them to attack northward to the English Channel, and later southward to encircle Allied armies deployed in Belgium and the French forces along the Maginot Line. On 20 May, Amiens had been captured by 1st Panzer Division, to complete the XIX Army Corps' march to the English Channel. Germany won the Battle of Arras on the next day, which led the Allies to evacuate towards Calais and Dunkirk. XIX Army Corps continued northwards on 22 May then were reinforced by the XIV Army Corps, and began the Siege of Calais on 24 May. A victory on 26 May saw XIX Army Corps take 20,000 Allied soldiers as prisoners of war, and the onset of the Battle of Dunkirk. Two days later soldiers of Leibstandarte killed 80 men of British 144th Infantry Brigade in the Wormhout massacre. The ensuing victory at Dunkirk ended the northward campaign of the XIX Army Corps on 29 May. On 1 June, Guderian was assigned to command Panzergruppe Guderian, taking most of the XIX Army Corps staff with him, and were joined by the XLI Corps and the XXXIX Corps, and became part of the 12th Army. Panzergruppe Guderian were redeployed southwards, commencing battle on 10 June. German tanks advanced quickly southward, and only met French resistance in forests and villages. Philippe Pétain became leader of France on 16 June, began negotiating for a ceasefire with the Germans. A day later, the 29th Infantry Division reached the border of Switzerland, effectively encircling Allied soldiers on the Maginot Line. The XIX Army Corps campaign ended on 22 June, with the establishment of Vichy France. During its campaigns, the XIX Army Corps and Panzergruppe Guderian captured 250,000 prisoners.\n\nParagraph 18: The film was produced in Telugu and Tamil versions, with a slightly different cast for each. Gemini Ganesan appeared as Abhimanyu in the Tamil version, which was portrayed by Akkineni Nageswara Rao in Telugu. Savitri was retained as the female lead in Tamil also, where her character was named Vatsala instead of Sasirekha. Sachu played the younger version of the character in Tamil. N. T. Rama Rao, hesitant to play Krishna after a negative response to his cameo appearance in Sonta Ooru (1956), agreed at K. V. Reddy's insistence and special care was taken with his costume and body language; Mayabazar was the first of Rama Rao's many appearances as Krishna. According to Rama Rao's widow Lakshmi Parvathi, Nagi Reddy and Chakrapani had initially rejected K. V. Reddy's proposal to cast Rama Rao as Krishna, but he persuaded them into believing that Rama Rao was good for the role. As Rama Rao had a broad chest, K. V. Reddy suggested a slight narrowing to look apt as Krishna. In addition to following other suggestions by K. V. Reddy, Rama Rao read the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata and other puranas to understand Krishna's character and present it properly. S. V. Ranga Rao, described by Nageswara Rao as the film's male lead in interviews, played the character of Ghatotkacha.\n\nParagraph 19: Several kinds of musical patronage existed in Florence during the 15th and early 16th centuries, with respect to both sacred and secular music: state, corporate, church, and private.State patronageThe Herald was one position supported by the Florentine government. Heralds performed music during the twice-daily meals for the Signoria, held in the Palazzo Vecchio. One type of songs which heralds performed were canzoni morali, or moral songs. Many of the Herald's songs would have likely been improvised because their subjects would have often been transitory, such as current events. Perhaps the best example of state patronage in Florence is the patronage of the civic groups, the trombadori, trombetti, and pifferi. Originally, the trombadori and the Herald served as the performers for public ceremonies. After the 1370s, the two other groups were added. Like the Herald, these two groups played a role both in public ceremony and the daily meals of the Signoria. The government also patronized the civic groups to provide the music required to honor visiting dignitaries. The civic musicians thus served a particular and necessary role in the complex system of rituals followed for visitors. In some cases, state and church patronage of music overlapped, such as when the Florentine government had the civic musicians perform for church services, for example when they performed at Orsanmichele on feast days. Corporate patronageIn Florence, the guilds were responsible for the upkeep and business of the Florence Cathedral, and the Florence Baptistery. Particularly, the Arte della lana, the wool guild, was responsible for the cathedral, and the Arte della calimala, the cloth guild, for the Baptistry. In addition to other responsibilities, these guilds oversaw the establishment and maintenance of the chapel that sang for services at these two institutions, as well as later at Santissima Anunnziata. A chapel was established as early as 1438, although polyphonic music had been performed at the cathedral for at least thirty years prior. It is believed that the Medici were responsible for, or at least involved in, the creation and continuation of the polyphonic chapel in Florence. \n\nParagraph 20: Panevėžys was first mentioned evidently on 7 September 1503 in documents signed by the Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon, who granted the town building rights to construct a church and other structures. Alexander Jagiellon is considered as the founder of the city, which celebrated its 500th anniversary in 2003; two renowned monuments were built in the city for this anniversary, one of which is dedicated to Alexander Jagiellon. The city lies on the old plain of the river Nevėžis and the city name means \"along the Nevėžis.\" Panevėžys Mound with a flat top and 1.5 – 2 meters high embankments previously stood at the confluence of river Nevėžis and stream Sirupis (destroyed in the 19th – 20th centuries). Throughout the 16th century, the city maintained a status of a Royal town. Communities of Poles inhabit the area from the 13th century, and Karaites, settled in the area as early as the 14th century. A Karaite Kenesa, and a Polish Gymnasium, existed in Panevėžys until the Second World War (the Polish version of the name of the city was ). In the 16th century, the part of the city on the left bank of the river started to develop and expand further. In 1727, the Piarists, who moved to the western part of Panevėžys, built a Church of the Holy Trinity, established a monastery and a college. In 1791, Panevėžys was granted a conditional privilege to elect the city government.\n\nParagraph 21: The party was formed in 1992, and was known simply as the Shooters Party. It initially operated only in New South Wales, but has since expanded into other states. It was registered with the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) in 2007, and contested its first federal election the same year. In July 2009, the party changed its name to the Shooters and Fishers Party, and in April 2016, the name was changed to its current name. The party has also gradually broadened its policy focus, with water and regional health care being its main focus during the 2019 NSW state and federal election campaigns.\n\nParagraph 22: After writing and rehearsing new material throughout 1997, the Toadies began recording a new album in Austin, Texas with Butthole Surfers guitarist Paul Leary as producer in January 1998. The album, which would later be known as Feeler, resulted in the band recording 14 songs. Feeler was a stylistic departure for the band, and their attempt to make was \"a more mature record\". However, Interscope was dissatisfied with the material coming out of the album's recording sessions and rejected the album several times, forcing the band to tweak their songs. The album's recording was finished in April 1998, and was given a tentative release date of late summer 1998. Unfortunately, as Feeler's sessions had taken longer than expected due to the constant tweaking, the band had missed their scheduled time to have the album mixed by Andy Wallace. Subsequently, while waiting for someone to mix the album, the band wrote and/or included five more songs for consideration on the album, and its release date was moved back to around early 1999. As no one else ended up taking on the role of mixing the album, the Toadies handed the label an unmixed and unmastered version of the album. Upon receiving the final album, Interscope withheld Feeler from release, unhappy with the album's perceived change in sound. After the album's rejection, the band, who now faced writers' block and were generally unhappy with the album's \"mechanical\" production, decided to scrap Feeler completely.\n\nParagraph 23: Later on, Jacob's shapeshifter wolf pack and the Cullen family join forces to defeat Victoria and the army of newborn vampires she has created. The wolf pack have agreed to meet at their house. They are in their wolf form as they don't trust the Cullen's enough to be in their human form as they possibly believe this to be a plot to destroy the pack. Carlisle greets them and tells how they should accurately and successfully attack a newborn. Sam telepathically asks what a newborn is and what the difference is between them and the newborn. He tells them that the newborns are a fresh breed of vampires that were humans forcibly turned with a combination of both human and vampire strength with most of their human element relying on intelligence. Carlisle tells them that they should never let a single one get their arms around them as they are strong enough to crush their bodies. He also says that they should never go for the \"obvious\" kill as they can get outnumbered easily and lose most of the pack. As the Cullen's demonstrate their tactics to the wolves on how they deal with newborns, Jacob also in his wolf form comes up to Bella. He nudges close to her as he still has a crush on her. She tells Jacob that if they join this attack many of them could get hurt or even killed. In response Jacob places his head in front of her and she pets him. Suddenly Edwards sees this and Jacob looks at him with a disgusted and annoyed look and walks off. The night before the battle, Edward and Jacob are alone with Bella on the top of a mountain. They are there, in a secluded spot, to protect her from Victoria and her blood-hungry army. It is night, and a blizzard beats at their tent. Bella is freezing to death, huddled in a blanket hold and shivering violently. Edward watches on with despair, as he can do nothing to help because his vampire skin is ice-cold. Jacob, being a werewolf, is never cold and has very a warm body. Because of his enhanced senses he can hear Bella's teeth chattering as he claims that he \"can't sleep with all that teeth chattering going on.\" He moves forward to lay down with Bella, knowing his body heat would keep her warm. Edward shoves him away, outraged, and says he will not go near her. Jacob demands that Edward lets him go. Bella, hardly conscious, pleads for them not to fight. Jacob insists that Bella needs his warmth, and reluctantly Edward lets him crawl into the blankets with her. She cuddles into his warmth, still hardly conscious. Bella stops shaking and chattering. She falls asleep in his arms. While she is sleeping, Edward and Jacob begin to talk quietly. As the night wears on, their private conversation softens and the two become closer.\n\nParagraph 24: In what became Northern Ireland, the process of partition was accompanied by violence, both \"in defense or opposition to the new settlement\". The IRA carried out attacks on British forces in the north-east, but was less active than in the south of Ireland. Protestant loyalists in the north-east attacked the Catholic minority in reprisal for IRA actions. The January and June 1920 local elections saw Irish nationalists and republicans win control of Tyrone and Fermanagh county councils, which were to become part of Northern Ireland, while Derry had its first Irish nationalist mayor. In summer 1920, sectarian violence erupted in Belfast and Derry, and there were mass burnings of Catholic property by loyalists in Lisburn and Banbridge. Loyalists drove 8,000 \"disloyal\" co-workers from their jobs in the Belfast shipyards, all of them either Catholics or Protestant labour activists. In his Twelfth of July speech, Unionist leader Edward Carson had called for loyalists to take matters into their own hands to defend Ulster, and had linked republicanism with socialism and the Catholic Church. In response to the expulsions and attacks on Catholics, the Dáil approved a boycott of Belfast goods and banks. The 'Belfast Boycott' was enforced by the IRA, who halted trains and lorries from Belfast and destroyed their goods. Conflict continued intermittently for two years, mostly in Belfast, which saw \"savage and unprecedented\" communal violence between Protestant and Catholic civilians. There was rioting, gun battles and bombings. Homes, business and churches were attacked and people were expelled from workplaces and from mixed neighbourhoods. The British Army was deployed and an Ulster Special Constabulary (USC) was formed to help the regular police. The USC was almost wholly Protestant and some of its members carried out reprisal attacks on Catholics. From 1920 to 1922, more than 500 were killed in Northern Ireland and more than 10,000 became refugees, most of them Catholics.\n\nParagraph 25: With its \"Vietnamization\" doctrine, proclaimed in early 1969, the Nixon administration began the gradual withdrawal of the United States from ground combat in South Vietnam. The end goal of this was to strengthen the military of South Vietnam. An expanded program of irregular operations in the eastern Panhandle was more productive. There was a lot of pressure for Nixon to withdraw from Indochina on the home front. Johnson's bombing of North Vietnam in 1968 really got backlash from the citizens back in America. There were a lot of protests all over the United States because of this. Even though the war was ending in Vietnam, protestors in the United States were still going crazy as the troops were returning from the battlefield. During the Nixon Presidency, domestic pressure to withdrawal from Indochina exponentially increased. However, Nixon was determined to escape the embarrassment of an American military defeat in Vietnam. Needing to rectify the aggravated electorate and ensure the prospects of shaping the settlement in Vietnam from a position of strength, Nixon and Kissinger turned to the CIA. Kissinger ordered the CIA to carry out “high political and psychological impact actions against military targets in North Vietnam.” The Agency sponsored Laotian guerrillas to erode the enemy's confidence in the security of the trail network. On 22 February 1970, the Commando Raider operations began and set ablaze administrative and storage buildings in Dien Bien Phu, and sabotaged a pipeline near Mu Gia Pass. The success of these operations enticed the CIA station in Vientiane to adopt them as a staple of its agenda. The change of government's Cambodia in March 1970 signaled an opportunity to expand the Commando Raider operations. The CIA gathered more intelligence pertaining to the specifics of troop movements and the location of NVA supplies. Raids to destroy these supplies became common. The CIA focused on the complete interdiction of the trail system that extended through Laos and Cambodia. While many of these raids were successful, it was a futile operation. The “means [were] inadequate to the end.” The CIA spent a great amount of resources and energy into preparing these raids, collecting intelligence, and carrying out attempts to further undermine the enemy now defeating them. In May 1970, a raid ended in disaster when all but four of 21 members were captured or killed. The use of CIA covert action, particularly by Kissinger, illustrates the tendency of the White House to circumvent domestic or foreign restraints. The President dealt under the table to accomplish its strategic interests while hoping to save face among the electorate. Furthermore, the ultimate failure of CIA covert action reflected a recurring trend in the Agency's history—no matter the amount of intelligence collected, resources amassed, or strategies implemented, the Agency still failed to understand its enemy. Although the CIA had some success in anticipating the North Vietnamese offensive of 1972, the agency's last station chief in South Vietnam argued that \"the illusion that the war is over and we have won is shattered.\"\n\nParagraph 26: The summit of Waialeale features a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af), with substantial rainfall throughout the course of the year. quotes per year figure as being the 1912–45 average, an average that quite possibly will have changed since then, while The National Climatic Data Center quotes this figure as a 30-year average. The Weather Network and The Guinness Book of Weather Records quotes rain per year, while quotes as the average annual rainfall at Mount Waialeale and claims falls here. Similarly, The Weather Network and the Guinness Book of Weather Records quote 335 days with rain here while suggests that rain falls on 360 days per year.\n\nParagraph 27: Mirages, published in 2013 by Swallow Press, opens at the dawn of World War II, when Nin fled Paris, where she had lived for fifteen years with her husband, banker Hugh Guiler, and ends in 1947 when she meets Rupert Pole, the man who would be “the One,” the lover who would satisfy her insatiable hunger for connection. In the middle looms a period Nin describes as “hell,” during which she experiences a kind of erotic madness, a delirium that fuels her search for love. At times desperate and suicidal, Nin finds life more fulfilling when it conforms to her dreams—a series of mirages she conjures to avoid reality, the horrors of war, and an America she finds abysmally immature. Often in a state of semi-delirium where she finds herself drowning in her unconscious, she writes that she needs love so abnormally that it all seems natural to keep several relationships going at once, all the one and the same love. Her lovers included Henry Miller, 17-year-old Bill Pinckard, Edmund Wilson, and dozens of others, including an emotionally charged, but physically unfulfilled, relationship with Gore Vidal. As a child suffering abandonment by her father, Nin wrote, “Close your eyes to the ugly things,” and, against a horrifying backdrop of war and death, Nin combats the world’s darkness with her own search for light. Mirages collects, for the first time, the story that was cut from all of Nin’s other published diaries, particularly volumes 3 and 4 of The Diary of Anaïs Nin, which cover the same time period. Mirages answers the questions Nin readers have been asking for decades: What led to the demise of Nin’s love affair with Henry Miller? Just how troubled was her marriage to Hugh Guiler? What is the story behind Nin’s “children,” the effeminate young men she seemed to collect at will? Mirages is a deeply personal story of heartbreak, despair, desperation, carnage, and deep mourning, but it is also one of courage, persistence, evolution, and redemption that reaches beyond the personal to the universal.\n\nParagraph 28: For much of the 18th century, the army was recruited in a wide variety of places, and its manpower was additionally supplemented by mercenaries from continental Europe, including Danes, Hessians and Hanoverians. These mercenaries were hired out by other rulers on contracted terms. Other regiments were formed of volunteers such as French Huguenots. By 1709, during the War of the Spanish Succession, British forces totalled 150,000 men, of whom 81,000 were foreign mercenaries of variable quality. The rest of the army consisted of natives of the British Isles who, apart from the officers, were mainly recruited from the poorest sections of society. Each regiment was responsible for the recruitment of its own troops, and individual colonels would lead recruiting parties on tours of the towns and villages. This was emphasized by a popular play of the time called The Recruiting Officer. Other powers were given by the British government to allow the forcible enlistment of vagrants and vagabonds. Some of these powers were abused by recruiting officers desperate to fill their quotas, although a legalized Royal Navy press-gang system would not be implemented yet, even though normal recruiting methods failed to supply the required annual influx of troops, as the army was not a popular profession, with low pay, flogging and other barbarous disciplinary measures. The army's recruiting methods and treatment of its soldiers would remain the same for the rest of the 18th century.\n\nParagraph 29: Operation \"Toenails,\" or the Invasion of New Georgia, would be the next mission the 169th would undertake. As a part of the 43rd Infantry Division operation, the Regiment seized Rendova Island against minimal opposition on 30 June. Elements of the 169th soon landed on the southern coast of New Georgia on 2 July and began to march alongside the 172nd Infantry Regiment toward Munda Point to capture the Munda Airfield there. The men of the regiment \"were soon introduced to the harsh realities of jungle warfare.\" The main attack was scheduled to begin on 9 July 1943, but the 169th (unaccustomed to combat) was exhausted after spending a sleepless night shooting at real and imagined enemy patrols. The drive resumed on 11 July, but was completely stalled by combat casualties, fatigue, jungle diseases, and continuous rain. Static warfare in the dense jungle made the drive on Munda Point bitter and frustrating for the men of the 169th. By 17 July, the main line of Japanese resistance had not been reached, but the regiment had already suffered 90 men killed and 600 men wounded along with many psychoneurotic casualties. By on 18 July, the Japanese attempted to drive the 1st Battalion (1-169) off of \"Kelley Hill,\" but the Connecticuters killed 102 of their enemy and drove them back. After heavy fighting along the line, the airfield was finally captured after heavy loss on 5 August 1943. From 6–10 August, the beleaguered regiment guarded Munda Airfield and were subjected to minor enemy air attacks. 3rd Battalion (3-169) was ordered to seize the island of Baanga northwest west of Munda Point and met heavy resistance and elements were soon pinned down on the beaches and in the dense jungle. 2-169 landed on Baanga to reinforce the attack, but the Japanese resistance on the islands was much stronger than anticipated and the advance made slow, if any, progress. On 20 August they were relieved by elements of the 172nd Infantry Regiment. This \"non-battle\" on Baanga had cost the Americans 44 dead and 74 wounded; L Company was reduced to just 16 men. From 25 August to 9 September, the regiment patrolled and guarded Munda Airfield until they were ordered to assist the 172nd Infantry in clearing Arundel Island which they managed to secure on 21 August. Here they suffered 4 killed and 29 wounded. The regiment moved back to Munda, and defended the airstrip until 19 January 1944, when 3-169 was ordered to Vella Lavella to defend the airstrip there. The regiment then arrived in New Zealand for R&R on 1 March. The men had free time, furloughs, awards ceremonies, training exercises, and parades while in New Zealand.\n\nParagraph 30: As many former inhabitants of the Austrian-Ottoman borderland fled northwards or were captured by the Ottoman invaders, they left unpopulated areas. At the beginning of the 16th century settlements of Orthodox Christians were also established in modern-day western Croatia. In the first half of the 16th century Serbs settled Ottoman part of Slavonia while in the second part of the 16th century they moved to Austrian part of Slavonia. In 1550 they established the Lepavina Monastery. As Vlach settlements by name and signature we find marked Mali i Veliki Poganac (Poganetz) which was mentioned as Vlach settlement in 1610 and Lepavina (Lipavina) and Marča Monastery ( Eparchy of Marča ). The Habsburg Empire encouraged people from the Ottoman Empire to settle as free peasant soldiers, establishing the Military Frontiers (Militärgrenze) in 1522 (hence they were known as Grenzers, Krajišnici). When it comes to the Austrian colonization of the Turkish Vlachs to Slavonian Military Frontier and the Vlachs in the Croatian Military Frontier there are some minor differences. Vlachs to western Slavonia or to the Varaždin Generalate of Slavonian Krajina are coming en masse and in a very short time: from yeare 1597 to 1600. To Croatian Krajina and Karlovac Generalate Vlachs arrive in smaller groups but throughout the whole XVII. century. Therefore, the Slavonian region was the first to open the door to the Balkans Vlachs. Biggest number of Vlachs comes from Slavonian Turkish Sandžaks In the first half of the 16th century Serbs settled Ottoman part of Slavonia while in the second part of the 16th century they moved to Austrian part of Slavonia.Serbs were mentioned in the Slavonian area at the end of the 14th century where they along with the Turks plundered and burned villages (Turcos et Rascianos). The Habsburg Empire encouraged people from the Ottoman Empire to settle as free peasant soldiers, establishing the Military Frontiers (Militärgrenze) in 1522 (hence they were known as Grenzers, Krajišnici). They were mostly of Orthodox faith, Serbs and Vlachs (Romance-speaking). Catholic Vlachs were assimilated into Croats, while the Orthodox, under the jurisdiction of the Serbian Orthodox Church, assimilated into Serbs.\n\nThe following is an abstract.\n\nThe text describes the format and rules of a game played on a no-line court. Each match is made up of five sets, with each set featuring a different configuration of players. Coaches decide the order of the sets before each match, and each player on a team usually participates in at least one set. The scoring system is no-advantage, with no requirement to win a game by two points. At deuce, the next point scored determines the winner of the game. The first team to win five games wins each set, but if a set reaches a four-all tie, a nine-point tiebreaker is played. One point is awarded for each game won, and if necessary, extended play and a supertiebreaker are used to determine the winner of the match.\n\nPlease enter the number of the paragraph that the abstract is from. The answer format must be like \"Paragraph 1\", \"Paragraph 2\", etc.\n\nThe answer is: "} {"question_id": 44, "category": "longbench_samsum", "reference": ["Ethan, Toby and Marshall are making fun of Scott."], "prompt": "Summarize the dialogue into a few short sentences. The following are some examples.\n\nDialogue: Franklin: Juan, I badly missed your jokes. Tell me a joke now.\r\nJuan: Sure. Ok, tell me, how do you put an elephant in a fridge?\r\nFranklin: I don’t know.\r\nJuan: It’s easy. You just open the fridge and put it in. I have another question.\r\nFranklin: Okay. Ask.\r\nJuan: How to put the donkey inside the fridge?\r\nFranklin: It’s easy. You just open the fridge and put it in.\r\nJuan: No. You just open the fridge, take out the elephant and put the donkey inside.\r\nFranklin: Oh ok.\r\nJuan: Let me ask another one. If all the animals went to the lion’s birthday party and one animal went missing. Which one would it be?\r\nFranklin: I don’t know\r\nJuan: It’s the donkey. Because it’s still inside the fridge.\r\nFranklin: Are you kidding me?\r\nJuan: No Franklin. One last question.\r\nFranklin: Ok.\r\nJuan: If there is a river full of crocodiles and you wanted to cross, how would you?\r\nFranklin: There is no way. I would need a boat to cross.\r\nJuan: No man. You just swim and cross the river. Because all the animals including crocodiles went to the lion’s birthday party.\r\nFranklin: It’s enough buddy, I never ask you to tell a joke again.\nSummary: Franklin wants Juan to tell him a joke. Juan tells a joke about an elephant, a donkey, the lion and crocodiles. For Franklin it's enough and he doesn't want any other jokes. \nDialogue: Martha: My vacuum cleaner is dead!\r\nAndrew: When did it break?\r\nMartha: Just now. \r\nMartha: The guests are coming and it's Sunday\r\nMartha: No way I can get a new one now\r\nAndrew: Maybe you can ask your neighbours if you can borrow theirs\r\nMartha: I guess I have no choice\r\nMartha: I failed miserably\r\nMartha: The neighbours are either gone or they won't lend me.\r\nAndrew: WTF??\r\nMartha: It's really annoying. \r\nMartha: I'll use the broom.\r\nMartha: Not great for the carpets, but what to do?\nSummary: Martha's vacuum cleaner broke. The guests are coming and it's Sunday, so it's not possible for her to get a new one now. She tried to borrow a vacuum cleaner from the neighbours, but didn't succeed. She will have to use a broom then. \nDialogue: Dave: OMG, I'm a dork!\r\nLynn: ???\r\nDave: I was just cranking the volume on my computer when my headset is plugged in!\r\nLynn: LOL! Couldn't hear? LOL!!!\r\nDave: LOL!!! Dork!!!\r\nLynn: Totally!!!\r\nDave: Oh well, on to my next stupid move of the day!\nSummary: Dave was turning up the volume on his computer with his headset plugged in.\nDialogue: Thomas: Tequilla is my favorite strong alcohol\r\nThomas: You can drink it warm\r\nThomas: You eat lemon instead of washing down with unhealthy coke\r\nThomas: And no hangover\r\nNeil: Well... You're right. But it tastes awful and I prefer simple vodka.\r\nThomas: Nah. Bleh.\nSummary: Tequila is Thomas' favorite alcohol. Neil prefers vodka. \nDialogue: Walter: Have you bought Dad a Christmas gift yet?\r\nSusan: No. Have you?\r\nWalter: No, not yet.\r\nSusan: What are you thinking of getting him?\r\nWalter: A new razor, maybe. And you?\r\nSusan: The same.\r\nWalter: Oh. Well, I can get him a CD I guess. It's more interesting than the winter socks he always asks for.\r\nSusan: Whatever you want to do. I may not end up getting him a razor after all. \nSummary: Walter and Susan haven't bought dad a Christmas gift yet. They're thinking of giving him a razor or a CD.\nDialogue: Ellie-Mae: Hi Nanna, how are you in Spain?\r\nPearl: Hello, darling, Happy Birthday!\r\nEllie-Mae: Thank you, can't believe I'm 14!\r\nPearl: Enjoy it, darling, best time of your life!\r\nEllie-Mae: Thanks for the gift card, Nanna. I'm going to use it for make-up!\r\nPearl: I thought you would dear! I loved make-up at your age, course, rationing had only just finished, wasn't the choice then!\r\nEllie-Mae: I'm getting pearly highlighter, a contouring set and a brow kit.\r\nPearl: Sounds lovely, you'll look ever so glam!\r\nEllie-Mae: I'll give you a make over when you come at Christmas, Nanna.\r\nPearl: Oh, yes please! People will think we're sisters then!\r\nEllie-Mae: LOLZ 😂\r\nPearl: Ok, cheeky! You know Step-Grandpa Vince is coming too, he's so looking forward to meeting you all!\r\nEllie-Mae: Yes, he sounds fun! Will he play Xbox with me and Jamie?\r\nPearl: I'm sure he'll give it a go! Love you darling, bye!\r\nEllie-Mae: Bye Nanna xxxx\nSummary: Ellie-Mae is turning 14 today. Pearl is in Spain. She's sent Ellie-Mae a gift-card. Ellie-Mae is going to buy pearly highlighter, a contouring set and a brow kit with it. Pearl is coming for Christmas, and so is Step-Grandpa Vince. He will play Xbox with Ellie-Mae and Jamie.\nDialogue: Alex: where are you?\r\nNicole: at the National Library\r\nAlex: why? After the deadline?\r\nNicole: the university deadline, but I have another work as well...\r\nAlex: oh, I'm sorry\r\nAlex: so when are you free?\r\nNicole: I'll finish about 10PM\r\nAlex: wanna have a bier afterwards\r\nNicole: with pleasure. At the bookstore bar?\r\nAlex: perfect :)\nSummary: Nicole is working at the National Library and finishes at 10PM. Nicole is eager to have a beer with Alex at the bookstore bar afterwards.\nDialogue: Natalie: Where are you in June?\nSimone: in Italy\nTim: how long?\nSimone: more or less the whole month\nSummary: Simone will be in Italy for more or less the whole month of June.\nDialogue: Lupa: Risk Management, know anything about it? :)\r\nMartha: Yeah, I had it as one of my electives last year.\r\nLupa: Was it hard?\r\nMartha: Umm... let's say, boring :)\r\nLupa: Hmm... I've already selected it, and I can't opt out now. Did you have to study a lot, though?\r\nMartha: Not really. We had a great teacher. He explained things really well in class, so it was quite comprehensible :)\r\nLupa: I wonder who I'll get. Do you think male teachers are better?\r\nMartha: In business courses or overall?\r\nLupa: Overall.\r\nMartha: I don't know, it depends whether they're dreamy or not :) Just kidding! It really depends on the subject.\r\nLupa: Which book did you have?\r\nMartha: I couldn't tell you the name of it; it's all in the past and long forgotten. If I find it, I'll send you a pic.\r\nLupa: Ok, thanks. See you next week.\r\nMartha: Take care\r\nLupa: Oh wait, there's something I've been meaning to ask you.\r\nMartha: Ok\r\nLupa: We have to meet in person for me to explain it all. We'll talk later, bye.\nSummary: Lupa will be taking Risk Management classes. Martha had it last year. It was boring, but didn't require much studying, as they had a good teacher. She can't remember the name of their book, but if she can find it, she'll send Lupa a picture. Lupa needs to talk to Martha in person about something.\nDialogue: Mr. Smiths: Good morning. We need one scientist, who's a natural sciences specialist, preferably an archeologist or a chemist.\r\nDalia: Good morning. I will think about it. I know one geologist.\r\nMr. Smiths: Geologist would be fine. Remember that this person has to entertain people with science.\r\nDalia: I am aware of that. I will contact him ASAP. I am going to ask around too. \r\nMr. Smiths: Thank you. The conference will be held on 15th of April.\r\nMr. Smiths: I am creating a guests list. Are you willing to help on this one?\r\nDalia: Sure, when would I be needed?\r\nMr. Smiths: You're already in the process of planning it. But if you wish, you can help with organization, on 14th and 15th.\r\nMr. Smiths: I'll send you the details if you're interested.\r\nDalia: Ok, I 'm in. It sounds exciting.\r\nMr. Smiths: I'm sure this will be a nice experience, for sure different than being at the office.\r\nDalia: Thank you for this opportunity. \r\nMr. Smiths: No problem.\r\nMr. Smiths: Check your emailbox please.\r\nDalia: Okay, checking.\nSummary: Dalia will help Mr. Smiths in organising a scientific conference that will be held on 15th of April. \nDialogue: Luke: I really suck at this game\r\nRyan: welcome to my world friend ;)\r\nLuke: I don't understand it\r\nLuke: usually I'm pretty good with such games\r\nRyan: you'll get used to it\r\nRyan: after all you just started\r\nRyan: others have tons of experience\r\nLuke: maybe you're right\r\nLuke: it's just frustrating to die over and over again\r\nLuke: sometimes I feel that I'm waiting for respawn much more than I'm actually playing\r\nRyan: what do you want me to say?\r\nRyan: I feel that way with every multiplayer game\r\nLuke: stick with single player ;)\r\nRyan: I'm trying :P\r\nRyan: but there are interesting games without single player mode\r\nRyan: and I want to try those as well\r\nRyan: there's always a chance that I will suck less at one of them ;)\r\nLuke: good luck with that ;)\r\nLuke: I know how you play so that will be hard :P\r\nRyan: you see, I even suck at my own expectations :P\r\nLuke: you used to play quite a bit of FPS games\r\nLuke: so I don't know why you got so bad at it\r\nRyan: I'm getting older ;)\r\nRyan: not to mention that I don't have the time to put hours into grinding and getting better ;)\r\nLuke: priorities, we all have to choose between being really good at video games and having a life ;) \r\nRyan: RL for me\r\nRyan: all the way ;) \r\nLuke: smart choice :P\nSummary: Luke is surprised to be so bad at the new game. Ryan is always bad at multiplayer games. He doesn't have time to play and instead he chooses real life. \nDialogue: Pamela: Are you asleep?\nKarin: Not yet\nKarin: Reading :)\nPamela: Can you tell Sam to please check her phone 😁\nKarin: Hahaha ok\nSummary: Pamela asks Karin to tell Sam to check her phone.\nDialogue: Kay: I would never date a man younger than my kids and grandkids. :)\r\nIra: don't worry we not looking for old wrinkled ladies.\r\nKay: :)\r\nPaul: why not\r\nKay: Ira---exactly.\r\nJeff: Well guess what were not your kids thank god...\r\nAlan: Ira, grow up dickhead! You are 30 + year old still living in his parents basement.\r\nKashif: Kay, I think you don't know about the charm of a men younger than you...\nSummary: Kay would never date a much younger man.\nDialogue: Noah: I'm gonna be late!\r\nClair: OK. I'll wait. \r\nNoah: Sorry. Some traffic jam. 3 more minutes. \r\nClair: OK. Chill. \nSummary: Noah is late because of some traffic jam.\nDialogue: Colin: good news for omar!!\r\nColin: he got accepted into grad schol!\r\nRachel: good for him!\r\nRachel: i have a question for you though...\r\nRachel: who's omar? lol\r\nColin: what do you mean who's omar?\r\nColin: he's annie's friend\r\nColin: you've met him a thousand times!!!\r\nRachel: I LITERALLY have no idea who that is ¯\\_(ツ)_/¯\r\nRachel: lol -- no idea!!! hahaha\r\nColin: he works at that record shop on victory street\r\nColin: long greasy hair\r\nColin: always smiling :-D great guy\r\nRachel: ooooohhhhhh...\r\nRachel: OMAR!!!!!!\r\nRachel: lol jk i STILL have no idea who this omar is\r\nColin: i'm getting confused now\r\nColin: maybe you haven't met him after all lol\r\nRachel: i'm sure i haven't\r\nRachel: but congratulations to him!! lol\nSummary: Omar got admitted into grad school. Rachel doesn't know who Omar is.\nDialogue: James: Miss Smith, are you there?\r\nSarah: Yes, James. What's the matter?\r\nJames: I'm afraid there's a problem with my essay.\r\nSarah: Oh?\r\nJames: Well, our history teacher told us today that we're having a big test tomorrow. It's a bit unexpected\r\nJames: Could I send you the essay one day later?\r\nSarah: Ok, but make sure I get it by Friday! \r\nJames: Of course, thanks so much!\r\nSarah: No problem. :)\nSummary: James asks Sarah if due to a big history test tomorrow he can submit his essay one day later. Sarah agrees.\nDialogue: Elena: My battery is getting off soon\r\nCatherine: Damn\r\nElena: 10% more and no possibility to charge it :/\r\nCatherine: ok, so we will talk when you will get home\r\nElena: sure, it will be in around 6 h\r\nCatherine: ok, i will wait, bye!\r\nElena: \r\nCatherine: \nSummary: Elena will talk to Catherine in around 6 hours when she gets home, because she only has 10% battery left.\nDialogue: Joan: the weather is so nice today 😍\nLayla: ikr 😍\nJoan: let's go somewhere\nLayla: Camden?\nJoan: good idea\nJoan: i am ready to go, i can be at your place in 15 minutes\nLayla: me too\nLayla: see you very soon!\nJoan: coming!\nSummary: The weather is nice, so Joan and Layla are going to Camden Market together.\nDialogue: William: hey :) are you busy rn?\r\nMadison: hi! no :)\r\nWilliam: do you want to come over for the dinner?\r\nWilliam: i've made a TON of spaghetti and meat balls and it's freaking good\r\nWilliam: i feel like gordon ramsay now :D\r\nMadison: i'm on my way!!\nSummary: Madison is on her way to join William for dinner. \nDialogue: Brenda: Hello bro, you've got an invalid sister. I fell in the bathroom and badly hit my side. Can hardly move now.\r\nAndy: Good gracious! How did you manage that?\r\nBrenda: The floor was wet after I had a shower and I wanted to shake the rug, moved too fast, slipped, and hit with a thump my left side below the breast against the edge of the bathtub. Took my breath away for a sec. I even yelled or groaned or gasped. Anyway I was on the floor, shocked. Absolutely shocked. I thought, so that's how it happens. But I managed to get up and didn't realise the pain until I stretched to put my nighty on. Oh bro... Horrible....\r\nAndy: You could have killed yourself. Where are you now?\r\nBrenda: In bed. But I can hardly move. It's very painful all over the body. SHIIIIT!\r\nAndy: Maybe you should call in an ambulance? Are you sure you haven't broken something? A rib?\r\nBrenda: No, then I'd be howling with pain. It's just the impact of the fall that has, I don't know, damaged the tissue. Whatever I have here. Fat I suppose. It has to heal by itself.\r\nAndy: Can you breath normally?\r\nBrenda: Yes. I can't take a deep breath though.\r\nAndy: Can you touch your bruised side? Is it swollen? Red?\r\nBrenda: I can touch it, not press of course, but stroke. No, it isn't swollen. The skin is as usual, no discolouration. But this will come later, I suppose.\r\nAndy: Not necessarily. It might as well remain unaffected. I mean the epidermis, the skin itself. Though I'd expect it to develop a bruise.\r\nAndy: Are you coughing? Coughing blood?\r\nBrenda: God! No! I'll see how I feel in the morning. I just need a rest. I feel so rotten, bro...\r\nAndy: My worry would be that you've damaged something inside you. You know, split spleen, punctured lung.That sort of thing.You just watch your body.\r\nBrenda: Yes, I will. I understand what you mean. I thought so as well. Just see how I feel tomorrow morning. Fucking hell! I can hardly pull myself up.\r\nAndy: If I were you, I would go and see the doc first thing in the morning.\r\nBrenda: And he'll send me to have an x-ray. I can't bear the thought of driving or even walking.\r\nAndy: Well, he can come to your place and you'll be driven to hospital in an ambulance.\r\nBrenda: You stop scaring the shit out of me! I am not that invalid. It's just bloody painful but I think I'm in one piece.\r\nAndy: I don't know Brenda. One shouldn't take it too light those falls. You may still be in a state of shock and are underrating your condition. Will you phone me first thing in the morning please? Still from bed? Luise is gone by 7:30, so you won't be waking anyone up.\r\nBrenda: OK brother. I will give you a call. Of course if I'm still alive.\r\nAndy: Sister!! Anyway I wish you a good night's sleep. Have a good rest!\r\nBrenda: Thanks bro. Sleep tight too. \r\nBrenda: And don't worry about me.\nSummary: Brenda fell in the bathroom and badly hit her site. She is now in bed with a lot of pains. She can't take a deep breath. Her brother, Andy, is afraid she damaged something inside her body and tells her to watch it. He wants her to call him in the morning to report how she feels.\nDialogue: Aiden: Have you subscribed my channel?\r\nMia: Nop I havent \r\nAiden: :/\r\nMia: Whats the name?\r\nAiden: Tuberflicks\r\nMia: Send me the link\r\nAiden: wait\r\nMia: k\r\nAiden: Here you go\r\nMia: It has pretty much grown now\r\nAiden: Yeah it is\r\nMia: Since when have you been working on it?\r\nAiden: Its been 6 month now\r\nMia: wow\nSummary: Mia hasn't subscribed to Aiden's channel yet but she wants to. Aiden has been working on it for 6 months.\nDialogue: Walton Domingos: Hello beautiful\r\nMattie: Hey\r\nEnoch: How are you?\r\nMattie: I'm fine and u?\r\nEnoch: Just woke up back to life\r\nMattie: Good\r\nEnoch: I think the fever is gone for good\r\nMattie: Good!!!\r\nEnoch: But I still need to wait for the spots to go\r\nMattie: Yeah\r\nEnoch: After all of this I want to commemorate your way and have a bottle of vodka\r\nMattie: Hahahahhahahhahahhaha\r\nEnoch: Will you help me?\r\nMattie: Lol\r\nMattie: We will see\r\nEnoch: Did you go shopping?\r\nMattie: What shopping?\r\nEnoch: Didn't you go to grocery shopping?\r\nMattie: Yeah I did\r\nEnoch: Are you ok? I feel you kinda different\r\nMattie: I'm in a club\r\nMattie: We'll talk later ok?\r\nEnoch: Lucky you\r\nMattie: 😉\r\nEnoch: Have fun\r\nMattie: Thank you\nSummary: Enoch woke up and hopes the fever's gone, but waits for the spots to go. Mattie went shopping to the grocery store and is in a club.\nDialogue: Sara: check this out :D\r\nJosh: Woah! looks good!\r\nSara: not too expensive, 3 rooms:P\r\nJosh: but isn't it too far?\r\nSara: no, I don't think so...\r\nJosh: google maps says it's around 30 min to my office...\r\nSara: that's not far! \r\nSara: you can even get there by bike then!\r\nSara: I'll call the owner ok?\r\nJosh: kk\nSummary: Sara and Jason are looking for a flat. The one Sara found is not far from Josh's office. She will contact the owner.\nDialogue: Alex: Hi \r\nFizza : Hi\r\nAlex: What about your final exam results ?\r\nFizza : tell me your's\r\nAlex: 76 % marks. What about you ?\r\nFizza : Not a good one.\r\nAlex: No problem tell me.\r\nFizza : 83 %\r\nAlex: !!! You have got this much of marks then why are you sad ?\r\nFizza : I have expected more than this.\r\nAlex: No problem. Are you coming with me tomorrow to the city ? A good film is running in a Theatre there.\r\nFizza : Ok. I will try to be there.\r\nAlex: Forget the past man. You will get a better one next time.\r\nFizza : Ok. I will come\nSummary: Alex got 76% from the test. Fizza got 83%. She expected more. Fizza and Alex will go to the movies tomorrow.\nDialogue: Margaret: Good morning\r\nBrad: Good morning Margaret\r\nMargaret: How are we on this guest list?\r\nBrad: I'm in the middle of negotiations.\r\nMargaret: No negotiations needed, just ask everyone if they want to come.\r\nBrad: Well, it looks a bit different, but don't worry, I got it under control.\r\nMargaret: If you say so. I just booked the venue for the main events on 8th-9th of March.\r\nBrad: What else has to be done?\r\nMargaret: As soon as you establish who accepted our invitations, we need to think about accomodation for guests.\r\nMargaret: And catering of course.\r\nBrad: I was also thinking to announce on our social media that we are looking for volunteers.\r\nMargaret: I hope you realise how much more work that is for us. We have to provide necessary documents.\r\nBrad: I'll tel Alice to take care of that.\r\nMargaret: Good idea.\r\nMargaret: I'm sending you Docs with plan of the conference.\r\nMargaret: \r\nBrad: Thank you.\r\nBrad: I'll look at it.\r\nMargaret: Should you have any questions, ask here or come to my office.\r\nBrad: Sure thing.. I'm going back to my tasks.\r\nMargaret: Have fun.\nSummary: Brad and Margaret are planning a conference for the 8th and 9th of March. Margaret booked the venue, Brad is chasing the invitations. Accommodation, catering and volunteers are still to be done.\nDialogue: John: Hey\r\nJohn: what are you doing? \r\nKarissa: Watching the millionaires \r\nKarissa: what art you my love\r\nJohn: Watching Price is right \r\nKarissa: Anything interesting happenin? \r\nJohn: Nope\r\nJohn: Wanna head off to mc Donalds? \r\nKarissa: After the show\r\nKarissa: Sure \r\nJohn: I will pick u up then \r\nKarissa: K \r\nJohn: Im cravin for a Big Mac combo\r\nJohn: Havent eaten since breakfast\r\nKarissa: Poor u \r\nKarissa: I wanna pick up some notes from Lauren \r\nJohn: Where does she live? \r\nKarissa: On clearance ave\r\nJohn: we can stop by her place then \r\nKarissa: I just wanna pick up some notes\r\nKarissa: I will wait here then! \r\nJohn: 💑\nSummary: Karissa is watching the Millionaires and John is watching Prince is right. After the show, John will pick her up and they will go to McDonald's. John hasn't eaten since breakfast and he will have a Big Mac combo. On their way, Karissa will pick up some notes from Lauren. \nDialogue: Alene: Hello, do you have swimming suits in your shop?\r\nJake: Of course we do, fell free to visit us any time you need it :]\r\nAlene: Do you have an XXXL size?\r\nJake: Oh, that may be a problem, I think the biggest ones are XL\r\nAlene: That’s too bad… Anyway, Thank you.\nSummary: Jake sells swimming suits in his shop, but he doesn't have an XXXL size there.\nDialogue: Andrea: Hey Sophie, omg I'm so stressed.\nSophie: Hi Andrea, what happened??\nAndrea: I got stuck in the elevator :O\nSophie: OMG, were you there alone?\nAndrea: No, luckily one of my neighbour's was with me.\nAndrea: And thanks to him I didn't have a panic attack...\nSophie: I can only imagine...\nSophie: Were you stuck for long?\nAndrea: About 20 minutes, but it felt like eternity.\nAndrea: But were safe and sound.\nSophie: Thank goodness!\nSummary: Andrea had a very stressful experience because she got stuck in the elevator.\nDialogue: Marnie: Hello darling, how are you feeling?\r\nTonya: the session's begun :/ :/\r\nMarnie: thats why im askin babes :D\r\nTonya: you the drill, i had so much time to cram it and i left it for the last weekend, usual stuff hahah\r\nMarnie: thank God i finished with this evil heheh\nSummary: Tonya has a session. She had a lot of time to learn, but she left it for the last weekend.\nDialogue: Frank: We have spoken of this before; please reserve the conference room ahead of time to avoid conflicts with others who need the space. Dan just tried to take a customer in there for a meeting and interrupted your group.\r\nJoe: A sign-up sheet beside the door or a group calendar would be better than the current system. It’s too hard to use!\r\nFrank: At any rate, please use the system we have for now. A new method can be discussed later.\r\nJoe: Sure. Sorry!\r\nFrank: No problem.\nSummary: Frank asks Joe to reserve the conference room ahead of time to avoid conflicts with others who need the space. He shall use the system they have for now even though he suggests a sign-up sheet beside the door or a group calendar.\nDialogue: Scarlett: \r\nScarlett: look what I cooked :D\r\nLucas: omg, looks incredible!\r\nLucas: are you telling me this is our dinner?\r\nScarlett: exactly :D\r\nLucas: what's the occasion? \r\nLucas: I just can't believe it you did out of the blue :P\r\nScarlett: \r\nScarlett: I invited our new neighbours Mark and Mia over\r\nLucas: hmm…\r\nScarlett: what? We need to get acquainted with them eventually\nSummary: Scarlett cooked dinner. She invited their new neighbours, Mark and Mia, to get to know them. \nDialogue: Jackie: I dont know why I've been shaking\r\nJackie: all day\r\nHiram: Werent u shaking before?\r\nJackie: Nope\r\nJackie: I mean yes, sometimes\r\nHiram: Maybe you're just tired\r\nJackie: :( probably\r\nHiram: Go to sleep early :)\r\nJackie: I will try \r\nHiram: Sleeping is good for you\r\nHiram: I guess you've been working a lot lately \r\nJackie: Yeah\r\nJackie: Also its been a lot of overthinking lately\r\nHiram: I see \r\nHiram: Dont worry too much \r\nHiram: Dont drink coffee\r\nHiram: Water tea\r\nHiram: If you feel worse then tea and water \r\nJackie: Hiram thanks \r\nHiram: take care yo \nSummary: Jackie has been shaking all day. She should go to sleep early, not worry too much and drink tea and water instead of coffee.\nDialogue: Nancy: Hi Sue, did you get the note from Jane?\r\nSue: yes I did Nancy thanks are you going?\r\nNancy: yes I am see you there?\r\nSue: Yes I will be there for 3\r\nNancy: see you there then It will be nice to catch up \nSummary: Sue and Nancy are going to meet up at Jane's.\nDialogue: Paula: I need a cleaner, can you recommend someone?\nOlivier: I never had a cleaner... \nOlivier: Sorry I can't help\nIrene: Me neither... but I can ask some friends\nPaula: I need someone to come to me once a week\nPaula: If you could ask around I would be grateful\nIrene: OK \nSummary: Paula needs a cleaner who would come to her once a week. Irene and Olivier will ask around for someone recommendable.\nDialogue: Diane: Hellooo\r\nDiane: Ready for coffee this am\r\nDiane: U?\r\nMia: Hellooo, decaf?\r\nMia: Shopping and work for me\r\nMia: 💪💪\r\nDiane: Chai Love and gluten free bread with vegan cheese ❤️\r\nDiane: \r\nDiane: \r\nMia: 😍\nSummary: Diane is having Chai Love coffe and gluten free bread with vegan cheese. Mia is doing shopping and work.\nDialogue: Jeanette: Hello Guy, how are the family?\r\nGuy: They're OK, thanks. Yours?\r\nJeanette: Not bad Phillip went off to Belarussia for a charity trip to tend the Polish graves\r\nGuy: What about Patrick.\r\nJeanette: Not so well. He is in a sanatorium until Christmas getting treatment for his alcoholism. I yold him I'm leaving him if he doesn't get cured.\nSummary: Philip went to Belarussia for a charity trip and Patrick is in alcohol rehab until Christmas.\nDialogue: Anna: Tomorrow! in Cineworld 8:45, hm?\r\nSam: Perhaps a bit earlier, say 7:30? coffee tea\r\nAnna: good idea! in the cafeteria?! Beer!!!\r\nSam: (Y)\nSummary: Sam and Anna will meet tomorrow in Cineworld at 7.30 for a beer. \nDialogue: Olivia: i hate it that people get subborn as they grow older\r\nOlivia: are you busy? can i tell you what happened? :-D\r\nTanner: are you talking about your date with Josh last night?\r\nOlivia: yes!\r\nOlivia: so, we're at the restaurant having small talk\r\nOlivia: and then politics come up >-(\r\nTanner: was it you or him?\r\nOlivia: him!!! he brought it up and it was totally random! out of the blue\r\nTanner: what did he say?\r\nOlivia: all of a sudden he got angry because people don't vote\r\nOlivia: he said that it was more than a right, that it was an obligation\r\nTanner: hahahaha, that's weird!!!\r\nTanner: i mean, not the voting part, the fact that he's suddenly political\r\nOlivia: i know! i told him he didn't use to be like that\r\nOlivia: and then he told me that we're not adults and should care about these things\r\nOlivia: i don't know if i'll go out with him again :-/\nSummary: Olivia was on a date with Josh last night. Josh suddenly brought up a political subject during the date. Tanner and Olivia are surprised as Josh didn't use to talk about politics. Olivia didn't like it and might not go out with Josh again. \nDialogue: Andrea: i feel sick from our our dinner last night\r\nAndrea: i feel like something is stuck in my throat\r\nMariah: i'm perfectly fine\r\nMariah: do you think you ate something that didn't settle\r\nAndrea: those meatballs had green pepper, right?\r\nMariah: i believe they did\r\nAndrea: i know that it is then\r\nMariah: i can never digest them properly\r\nMariah: damn!\r\nMariah: i'll be feeling sick for a couple of hours\r\nMariah: i hate it\nSummary: Mariah is feeling unwell after eating green peppers in her dinner last night. \nDialogue: Lynda: Which shirt should I choose for the job interview?\nLynda: \nLynda: \nLynda: \nEla: The white one. It's the most classy.\nParker: What kind of job is it?\nLynda: In a restaurant. I want to be a waitress. \nParker: Take the white shirt. \nSummary: Lynda will have a job interview for a waitress position.\nDialogue: Noah: can you pick up the boys from training today?\nMaddison: sure\nNoah: thanks, I'm having a late meeting at work so I will be late\nMaddison: do you know when?\nNoah: around 8PM maybe even 9PM\nMaddison: ok\nSummary: Noah asked Maddison to pick up the kids because he has to stay longer at work.\nDialogue: Chris: Hi Ben, guess what?\r\nBen: you' ll be on holiday next week?\r\nChris: yes and i'm really looking forward to it\r\nBen: where are you going?\r\nChris: you'll never guess?\r\nBen: What?\r\nChris: i'm going Interrail for a week\r\nBen: are you kidding, you're not a pennyless student anymore\r\nChris: of course, but as an adult you can do Interrail very comfortably\r\nBen: really? how can you?\r\nChris: you may travel first class and have meals in the dining train\r\nBen: Nice! Like a businessman... lol\r\nChris: No but I need to make a break, i'm too busy at work\r\nBen: which countries are visiting?\r\nChris: i'll go to Italy and France\r\nBen: will you really sleep in the train like students.\r\nChris: no,only on the night train from Paris to Venice\r\nBen: very romantic..\r\nChris: yes we have a two-bed sleeping compartment. Apart from that we'll be sleeping in hotels\r\nBen: well, it's gonna be quite different from the trip we went on as students\r\nChris: sure. It's going to be very different, but i'm sure we'll have lot of fun\r\nBen: so enjoy, and call me when you're back\r\nChris: bye\nSummary: Chris is going Interrail to Italy and France for a week-long holiday next week. He'll be sleeping in hotels besides the night train from Paris to Venice. \nDialogue: Todd: Please wake up and talk to me? Just for 5 minutes ?\r\nCheyanne: I'm sleeping\r\nTodd: You're awake now to reply my message. Just 2 minutes\nSummary: Todd wants to talk to Cheyanne, but she's sleeping and doesn't want to talk.\nDialogue: Bob: did you reserve the tickets for tomorrow?\r\nMelanie: Jake promised me he will do that\r\nMelanie: he has some workplace discount on them\r\nBob: Jake are you here?? Did you reserve the tickets?\r\nJake: yes I did, 3 tickets for tomorrow, 7 pm\r\nJake: and we got a 30% discount on them too :)\nSummary: Jake has booked 3 tickets for 7 pm tomorrow with a 30% discount.\nDialogue: Randy: Are you ready for the test?\r\nJack: I think so\r\nKelly: I studied a lot!\r\nRandy: Me too, but I'm still nervous\r\nJack: It's a difficult test. Lots of people fail it every year\r\nRandy: That's why I'm stressed\r\nRandy: I talked to some people from the third year\r\nRandy: They said it was an armageddon \r\nJack: Yeah\r\nJack: But I don't think that if you studied a lot you will fail it\r\nJack: And we really put a lot of effort\r\nKelly: Exactly.\r\nKelly: I might not get the best grade. But I don't care. I just want to pass. \nSummary: Even though Randy Jack and Kelly have studied for the incoming difficult test, they're still nervous of passing it.\nDialogue: Ralph: Have you been out with the dog?\r\nRuth: Not yet. Can you do it please?\r\nRalph: Don't want to. It's dark and rainig.\r\nRuth: I know, but someone has to, last time it was me. Dogs can't stay all at the time at home.\r\nRalph: OK, I'll go. Where's the umbrella?\r\nRuth: In the entrance, next to the coat track\r\nRalph: Found it. I'm going. Tell me good luck\r\nRuth: Don't you exagerate? It's only a walk and it's just raining\nSummary: Ralph wants Ruth to take the dog for a walk. She doesn't want to because it is dark and raining, but gives in.\nDialogue: Chandler: honey, I'm shopping and will be home soon\r\nChandler: do you need anything?\r\nMonica: I'd be grateful if you could buy some good washing-up liquid\r\nMonica: you know :)\r\nChandler: I'm on it!\nSummary: Chandler is doing the shopping, he will buy some good washing-up liquid. He will be home soon. \nDialogue: Marsha: I mean... what was she thinking?\r\nNeal: yea... acted like a bitch\r\nOliver: she's untouchable tho \r\nMarsha: it's a pity, she should be fired\r\nNeal: agree\nSummary: Marsha, Neal and Oliver are gossiping about their colleague. Marsha and Neal believe she should be fired.\nDialogue: Niall: Hey my dear tech geek. I have to buy a new phone. Any recommendations?\r\nJack: Hey, have chosen any favorites already? What’s your budget and expectations?\r\nNiall: I want an android phone that doesn’t crush every 5 minutes and doesn’t freeze after opening 3 apps. I don’t want to spend a fortune, I don’t want to regret spending a massive amount and breaking it after a month.\r\nJack: Yeah, I get you. You should try some older Samsung models. They are not that pretty, but really good equipment-wise. Good value for money. Try staying away from chinese models, they don’t endure that long.\r\nNiall: All right, thank you mate. I will come back to you when I'm ready. See you! \nSummary: Niall wants to buy a new phone. He wants an inexpensive Android. He will speak to Jack soon.\nDialogue: Kelly: I dont think I can manage to wake up tonight\r\nLouis: Should I refuse her then? \r\nKelly: Maybe yes\r\nLouis: Ok i am calling her\r\nKelly: thanks\r\nLouis: Whats the big deal?\r\nKelly: I have been studying late last night\r\nLouis: ahan?\r\nKelly: So I need to sleep\r\nLouis: Ok Have rest\r\nKelly: Thanks for understanding \r\nLouis: :)\r\nKelly: Maybe we can manage time next week\r\nLouis: We would have to :( \r\nKelly: Yeah our finals are approaching\r\nLouis: Should we ask professor to help us?\r\nKelly: I have already tried that\r\nLouis: What did he say\r\nKelly: He is on vacations\r\nLouis: :(\nSummary: Kelly is not going out tonight because she is tired after studying until late last night. She and Louis have their final exams soon. Their professor has gone on vacation so he can't help them.\nDialogue: Aubrey: how was your trip, babe? are you already in the hotel?\r\nJackson: no, i'm not, my train is delayed by two hours... :/ there was an accident on the railway line and all trains were held up for 40 minutes\r\nJackson: and i sit next to the guy who's constantly humming\r\nJackson: he's driving me CRAZY!!\r\nAubrey: why won't you tell him to stop?\r\nJackson: because i've already asked him not to this\r\nJackson: he just stared at me for a while and then started humming even louder\r\nAubrey: what a jerk!\r\nAubrey: babe, let me know when you get to the hotel, ok?\r\nJackson: sure. i'm going to lose my mind here!\r\nAubrey: be brave, hon ;) love you :*\r\nJackson: I love you too! :* :*\nSummary: Jackson is on a trip. His journey on the train is not pleasant. He is annoyed by one of the passengers. The train is delayed because of an accident on the railway. Jackson will contact Aubrey once he arrives in the hotel.\nDialogue: Sam: Hey Mel, are you free on Sat.?\r\nMelanie: Hey Sam, not this one, it's my Grandma's b-day, but the next one I'm free.\r\nMelanie: What's up?\r\nSam: Well my aunt is getting married in a month.\r\nSam: Or rather re-married.\r\nSam: Uncle and her got divorced, and after 8 yrs apart they got back together, long story.\r\nMelanie: Haha, that sounds interesting.\r\nSam: And the thing is that the wedding is all like fancy.\r\nMelanie: And you have nothing to wear.\r\nSam: That's the point.\r\nSam: You know me well, my style is not exactly \"fancy\".\r\nSam: Or maybe even very far from it.\r\nMelanie: LOL, I'm sure we'll find something.\r\nMelanie: And you will look fab!\r\nSam: OK, so Sat. 10am at St. Laurent Shopping Centre?\r\nMelanie: Sure, count me in :)\nSummary: It's Melanie's grandma's birthday this Saturday. Melanie will be free on next Saturday. Sam's aunt is getting married in a month. Sam and Melanie will meet at St. Laurent Shopping Centre at 10am on Saturday.\nDialogue: Maya: Hey, do you have plans for the New Year's Eve?\r\nSusan: Hi! No ...\r\nMaya: Same here ...\r\nSusan: every year the same shit ...\r\nMaya: I agree! The pressure to spend this evening in an extrordinary way! What a fuss!\r\nSusan: How about we organise something laid back ... ?\r\nMaya: You have my attention ... continue!\r\nSusan: you know, at Bob's house, some booze, films, board games, good music, no dress code - just comfy and warm stuff ...\r\nMaya: I like to sound of it ... \r\nSusan: Me too!\r\nMaya: No pressure to celebrate another wasted year, just hang out and chill!\r\nSusan: Great, love this idea\r\nMaya: Ok let's talk to others, I will ask Bob if he has plans and if he minds hosting the lazy party \r\nSusan: I will talk to the laziest people I know if they'd like to join ;)\r\nMaya: Great!\r\nSusan: I think it will be a crowded party!\r\nMaya: hahah agree! no fuss party, no stress ...\r\nSusan: We should just think of some good food and drinks\r\nMaya: aah perfect, can't wait!\r\nSusan: Me too! \r\nMaya: Here, I've created an event on facebook, i bet others are also thinking what to do this evening\r\nMaya: \r\nSusan: you're fast ;) \nSummary: Susan and Maya want to organize new year's eve party at Bob's house. Maya created an event on facebook and invited others.\nDialogue: Cory: Any ideas?\r\nEmily: I don't want to learn neither French nor Spanish. Everyone speaks these languages!\r\nJem: Maybe Suahili?\r\nEmily: What's that?\r\nCory: A language used in some parts of Africa.\r\nEmily: I was rather thinking of a European language.\r\nJem: So no Chinese, Japanese, Korean and so on?\r\nEmily: Have u seen their alphabets?\r\nCory: Technically, it's not an alphabet, but a system of signs. That's not related to the topic.\r\nEmily: What about German?\r\nJem: Have you heard how the language sounds?!\r\nEmily: I have. And quite like it.\r\nCory: Maybe a Scandinavian language then?\r\nEmily: Swedish or Norwegian? Never thought of that.\r\nJem: I prefer Norwegian, by the sound of it. But they're quite similar.\r\nCory: I'd choose Sweedish, but that's just me.\r\nEmily: Know what? I think I'll stay with German!\nSummary: Jem prefers Norwegian and Cory would go for Swedish. Emily will start learning German.\nDialogue: Sue: I've just got home...\r\nSue: feel like a wrinkly shirt\r\nJack: ;)\r\nJo: Get a nice bath\r\nJo: and go to bed earlier\r\nJack: You need to get ready for the event!\r\nSue: I'll try\r\nSue: for you\nSummary: Sue is exhausted but needs to rest before the event.\nDialogue: Pam: Is anybody going for the conference in Czech Republic in June?\r\nTony: I'll apply I think, it's very close to my research\r\nJeff: No, in June I'm going to San Fransisco and I have anyway a lot of work, so I won't manage to do everything\r\nMila: Could you send me the call for papers?\r\nMila: I can't find it\r\nPam: Serge sent it to everybody yesterday\r\nPam: just check spam or the clutter\r\nMila: right\r\nMila: this sounds interesting. Are you going there Pam?\r\nPam: I'll apply, yes\r\nMila: but they'll take you for sure, you have a hot topic\r\nPam: I hope so, I would like to see what's new in the field\r\nMila: yes, this is always good to know\nSummary: Tony and Pam will apply for the conference in Czech Republic in June. Jeff won't, as he's already going to San Fransisco in June and has a lot of work. Serge sent the call for papers for the conference to everybody yesterday.\nDialogue: Ana: Hey, what time are you coming?\r\nLisa: four or five p.m. \r\nLisa: How that suits you?\r\nAna: Ok I'm going to order pizza\r\nAna: Any wishes?\r\nLisa: Just pick some, no meet\r\nAna: Done\r\nAna: I'm glad you'll be our guests finally\r\nAna: And kids will have fun with a puppy\r\nLisa: They can't wait actually\r\nLisa: very curious to see their favourite auntie running a new house ;-)\r\nAna: Oh, what have you told them?\r\nAna: I could imagine\r\nLisa: All the good things, don't worry\r\nLisa: We'll have a great time together\r\nLisa: Text me in case, we have to bring something and see you soon\nSummary: Lisa and the kids are coming over to Ana's house in the afternoon. Ana will order pizza without meat and the children will play with her dog.\nDialogue: Anna: Have you walked the dog?\nTheresa: yes! can we go now?\nLia: please! it's starting in 30 min\nAnna: now you can :)\nSummary: Theresa walked the dog, so she can go now.\nDialogue: Louis: shit, I'm on the bus\r\nLouis: and I realized that I forgot the charger :(\r\nBrittany: LOL, you always forget the charger :D\r\nBrittany: Perhaps Nick has one that will suit you phone\r\nLouis: I hope so! I'll let you know when I arrive\r\nBrittany: \nSummary: Louis is on the bus and has realised he has forgotten the charger. Brittany thinks Nick might have one. Louis will inform Brittany when he gets there.\nDialogue: Adrian: Michal! Do you have suit for the wedding:D?\nMichal: Hi\nAdrian: I wanted to ask about details of your staying in here\nMichal: Yeah, I have one :D\nAdrian: When exactly will you come and how many days you want to stay\nMichal: Ah\nAdrian: I'd like to take care of your accomodation if you don't mind :)\nMichal: I won't stay for too long\nAdrian: No more than a week?\nMichal: 2 days :D\nAdrian: Really! So only one night?\nMichal: 2 days and 2 nights :)\nSummary: Michal is coming for 2 days and 2 nights. Adrian will take care of Michal’s accommodation.\nDialogue: Ari: Hi, you busy today?\r\nIan: I'm in a meeting\r\nBruce: in Manchester till Wednesday\r\nAri: Ok, want to meet over to discuss the case?\r\nIan: I can meet tomorrow, have to rush home now\r\nBruce: call me tomorrow if you meet\r\nAri: It's okay we can wait for you and meet on wednesday\r\nBruce: did you have a chance to talk to the client\r\nAri: I called them yesterday but Oliver was busy. I'll meet him on Friday morning.\r\nIan: Theyre not in a hurry\r\nAri: No but it would be great to close the deal this month...\r\nBruce: unreal :)\r\nAri: I know\r\nIan: Hanson is crazy about the deal he wants it closed NOW\r\nAri: So why isnt he helping?\r\nBruce: ask him :)\r\nAri: I really should...\r\nBruce: I'll ask on your behalf :)\r\nAri: Yeah... thanks friend ;)\r\nIan: Ari let's meet for a lunch tomorrow\r\nIan: 1pm?\r\nAri: Let's meet after lunch. I dont want to think about Hanson while eating...\r\nIan: ok :)\r\nAri: I'll give you a call tomorrow morning\r\nIan: ok. maybe we should invite Hanson?\r\nAri: lol\nSummary: Ian is in a meeting. Bruce is in Manchester till Wednesday. Ari will meet the client on Friday morning. They all need to meet to discuss the case. Ian and Ari will meet tomorrow after lunch.\nDialogue: Jess: what ur doing at 9pm?\r\nAron: I got no plans.\r\nAron: Why?\r\nJess: actually I'm on my way to Seattle\r\nJess: wanna go and grab some beer?\r\nAron: What a nice surprise!\r\nAron: Sure!\r\nAron: Maybe you will come over to my place and we'll decide where to go?\r\nJess: ok, prepare yourself\r\nJess: haha\r\nAron: Will do!\nSummary: Jess is coming to Seattle. She will come to Aron's place around 9 pm and they will go for a beer. \nDialogue: Sheila: Hi love, just heading out to Vesuvius now, should be there in 15.\r\nAisha: Hi, we're on our way too.\r\nSheila: Great, see you inside.\r\nAisha: Yes, it's booked under the name Sayeed, table for 4.\r\nSheila: Thanks babes, see you soon!\nSummary: Aisha is seeing Sheila at Vesuvius in 15. Aisha booked a table for 4 under the name Sayeed.\nDialogue: Eliza: i listened to what you sent me yesterday\r\nEliza: so beautiful, i was literally crying\r\nLeo: woah!\r\nLeo: seriously?\r\nEliza: yes, i experienced it very emotionally\r\nLeo: i'm really happy you liked it so much :O\r\nLeo: <3\r\nEliza: what were you thinking about when you were composing it?\r\nLeo: hmm maybe i'll tell you later :)\r\nEliza: okay\nSummary: Eliza was deeply moved after listening to the music piece composed by Leo.\nDialogue: Zana: Did you send the money today?\nKatia: Yes I sent it this morning\nZana: What was the amount?\nKatia: €290\nZana: Ok\nSummary: Katia sent €290 this morning.\nDialogue: Sara: i don't think I can make it tonite\r\nSara: i still have so much work to do...\r\nCathie: same here:/\r\nCathie: I'm stuck at my desk\r\nSara: what about Sat?\r\nCathie: 9pm in the centre?\r\nSara: sounds good;-)\r\nCathie: ok, need to go back to work:/\r\nSara: me2, bye!\nSummary: Cathie and Sara are too busy with work to meet tonight. They will meet on Saturday at 9pm.\nDialogue: Linda: Hi, Mel. Linda here.\r\nMel: I know. How are you?\r\nLinda: I'm fine. You?\r\nMel: If I were any better, I'd be unconscious=)\r\nLinda: That great?\r\nMel: Silly joke. What's up, Linda?\r\nLinda: Got a little problem.\r\nMel: What's that?\r\nLinda: I need to be at work in an hour.\r\nMel: It's a half hour drive, right?\r\nLinda: That's the problem. I don't have a car.\r\nMel: What happened?\r\nLinda: Something broke down and I had to leave it at a garage.\r\nLinda: I wonder if you could drive me?\r\nMel: Not today, I'm afraid.\r\nLinda: Oh, I see.\r\nMel: Let's just say, I'm celebrating today.\r\nLinda: Well, good for you. Enjoy.\r\nMel: But I tell you what, you can drive. Come by and I'll give you the keys.\r\nLinda: You are the best, Mel. I'll be right over.\nSummary: Linda borrows Mel's car to get to work as hers is in the garage. \nDialogue: Taylor: Are you going for an exchange this year?\r\nAlex: no, I decided to stay here, it seems a bit pointless\r\nJeff: I am going to Wales \r\nJames: to Wales?!\r\nTaylor: I didn't know there are universities in Wales\r\nTaylor: lol, joking, is it Cardiff?\r\nJeff: no, Gwynedd\r\nJames: a friend of mine was there, he really liked it\r\nJeff: cool\nSummary: Jeff is going for an exchange to Gwynedd in Wales this year. A friend of James was there and he really liked it.\nDialogue: Emmet: what would you like to eat\r\nLorraine: maybe soup\r\nEmmet: tomato?\r\nLorraine: okay ;)\nSummary: Lorraine'd like to have tomato soup.\nDialogue: Henry: what are your plans for tonight?^^\r\nBen: Nothing solid yet. I think I’m gonna spend the evening in front of… whatchamacallit… the idiot box! \r\nHenry: o.O\r\nHarry: that was weird, Ben\r\nBen: To much of T.H. White… Why, Henry?\r\nHenry: just asking\r\nHarry: and I’m working\r\nHenry: wankers\nSummary: Tonight Ben is going to spend the evening in front of the TV. Harry is working.\nDialogue: Zoe: \r\nFrank: Love you!\r\nZoe: :-*\r\nFrank: Have a good day, babe :-*\nSummary: Zoe is sending Frank a video and he wishes her a good day. \nDialogue: Ian: Good morning\r\nSamantha: Good morning\r\nIan: I would like to invite you to participate in a new course organized by Wellesley College.\r\nIan: It is Italian Language and Culture course opened on our platform on August 21st\r\nIan: Register for free to have instant access to all online and join the 5,000+ learner already studying online!\r\nSamantha: Thank you very much. Till when should I sign in to the course?\r\nIan: Classes start the week of September 25th. The list closes on September 20th.\r\nSamantha: Thank you.\nSummary: Ian invites Samantha to enrol in the Italian Language and Culture on-line course organised by Wellesley College. If interested, Samantha has to enrol before the list closes on the 20th September. The classes start the week of 25th September.\nDialogue: Megan: What is your cat's name?\r\nJoyce: Flix, why?\r\nMegan: I was trying to recall it today\r\nJoyce: Why would you need my cat's name? lol\r\nMegan: My friend told me that she has a cat named Felix\r\nMegan: And I thought that your cat had a similar name\r\nMegan: But I couldn't recall :-)\r\nJoyce: Indeed similar\r\nJoyce: Actually I wanted to name my cat Felix\r\nJoyce: But I thought it didn't suit him\r\nJoyce: And then I came up with Flix\r\nMegan: My first dog's name was X\r\nJoyce: X? That's funny :D\nSummary: Joyce's cat's name is Flix. Megan's friend has a cat named Felix. Megan's first dog's name was X.\nDialogue: Tom: read it!\r\nBridget: gosh, how ghastly\r\nTom: Yes, but he was also quite stupid the guy\r\nBridget: True, and very disrespectful toward this people\r\nTom: They've been living on the island for the last 55 thousand years, completely separated from the world and protected by the Indian state, so he shouldn't have tried to contact them\r\nBridget: But the tribal tourism seems to by the big thing now\r\nTom: How stupid. Those people have been aggressive to everybody for the last millennia, so why would they accept anybody now?\r\nBridget: Especially one trying to \"bring Jesus\" to them\r\nTom: exactly, he wanted to be a missionary, or maybe even a martyr\r\nBridget: God, this kind of things happened hundreds of years ago in Europe. hahah\r\nTom: But i read today a bit about the Andaman Islands \r\nTom: They are kind of paradise with at least a few other tribes that haven't been in touch with the rest of the world for millennia.\r\nBridget: I know, it's fascinating. But it's also very dangerous for them.\r\nTom: What do you mean?\r\nBridget: Think what happened to indigenous population of America after they were contacted by Europeans.\r\nTom: Conquered you mean\r\nBridget: Sure, but that's not the point. Europeans brought diseases and things that had been unknown in America, like measles and alcohol. They decimated the indigenous peoples.\r\nTom: I know, that's why they should have protected.\r\nBridget: And I believe they have they right to choose to not being contacted by us. Let them be.\r\nTom: yup. Anyway, I have to come back to work.\r\nTom: It's always so inspiring to talk to you! Thanks!\r\nBridget: and vice versa!\nSummary: Tom and Brigdet discuss an event involving an isolated island tribe and a man, who tried to contact them, wanting to convert them to Christianity. Bridget thinks outside contact could be dangerous for the people of Andaman Islands. She believes they should have the right to be left alone.\nDialogue: Ann: Baby please pick up Tia from school i wont be able to leave...\r\nJohn: ok babe no worries\r\nAnn: Thank you love :kisses:\r\nJohn: :kisses: :kisses: :kisses:\nSummary: John will pick up Tia from school because Ann won't be able to.\nDialogue: Rebecca: \nRebecca: I finally ate this candy today when I got really stressed out from my work. ┐('～`；)┌\nRebecca: It was nice, thank you. ⊂二二二（　＾ω＾）二⊃\nAbigile: I know!! Didn’t it taste sharp? Some people don’t like it for that reason.\nRebecca: ( ^^)( ^^)\nAbigile: When are you coming again? \nAbigile: I already found some nice restaurants. It would be really awesome if you join with me. \nAbigile:（ ^_^）o自自o（^_^ ）\nSummary: Rebecca are candy today. Abigile found some restaurants for her and Rebecca to eat at.\nDialogue: Mary: Have you took my eye shadow?\r\nLizzy: No, Anna did.\r\nMary: I'll kill her!\nSummary: Anna took Mary's eye shadow.\nDialogue: Newton: be careful gents this is probbly the worst thing you have seen today\r\nSealey: what?\r\nNewton: #adultcontentonly #seriouslydisgusting\r\nLincoln: come on newt!\r\nNewton: \r\nEmmett: ive seen it. really disugsting \r\nSealey: of fuck why did you do this to me?!?\r\nEmmett: dunno why ppl do this kind of crap\r\nLincoln: if u ask me it's just plain stupid. Sorry folks\nSummary: The video Newton has sent around is disgusting.\nDialogue: Isabella: Good afternoon. What is the price of the pink dress that you posted a few minutes ago?\r\nGrace: Goof afternoon, 30$.\r\nIsabella: Is there also size 10?\r\nGrace: Yes.\r\nIsabella: Thank you for the information. Goodbye.\r\nGrace: Bye.\nSummary: The dress that Grace posted costs 30$ and is also in size 10. \nDialogue: Boris: Michelle's house party's this evening\r\nBoris: What am I supposed to wear, dude?\r\nCyril: Haha duuude :D\r\nCyril: I think nobody's going to give a shit what you wear\r\nCyril: It's not a costume party!\r\nCyril: Put on sth loose, sth you feel good in\r\nBoris: Don't mock me, dude\r\nBoris: It's always better to make sure than feeling embarrassed afterwards\r\nCyril: Take it easy man, it's not a big deal :)\r\nCyril: We're gonna have a gooood time today!\nSummary: Boris and Cyril are going to attend Michelle's house party this evening. The party is informal and there is no dress code.\r\n\nDialogue: Liam: Guys, how is Denmark treating you?\nTerry: couldn't be better\nJohn: maybe a bit more of the sun could be better\nHelmut: do you want to join us here?\nLiam: yup!\nHelmut: I knew it!\nLiam: hehehe\nTerry: what made you change your mind?\nLiam: money, money\nJohn: of course, it's always about money\nLiam: studying for free and great scholarships\nJohn: exactly!\nJohn: Copenhagen?\nLiam: don't know yet\nSummary: Terry, John and Helmut are studying in Denmark and they're pleased with that. Liam's thinking about joining them there.\nDialogue: Jared: Ok I'm coming with the bag :)\r\nJoel: ok :d\r\nJared: Could you get it from me downstairs?\r\nJoel: sure, let me know here when you're there\r\nJared: Thanks\nSummary: Jared is bringing Joel the bag. Joel will pick it up downstairs.\nDialogue: Harris: How are U?\r\nLena: Fine, U?\r\nHarris: Been better.\r\nLena: ?\r\nHarris: My friend Aoki died yesterday.\r\nLena: O No!\r\nHarris: Yeah.\r\nLena: What happened?\r\nHarris: Not sure yet. Thinking the worst...\r\nLena: O how awful!\r\nHarris: Yes.\r\nLena: You just never know.\r\nHarris: True.\r\nLena: Had you seen her lately?\r\nHarris: Not for a few months. She lives in Michigan.\r\nLena: Oh, that's far.\r\nHarris: Not too far but far enough.\r\nLena: Right.\r\nHarris: Got to go, mom's calling.\r\nLena: K bi. Feel better!\r\nHarris: K will do\nSummary: Harris's friend Aoki died yesterday. They suspect suicide. Harris hasn't seen her lately as she lived in Michigan.\nDialogue: Sid: Wanna catch a movie?\r\nAnnie: sure what do you have in mind?\r\nSid; the Aquaman? :D\r\nAnnie: haha isn't it a bit childish\r\nSid: noooooo I mean yes but it's the highest grossing movie this week\r\nAnnie: seriously?\r\nSid: yeah?\r\nAnnie: okay let's see what the fuss is all about\nSummary: Sid and Annie are going to watch Aquaman, highest grossing movie this week.\nDialogue: Avery: I got home. 🎉🎉 thank you for the night. xx\r\nBrian: Well done Avery\r\nAvery: After \"loosing\" 2 trains 😂😂\r\nMaya: Those trains are well dodgy!\r\nDaniel: Good news Avery, I hope the rest made it home ok 😂\r\nAmber: Rachel is safely home anyway! And me too! Thanks for a fab night, as usual!\r\nBrian: Thank you all it was an amazing birthday!!!! I'll regret fibbers tomorrow but heh! My birthday is not every day! Awesome night, love you all and thanks again!!! 😘\r\nAmber: Never regret Fibbers Brian! It's like an Irish rite of passage! Thank you for choosing to spend your special day with us. We are the lucky ones! Hasta la vista baby!\nSummary: Brian's birthday party was great. Everyone has returned home safely.\nDialogue: Trevor: where are you?\r\nSam: on my way\r\nSam: I'll be at your place in 10\r\nTrevor: is there a store somewhere along the way?\r\nSam: I think so\r\nSam: what do you need\r\nTrevor: vodka and ice\r\nSam: ice ice baby will do\r\nTrevor: thanks\r\nSam: \r\nTrevor: is that Susan?\r\nSam: yes :D\r\nTrevor: Dibs!!!!!!!!!\nSummary: Sam will buy some vodka and ice on his way to Trevor. He will be at Trevor's in around 10 minutes.\nDialogue: Julia: Kate's playing tonite with her new band in Spatiff, wanna join?\r\nKim: I'd love to, but I'm stuck at the computer tonight :-(\r\nKim: But hey, let's do sth this weekend. Hm?\r\nKim: btw: didn't know she had a new band... what happened to the old one?\r\nJulia: Tom, the guitar guy went on a contract to Dubai, so they're not playing for now.\r\nKim: uhm. I see. \r\nKim: So, how about the weekend?\r\nJulia: :/ I'm out of town. I'll be back on Monday.\r\nKim: Monday sounds good. \r\nKim: Looks like there's a jam session in Harris. \r\nJulia: acoustic one?\r\nKim: Yep.\r\nJulia: ok, I'm in! XD\r\nKim: It starts at 9 p.m. but I'll try to be there a bit earlier so that we can get a table.\r\nJulia: Ok, need to go back to work now. \r\nKim: Cu on Monday ;-)\r\nKim: Cya!\nSummary: Kim can't join Julia for Kate's concert in Spatiff. Kim and Julia will go to an acoustic jam session in Harris on Monday at 9 pm.\nDialogue: Frank: \r\nLouie: are you going to this event?\r\nFrank: that's why i am sending it ;)\r\nLouie: i will let you know later ok? need to check up with kylie\r\nFrank: okey please do\r\nLouie: kk talk to you later\nSummary: Frank is going to the even. Louie needs to check up with Kylie and he will let Frank know.\nDialogue: Ian: Guys, who's watching the game?\r\nSimon: And who isn't? :P\r\nIan: Me. Because I'm stuck in a damn traffic jam. What's the score?\r\nSimon: 67:53 for the Bulls.\r\nHank: Hell yeah! \r\nSimon: Are you hung up in traffic too?\r\nHank: No, wifey is watching her bloody soap operas.\r\nSimon: I'm telling you, get a second TV!\r\nIan: Do you know if the game is broadcast somewhere on radio?\r\nSimon: No, sorry. I've got a TV like a normal 21th century person.\r\nHank: Good idea, pal! I'll look for it.\r\nIan: Tell me if you find something. And Simon, keep telling me the score!\nSummary: Ian isn't watching the game, because he's in a traffic jam. Simon is watching and the Bulls are in the lead 67:53. Hank isn't watching, because his wife is watching soap operas. Ian wants Simon to inform him about the score.\nDialogue: Stella: You play PUBG on cellphone? \r\nBlake: Used to play but deleted it yesterday\r\nStella: Welldone\nSummary: Blake deleted PUBG from his phone yesterday.\nDialogue: Eva: I'm going to have to cancel our Thursday's lesson this week.\r\nEva: I have really bad laryngitis and I've totally lost my voice.\r\nKaz: :-( Poor you!\r\nKaz: We can reschedule for next week.\r\nKaz: I have Tues and Wed slots I can fit you into.\r\nKaz: Tues after 7pm or Wednesday after 7:30?\r\nEva: I think Wednesday will be better.\r\nKaz: OK.\r\nKaz: Sorry I just realised I have an extra lesson this Wed. Can't do Wed.\r\nEva: When can you do then?\r\nKaz: Will have to check with the school and let you know.\r\nKaz: I should know by Monday.\r\nEva: OK\nSummary: Eva has to cancel Thursday's lesson this week, because she lost her voice. Kaz will let Eva know when the lesson can take place next week.\nDialogue: Grayson: nancy are you there?\r\nGrayson: come on, i know you are angry, just text me back\r\nGrayson: come on nancy\r\nNancy: leave me alone, i'm blocking your number\r\nGrayson: ok, just wanted to make sure you were ok\r\nGrayson: sorry for what i said\nSummary: Grayson has said something wrong and now Nancy is mad with him.\nDialogue: David: Hi, how are you?\r\nJanette: All good, hbu?\r\nDavid: Good\r\nDavid: Just bought plane tickets.\r\nJanette: Already?\r\nJanette: Ok, I'll take a look at prices now.\r\nDavid: It's better to buy them sooner than later.\r\nJanette: Give me a sec.\r\nJanette: Are you still there?\r\nDavid: Yes\r\nJanette: All done. Now I gotta think if I need some extra baggage\r\nDavid: I know you well enough to know that you do need an extra bag, hun\r\nJanette: Okay, I'll add 20kg bag now.\r\nDavid: Gotta go, take care and pack wisely.\r\nJanette: Ttyl\nSummary: David has just bought plane tickets and Janette will take a look at prices now. She may need extra baggage, so she'll add 20 kg bag. \nDialogue: Ali: Are you coming to Harissa today?\nSamuel: this is a plan at least\nTed: But there is a traffic jam in Beirut\nGeorg: yes, horrible\nGeorg: and Ted wants to stop in Byblos\nAli: why Byblos?\nGeorg: because \"it's BYBLOS\" as Ted put it\nAli: it's boring\nGeorg: but it gave it's name to words like bible and Bibliothek (at least in German)\nGeorg: it's where our culture comes from\nSamuel: yes, he has to see it apparently\nSamuel: so it will take some time\nSamuel: we will write you\nAli: please do\nSummary: Samuel, Ted and Georg will stop at Byblos before coming to Harissa. They will write to Ali later. \nDialogue: Carl: Are you going to James'?\r\nMelissa: Yeah.\r\nCarl: Bring your new friend.\r\nMelissa: Why?\r\nCarl: You know why ;)\nSummary: Melissa is going to James'. Carl wants Melissa to bring her new friend.\n\n\nDialogue: Ethan: somethin for Scott \r\nToby: haha, totally\r\nMarshall: pretty much sums it up\r\nScott: you know you're exactly fuckin the same\r\nToby: oh we know honey bunny\r\nMarshall: we just enjoy making fun of YOU\r\nEthan: xD\r\nScott: oh fuck y'all\r\nToby: \nSummary: "} {"question_id": 45, "category": "longbench_passage_count", "reference": ["11"], "prompt": "There are some paragraphs below sourced from Wikipedia. Some of them may be duplicates. Please carefully read these paragraphs and determine how many unique paragraphs there are after removing duplicates. In other words, how many non-repeating paragraphs are there in total?\n\nParagraph 1: Harold Wade Phillips (born June 21, 1947) is an American football coach who is currently the head coach of the Houston Roughnecks of the XFL. He has served as head coach of the Denver Broncos, Buffalo Bills, and Dallas Cowboys. He has also served as interim head coach for the New Orleans Saints, Atlanta Falcons, and the Houston Texans. His career winning percentage as a head coach is .546. Additionally, Phillips has long been considered to be among the best defensive coordinators in the NFL. In his long career, he has served as defensive coordinator in eight separate stints with seven different franchises (twice with the Denver Broncos). Multiple players under Phillips' system have won Defensive Player of the Year: Reggie White, Bryce Paup, Bruce Smith, J. J. Watt and Aaron Donald. Others under Phillips have won Defensive Rookie of the Year: Mike Croel and Shawne Merriman.\n\nParagraph 2: Mason's theory of a \"flight into war\" being imposed on Hitler generated much controversy, and in the 1980s, he conducted a series of debates with economic historian Richard Overy on the matter. Overy maintained the decision to attack Poland was not caused by structural economic problems but was the result of Hitler wanting a localised war at that particular moment. For Overy, a major problem with the Mason thesis was that it rested on the assumption that although unrecorded by the records, that information had been passed on to Hitler about Germany's economic problems. Overy argued that there was a major difference between economic pressures that were inducted by the problems of the Four Year Plan and economic motives to seize raw materials, industry and foreign reserve of neighbouring states as a way of accelerating the Four Year Plan. Overy asserted that the repressive capacity of the German state as a way of dealing with domestic unhappiness was also somewhat downplayed by Mason. Finally, Overy argued that there is considerable evidence that the state felt that it could master the economic problems of rearmament. As one civil servant put it in January 1940, \"we have already mastered so many difficulties in the past, that here too, if one or other raw material became extremely scarce, ways and means will always yet be found to get out of a fix\".\n\nParagraph 3: In his 1967 pamphlet, \"The Public Stake in Revisionism\", Barnes said that the historical \"blackout\" with regards to World War II had become a \"smotherout\" as a result of the trial of Adolf Eichmann. Writing about the Eichmann trial of 1961, Barnes said that the trial showed \"an almost adolescent gullibility and excitability on the part of Americans relative to German wartime crimes, real or alleged\" (emphasis in original). Barnes wrote that the charges against Eichmann rested on \"fundamental but unproved assumptions that what Hitler and the National Socialists did in the years after [the Allies] entered the war\". Barnes accused the American media of publishing \"sensational articles\" about \"exaggerated National Socialist savagery\". Barnes described the expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe as the \"final solution\" for the German people. Writing of the expulsion of the ethnic Germans from the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia in 1945–46, he claimed that \"at least four million of them perished in the process from butchery, starvation and disease.\" Barnes claimed that the Allied bombing offensive, together with the expulsions of the ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe, were far worse than anything the Nazis were alleged to have done. In \"The Public Stake in Revisionism\", Barnes wrote that \"The number of civilians exterminated by the Allies, before, during, and after the Second World War, equaled, if it did not far exceed those liquidated by the Germans and the Allied liquidation program was often carried out by methods which were far more brutal and painful then whatever extermination actually took place in German gas ovens\". Barnes said that certain (unnamed) \"court historians\" were guilty of ensuring that Allied war crimes were never \"cogently and frankly placed over against the doings, real or alleged, at Auschwitz.\" Barnes acknowledged that there were concentration camps in Nazi Germany, but denied there were ever death camps. Barnes said that when \"court historians\" were forced by \"revisionists\" to admit there were no death camps, the evidence for gas chambers at the death camps was manufactured.\n\nParagraph 4: After the death of Shershah, his son Jalal Khan was enthroned under the title of Islam Shah. Hemu who was responsible to enthrone Adil Shah at Delhi after the death of Islam Shah in 1552. Hemu was a native of Macheri in Alwar district and is said to be a hawker of salt petre in the streets of Rewari, but rose to the status of prime-minister of Muhammad Shah Adil Sur (1554-1557) by his intelligence, loyalty and great qualities of leadership. He fought and won twenty-two battles against his master's rivals. Gradually he became the de facto ruler of Sur kingdom as his master sank into sloth and obscurity. He fought successfully a battle against the Mughal governor of Delhi, and occupied the city, and proclaimed himself as an independent ruler. He distributed the spoil among the Afghans and thus won them over to his side. He assumed for himself the title of Vikramaditya, but an arrow accidentally struck his eye and pierced his brain in the battle of Panipat (1556). He lay unconscious and was brought before the young emperor Akbar, who gave a blow of sword to Hemu, and Bairam Khan finished him off. Hemu's head was sent to Kabul and his trunk to Delhi to be placed on a gibbet. Soon, forces were sent to strongly defended forts of Deoti and Macheri (now in Rajgarh, Alwar district) where Hemu's wife and his father had taken shelter with their precious goods and treasures. After some resistance, Hemu's father was captured and his conversion to Islam attempted. But he declined and said, \"For eighty years I have worshipped my God according to this (Hindu) religion why should I change it at this time, and why should I, merely from fear of my life, and without understanding it, come into way of your worship\". At this, he was put to death. Hemu's widow, however, escaped with elephants and treasures to the jungles. She was pursued and a part of treasure was recovered from her.\n\nParagraph 5: The Hyde-Inland M2 was a United States submachine gun design submitted for trials at Aberdeen Proving Ground in February 1941. Work was undertaken by General Motors Inland Manufacturing Division to develop workable prototypes of George Hyde's design patented in 1935 (). The model first submitted for trials in April 1942 was designated the Hyde-Inland 1. Trials revealed the design was superior to the M1 submachine gun in mud and dirt tests, and its accuracy in full-automatic firing was better than any other submachine gun tested at the time. An improved Hyde-Inland 2 was designated U.S. Submachine gun, Caliber .45, M2 as a substitute standard for the M1 Thompson in April 1942. As Inland's manufacturing capacity became focused on M1 carbine production, the US Army contracted M2 production to Marlin Firearms in July 1942. Marlin began production in May 1943. Marlin's production failed to match the trials prototype performance; and Marlin's original contract for 164,450 M2s was canceled in 1943 upon adoption of the M3 submachine gun. The M2 is chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge and used the same 20- or 30-round magazine as the Thompson. Its cyclic rate of fire is 570 rounds per minute. None of the approximately 400 manufactured were issued by any branches of the United States military.\n\nParagraph 6: The first caution did not take long as it came out on lap 1 out of turn 2 which was the big one collecting 10 cars. Casey Mears got into Mike Bliss out of turn 2 causing Mears to spin to the left. Mears then overcorrected his car back to the right, right in front of a whole pack of cars causing others to check up and run into each other. The cars involved were Mears, Shane Hmiel, Robby Gordon, Scott Riggs, Matt Kenseth, Bobby Labonte, Jeff Gordon, Jeff Burton, Travis Kvapil, and Kurt Busch. A red flag was issued to clean up the mess. Pole-sitter Ryan Newman led the first lap under caution. On the restart on lap 6, Newman soon lost the lead to Jimmie Johnson. On lap 62, Greg Biffle took the lead from Jimmie Johnson. After the longest green flag run of 80 laps, the second caution came out on lap 85 for debris. On lap 91, Biffle gave up the lead to Johnson. On lap 117, the third caution came out when Mike Wallace blew an engine. Biffle won the race off of pit road and was the race leader. Johnson soon took the lead on the restart but Biffle took it back 10 laps later. On lap 159, the fourth caution flew when Kurt Busch blew a right front tire and hit the wall in turn 2. On the restart, Biffle and Johnson continued to swap the lead back and forth from each other. On lap 202, the 5th caution flew when Bobby Hamilton Jr. blew a right front tire and hit the wall in turn 2. On the restart, Johnson and Biffle continued to battle for the lead but Johnson won the battle with Biffle after they swapped the lead about 3 different times from each other. A majority of people thought that it was gonna be a spectacular finish between Biffle and Johnson towards the end of the race. On lap 233, the 6th caution came out for debris. On the race off of pit road, Biffle was the leader of the race and never gave up the lead to Johnson on the restart. With 47 laps to go, the 7th caution came out when Kyle Petty's engine let go. On the race off of pit road, Jimmie Johnson was the new race leader. With 31 to go, Robby Gordon's engine blew bringing out the 8th and final caution. Carl Edwards won the\n\nParagraph 7: Shortly thereafter, Joan witnesses the coronation of Charles. Although her military triumphs have made her popular with the masses, her voices, beliefs, self-confidence and apparent supernatural powers have given her fearful enemies in high places. Charles, who has no further use for her services, expects her to return to her father's farm. When Joan challenges Charles to retake Paris from the English, he tells her he would rather sign a treaty than fight. All refuse Joan's plea to march on Paris, and the archbishop warns her that if she defies her spiritual directors, the church will disown her. Nevertheless, Joan puts her faith in God and appeals to the common people to march on Paris. She is captured and handed over to the English. To assure that Joan will never again become a threat to England, the English commander hands her over to the Catholic Church to be tried for heresy. Joan spends four months in a cell and is visited frequently by the Inquisitor (Felix Aylmer). The English become impatient with the delay in her prosecution and press for the trial to begin. Joan holds to her faith, as always, refusing to deny that the church is wiser than she or her voices.\n\nParagraph 8: Mason's theory of a \"flight into war\" being imposed on Hitler generated much controversy, and in the 1980s, he conducted a series of debates with economic historian Richard Overy on the matter. Overy maintained the decision to attack Poland was not caused by structural economic problems but was the result of Hitler wanting a localised war at that particular moment. For Overy, a major problem with the Mason thesis was that it rested on the assumption that although unrecorded by the records, that information had been passed on to Hitler about Germany's economic problems. Overy argued that there was a major difference between economic pressures that were inducted by the problems of the Four Year Plan and economic motives to seize raw materials, industry and foreign reserve of neighbouring states as a way of accelerating the Four Year Plan. Overy asserted that the repressive capacity of the German state as a way of dealing with domestic unhappiness was also somewhat downplayed by Mason. Finally, Overy argued that there is considerable evidence that the state felt that it could master the economic problems of rearmament. As one civil servant put it in January 1940, \"we have already mastered so many difficulties in the past, that here too, if one or other raw material became extremely scarce, ways and means will always yet be found to get out of a fix\".\n\nParagraph 9: The Hyde-Inland M2 was a United States submachine gun design submitted for trials at Aberdeen Proving Ground in February 1941. Work was undertaken by General Motors Inland Manufacturing Division to develop workable prototypes of George Hyde's design patented in 1935 (). The model first submitted for trials in April 1942 was designated the Hyde-Inland 1. Trials revealed the design was superior to the M1 submachine gun in mud and dirt tests, and its accuracy in full-automatic firing was better than any other submachine gun tested at the time. An improved Hyde-Inland 2 was designated U.S. Submachine gun, Caliber .45, M2 as a substitute standard for the M1 Thompson in April 1942. As Inland's manufacturing capacity became focused on M1 carbine production, the US Army contracted M2 production to Marlin Firearms in July 1942. Marlin began production in May 1943. Marlin's production failed to match the trials prototype performance; and Marlin's original contract for 164,450 M2s was canceled in 1943 upon adoption of the M3 submachine gun. The M2 is chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge and used the same 20- or 30-round magazine as the Thompson. Its cyclic rate of fire is 570 rounds per minute. None of the approximately 400 manufactured were issued by any branches of the United States military.\n\nParagraph 10: Shortly thereafter, Joan witnesses the coronation of Charles. Although her military triumphs have made her popular with the masses, her voices, beliefs, self-confidence and apparent supernatural powers have given her fearful enemies in high places. Charles, who has no further use for her services, expects her to return to her father's farm. When Joan challenges Charles to retake Paris from the English, he tells her he would rather sign a treaty than fight. All refuse Joan's plea to march on Paris, and the archbishop warns her that if she defies her spiritual directors, the church will disown her. Nevertheless, Joan puts her faith in God and appeals to the common people to march on Paris. She is captured and handed over to the English. To assure that Joan will never again become a threat to England, the English commander hands her over to the Catholic Church to be tried for heresy. Joan spends four months in a cell and is visited frequently by the Inquisitor (Felix Aylmer). The English become impatient with the delay in her prosecution and press for the trial to begin. Joan holds to her faith, as always, refusing to deny that the church is wiser than she or her voices.\n\nParagraph 11: Lonmin expressed satisfaction with the agreement as the conclusion of a difficult process, while acknowledging that it was \"only one step in a long and difficult process which lies ahead for everyone who has been affected by the events at Marikana\". Amcu's Mathunjwa said in a statement, \"This could have been done without losing lives\". The Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration congratulated the parties on their efforts, and, after the agreement was announced, the spot platinum price fell by two per cent and the exchange rate strengthened. However, although Lonmin said that it viewed the situation at Marikana as \"extraordinary\", some observers worried that Lonmin's concessions to the strikers would create moral hazard and inspire copycat wildcat strikes, with similarly ambitious wage demands, at other mines. Zwelinzima Vavi, the general secretary of Cosatu, echoed this concern; as did Baleni of the NUM: \"The normal bargaining processes have been compromised. It does suggest that unprotected action, an element of anarchy, can be easily rewarded, people can do certain wrong things with impunity and that means that it can roll over to other operations.\" Noting the limitations of the agreement from another perspective, a member of the Marikana Solidarity Campaign pointed out that there was much more work still to be done, including in supporting the families of the victims of the massacre, offering counselling for post-traumatic stress, and overseeing the official government inquiry: The campaign will go on. This campaign is aimed at helping workers. People died here at Marikana. Something needs to be done. This is a campaign to ensure justice for the people of Marikana. We want the culprits to be brought to book, and it is crucial that justice is seen to be done here. It is our duty and the duty of this country to ensure justice is served, so that we can make sure this country is a democracy and to stop South Africa from going down the drain... During the past week people were taken from their homes and arrested by police, and people have been shot at. We need to ensure the safety of these people, and need to help stop police action against the people of Marikana. The work is enormous. Some people still need medical attention, and we also need to look at the living conditions of workers and the community at large. Then there is the problem of the unemployment of women and the high rate of illiteracy here. We need to help realise programmes to ensure people can get an income, that they can enjoy a reasonable standard of living.As agreed, the Lonmin mineworkers returned to work on 20 September, though operations at the Marikana mine were temporarily disrupted once again a month later – on 18 October – when thousands of Lonmin employees staged a one-day walkout to protest the arrests of other mineworkers in other mining strikes elsewhere in the country.\n\nParagraph 12: Shortly thereafter, Joan witnesses the coronation of Charles. Although her military triumphs have made her popular with the masses, her voices, beliefs, self-confidence and apparent supernatural powers have given her fearful enemies in high places. Charles, who has no further use for her services, expects her to return to her father's farm. When Joan challenges Charles to retake Paris from the English, he tells her he would rather sign a treaty than fight. All refuse Joan's plea to march on Paris, and the archbishop warns her that if she defies her spiritual directors, the church will disown her. Nevertheless, Joan puts her faith in God and appeals to the common people to march on Paris. She is captured and handed over to the English. To assure that Joan will never again become a threat to England, the English commander hands her over to the Catholic Church to be tried for heresy. Joan spends four months in a cell and is visited frequently by the Inquisitor (Felix Aylmer). The English become impatient with the delay in her prosecution and press for the trial to begin. Joan holds to her faith, as always, refusing to deny that the church is wiser than she or her voices.\n\nParagraph 13: In his 1967 pamphlet, \"The Public Stake in Revisionism\", Barnes said that the historical \"blackout\" with regards to World War II had become a \"smotherout\" as a result of the trial of Adolf Eichmann. Writing about the Eichmann trial of 1961, Barnes said that the trial showed \"an almost adolescent gullibility and excitability on the part of Americans relative to German wartime crimes, real or alleged\" (emphasis in original). Barnes wrote that the charges against Eichmann rested on \"fundamental but unproved assumptions that what Hitler and the National Socialists did in the years after [the Allies] entered the war\". Barnes accused the American media of publishing \"sensational articles\" about \"exaggerated National Socialist savagery\". Barnes described the expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe as the \"final solution\" for the German people. Writing of the expulsion of the ethnic Germans from the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia in 1945–46, he claimed that \"at least four million of them perished in the process from butchery, starvation and disease.\" Barnes claimed that the Allied bombing offensive, together with the expulsions of the ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe, were far worse than anything the Nazis were alleged to have done. In \"The Public Stake in Revisionism\", Barnes wrote that \"The number of civilians exterminated by the Allies, before, during, and after the Second World War, equaled, if it did not far exceed those liquidated by the Germans and the Allied liquidation program was often carried out by methods which were far more brutal and painful then whatever extermination actually took place in German gas ovens\". Barnes said that certain (unnamed) \"court historians\" were guilty of ensuring that Allied war crimes were never \"cogently and frankly placed over against the doings, real or alleged, at Auschwitz.\" Barnes acknowledged that there were concentration camps in Nazi Germany, but denied there were ever death camps. Barnes said that when \"court historians\" were forced by \"revisionists\" to admit there were no death camps, the evidence for gas chambers at the death camps was manufactured.\n\nParagraph 14: Shortly thereafter, Joan witnesses the coronation of Charles. Although her military triumphs have made her popular with the masses, her voices, beliefs, self-confidence and apparent supernatural powers have given her fearful enemies in high places. Charles, who has no further use for her services, expects her to return to her father's farm. When Joan challenges Charles to retake Paris from the English, he tells her he would rather sign a treaty than fight. All refuse Joan's plea to march on Paris, and the archbishop warns her that if she defies her spiritual directors, the church will disown her. Nevertheless, Joan puts her faith in God and appeals to the common people to march on Paris. She is captured and handed over to the English. To assure that Joan will never again become a threat to England, the English commander hands her over to the Catholic Church to be tried for heresy. Joan spends four months in a cell and is visited frequently by the Inquisitor (Felix Aylmer). The English become impatient with the delay in her prosecution and press for the trial to begin. Joan holds to her faith, as always, refusing to deny that the church is wiser than she or her voices.\n\nParagraph 15: It is a tree reaching 14 meters in height. The young, yellow-brown to dark brown branches are densely covered in hairs. Its elliptical to egg-shaped, papery to leathery leaves are 12-29.5 by 4-11 centimeters. The leaves have pointed to wedge-shaped to blunt bases and tapering tips, with the tapering portion 5-22 millimeters long. The leaves are hairless on their upper and lower surfaces. The leaves have 12-22 pairs of secondary veins emanating from their midribs. Its densely hairy petioles are 2-12 by 1-3.5 millimeters with a broad groove on their upper side. Its Inflorescences occur alone or in pairs on branches, and are organized on indistinct peduncles. Each inflorescence has a 1-2 flowers. Each flower is on a very densely hairy pedicel that is 3-18 by 0.3-1.1 millimeters. The pedicels are organized on a rachis up to 5 millimeters long that have up to 3 bracts. The pedicels have a medial, slightly hairy bract that is 0.3-1 millimeters long. Its flowers are unisexual. Its flowers have 3 triangular sepals, that are 1-2.5 by 1-2.5 millimeters and partially fused at their base. The sepals are hairless on their upper surface, very densely hairy on their lower surface, and hairy at their margins. Its 6 petals are arranged in two rows of 3. The outer petals are dark red, pink-purple, or purple. The oval to elliptical, outer petals are 1.5-4 by 2-3.5 millimeters with hairless upper surfaces and sparsely to densely hairy lower surfaces. The inner petals are dark red or purple. The heart-shaped to triangular, inner petals have a 2-5 millimeter long claw at their base and a 4-11 by 2-7 millimeter blade. The inner petals have heart-shaped to flat bases and pointed tips. The inner petals are hairless on their upper surface, except near their tips, and densely hairy on their lower surfaces. The inner petals have an elliptical, smooth, prominently raised gland on their upper surface. Male flowers have up to 55-65 stamens that are 0.7-1.3 by 0.4-0.8 millimeters. Female flowers have 11-17 carpels that are 1.2-2.1 by 0.6-1 millimeters. Each carpel has 2-5 ovules arranged in two rows. The female flowers have 3-9 sterile stamens. The fruit occur in clusters of 3-15 on slightly hairy pedicles that are 10-30 by 1-2.5 millimeters. The dark brown, globe-shaped fruit are 7-17 by 5-15 millimeters. The fruit are smooth, and very densely hairy. Each fruit has 4-5 hemispherical to lens-shaped seeds that are 8-9 by 5-7.5 by 2.5-5 millimeters. The seeds are very wrinkly.\n\nParagraph 16: In his 1967 pamphlet, \"The Public Stake in Revisionism\", Barnes said that the historical \"blackout\" with regards to World War II had become a \"smotherout\" as a result of the trial of Adolf Eichmann. Writing about the Eichmann trial of 1961, Barnes said that the trial showed \"an almost adolescent gullibility and excitability on the part of Americans relative to German wartime crimes, real or alleged\" (emphasis in original). Barnes wrote that the charges against Eichmann rested on \"fundamental but unproved assumptions that what Hitler and the National Socialists did in the years after [the Allies] entered the war\". Barnes accused the American media of publishing \"sensational articles\" about \"exaggerated National Socialist savagery\". Barnes described the expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe as the \"final solution\" for the German people. Writing of the expulsion of the ethnic Germans from the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia in 1945–46, he claimed that \"at least four million of them perished in the process from butchery, starvation and disease.\" Barnes claimed that the Allied bombing offensive, together with the expulsions of the ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe, were far worse than anything the Nazis were alleged to have done. In \"The Public Stake in Revisionism\", Barnes wrote that \"The number of civilians exterminated by the Allies, before, during, and after the Second World War, equaled, if it did not far exceed those liquidated by the Germans and the Allied liquidation program was often carried out by methods which were far more brutal and painful then whatever extermination actually took place in German gas ovens\". Barnes said that certain (unnamed) \"court historians\" were guilty of ensuring that Allied war crimes were never \"cogently and frankly placed over against the doings, real or alleged, at Auschwitz.\" Barnes acknowledged that there were concentration camps in Nazi Germany, but denied there were ever death camps. Barnes said that when \"court historians\" were forced by \"revisionists\" to admit there were no death camps, the evidence for gas chambers at the death camps was manufactured.\n\nParagraph 17: It is a tree reaching 14 meters in height. The young, yellow-brown to dark brown branches are densely covered in hairs. Its elliptical to egg-shaped, papery to leathery leaves are 12-29.5 by 4-11 centimeters. The leaves have pointed to wedge-shaped to blunt bases and tapering tips, with the tapering portion 5-22 millimeters long. The leaves are hairless on their upper and lower surfaces. The leaves have 12-22 pairs of secondary veins emanating from their midribs. Its densely hairy petioles are 2-12 by 1-3.5 millimeters with a broad groove on their upper side. Its Inflorescences occur alone or in pairs on branches, and are organized on indistinct peduncles. Each inflorescence has a 1-2 flowers. Each flower is on a very densely hairy pedicel that is 3-18 by 0.3-1.1 millimeters. The pedicels are organized on a rachis up to 5 millimeters long that have up to 3 bracts. The pedicels have a medial, slightly hairy bract that is 0.3-1 millimeters long. Its flowers are unisexual. Its flowers have 3 triangular sepals, that are 1-2.5 by 1-2.5 millimeters and partially fused at their base. The sepals are hairless on their upper surface, very densely hairy on their lower surface, and hairy at their margins. Its 6 petals are arranged in two rows of 3. The outer petals are dark red, pink-purple, or purple. The oval to elliptical, outer petals are 1.5-4 by 2-3.5 millimeters with hairless upper surfaces and sparsely to densely hairy lower surfaces. The inner petals are dark red or purple. The heart-shaped to triangular, inner petals have a 2-5 millimeter long claw at their base and a 4-11 by 2-7 millimeter blade. The inner petals have heart-shaped to flat bases and pointed tips. The inner petals are hairless on their upper surface, except near their tips, and densely hairy on their lower surfaces. The inner petals have an elliptical, smooth, prominently raised gland on their upper surface. Male flowers have up to 55-65 stamens that are 0.7-1.3 by 0.4-0.8 millimeters. Female flowers have 11-17 carpels that are 1.2-2.1 by 0.6-1 millimeters. Each carpel has 2-5 ovules arranged in two rows. The female flowers have 3-9 sterile stamens. The fruit occur in clusters of 3-15 on slightly hairy pedicles that are 10-30 by 1-2.5 millimeters. The dark brown, globe-shaped fruit are 7-17 by 5-15 millimeters. The fruit are smooth, and very densely hairy. Each fruit has 4-5 hemispherical to lens-shaped seeds that are 8-9 by 5-7.5 by 2.5-5 millimeters. The seeds are very wrinkly.\n\nParagraph 18: In his 1967 pamphlet, \"The Public Stake in Revisionism\", Barnes said that the historical \"blackout\" with regards to World War II had become a \"smotherout\" as a result of the trial of Adolf Eichmann. Writing about the Eichmann trial of 1961, Barnes said that the trial showed \"an almost adolescent gullibility and excitability on the part of Americans relative to German wartime crimes, real or alleged\" (emphasis in original). Barnes wrote that the charges against Eichmann rested on \"fundamental but unproved assumptions that what Hitler and the National Socialists did in the years after [the Allies] entered the war\". Barnes accused the American media of publishing \"sensational articles\" about \"exaggerated National Socialist savagery\". Barnes described the expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe as the \"final solution\" for the German people. Writing of the expulsion of the ethnic Germans from the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia in 1945–46, he claimed that \"at least four million of them perished in the process from butchery, starvation and disease.\" Barnes claimed that the Allied bombing offensive, together with the expulsions of the ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe, were far worse than anything the Nazis were alleged to have done. In \"The Public Stake in Revisionism\", Barnes wrote that \"The number of civilians exterminated by the Allies, before, during, and after the Second World War, equaled, if it did not far exceed those liquidated by the Germans and the Allied liquidation program was often carried out by methods which were far more brutal and painful then whatever extermination actually took place in German gas ovens\". Barnes said that certain (unnamed) \"court historians\" were guilty of ensuring that Allied war crimes were never \"cogently and frankly placed over against the doings, real or alleged, at Auschwitz.\" Barnes acknowledged that there were concentration camps in Nazi Germany, but denied there were ever death camps. Barnes said that when \"court historians\" were forced by \"revisionists\" to admit there were no death camps, the evidence for gas chambers at the death camps was manufactured.\n\nParagraph 19: At the cemetery, she overhears two thugs that interrogated Jack Dupree. She also hears the argument over the map and that one of the keys is in Jack Dupree's apartment. Nicole jumps onto her motorcycle and drives to Jack's apartment. She comes a bit late, as the thug is already there trying to break the door. She then goes downstairs and rings a bell, from which a woman's voice answers. She tells the woman to call the police, which she does. Soon, the thug is arrested, with Nicole free to go inside. In Dupree's apartment she finds a dagger that was well hidden behind a picture over a fireplace. After she takes the dagger, she jumps onto the motorcycle and pays a visit to the hotel on the way to the cemetery, where she picks up the box she found in Jack Dupree's apartment. She arrives to the cemetery and goes to the rest of the thugs unafraid. The apparent puppeteer tells her to open the grave in which he believes the treasures are being stored. Nicole demands the map, and, by placing the dagger and the key that she found in Jack's box on the map, opens the grave. As soon as she matches the dagger and the key, she gets the path on the map, which she gives to the killer. The killer, however, doesn't fulfill his promise, as he is afraid to trust her because she might turn him in to the police, even though he claimed that he was innocent. He leaves her with his accomplice, and takes Jack Dupree with him. As soon as he and Jack leave, Nicole starts a fight with the accomplice that results in him falling on the bricks near the asphalt and cracking his head. After that, she goes into the tomb. There she goes down by a rubber hose, after which she travels through an underground lake. She finds an open door and goes in it. The apparent killer turns his gun on her and fires it. Nicole falls on the ground unhurt, but her gun is by her side and not in her hands. She tries to grab the gun but the apparent killer warns her that if she does he will shoot Jack. Then, out of a blue, the real killer shows up. From him Nicole finds out that he was the one behind the murders of eight people, that he was a puppeteer she was looking for, and that he did it out of revenge that was 200 years in the making! After that dialogue the real killer's brother calls him a fool, provoking the killer and causing him to open fire, killing his brother and injuring Jack. Nicole, realizing that it's time to act, grabs the gun and fires it at the puppeteer, killing him. After that, she and Jack leave the tomb and go straight to the cafe.\n\nParagraph 20: Shortly thereafter, Joan witnesses the coronation of Charles. Although her military triumphs have made her popular with the masses, her voices, beliefs, self-confidence and apparent supernatural powers have given her fearful enemies in high places. Charles, who has no further use for her services, expects her to return to her father's farm. When Joan challenges Charles to retake Paris from the English, he tells her he would rather sign a treaty than fight. All refuse Joan's plea to march on Paris, and the archbishop warns her that if she defies her spiritual directors, the church will disown her. Nevertheless, Joan puts her faith in God and appeals to the common people to march on Paris. She is captured and handed over to the English. To assure that Joan will never again become a threat to England, the English commander hands her over to the Catholic Church to be tried for heresy. Joan spends four months in a cell and is visited frequently by the Inquisitor (Felix Aylmer). The English become impatient with the delay in her prosecution and press for the trial to begin. Joan holds to her faith, as always, refusing to deny that the church is wiser than she or her voices.\n\nParagraph 21: In his 1967 pamphlet, \"The Public Stake in Revisionism\", Barnes said that the historical \"blackout\" with regards to World War II had become a \"smotherout\" as a result of the trial of Adolf Eichmann. Writing about the Eichmann trial of 1961, Barnes said that the trial showed \"an almost adolescent gullibility and excitability on the part of Americans relative to German wartime crimes, real or alleged\" (emphasis in original). Barnes wrote that the charges against Eichmann rested on \"fundamental but unproved assumptions that what Hitler and the National Socialists did in the years after [the Allies] entered the war\". Barnes accused the American media of publishing \"sensational articles\" about \"exaggerated National Socialist savagery\". Barnes described the expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe as the \"final solution\" for the German people. Writing of the expulsion of the ethnic Germans from the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia in 1945–46, he claimed that \"at least four million of them perished in the process from butchery, starvation and disease.\" Barnes claimed that the Allied bombing offensive, together with the expulsions of the ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe, were far worse than anything the Nazis were alleged to have done. In \"The Public Stake in Revisionism\", Barnes wrote that \"The number of civilians exterminated by the Allies, before, during, and after the Second World War, equaled, if it did not far exceed those liquidated by the Germans and the Allied liquidation program was often carried out by methods which were far more brutal and painful then whatever extermination actually took place in German gas ovens\". Barnes said that certain (unnamed) \"court historians\" were guilty of ensuring that Allied war crimes were never \"cogently and frankly placed over against the doings, real or alleged, at Auschwitz.\" Barnes acknowledged that there were concentration camps in Nazi Germany, but denied there were ever death camps. Barnes said that when \"court historians\" were forced by \"revisionists\" to admit there were no death camps, the evidence for gas chambers at the death camps was manufactured.\n\nParagraph 22: Harold Wade Phillips (born June 21, 1947) is an American football coach who is currently the head coach of the Houston Roughnecks of the XFL. He has served as head coach of the Denver Broncos, Buffalo Bills, and Dallas Cowboys. He has also served as interim head coach for the New Orleans Saints, Atlanta Falcons, and the Houston Texans. His career winning percentage as a head coach is .546. Additionally, Phillips has long been considered to be among the best defensive coordinators in the NFL. In his long career, he has served as defensive coordinator in eight separate stints with seven different franchises (twice with the Denver Broncos). Multiple players under Phillips' system have won Defensive Player of the Year: Reggie White, Bryce Paup, Bruce Smith, J. J. Watt and Aaron Donald. Others under Phillips have won Defensive Rookie of the Year: Mike Croel and Shawne Merriman.\n\nParagraph 23: Harold Wade Phillips (born June 21, 1947) is an American football coach who is currently the head coach of the Houston Roughnecks of the XFL. He has served as head coach of the Denver Broncos, Buffalo Bills, and Dallas Cowboys. He has also served as interim head coach for the New Orleans Saints, Atlanta Falcons, and the Houston Texans. His career winning percentage as a head coach is .546. Additionally, Phillips has long been considered to be among the best defensive coordinators in the NFL. In his long career, he has served as defensive coordinator in eight separate stints with seven different franchises (twice with the Denver Broncos). Multiple players under Phillips' system have won Defensive Player of the Year: Reggie White, Bryce Paup, Bruce Smith, J. J. Watt and Aaron Donald. Others under Phillips have won Defensive Rookie of the Year: Mike Croel and Shawne Merriman.\n\nParagraph 24: Lonmin expressed satisfaction with the agreement as the conclusion of a difficult process, while acknowledging that it was \"only one step in a long and difficult process which lies ahead for everyone who has been affected by the events at Marikana\". Amcu's Mathunjwa said in a statement, \"This could have been done without losing lives\". The Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration congratulated the parties on their efforts, and, after the agreement was announced, the spot platinum price fell by two per cent and the exchange rate strengthened. However, although Lonmin said that it viewed the situation at Marikana as \"extraordinary\", some observers worried that Lonmin's concessions to the strikers would create moral hazard and inspire copycat wildcat strikes, with similarly ambitious wage demands, at other mines. Zwelinzima Vavi, the general secretary of Cosatu, echoed this concern; as did Baleni of the NUM: \"The normal bargaining processes have been compromised. It does suggest that unprotected action, an element of anarchy, can be easily rewarded, people can do certain wrong things with impunity and that means that it can roll over to other operations.\" Noting the limitations of the agreement from another perspective, a member of the Marikana Solidarity Campaign pointed out that there was much more work still to be done, including in supporting the families of the victims of the massacre, offering counselling for post-traumatic stress, and overseeing the official government inquiry: The campaign will go on. This campaign is aimed at helping workers. People died here at Marikana. Something needs to be done. This is a campaign to ensure justice for the people of Marikana. We want the culprits to be brought to book, and it is crucial that justice is seen to be done here. It is our duty and the duty of this country to ensure justice is served, so that we can make sure this country is a democracy and to stop South Africa from going down the drain... During the past week people were taken from their homes and arrested by police, and people have been shot at. We need to ensure the safety of these people, and need to help stop police action against the people of Marikana. The work is enormous. Some people still need medical attention, and we also need to look at the living conditions of workers and the community at large. Then there is the problem of the unemployment of women and the high rate of illiteracy here. We need to help realise programmes to ensure people can get an income, that they can enjoy a reasonable standard of living.As agreed, the Lonmin mineworkers returned to work on 20 September, though operations at the Marikana mine were temporarily disrupted once again a month later – on 18 October – when thousands of Lonmin employees staged a one-day walkout to protest the arrests of other mineworkers in other mining strikes elsewhere in the country.\n\nParagraph 25: At the cemetery, she overhears two thugs that interrogated Jack Dupree. She also hears the argument over the map and that one of the keys is in Jack Dupree's apartment. Nicole jumps onto her motorcycle and drives to Jack's apartment. She comes a bit late, as the thug is already there trying to break the door. She then goes downstairs and rings a bell, from which a woman's voice answers. She tells the woman to call the police, which she does. Soon, the thug is arrested, with Nicole free to go inside. In Dupree's apartment she finds a dagger that was well hidden behind a picture over a fireplace. After she takes the dagger, she jumps onto the motorcycle and pays a visit to the hotel on the way to the cemetery, where she picks up the box she found in Jack Dupree's apartment. She arrives to the cemetery and goes to the rest of the thugs unafraid. The apparent puppeteer tells her to open the grave in which he believes the treasures are being stored. Nicole demands the map, and, by placing the dagger and the key that she found in Jack's box on the map, opens the grave. As soon as she matches the dagger and the key, she gets the path on the map, which she gives to the killer. The killer, however, doesn't fulfill his promise, as he is afraid to trust her because she might turn him in to the police, even though he claimed that he was innocent. He leaves her with his accomplice, and takes Jack Dupree with him. As soon as he and Jack leave, Nicole starts a fight with the accomplice that results in him falling on the bricks near the asphalt and cracking his head. After that, she goes into the tomb. There she goes down by a rubber hose, after which she travels through an underground lake. She finds an open door and goes in it. The apparent killer turns his gun on her and fires it. Nicole falls on the ground unhurt, but her gun is by her side and not in her hands. She tries to grab the gun but the apparent killer warns her that if she does he will shoot Jack. Then, out of a blue, the real killer shows up. From him Nicole finds out that he was the one behind the murders of eight people, that he was a puppeteer she was looking for, and that he did it out of revenge that was 200 years in the making! After that dialogue the real killer's brother calls him a fool, provoking the killer and causing him to open fire, killing his brother and injuring Jack. Nicole, realizing that it's time to act, grabs the gun and fires it at the puppeteer, killing him. After that, she and Jack leave the tomb and go straight to the cafe.\n\nParagraph 26: Harold Wade Phillips (born June 21, 1947) is an American football coach who is currently the head coach of the Houston Roughnecks of the XFL. He has served as head coach of the Denver Broncos, Buffalo Bills, and Dallas Cowboys. He has also served as interim head coach for the New Orleans Saints, Atlanta Falcons, and the Houston Texans. His career winning percentage as a head coach is .546. Additionally, Phillips has long been considered to be among the best defensive coordinators in the NFL. In his long career, he has served as defensive coordinator in eight separate stints with seven different franchises (twice with the Denver Broncos). Multiple players under Phillips' system have won Defensive Player of the Year: Reggie White, Bryce Paup, Bruce Smith, J. J. Watt and Aaron Donald. Others under Phillips have won Defensive Rookie of the Year: Mike Croel and Shawne Merriman.\n\nParagraph 27: After the death of Shershah, his son Jalal Khan was enthroned under the title of Islam Shah. Hemu who was responsible to enthrone Adil Shah at Delhi after the death of Islam Shah in 1552. Hemu was a native of Macheri in Alwar district and is said to be a hawker of salt petre in the streets of Rewari, but rose to the status of prime-minister of Muhammad Shah Adil Sur (1554-1557) by his intelligence, loyalty and great qualities of leadership. He fought and won twenty-two battles against his master's rivals. Gradually he became the de facto ruler of Sur kingdom as his master sank into sloth and obscurity. He fought successfully a battle against the Mughal governor of Delhi, and occupied the city, and proclaimed himself as an independent ruler. He distributed the spoil among the Afghans and thus won them over to his side. He assumed for himself the title of Vikramaditya, but an arrow accidentally struck his eye and pierced his brain in the battle of Panipat (1556). He lay unconscious and was brought before the young emperor Akbar, who gave a blow of sword to Hemu, and Bairam Khan finished him off. Hemu's head was sent to Kabul and his trunk to Delhi to be placed on a gibbet. Soon, forces were sent to strongly defended forts of Deoti and Macheri (now in Rajgarh, Alwar district) where Hemu's wife and his father had taken shelter with their precious goods and treasures. After some resistance, Hemu's father was captured and his conversion to Islam attempted. But he declined and said, \"For eighty years I have worshipped my God according to this (Hindu) religion why should I change it at this time, and why should I, merely from fear of my life, and without understanding it, come into way of your worship\". At this, he was put to death. Hemu's widow, however, escaped with elephants and treasures to the jungles. She was pursued and a part of treasure was recovered from her.\n\nParagraph 28: It is a tree reaching 14 meters in height. The young, yellow-brown to dark brown branches are densely covered in hairs. Its elliptical to egg-shaped, papery to leathery leaves are 12-29.5 by 4-11 centimeters. The leaves have pointed to wedge-shaped to blunt bases and tapering tips, with the tapering portion 5-22 millimeters long. The leaves are hairless on their upper and lower surfaces. The leaves have 12-22 pairs of secondary veins emanating from their midribs. Its densely hairy petioles are 2-12 by 1-3.5 millimeters with a broad groove on their upper side. Its Inflorescences occur alone or in pairs on branches, and are organized on indistinct peduncles. Each inflorescence has a 1-2 flowers. Each flower is on a very densely hairy pedicel that is 3-18 by 0.3-1.1 millimeters. The pedicels are organized on a rachis up to 5 millimeters long that have up to 3 bracts. The pedicels have a medial, slightly hairy bract that is 0.3-1 millimeters long. Its flowers are unisexual. Its flowers have 3 triangular sepals, that are 1-2.5 by 1-2.5 millimeters and partially fused at their base. The sepals are hairless on their upper surface, very densely hairy on their lower surface, and hairy at their margins. Its 6 petals are arranged in two rows of 3. The outer petals are dark red, pink-purple, or purple. The oval to elliptical, outer petals are 1.5-4 by 2-3.5 millimeters with hairless upper surfaces and sparsely to densely hairy lower surfaces. The inner petals are dark red or purple. The heart-shaped to triangular, inner petals have a 2-5 millimeter long claw at their base and a 4-11 by 2-7 millimeter blade. The inner petals have heart-shaped to flat bases and pointed tips. The inner petals are hairless on their upper surface, except near their tips, and densely hairy on their lower surfaces. The inner petals have an elliptical, smooth, prominently raised gland on their upper surface. Male flowers have up to 55-65 stamens that are 0.7-1.3 by 0.4-0.8 millimeters. Female flowers have 11-17 carpels that are 1.2-2.1 by 0.6-1 millimeters. Each carpel has 2-5 ovules arranged in two rows. The female flowers have 3-9 sterile stamens. The fruit occur in clusters of 3-15 on slightly hairy pedicles that are 10-30 by 1-2.5 millimeters. The dark brown, globe-shaped fruit are 7-17 by 5-15 millimeters. The fruit are smooth, and very densely hairy. Each fruit has 4-5 hemispherical to lens-shaped seeds that are 8-9 by 5-7.5 by 2.5-5 millimeters. The seeds are very wrinkly.\n\nParagraph 29: At the cemetery, she overhears two thugs that interrogated Jack Dupree. She also hears the argument over the map and that one of the keys is in Jack Dupree's apartment. Nicole jumps onto her motorcycle and drives to Jack's apartment. She comes a bit late, as the thug is already there trying to break the door. She then goes downstairs and rings a bell, from which a woman's voice answers. She tells the woman to call the police, which she does. Soon, the thug is arrested, with Nicole free to go inside. In Dupree's apartment she finds a dagger that was well hidden behind a picture over a fireplace. After she takes the dagger, she jumps onto the motorcycle and pays a visit to the hotel on the way to the cemetery, where she picks up the box she found in Jack Dupree's apartment. She arrives to the cemetery and goes to the rest of the thugs unafraid. The apparent puppeteer tells her to open the grave in which he believes the treasures are being stored. Nicole demands the map, and, by placing the dagger and the key that she found in Jack's box on the map, opens the grave. As soon as she matches the dagger and the key, she gets the path on the map, which she gives to the killer. The killer, however, doesn't fulfill his promise, as he is afraid to trust her because she might turn him in to the police, even though he claimed that he was innocent. He leaves her with his accomplice, and takes Jack Dupree with him. As soon as he and Jack leave, Nicole starts a fight with the accomplice that results in him falling on the bricks near the asphalt and cracking his head. After that, she goes into the tomb. There she goes down by a rubber hose, after which she travels through an underground lake. She finds an open door and goes in it. The apparent killer turns his gun on her and fires it. Nicole falls on the ground unhurt, but her gun is by her side and not in her hands. She tries to grab the gun but the apparent killer warns her that if she does he will shoot Jack. Then, out of a blue, the real killer shows up. From him Nicole finds out that he was the one behind the murders of eight people, that he was a puppeteer she was looking for, and that he did it out of revenge that was 200 years in the making! After that dialogue the real killer's brother calls him a fool, provoking the killer and causing him to open fire, killing his brother and injuring Jack. Nicole, realizing that it's time to act, grabs the gun and fires it at the puppeteer, killing him. After that, she and Jack leave the tomb and go straight to the cafe.\n\nParagraph 30: It is a tree reaching 14 meters in height. The young, yellow-brown to dark brown branches are densely covered in hairs. Its elliptical to egg-shaped, papery to leathery leaves are 12-29.5 by 4-11 centimeters. The leaves have pointed to wedge-shaped to blunt bases and tapering tips, with the tapering portion 5-22 millimeters long. The leaves are hairless on their upper and lower surfaces. The leaves have 12-22 pairs of secondary veins emanating from their midribs. Its densely hairy petioles are 2-12 by 1-3.5 millimeters with a broad groove on their upper side. Its Inflorescences occur alone or in pairs on branches, and are organized on indistinct peduncles. Each inflorescence has a 1-2 flowers. Each flower is on a very densely hairy pedicel that is 3-18 by 0.3-1.1 millimeters. The pedicels are organized on a rachis up to 5 millimeters long that have up to 3 bracts. The pedicels have a medial, slightly hairy bract that is 0.3-1 millimeters long. Its flowers are unisexual. Its flowers have 3 triangular sepals, that are 1-2.5 by 1-2.5 millimeters and partially fused at their base. The sepals are hairless on their upper surface, very densely hairy on their lower surface, and hairy at their margins. Its 6 petals are arranged in two rows of 3. The outer petals are dark red, pink-purple, or purple. The oval to elliptical, outer petals are 1.5-4 by 2-3.5 millimeters with hairless upper surfaces and sparsely to densely hairy lower surfaces. The inner petals are dark red or purple. The heart-shaped to triangular, inner petals have a 2-5 millimeter long claw at their base and a 4-11 by 2-7 millimeter blade. The inner petals have heart-shaped to flat bases and pointed tips. The inner petals are hairless on their upper surface, except near their tips, and densely hairy on their lower surfaces. The inner petals have an elliptical, smooth, prominently raised gland on their upper surface. Male flowers have up to 55-65 stamens that are 0.7-1.3 by 0.4-0.8 millimeters. Female flowers have 11-17 carpels that are 1.2-2.1 by 0.6-1 millimeters. Each carpel has 2-5 ovules arranged in two rows. The female flowers have 3-9 sterile stamens. The fruit occur in clusters of 3-15 on slightly hairy pedicles that are 10-30 by 1-2.5 millimeters. The dark brown, globe-shaped fruit are 7-17 by 5-15 millimeters. The fruit are smooth, and very densely hairy. Each fruit has 4-5 hemispherical to lens-shaped seeds that are 8-9 by 5-7.5 by 2.5-5 millimeters. The seeds are very wrinkly.\n\nParagraph 31: In his 1967 pamphlet, \"The Public Stake in Revisionism\", Barnes said that the historical \"blackout\" with regards to World War II had become a \"smotherout\" as a result of the trial of Adolf Eichmann. Writing about the Eichmann trial of 1961, Barnes said that the trial showed \"an almost adolescent gullibility and excitability on the part of Americans relative to German wartime crimes, real or alleged\" (emphasis in original). Barnes wrote that the charges against Eichmann rested on \"fundamental but unproved assumptions that what Hitler and the National Socialists did in the years after [the Allies] entered the war\". Barnes accused the American media of publishing \"sensational articles\" about \"exaggerated National Socialist savagery\". Barnes described the expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe as the \"final solution\" for the German people. Writing of the expulsion of the ethnic Germans from the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia in 1945–46, he claimed that \"at least four million of them perished in the process from butchery, starvation and disease.\" Barnes claimed that the Allied bombing offensive, together with the expulsions of the ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe, were far worse than anything the Nazis were alleged to have done. In \"The Public Stake in Revisionism\", Barnes wrote that \"The number of civilians exterminated by the Allies, before, during, and after the Second World War, equaled, if it did not far exceed those liquidated by the Germans and the Allied liquidation program was often carried out by methods which were far more brutal and painful then whatever extermination actually took place in German gas ovens\". Barnes said that certain (unnamed) \"court historians\" were guilty of ensuring that Allied war crimes were never \"cogently and frankly placed over against the doings, real or alleged, at Auschwitz.\" Barnes acknowledged that there were concentration camps in Nazi Germany, but denied there were ever death camps. Barnes said that when \"court historians\" were forced by \"revisionists\" to admit there were no death camps, the evidence for gas chambers at the death camps was manufactured.\n\nParagraph 32: The Hyde-Inland M2 was a United States submachine gun design submitted for trials at Aberdeen Proving Ground in February 1941. Work was undertaken by General Motors Inland Manufacturing Division to develop workable prototypes of George Hyde's design patented in 1935 (). The model first submitted for trials in April 1942 was designated the Hyde-Inland 1. Trials revealed the design was superior to the M1 submachine gun in mud and dirt tests, and its accuracy in full-automatic firing was better than any other submachine gun tested at the time. An improved Hyde-Inland 2 was designated U.S. Submachine gun, Caliber .45, M2 as a substitute standard for the M1 Thompson in April 1942. As Inland's manufacturing capacity became focused on M1 carbine production, the US Army contracted M2 production to Marlin Firearms in July 1942. Marlin began production in May 1943. Marlin's production failed to match the trials prototype performance; and Marlin's original contract for 164,450 M2s was canceled in 1943 upon adoption of the M3 submachine gun. The M2 is chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge and used the same 20- or 30-round magazine as the Thompson. Its cyclic rate of fire is 570 rounds per minute. None of the approximately 400 manufactured were issued by any branches of the United States military.\n\nParagraph 33: It is a tree reaching 14 meters in height. The young, yellow-brown to dark brown branches are densely covered in hairs. Its elliptical to egg-shaped, papery to leathery leaves are 12-29.5 by 4-11 centimeters. The leaves have pointed to wedge-shaped to blunt bases and tapering tips, with the tapering portion 5-22 millimeters long. The leaves are hairless on their upper and lower surfaces. The leaves have 12-22 pairs of secondary veins emanating from their midribs. Its densely hairy petioles are 2-12 by 1-3.5 millimeters with a broad groove on their upper side. Its Inflorescences occur alone or in pairs on branches, and are organized on indistinct peduncles. Each inflorescence has a 1-2 flowers. Each flower is on a very densely hairy pedicel that is 3-18 by 0.3-1.1 millimeters. The pedicels are organized on a rachis up to 5 millimeters long that have up to 3 bracts. The pedicels have a medial, slightly hairy bract that is 0.3-1 millimeters long. Its flowers are unisexual. Its flowers have 3 triangular sepals, that are 1-2.5 by 1-2.5 millimeters and partially fused at their base. The sepals are hairless on their upper surface, very densely hairy on their lower surface, and hairy at their margins. Its 6 petals are arranged in two rows of 3. The outer petals are dark red, pink-purple, or purple. The oval to elliptical, outer petals are 1.5-4 by 2-3.5 millimeters with hairless upper surfaces and sparsely to densely hairy lower surfaces. The inner petals are dark red or purple. The heart-shaped to triangular, inner petals have a 2-5 millimeter long claw at their base and a 4-11 by 2-7 millimeter blade. The inner petals have heart-shaped to flat bases and pointed tips. The inner petals are hairless on their upper surface, except near their tips, and densely hairy on their lower surfaces. The inner petals have an elliptical, smooth, prominently raised gland on their upper surface. Male flowers have up to 55-65 stamens that are 0.7-1.3 by 0.4-0.8 millimeters. Female flowers have 11-17 carpels that are 1.2-2.1 by 0.6-1 millimeters. Each carpel has 2-5 ovules arranged in two rows. The female flowers have 3-9 sterile stamens. The fruit occur in clusters of 3-15 on slightly hairy pedicles that are 10-30 by 1-2.5 millimeters. The dark brown, globe-shaped fruit are 7-17 by 5-15 millimeters. The fruit are smooth, and very densely hairy. Each fruit has 4-5 hemispherical to lens-shaped seeds that are 8-9 by 5-7.5 by 2.5-5 millimeters. The seeds are very wrinkly.\n\nParagraph 34: Shortly thereafter, Joan witnesses the coronation of Charles. Although her military triumphs have made her popular with the masses, her voices, beliefs, self-confidence and apparent supernatural powers have given her fearful enemies in high places. Charles, who has no further use for her services, expects her to return to her father's farm. When Joan challenges Charles to retake Paris from the English, he tells her he would rather sign a treaty than fight. All refuse Joan's plea to march on Paris, and the archbishop warns her that if she defies her spiritual directors, the church will disown her. Nevertheless, Joan puts her faith in God and appeals to the common people to march on Paris. She is captured and handed over to the English. To assure that Joan will never again become a threat to England, the English commander hands her over to the Catholic Church to be tried for heresy. Joan spends four months in a cell and is visited frequently by the Inquisitor (Felix Aylmer). The English become impatient with the delay in her prosecution and press for the trial to begin. Joan holds to her faith, as always, refusing to deny that the church is wiser than she or her voices.\n\nPlease enter the final count of unique paragraphs after removing duplicates. The output format should only contain the number, such as 1, 2, 3, and so on.\n\nThe final answer is: "} {"question_id": 46, "category": "longbench_qmsum", "reference": ["In terms of their evaluations on the legitimacy of the children's rights, protection and demands, it was said that the group was launching a survey of children to see what the children were thinking over the outbreak of the COVID-19. The survey was carried online, asking mainly about whether the students were willing to go back to school and how they view other related problems. However, there were still indeed some drawbacks of their evaluations over the coronavirus Act. For example, the group thought that they should go further and view the laws from a future perspective, and assess each case individually more closely."], "prompt": "You are given a meeting transcript and a query containing a question or instruction. Answer the query in one or more sentences.\n\nTranscript:\nLynne Neagle AM: Good afternoon. Can I welcome Members to the virtual meeting of the Children, Young People and Education Committee this afternoon? In accordance with Standing Order 34.19, I've determined that the public are excluded from the committee's meeting, in order to protect public health. In accordance with Standing Order 34.21, notice of this decision was included in the agenda for this meeting, which was published last Thursday. This meeting is, however, being broadcast live on Senedd.tv, with all participants joining via video-conference. A record of proceedings will be published as usual. Aside from the procedural adaptation related to conducting proceedings remotely, all other Standing Order requirements for committees remain in place. The meeting is bilingual, and simultaneous translation from Welsh to English is available. Can I remind everyone that the microphones will be controlled centrally, so there's no need to turn them on and off individually? We've received apologies for absence from Hefin David AM, and there is no substitution. Can I ask Members if there are any declarations of interest, please? No. Okay, thank you. Can I just note for the record that if for any reason I drop out of the meeting, the committee has agreed that Dawn Bowden AM will temporarily chair while I try to rejoin? Moving on, then, to item 2 this afternoon, which is an evidence session with the Welsh Government in relation to the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on health and social services as they relate to children and young people in Wales. I'm very pleased to welcome Vaughan Gething AM, the Minister for Health and Social Services; Julie Morgan AM, Deputy Minister for Health and Social Services; Albert Heaney, deputy director general of the health and social services group; Nicola Edwards, deputy director, childcare, play and early years; Jean White, chief nursing officer; and Tracey Breheny, who is deputy director of mental health, substance misuse and vulnerable groups. Thank you all very much for your attendance today—we appreciate your time. We've got lots of questions that we'd like to cover, which we'll go straight into, with questions from Siân Gwenllian.\nSian Gwenllian AM: Good afternoon. How much do we understand about how this virus impacts children and young people, and their role in transmitting the virus? And how important is it that this is considered in the Welsh Government's exit strategy, especially in the context of reopening schools?\nVaughan Gething AM: Okay. I think it's fair to say that our understanding is developing across all age ranges about the virus and its impact. It's still the case that children and young people are less likely to be affected significantly by COVID-19 than people with a range of healthcare conditions, and in particular the age grade that we've seen, and that's underpinned the advice we've given to the whole population about self-isolation by people in age categories, as well as the extremely vulnerable group we advise to shield. We still don't understand everything about the role that children have to play in the transmitting of the virus, and this is one of the difficulties we face. Because in cold and flu, children transmit the virus and they're also susceptible, in particular to the flu, as well; that's why we have a childhood immunisation programme for the flu as well. We do know that there's some developing evidence about what's called a Kawasaki-like syndrome, but that's affecting very small numbers of children. We have one possible case in Wales—a child who's in critical care—but that isn't confirmed. That's still a developing knowledge base. So, the rest of the world is still trying to understand that too. But the generals still apply—that children are less likely to be affected than older people, but can nevertheless still become unwell, and that's, if you like, one of the few positives in this condition. But as I say, we're still learning, so I won't try and present a fully accurate or finalised picture of knowledge in this area.\nSian Gwenllian AM: And in terms—[Inaudible.]\nVaughan Gething AM: Chair. Sorry. Excuse me, Chair. Sorry—with apologies to the Member, my translation stopped after a while, so I heard the first part translated, and then it just fell off. I'm really sorry, but I didn't want to try to answer a different question to the one that may be being asked, and don't think that's fair to the Member or other members of the committee.\nLynne Neagle AM: Can we check that translation is back on, please, and maybe Siân could repeat her question?\nVaughan Gething AM: I can hear it, yes.\nLynne Neagle AM: Okay, Siân, would you mind repeating that, please?\nSian Gwenllian AM: Not at all. I was discussing NHS services, including critical care services, and I was asking whether there is sufficient capacity in place to manage any increase. We, of course, hope that there won't be any increase, but should there be an increase, particularly in paediatric cases of coronavirus—let's say such a thing were to happen and this rare syndrome that you mentioned did emerge here in Wales—do we have the capacity in place to deal with these, and with the impact of coronavirus more generally on children?\nVaughan Gething AM: At this point in time, the answer is 'yes', and there is always a significant caveat, though, and the 'but' that comes in there is that despite the fact that we've got a plan for surge capacity in paediatric care—. So, when we increased critical care right across the national health service, we of course looked at paediatric care as part of that as well. So, we can flex up our capacity. But the challenge in all of that this is—it's part of my caution and the Government's caution about moves out of lockdown. So, it's much easier to go into lockdown than to come out of it, and I know you heard evidence from the Minister for Education last week about the approach that she wants to take and the principles behind doing that. So, actually, we'll need to think carefully about if we are reopening schools, even on a limited basis, what that then does to the circulation of coronavirus within that group of children as well as within the wider community, and then to try to understand whether the current capacity we have planned for in surge capacity is still going to be enough, because, actually, one of the real success stories of the first stage of the fight with coronavirus is that we haven't had our critical care capacity filled up. It's been extended, and the extension has meant that we haven't been overtopped. If we hadn't done that, we definitely would have been. And we'll need to carry on testing ourselves and seeing what's happening and looking at the evidence and making sure that the plan we already have got that we published for paediatric critical care is still fit for purpose, and again to reconsider if we need to do things differently. But that's part of the difficulty of being a Minister at the moment—you don't know everything that's coming, and on this disease in particular, we do know that we're still learning with each passing day.\nLynne Neagle AM: [Inaudible.]—Siân?\nSian Gwenllian AM: Hello. Yes, those are the questions I had on that section.\nLynne Neagle AM: Okay. Lovely. Thank you very much. Right, we'll move on now then to some question on access to health services from Dawn Bowden.\nDawn Bowden AM: Thank you, Chair. Minister, just some concern that you will have heard about in terms of parents and carers maybe not taking their children into the healthcare system for other conditions while the coronavirus pandemic is with us. How are you monitoring that situation at the moment and have you had to look at your own commutation strategy in relation to that?\nVaughan Gething AM: We've had to look at some specifics around communication, so challenges about not just different languages, but about how we get messages to people in a very different environment, and it's really challenging. So, for example, our health visitor service has absolutely not stopped. We've had to think about the way it works, and I had this conversation earlier this week with the chief nurse. But the bigger challenge are parents refusing to engage with the service. I understand people's fear and anxiety, but that then means that their family, and in particular their child, isn't getting the sort of proactive care that we would want them to have. So, there's a real concern both at the professional leadership end and for the chief nurse and for Ministers as well about how we can get through. That's actually about rebuilding people's confidence in the service, and that isn't straightforward because there's a broader concern about coronavirus still circulating. But I think for us it's really important to reiterate that we have thought again about how to provide the service. We've thought about how to protect staff and families and the very clear message to parents is to please make sure that when health and care professionals are calling to help and support your family, please discuss your concerns with them. We're doing even more remotely, via telephone and online as well. There are times you need to be physically in the same place, for example on routine vaccinations, because we certainly haven't stopped that programme either, and I really wouldn't want to see that one of the unintended consequences of what we've done is that if parents don't engage with that service, we could potentially see a rise in other diseases. We're all, I think—not just you in your constituency, but others who are on this call and others as well—seeing an occasional reappearance of measles, and that's because people didn't engage with the vaccination programme. I don't want, either myself or a different health Minister in the future, to be sat here talking about how in years to come the failure to engage in a vaccination programme has led to clearly avoidable but significant harm to children and young people and the communities they live in.\nLynne Neagle AM: Thank you. Jean, you wanted to come in.\nVaughan Gething AM: You need to unmute yourself. Oh, no—\nProfessor Jean White: Thank you. I just want to add to what the Minister said. So, I approached the immunisation lead in Public Health Wales to see exactly what has been happening recently and they said at the very beginning of the outbreak parents were very reluctant about coming forward for their routine immunisations, but recently, through lots of energy from the immunisation clinics and the leads within it reaching out to families, that trend seems to have turned and there's now a much better attendance. One of the most important things we can do to protect our children is to make sure they have their vaccinations. So, yes, there was a bit of a downturn, but it does seem to be improving at the moment. Thank you.\nDawn Bowden AM: Okay, thank you. And that answered my second question, Chair, so I'm happy to leave it there. Thank you.\nLynne Neagle AM: Okay, thank you very much. We're going to go on now to some questions about mental health from Siân Gwenllian. Siân.\nSian Gwenllian AM: It's a cause of great concern to us all, of course, in terms of the impact of this crisis on mental health and well-being among our children and young people. So, what assessment has the Government undertaken of the impact on these aspects in young people and what work is being done to understand the impact of the pandemic? What longer term measures will be put in place and what support services will be put in place?\nVaughan Gething AM: Again, I think it's helpful that you've already heard from the education Minister last week, because I think the first of her key principles for returning to school is the impact on the emotional health and well-being of children. So, children's mental health was a central concern and remains so for both myself and the education Minister. Part of the honest challenge, again, is that we don't fully understand the impact on the mental health and well-being of children but we do expect there will have been an impact. So, we're working together with both health boards and our own knowledge and analytical services across the Government to both try to further understand what that is and the difference. Until we have more contact with families, we may not fully understand that, and that's a real point of concern for me. In all of the unknowns within this, the impact on mental health and well-being is absolutely one of them, because we're looking at how we then develop not just a recovery plan for the economy but a recovery plan around mental health, how we support people, and that will have to be informed by the understanding of what's happening when we get more engagement with families about the level of need, and then how we need to think about that. Obviously, it's a key factor for their return to school, but, actually, for the life children and young people lead outside the school environment, and that will be difficult because we're going to phase out of lockdown—it's not going to be a one-hit measure. That absolutely isn't going to happen. We're going to be looking at, at each point, what difference has been made, what more we can do. And, again, there are the efforts we're making to make sure that our online support services and our telephone support services—that we keep on reminding people that they're there and are available, and we want people to make use of them, because I know, as this committee said, we'd much rather be able to support people and intervene earlier rather than wait until there's a much bigger problem in a period of months in the future.\nSian Gwenllian AM: So, in reality, there's been no assessment undertaken because it's difficult to do that. So, the full picture in terms of the outcomes of the crisis—you don't know what they are at the moment as things stand.\nVaughan Gething AM: We can't know, because we don't have that level of contact. There is a development—. I wouldn't say that no work's being done, but I couldn't tell you honestly that that work is finalised and we have a definitive understanding of the picture. If I tried to say that, then I'm sure you'd ask me, 'How on earth can you say that? If you're not having regular contact with people, you can't possibly understand the picture.' And it's much better to say, 'We don't understand the full picture. We know there'll have been an impact. We're working alongside health boards and others, but we'll know more as we carry on having more contact with families.' I'll look at a variety of different areas, again, both to reform the recovery plan, but also then to understand what we need to do at various points in the future, and the picture that we're seeing isn't straightforward and we need to make sure that we don't try to pretend to ourselves or to the public that there is a one-off measure that will allow us to be successful in all the areas that we'd want to be.\nSian Gwenllian AM: But can you give the committee an assurance today that this area of mental health and well-being is going to be a priority for you as health Minister?\nVaughan Gething AM: Of course. Not just on the work we've done in the past; not just because it's one of the key principles for the education Minister about the reopening of schools, but it is a real worry list for me about how we understand the impact on the mental health and well-being of children and young people, and to move forwards, that we don't end up with an entire generation of children and young people who grow up with a range of damage because we haven't thought about what that will look like. So, the mental health recovery plan will of course be of very real importance to me. In amongst all the other priorities I have, I'm certainly not going to allow the mental health and well-being of children and young people to be forgotten.\nSian Gwenllian AM: And how does the current capacity in terms of child and adolescent mental health services compare to service capacity prior to the coronavirus outbreak in Wales? Have you had to shift some resources over from CAMHS, for example, in order to deal with more general aspects of coronavirus?\nVaughan Gething AM: No, we've actually got—. Maybe perhaps it might be helpful, Chair, if Tracey Breheny could say something about the way that we're monitoring the impact we have, in terms of we've got a reporting tool, but also weekly contact with leads in CAMHS services.\nLynne Neagle AM: Tracey.\nTracey Breheny: Of course. Thanks, Minister. Yes, on that question, we moved pretty quickly at the beginning of the pandemic phase to put in place, as the Minister said, a weekly monitoring tool of all local health boards, so through that tool, we look at that every week in terms of collecting information. Whilst national reporting's been stood down, we are picking up assurance through that tool on things like staff sickness in CAMHS services, referral numbers and so on, so we do have that tool in place, and at the moment, that's telling us that the system can meet the capacity; has the capacity to meet need.\nSian Gwenllian AM: Have CAMHS staff been shifted over to do other work during this virus outbreak?\nTracey Breheny: There has been some movement, as I'm saying, around health boards, particularly where in the first phase of the epidemic the concentration was on in-patient provision, providing critical care, but my understanding is from the latest tool that we looked at last week, those staff are gradually not just returning to work from self-isolation or whatever, or from different parts of the system.\nSian Gwenllian AM: And then, what about the capacity for CAMHS primary mental health services? Has there been a reduction in that capacity since the beginning of the pandemic in terms of in-patients? Because that's what I'm hearing, that there has been such a reduction, but how are those patients then treated and served?\nTracey Breheny: In terms of in-patient capacity, that is in the system in both the north Wales and in the south Wales unit at the moment. There were some discharges of young people, but we've had the assurance that that was only undertaken where it was clinically safe to do so and where the community support was in place.\nSian Gwenllian AM: And finally in this section from me, given that schools are of course closed and that schools are so very important in terms of signposting young people towards services, how can young people access appropriate services—online services, for example? How are they signposted towards those services at the moment?\nVaughan Gething AM: Well, we've not closed off general practice and, as you know, we've expanded the ability for people to access services in an online manner. We've expanded a range of telephone advice services, so the telephone advice service we already provide, we've made sure that's maintained, and both myself and the deputy Minister have referred to that on a number of occasions. I think the real struggle and the real difficulty is actually how you punch through different messages when the broader news agenda is so overwhelmingly focused on headline messages in other areas. That is, again, a worry for me, but the communications we have within the health and care system, people should know where to refer people to and how to provide access to both telephone and online support that continues to be available, and actually, as I say, we've expanded that right across our healthcare system. That's what I’m keen to see continue into the future. Whatever the post-COVID-19 world is, I don't want to miss out on the progress we have made in the online provision of services. Of course, most children and young people expect to be able to access services in an online manner already.\nSian Gwenllian AM: But, of course, there will be some who are missed; they may fall between two stools because they won’t know where to turn.\nVaughan Gething AM: Yes, and that, again, comes back to our challenge of how we help children and young people in their context, with their families, to know where support and advice and guidance is. Many people are defaulting to their general practitioner if they can't find advice somewhere else, so that's why there's the information we're providing through general practice to signpost people, so those pathways haven’t been closed off. It's about making sure that people have alternative means that they’re prepared to use at this point in time. If we go back to where we started this evidence session, we were talking about the difficulty of families who don't want to engage in a traditional person-to-person contact or being in the same room as someone else or allowing people into their home. So, there's a real challenge about how we make the service available, but then encourage people to take it up, so that we don’t see much greater harm that we have to try and resolve at a later point.\nLynne Neagle AM: Okay, thank you. I've got a supplementary from Suzy Davies, and can I remind Ministers about concise answers, please? Suzy.\nSuzy Davies AM: Yes, thank you. Just as we're speaking about children and young people's mental health, I wonder if you can confirm whether you've seen the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child's reports about what they call the grave physical and psychological effect on children and young people, and whether the operational guidance you've given out is responding to that in any way, or maybe there was something in that that you hadn’t thought of and you can respond to as we go along.\nVaughan Gething AM: I, personally, haven't read that advice, but the Government's already concerned about the direct physical and mental health impact of lockdown restrictions. You don't need to be a parent to recognise that that’s a potential issue for children and young people. But, I'm sure—. I haven't read it, but that's been signposted, so I can check with officials if they have and if that would change the advice and the position that we're already adopting, because we do regularly look at a range of advice from a range of sources, including the UN, the World Health Organization and others.\nSuzy Davies AM: Thank you.\nLynne Neagle AM: Okay, and we are going to come onto children's rights. But, as you know, Minister, the prevention of young suicide is a cause that is very close to my heart. Can I ask what assessment the Welsh Government has made of an increase in suicide amongst children and young people during this pandemic and because of this pandemic?\nVaughan Gething AM: Apart from the general concern that I've expressed on mental health generally, we are already investigating, we're having a—. We've commissioned, through the Government, the delivery unit to work with the national advisory group, including Dr Ann John and other people, to review the current, unexpected deaths during the start of the pandemic here in Wales, because we want to try to understand the wider concerns about the potential effects of the restrictions on the mental health and well-being of children and young people, and if that is leading to a spike in suicide or not. So, that's why we've commissioned that review to be carried out with the current numbers of unexpected deaths that we have, so we're able then to provide a report to understand where we are. My understanding is that we should have a report on that review before the end of this month and, obviously, I know the committee’s got an interest, so if it's helpful we can write to you once we've had a chance to receive the report and to look at it.\nLynne Neagle AM: Yes, please. Thank you. In terms of provision of crisis care, then, how has that been impacted by the pandemic? Are those crisis services available for children and young people who need them at the moment?\nVaughan Gething AM: Yes, they continue to be available. We still have seven-day-a-week crisis care. We've made clear that mental health services, including those for children and young people, are essential services to be provided. They're not services to be scaled down. They were not part of the series of measures that I stopped within the health service on 13 March. We have built up those crisis care services over a period of time, and the last thing we want to see is to see them disappear during this period of time when there are well-understood concerns about emotional and mental health.\nLynne Neagle AM: Okay, thank you. Moving on to perinatal mental health, this morning I hosted a round-table with the NSPCC where we heard about lots of good practice that's going on in terms of supporting new mothers and their families in this period, but I wonder if you can tell the committee what you are doing as a Government to make sure that there is consistent perinatal support for all women across Wales in what is a difficult time for any new mother, let alone in a pandemic.\nVaughan Gething AM: We continue, again, to provide our perinatal mental health service. That's not been stopped either. We've also been looking at how that's provided on a phone or online basis where possible, because again the same concerns exist about physical contact with people. So, we're looking to make sure that the progress isn't lost that we've made. We know there is more to go. So, the service may have changed, but it still absolutely exists. And again, part of the challenge in all of this is about the pause or the interruption in work to create the in-patient capacity that I've previously committed to. So, I want to understand what that really means, but again the problem is, at this point in the pandemic, I can't give you an answer about what that means for that in-patient provision. We're still committed to it, but I'm concerned about the time frame—that is partly about the length and the extent. But again, I'm really impressed by the continuing commitment of our staff to deliver this service for women in what is a particularly uncertain time. It's difficult enough in terms of the challenge in terms of perinatal mental health in normal times, about people being prepared to come forward and then receiving the sort of response they'd want, and even more so now.\nLynne Neagle AM: Is the Welsh Government aware that there's apparently been a decrease in the numbers of women being willing to look at mother and baby unit provision, and will you be taking that into account in your planning? Because, obviously, we wouldn't want people to think that was because of a lack of need; it's down to fear and the lockdown.\nVaughan Gething AM: Yes, we're aware there's been a reduction in people wanting to make use of the service—or being prepared to make use of the service is probably a better phrase—because we know that's the same with a range of other areas. There aren't fewer people having strokes than there were at this period of time last year; the reason why the figures are different is the way that people are behaving because of their concerns about coronavirus. So, I certainly wouldn't be using this period of time to plan for the need that exists for a facility that we want to create. So, I'm happy to give that assurance, Chair.\nLynne Neagle AM: Thank you. The next questions are from Suzy Davies.\nSuzy Davies AM: Thank you, Chair. It's a straightforward one, really. Obviously, we have the detail of the third sector resilience fund and the—there are two funds, aren't there, for third sector organisations? But can you give us some indication of how much of that support is being targeted to children and young people, and perhaps you can specifically mention how much of the £6.3 million for hospices is for children's hospices? I don't mind who answers that one.\nLynne Neagle AM: The Deputy Minister would like to come in, I think.\nJulie Morgan AM: Yes. Certainly, I'm sure the committee is aware, as Suzy has said, of the funds that are available for third sector services. The Deputy Minister and the Chief Whip, of course, announced on 6 April the £24 million Welsh Government third sector COVID-19 response fund, and that of course is more than we would have had as a result of consequentials from the UK Government. They can also benefit from the £400 million economic resilience fund, but I am aware that some groups don't benefit from that and they may not qualify for that. So, we've also got third sector support being delivered by WCVA, such as the voluntary services emergency fund, which supports volunteering, and the third sector resilience fund, supporting organisations to stay afloat. We are working very closely with the third sector on issues such as support for fostering services, care leavers and repurposing funding so that they can support the crises. Voices from Care Cymru has developed a specific offer for care leavers, and the Fostering Network provides extended helplines. We've got lots of examples of third sector partners working with children and young people. Childline bases in Wales remain open and operational, and are still providing information and support. And, actually, about 50 per cent of contact with Childline at the moment is to do with COVID-19. NSPCC has put together a support page for young people about COVID-19. The NSPCC UK helpline have also reported a decrease in calls resulting in a referral to children's social services at the start of the lockdown period, but, since then, the numbers have actually risen. So, there are lots of examples of help for children. Meic, Action for Children, and, of course, Voices From Care Cymru have come up with their own specific package. In terms of the actual percentage that is being spent on children, I can't give you an actual figure for that, but, certainly, there are a whole range of projects that are there helping children. I think the Minister for Health and Social Services will be able to respond to the hospice question.\nVaughan Gething AM: It's about £1.5 million from the £6.3 million that's gone to Tŷ Gobaith and Tŷ Hafan, Suzy.\nSuzy Davies AM: Thank you very much for that. So, it's about 25 per cent. Perhaps if you could ask the Deputy Minister, when she's in a position to do so, to let us have a note. Before we finish on this point, could I ask the Deputy Minister, again, about whether any of the things you've been talking about now is additional money, because, obviously, you mentioned yourself one of these funds is £24 million. Some of the work you mentioned is continuity of existing work. So, again, if you don't have the answer to hand, perhaps you could send us a note in due course about how much extra is going in.\nJulie Morgan AM: Yes. I think most of those things I mentioned are things that are already there, and the £24 million is for support and extra help. So, any more information, I can send to you.\nSuzy Davies AM: Lovely. Thank you.\nLynne Neagle AM: Thank you very much. The next questions, then, are from Dawn Bowden on safeguarding and child protection.\nDawn Bowden AM: Thank you, Chair, and thank you, Deputy Minister, because one of the questions I was going to ask was around some of the work that you've been doing with the third sector on safeguarding and child protection, and I think you've covered that. But what I'm particularly keen to find out is how you're monitoring the impact of coronavirus on child protection and safeguarding in the round. I know the health Minister raised this as a concern in Plenary only recently, and it's really how we are monitoring it, what concerns have been identified, and how we're going to start to tackle some of those.\nJulie Morgan AM: Yes. Thank you very much, Dawn, for that question. Obviously, it is difficult to monitor if there's not easy access to the children that we're referring to, and that's why we have been trying to encourage the vulnerable children to go into school or childcare settings. And there's been a lot of encouragement for that happen. The Minister, the director of education and the director of social services sent out a joint letter recently to all the local authorities, asking them to try to encourage the vulnerable children and the families to get the children to go to school. In fact, we've now got 890 vulnerable children attending school settings, and that's the highest number that we've had at all since the opening of the scheme. But it's still only a tiny drop in the ocean. But it's very good, and it is progress that the numbers attending are now going up. But, of course, there are a lot of children who are not attending school and the social services are not necessarily seeing. There has been a drop in safeguarding referrals to social services. Those numbers are now beginning to go up, but there certainly was a significant drop, which is a great deal of concern. One local authority, in fact, reported a drop of 27 per cent in terms of safeguarding referrals compared to this time last year. So, I issued a written statement on 1 May, setting out the work taken forward under our cross-departmental vulnerable children, young people and safeguarding work stream, and encouraging people to report any safeguarding concerns there are. Because, obviously, we are dependent on the public authorities—you know, schools and health services—to report any concerns, and at the moment, obviously, they're not there to report them. So, we have made this public appeal for everyone to look out for each other, and I was very interested in what Siân Gwenllian told me about what was being done in Anglesey in terms of sending out a message via social media to get people to look and listen, and to raise their concerns, because, obviously, safeguarding is the concern of everybody in the community. But I think that we are reassured in terms of our contact with the local authorities that they are, in fact, keeping close touch, as far as they possibly can, with all the children that are vulnerable. For those where it is very critical, face-to-face contact is still taking place, and there are imaginative ways of trying to keep in touch with all the other children and families. So, it is a difficult situation and we are concerned about it, but I think as much as possible is being done.\nLynne Neagle AM: Jean, you wanted to come in on that.\nProfessor Jean White: Just to add to what the Deputy Minister was saying, the health visiting service has not been stopped or stepped back. It has consolidated some of the ways that it does the Healthy Child Wales Programme, but, for those families that are identified as having particular need or have children that are particularly vulnerable, all the normal contacts have been maintained, so they're not unseen to the normal health visiting service. That covers both Flying Start and general health visiting areas. Thank you.\nDawn Bowden AM: Thank you, Jean, for that, and, Deputy Minister, would there be any value at this point in actually revisiting the current Welsh Government definition and guidance around vulnerable children, in terms of who we identify as vulnerable? Because this opens up a whole new group of children that are not necessarily known to services but can still be vulnerable. So,it's just looking at the current guidance that we have. Do you think that needs revisiting at all?\nJulie Morgan AM: The definition of vulnerable children and young people includes those with a social worker and with statements of special educational needs, and the most vulnerable of these should be prioritised. But we have now looked at this again, and we've set out an expanded definition, and we intend to publish that this week. This does include discretion for local authorities to have some flexibility and to be able to offer a place for those who may be on the edge of receiving care and support if they are known to be vulnerable by the school or by family support services. Because, obviously, the children that we know about, we know about, but there are those other children who may be on the edge of care—the children that we've been trying very hard, as part of our policies in the Welsh Government, to keep with their families, with a lot of support. Those are the ones that we also want to support. So, we are giving discretion to the local authorities in order to have a degree of flexibility, and that will be published this week.\nDawn Bowden AM: Thank you. Thank you, Chair.\nLynne Neagle AM: Thank you. We're going to move on now, then, to talk about looked-after children and children on the edge of care, with questions from Janet Finch-Saunders.\nJanet Finch-Saunders AM: Thank you, Chair. Can you set out the impact the coronavirus emergency has had on the care system, including edge-of-care services, and where have there been areas of concern?\nJulie Morgan AM: Well, local authorities have obviously had to change their working practices in response to the COVID emergency, so a red-amber-green rating risk assessment was adopted by all local authorities at the start of the pandemic to ensure that vulnerable children and families receive the right way of receiving services and the frequency of contact from the services. This is being dealt with on a case-by-case basis, so every case that is known is being RAG rated and services are being linked to that. Also, there is very close contact between Welsh Government officials and the local authorities. There are weekly meetings between officials and the heads of the children's services. I can't speak too highly, really, about the amount of support and mutual work that has been going on. We've been assured that there have been no significant increases in the numbers of looked-after children, and the number of placement breaks are minimal. The other interesting good point is the children services workforce remains at 90 per cent plus, and, obviously, that is a great testimony to the dedication of the workforce. So, there's very close contact. The children are all being monitored individually, and I think in the circumstances we're all doing what we possibly can. I know that Albert Heaney is able, probably, to respond in more detail to the contacts, if you'd like to have that.\nLynne Neagle AM: I think we'll move on to the next section. Can I remind everyone again: sharp focused questions and concise answers? Janet.\nJanet Finch-Saunders AM: Thanks. How is Welsh Government ensuring that vulnerable children have access to the necessary technology to maintain contact with their social workers and other support workers and networks?\nJulie Morgan AM: It is normal practice to ensure that children and families do have appropriate access to technology to keep in touch with social workers, so that is part of our normal practice. We're very keen as a Welsh Government that no children are left behind in their education during this period. So, last month, as you will know, the Minister for Education announced £3 million of funding to help digitally excluded learners so that they've got access to the internet, so that they can fully participate in online learning. So, we do normally ensure that they've got digital contact for social workers.\nJanet Finch-Saunders AM: Thank you. Can you set out the picture regarding children's residential care? What are the challenges these care settings are facing, and have any children's homes closed?\nJulie Morgan AM: Residential children's homes are not really reporting any particularly difficult issues, and certainly they have been able to resolve any issues that have happened. So, I'm very pleased to report that. We obviously expect all children in residential care to be supported, and to keep contact with their families and with their siblings, and that is going on, although it may be by technology rather than face to face. We know that some young people have found the social distancing a challenge, and I think it’s easy for us to understand that they have found that quite difficult. So, there have been a few issues related to that, but, where that has happened, local authorities have been able to resolve that on a case-by-case basis, and really there are not any major issues. In terms of residential care, Hillside is functioning well—no reporting issues. The staffing levels are normal. There are fewer children and young people there, so, in fact, there's been an opportunity to give a great deal of attention to the children, and I think we've had very good reports about how that has happened. So, I am absolutely reassured by our officials here that everything is as well as it could be. I also meet with the children's commissioner once a week, who is an independent source, and she said when I met her last week, 'Well, as far as we know, it's all good news'. So, I don't think we have any concerns at the moment about the residential care.\nJanet Finch-Saunders AM: Okay. Moving on to foster care, how is Welsh Government working with local authorities to meet the challenges set out by the Association of Fostering and Adoption Cymru and its fostering guidelines?\nJulie Morgan AM: We have worked with the fostering organisations. We have had close communications with them, and we've supported AFA Cymru to develop guidance for foster carers, and that guidance has been very strongly welcomed across the sector. We're working with the third sector. I think I mentioned before specific issues such as support for fostering services and, of course, care leavers. The Fostering Network has extended its helpline hours, and, of course, Voices from Care—I mentioned them before—have developed this particular offer of support for care leavers. I've been reassured, as well, from Voices from Care that the young people appear to be more stable now—that they have contact with. But that's online help for them. So, we have had quite a lot of contact with the fostering services.\nJanet Finch-Saunders AM: So, the final point on that, then: the Fostering Network and others, as you know, have called for foster parents who can temporarily no longer foster due to the current virus emergency to be paid a retainer, with all foster carers receiving extra financial support for additional expenses. What is your position on this, please?\nJulie Morgan AM: Well, we haven't had any specific representations from local authorities asking for support for foster carers, but some local authorities have paid retainers and some people, I believe, have increased the amount of money that they are paying. They've also given support for various activities and things—have helped sometimes, I think, with broadband access and that sort of issue. And, obviously, foster carers who do require additional support should be approaching their local authorities or the independent fostering agency.\nJanet Finch-Saunders AM: Thank you.\nLynne Neagle AM: Okay. Thank you. Albert, I just wanted to check there wasn't anything you wanted to add, please.\nAlbert Heaney: Thank you very much, Chair. I think the only thing to add was relating to monitoring. The Minister has indicated that we are speaking weekly with heads of children's services, and we do now have a data collection that's been implemented to capture the critical data in relation to the children's services. So, that will assist us in our monitoring arrangements going forward. Thank you, Chair.\nLynne Neagle AM: Okay. Thank you very much. And the next questions, then, are from Suzy Davies.\nSuzy Davies AM: Thank you, Chair. I just wanted to have a quick answer from probably the Minister, I think, about the primary legislation and the regulations that followed, about which children's rights impact assessments have been done. Have any been done, and can they be shared with the committee if they have? Sorry, Deputy Minister—my mistake.\nJulie Morgan AM: Well, it's been a very difficult time, as you appreciate, in terms of having to make legislation very quickly, and it hasn't been possible to do the impact assessments that we would normally do. However, I am very pleased to say that we're actually launching a survey of children. We're going to be launching it next week. And this is to try to get from children their views of what's happened, what we've been doing, and their views on the whole COVID-19 situation. So, we're doing this in conjunction with the children's commissioner and with Young Wales and with the Youth Parliament. So, this is an online survey that we hope will be going out to thousands of children, and we will get their response in terms of what are the important issues that have arisen for them, what they feel about what's happened during this period, what they feel about the way that we've dealt with the schools, the way that they've had to cope in not going school and being at home for so long. And so we're trying to get feedback from young people. So, I'm very pleased that we're doing that, but, in terms of an impact assessment, it has been very difficult, as I'm sure you can imagine, to be able to do those at these times. I think that Albert wants to come in on that.\nSuzy Davies AM: Yes, because I'll pursue that in a sec.\nLynne Neagle AM: Albert.\nAlbert Heaney: Thank you. Thank you, Chair, and I think Nicola indicated before me, so apologies, Nicola. Just to say for the committee, really importantly, that we haven't introduced any easements in relation to children's services legislation. I think that's really quite crucial. So, from a Welsh context, the standards that are in place do remain, so therefore there wouldn't have been a necessity for us to do a children's rights impact assessment in relation to the primary legislation. I think that's particularly a strong point to us in Wales, both in terms of safeguarding arrangements, but also ensuring that children's rights are protected at a crucial time.\nLynne Neagle AM: Thank you. Nicola.\nNicola Edwards: Thanks. In terms of childcare and education, we're obviously looking at the provisions under the coronavirus Act to allow us to maybe ease some of the statutory requirements, and we are going to be undertaking a full suite of impact assessments on those. Obviously, the coronavirus Act itself was UK Government legislation and they ran their own impact assessments, but, in terms of how we implement it in the childcare and education space—and I think Albert was just saying the same thing—we definitely will be looking at those impacts in terms of going forward.\nSuzy Davies AM: Okay. Well, just to come back on that then, are you saying to me that, as a result of the various coronavirus regulations that we've had, no assessments for children's needs have been postponed, cancelled or done very quickly online rather than in person?\nJulie Morgan AM: Well, I think, as Albert said, that there was no relaxation of regulation for children's social care. You know, that's—there haven't been any in Wales.\nSuzy Davies AM: No, but that's what—. There's no relaxation, but what's happening in practice? We're down on staff across all our councils and in our third sectors—who's doing the children's needs assessments, particularly for young carers?\nJulie Morgan AM: Well, I—. Albert, can you answer that?\nAlbert Heaney: I think the first thing to say to the committee is that, going back, we took a very strong line at the beginning that we weren't going to introduce easements in requirements to children's social services. Of course, through the way that practitioners and social work practitioners have to operate, they are having to operate through a different time. So, assessments are still taking place for child protection and safeguarding concerns; assessments are still taking place, and especially in relation to—as you mentioned—young carers, to support their needs. So, arrangements—[Inaudible.] But they're having to be slightly differently done—so, some of the technology, and keeping in contact and keeping those visits. So, we've used, for example, the St David's Day fund to make sure that care leavers are well supported in terms of having contact and are accessible and able to engage as well. So, we're having to be a little bit more—and social services departments are having to be a little bit more—innovative in the use of technology in the way that they've engaged as well. But personal visits are taking place, and visits especially, as the Minister mentioned earlier on—they actually individually assess each case to determine the frequency of visits, to make sure that those contacts are maintained with children at a critical time.\nSuzy Davies AM: Okay. Thank you. I don't want to take this much further, but personal visits and social distancing could be slightly problematic. I just want to finish with this one question, if I may. We've had recommendations from the Carers Trust, or Carers Trust Wales. Have they been accepted by Government, and is it those that are driving the agenda of the task and finish group that you announced the other day, Deputy Minister?\nJulie Morgan AM: Well, those will certainly be considered by the task and finish group. I've had a letter from the Carers Trust about those issues, and we are setting up this group, as you know, and we will be looking at those issues in the group.\nSuzy Davies AM: Okay. Thank you. Any steal on when that might report?\nJulie Morgan AM: I don't have that at the moment.\nSuzy Davies AM: Okay. Thank you.\nLynne Neagle AM: Maybe we could have a note on that, Deputy Minister. Can I just say, we are running short of time? We did start late, so, if the Ministers are happy, we'll carry on until 2.10 p.m.—3.10 p.m.—if that's okay. And the next questions are from Siân Gwenllian.\nSian Gwenllian AM: [Inaudible.]\nLynne Neagle AM: Hold on a sec, Siân, we've lost translation again. Can we just see what can be done to get the translation back? Sorry, Siân. Is there anyone who can help with the translation? There you go, Siân. Thank you.\nSian Gwenllian AM: You will know, Deputy Minister—because we have discussed this in private session—my major concerns with regard to the childcare sector, and what kind of childcare sector we will have at the end of this crisis, as families start to return to the workplace. There are still some childcare providers who are falling between the cracks and aren't receiving financial support. Do you agree—are there people who are still not being supported, and why isn't the Welsh Government able to provide that support for everyone in the childcare sector?\nJulie Morgan AM: Thank you, Siân, for that question. And I know that we have had a discussion about this before. Basically, we are aware that there are some sectors in the childcare sector that do fall through some of the loops. We have guaranteed that we will pay the money for the childcare offer for three months. So, that is guaranteed to them, and they are able to take advantage of the Government's job retainer scheme, but that does mean that there is a problem, as I think we've discussed before, of the double funding issue, and that is something that we have been trying to resolve and there have been discussions with the Treasury in Whitehall about ways forward on this. I'm going to ask Nicola to come in in a minute, because she's much more up to date with the discussions about that, but, so far, I don't think very much progress has been made on that. But we are looking to see if there are any other ways that we can get help to the childcare sector, and I'm actually following this meeting with a meeting with the Deputy Minister for equality and chief whip, who is responsible for the voluntary sector, because obviously many of the groups that we're talking about would come under the voluntary sector, because they have voluntary committees, but they fall between many stools, because they rent premises rather than own premises and they don't have high turnovers that would qualify them for some of these grants. So, perhaps I could ask Nicola to come in to expand on that.\nNicola Edwards: Absolutely.\nLynne Neagle AM: Briefly, if possible.\nNicola Edwards: I'll try and be brief, because I'm conscious of time. So, some childcare settings can access funding under the small business rate relief scheme, but certainly not all of them; some of them can access funding under the economic resilience fund, and, as the Deputy Minister said, we're following up for some of them to be able to access funding under the third sector resilience funding. All of the childcare settings can apply for the UK Government's coronavirus job retention scheme, but there are some complications around that in that it's a salary-based scheme and you can't claim two types of public funding for the same individual member of staff. So, if you were using funding under the childcare offer to pay for a particular member of staff's salary, you can't access CJRS and furlough that individual with Government money as well, and that has led to some confusion and complication about how that balances, which we're trying to work through with the sector and with local authorities around the rules and regulations that the Treasury and HMRC have put in place around that. Alongside that, there's a whole range of different loans and services that are available. Some of those are less attractive to some childcare settings, but they are still available and Business Wales is offering support and advice for settings on how they can help weather this storm and support their workers as best they can. We're also having some conversations now with our economy colleagues and with Business Wales about what happens next, the recovery and the return of the sector, and we've just come out of a meeting with the childcare sector around the support they think they would need to have in place to be able to return from this as well. So, it's a topic that's very much live at the moment.\nSian Gwenllian AM: I'm sure you can share my concerns and the concerns of Cwlwm, which represents the childcare sector and the nursery school sector, that there are a number of providers that aren't receiving support at all and are likely to collapse as a result of this. What I can't understand is why you, in collaboration with the Minister for the economy, Ken Skates, can't devise a specific grant package for the providers that aren't currently receiving support, or we'll be facing a situation that is very difficult when people are seeking childcare for their children and those settings won't be available to them. Why isn't it possible to have a bespoke scheme for those that are falling between the cracks in this sector?\nJulie Morgan AM: Well, that is what we're looking to see—if we can get a bespoke scheme. I absolutely agree with you: it is absolutely vital that we keep this sector going, because it is a fragile sector in any case, and I think about 50 per cent of the childcare settings have temporarily closed down and the reason they've given for closing down is because they haven't had enough children to make it viable to keep their settings going. So, it is a very worrying situation. They are heavily reliant on the fees that parents pay and, of course, with the social distancing and the lockdown, this has meant that we've had to discourage children from attending. So, that means the number of children they've had has been much reduced and it hasn't been viable for them to keep going, although obviously it's great that about half have stayed open so we have somewhere for the children of the critical workers and the vulnerable children to go. But, I absolutely agree with what you're saying, Siân, and we are looking for a solution, because we know it's vital not only for the children and their parents, but for the economy as well, that we do have that sector there, surviving after this is all over. So, I can assure you, we're working very hard, and I think Nicola's working day and night to try to achieve this.\nSian Gwenllian AM: And just finally from me, I'm very pleased that you are working on this, and I very much hope that we will see a support package that will reach everyone in the sector, because it's been weeks now since all of this started, and if there's still no light at the end of the tunnel for some of them, then that needs to be dealt with. But just to conclude, how effective has the provision been in general over this period in terms of providing support for key workers?\nJulie Morgan AM: I think it's been crucial, because how would the majority of the key workers have been able to get to work and do all the wonderful things that they've been doing if it hadn't been for childcare for those who need it? And we were very pleased to introduce the coronavirus childcare assistance scheme, which means that critical workers and families with vulnerable children are able to have free access to childcare aged 0 to 5, and I believe that we are the only country in the UK that is providing that free service to the vulnerable children, and so—. I mean, that scheme has only really taken off now since Easter, so we don't have any particular statistics.\nNicola Edwards: I do have some early numbers, if you'd like me to announce them?\nJulie Morgan AM: Yes, that would be very good.\nLynne Neagle AM: Very briefly.\nNicola Edwards: Yes. In terms of the provision in schools, we're looking at around 4,000 children a day in schools at the moment. In terms of the children accessing the coronavirus childcare assistance scheme, it has only been two weeks up and running really, so the numbers are quite low, but there were nearly 1,500 children accessing that childcare last week, and of those, just over 100 would fall within the definition of vulnerable children. So, it is picking up there; it was 900 children the week before that, so we are seeing some traction now that parents are aware that that support is there.\nSian Gwenllian AM: Okay, thank you very much.\nLynne Neagle AM: Thank you. And, can I just ask, in terms of the other vulnerable children, what assurance can you give that all the vulnerable children who need to keep in contact with social workers and other key workers are being provided with the necessary technology to do that? Is that happening in a uniform way?\nJulie Morgan AM: Well, that is the intention—that everybody should have the opportunity to have the necessary technology, and certainly, that is what is intended.\nLynne Neagle AM: Thank you. Suzy, very, very briefly, one question on the Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service, please.\nSuzy Davies AM: Just generally, have you had any feedback on the effects on the family courts and the execution of the—well, the child arrangement orders, the various versions of that?\nJulie Morgan AM: Yes. In terms of the family courts, as you probably know, a lot of the hearings are going on virtually, but the hearings that are more complex are being postponed to be heard at a later date. So, that's one of the issues, really—that we may expect a lot of demand on the court service after this period has finished. And obviously, the president of the family division has issued guidance on compliance with family court child arrangement orders, which were his guidance, and obviously, this is directed at separated families subject to the family court, and that offers general advice to parents, recognising that the circumstances for each parent and each family will be different. And the Welsh Government has also provided guidance about staying at home and away from others. But of course, where parents have joint parental responsibility, as you know, the Government has said that children under 18 can be moved between the two households. With the other children, it's on a case-by-case basis, really, what actually happens. I have met with CAFCASS to see how their operations are going, and all the CAFCASS officials are not attending any courts at all; they're sending in any of their views virtually, but it appeared to be that there weren't any major issues arising.\nLynne Neagle AM: Okay, thank you, and we have definitely now come to the end of our time. So, can I thank the Ministers and officials for attending? We do recognise what an immensely pressurised time this is for Welsh Government, and we are very appreciative of having your time this afternoon, so thank you both to Ministers and officials. As usual, you will receive a transcript to check for accuracy following the meeting. Diolch yn fawr.\nVaughan Gething AM: Diolch yn fawr, Chair.\nLynne Neagle AM: Item 3, then. Can I propose, in accordance with Standing Order 17.42, that the committee resolves to meet in private for the remainder of the meeting? Are Members content? Thank you very much. This is, of course, our last formal business of the National Assembly for Wales before we become the Senedd tomorrow, and it seems fitting that the National Assembly's last formal proceedings are focused on children and young people, and I'm sure that we would all agree that it is vital that they continue to be at the centre of the work of our Parliament going forward. We are now going to proceed in private.\n\nNow, answer the query based on the above meeting transcript in one or more sentences.\n\nQuery: Summarize their evaluations on the legitimacy of the children's rights, protection and demands.\nAnswer:"} {"question_id": 47, "category": "longbench_hotpotqa", "reference": ["yes"], "prompt": "Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nThe following are given passages.\nPassage 1:\nFishing rod tapers\nFishing rod tapers describe how much a fishing rod bends or flexes under pressure. Different tapers are used for different fishing scenarios as well as for personal preference.\n\nAction\nThe action of a taper is described by the flex of the tip of a rod when pressure is applied perpendicular to the rod. Only a section of the rod starting at the tip of the rod should bend while the remainder of the rod should stay rigid.\nVariations can be described in three main categories, fast, medium, or slow with variations in between each. A rod with a fast taper will only flex the top 20 percent. Medium fast and medium tapers will flex approximately 30 to 60 percent of the rod respectively. If the rod has a slow taper, almost the entire rod or blank will bend or flex under pressure.\n\nUsage\nRod taper is important for several reasons. The feel for the lure being used and the fish being caught dictate the appropriate taper use.\nA fast action tip will be used when fishing jig type lures. The angler can feel and therefore control what the lure is doing quite easily. Since only the very tip of the rod bends, when a fish strikes the angler has ample rod shaft and backbone to set the hook correctly.\nIn contrast to fast tapers, the slow flex rods offer the angler advantages when fighting large fish with light fishing line. This additional flex allows the rod to absorb the force of the fish as opposed to the line. This is often the angler who likes to fish split shot rigs or Lindy rigs for walleye.\n\n\n== Notes ==\nPassage 2:\nPersonal Preference\nPersonal Preference is a 1987 board game created by Donal Carlston that involves guessing the order in which a player prefers foods, activities, people, and other items compared to one another. The game was published by Broderbund in the United States, Playtoy Industries in Canada, and Parker Brothers International in Britain.\nAn updated version by the original creator was launched on Kickstarter on May 1, 2023. The new version contains updated cultural references and new categories.\n\nOriginal 1987 Version\nThe game contains cards in four categories: Food & Drink, Activities, People, and Potpourri (miscellaneous). Each card has a photo or drawing on each side and text indicating what that side represents (e.g., chocolate éclairs, climbing a mountain, Harrison Ford, spy novels). Each round, one player draws four cards from one category, or one from each category, depending on the player's position on the board. Each card is placed in a colored quadrant of the board. The player then ranks these four items according to his or her preference using color-coded cards that are placed in an envelope. Next, other players (or teams) use numbered tiles to guess that player's order, and move forward one space for each correct guess when the order is revealed. If players choose to double a guess by placing a tile towards the center of the board, they move forward two spaces if correct and back one space if incorrect. Players take turns drawing and ranking cards until someone reaches the end of the board.\n\nReviews\nGames #89\nBest Games of 1988 in Games #94\nPassage 3:\nPie floater\nThe pie floater is an Australian dish particularly common in Adelaide. It consists of a meat pie in a thick pea soup, typically with the addition of tomato sauce. Believed to have been first created in the 1890s, the pie floater gained popularity as a meal sold by South Australian pie carts. In 2003, it was recognised as a South Australian Heritage Icon.\n\nDevelopment\nPea soup with meat has long been part of English culinary history, with mentions in the 19th century, including the \"pea and pie supper\" (in Yorkshire), \"pea soup with eel\", and suet dumplings or saveloys. (Dumplings in soup were known as \"floaters\".) It may have developed from those dishes, which are useful for feeding groups of people on a budget, such as at a sports match or at harvest time. \nA pie floater commonly consists of a traditional Australian-style meat pie, usually sitting, but sometimes submerged (traditionally upside down) in a bowl of thick pea soup made from blue boiler peas. It is often self-garnished with tomato sauce, and the consumer may also add a combination of mint sauce, salt, pepper, or malt vinegar according to personal preference.\nEarly records in South Australia state that the pie floater was reputedly born in Port Pirie conceived by one Ern \"Shorty\" Bradley in 1890s, but it remains unknown if he did and how it came about.\n\nPie carts\nPie floaters were typically purchased in the street from pie-carts as a late evening meal. Pie-carts are typically a form of caravan/trailer/cart, originally horse-drawn, with an elongated \"window\" along one or both sides where customers could sit or (more usually) stand to eat their purchases. The pie-cart was typically moved into position at lunchtime and in the evening. As traffic became busier and on-street car-parking in demand, the carts evolved to have one window on the \"footpath side\", and were moved into position after afternoon peak-hour traffic had ebbed. They did business until late evening or early morning, after which they were returned to their daytime storage locations.South Australia has had pie carts in the Adelaide metropolitan area since the 1870s. In the evenings, the Norwood pie-cart was located on The Parade adjacent to the Norwood Town Hall. It was also the only place where members of the public could buy draft Hall's \"Stonie\" ginger beer directly from the keg. In the Adelaide city centre in the 1880s, there were 13 pie-carts operating in King William Street and North Terrace. By 1915 there were nine pie-carts in operation. By 1958 this had reduced to two: Balfour's pie-cart on North Terrace outside the Adelaide railway station, and Cowley's in Victoria Square outside the Adelaide General Post Office. In 2007, the Glenelg tram line was extended from Victoria Square along King William Street and North Terrace past Adelaide railway station, and the Balfour's pie-cart was forced to close.In 2003, the South Australian National Trust traced the history of the pie floater back over 130 years. The pie floater was recognised as a South Australian Heritage Icon by the National Trust of South Australia, although it is now available at very few locations; among them are the Café de Vilis, Enjoy Bakery on Norwood Parade, The Kings Head Pub on King William Street and the Upper Sturt General Store.\n\nSee also\nList of legume dishes\nPassage 4:\nPersonal Taste\nPersonal Taste (Korean: 개인의 취향; Hanja: 個人의 趣向; RR: Kaeinui Chwihyang; MR: Kaein-ŭi Ch‘wihyang; lit. \"Kae-in's Taste\" or \"Kae-in's Preference\"; also known as Personal Preference) is a 2010 South Korean television series, starring Son Ye-jin and Lee Min-ho. It is adapted from Lee Se-in's 2007 novel of the same name about a furniture designer, Park Kae-in, who lives together with architect Jeon Jin-ho under the mistaken assumption that he's gay. It aired on MBC from March 31 to May 20, 2010, on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 (KST) time slot for 16 episodes.\n\nSynopsis\nFurniture designer Park Kae-in (Son Ye-jin) is kind, impulsive, clumsy, and is a complete slob in her personal habits. She lives in Sanggojae (meaning \"a place for mutual love\"), a modernized hanok (traditional Korean house) designed by her father, a famous and reclusive architecture professor (Kang Shin-il). As an independent furniture designer, she struggles to produce successful products and is constantly trying to impress her father with her works. Her long-time boyfriend, Han Chang-ryul (Kim Ji-seok), breaks up with her, the reason being Kae-in is an easygoing woman and a pushover. Despite being upset, Kae-in attends the wedding of her friend and roommate, Kim In-hee (Wang Ji-hye), only to discover that she is marrying Chang-ryul; and that the two had been seeing each other behind her back for a while. After she finally comes face-to-face with them, the wedding ceremony turns chaotic and is cancelled. Kae-in is heartbroken and determined to never take a chance on love again.\nMeanwhile, to keep his small firm afloat, architect Jeon Jin-ho (Lee Min-ho) is desperately trying to win a project bid for the Dam Art Center against Future Construction, the company owned and operated by Chang-ryul's father (Ahn Suk-hwan). Chang-ryul's father was originally an employee under Jin-ho's father, who stole the latter's company. In order to win the project of Dam Arts Center, Jin-ho has to find a way to dig up more information about the tentative theme of project: Sanggojae, which has never been opened to the public.\nJin-ho decides to rent a part of Sanggojae to get access into the house while Kae-in rents the place to him believing that he is homosexual due to misunderstandings from their previous encounters. After knowing the reason behind his approval, Jin-ho decides to leave Sanggojae to avoid being misunderstood further but is stopped by his assistant, Noh Sang-jun, who convinces him otherwise by reminding him that their chance at revival of their sinking firm lies on their success in Dam Arts Center Project.\nAfter starting to live together, Jin-ho tells Kae-in that she's miserable only because of herself and the lack of concreteness in her personality. He then encourages and helps her transform from an inveterate slob into a better version of herself, who is confident and strong-willed. Amidst the transformation and hidden truths, Kae-in and Jin-ho start developing feelings for each other which they constantly deny.\nThe DAC director, Choi Do-bin (Ryu Seung-ryong), impressed by Jin-ho's presentation, offers his support to him in the upcoming project. He also finds Kae-in's ideas creative and hires her to design a recreation centre for children. Do-bin, who is homosexual, later finds himself attracted to Jin-ho, which leaves Jin-ho in a tight spot.\nWhat will happen when the man who's pretending to be gay and the woman who thinks he's gay develop feelings for each other?\n\nCast\nMain\nSon Ye-jin as Park Kae-inA clumsy, slobbish girl. She is an aspiring furniture designer, and daughter of the famous architect Park Chul-han. After being dumped by her ex-boyfriend, she decides to not open up to love once again easily.Lee Min-ho as Jeon Jin-hoAn architect who is earnestly trying to keep his small firm afloat in a fair manner. He moves into Sanggojae to study it for his next project. Neat and organized, he is unable to stand Kae-in's living habits, and tries to change her into a better version of herself after she agrees to it.Kim Ji-seok as Han Chang-ryulJeon Jin-ho's rival, and Kae-in's ex-boyfriend. Although he initially left Kae-in for her friend In-hee, he later grows feelings for Kae-in.Wang Ji-hye as Kim In-heeA greedy woman who has multiple boyfriends and treats them as dispensable. Despite being Kae-in's best friend and having lived together for ten years, she betrays her and dates Chang-ryul. Later, In-hee falls for Jin-ho and tries to steal him from Kae-in.Ryu Seung-ryong as Choi Do-binDirector of the DAAM project. He is homosexual and develops feelings for Jin-ho thinking he, too, is gay.\n\nSupporting\nJo Eun-ji as Lee Young-sun, Kae-in's best friend\nJung Sung-hwa as Noh Sang-jun, Jin-ho's assistant\nLim Seul-ong as Kim Tae-hoon, Jin-ho's employee. He has a crush on Hye-mi.\nChoi Eun-seo as Na Hye-mi, Jin-ho's childhood friend. She had a crush on Jin-ho since they were young.\nPark Hae-mi as Jeon Jang-mi, Jin-ho's mother\nAhn Suk-hwan as Han Yoon-sub, Chang-ryul's father. He worked at Jin-ho's father's company in the past, but later betrayed him.\nJang Won-young as Secretary Kim\nKang Shin-il as Park Chul-han, Kae-in's father. A famous architect who designed Sanggojae for his wife and daughter.\n\nSpecial appearances\nBong Tae-gyu as Lee Won-ho (ep. 1-2)\nJung Chan as Groom (ep. 1)\nSong Seon-mi as Bride (ep. 1)\nJulien Kang as Joe (ep. 7)\nYoon Eun-hye as Yoon Eun-soo (ep. 8)\nKim Nam-gil as man sitting in the café (ep. 11)\n\nArchitecture\nOne of the production's main sponsors was Design and Arts Arcadia of Myungseung, and the storyline contains many references to DAAM as the project that all the architectural firms are competing to design for.The hanok used in the drama series (called Sanggojae in the script) is actually Rakgojae, a traditional guest house in Bukchon Hanok Village, Gye-dong, Jongno District. Meaning \"a place to enjoy tradition\", Rakgojae was renovated by master carpenter Chung Young-jin. It offers a glimpse of the lifestyle of Joseon-era scholars by incorporating fine art, music, dance and poetry through colorful cultural programs such as a tea ceremony, ink-and-wash painting lessons, Korean musical instrument lessons and kimchi-making classes.One of the locations frequented by the main characters is Kring art gallery, in Gangnam District, southern Seoul. The creative cultural space showcases a variety of arts ranging from architecture and fashion to installations and digital art. The unique facade of the building is itself a large-scale urban sculpture. Circles are a theme throughout the building, but the front wall is reminiscent of stereo speakers, hinting at the name of the building. \"Kring\" means \"circle\" in Dutch.\n\nOriginal soundtrack\nRatings\nIn the table below, the blue numbers} represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings.\n\nAwards and nominations\nInternational broadcast\nThe series was a mid-level hit in South Korea. Overseas rights were sold to the Philippines, Japan, China, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesian, and Thailand.\nPassage 5:\nSong Ji-hyo's Beauty View\nSong Ji-hyo's Beauty View (Korean: 송지효의 뷰티뷰), is a South Korean television program on JTBC2 hosted by Song Ji-hyo, Gong Myung and beauty editor Kim Mi Gu. The show provides a perfect beauty guide to match the personal preference. It was used to air on every Thursday at 9.20pm KST on JTBC2.\n\nFormat\nOrdinary people are invited as the makeup models on the show. The professional makeup artist uses her brushes and works wonders to show viewers about the fascinating beauty world.\n\nList of Episodes\nPassage 6:\nCrab trap\nCrab traps are used to bait, lure, and catch crabs for commercial or recreational use. Crabbing or crab fishing is the recreational hobby and commercial occupation of fishing for crabs. Different types of traps are used depending on the type of crab being fished for, geographic location, and personal preference.\n\nHistory in the United States\nCrab has been a viable food source since Native Americans lived and fished on the Delmarva Peninsula. The Chesapeake Bay, which is known for their Chesapeake Bay blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) derives its name from \"Chesepiook\", a Susquehannock tribe word that means \"Great Water\". These Susquehannock natives led European settlers to some of the best places to catch crabs. Even early treaties between European settlers and Native Americans included provisions for the rights of \"Hunting, Crabbing, Fowling, and Fishing.\" Since then, generations of watermen made their living harvesting crabs and other resources along the Chesapeake Bay developing the most efficient method to catch crabs resulting in modern crab traps.Since early European settlers in America, crabbing was an important food source to watermen of the Chesapeake and continues to be the source of income for many families. The Alaskan king crab fishing industry took off in the mid-1800s, and was one of the reasons Alaskans pushed so hard for statehood in 1959. Alaskans wanted to gain control of the area's natural resources, such as king crabs.Benjamin F. Lewis invented the crab pot in the 1920s, patented it in 1928, and perfected it ten years later. The crab pot changed the way crabs are harvested on the Chesapeake Bay. The crab pot is the most common method used to catch and harvest crabs worldwide.Commercial crabbing is a very tough and dangerous job, so it is very important that commercial crab traps catch as many crabs as possible to be able to turn a profit. Commercial crabbing is heavily regulated by local state laws to ensure that the crabs are not over fished and that they are given enough time to breed and repopulate.Unlike normal traps, commercial crab traps are large in size; some can easily be over 60\" in diameter, allowing the trap to hold a larger amount of crabs than recreational crab traps. Commercial crab traps also contain a small stainless steel plate like a dog tag, which identifies who the trap belongs to in case it is missed or swept by the current from its original location.After World War II, Japanese crab vessels were competition for Alaskan king crab fishermen in the Bering Sea. Japanese crab vessels would crowd around cod boats, where king crabs devoured the fish waste. Ed Shields, a king crab fisherman was aboard a schooner at this time and recalls the Japanese encroaching on the Bristol Bay fishing area. Ed Shields says that his father sent a telegram to Seattle, ordering one dozen high-powered rifles for each vessel and one case of ammunition each.Ed Shields states, \"The coast guard didn’t care for this at all, the State Department didn’t care for it, but the news media did. It made good news. There’s no television at this time, but they did get in the national magazines like Time and Life. The adverse publicity to Japanese manufactured goods was so severe at that time from this campaign, the Japanese decided to pull out of Bristol Bay area and he sent a telegram saying, 'Bristol Bay is all clear now, Japanese gone home.'\"The Derelict Crab Trap Removal Program was created by the Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission in 2004. This was created to remove derelict crab traps from state-owned lakes and river-beds and to reduce the potential impact from these traps. There are also similar programs in other states. They are similar to the program in Louisiana where the traps are removed during a 30-day period. There are programs all over the Gulf Coast, including areas like Texas and Florida. These programs have also been successful with the help of volunteers working together, and over 30,000 derelict traps have been removed in Texas alone.\n\nTypes\nMaryland\nThe Maryland crab pot is an enclosed framework of wire with four openings. These openings are constructed so that when the crabs enter to eat the bait, they cannot escape, and instead become immediately trapped. Once the crab becomes trapped and cannot leave the same way they entered, they float upward and go through the openings of the inner wire portion, which permanently traps the crab.The Maryland crab pot is a cube, generally two cubic feet and when baited and weighted, might weigh fifteen pounds or more. Sometimes it is left on the bottom for twelve to twenty-four hours or more. The end of the nylon rope is attached to a marked floating buoy so the location can be found and the pot retrieved. The Maryland crab pot is baited from the bottom with several oily fish. This is done by turning the pot on its side, stuffing the bait into the wire container, and closing the opening by securing the flap under the rubber tubing. The pot is then dropped into the water and when the crab fisher returns, pulls the pot up and into their boat.\n\nWest Coast\nWest Coast crab pots, which are primarily used for catching Dungeness crabs, vary slightly from the Maryland style crab pot. When the crabs enter either of the two funnel-type openings in search of bait, they are unable to exit through these funnel openings and become entrapped in the pot.\n\nRing crab traps\nRing crab traps are very popular along the Oregon and Washington Coast. They are primarily used in river mouths and protected bays, but it is possible to use crab rings off the open shoreline. A crab ring is a simple piece of equipment that contains two wire rings that form the top and bottom of a collapsible basket. The lower ring is smaller than the upper ring and connected with a strong netting that forms the sides. Heavy chicken wire, cotton webbing or other suitable materials are used for the bottom.After the bait is tied securely to the bottom of the basket, the lower basket sinks to the bay bottom where the sides collapse and the top and bottom rings lie together, leaving only a flat platform of tempting bait that the crab can easily reach. After the ring has been left on the bottom, the crabber raises the ring rapidly by pulling up with a rope, which prevents the crabs from escaping while the basket is pulled to the boat. While ring traps may allow crabs to escape more easily, their advantage is that they remain on the bottom for much shorter periods, typically a maximum of 20 minutes or so, versus the 30-45 minutes required for a crab pot to work effectively.\n\nPyramids\nPyramid crab traps are flat when lying on the bottom of the seafloor, but when raised to the surface, they form the shape of a pyramid. This trap is similar to the ring crab trap because there are no walls or cage that prevents the crabs from escaping before pulling it to the surface. The benefits of the pyramid crab trap over the ring crab trap is that the pyramid crab trap is slightly sturdier and can be used in waters with stronger currents.\n\nBoxes\nBox crab traps are made from a strong non-collapsible wire. The main advantages of this crab trap are that once the crab enters searching for the bait it cannot escape, guaranteeing a catch when the crab enters. Along with this comes the added bonus of not having to regularly check the trap. A downside of this trap is storing and transporting it since it does not collapse.\n\nTrot lines\nTrot line crab fishing was used exclusively by commercial crabbers from 1870 to 1929, but this method has since been almost entirely replaced by the use of crab pots and crab traps. A trotline is a baited, hook-less, long line that is usually anchored on the bottom and attached to anchored buoys. This trotline is baited and after some time, the fisherman pulls the trotline up with crabs hopefully biting on the bait.\n\nEnvironmental effects\nA crab trap which becomes lost or abandoned (usually by accidental detachment of the float) becomes an ongoing environmental hazard. Crabs will continue to enter this ghost trap to eat the bait, become trapped, and starve to death, attracting more crabs and other bottom-dwelling sea life; a single trap may kill dozens of crabs in this manner. For this reason, crab traps in many jurisdictions are required to have a \"rot-out panel\", a wooden panel the size of the largest entrance into the trap. This panel will disintegrate with a few weeks' exposure to seawater, opening the trap and allowing any crabs inside to escape. Other pots use biodegradable twine, that disintegrates within less than a week.Whales become entangled in crabbing gear. They get entangled in the vertical lines between crab traps on the ocean floor and the surface buoys. For example, as of 2014 there was an increasing number of entanglements off the coasts of the United States. Management measures have been implemented by NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service.\n\nSee also\nFish trap\nLobster trapEnvironment:\n\nThe Derelict Crab Trap Program\nPassage 7:\nJianbing\nJianbing (simplified Chinese: 煎饼; traditional Chinese: 煎餅; pinyin: jiānbǐng; lit. 'pan-fried bing') is a traditional Chinese street food similar to crêpes. It is a type of bing generally eaten for breakfast and hailed as \"one of China's most popular street breakfasts\". The main ingredients of jianbing are a batter of wheat and grain flour, eggs and sauces, cooked quickly by spreading the batter on a large frying pan or a specialized flat hotplate. It can be topped with different fillings and sauces such as baocui (薄脆, thin and crispy fried cracker), ham, chopped or diced mustard pickles, scallions and coriander, chili sauce or hoisin sauce depending on personal preference. It is often folded several times before serving.\nJianbing has seen international popularization in recent years and can be found in Western cities such as London, Dubai, New York City, Portland, Oregon, Seattle, Chicago, San Francisco, Toronto, Hamilton and Sydney, sometimes with modifications to cater to local tastes.\n\nHistory\nJianbing originated in northern China, where wheat- and broomcorn-based flatbreads, pancakes and pies (collectively called bing) are common as staple foods. Its history can be traced back 2,000 years to Shandong province during the Three Kingdoms period (AD 220–280). According to legend, Chancellor Zhuge Liang encountered the problem of feeding his soldiers after they lost their woks. He ordered the cooks to mix water with wheat flour to make batter, then spread it on shields, or flat copper griddles over a flame. The dish raised the soldiers’ morale and helped them win the battle. After that, jianbing was passed down through generations in Shandong province and gradually spread to different parts of China.\nThe raw materials used in ancient pancakes should be millet, and millet cereal pancakes are one of the common foods of the ancient northerners. In ancient times, pancakes were made using griddles (Chinese: 鏊; pinyin: ào). Archaeological finds have been discovered in ancient times, except for the prehistoric pottery figurines dating back more than 5,000 years, as well as the iron shovel and bronze gongs belonging to Liao, Song, Jin, Western Xia and Yuan dynasty. Yangshao people have created pottery figurines and the like. The cooking utensils, which were later unearthed in various eras, also found a number of murals of pancakes from different eras, revealing the true existence of pancakes in history.\n\nReasons for popularity\nOne of the most popular street breakfasts in China, jianbing can be easily found in many cities. The characteristics of jianbing account for its popularity in China and the West.\nFirst, jianbing is never \"pre-cooked\". In order to preserve its crispness, customers have to wait for their turn, which often results in a queue, although the preparation time is short. Part of the attraction is that customers can watch the raw ingredients come together to form the dish.Jianbing can satisfy different people's tastes as it can be made with many different ingredients and mixed with different sauces, jams and flavors in different proportions. According to the vendors outside East China Normal University, though some customers like spicy flavors and some do not like cilantro, they can create their own jianbing.The low cost of jianbing is also one of the reasons for its popularity, as the basic ingredients are themselves inexpensive.Besides, jianbing is a type of bing that has rich nutrient values. It contains abundant nutrients as it can be made of soybeans, mung beans, black beans, lettuce, peanuts and eggs.\nJianbing can be made from various grains such as wheat, beans, sorghum, corn, etc. They contain various nutrients of the grain itself. They are convenient to eat, and are the basic food for the body to replenish energy. They are then engulfed with various vegetables, eggs, meat and other ingredients.\n\nRegional variations\nThe traditional jianbing originated in Shandong and flourished in Tianjin. Jianbing is basically made of flour and eggs with different fillings and sauces. As there are many variations depending on tastes and preferences in different regions, many cities have their own versions of jianbing. Shandong-style jianbing and Tianjin-style jianbing are the two most common versions of jianbing in China.\n\nShandong-style jianbing\nJianbing from Shandong province tastes crispy and harder as its batter is formed from the flour mixture that mainly contains coarse grains such as corn, sorghum and millet. In the old days, people had Shandong-style jianbing mainly by rolling it with scallions or serving it with meat soup. Nowadays, the variety of fillings are richer and differ according to one's preference, for example, sweet potatoes, lettuce and pork are also used as fillings.\n\nJianbing guozi\nJianbing from Tianjin is a transformation of the jianbing originated in Shandong. It is also called jianbing guozi and guozi refers to its youtiao stuffing. Tianjin-style jianbing tastes softer as its crepe is made of mung bean flour, which contains less gluten. Also, Tianjin-style jianbing is topped with youtiao (fried dough stick), while the Shandong-style one sold by street vendors is usually topped with baocui (薄脆, crispy fried crackers).\n\nInternationalized jianbing\nJianbing is also served in the U.K., U.S. and Australia by Western vendors and young Chinese entrepreneurs. In the U.S., it has become one of the newest food trends and gains high popularity among Americans and East Asian customers, particularly Chinese overseas students. Western vendors were inspired to start jianbing business back home after first trying it in China.Apart from the traditional Chinese jianbing, some vendors in the U.S. offer various versions of it to cater to American customers’ taste, such as vegetarian jianbing and gluten-free jianbing. Culture-crossing fillings like barbecue pulled pork, bacon, cheese, hot dogs, and Spam are additionally provided to let customers create their own customized jianbing.Besides, fillings of jianbing are diverse with new innovations. Tai Chi Jianbing from San Francisco carries fish floss jianbing, which is made with dried tuna. A food truck in New York called “The Flying Pig jianbing” provides different filling options such as dried pork floss, pork belly and bamboo shoots. In another shop called Mr. Bing, the crepe batter is made of millet flour, buckwheat flour and purple rice. Many characterized jianbing are also shown. For example, the cha chaan bing with peanut butter and condensed milk, and the Peking duck bing with the duck sauce, cucumber chunks and duck slices are introduced.\nIn the UK, street food stall Mei Mei's Street Cart brought jianbing into the London and UK street food scene back in 2012 - taking their jianbing to London, Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield and Brighton and winning two awards. They sell the traditional jianbing alongside their 'London' jianbing with fillings such as fried chicken and char siu pork, to build on the traditional jianbing and make it a more substantial dish.\n\nSee also\nCrêpe, a French pancake cooked and served in similar fashion.\nDosa_(food), an popular South Indian rice crepe cooked and served in a similar fashion.\nSenbei (煎餅), a Japanese rice cracker whose name is cognate to jianbing and is written with the same Chinese characters in Kanji, but is actually a different food.\nPassage 8:\nTantrix\nTantrix is a hexagonal tile-based abstract game invented by Mike McManaway from New Zealand. Each of the 56 different tiles in the set contains three lines, going from one edge of the tile to another. No two lines on a tile have the same colour. There are four colours in the set: red, yellow, blue, and green. No two tiles are identical, and each is individually numbered from 1 through 56.\n\nGameplay\nIn the multiplayer version of the game, each player chooses a colour, so there are between two and four players. Each draws one tile from the bag, and the person who draws the highest number goes first.\n\nEach player then takes five more tiles from the bag, and places all six tiles face up in front of them. The first person plays one tile, usually with their colour on it. Play then rotates clockwise. After playing a tile, each player takes a replacement tile from the bag, so that they always have six in front of them. Tiles played must match the colour of the edges adjoining it.\nWhen three tiles surround an empty space so that it is effectively half covered this is called a forced space. If the person whose turn it is has a tile that fills that space they must play it. The player repeats this process until there are no more forced spaces that they can fill, at which stage they make a free move, where they can play any tile as long as they don't breach the three restriction rules given below. Once they have had a free move, they must then fill any more forced spaces that they can. Thus one player's turn can consist of several moves. \nThe three restriction rules are:\n\nOnce there are no tiles left in the bag, the three restriction rules do not apply.\nThe aim of the game is to get the longest line or loop in your colour. Each tile in a line counts as one point, and in a loop is two points. Only the highest-scoring line or loop counts.\n\nOnline play\nAlthough quiet and underpopulated compared to the standards of Yahoo! Games and the like, playing Tantrix online has gained a dedicated following with players from all over the world competing against each other or against computer robots. Players are rated out of 1000 points according to their wins and losses and taking into account of their opponents rank. The aim of top players is to get to 1000 points (which only three players have managed so far). The goal of a regular player is to reach the score of 950 which is difficult to reach. Once this score has been attained the player can gain Tournament Rankings (ELO) and eventually earn the title \"Master\". Masters can then play \"master games\" which have a different scoring system. Only a few players achieve master status, with a limit of 120 total imposed.\nSerious players of Tantrix take part in a number of structured tournaments each year. Although the winners only play for bragging rights, and in the major tournaments a small trophy to keep for a year, these events are taken seriously, and are the ultimate challenge for tantricists.\nThe WORLD TANTRIX CHAMPIONSHIP begins every August, and takes nearly four months to complete. Only 47 competitors took place in the second WTC in 1998, but that number had grown to 200 by 2006. The tournament starts in a qualifying round, where the lower-ranked players compete for selection into the main draw (128-player knockout tournament).\nThere are three other \"world-wide\" tournaments held online each year:\n\nThe World Team Tantrix Championship (WTTC) involving teams of five from one country or region, first in held in 2002\nThe World Junior Tantrix Championship (WJTC) a world championship for players under 16, first held in 2002\nThe World Doubles Tantrix Championship (WDTC) first played in 2005There are also three continental tournaments each year:\n\nThe European Championship (Euro) the major dedicated continental tournament, first run in 1999\nThe Pan-American Tantrix Championship (Pan-Am) first held in 1999\nThe Afro-Asian Championship (AsAf) the African Championship was first held in 1999 once, then re-established in 2004, incorporating Asian competitors at the same timeAnd many national online tournaments:\n\nThe New Zealand Tantrix Championship first held in 2000\nThe Australian Tantrix Championship first held in 2001\nThe Hungarian Tantrix Championship first held in 2002\nThe Hungarian Masters Tournament first held in 2002\nThe Swedish Tantrix Championship first held in 2003\nThe French Tantrix Championship first held in 2007\nThe Dutch Tantrix Championship first held in 2008\nThe German Tantrix Championship first held in 2008\nThe Spanish Tantrix Championship first held in 2008\nThe Polish Tantrix Championship first held in 2008\nThe Norwegian Tantrix Championship first held in 2009\nThe Czech Tantrix Championship first held in 2010\n\nFace-to-face play\nIn addition to these online tournaments, offline tournaments (referred to as 'Table Opens') are growing in popularity. The first Table tournament was the 2002 British Open and was mostly a local affair with 13 of the 14 entrants from Britain. As the player base widened, players started traveling more. Table Opens in Europe soon became the most popular because of the larger playing population. By 2009 there was enough demand to hold a World Tantrix Open.\nWorld Opens\n\n2014 World Tantrix Table Open (Bischoffen, Germany)[1]\n2013 World Tantrix Table Open (Trosa, Sweden)[2]\n2011 World Tantrix Table Open (Almere, Netherlands)[3]\n2010 World Tantrix Table Open (Budapest, Hungary)[4]\n2009 World Tantrix Table Open (Edinburgh, United Kingdom)[5]National Opens\n\nThe British Table Open, first held in 2002\nThe New Zealand Table Open, first held in 2004\nThe Swedish Table Open, first held in 2004\nThe German Table Open, first held in 2005\nThe French Table Open, first held in 2005\nThe Spanish Table Open, first held in 2005\nThe Hungarian Table Open, first held in 2005\nThe Dutch Table Open, first held in 2006\nThe Polish Table Open, first held in 2007\nThe Australian Table Open, first held in 2007\nThe Israeli Table Open, first held in 2007\n\nHistory\nThe first version of Tantrix was created by Mike McManaway in 1988 and was called Mind Game[6]. It used 56 cardboard pieces with only two coloured lines, red and black.[7] Owning a games shop, McManaway sold the game directly and following customer feedback continued to change the rules and design. In 1991, the tiles were changed to plastic and two more colours were added, allowing for four-player games.\n\nThe tiles were (and still are) hand-painted, featuring different colours to those now used, even pink. The early form of the game featured eight \"triple intersections\", but these were found to slow the game play as they only fitted into three different forced spaces (compared to six for all other tiles). So in 1993, the triple intersections were removed from the game.Along with the multiplayer version of the game, McManaway created smaller solitaire puzzles using 10 or 12 tiles that required the player to put the tiles together to create loops of certain colours.\nMcManaway has also created many solitaire puzzles, including 3-D versions, match only versions (requiring players to colour match tiles within a confined space) and loop and line versions (requiring players to use all the nominated tiles to complete a loop or line in a specific colour). However many of the editions are no longer available.\nThe main versions sold in most countries are:\n\nTantrix Discovery: A solo version, consisting of 10 tiles, where players attempt puzzles that take between 30 seconds and 45 minutes.\nTantrix Solitaire: A set of 14 tiles designed to play Tantrix Solitaire combined with expanded Tantrix Discovery puzzles.\nTantrix Match: Tantrix meets sudoku. A number of pre-placed clues controls the difficulty of each puzzle.\nTantrix Game Pack: A bag with all 56 Tantrix tiles, with which players can play all editions of Tantrix.Tantrix got its first big contract in 1994 when Air France bought the game to give to children on its flights. In 2003 Tantrix was named Toy of the Year in Hungary and won the British National Association of Toy and Leisure Libraries gold award in the games category.\n\nTileset\nSee also\nBlack Path Game\nList of world championships in mind sports\nPalago, a hexagonal tile game co-invented by Mike McManaway\nSerpentiles\nTrax, a connection game played with similar tiles but different gameplay\n\nNotes\nExternal links\nOfficial Tantrix website, including the history of Tantrix and Tournaments and online play.\nTantrix an online Tantrix puzzle\nTantrix at BoardGameGeek\nTantrix puzzles and their solutions\nPassage 9:\nSexual racism\nConcepts of race and sexuality have interacted in various ways in different historical contexts. While partially based on physical similarities within groups, race is understood by scientists to be a social construct rather than a biological reality. Human sexuality involves biological, erotic, physical, emotional, social, or spiritual feelings and behaviors.The ways in which people perceive the relationship between these two concepts implicitly informs attitudes toward interracial sexual relationships and sexual preferences for particular races expressed by individuals. Racial bias may involve a sexual dimension, which often takes the form of racial fetishism.\n\nAttitudes towards interracial relationships\nIn the United States before the Civil Rights Era\nAfter the abolition of slavery in 1865, white Americans showed an increasing fear of racial mixing. The remnants of the racial divide became stronger post-slavery as the concept of whiteness developed. There was a widely held belief that uncontrollable lust threatens the purity of the nation. This increased white anxiety about interracial sex, and has been described through Montesquieu's climatic theory in his book The Spirit of the Laws, which explains how people from different climates have different temperaments, \"The inhabitants of warm countries are, like old men, timorous; the people in cold countries are, like young men, brave.\" At the time, black women held the \"Jezebel\" stereotype, which claimed black women often initiated sex outside of marriage and were generally sexually promiscuous. This idea stemmed from the first encounters between European men and African women. As the men were not used to the extremely hot climate, they misinterpreted the women's lack of clothing for vulgarity. Similarly, black men were stereotyped as having a specific lust for white women. This stereotype triggered tensions, implying that white men were having sex with black women because black women were more lustful than white women were, and in turn, black men would lust after white women in the same way that white men would lust after black women.\nThere are a few potential reasons as to why such strong ideas on interracial sex developed. The Reconstruction Era which followed the Civil War started to disassemble traditional aspects of Southern society. Now, the Southerners who were used to being dominant were no longer legally allowed to run their farms by practicing slavery. Many whites struggled with this reformation and they attempted to get around it by searching for legal loopholes which would have allowed them to continue their practice of exploiting black laborers. Additionally, the white Democrats were not pleased with the outcome of this reformation and white men felt inadequate as a result. This radical reconstruction of the South was deeply unpopular and it slowly unraveled, leading to the introduction of Jim Crow laws. There was an increase in the sense of white dominance and sexual racism among the Southern people.\nGenerally, tensions heightened after the end of the civil war in 1865, and as a result, the sexual anxiety which existed in the white population intensified. The Ku Klux Klan was formed in 1867, an event which triggered violence and terrorism which targeted the black population. There was an increase in the number of acts of lynch-mob violence in which many black men were falsely accused of committing rape. These acts of violence were not just senseless, they were attempts to preserve 'whiteness' and prevent the blurring of racial distinctions; some racist whites wanted to maintain a system of racial separation and prevent the occurrence of interracial sexual activity. For example, mixed race couples that chose to live together were sought out and lynched by the KKK. The famous case of Emmett Till, who was lynched by two men when he was fourteen years old, , shows the extent of the acts of violence which were committed against black people who flirted with white people. Till was lynched because the two men who lynched him believed that he had whistled at a white woman, but in actuality, he had whistled for his own reasons. When Jim Crow laws were eventually overturned, it took years for the court to resolve the numerous acts of discrimination.\n\nChallenges to attitudes\nSexual racism is presumed to exist in all sexual communities across the globe. The prevalence of interracial couples may demonstrate how attitudes have changed in the last 50 years. A case that received heightened publicity is that of Mildred and Richard Loving. The couple lived in Virginia yet had to marry outside the state due to the anti-miscegenation laws present in nearly half of the US states in 1958. Once married, the pair returned to Virginia, and were both arrested in their home for the infringement of the Racial Integrity Act, and each sentenced to a year in prison, a sentence which was ultimately overturned by the United States Supreme Court.\n\nAround a similar time, the controversy involving Seretse and Ruth Khama broke out. Seretse was the chief of an eminent Botswanan tribe, and Ruth a British student. The pair married in 1948 but experienced frequent hardships from the onset of the relationship, including Seretse's removal from his tribal responsibilities as chief in Bechuanaland. For nearly 10 years, Seretse and Ruth lived as exiles in Britain, as the government refused to allow Seretse to return to Bechuanaland. Once the couple were allowed to return to Bechuanaland in 1956, they became prominent campaigners for social equality, contributing to Seretse's election as president of the independent Botswana in 1966. Later, they continued campaigning for the legalization of interracial marriage around the globe.More recent examples portray the increasingly accepting attitudes of the majority to interracial relationships and marriage. In 1999, Jeb Bush was elected as Governor of Florida, accompanied by his wife, Columba, a Mexican woman he met in León who did not speak English when they met. They were one of the first interracial couples to stand in power side by side. Other prominent interracial couples in American politics are Senate minority leader Mitch McConnell and former Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao, as well as New York City mayor Bill de Blasio and his wife Chirlane McCray. The political success of these couples is seen by some to demonstrate that attitudes toward interracial marriage (at least in the United States) are much more positive and optimistic than in previous decades. Across much of the world, it is ever increasingly the situation that interracial couples can live, marry and have children without prosecution that was previously rife, due to major changes in law along with reductions in discriminatory attitudes.\n\nSexual preferences\nWhile discrimination among partners based on perceived racial identity has been asserted by some to be a form of racism, it is generally considered a matter of personal preference. A study by Callander, Newman, and Holts quoted author Laurence Watts from the Huffington Post, who argued that sexual attraction and racism are not the same:\nJust because someone isn't sexually attracted to someone of Asian origin does not mean they wouldn't want to work, live next to, or socialize with him or her, or that they believe they are somehow naturally superior to them. This suggests that people find it possible to view larger systemic racial preference as problematic, while viewing racial preferences in romantic or sexual personal relationships as not problematic. Researchers noted that racial preferences in one's own dating life were generally tolerated and that calling them \"racist\" is not a commonly accepted view.\n\nHeterosexual community\nOnline dating\nIn the last 15 years, online dating has overtaken previously preferred methods of meeting with potential partners, surpassing both the occupational setting and area of residence as chosen locations. This spike is consistent with an increase in access to the internet in homes across the globe, in addition to the number of dating sites available to individuals differing in age, gender, race, sexual orientation and ethnic background. Partner race is the most highly selected preference chosen by users when creating their online profiles, ahead of both educational and religious characteristics. Research has indicated a progressive acceptance of interracial relationships by white individuals. The majority of white Americans are not against interracial relationships and marriage, though these beliefs do not imply that the person in question will pursue an interracial marriage themselves. Currently, fewer than 5% of white Americans wed outside their own race; indeed, less than 46% of white Americans are willing to date an individual of any other race. Overall, African Americans appear to be the most open to interracial relationships, yet are the least preferred partner by other racial groups. However, regardless of stated preferences, racial discrimination still occurs in online dating.Each group significantly prefers to date intra-racially. Beyond this, in the online dating world, preferences appear to follow a racial hierarchy. White Americans are the least open to interracial dating, and select preferences in the order of Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans and then African American individuals last at 60.5%, 58.5% and 49.4% respectively. African American preferences follow a similar pattern, with the most preferred partner belonging to the Hispanic group (61%), followed by white individuals (59.6%) and then Asian Americans (43.5%). Both Hispanic and Asian Americans prefer to date a white individual (80.3% and 87.3%, respectively), and both are least willing to date African Americans (56.5% and 69.5%). In all significant cases, Hispanic Americans are preferred to Asian Americans, and Asian Americans are significantly preferred over African Americans. Hispanic Americans are less likely to be excluded in online dating partner preferences by whites seeking a partner, as Latinos are often viewed as an ethnic group that is increasingly assimilating more into white American culture.Another aspect of racial preferences is that women of any race are significantly less likely to date inter-racially than a male of any race. Specifically, Asian men and black men and women face more obstacles to acceptance online. White women are the most likely to only date their own race, with Asian and black men being the most rejected groups by them. The rejection of Asian men was asserted by one author to be due to a hypothetical effeminate portrayal in media. The preference for men of other races remains present even when considering high-earning Asian men with an advanced educational background. Increased education does however influence choices in the other direction, such that a higher level of schooling is associated with more optimistic feelings towards interracial relationships. White men are most likely to exclude black women, as opposed to women of another race. High levels of previous exposure to a variety of racial groups is correlated with decreased racial preferences. Racial preferences in dating are also influenced by the area of residence. Those residing in the south-eastern regions in American states are less likely to have been in an interracial relationship and are less likely to interracially date in the future. People who engaged in regular religious customs at age 12 are also less likely to interracially date. Moreover, those from a Jewish background are significantly more likely to enter an interracial relationship than those from a Protestant background.A 2015 study of interracial online dating within multiple European countries, analyzing the dating preferences of Europeans, as well as Arabs, Africans, Asians and Hispanics in Diaspora, found that in aggregate all races ranked Europeans as most preferred, followed by Hispanics and Asians as intermediately preferable, then by Arabs and finally Africans as the least preferred. Country-specific results were more variable, with countries with more non-Europeans showing more openness for Europeans to engage in interracial dating, while exceptions resulted in those with tensions between racial groups (such as in cases where tensions existed between Europeans and Arabs due to Arab Anti-Western sentiment and Western Anti-Arab populism) showed a marked decrease in preference for interracial dating between the two. The researchers noted that Arabs tended to have higher same-race preferences in regions with higher Arabic populations, possibly due to more traditional cultural norms on marriage. The researchers did note a portion of the study was influenced by selection bias, as the data gathered may have disproportionately drawn from people already inclined to engage in interracial dating.Currently, there are websites specifically targeted to different demographic preferences, such that singles can sign up online and focus on one particular partner quality, such as race, religious beliefs or ethnicity. In addition to this, there are online dating services that target race-specific partner choices, and a selection of pages dedicated to interracial dating that allow users to select partners based on age, gender and particularly race. Online dating services experience controversy in this context as debate is cast over whether statements such as \"no Asians\" or \"not attracted to Asians\" in user profiles are racist or merely signify individual preferences.Non-white ethnic minorities, mostly Indians and Asians, who feel they lack dating prospects as a result of their race, sometimes refer to themselves as ricecels, currycels, or more broadly ethnicels, a term related to the incel, who is generally considered to be white. Racial preferences can sometimes considered as a subset of lookism.\n\nLGBT community\nHoang Tan Nguyen, an Assistant Professor of English and Film Studies at Bryn Mawr College, wrote that Asian men are often feminized and desexualized by both mainstream and LGBT media. The gay Asian-Canadian author Richard Fung has opined that he believes that while black and Arab men are portrayed as hypersexualized, gay Asian men are portrayed as being desexualized. Again according to Fung, gay Asian men supposedly tend to ignore or display displeasure with races such as Arabs, Blacks, and other Asians but seemingly give sexual acceptance and approval to gay white men. However, gay white men supposedly are more likely than other racial groups to state \"No Asians\" when seeking partners.Asian American women also report similar discrimination in lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB) communities. According to a study by Sung, Szymanski, and Henrichs-Beck (2015), Asian American participants who identified as lesbian or bisexual often reported invisibility, stereotyping, and fetishism in LGB circles and the larger U.S. culture.Multiple studies in European gay communities have shown, that while many immigrants from the Mediterranean, such as Amazighs, Turks, Greeks, Arabs, Albanians and Romanians tend to be discriminatory towards and avoidant of homosexuals, with many being openly homophobic, they are actively sought after and fetishized as hypermasculine. \"Südländer\" or \"Mediterraneans\", as they are called in German subculture, are often explicitly requested, with frequent statements of \"Nur Südländer\", \"Only Mediterraneans\" being not too uncommon, though the demand is rarely met.Racial preferences are also prevalent in gay online dating. Phua and Kaufman (2003) noted that men seeking men online were more likely than men seeking women to look at racial traits.In a qualitative study conducted by Paul, Ayala, and Choi (2010) with Asian and Pacific Islanders (API), Latino, and African American men seeking men, participants interviewed endorsed racial preference as a common criterion in online dating partner selection.\n\nRacial bias\nA 2015 study on sexual racism among gay and bisexual men found a strong correlation between test subjects' racist attitudes and their stated racial preferences.Philosopher Amia Srinivasan argued for racialized origins of Western beauty standards in her 2018 essay \"Does anyone have the right to sex?\", and stated that racial bias can shape sexual desire.\n\nRacial fetishism\nRacial fetishism is sexually fetishizing a person or culture belonging to a specific race or ethnic group.\n\nTheories\nHomi K. Bhabha explains racial fetishism as a version of racist stereotyping, which is woven into colonial discourse and based on multiple/contradictory and splitting beliefs, similar to the disavowal which Sigmund Freud discusses. Bhabha defines colonial discourse as that which activates the simultaneous \"recognition and disavowal of racial/cultural/historical differences\" and whose goal is to define the colonized as 'other', but also as fixed and knowable stereotypes. Racial fetishism involves contradictory belief systems where the 'other' is both demonized and idolized.The effects of racial fetishism as a form of sexual racism are discussed in research conducted by Plummer. Plummer used qualitative interviews within given focus groups, and found that specific social locations came up as areas in which sexual racism commonly manifests. These mentioned social locations included pornographic media, gay clubs and bars, casual sex encounters as well as romantic relationships. This high prevalence was recorded within Plummer's research to be consequently related to the recorded lower self-esteem, internalized sexual racism, and increased psychological distress in participants of color.Fetishism can take multiple forms and has branched off to incorporate different races. The theories of naturalist Darwin can offer some observations in regards to why some people might find other races more attractive than their own. Attraction can be viewed as a mechanism for choosing a healthy mate. People's minds have evolved to recognize aspects of other peoples' biology that makes them an appropriate or good mate. This area of theory is called optimal outbreeding hypothesis.\n\nExamples\nWhite women\nRey Chow argues that the fetishism of white women in Chinese media does not have to do with sex. Chow describes it as a type of commodity fetishism. White women, according to Chow, are seen as a representation of what China does not have: an image of a woman as something more than the heterosexual opposite to man.Perry Johansson argues that following the globalization of China, the perception of Westerners changed drastically. With the Opening of China to the outside world, representations of Westerners shifted from enemies of China to individuals of great power, money, and pleasure. In a study of Chinese advertisements from 1990 to 1995, marketed solely to the Chinese people, Johansson concluded that, in China, the racial fetish of Western women does have to do with sex. Chinese advertisements depict Western women as symbols of strength and sexuality. The body language of Chinese models in ads expresses shyness and subordination with canting of heads and bodies, lying down and covering of faces, while the body language of Western women demonstrates power and uninhibited unashamedness. Western women more often hold their heads high, stare straight into the camera, and do not cover their mouths while laughing. The study suggested Western women represent a shift in the power dynamics between women and men and are even presented with qualities otherwise considered to be \"masculine\" in Chinese culture.\n\nAsian women\nAn Asian fetish focusing on East Asian, Southeast Asian and to some extent South Asian women has been documented in Australasia, North America, and Scandinavia.According to a 2008 article from the Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice by Sunny Woan, the \"Asian fetish\" syndrome is born out of the male desire for dominance and the stereotype of Asian women as individuals open to domination. For example, following the 1970s and a peak in the American feminist movement, many white men turned to mail-order bride companies in search of a loyal, understanding, and subservient partner. They saw women of their own race as too career-oriented and strong-willed. Asian women were the antithesis to their perception of white women. While white women resisted powerlessness and subjugation to the white man, Asian women were seen as open to the subjugation, even depicted as enjoying it.The song \"Yellow Fever\" by The Bloodhound Gang includes lyrics such as, \"She's an oriental rug cause I lay her where I please\", and \"Then I blindfold her with dental floss and get down on her knees.\" Both of these instances exemplify the stereotype of Asians as submissive. Margaret Cho has labeled Gwen Stefani's Harajuku Girls as a \"minstrel show\" because they represent fetishized East Asian stereotypes. The girls follow Stefani around on tour and are contractually obligated not to speak English in public. The performer had \"renamed\" them corresponding to her album title and clothing brand, L.A.M.B.: Love, Angel, Music, and Baby.Furthermore, there have been many cases of Asian fetishism leading to criminal activity. In one case in 2000, two men, David Dailey and Edmund Ball, and a woman, Lana Vickery, abducted and blindfolded two Japanese women in Washington, one who was eighteen and the other who was nineteen. Vickery said Ball specifically targeted these Japanese students because he thought that they were submissive and were less likely to report sexual abuse. In another case, in 2005, Michael Lohman, a doctoral student at Princeton University, was charged by the state of New Jersey for reckless endangerment, theft, harassment as well as tampering with a food product. Michael had cut locks of hair off at least nine Asian women. He also poured his semen and urine into the drinks of Asian Princeton students more than fifty times. In his apartment, Michael also had mittens filled with hairs of Asian women.\n\nArab and Middle Eastern women\nAccording to multiple articles, the West's fetishization of fully covered Arab women has led to the stereotype that Arab women and women from the Muslim world are oppressed and therefore submissive. When French armies invaded Algeria, they had anticipated Algerian women to be sexually available and hookah smokers. To their surprise, Algerian women actually appeared to have been more modestly dressed and covered from their head to toes. Many French photographers paid Algerian women to remove part of their religious attire and pose for photos to make French postcards. In his book Desiring Arabs, Joseph Massad talks about how the West's interpretation of Arab culture has painted the stereotype of Arab women being exotic and desirable. Massad's book was largely influenced by Edward Said's book Orientalism.\n\nMixed race women/Latin woman\nIn her book Sex Tourism in Bahia Ambiguous Entanglements, Erica Lorraine Williams published the first full-length ethnography of sex tourism in Brazil, including interviews with tourists who come solely to participate in sexual tourism, which may be considered a form of racialized fetishism. One of the tourists interviewed described his experience, \"I've had a thing for Latin, brown-skinned women since my early twenties. I'm from [a place] where there are a lot of blonde, white girls. Whatever you have, you like the opposite – they're exotic, intriguing.\"\n\nBlack women\nThe fetishization of black women expanded during the Colonial Era, as some white male slave owners raped and sexually abused their black, female slaves. They justified their actions by labeling the women as hyper-sexual property. These labels solidified into what is commonly referred to as the \"Jezebel\" stereotype. The opposite of this \"Jezebel\" identity or persona is the \"Mammy\" figure who loses all of her sexual agency and autonomy, and becomes an asexual figure. L. H. Stallings notes that the creation and identities for the Jezebel or Mammy figures are \"dependent upon patriarchy and heterosexuality.\" An example of racial fetishism within the colonial era is that of Sarah Baartman. Baartman's body was utilized as a means to develop an anatomically accurate representation of a black woman's body juxtaposed to that of a white European woman's body during the age of biological racism. The scientist studying her anatomy went as far as making a mold of Baartman's genitalia postmortem because she refused him access to examine her vaginal region while she was alive. The data collected on Baartman is the origin of the black female body stereotype, i.e. large buttocks and labia.Charmaine Nelson suggests that every nude painting feeds into the voyeuristic male gaze, but the way black women are painted has even more undertones. \"The black female body defies the white male subject's desire for a single subject of 'pure' origin in two ways: firstly, through a sexual 'otherness' as woman, and secondly through a racial and color 'otherness' as black. It is the combined power of these two markers of social location which has enabled western artists to represent black women at the margins of societal boundaries of propriety.\" Nelson asserts that any black woman is considered a fetish in these paintings and that she is only viewed in a sexual lens.One of the more recent popular discourses around the fetishization of black women surrounds the release of Nicki Minaj's popular song, \"Anaconda\" in 2014. The entire song and music video revolves around the largeness of black women's bottoms. While some praise Minaj's work for its embrace of female sexuality, some criticized that this song continues to reduce black women to be the focus of the male gaze. The 2020 song \"WAP\" (\"Wet-Ass Pussy\") by Cardi B and Megan Thee Stallion received a similar mixed reception, with some outlets praising its embrace of black female sexuality and others claiming it was degrading or objectifying women of color.\n\nBlack men\n\"Big black cock\", usually shortened to \"BBC\", is a sexual slang and genre of ethnic pornography, that focuses on Black men with large penises. The stereotype of larger penis size in black men has been subjected to scientific scrutiny, with inconclusive results. The theme is found in both straight and gay pornography.\n\nIn BDSM\nThere is also a practice in BDSM which involves fetishizing race called \"raceplay\". Susanne Schotanus defined raceplay as \"a sexual practice where the either imagined or real racial background of one or more of the participants is used to create this power-imbalance in a BDSM-scene, through the use of slurs, narratives and objects laden with racial history.\" Feminist author Audre Lorde cautions that this kind of BDSM \"operates in tandem with social, cultural, economic, and political patterns of domination and submission\" creating the perpetuation of negative stereotypes for black women in particular.However, race play can also be used within BDSM as a curative practice for black individuals to take back their autonomy from a history of subjugation. One BDSM Dominatrix explains that raceplay provides her with an \"emotional sense of reparations\". \"Violence for black female performers in BDSM becomes not just a vehicle of intense pleasure but also a mode of accessing and critiquing power.\"\n\nSee also\nAfrophobia\nAnti-miscegenation laws\nDiscrimination based on skin color\nDiscrimination in the United States\nEthnic pornography\nGendered racism\nInterracial marriage\nRace and crime\nRacism against African Americans\nRacism in the United States\nSexual capital#Race\nSexual objectification\nStereotypes of African Americans\nStereotypes of groups within the United States\n\nAnswer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nQuestion: Are Tantrix and Personal Preference both types of games?\nAnswer:"} {"question_id": 48, "category": "longbench_musique", "reference": ["August 3, 1769"], "prompt": "Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nThe following are given passages.\nPassage 1:\nCon-Test\nCon-Test is the fifth album by FM, a progressive rock band from Toronto, Canada, released in 1985.\n\nBackground\nIn 1983, former group member Nash the Slash proposed a future double bill tour with FM, as the two artists seemed to share a common audience. FM's best known previous album was Black Noise which he made with them in 1977. But they had not yet found a replacement for Ben Mink who had replaced Nash in 1977, and then left the group in 1983. Nash resolved the problem by rejoining the band, although work on a new album, even in its demo phase, did not begin until May 1984. Con-Test has the same band line-up as Black Noise.\nFM's former record company, Passport Records, ceased operations in 1984. Nash had been signed to Quality Records as a solo artist in 1983, and was about to release his solo album American Band-ages, which the proposed double bill tour was to promote. He was able to use his association with Quality to get FM signed to the label as well.\nThe double bill concept was retained, with Nash playing a solo set as the opening act for most FM concerts from 1983 to 1989.\nFormer group member Ben Mink also appears on the album, albeit as a guitarist.\n\nTitle and artwork\nThe album was titled Con-Test after the group ran a contest to come up with something that \"FM\" might stand for, and its cover art featured fine print listing several hundred submissions including Fluent Monkeys, Flunk Math, Floyd Meddle, Fashion Magazine, Free Money, Forgiven Mistake, Facing Mecca, False Mammaries, and so on. (One intriguing entry is \"Framed Mulroney\" which would appear to reference the scandals surrounding then-Prime Minister Brian Mulroney; however, these incidents did not occur until years later.)\nDespite the absence of pictorial graphics, the cover art was credited to surrealist painter Robert Vanderhorst, who has frequently collaborated with Nash the Slash on multi-media presentations from 1978 to the 2000s.\n\nReleases\nThe album was initially available on Quality Records in 1985 (catalogue number SV-2138), but the label ceased operations in 1986, after more than 35 years of business. They had been Canada's biggest domestic label in the 1950s and 1960s.\nMCA Records picked up the reissue rights for Con-Test, as well as Nash's American Band-ages in 1986, but the abrupt change in record labels led to a near-absence of promotion for both records.\nDuke Street Records would release FM's next album, Tonight on vinyl and CD. This was FM's first CD release. The CD edition included five bonus tracks taken from Con-Test (tracks 1 to 4, and 6). This acquisition of the rights to Con-Test led to a CD edition of the full album on Duke Street in 1987, but Duke Street did not reissue it on vinyl.\n\nTrack listing\nAll tracks composed by Cameron Hawkins, Martin Deller, and Nash the Slash—except where noted. All tracks arranged by FM and Michael Waite.\n\nSide one\"Just Like You\" (Hawkins, Deller, Slash, Waite) – 4:05\n\"We Hold On\" – 4:35\n\"All of the Dreams\" – 4:05\n\"Until the Night Is Over\" – 3:50\n\"The Only Way to Win\" – 3:46Side two\"Why Don't You Take It\" – 4:10\n\"Distant Early Warning\" – 4:08\n\"Friends and Neighbours\" – 4:33\n\"Stop!\" (Hawkins, Deller, Slash, Waite) – 5:00\n\nPersonnel\nNash the Slash – lead and background vocals, electric mandolin, electric violin, harmonica\nCameron Hawkins – lead and background vocals, synthesizers, bass guitar\nMartin Deller – drums, electronic percussion\n\nGuests\nBen Mink – electric guitars\nRob Yale – Fairlight C.M.I.\nGlen Johansen and David Moses – background vocals on \"Distant Early Warning\"\n\nTechnical credits\nProduced by Michael Waite for Eye to Ear Productions\nBed tracks recorded at Manta Sound, engineered by John Naslin assisted by Ron Searls and Mark Baldi\nOverdubs recorded at Metal Works, engineered by Glen Johansen assisted by Noel Golden\nMixed at Manta Sound, engineered by John Naslin assisted by Mark Baldi and Mike Duncan\nMastered by Bob Ludwig at Masterdisk, New York City\nRobert Vanderhorst – cover art\n\nSingles\n\"Just Like You\" – 1985 (Canadian chart #38)\n\"All of the Dreams\" – 1986 (Canadian chart #86)\n\"Why Don't You Take It\" / \"Just Like You\" – MCA 52840, 1986 (issued with cover, Canadian chart #90)The latter record was also issued as a 12-inch single on MCA 23634 with alternate versions:\n\n\"Why Don't You Take It (Flight Mix)\" (Hawkins, Deller, Slash) – total 6:27\n\"Intro (Taxi)\" – 0:50\n\"The Tune (Take Off)\" – 5:37\n\"Just Like You (Fun Mix)\" (Hawkins, Deller, Slash, Waite) – 7:06\n\nDemo recordings\nDemo versions of four songs for Con-Test appeared on FM's Lost in Space CD on Cut-throat Records in 2001, recorded at Cut-throat Studios in May 1984. Cut-throat is Nash's own record company and studio. These include a cover version of \"It's My Life\", a song by The Animals from 1965, that did not make it to the album.\nIn the liner notes, Nash the Slash heavily criticizes the production of the Con-Test versions, preferring the demos. He states that he reluctantly took over the lead vocals from Hawkins on \"Friends and Neighbours\" between the demo and Con-Test versions, at the insistence of the producer (Waite), and characterizes the LP version of this song as \"bastardized\".\n\"The Only Way to Win\" (Hawkins, Deller, Slash) – 3:05\n\"Friends and Neighbours\" (Hawkins, Deller, Slash) – 4:03\n\"It's My Life\" (Roger Atkins, Carl D'Errico) – 3:20\n\"Why Don't You Take It\" (Hawkins, Deller, Slash) – 4:42\nPassage 2:\nNational Car Test\nThe National Car Test (Irish: An tSeirbhís Náisiúnta Tástála Carranna; abbreviated NCT) is a roadworthiness test, which all cars in Ireland must undergo. Following a tender process, the Road Safety Authority awarded the National Car Testing Service contract for the operation of the vehicle inspection service in the Republic of Ireland to Applus.\n\nHistory\nThe National Car Test (the NCT) was introduced in 2000, since then all cars four years and older must undergo an NCT. The NCT due date is calculated by reference to the date of first registration of the car, with tests due every two years for cars younger than 10 years. Annual Testing was introduced in June 2011 and is now a legal requirement for vehicles that present for their 10th anniversary test and each subsequent test. Vehicles can be inspected up to 90 days in advance of the anniversary of the registration date. The waiting lists have proven to be long, with even the 'priority list' taking in excess of a month.\n\nProcedure\nThe NCT is available in 47 centres around the Republic of Ireland and it tests various aspects of cars for safety, including tyres, brakes and shock absorbers. It also tests the exhaust fumes for compliance with EU emissions standards. Other safety features, such as the spare tyre, seat belts and lights are also checked.\nAs of 2012, the fee for the NCT is €55 for a full test, and €28 for a re-test that requires testing equipment (e.g. emission levels, aiming of headlights, etc.). Re-tests that do not require the use of test equipment (such as obscured registration plate, faulty windscreen wiper, etc.) are free of charge. However, if a confirmed appointment is cancelled with less than five working days' notice (Mon. - Fri., not including the day of the test or the day you contact NCTS), or failure to show up for the test, a €22.00 surcharge will be applied when the car is next brought in for testing. A similar surcharge of €11.50 will apply in the case of a re-test.\nUpon successful completion of the test a valid NCT certificate is issued and this must be displayed on the front windscreen of the vehicle.\nA driver without a valid NCT on their car will incur three penalty points and a fine of €60, if paid within the first 28 days, and €90 if paid within the following 28 days. Thereafter, if the fine is not paid, a court appearance becomes mandatory and if convicted, five penalty points and a fine will be imposed by the court. This system was introduced on December 8, 2014, where previously all offenders were immediately faced with a mandatory court appearance and five penalty points upon conviction, in addition to a fine. Enforcement is the responsibility of the Garda Síochána. Local authorities can (in theory) refuse to issue a tax disc to a vehicle not having an NCT certificate and insurance companies could (in theory) declare cover for an untested (or failed) vehicle invalid.\nThere are exemptions for certain categories of vehicles such as vintage cars (registered before 1980) and vehicles based permanently on some offshore Islands.\nNCTS centres are run by Applus Car Testing Services, who are independent of the motor industry.\nIf applicants cannot get an NCT appointment within 28 days of applying for it, the test is undertaken free of charge. This is assuming that the applicant:\n\nHas not declined another appointment more than twice at a centre of their choosing.\nHas not previously accepted a booking outside of the 4 week period.\n\nStatistics\nIn August 2017 the Irish Sunday Independent reported that the best performing car in 2016 tests was the Nissan Juke and the worst the Hyundai Trajet. The same article revealed the existence of a data visualisation of 2016 NCT results.\n\nSimilar tests\nIn Northern Ireland, motor vehicles are subject to the MOT test, which is the standard in the United Kingdom.\n\nSee also\nVehicle inspection (general overview of roadworthiness tests around the world)\nMOT test (UK)\nShaken (Japan)\nWarrant of Fitness (New Zealand)\nPassage 3:\nMCA Records\nMCA Records was an American record label owned by MCA Inc., which later became part of Universal Music Group.\n\nPre-history\nMCA Inc., a talent agency and television production company, entered the recorded music business in 1962 with the purchase of the New York-based US Decca Records (established in 1934), including Coral Records and Brunswick Records. MCA was forced to exit the talent agency business in order to complete the merger. As American Decca owned Universal Pictures, MCA assumed full ownership of Universal and made it into a top film studio, producing several hits. In 1966, MCA formed Uni Records and in 1967, purchased Kapp Records which was placed under Uni Records management.\n\nHistory\nThe early years\nIn 1937, the owner of Decca, Edward R. Lewis, chose to split off the UK Decca company from the US company (keeping his US Decca holdings), fearing the financial damage that would arise for UK Companies if the emerging hostilities of Nazi Germany should lead to war – correctly foreseeing World War II. Lewis sold the remainder of his US Decca holdings when war did break out. US-based Decca Records kept the rights to the Decca name in North and South America and parts of Asia including Japan. UK Decca owned the rights to the Decca name in the rest of the world. After the war, British Decca formed a new US subsidiary, London Records.\nDuring this time, American Decca issued records outside North America on the Brunswick and Coral labels. In 1962, MCA acquired American Decca and became a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1967, Brunswick and Coral were replaced by the MCA label, which was used to release US Decca and Kapp label material outside North America. Initial activity as MCA Records was based in London and MCA Records UK was formally launched on February 16, 1968. Among the early artists on the MCA label, around 1971, were groups Wishbone Ash, Osibisa, Stackridge and Budgie, and solo artists Tony Christie, Mick Greenwood and Roy Young.Early MCA UK releases were distributed by Decca, but moved to EMI in 1974. As the US division of MCA Records was not established until 1972, the earliest UK MCA Records material was released in the US on either Kapp or Decca. MCA UK also issued American Brunswick material on the MCA label until 1972, two years after MCA lost control of Brunswick, after which American Brunswick material was issued in the UK on the revived Brunswick label. Uni label material was issued on the Uni label worldwide.\n\nMCA Records formation in Canada and the United States\nIn 1970, MCA reorganized its Canadian record company Compo Company Ltd. into MCA Records (Canada). In April 1970, former Warner Bros. Records president Mike Maitland joined MCA and initially served as Decca's general manager. Maitland was unsuccessful in his attempt to consolidate Warner Bros. Records with co-owned Atlantic Records which led to his departure from Warner.\nIn April 1971, Maitland supervised the consolidation of the New York-based Decca and Kapp labels plus the California-based Uni label into MCA Records based in Universal City, California, with Maitland serving as president. The three labels maintained their identities for a short time, but were retired in favor of the MCA label in 1973. \"Drift Away\" by Dobie Gray became the final Decca pop label release in the U.S in 1973. Beginning the same year, the catalogs of Decca, Uni and Kapp were reissued in the US on the MCA label under the supervision of veteran Decca producer Milt Gabler.\n\nEarly success\nThe first MCA Records release in the US was former Uni artist Elton John's \"Crocodile Rock\" single in 1972, which appeared on a plain black and white label. \nImmediately following this, the US MCA label used a black with curved rainbow design until the late 1970s. This design was directly inspired by the US Decca label of the 1960s.\nIn December 1972, Neil Diamond, another Uni artist, reached superstar status with his first MCA release, the live multi-platinum Hot August Night. Elton John's double album Goodbye Yellow Brick Road was released in October 1973 and was number one on the US Billboard 200 albums chart for eight straight weeks. The management of former Decca artists the Who had formed their own label Track Records in the UK, but were still under contract with MCA for US distribution. The Who's double album Quadrophenia was released by Track/MCA also in October 1973. Quadrophenia peaked at number 2 as it was held back from the number 1 slot by Goodbye Yellow Brick Road.\nOther successful artists on MCA, after the consolidation, included former Kapp artist Cher, and Uni artist Olivia Newton-John. MCA released the highly successful soundtrack album to the 1973 film The Sting. The soundtrack music was arranged and conducted by Marvin Hamlisch and won an Academy Award for Best Original Score (MCA issued many other soundtracks to films from Universal, along with some non-Universal films).\nOne of the most successful MCA artists in this era was the rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd, who would become one of the most popular in the Southern rock genre. The group was discovered by Al Kooper and initially released on his \"Sounds of the South\" label imprint of MCA. The song \"Free Bird\" became one of the most popular songs of all time on album-oriented rock radio stations. On Second Helping, the group recorded a song about their relationship with the label called, \"Workin' for MCA\". Street Survivors was released in October 1977, just prior to a tragic plane crash in which members of the group were either killed or severely injured. The original Street Survivors cover had a picture of the band members surrounded by flames, but this was quickly substituted for a design without flames. Though a latter version of the group enjoyed success, Lynyrd Skynyrd's streak of hits ended after the crash. Eventually, three Lynyrd Skynyrd albums reached the double platinum sales level and at least two others reached platinum or gold levels.\nDuring the 1970s and 1980s, MCA profited from reissuing classic early rock and roll recordings made by artists who recorded for the numerous labels absorbed by MCA. One notable example was the 1954 Decca recording \"Rock Around the Clock\" by Bill Haley & His Comets, which was featured as the lead track of MCA's No. 1-charting American Graffiti soundtrack album, and as a single returned to the American top 40 that year, 20 years after it was recorded.\n\nExpansion and struggles\nIn 1977, MCA president Sidney Sheinberg set up the Infinity Records division, based in New York City with Ron Alexenberg as CEO. Alexenberg had been with the Epic division of CBS Records, now Sony Music Entertainment. The intention was to give MCA a stronger presence on the East Coast. The only big hit the Infinity label had was \"Escape (The Piña Colada Song)\" by Rupert Holmes, a #1 single at the end of 1979. Infinity also had some success with Hot Chocolate, Spyro Gyra, New England and TKO. But MCA pulled the plug on Infinity after it failed to sell most of the 1 million advance copies of an album featuring Pope John Paul II in October 1979. Infinity was fully absorbed by the parent company in 1980.\nIn 1979, Bob Siner replaced Maitland as MCA Records president. Shortly afterwards, MCA acquired ABC Records along with its subsidiaries Paramount, Dunhill, Impulse!, Westminster, and Dot. ABC had acquired the Paramount and Dot labels when they purchased Gulf+Western's record labels and Famous Music Corp. Thus, MCA now controlled material once owned by Paramount Pictures, the music released by Paramount's record labels, and the pre-1950 films by Paramount as well.\nAlso included in this deal were recordings controlled by ABC, including albums by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers which were originally released by Shelter Records. Petty was furious about the reassignment of his contract and refused to record for MCA. This led to a series of lawsuits, which resulted in his bankruptcy in 1980. Petty and other ABC/Shelter artists eventually had their contracts transferred to the Backstreet Records label, which was distributed by MCA. ABC Records' independent distributors sued ABC and MCA for $1.3 million in damages for being stuck with unsold ABC recordings they could not return to MCA. The better selling ABC Records catalog albums were reissued on the MCA label.MCA distribution in Europe and Asia moved to CBS in 1979, while releases in the 1980s were self-distributed, or through WEA. Distribution moved to BMG during the 1990s.\n\nThe 1980s\nThe combined effects of the Infinity Records failure, the purchase of ABC, rising vinyl costs and a major slump in record sales produced tremendous losses for the company between 1979 and 1982. It was not until the mid-1980s that the record labels returned to significant profitability. In late 1980, MCA received negative publicity when it attempted to raise the list price of new releases by top selling artists from $8.98 to $9.98. This policy, known as \"superstar pricing\", ultimately failed. The Xanadu soundtrack album and Gaucho, by former ABC act Steely Dan, were the first releases with the higher list price. Backstreet artist Tom Petty succeeded in his campaign to force MCA to drop prices back to $8.98 for the release of his album Hard Promises, in May 1981.MCA had a distribution deal with the independent label Unicorn Records, which in turn signed an agreement with another rising independent label, SST Records to manufacture and distribute Black Flag's first album Damaged. Reportedly, MCA executive Al Bergman heard an advance copy of the album and refused to let MCA Distributing Inc. handle it, claiming that it was \"an anti-parent record.\" The members of Black Flag found themselves covering the MCA Distributing logo on the first 25,000 copies with a sticker reading \"As a parent... I found it an anti-parent record.\" SST Records partner Joe Carducci later claimed that Bergman's comments were actually a red herring for MCA to cut ties with Unicorn, which had not produced any successful releases; the fact that MCA would, not soon afterward, directly commission a new recording of \"TV Party\" from Black Flag and SST Records for the Repo Man soundtrack seems to bear this out. Unicorn would later go out of business after going bankrupt, partially the result of a lawsuit between themselves and Black Flag.\n\nRecovery, further expansion and MCA Music Entertainment Group\nIrving Azoff became the head of MCA Records in 1983. Azoff is known as an experienced music industry veteran who received credit amongst MCA management and staff for saving the company from bankruptcy.\nIn 1983, rock musician Frank Zappa negotiated a distribution agreement for his Barking Pumpkin label with MCA. As the records were being manufactured, a woman in the quality control department objected to the lyrics of Zappa's album Thing-Fish. After this MCA cancelled the Zappa contract. At about the same time, Zappa publicly argued with members of the Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC) over censorship and warning stickers for albums with potentially offensive content. The experience with MCA prompted Zappa to create a satirical \"WARNING/GUARANTEE\" sticker of his own. Thing-Fish was released with Zappa's sticker in December 1984 under a new agreement with Capitol/EMI. Despite the conflict with Zappa, MCA later became the biggest label to oppose the PMRC and the use of warning stickers. In October 1985, Azoff said \"Never will you find a sticker on one of our records.\"In the 1980s, MCA became commonly known as \"Music Cemetery of America\" due to a huge surplus of unprofitable records sitting unsold in MCA warehouses. A number of MCA associates, including Azoff and Zappa, disparaged the company in this way.Starting in 1984, William Knoedelseder wrote a series of articles for the Los Angeles Times about the connections between organized crime and MCA. Knoedelseder told the story of mobster Sal Pisello and the corrupt deals he arranged with MCA for the liquidation sales of unsold cut-out recordings that had been deleted from the MCA catalog. The story was later adapted into the book Stiffed: A True Story of MCA, the Music Business, and the Mafia, which was published in 1993.\nThe Chess Records catalog was acquired from the remnants of Sugar Hill Records in 1985. Motown Records was bought in 1988. In the late 1980s, MCA formed Mechanic Records as a sub-label for releasing heavy metal music. Bands signed to Mechanic included Voivod, Dream Theater, Bang Tango, and Trixter. Another sub-label, called The Futurist Label, was created to release progressive rock and death metal albums.MCA created a new holding company in 1989 called MCA Music Entertainment Group, headed by Al Teller, former President of United Artists Records, and Co-Chairman of Turf Classics, a concert production company, run by Producer Richard Flanzer. The same year the MCA Inc. parent company was purchased by the Matsushita group.\nAzoff resigned from MCA in 1989 to form his own record label, Giant Records, now defunct. Richard Palmese was named president of MCA Records after Azoff in 1990.\n\nThe 1990s\nGRP Records and Geffen Records were acquired in 1990. Unlike most of MCA's previous acquisitions, GRP (which began managing MCA's jazz holdings) and Geffen (which became a second mainstream subsidiary) labels kept their identities. MCA sold Motown Records to PolyGram in 1993.\n\nUniversal Music Group\nIn 1995, Seagram Company Ltd. acquired 80% of MCA. In November of that year, Teller was fired and replaced by former Warner Music Group head Doug Morris. Palmese left MCA a week later. Afterwards, Jay Boberg was named as the new president of MCA. On December 9, 1996, the new owners dropped the MCA name; the company became Universal Studios, Inc. and its music division, MCA Music Entertainment Group, was renamed Universal Music Group (UMG), headed by Morris.\nIn 1997, MCA Records adopted a new logo that featured the parent company's former full name. Many younger people had been unaware of what MCA had stood for in the past, hence the new logo. In conjunction with the new logo, the first MCA Records website was launched.\nOn May 21, 1998, Seagram acquired PolyGram (owner of British Decca) from Philips and merged it with Universal Music Group. Unlike several labels under PolyGram and UMG, who faced closure and job cuts of employees, MCA was the only label that was not affected by the merger. When Seagram's drinks business was bought by France-based Pernod Ricard, its media holdings (including Universal) were sold to Vivendi which became Vivendi Universal which was later renamed back to Vivendi SA after selling most of the entertainment division (which included Universal Pictures) to General Electric. Morris continued to head the combined company, still called Universal Music Group.\n\nMCA label phaseout\nOn January 16, 2003, Jay Boberg resigned from his position as president of MCA Records. Boberg's resignation arrived in the wake of slumping sales at MCA, which had seen the label's overall album market share decline to just 2.61% in 2002, down from 9% the previous year. His demise was hastened by the relative commercial failure of Shaggy's Lucky Day, released in October 2002, which MCA hoped would sell well enough to turn around their declining fortunes. Richard Nichols, manager of The Roots, felt that MCA had been attempting to spend lots of money on different projects, and subsequently many acts on MCA were \"underfinanced\" by the label, leading to poor sales. Rob Hitt of Midtown (who was signed to MCA through Drive-Thru Records) stated that MCA had lost a substantial amount of money that year from investing in several unsuccessful bands.Management of the label was subsequently handed over to the Interscope Geffen A&M umbrella label and Jimmy Iovine, although UMG chairman Doug Morris promised that MCA would continue to operate as a \"full-service, free standing label\". Craig Lambert, previously the vice president of the label, was named as the interim head of MCA, with a successor expected to be chosen within a few months. Following Boberg's resignation, it was rumoured that MCA could possibly be merged into Universal Records, something which would have given the latter, New York City-based label a stronger presence in the West Coast of the United States.On May 20, 2003, insider sources at Universal reporting to Billboard revealed that the MCA label was to be absorbed by sister UMG label Geffen Records by the end of the year. The reported reason behind the MCA brand phaseout was due to declining sales, as well as the MCA brand becoming \"tarnished\" by \"a history of acquisitions and mergers\". On June 9, 2003, MCA laid off 75 of their staff, equivalent to a third of their personnel, although no employees from Geffen were let go. Geffen's president, Jordan Schur, was named president of the newly merged entity, which continued under the Geffen branding. In the subsequent months, the MCA name was phased out entirely. The last album to be released under the MCA Records branding was Twisted Method's Escape from Cape Coma, which was released on July 15, 2003.Today Universal Music Enterprises manages MCA's rock, pop, and urban back catalogues (including those from ABC Records and Famous Music Group) in conjunction with Geffen – UME and Geffen have re-released various albums from MCA in the years since, as well as several compilations. Its country music label MCA Nashville Records is still in operation, and is one of the only businesses using the MCA trademark as of 2016 along with MCA Records France (imprint of Universal Music France). MCA's jazz catalogue is managed by Verve Records (through the Impulse! and GRP imprints, depending on whether the recording was acquired from ABC or not), while its classical music catalogue is managed by Deutsche Grammophon. MCA's musical theatre catalogue is managed by Decca Records on its Decca Broadway imprint.\n\nLogos\nLabels\nMCA Records recording artists\nPassage 4:\nAce Fu Records\nAce Fu Records is an independent record label founded in 1998 by Eric Speck. It is located in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. The label went on indefinite hiatus in 2007.\n\nRoster\nAcid Mothers Temple\nAnnuals\nAn Albatross\nAqui\nThe Dears\nDevotchka\nEx Models\nIllinois\nKaiser Chiefs\nMan Man\nMichael Leviton\nOneida\nOfficer May\nParts & Labor\nPinback\nPriestess\nRunner and the Thermodynamics\nSecret Machines\nThe Sucka MCs\nTed Leo\nTunng\n\nSee also\nList of record labels\n\nExternal links\nOfficial site\nPassage 5:\nEmArcy Records\nEmArcy Records is a jazz record label founded in 1954 by the American Mercury Records. The name is a phonetic spelling of \"MRC\", the initials for Mercury Record Company.During the 1950s and 1960s, musicians such as Max Roach, Clifford Brown, Cannonball Adderley, Dinah Washington, and Sarah Vaughan recorded for EmArcy.Today, it is a European jazz label owned by Universal Music Group. The catalogue is managed by the Island Records subsidiary.\n\nDiscography\nMono 12\" LP series (1954–c. 1958)\nPassage 6:\nSanta Monica, California\nSanta Monica (Spanish for 'Saint Monica'; Spanish: Santa Mónica) is a city in Los Angeles County, situated along Santa Monica Bay on California's South Coast. Santa Monica's 2020 U.S. Census population was 93,076. Santa Monica is a popular resort town, owing to its climate, beaches, and hospitality industry. It has a diverse economy, hosting headquarters of companies such as Hulu, Universal Music Group, Lionsgate Films, and The Recording Academy.\nSanta Monica traces its history to Rancho San Vicente y Santa Mónica, granted in 1839 to the Sepúlveda family of California. The rancho was later sold to John P. Jones and Robert Baker, who in 1875, along with his Californio heiress wife Arcadia Bandini de Stearns Baker, founded Santa Monica, which incorporated as a city in 1886. The city developed into a seaside resort during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with the creation of tourist attractions such as Palisades Park, the Santa Monica Pier, Ocean Park, and the Hotel Casa del Mar.\n\nHistory\nIndigenous\nThe Tongva are Indigenous to the Santa Monica area. The village of Comicranga was established in the Santa Monica area. One of the village's notable residents was Victoria Reid, who was the daughter of the chief of the village. During the Spanish period, she was taken to Mission San Gabriel from her parents at the age of six.\n\nSpanish era\nThe first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolá, which camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3, 1769.\nThere are two different accounts of how the city's name came to be. One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica (mother of Saint Augustine), but her feast day is May 4. Another version says it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs, that were reminiscent of the tears Saint Monica shed over her son's early impiety.\n\nMexican era\nIn 1839, Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado granted Rancho San Vicente y Santa Mónica to Francisco Sepúlveda II, of the Sepúlveda family of California. As the definitions of the rancho grant were not precise, the Sepúlveda family came into conflict with the neighboring Rancho Boca de Santa Mónica, owned by Ysidro Reyes and Francisco Márquez. A small Californio community grew up on Rancho San Vicente y Santa Mónica, made up primarily of vaqueros working on the rancho and their families.\n\nPost-conquest era\nAfter the American conquest of California, Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which gave Mexicans and Californios living in state certain unalienable rights. U.S. government sovereignty in California began on February 2, 1848.\nIn the 1870s, the Los Angeles and Independence Railroad connected Santa Monica with Los Angeles, and a wharf out into the bay. The first town hall was an 1873 brick building, later a beer hall, and now part of the Santa Monica Hostel. By 1885, the town's first hotel was the Santa Monica Hotel.Amusement piers became popular in the first decades of the 20th century and the extensive Pacific Electric Railway brought people to the city's beaches from across the Greater Los Angeles Area.\nAround the start of the 20th century, a growing population of Asian Americans lived in and around Santa Monica and Venice. A Japanese fishing village was near the Long Wharf while small numbers of Chinese lived or worked in Santa Monica and Venice. The two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans, who were often well-disposed toward the Japanese but condescending to the Chinese. The Japanese village fishermen were an integral economic part of the Santa Monica Bay community.\nDonald Wills Douglas Sr. built a plant in 1922 at Clover Field (Santa Monica Airport) for the Douglas Aircraft Company. In 1924, four Douglas-built planes took off from Clover Field to attempt the first aerial circumnavigation of the world. Two planes returned after covering 27,553 miles (44,342 km) in 175 days, and were greeted on their return September 23, 1924, by a crowd of 200,000. The Douglas Company (later McDonnell Douglas) kept facilities in the city until the 1970s.The Great Depression hit Santa Monica deeply. One report gives citywide employment in 1933 of just 1,000. Hotels and office building owners went bankrupt. In the 1930s, corruption infected Santa Monica (along with neighboring Los Angeles). The federal Works Project Administration helped build several buildings, most notably City Hall. The main Post Office and Barnum Hall (Santa Monica High School auditorium) were also among other WPA projects.\n\nModern era\nDouglas's business grew with the onset of World War II, employing as many as 44,000 people in 1943. To defend against air attack, set designers from the Warner Brothers Studios prepared elaborate camouflage that disguised the factory and airfield. The RAND Corporation began as a project of the Douglas Company in 1945, and spun off into an independent think tank on May 14, 1948. RAND acquired a 15-acre (61,000 m2) campus across the street from the Civic Center and is still there today.\nThe completion of the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in 1958 eliminated Belmar, the first African American community in the city, and the Santa Monica Freeway in 1966 decimated the Pico neighborhood that had been a leading African American enclave on the Westside.\nBeach volleyball is believed to have been developed by Duke Kahanamoku in Santa Monica during the 1920s.Santa Monica has two hospitals: Saint John's Health Center and Santa Monica-UCLA Medical Center. Its cemetery is Woodlawn Memorial.\nSanta Monica has several local newspapers including Santa Monica Daily Press, Santa Monica Mirror, and Santa Monica Star.\n\nGeography\nSanta Monica rests on a mostly flat slope that angles down toward Ocean Avenue and toward the south. High bluffs separate the north side of the city from the beaches. Santa Monica borders the L.A. neighborhoods of Pacific Palisades to the north and Venice to the south. To the west, Santa Monica has a 3-mile coastline fronting Santa Monica Bay, and to the east of the city are the L.A. communities of West Los Angeles and Brentwood.\n\nClimate\nSanta Monica has a coastal Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb). It enjoys an average of 310 days of sunshine a year. It is in USDA plant hardiness zone 11a. Because of its location, nestled on the vast and open Santa Monica Bay, morning fog is a common phenomenon in May, June, July and early August (caused by ocean temperature variations and currents). Like other inhabitants of the greater Los Angeles area, residents have a particular terminology for this phenomenon: the \"May Gray\", the \"June Gloom\" and even \"Fogust\". Overcast skies are common on June mornings, but usually the strong sun burns the fog off by noon. In the late winter/early summer, daily fog is a phenomenon too. It happens suddenly and it may last some hours or past sunset time. Nonetheless, it will sometimes stay cloudy and cool all day during June, even as other parts of the Los Angeles area enjoy sunny skies and warmer temperatures. At times, the sun can be shining east of 20th Street while the beach area is overcast. As a general rule, the beach temperature is from 5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit (3 to 6 degrees Celsius) cooler than it is inland during summer days, and 5 to 10 degrees warmer during winter nights.\nIt is also in September that the highest temperatures tend to be reached. It is winter, however, when the hot, dry winds of the Santa Anas are most common. In contrast, temperatures exceeding 10 degrees below average are rare.\n\nThe rainy season is from late October through late March. Winter storms usually approach from the northwest and pass quickly through the Southland. There is very little rain during the rest of the year. Yearly rainfall totals are unpredictable as rainy years are occasionally followed by droughts. There has never been any snow or frost, but there has been hail.\nSanta Monica usually enjoys cool breezes blowing in from the ocean, which tend to keep the air fresh and clean. Therefore, smog is less of a problem for Santa Monica than elsewhere around Los Angeles. However, from September through November, the Santa Ana winds sometimes blow from the east, bringing smoggy and hot inland air to the beaches.\nThe hottest temperature ever reported in Santa Monica was 100 °F (38 °C) on November 1, 1966, while the lowest is 33 °F (1 °C) on March 1, 1945, and again on March 21, 1952. The highest minimum temperature is 72 °F (22 °C) on October 24, 2007, and the lowest maximum temperature is 51 °F (11 °C) on 4 dates in February 2001 and again March 10, 2006. The snowiest months on record are January 1954 and March 1955, both with trace amounts. They are the only months to ever report snowfall. Many months have reported no rainfall at all. Conversely, the wettest month on record is January 1995 with a total of 17.82 inches (453 mm) of rainfall. The wettest year on record is 1998, with a total of 25.4 inches (650 mm) of rainfall; the driest is 1989, with a total of 4.04 inches (103 mm) of rainfall.\n\nEnvironment\nThe city first proposed its Sustainable City Plan in 1992 and in 1994, was one of the first cities in the nation to formally adopt a comprehensive sustainability plan, setting waste reduction and water conservation policies for both public and private sector through its Office of Sustainability and the Environment. Eighty-two percent of the city's public works vehicles run on alternative fuels, including most of the municipal bus system, making it among the largest such fleets in the country. Santa Monica fleet vehicles and buses source their natural gas from Redeem, a Southern California-based supplier of renewable and sustainable natural gas obtained from non-fracked methane biogas generated from organic landfill waste.Santa Monica adopted a Community Energy Independence Initiative, with a goal of achieving complete energy independence by 2020 (vs. California's already ambitious 33% renewables goal). The city exceeded that aspiration when, in February 2019, it switched over to electricity from the Clean Power Alliance, with a citywide default of 100% renewably sourced energy. That same year, the Santa Monica City Council adopted a Climate Action and Adaptation Plan aimed at achieving an 80% cut in carbon emissions by 2030, and reaching community-wide carbon neutrality by 2050 or sooner.\nAn urban runoff facility (SMURFF), the first of its kind in the US, catches and treats 3.5 million US gallons (13,000 m3) of water each week that would otherwise flow into the bay via storm-drains and sells it back to end-users within the city for reuse as gray-water, while bioswales throughout the city allow rainwater to percolate into and replenish the groundwater. The groundwater supply plays an important role in the city's Sustainable Water Master Plan, whereby Santa Monica has set a goal of attaining 100% water independence by 2020. The city has numerous programs designed to promote water conservation among residents, including a rebate for those who convert lawns to drought-tolerant gardens that require less water.\nSanta Monica has also instituted a green building-code whereby merely constructing to code automatically renders a building equivalent to the US Green Building Council's LEED Silver standards. The city's Main Library is one of many LEED certified or LEED equivalent buildings in the city. It is built over a 200,000 gallon cistern that collects filtered stormwater from the roof. The water is used for landscape irrigation.\nSince 2009, Santa Monica has been developing the Zero Waste Strategic Operations Plan by which the city will set a goal of diverting at least 95% of all waste away from landfills, and toward recycling and composting, by 2030. The plan includes a food waste composting program, which diverts 3 million pounds of restaurant food waste away from landfills annually. As of 2013, 77% of all solid waste produced citywide is diverted from landfills.Environmentally focused initiatives include curbside recycling, curbside composting bins (in addition to trash, yard-waste, and recycle bins), farmers' markets, community gardens, garden-share, an urban forest initiative, a hazardous materials home-collection service, and a green business certification.As in other coastal beach communities, coastal erosion due to coastal infrastructure and high human usage is an increasing challenge, and will become worse due to sea level rise. Starting in 2016, local environmental groups began dune and beach restoration projects.\n\nDemographics\n2020\nThe 2020 United States Census reported Santa Monica had a population of 93,076. This corresponds to density of 11,067.3 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Santa Monica was 63,383 (68.1%) white, 8,602 (9.2%) Asian, 3,776 (4.1%) Black or African American, 539 (0.6%) American Indian and Alaska Native, 123 (0.1%) Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, 5,347 (5.7%) some other race, and 11,306 (12.1%) people were of two or more races.Including all responses for people of two or more races, 73,996 (79.5%) were white alone or in combination with one or more other races, 11,864 (12.7%) were Asian alone or in combination with one or more other races, 5,459 (5.9%) were Black or African American alone or in combination, 1,877 (2.0%) were American Indian and Alaska Native alone or in combination, 415 (0.4%) were Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander alone or in combination, and 11,619 (12.5%) were some other race alone or in combination with one or more other races.13,544 (14.6%) were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of those, 2,729 (2.9% of the total population) were white alone, 153 (0.2%) were Black or African American alone, 410 (0.4%) were American Indian and Alaska Native alone, 136 (0.1%) were Asian alone, 14 (0.0%) were Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone, 4,542 (4.9%) were some other race alone, and 5,560 (6.0%) were two or more races.The census reported that Santa Monica had 52,389 housing units. Of those, 47,438 (90.5%) were occupied. 12,856 (27.1%) of the occupied units were owner-occupied and 34,582 (72.9%) were renter-occupied. Of the vacant units, 2,540 (4.8% of total) were for rent, 230 (0.4%) were rented but not occupied, 183 (0.3%) were for sale only, 205 (0.4%) were sold but not occupied, 693 (1.3%) were for seasonal, recreational, or occasional use, and 1,100 (2.1%) were otherwise vacant. 94.8% of households had a computer between 2017 and 2021, and 91.0% had broadband internet access.\n\n2010\nThe 2010 United States Census reported Santa Monica had a population of 89,736. The population density was 10,662.6 inhabitants per square mile (4,116.9/km2). The racial makeup of Santa Monica was 69,663 (77.6%) White (70.1% Non-Hispanic White), 3,526 (3.9%) African American, 338 (0.4%) Native American, 8,053 (9.0%) Asian, 124 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 4,047 (4.5%) from other races, and 3,985 (4.4%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11,716 persons (13.1%), with Mexican Americans, Spanish Americans, and Argentine Americans making up 64.2%, 6.4%, and 4.7% of the Hispanic population respectively.The Census reported 87,610 people (97.6% of the population) lived in households, 1,299 (1.4%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 827 (0.9%) were institutionalized.\nThere were 46,917 households, out of which 7,835 (16.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 13,092 (27.9%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 3,510 (7.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,327 (2.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 2,867 (6.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 416 (0.9%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 22,716 households (48.4%) were made up of individuals, and 5,551 (11.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.87. There were 17,929 families (38.2% of all households); the average family size was 2.79.\nThe population was spread out, with 12,580 people (14.0%) under the age of 18, 6,442 people (7.2%) aged 18 to 24, 32,552 people (36.3%) aged 25 to 44, 24,746 people (27.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 13,416 people (15.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.2 males.\nThere were 50,912 housing units at an average density of 6,049.5 per square mile (2,335.7/km2), of which 13,315 (28.4%) were owner-occupied, and 33,602 (71.6%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.1%. 30,067 people (33.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 57,543 people (64.1%) lived in rental housing units.\nAccording to the 2010 United States Census, Santa Monica had a median household income of $73,649, with 11.2% of the population living below the federal poverty line.\n\n2000\nAs of the census of 2000, there were 84,084 people, 44,497 households, and 16,775 families in the city. The population density was 10,178.7 inhabitants per square mile (3,930.0 inhabitants/km2). There were 47,863 housing units at an average density of 5,794.0 per square mile (2,237.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 78.29% White, 7.25% Asian, 3.78% African American, 0.47% Native American, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 5.97% from other races, and 4.13% from two or more races. 13.44% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.\nThere were 44,497 households, out of which 15.8% had children under the age of 18, 27.5% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 62.3% were non-families. 51.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.83 and the average family size was 2.80.\nThe city of Santa Monica is consistently among the most educated cities in the United States, with 23.8 percent of all residents holding graduate degrees.The population was diverse in age, with 14.6% under 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 40.1% from 25 to 44, 24.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% 65 years or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.\nAccording to a 2009 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $71,095, and the median income for a family was $109,410. Males had a median income of $55,689 versus $42,948 for females. The per capita income for the city was $42,874. 10.4% of the population and 5.4% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 9.9% of those under the age of 18 and 10.2% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.\n\nCrime\nIn 2006, crime in Santa Monica affected 4.41% of the population, slightly lower than the national average crime rate that year of 4.48%. The majority of this was property crime, which affected 3.74% of Santa Monica's population in 2006; this was higher than the rates for Los Angeles County (2.76%) and California (3.17%), but lower than the national average (3.91%). These per-capita crime rates are computed based on Santa Monica's full-time population of about 85,000. However, the Santa Monica Police Department has suggested the actual per-capita crime rate is much lower, as tourists, workers, and beachgoers can increase the city's daytime population to between 250,000 and 450,000 people.Hate crime has typically been minimal in Santa Monica, with only one reported incident in 2007. The city experienced a spike of anti-Islamic hate crime in 2001 after the September 11 attacks, but hate crime levels returned to their minimal 2000 levels by 2002.\nGang activityThe Pico neighborhood of Santa Monica (south of the Santa Monica Freeway) experiences some gang activity. The city estimates there are about 50 gang members based in Santa Monica, although some community organizers dispute this claim. Gang activity has been prevalent for decades in the Pico neighborhood.\nIn October 1998, alleged Culver City 13 gang member Omar Sevilla of Culver City was killed. A couple of hours after the shooting of Sevilla, German tourist Horst Fietze was killed. Several days later Juan Martin Campos, a Santa Monica city employee, was shot and killed. Police believe this was a retaliatory killing in response to Sevilla's killing. Less than 24 hours later, Javier Cruz was wounded in a drive-by shooting outside his home on 17th and Michigan.In 1998, there was a double homicide in the Westside Clothing store on Lincoln Boulevard. During the incident, Culver City gang members David \"Puppet\" Robles and Jesse \"Psycho\" Garcia entered the store masked and began opening fire, killing Anthony and Michael Juarez. Police say the incident was in retaliation for a shooting committed by the Santa Monica 13 gang days before the Juarez brothers were shot down.\n\nHomeless population\nIn 2022, there were 826 homeless individuals in Santa Monica.\n\nEconomy\nSanta Monica is home to the headquarters of many notable businesses, such as Beachbody, Fatburger, Hulu, Illumination, Otter Media, Lionsgate, Macerich, Miramax, CBS Media Ventures, the RAND Corporation, Saban Capital Group, The Recording Academy (which presents the annual Grammy Awards), TOMS Shoes, and Universal Music Group. Atlantic Aviation is at the Santa Monica Airport. The National Public Radio member station KCRW is on the Santa Monica College campus. VCA Animal Hospitals is just outside the eastern city limit.A number of game development studios are based in Santa Monica, making it a major location for the industry. These include:\n\nActivision Blizzard (which includes Activision)\nCloud Imperium Games (Creators of Star Citizen)\nNaughty Dog (Creators of Crash Bandicoot (1996–1999), Jak & Daxter, Uncharted and The Last of Us franchises)\nPUBG Corporation (North American station, developed Miramar map in PUBG)\nRiot Games, the creator of League of Legends, is just outside the eastern city limit.\nTreyarchRecently, Santa Monica has emerged as the center of the Los Angeles region called Silicon Beach, and serves as the home of hundreds of venture capital funded startup companies.\nFormer Santa Monica businesses include Douglas Aircraft (now merged with Boeing), GeoCities (which in December 1996 was headquartered on the third floor of 1918 Main Street in Santa Monica), Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and MySpace (now headquartered in Beverly Hills).\n\nTop employers\nAccording to the city's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, the top employers in the city were:\n\nArts and culture\nThe Santa Monica Looff Hippodrome (carousel) is a National Historic Landmark. It sits on the Santa Monica Pier, which was built in 1909. The La Monica Ballroom on the pier was once the largest ballroom in the US and the source for many New Year's Eve national network broadcasts.\nThe Santa Monica Civic Auditorium was an important music venue for several decades and hosted the Academy Awards in the 1960s. McCabe's Guitar Shop is a leading acoustic performance space as well as retail outlet. The Santa Monica Playhouse is a popular theater in the city.\nBergamot Station is a city-owned art gallery compound that includes the Santa Monica Museum of Art. The city is also home to the California Heritage Museum and the Angels Attic dollhouse and toy museum.\n\nThe New West Symphony is the resident orchestra of Barnum Hall. They are also resident orchestra of the Oxnard Performing Arts Center and the Thousand Oaks Civic Arts Plaza.\nSanta Monica hosts the annual Santa Monica Film Festival.The city's oldest movie theater is the Majestic. Opened in 1912 and also known as the Mayfair Theatre, it has been closed since the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The Aero Theater (now operated by the American Cinematheque) and Criterion Theater were built in the 1930s and still show movies.\nNotable restaurants have included Madame Wu's Garden, Batterfish, Stout Burgers and Beers, and The Misfit.\n\nShopping districts\nSanta Monica has three main shopping districts: Montana Avenue on the north side, the Downtown District in the city's core, and Main Street on the south end. Each has its own unique feel and personality. Montana Avenue is a stretch of luxury boutique stores, restaurants, and small offices that generally features more upscale shopping. The Main Street district offers an eclectic mix of clothing, restaurants, and other specialty retail.\nThe Downtown District is the home of the Third Street Promenade, a major outdoor pedestrian-only shopping district that stretches for three blocks between Wilshire Blvd. and Broadway. Third Street is closed to vehicles for those three blocks to allow people to stroll, congregate, shop and enjoy street performers.\nThe Santa Monica Place, featuring Bloomingdale's and Nordstrom in a three-level outdoor environment, is at the Promenade's southern end. After a period of redevelopment, the mall reopened in the fall of 2010 as a modern shopping, entertainment and dining complex with more outdoor space.\n\nPublic library system\nThe Santa Monica Public Library consists of a Main Library in the downtown area, plus four neighborhood branches: Fairview, Montana Avenue, Ocean Park, and Pico Boulevard.\n\nSports\nThe men's and women's marathon ran through parts of Santa Monica during the 1984 Summer Olympics. The Santa Monica Track Club has many prominent track athletes, including many Olympic gold medalists. Santa Monica is the home to Southern California Aquatics, which was founded by Olympic swimmer Clay Evans and Bonnie Adair. Santa Monica is also home to the Santa Monica Rugby Club, a semi-professional team that competes in the Pacific Rugby Premiership, the highest-level rugby union club competition in the United States.\nDuring the 2028 Summer Olympics, Santa Monica will host beach volleyball and surfing.\n\nParks and recreation\nPalisades Park stretches out along the crumbling bluffs overlooking the Pacific and is a favorite walking area to view the ocean. It includes public art, a totem pole, camera obscura, benches, picnic areas, pétanque courts, and restrooms.\nTongva Park occupies 6 acres between Ocean Avenue and Main Street, just south of Colorado Avenue. The park includes an overlook, amphitheater, playground, garden, fountains, picnic areas, and restrooms.\nThe Santa Monica Stairs, a long, steep staircase that leads from north of San Vicente down into Santa Monica Canyon, is a popular spot for outdoor workouts. Some area residents have complained that the stairs have become too popular, and attract too many exercisers to the wealthy neighborhood of multimillion-dollar properties.Ishihara Park opened to the public in 2017 and acts as a buffer between the Los Angeles Metro Rail and the surrounding residential community.\n\nGovernment\nLocal government\nSanta Monica is governed by the Santa Monica City Council, a Council-Manager governing body with seven members elected at-large. The mayor is Gleam Davis, and the Mayor Pro Tempore is Lana Negrete. The other five council members are Phil Brock, Christine Parra, Oscar de la Torre, Jesse Zwick and Caroline Torosis.\n\nRepresentation\nIn the California State Legislature, Santa Monica is in the 26th Senate District, represented by Democrat María Elena Durazo, and in the 50th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Eloise Reyes.In the United States House of Representatives, Santa Monica is in California's 36th congressional district, represented by Democrat Ted Lieu.\n\nEducation\nPublic schools\nThe Santa Monica–Malibu Unified School District provides public education at the elementary and secondary levels. In addition to the traditional model of early education school houses, SMASH (Santa Monica Alternative School House) is \"a K–8 public school of choice with team teachers and multi-aged classrooms\". The district maintains eight elementary schools, three middle schools, and three high schools in Santa Monica.\n\nPrivate schools\nPrivate schools in the city include Crossroads School and Saint Monica Catholic High School.\nAsahi Gakuen, a weekend Japanese supplementary school system, operates its Santa Monica campus (サンタモニカ校･高等部 Santamonika-kō kōtōbu) at Webster Middle in the Sawtelle neighborhood of Los Angeles. All high school classes in the Asahi Gakuen system are held at the Santa Monica campus.\n\nPost-secondary\nSanta Monica College is a community college founded in 1929. Many SMC graduates transfer to the University of California system. It occupies 35 acres (14 hectares) and enrolls 30,000 students annually. The Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School, associated with the RAND Corporation, is the U.S.'s largest producer of public policy PhDs. The Art Institute of California – Los Angeles is also in Santa Monica near the Santa Monica Airport.\nUniversities and colleges within a 22-mile (35 km) radius from Santa Monica include Santa Monica College, Antioch University Los Angeles, Loyola Marymount University, Mount St. Mary's University, Pepperdine University, California State University, Northridge, California State University, Los Angeles, UCLA, USC, West Los Angeles College, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Occidental College (Oxy), Los Angeles City College, Los Angeles Southwest College, Los Angeles Valley College, and Emperor's College of Traditional Oriental Medicine.\n\nInfrastructure\nTransportation\nBicycles\nSanta Monica has a bike action plan and launched a bicycle sharing system in November 2015. The city is traversed by the Marvin Braude Bike Trail. Santa Monica has received the Bicycle Friendly Community Award (Bronze in 2009, Silver in 2013) by the League of American Bicyclists. Local bicycle advocacy organizations include Santa Monica Spoke, a local chapter of the Los Angeles County Bicycle Coalition. Santa Monica is thought to be one of the leaders for bicycle infrastructure and programming in Los Angeles County although cycling infrastructure in Los Angeles County in general remains very poor compared to other major cities.The city implemented a 5-year and 20-year Bike Action Plan with a goal of attaining 14 to 35% bicycle transportation mode share by 2030 through the installation of enhanced bicycle infrastructure throughout the city. In 2023, Santa Monica scored near the 90th percentile of cities surveyed in the PeopleForBikes City Ratings, which measures the quality of a city’s bike network.In terms of number of bicycle accidents, Santa Monica ranks as one of the worst (#2) out of 102 California cities with population 50,000–100,000, a ranking consistent with the city's composite ranking.\nIn 2007 and 2008, local police cracked down on Santa Monica Critical Mass rides that had become controversial, putting a damper on the tradition.\n\nHighways\nThe Santa Monica Freeway (Interstate 10) begins in Santa Monica near the Pacific Ocean and heads east. The Santa Monica Freeway between Santa Monica and downtown Los Angeles has the distinction of being one of the busiest highways in all of North America. After traversing the Greater Los Angeles area, I-10 crosses seven more states, terminating at Jacksonville, Florida. In Santa Monica, there is a road sign designating this route as the Christopher Columbus Transcontinental Highway. State Route 2 (Santa Monica Boulevard) begins in Santa Monica, barely grazing State Route 1 at Lincoln Boulevard, and continues northeast across Los Angeles County, through the Angeles National Forest, crossing the San Gabriel Mountains as the Angeles Crest Highway, ending in Wrightwood. Santa Monica is also the western terminus of Historic U.S. Route 66. Close to the eastern boundary of Santa Monica, Sepulveda Boulevard reaches from Long Beach at the south, to the northern end of the San Fernando Valley. Just east of Santa Monica is Interstate 405, the San Diego Freeway, a major north–south route in Los Angeles and Orange counties.\n\nMotorized vehicles\nSanta Monica has purchased the first ZeroTruck all-electric medium-duty truck. The vehicle will be equipped with a Scelzi utility body, it is based on the Isuzu N series chassis, a UQM PowerPhase 100 advanced electric motor and is the only US built electric truck offered for sale in the United States in 2009.\n\nBus\nThe city of Santa Monica runs its own bus service, the Big Blue Bus, which also serves much of West Los Angeles and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). A Big Blue Bus was featured prominently in the action movie Speed.\nThe city of Santa Monica is also served by the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority's (Metro) bus lines. Metro also complements Big Blue service, as when Big Blue routes are not operational overnight, Metro buses make many Big Blue Bus stops, in addition to MTA stops.\n\nLight rail\nDesign and construction on the 6.6-mile extension (10.6 km) of the Expo Line from Culver City to Santa Monica started in September 2011, with service beginning on May 20, 2016. Santa Monica Metro stations include Downtown Santa Monica, 17th Street/SMC, and 26th Street/Bergamot. Travel time between Downtown Santa Monica station and 7th Street/Metro Center station in Downtown Los Angeles is approximately 46 minutes, while the travel time between the downtown Santa Monica station and the terminal Atlantic station in East Los Angeles is approximately 1 hour and 9 minutes.\nHistorical aspects of the Expo line route are noteworthy. It uses the former Los Angeles region's electric interurban Pacific Electric Railway's right-of-way that ran from the Exposition Park area of Los Angeles to Santa Monica. This route was called the Santa Monica Air Line and provided electric-powered freight and passenger service between Los Angeles and Santa Monica beginning in the 1920s. Passenger service was discontinued in 1953, but diesel-powered freight deliveries to warehouses along the route continued until March 11, 1988. The abandonment of the line spurred future transportation considerations and concerns within the community, and the entire right-of-way was purchased from Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The line was built in 1875 as the steam-powered Los Angeles and Independence Railroad to bring mining ore to ships in Santa Monica harbor and as a passenger excursion train to the beach.\n\nAirport and ports\nThe city owns and operates a general aviation airport, Santa Monica Airport, which has been the site of several important aviation achievements. Commercial flights are available for residents at LAX, a few miles south of Santa Monica.\nLike other cities in Los Angeles County, Santa Monica is dependent upon the Port of Long Beach and the Port of Los Angeles for international ship cargo. In the 1890s, Santa Monica was once in competition with Wilmington, California, and San Pedro for recognition as the \"Port of Los Angeles\" (see History of Santa Monica, California).\n\nOther\nSince the mid-1980s, various proposals have been made to extend the Purple Line subway to Santa Monica under Wilshire Boulevard. There are no current plans to complete the \"subway to the sea,\" an estimated $5 billion project.In August 2018, Santa Monica issued permits to Bird, Lime, Lyft, and Jump Bikes to operate dockless scooter-sharing systems in the city. As of April 2023, Lyft, Spin, Veo, and Wheels are licensed to provide micro-mobility transportation in city.\n\nEmergency services\nTwo major hospitals are within the Santa Monica city limits, UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica and Saint John's Health Center. Four fire stations provide medical and fire response, staffed with six Paramedic Engines, a Truck company, a Hazardous Materials team and an Urban Search & Rescue team. Santa Monica Fire Department has its own Dispatch Center. Ambulance transportation is provided by McCormick Ambulance Services.Law enforcement services are provided by the Santa Monica Police Department\nThe Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the Simms/Mann Health and Wellness Center in Santa Monica. The Department's West Area Health Office is in the Simms/Mann Center.\n\nInternet services\nSanta Monica has a municipal wireless network which provides several free city Wi-Fi hotspots distributed around the city.\n\nIn popular culture\nFilm and television\nHundreds of moving pictures have been shot or set in part in Santa Monica.\n\nFilms\nOne of the oldest exterior shots in Santa Monica is Buster Keaton's Spite Marriage (1929) which shows much of 2nd Street. The comedy It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963) included several scenes shot in Santa Monica, including those along the California Incline, which led to the movie's treasure spot, \"The Big W\". The Sylvester Stallone film Rocky III (1982) shows Rocky Balboa and Apollo Creed training to fight Clubber Lang by running on the Santa Monica Beach, and Stallone's Demolition Man (1993) includes Santa Monica settings. In Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985), the theft of Pee-wee's bike occurs on the Third Street Promenade. Henry Jaglom's indie Someone to Love (1987), the last film in which Orson Welles appeared, takes place in Santa Monica's venerable Mayfair Theatre. Heathers (1988) used Santa Monica's John Adams Middle School for many exterior shots. The Truth About Cats & Dogs (1996) is set entirely in Santa Monica, particularly the Palisades Park area, and features a radio station that resembles KCRW at Santa Monica College. 17 Again (2009) was shot at Samohi. Other films that show significant exterior shots of Santa Monica include Fletch (1985), Species (1995), Get Shorty (1995), and Ocean's Eleven (2001). Richard Rossi's biopic Aimee Semple McPherson opens and closes at the beach in Santa Monica. Iron Man features the Santa Monica pier and surrounding communities as Tony Stark tests his experimental flight suit.\nThe documentary Dogtown and Z-Boys (2001) and the related dramatic film Lords of Dogtown (2005) are both about the influential skateboarding culture of Santa Monica's Ocean Park neighborhood in the 1970s.\nSanta Monica (and in particular the Santa Monica Airport) was featured in Roland Emmerich's disaster film 2012 (2009). A magnitude 10.9 earthquake destroys the airport and the surrounding area as a group of survivors escape in a personal plane. The Santa Monica Pier and the whole city sinks into the Pacific Ocean after the earthquake.\n\nTelevision\nA number of television series have been set in Santa Monica, including Baywatch, Goliath, Pacific Blue (1996-2000), Private Practice (2007-2013), and Three's Company (1977-1984). The Santa Monica pier is shown in the main theme of CBS series NCIS: Los Angeles. In Buffy the Vampire Slayer, the main exterior set of the town of Sunnydale that includes the infamous \"sun sign\", was in Santa Monica in a lot on Olympic Boulevard.\n\nLiterature\nHorace McCoy's 1935 novel They Shoot Horses, Don't They? is set at a dance marathon held in a ballroom on the Santa Monica Pier.\nRaymond Chandler's most famous character, private detective Philip Marlowe, frequently has a portion of his adventures in a place called \"Bay City\", which is modeled on Depression-era Santa Monica. In Marlowe's world, Bay City is \"a wide-open town\", where gambling and other crimes thrive due to a massively corrupt and ineffective police force.\nTennessee Williams lived (while working at MGM Studios) in a hotel on Ocean Avenue in the 1940s. At that location he wrote the play The Glass Menagerie (that premiered in 1944). His short story \"The Mattress by the Tomato Patch\" (1954) is set near Santa Monica Beach and mentions the clock visible in much of the city, high up on The Broadway Building, on Broadway near Second Street.\n\nMusic\nNotable locationsThe band Linkin Park is named in homage to Santa Monica's Lincoln Park (now called Christine Emerson Reed Park).\nThe National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences is based in Santa Monica on Olympic Boulevard.\nUniversal Music Group is based in Santa Monica. Several of its labels, such as A&M Records, Aftermath Entertainment (started by Dr. Dre), G-Unit Records (created by 50 Cent & Sha Money XL), Geffen Records, Interscope (started by Jimmy Iovine), and Shady Records, are based in Santa Monica, CA.\n\nWorks\nThe folk Australian duo Angus and Julia Stone has a single titled \"Santa Monica Dream\" on its album Down the Way.\nThe ska/reggae band Bedouin Soundclash has a song called \"Santa Monica\".\nThe band Everclear released a song titled \"Santa Monica\" in 1995, which became their first mainstream hit.\nThe British singer-songwriter Noel Harrison released a song and album titled Santa Monica Pier (1968).\nIn 1948, bandleader Kay Kyser released a 78 record of the novelty song \"When Veronica Plays the Harmonica (Down at the Pier in Santa Monica)\".\nOne of the few songs musical satirist Tom Lehrer has recorded since the 1970s is a tribute to the holidays of the Jewish calendar called \"I'm Spending Hanukkah in Santa Monica\".\nRichard Rossi released a song called \"Santa Monica,\" celebrating the Santa Monica Pier, on his album Seasons of My Heart.\nThe band Savage Garden released a song titled \"Santa Monica\" from its album Savage Garden (1997).\nThe modern rock band Theory of a Deadman's song \"Santa Monica\" is a first-person account of a girl leaving her significant other to start a new life in Santa Monica.\nFrench Rapper Moha La Squale released the song \"Santa Monica\" in 2019.\n\nNotable people\nSister cities\nMazatlán, Mexico\n Hamm, Germany\n Fujinomiya, Japan\n\nSee also\n2013 Santa Monica shootings\nAragon Ballroom (Ocean Park, Santa Monica, California)\nArcadia Bandini de Stearns Baker, co-founder and benefactress of Santa Monica\nList of cities and towns in California\nList of City of Santa Monica Designated Historic Landmarks\nList of people from Santa Monica, California\nList of public art in Santa Monica, California\nMuscle Beach\nPassage 7:\nThe Right Stuff Records\nThe Right Stuff Records is an American reissue record label that was part of EMI, which is now owned by Universal Music Group and is based out of Santa Monica, California.\nThe label primarily released classic rock and R&B repertoire which included greatest hits collections, anthologies, boxed sets and compilations. The Right Stuff's repertoire was sourced from the various labels owned by EMI Records and also leased-in labels such as Dick Griffey's SOLAR (the Sound of Los Angeles Records), the post-1976 Philadelphia International Records, Hi Records, Tabu Records and Salsoul Records. The label also owned Leon Russell and Denny Cordell's Shelter Records and the New York-based Laurie Records. The label also created many joint venture projects with outside brands such as Harley-Davidson, Hot Rod Magazine, Shape Magazine, and others. The label was started by former EMI and Capitol Records executive Tom Cartwright.\n\nSelected artists on reissues\n\nAnswer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nQuestion: When did the explorer reach the headquarters location of the group Con-Test's record label is part of?\nAnswer:"} {"question_id": 49, "category": "longbench_passage_count", "reference": ["20"], "prompt": "There are some paragraphs below sourced from Wikipedia. Some of them may be duplicates. Please carefully read these paragraphs and determine how many unique paragraphs there are after removing duplicates. In other words, how many non-repeating paragraphs are there in total?\n\nParagraph 1: In 2011, a major breakthrough in understanding came from the Reddy laboratory at the University of Cambridge. This group discovered circadian rhythms in redox proteins (peroxiredoxins) in cells that lacked a nucleus – human red blood cells. In these cells, there was no transcription or genetic circuits, and therefore no feedback loop. Similar observations were made in a marine alga and subsequently in mouse red blood cells. More importantly, redox oscillations as demonstrated by peroxiredoxin rhythms have now been seen in multiple distant kingdoms of life (eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea), covering the evolutionary tree. Therefore, redox clocks look to be the grandfather clock, and genetic feedback circuits the major output mechanisms to control cell and tissue physiology and behavior.\n\nParagraph 2: On October 16, Lewis started Game 2 of the 2010 American League Championship Series at home against the New York Yankees. Lewis went 5.2 innings and gave up 2 earned runs on 6 hits. However, he earned the decision, and became the first Ranger pitcher to win a post-season home game in franchise history. On October 22, Lewis started Game 6 of the American League Championship Series, also at home, against the New York Yankees. He pitched 8 innings, allowing 1 run on 3 hits, aiding the Rangers to a decisive 6–1 victory. The win allowed the Rangers to win the Series and earn their first-ever American League Pennant. On October 30, Lewis started game 3 of the 2010 World Series, at home against the San Francisco Giants. Lewis went 7 innings, allowing 2 earned runs on 5 hits, and earned the win which was the first Rangers victory in a World Series game (and first World Series win for an MLB team in the state of Texas, as the Houston Astros were swept in the 2005 World Series). After winning those two crucial home playoff games in the 2010 ALCS and Game 3 of the 2010 World Series, Lewis was, so far, the only Rangers pitcher accredited towards three of the Rangers home playoff wins as no other Rangers pitcher had even one. The Rangers went on to lose the World Series in five games to the Giants.\n\nParagraph 3: In all he made 40 appearances that season keeping 12 clean sheets. His final game for Queen of the South came on 24 May 2008 in the Final which ended in a 3–2 defeat to Rangers. Since Rangers had already qualified for the Champions League the runners-up earned the consolation of a place in next season's UEFA Cup. On his return to Hearts, MacDonald said of his time at Queens, \"My loan spell last year was good and allowed me to play in big games like the Scottish Cup Final.\" Queens attempted to bring Macdonald back for a third loan spell in December 2008 but Hearts turned them down as he had now made his first team debut for the club. MacDonald returned to Hearts for the 2008–09 season and, after playing regularly during pre-season fixtures, new manager Csaba Laszlo stated his intent to use him as back-up to first choice keeper Steve Banks. He made his competitive debut for Hearts against, Rangers, on 16 August 2008 at Ibrox. MacDonald had been selected to play following the announcement that Banks had taken up a coaching only role, having previously had a player-coach role. Hearts lost the game 2–0, the second goal a last minute penalty from Kris Boyd, who had scored twice against MacDonald in the 2008 Scottish Cup Final. Manager Laszlo said that he was happy with MacDonald's performance against Rangers but he then dropped him in favour of Slovakian loan signing Marian Kello. MacDonald said that in the absence of first team football, \"If there's a chance to go out on loan, and the gaffer agrees, that would be better for me. Then I can come back and show the manager I'm ready to play for Hearts.\" He stayed at Hearts and in all he made 7 appearances in his debut season, going on to sign a new three-year contract extending his stay until 2012.\n\nParagraph 4: Sita returns to the Las Vegas residence of her former lover Arturo, the alchemist, and finds a startling resemblance between him and Kalika from a picture of his that she picks up. Sita discovers right then and there that Arturo fathered Kalika; because Arturo was a hybrid, he became the only being capable of making Sita pregnant while she was a vampire. She also finds that Ray had not returned to her, that he was a phantom and was no longer real. Sita \"kills\" Ray at his request and turns back into a vampire by once again using Arturo's alchemist equipment and combining Yaksha's blood with the blood of Paula's baby (Sita had stolen a vial of the baby's blood from the hospital). Because of the combination, she is even more powerful than before, being more or less equal to Yaksha, but is still no match for Kalika. Promising via the phone to deliver the baby to Kalika in exchange for Seymour on Santa Monica Pier. Sita, however, has been lying and does not bring Paula's child, telling Kalika that she has \"come herself.\" After a short and fruitless negotiation, a fight between the pair ensues. Kalika stops Sita effortlessly by breaking her leg and throws Seymour into the ocean. Shortly after this, she reveals that she is definitely the incantation of Kali, overwhelming her mother with her dark power. In her thrall, Sita unknowingly reveals the phone number which she asked Paula to call. In desperation, she asks Kalika who Paula's child really is. In response, her daughter tells her that the \"knowledge will cost her\". Sita repeats her question, and Kalika shows her the cost, fashioning a wooden stake which she throws at Seymour, piercing him through. As Sita jumps into the water and pulls the dying Seymour to shore, telling him that she will save him by making him a vampire, Kalika leaves. However, by the time that Sita and Seymour are on land again, it becomes clear that he is beyond even her help. Believing he is a vampire due to the lack of pain he is experiencing, Seymour asks if he will live forever, and when Sita tells him out of pity that he will, he tells her he will love her for that long. She replies, \"Me too,\" and he dies in her arms.\n\nParagraph 5: The Pyu were the earliest people in Southeast Asia to welcome in and adapt to Brahmic scripts in order to record their tonal language, inventing tonal markers. The Pyu shared a type of urbanism on a wide variety of scales. They had walled spaces with one side sealed by a water tank or a tank outside of the walls. In late prehistory, the Pyu settled for quite some time in Beikthano in the Yin River Valley than the Nawin River Valley at Sri Ksetra, because they proved their skills of water control using irrigation systems depended on their good knowledge of the conditions in each locality and area. According to Stargardt in “From the Iron Age to early cities at Srikestra and Beikthano, Myanmar” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, all the archaeology found a lot of major inscriptions on stone in phy language survive at Sri Kestra (Pyu), Hanlin and near Pinle (Hmainmaw), and Pagan (Bagan). They have strong evidence on the people were living in that century between the third-fourth and fifth-sixth centuries CE. All the record was nominated by World Heritage UNESCO and other historians. In this article, it mentioned and written also \"Pyu\" were among the earlies people in Southeast Asia. As Stargardt acknowledges in that article, \"Sri Kestra\" contained fields, irrigation canals, water tanks and iron-working sites, as well as monuments, markets (and elusive habitation areas) both inside and outside walls, all these halls also provide evidence of a powerful belief system in the elaborate provision of the dead”. In that article, the author adds upon his research in other's article, they also recorded old photo of founded place which is already surveyed in nine major burial terraces outside the southern city walls, old Buddhist monuments including the complex at \"Beikthano\" city and the queen \"Panhtwar\" cemetery.\n\nParagraph 6: In a tale from the Karachay-Balkar language translated to Russian as \"Быжмапапах\" (\"Byzhmapapakh\"), a shepherd sees children running about and sighs that he has no children. Suddenly, a diminute man (of one karysh) with a large beard (of a thousand karysh) appears, thinking he was summoned by the man. At any rate, the diminute man gives the shepherd an apple to be given to the man's wife, with one condition: after the his son is born, they have to let him leave home and not return until he is married. The shepherd obeys the diminute man's instructions, and a golden-haired son is born to them. Years later, when the boy comes of age, the shepherd follows the diminute man's orders and convinces his son to depart. The boy is given provisions for the road and begins his journey. His path leads him to an abandoned barn where three horses are kept. The horses can talk and convince the boy to keep them, and tell him to pluck a hair from their tails; he can light the hairs to summon the horses if he needs any help. Finally, he reaches a group of shepherds and dines with them. The shepherds talk about their khan, and, moved by their words, the boy decides to find work as a servant to the khan. The khan agrees and takes him im; the other servants mockingly call him Byzhmapapakh. The khan's youngest daughter sees Byzhmapapakh and falls in love with him. Some time later, the three princesses decide they want to get married and, on the matchmaker's advice, bring three watermelons to their father as analogy to their marriageability. The khan cuts open the watermelons (one rotten, the second overripe, the third ripe enough), and summons sons of khans for his daughters to choose. The elder princesses give their pryanik (in the Russian translation; a type of gingerbread cake) to their chosen ones, while the youngest gives theirs to Byzhmapapakh, to her sisters' jeer and her father's irritation. The khan marries his elder daughters in grand ceremonies, and banishes the youngest to a chicken coop. Later, the khan falls ill, and can only be cured by eating lioncub's meat and drinking lioness's milk. The khan's sons-in-law go to hunt for some lions; Byzhmapapakh joins the hunt on a lame horse, but, out of sight, summons one of the horses, gallops away to the steppes and finds a lioness. The lioness begs to be spared; Byzhmapapakh agrees to spare it, in return for its lioncub and the milk. On the road back, he meets his brothers-in-law, who do not recognize him, and spins a story about needing the meat for his mother. The brothers-in-law ask for some; Byzhmapapakh agrees, in exchange for him branding their shoulders. The next day, the khan asks for some deer meat. The sons-in-law march again to the hunt, but Byzhmapapakh finds the deer meat first, and agrees to share it with them as long as they agree to be branded on their flanks. At the end of the tale, the khan holds a grand feast and invites his two sons-in-law. Byzhmapapakh appears unannounced and gifts his father-in-law one of the horses. The khan rides the animals for a bit, impressed by its prowess, and asks the stranger about his identity. Byzhmapapakh tells him everything, including the marks on the brothers-in-law.\n\nParagraph 7: NGC 4555 is a solitary elliptical galaxy about 40,000 parsecs (125,000 light-years) across, and about 310 million light-years distant. Observations by the Chandra X-ray Observatory have shown it to be surrounded by a halo of hot gas about 120,000 parsecs across. The hot gas has a temperature of around 10,000,000 kelvin. The galaxy is one of the few elliptical galaxies proven to have significant amounts of dark matter. Large amounts of dark matter are necessary to prevent the gas from escaping the galaxy; the visible mass clearly is not large enough to hold such an extensive gas halo. The dark matter halo is estimated to have 10 times the mass of the stars in the galaxy.\n\nParagraph 8: On October 16, Lewis started Game 2 of the 2010 American League Championship Series at home against the New York Yankees. Lewis went 5.2 innings and gave up 2 earned runs on 6 hits. However, he earned the decision, and became the first Ranger pitcher to win a post-season home game in franchise history. On October 22, Lewis started Game 6 of the American League Championship Series, also at home, against the New York Yankees. He pitched 8 innings, allowing 1 run on 3 hits, aiding the Rangers to a decisive 6–1 victory. The win allowed the Rangers to win the Series and earn their first-ever American League Pennant. On October 30, Lewis started game 3 of the 2010 World Series, at home against the San Francisco Giants. Lewis went 7 innings, allowing 2 earned runs on 5 hits, and earned the win which was the first Rangers victory in a World Series game (and first World Series win for an MLB team in the state of Texas, as the Houston Astros were swept in the 2005 World Series). After winning those two crucial home playoff games in the 2010 ALCS and Game 3 of the 2010 World Series, Lewis was, so far, the only Rangers pitcher accredited towards three of the Rangers home playoff wins as no other Rangers pitcher had even one. The Rangers went on to lose the World Series in five games to the Giants.\n\nParagraph 9: In a tale from the Karachay-Balkar language translated to Russian as \"Быжмапапах\" (\"Byzhmapapakh\"), a shepherd sees children running about and sighs that he has no children. Suddenly, a diminute man (of one karysh) with a large beard (of a thousand karysh) appears, thinking he was summoned by the man. At any rate, the diminute man gives the shepherd an apple to be given to the man's wife, with one condition: after the his son is born, they have to let him leave home and not return until he is married. The shepherd obeys the diminute man's instructions, and a golden-haired son is born to them. Years later, when the boy comes of age, the shepherd follows the diminute man's orders and convinces his son to depart. The boy is given provisions for the road and begins his journey. His path leads him to an abandoned barn where three horses are kept. The horses can talk and convince the boy to keep them, and tell him to pluck a hair from their tails; he can light the hairs to summon the horses if he needs any help. Finally, he reaches a group of shepherds and dines with them. The shepherds talk about their khan, and, moved by their words, the boy decides to find work as a servant to the khan. The khan agrees and takes him im; the other servants mockingly call him Byzhmapapakh. The khan's youngest daughter sees Byzhmapapakh and falls in love with him. Some time later, the three princesses decide they want to get married and, on the matchmaker's advice, bring three watermelons to their father as analogy to their marriageability. The khan cuts open the watermelons (one rotten, the second overripe, the third ripe enough), and summons sons of khans for his daughters to choose. The elder princesses give their pryanik (in the Russian translation; a type of gingerbread cake) to their chosen ones, while the youngest gives theirs to Byzhmapapakh, to her sisters' jeer and her father's irritation. The khan marries his elder daughters in grand ceremonies, and banishes the youngest to a chicken coop. Later, the khan falls ill, and can only be cured by eating lioncub's meat and drinking lioness's milk. The khan's sons-in-law go to hunt for some lions; Byzhmapapakh joins the hunt on a lame horse, but, out of sight, summons one of the horses, gallops away to the steppes and finds a lioness. The lioness begs to be spared; Byzhmapapakh agrees to spare it, in return for its lioncub and the milk. On the road back, he meets his brothers-in-law, who do not recognize him, and spins a story about needing the meat for his mother. The brothers-in-law ask for some; Byzhmapapakh agrees, in exchange for him branding their shoulders. The next day, the khan asks for some deer meat. The sons-in-law march again to the hunt, but Byzhmapapakh finds the deer meat first, and agrees to share it with them as long as they agree to be branded on their flanks. At the end of the tale, the khan holds a grand feast and invites his two sons-in-law. Byzhmapapakh appears unannounced and gifts his father-in-law one of the horses. The khan rides the animals for a bit, impressed by its prowess, and asks the stranger about his identity. Byzhmapapakh tells him everything, including the marks on the brothers-in-law.\n\nParagraph 10: A Baraita taught that one day, Rabbi Eliezer employed every imaginable argument for the proposition that a particular type of oven was not susceptible to ritual impurity, but the Sages did not accept his arguments. Then Rabbi Eliezer told the Sages, \"If the law agrees with me, then let this carob tree prove it,\" and the carob tree moved 100 cubits (and others say 400 cubits) out of its place. But the Sages said that no proof can be brought from a carob tree. Then Rabbi Eliezer told the Sages, \"If the halachah agrees with me, let this stream of water prove it,\" and the stream of water flowed backwards. But the Sages said that no proof can be brought from a stream of water. Then Rabbi Eliezer told the Sages, \"If the halachah agrees with me, let the walls of this house of study prove it,\" and the walls leaned over as if to fall. But Rabbi Joshua rebuked the walls, telling them not to interfere with scholars engaged in a halachic dispute. In honor of Rabbi Joshua, the walls did not fall, but in honor of Rabbi Eliezer, the walls did not stand upright, either. Then Rabbi Eliezer told the Sages, \"If the halachah agrees with me, let Heaven prove it,\" and a Heavenly Voice cried out: \"Why do you dispute with Rabbi Eliezer, for in all matters the halachah agrees with him!\" But Rabbi Joshua rose and exclaimed in the words of \"It is not in heaven.\" Rabbi Jeremiah explained that God had given the Torah at Mount Sinai; Jews pay no attention to Heavenly Voices, for God wrote in \"After the majority must one incline.\" Later, Rabbi Nathan met Elijah and asked him what God did when Rabbi Joshua rose in opposition to the Heavenly Voice. Elijah replied that God laughed with joy, saying, \"My children have defeated Me, My children have defeated Me!\"\n\nParagraph 11: In the Battle of Messines (7–14 June 1917), a major attack on Spanbroekmolen and the neighbouring strongpoints Peckham and Kruisstraat was planned by the British. It was known that, due to its importance, the Germans intended to hold the hill at Spanbroekmolen at all costs (). In order to break the heavily armed positions, the British employed tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers with the aim of placing a series of mines beneath the German lines on the Messines Ridge. The start point for the Spanbroekmolen mine gallery was in the area of a small wood some to the south-west of the hamlet. In December 1915, 250th Tunnelling Company dug a shaft and then handed over the work to 3rd Canadian Tunnelling Company in January 1916. Other operating changes – including a brief tenure of 175th Tunnelling Company at Spanbroekmolen in April 1916 – occurred until 171st Tunnelling Company took over and extended the work to the German lines, driving the tunnel forward for seven months until it was beneath the powerful German position. The mine chamber was set below ground, at the end of a gallery long. At the end of June 1916 the charge of of ammonal in 1,820 waterproof tins was complete, the largest yet laid by the British. With the mine complete, the British selected two additional objectives to be attacked near Spanbroekmolen, Rag Point and Hop Point, which were and from the main tunnel. A branch was started and inclined down to depth. By mid-February 1917 the branch had been driven and passed the German lines. At that point, the German counter mining activities damaged of the branch gallery and some of the main tunnel. The British decided to abandon the branch gallery because aggressive counter-mining would likely have alerted the Germans to the presence of a deep-mining scheme. On 3 March 1917, the Germans blew the main tunnel with a heavy charge laid from their Ewald shaft, leaving it beyond repair and resulting in the explosive charge being cut off for three months. The British started a new gallery alongside the old main tunnel which after cut into the original workings. Mining was greatly hampered by the influx of gas, several miners being overcome by the fumes, but eventually – and only a few hours before Zero Hour – the main charge was ready again and secured by of tamping with sandbags and a primer charge of of dynamite. Although tested fully just a few hours before the attack, officers used torch batteries to prove the circuits. The mines at Messines were detonated at 3:10 a.m. on 7 June 1917. The Spanbroekmolen mine exploded 15 seconds late, by which time soldiers of the 36th (Ulster) Division had already been ordered to go over the top, had left their trenches and begun to move across no-man's land. In addition to obliterating the German fortifications, falling debris from the blast also killed a number of British soldiers, some of whom are buried at Lone Tree CWGC Cemetery nearby. The crater formed by the blast was approximately in diameter, and deep.\n\nParagraph 12: Sita returns to the Las Vegas residence of her former lover Arturo, the alchemist, and finds a startling resemblance between him and Kalika from a picture of his that she picks up. Sita discovers right then and there that Arturo fathered Kalika; because Arturo was a hybrid, he became the only being capable of making Sita pregnant while she was a vampire. She also finds that Ray had not returned to her, that he was a phantom and was no longer real. Sita \"kills\" Ray at his request and turns back into a vampire by once again using Arturo's alchemist equipment and combining Yaksha's blood with the blood of Paula's baby (Sita had stolen a vial of the baby's blood from the hospital). Because of the combination, she is even more powerful than before, being more or less equal to Yaksha, but is still no match for Kalika. Promising via the phone to deliver the baby to Kalika in exchange for Seymour on Santa Monica Pier. Sita, however, has been lying and does not bring Paula's child, telling Kalika that she has \"come herself.\" After a short and fruitless negotiation, a fight between the pair ensues. Kalika stops Sita effortlessly by breaking her leg and throws Seymour into the ocean. Shortly after this, she reveals that she is definitely the incantation of Kali, overwhelming her mother with her dark power. In her thrall, Sita unknowingly reveals the phone number which she asked Paula to call. In desperation, she asks Kalika who Paula's child really is. In response, her daughter tells her that the \"knowledge will cost her\". Sita repeats her question, and Kalika shows her the cost, fashioning a wooden stake which she throws at Seymour, piercing him through. As Sita jumps into the water and pulls the dying Seymour to shore, telling him that she will save him by making him a vampire, Kalika leaves. However, by the time that Sita and Seymour are on land again, it becomes clear that he is beyond even her help. Believing he is a vampire due to the lack of pain he is experiencing, Seymour asks if he will live forever, and when Sita tells him out of pity that he will, he tells her he will love her for that long. She replies, \"Me too,\" and he dies in her arms.\n\nParagraph 13: A United Nations peacekeeping force – UNAMIR – had been stationed in Rwanda since October 1993, but once the mass slaughter began, the UN and the Belgian Government elected to withdraw troops rather than reinforce the contingent and deploy a larger force. The piecemeal peacekeeping force on the ground was both unable and unauthorised to make any real attempt at stopping the violence, and their role was reduced to seeking a political agreement between the Rwandan Patriotic Front and the Interim Hutu Power government, as well as protecting selected havens for Tutsi who were seeking refuge, such as Amahoro Stadium and the Hôtel des Mille Collines. The inaction of the UN in the face of genocide is widely considered one of the UN’s most shameful moments.\n\nParagraph 14: The Pyu were the earliest people in Southeast Asia to welcome in and adapt to Brahmic scripts in order to record their tonal language, inventing tonal markers. The Pyu shared a type of urbanism on a wide variety of scales. They had walled spaces with one side sealed by a water tank or a tank outside of the walls. In late prehistory, the Pyu settled for quite some time in Beikthano in the Yin River Valley than the Nawin River Valley at Sri Ksetra, because they proved their skills of water control using irrigation systems depended on their good knowledge of the conditions in each locality and area. According to Stargardt in “From the Iron Age to early cities at Srikestra and Beikthano, Myanmar” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, all the archaeology found a lot of major inscriptions on stone in phy language survive at Sri Kestra (Pyu), Hanlin and near Pinle (Hmainmaw), and Pagan (Bagan). They have strong evidence on the people were living in that century between the third-fourth and fifth-sixth centuries CE. All the record was nominated by World Heritage UNESCO and other historians. In this article, it mentioned and written also \"Pyu\" were among the earlies people in Southeast Asia. As Stargardt acknowledges in that article, \"Sri Kestra\" contained fields, irrigation canals, water tanks and iron-working sites, as well as monuments, markets (and elusive habitation areas) both inside and outside walls, all these halls also provide evidence of a powerful belief system in the elaborate provision of the dead”. In that article, the author adds upon his research in other's article, they also recorded old photo of founded place which is already surveyed in nine major burial terraces outside the southern city walls, old Buddhist monuments including the complex at \"Beikthano\" city and the queen \"Panhtwar\" cemetery.\n\nParagraph 15: Granddaughter of Brahmakesari Keshab Chandra Sen, Sadhona was born in a prosperous Brahmo family and received education as was common with Brahmo girls of those days. Her father was Saral Chandra Sen and she was the second of his three daughters. Her elder sister Benita Roy was married into a royal family of Chittagong (now in Bangladesh) and settled to household life, while the youngest Nilina pursued a career in Indian Classical music and earned herself a position of eminence and was known in record circles as Naina Devi. Sadhona married Madhu Bose, film maker working in Bengal, British India, at a young age, and joined the Calcutta Art Players, a theatrical company owned by husband Modhu Bose and took part as heroine in the plays produced by the unit. Later on Sadhona joined films and played Marjina in Alibaba (1937), made in Bengali under the banner of Bharatlakshmi Pictures. This film was a runaway hit and is remembered well by film enthusiasts. Modhu Bose had earlier directed a number of films but he tasted real success with Alibaba. For Sadhona this film meant a permanent place in the history of Bengali films. This was followed with Abhinoy (Bengali-1938), another major success for the couple. They migrated to Bombay and again created history with the immensely popular Kumkum (1940), made in two languages, hindi and Bengali and thereafter went on to create the first triple version (English, Bengali, Hindi) film of India, Rajnartaki (1941). Sadhona did come back to Calcutta for a double version Bengali movie Meenakshi (1942)with the handsome Jyoti Prakash as the hero. Going back to Bombay soon after the completion of this film where she starred in major films like Shankar Parvati, Vishkanya, Paigham and others and firmly established herself as a heroine in her own right without the backing of her husband..In fact they had separated but she came back to calcutta after a reconciliation with Modhu and acted in films again directed by her husband like Shesher Kabita and Maa O Chhele, with some limited success. Sadhona was a excellent dancer and almost all her film successes were in dancing roles. She was also a very fine actress and singer, too. She sang her own songs in some of her films including her first Alibaba. With film offers becoming too infrequent, she formed a dance troupe of her own and made all India tours with plays like Wither now, Hunger and others and met with success again. Even Just before her death she got appointed as dance trainer in Calcutta's prestigious Star Theatre, courtesy her one time friend Timir Baran. She trained junior artistes for the play Janapad Badhu and once again her name featured in the newspapers in the advertisements of the play. However, she died in September 1973.\n\nParagraph 16: In 2011, a major breakthrough in understanding came from the Reddy laboratory at the University of Cambridge. This group discovered circadian rhythms in redox proteins (peroxiredoxins) in cells that lacked a nucleus – human red blood cells. In these cells, there was no transcription or genetic circuits, and therefore no feedback loop. Similar observations were made in a marine alga and subsequently in mouse red blood cells. More importantly, redox oscillations as demonstrated by peroxiredoxin rhythms have now been seen in multiple distant kingdoms of life (eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea), covering the evolutionary tree. Therefore, redox clocks look to be the grandfather clock, and genetic feedback circuits the major output mechanisms to control cell and tissue physiology and behavior.\n\nParagraph 17: Iran elects on national level a head of state and the head of government (the president), a legislature (the Majlis), and an \"Assembly of Experts\" (which elects the Supreme Leader). City and Village Council elections are also held every four years throughout the entire country. The president is elected for a four-year term by the citizens. The Parliament or Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis-e Shura-ye Eslami) currently has 290 members, also elected for a four-year term in multi- and single-seat constituencies. Elections for the Assembly of Experts are held every eight years. All candidates have to be approved by the Guardian Council. See Politics of Iran for more details.\n\nParagraph 18: Iran elects on national level a head of state and the head of government (the president), a legislature (the Majlis), and an \"Assembly of Experts\" (which elects the Supreme Leader). City and Village Council elections are also held every four years throughout the entire country. The president is elected for a four-year term by the citizens. The Parliament or Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis-e Shura-ye Eslami) currently has 290 members, also elected for a four-year term in multi- and single-seat constituencies. Elections for the Assembly of Experts are held every eight years. All candidates have to be approved by the Guardian Council. See Politics of Iran for more details.\n\nParagraph 19: At low angles of attack the airflow through the slot is insignificant, although it contributes to drag. At progressively higher angles of attack, the flow of air through the slot becomes increasingly significant, accelerating from the higher pressure region below the wing to the lower pressure region on top of the wing. At high angles of attack the fastest airspeed relative to the airfoil is very close to the leading edge, on the upper surface. In this region of high local airspeed, skin friction (viscous force) is very high and the boundary layer arriving at the slot on the upper wing has lost much of its total pressure (or total mechanical energy) due to this friction. In contrast, the air passing through the slot has not experienced this high local airspeed or high skin friction, and its total pressure remains close to the free-stream value. The mixing of the upper surface boundary layer with air arriving through the slot re-energises the boundary layer which then remains attached to the upper surface of the wing to a higher angle of attack than if the slot were not there. The leading-edge slot was therefore one of the earliest forms of boundary layer control.\n\nParagraph 20: A Baraita taught that one day, Rabbi Eliezer employed every imaginable argument for the proposition that a particular type of oven was not susceptible to ritual impurity, but the Sages did not accept his arguments. Then Rabbi Eliezer told the Sages, \"If the law agrees with me, then let this carob tree prove it,\" and the carob tree moved 100 cubits (and others say 400 cubits) out of its place. But the Sages said that no proof can be brought from a carob tree. Then Rabbi Eliezer told the Sages, \"If the halachah agrees with me, let this stream of water prove it,\" and the stream of water flowed backwards. But the Sages said that no proof can be brought from a stream of water. Then Rabbi Eliezer told the Sages, \"If the halachah agrees with me, let the walls of this house of study prove it,\" and the walls leaned over as if to fall. But Rabbi Joshua rebuked the walls, telling them not to interfere with scholars engaged in a halachic dispute. In honor of Rabbi Joshua, the walls did not fall, but in honor of Rabbi Eliezer, the walls did not stand upright, either. Then Rabbi Eliezer told the Sages, \"If the halachah agrees with me, let Heaven prove it,\" and a Heavenly Voice cried out: \"Why do you dispute with Rabbi Eliezer, for in all matters the halachah agrees with him!\" But Rabbi Joshua rose and exclaimed in the words of \"It is not in heaven.\" Rabbi Jeremiah explained that God had given the Torah at Mount Sinai; Jews pay no attention to Heavenly Voices, for God wrote in \"After the majority must one incline.\" Later, Rabbi Nathan met Elijah and asked him what God did when Rabbi Joshua rose in opposition to the Heavenly Voice. Elijah replied that God laughed with joy, saying, \"My children have defeated Me, My children have defeated Me!\"\n\nParagraph 21: Sita returns to the Las Vegas residence of her former lover Arturo, the alchemist, and finds a startling resemblance between him and Kalika from a picture of his that she picks up. Sita discovers right then and there that Arturo fathered Kalika; because Arturo was a hybrid, he became the only being capable of making Sita pregnant while she was a vampire. She also finds that Ray had not returned to her, that he was a phantom and was no longer real. Sita \"kills\" Ray at his request and turns back into a vampire by once again using Arturo's alchemist equipment and combining Yaksha's blood with the blood of Paula's baby (Sita had stolen a vial of the baby's blood from the hospital). Because of the combination, she is even more powerful than before, being more or less equal to Yaksha, but is still no match for Kalika. Promising via the phone to deliver the baby to Kalika in exchange for Seymour on Santa Monica Pier. Sita, however, has been lying and does not bring Paula's child, telling Kalika that she has \"come herself.\" After a short and fruitless negotiation, a fight between the pair ensues. Kalika stops Sita effortlessly by breaking her leg and throws Seymour into the ocean. Shortly after this, she reveals that she is definitely the incantation of Kali, overwhelming her mother with her dark power. In her thrall, Sita unknowingly reveals the phone number which she asked Paula to call. In desperation, she asks Kalika who Paula's child really is. In response, her daughter tells her that the \"knowledge will cost her\". Sita repeats her question, and Kalika shows her the cost, fashioning a wooden stake which she throws at Seymour, piercing him through. As Sita jumps into the water and pulls the dying Seymour to shore, telling him that she will save him by making him a vampire, Kalika leaves. However, by the time that Sita and Seymour are on land again, it becomes clear that he is beyond even her help. Believing he is a vampire due to the lack of pain he is experiencing, Seymour asks if he will live forever, and when Sita tells him out of pity that he will, he tells her he will love her for that long. She replies, \"Me too,\" and he dies in her arms.\n\nParagraph 22: At low angles of attack the airflow through the slot is insignificant, although it contributes to drag. At progressively higher angles of attack, the flow of air through the slot becomes increasingly significant, accelerating from the higher pressure region below the wing to the lower pressure region on top of the wing. At high angles of attack the fastest airspeed relative to the airfoil is very close to the leading edge, on the upper surface. In this region of high local airspeed, skin friction (viscous force) is very high and the boundary layer arriving at the slot on the upper wing has lost much of its total pressure (or total mechanical energy) due to this friction. In contrast, the air passing through the slot has not experienced this high local airspeed or high skin friction, and its total pressure remains close to the free-stream value. The mixing of the upper surface boundary layer with air arriving through the slot re-energises the boundary layer which then remains attached to the upper surface of the wing to a higher angle of attack than if the slot were not there. The leading-edge slot was therefore one of the earliest forms of boundary layer control.\n\nParagraph 23: In 2011, a major breakthrough in understanding came from the Reddy laboratory at the University of Cambridge. This group discovered circadian rhythms in redox proteins (peroxiredoxins) in cells that lacked a nucleus – human red blood cells. In these cells, there was no transcription or genetic circuits, and therefore no feedback loop. Similar observations were made in a marine alga and subsequently in mouse red blood cells. More importantly, redox oscillations as demonstrated by peroxiredoxin rhythms have now been seen in multiple distant kingdoms of life (eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea), covering the evolutionary tree. Therefore, redox clocks look to be the grandfather clock, and genetic feedback circuits the major output mechanisms to control cell and tissue physiology and behavior.\n\nParagraph 24: Modern scholarship, however, has questioned this narrative. Historic research reveals that this story was created around the middle of the 8th century, beginning in 731 by Shenhui, a successor to Huineng, to win influence at the Imperial Court. He claimed Huineng to be the successor of Hongren instead of the then publicly recognized successor Shenxiu. In 745 Shenhui was invited to take up residence in the Ho-tse temple in Luoyang. In 753 he fell out of grace, and had to leave the capital to go into exile. The most prominent of the successors of his lineage was Guifeng Zongmi According to Zongmi, Shenhui's approach was officially sanctioned in 796, when \"an imperial commission determined that the Southern line of Chan represented the orthodox transmission and established Shen-hui as the seventh patriarch, placing an inscription to that effect in the Shen-lung temple\".\n\nParagraph 25: The Pyu were the earliest people in Southeast Asia to welcome in and adapt to Brahmic scripts in order to record their tonal language, inventing tonal markers. The Pyu shared a type of urbanism on a wide variety of scales. They had walled spaces with one side sealed by a water tank or a tank outside of the walls. In late prehistory, the Pyu settled for quite some time in Beikthano in the Yin River Valley than the Nawin River Valley at Sri Ksetra, because they proved their skills of water control using irrigation systems depended on their good knowledge of the conditions in each locality and area. According to Stargardt in “From the Iron Age to early cities at Srikestra and Beikthano, Myanmar” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, all the archaeology found a lot of major inscriptions on stone in phy language survive at Sri Kestra (Pyu), Hanlin and near Pinle (Hmainmaw), and Pagan (Bagan). They have strong evidence on the people were living in that century between the third-fourth and fifth-sixth centuries CE. All the record was nominated by World Heritage UNESCO and other historians. In this article, it mentioned and written also \"Pyu\" were among the earlies people in Southeast Asia. As Stargardt acknowledges in that article, \"Sri Kestra\" contained fields, irrigation canals, water tanks and iron-working sites, as well as monuments, markets (and elusive habitation areas) both inside and outside walls, all these halls also provide evidence of a powerful belief system in the elaborate provision of the dead”. In that article, the author adds upon his research in other's article, they also recorded old photo of founded place which is already surveyed in nine major burial terraces outside the southern city walls, old Buddhist monuments including the complex at \"Beikthano\" city and the queen \"Panhtwar\" cemetery.\n\nParagraph 26: In a tale from the Karachay-Balkar language translated to Russian as \"Быжмапапах\" (\"Byzhmapapakh\"), a shepherd sees children running about and sighs that he has no children. Suddenly, a diminute man (of one karysh) with a large beard (of a thousand karysh) appears, thinking he was summoned by the man. At any rate, the diminute man gives the shepherd an apple to be given to the man's wife, with one condition: after the his son is born, they have to let him leave home and not return until he is married. The shepherd obeys the diminute man's instructions, and a golden-haired son is born to them. Years later, when the boy comes of age, the shepherd follows the diminute man's orders and convinces his son to depart. The boy is given provisions for the road and begins his journey. His path leads him to an abandoned barn where three horses are kept. The horses can talk and convince the boy to keep them, and tell him to pluck a hair from their tails; he can light the hairs to summon the horses if he needs any help. Finally, he reaches a group of shepherds and dines with them. The shepherds talk about their khan, and, moved by their words, the boy decides to find work as a servant to the khan. The khan agrees and takes him im; the other servants mockingly call him Byzhmapapakh. The khan's youngest daughter sees Byzhmapapakh and falls in love with him. Some time later, the three princesses decide they want to get married and, on the matchmaker's advice, bring three watermelons to their father as analogy to their marriageability. The khan cuts open the watermelons (one rotten, the second overripe, the third ripe enough), and summons sons of khans for his daughters to choose. The elder princesses give their pryanik (in the Russian translation; a type of gingerbread cake) to their chosen ones, while the youngest gives theirs to Byzhmapapakh, to her sisters' jeer and her father's irritation. The khan marries his elder daughters in grand ceremonies, and banishes the youngest to a chicken coop. Later, the khan falls ill, and can only be cured by eating lioncub's meat and drinking lioness's milk. The khan's sons-in-law go to hunt for some lions; Byzhmapapakh joins the hunt on a lame horse, but, out of sight, summons one of the horses, gallops away to the steppes and finds a lioness. The lioness begs to be spared; Byzhmapapakh agrees to spare it, in return for its lioncub and the milk. On the road back, he meets his brothers-in-law, who do not recognize him, and spins a story about needing the meat for his mother. The brothers-in-law ask for some; Byzhmapapakh agrees, in exchange for him branding their shoulders. The next day, the khan asks for some deer meat. The sons-in-law march again to the hunt, but Byzhmapapakh finds the deer meat first, and agrees to share it with them as long as they agree to be branded on their flanks. At the end of the tale, the khan holds a grand feast and invites his two sons-in-law. Byzhmapapakh appears unannounced and gifts his father-in-law one of the horses. The khan rides the animals for a bit, impressed by its prowess, and asks the stranger about his identity. Byzhmapapakh tells him everything, including the marks on the brothers-in-law.\n\nParagraph 27: Iran elects on national level a head of state and the head of government (the president), a legislature (the Majlis), and an \"Assembly of Experts\" (which elects the Supreme Leader). City and Village Council elections are also held every four years throughout the entire country. The president is elected for a four-year term by the citizens. The Parliament or Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis-e Shura-ye Eslami) currently has 290 members, also elected for a four-year term in multi- and single-seat constituencies. Elections for the Assembly of Experts are held every eight years. All candidates have to be approved by the Guardian Council. See Politics of Iran for more details.\n\nParagraph 28: On October 16, Lewis started Game 2 of the 2010 American League Championship Series at home against the New York Yankees. Lewis went 5.2 innings and gave up 2 earned runs on 6 hits. However, he earned the decision, and became the first Ranger pitcher to win a post-season home game in franchise history. On October 22, Lewis started Game 6 of the American League Championship Series, also at home, against the New York Yankees. He pitched 8 innings, allowing 1 run on 3 hits, aiding the Rangers to a decisive 6–1 victory. The win allowed the Rangers to win the Series and earn their first-ever American League Pennant. On October 30, Lewis started game 3 of the 2010 World Series, at home against the San Francisco Giants. Lewis went 7 innings, allowing 2 earned runs on 5 hits, and earned the win which was the first Rangers victory in a World Series game (and first World Series win for an MLB team in the state of Texas, as the Houston Astros were swept in the 2005 World Series). After winning those two crucial home playoff games in the 2010 ALCS and Game 3 of the 2010 World Series, Lewis was, so far, the only Rangers pitcher accredited towards three of the Rangers home playoff wins as no other Rangers pitcher had even one. The Rangers went on to lose the World Series in five games to the Giants.\n\nParagraph 29: In the Battle of Messines (7–14 June 1917), a major attack on Spanbroekmolen and the neighbouring strongpoints Peckham and Kruisstraat was planned by the British. It was known that, due to its importance, the Germans intended to hold the hill at Spanbroekmolen at all costs (). In order to break the heavily armed positions, the British employed tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers with the aim of placing a series of mines beneath the German lines on the Messines Ridge. The start point for the Spanbroekmolen mine gallery was in the area of a small wood some to the south-west of the hamlet. In December 1915, 250th Tunnelling Company dug a shaft and then handed over the work to 3rd Canadian Tunnelling Company in January 1916. Other operating changes – including a brief tenure of 175th Tunnelling Company at Spanbroekmolen in April 1916 – occurred until 171st Tunnelling Company took over and extended the work to the German lines, driving the tunnel forward for seven months until it was beneath the powerful German position. The mine chamber was set below ground, at the end of a gallery long. At the end of June 1916 the charge of of ammonal in 1,820 waterproof tins was complete, the largest yet laid by the British. With the mine complete, the British selected two additional objectives to be attacked near Spanbroekmolen, Rag Point and Hop Point, which were and from the main tunnel. A branch was started and inclined down to depth. By mid-February 1917 the branch had been driven and passed the German lines. At that point, the German counter mining activities damaged of the branch gallery and some of the main tunnel. The British decided to abandon the branch gallery because aggressive counter-mining would likely have alerted the Germans to the presence of a deep-mining scheme. On 3 March 1917, the Germans blew the main tunnel with a heavy charge laid from their Ewald shaft, leaving it beyond repair and resulting in the explosive charge being cut off for three months. The British started a new gallery alongside the old main tunnel which after cut into the original workings. Mining was greatly hampered by the influx of gas, several miners being overcome by the fumes, but eventually – and only a few hours before Zero Hour – the main charge was ready again and secured by of tamping with sandbags and a primer charge of of dynamite. Although tested fully just a few hours before the attack, officers used torch batteries to prove the circuits. The mines at Messines were detonated at 3:10 a.m. on 7 June 1917. The Spanbroekmolen mine exploded 15 seconds late, by which time soldiers of the 36th (Ulster) Division had already been ordered to go over the top, had left their trenches and begun to move across no-man's land. In addition to obliterating the German fortifications, falling debris from the blast also killed a number of British soldiers, some of whom are buried at Lone Tree CWGC Cemetery nearby. The crater formed by the blast was approximately in diameter, and deep.\n\nParagraph 30: Granddaughter of Brahmakesari Keshab Chandra Sen, Sadhona was born in a prosperous Brahmo family and received education as was common with Brahmo girls of those days. Her father was Saral Chandra Sen and she was the second of his three daughters. Her elder sister Benita Roy was married into a royal family of Chittagong (now in Bangladesh) and settled to household life, while the youngest Nilina pursued a career in Indian Classical music and earned herself a position of eminence and was known in record circles as Naina Devi. Sadhona married Madhu Bose, film maker working in Bengal, British India, at a young age, and joined the Calcutta Art Players, a theatrical company owned by husband Modhu Bose and took part as heroine in the plays produced by the unit. Later on Sadhona joined films and played Marjina in Alibaba (1937), made in Bengali under the banner of Bharatlakshmi Pictures. This film was a runaway hit and is remembered well by film enthusiasts. Modhu Bose had earlier directed a number of films but he tasted real success with Alibaba. For Sadhona this film meant a permanent place in the history of Bengali films. This was followed with Abhinoy (Bengali-1938), another major success for the couple. They migrated to Bombay and again created history with the immensely popular Kumkum (1940), made in two languages, hindi and Bengali and thereafter went on to create the first triple version (English, Bengali, Hindi) film of India, Rajnartaki (1941). Sadhona did come back to Calcutta for a double version Bengali movie Meenakshi (1942)with the handsome Jyoti Prakash as the hero. Going back to Bombay soon after the completion of this film where she starred in major films like Shankar Parvati, Vishkanya, Paigham and others and firmly established herself as a heroine in her own right without the backing of her husband..In fact they had separated but she came back to calcutta after a reconciliation with Modhu and acted in films again directed by her husband like Shesher Kabita and Maa O Chhele, with some limited success. Sadhona was a excellent dancer and almost all her film successes were in dancing roles. She was also a very fine actress and singer, too. She sang her own songs in some of her films including her first Alibaba. With film offers becoming too infrequent, she formed a dance troupe of her own and made all India tours with plays like Wither now, Hunger and others and met with success again. Even Just before her death she got appointed as dance trainer in Calcutta's prestigious Star Theatre, courtesy her one time friend Timir Baran. She trained junior artistes for the play Janapad Badhu and once again her name featured in the newspapers in the advertisements of the play. However, she died in September 1973.\n\nParagraph 31: A Baraita taught that one day, Rabbi Eliezer employed every imaginable argument for the proposition that a particular type of oven was not susceptible to ritual impurity, but the Sages did not accept his arguments. Then Rabbi Eliezer told the Sages, \"If the law agrees with me, then let this carob tree prove it,\" and the carob tree moved 100 cubits (and others say 400 cubits) out of its place. But the Sages said that no proof can be brought from a carob tree. Then Rabbi Eliezer told the Sages, \"If the halachah agrees with me, let this stream of water prove it,\" and the stream of water flowed backwards. But the Sages said that no proof can be brought from a stream of water. Then Rabbi Eliezer told the Sages, \"If the halachah agrees with me, let the walls of this house of study prove it,\" and the walls leaned over as if to fall. But Rabbi Joshua rebuked the walls, telling them not to interfere with scholars engaged in a halachic dispute. In honor of Rabbi Joshua, the walls did not fall, but in honor of Rabbi Eliezer, the walls did not stand upright, either. Then Rabbi Eliezer told the Sages, \"If the halachah agrees with me, let Heaven prove it,\" and a Heavenly Voice cried out: \"Why do you dispute with Rabbi Eliezer, for in all matters the halachah agrees with him!\" But Rabbi Joshua rose and exclaimed in the words of \"It is not in heaven.\" Rabbi Jeremiah explained that God had given the Torah at Mount Sinai; Jews pay no attention to Heavenly Voices, for God wrote in \"After the majority must one incline.\" Later, Rabbi Nathan met Elijah and asked him what God did when Rabbi Joshua rose in opposition to the Heavenly Voice. Elijah replied that God laughed with joy, saying, \"My children have defeated Me, My children have defeated Me!\"\n\nParagraph 32: The band saw their name painted on a wall in Brooklyn and thought it sounded cool. By 1989, the band had signed to Geffen Records and released their debut album Don't Come Easy, which included the successful single \"Forever Young.\" Musically, the album was somewhere between Whitesnake and Bon Jovi, and Tyketto opened for the former on many bills. However, the rise of the grunge sound in 1991 saw Tyketto's hopes of a big breakthrough begin to recede. Kennedy left the band and was replaced by Jaimie Scott. Their second album was rejected by Geffen and finally emerged in 1994 under the title Strength in Numbers on CMC International in the U.S. and Music for Nations elsewhere in the world.\n\nParagraph 33: A Baraita taught that one day, Rabbi Eliezer employed every imaginable argument for the proposition that a particular type of oven was not susceptible to ritual impurity, but the Sages did not accept his arguments. Then Rabbi Eliezer told the Sages, \"If the law agrees with me, then let this carob tree prove it,\" and the carob tree moved 100 cubits (and others say 400 cubits) out of its place. But the Sages said that no proof can be brought from a carob tree. Then Rabbi Eliezer told the Sages, \"If the halachah agrees with me, let this stream of water prove it,\" and the stream of water flowed backwards. But the Sages said that no proof can be brought from a stream of water. Then Rabbi Eliezer told the Sages, \"If the halachah agrees with me, let the walls of this house of study prove it,\" and the walls leaned over as if to fall. But Rabbi Joshua rebuked the walls, telling them not to interfere with scholars engaged in a halachic dispute. In honor of Rabbi Joshua, the walls did not fall, but in honor of Rabbi Eliezer, the walls did not stand upright, either. Then Rabbi Eliezer told the Sages, \"If the halachah agrees with me, let Heaven prove it,\" and a Heavenly Voice cried out: \"Why do you dispute with Rabbi Eliezer, for in all matters the halachah agrees with him!\" But Rabbi Joshua rose and exclaimed in the words of \"It is not in heaven.\" Rabbi Jeremiah explained that God had given the Torah at Mount Sinai; Jews pay no attention to Heavenly Voices, for God wrote in \"After the majority must one incline.\" Later, Rabbi Nathan met Elijah and asked him what God did when Rabbi Joshua rose in opposition to the Heavenly Voice. Elijah replied that God laughed with joy, saying, \"My children have defeated Me, My children have defeated Me!\"\n\nParagraph 34: The setting moves backward to 1908. Two figures appear in Tokyo at exactly the same time. One is Yasumasa Hirai, a master onmyoji, a direct descendant of Abe no Seimei and leader of the Tsuchimikado Family; who has come to give advice to Baron Eiichi Shibusawa on how to make Tokyo the most blessed and successful city in the East. The other figure is Yasunori Kato, an evil Onmyoji who wishes to destroy Tokyo completely to appease his ancestors, the indigenous tribes of Japan who fought against the Imperial court in ancient times.Yasumasa Hirai: There is no Kato family in Ryujin Village. There is no Kato in the ancient documents. However, this village is close to the place where ascetics have trained, and there were many rumors in that village about strangers who sometimes appeared in the nearby mountains and used magic. I believe Kato is the descendent of the ancient people who never obeyed the founder, and he inherited both the curse and the magic of the Kibi. (Doomed Megalopolis) Toei Animation Studio, Translated by ADV, 2003 Kato plans to do this by awakening the raging spirit of Taira no Masakado as a weapon to demolish the city. To do this, he kidnaps a young woman (Yukari Tatsumiya), who is blessed with psychic powers, to use as a medium for Masakado's spirit. Hirai discovers this and attempts to stop Kato and save Yukari with his own magic. Hirai takes Yukari to the Tsuchimikado temple to perform the monoimi ceremony (recreating the events of one of Abe no Seimei's famous tales from the Uji Shūi Monogatari). In the meantime, Yukari's friends fight Kato's shikigami outside the temple so Hirai can complete the ceremony. But Kato still infiltrates Hirai's protective circle with a magical intruder, stopping the ceremony. In a final act of desperation Hirai grabs a sacred hamaya and fires it at Kato; but Kato magically reflects it back, mortally injuring Hirai. With Hirai defeated, Kato escapes with Yukari.\n\nParagraph 35: Iran elects on national level a head of state and the head of government (the president), a legislature (the Majlis), and an \"Assembly of Experts\" (which elects the Supreme Leader). City and Village Council elections are also held every four years throughout the entire country. The president is elected for a four-year term by the citizens. The Parliament or Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis-e Shura-ye Eslami) currently has 290 members, also elected for a four-year term in multi- and single-seat constituencies. Elections for the Assembly of Experts are held every eight years. All candidates have to be approved by the Guardian Council. See Politics of Iran for more details.\n\nParagraph 36: Iran elects on national level a head of state and the head of government (the president), a legislature (the Majlis), and an \"Assembly of Experts\" (which elects the Supreme Leader). City and Village Council elections are also held every four years throughout the entire country. The president is elected for a four-year term by the citizens. The Parliament or Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis-e Shura-ye Eslami) currently has 290 members, also elected for a four-year term in multi- and single-seat constituencies. Elections for the Assembly of Experts are held every eight years. All candidates have to be approved by the Guardian Council. See Politics of Iran for more details.\n\nParagraph 37: NGC 4555 is a solitary elliptical galaxy about 40,000 parsecs (125,000 light-years) across, and about 310 million light-years distant. Observations by the Chandra X-ray Observatory have shown it to be surrounded by a halo of hot gas about 120,000 parsecs across. The hot gas has a temperature of around 10,000,000 kelvin. The galaxy is one of the few elliptical galaxies proven to have significant amounts of dark matter. Large amounts of dark matter are necessary to prevent the gas from escaping the galaxy; the visible mass clearly is not large enough to hold such an extensive gas halo. The dark matter halo is estimated to have 10 times the mass of the stars in the galaxy.\n\nParagraph 38: Sita returns to the Las Vegas residence of her former lover Arturo, the alchemist, and finds a startling resemblance between him and Kalika from a picture of his that she picks up. Sita discovers right then and there that Arturo fathered Kalika; because Arturo was a hybrid, he became the only being capable of making Sita pregnant while she was a vampire. She also finds that Ray had not returned to her, that he was a phantom and was no longer real. Sita \"kills\" Ray at his request and turns back into a vampire by once again using Arturo's alchemist equipment and combining Yaksha's blood with the blood of Paula's baby (Sita had stolen a vial of the baby's blood from the hospital). Because of the combination, she is even more powerful than before, being more or less equal to Yaksha, but is still no match for Kalika. Promising via the phone to deliver the baby to Kalika in exchange for Seymour on Santa Monica Pier. Sita, however, has been lying and does not bring Paula's child, telling Kalika that she has \"come herself.\" After a short and fruitless negotiation, a fight between the pair ensues. Kalika stops Sita effortlessly by breaking her leg and throws Seymour into the ocean. Shortly after this, she reveals that she is definitely the incantation of Kali, overwhelming her mother with her dark power. In her thrall, Sita unknowingly reveals the phone number which she asked Paula to call. In desperation, she asks Kalika who Paula's child really is. In response, her daughter tells her that the \"knowledge will cost her\". Sita repeats her question, and Kalika shows her the cost, fashioning a wooden stake which she throws at Seymour, piercing him through. As Sita jumps into the water and pulls the dying Seymour to shore, telling him that she will save him by making him a vampire, Kalika leaves. However, by the time that Sita and Seymour are on land again, it becomes clear that he is beyond even her help. Believing he is a vampire due to the lack of pain he is experiencing, Seymour asks if he will live forever, and when Sita tells him out of pity that he will, he tells her he will love her for that long. She replies, \"Me too,\" and he dies in her arms.\n\nParagraph 39: In the Battle of Messines (7–14 June 1917), a major attack on Spanbroekmolen and the neighbouring strongpoints Peckham and Kruisstraat was planned by the British. It was known that, due to its importance, the Germans intended to hold the hill at Spanbroekmolen at all costs (). In order to break the heavily armed positions, the British employed tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers with the aim of placing a series of mines beneath the German lines on the Messines Ridge. The start point for the Spanbroekmolen mine gallery was in the area of a small wood some to the south-west of the hamlet. In December 1915, 250th Tunnelling Company dug a shaft and then handed over the work to 3rd Canadian Tunnelling Company in January 1916. Other operating changes – including a brief tenure of 175th Tunnelling Company at Spanbroekmolen in April 1916 – occurred until 171st Tunnelling Company took over and extended the work to the German lines, driving the tunnel forward for seven months until it was beneath the powerful German position. The mine chamber was set below ground, at the end of a gallery long. At the end of June 1916 the charge of of ammonal in 1,820 waterproof tins was complete, the largest yet laid by the British. With the mine complete, the British selected two additional objectives to be attacked near Spanbroekmolen, Rag Point and Hop Point, which were and from the main tunnel. A branch was started and inclined down to depth. By mid-February 1917 the branch had been driven and passed the German lines. At that point, the German counter mining activities damaged of the branch gallery and some of the main tunnel. The British decided to abandon the branch gallery because aggressive counter-mining would likely have alerted the Germans to the presence of a deep-mining scheme. On 3 March 1917, the Germans blew the main tunnel with a heavy charge laid from their Ewald shaft, leaving it beyond repair and resulting in the explosive charge being cut off for three months. The British started a new gallery alongside the old main tunnel which after cut into the original workings. Mining was greatly hampered by the influx of gas, several miners being overcome by the fumes, but eventually – and only a few hours before Zero Hour – the main charge was ready again and secured by of tamping with sandbags and a primer charge of of dynamite. Although tested fully just a few hours before the attack, officers used torch batteries to prove the circuits. The mines at Messines were detonated at 3:10 a.m. on 7 June 1917. The Spanbroekmolen mine exploded 15 seconds late, by which time soldiers of the 36th (Ulster) Division had already been ordered to go over the top, had left their trenches and begun to move across no-man's land. In addition to obliterating the German fortifications, falling debris from the blast also killed a number of British soldiers, some of whom are buried at Lone Tree CWGC Cemetery nearby. The crater formed by the blast was approximately in diameter, and deep.\n\nParagraph 40: In all he made 40 appearances that season keeping 12 clean sheets. His final game for Queen of the South came on 24 May 2008 in the Final which ended in a 3–2 defeat to Rangers. Since Rangers had already qualified for the Champions League the runners-up earned the consolation of a place in next season's UEFA Cup. On his return to Hearts, MacDonald said of his time at Queens, \"My loan spell last year was good and allowed me to play in big games like the Scottish Cup Final.\" Queens attempted to bring Macdonald back for a third loan spell in December 2008 but Hearts turned them down as he had now made his first team debut for the club. MacDonald returned to Hearts for the 2008–09 season and, after playing regularly during pre-season fixtures, new manager Csaba Laszlo stated his intent to use him as back-up to first choice keeper Steve Banks. He made his competitive debut for Hearts against, Rangers, on 16 August 2008 at Ibrox. MacDonald had been selected to play following the announcement that Banks had taken up a coaching only role, having previously had a player-coach role. Hearts lost the game 2–0, the second goal a last minute penalty from Kris Boyd, who had scored twice against MacDonald in the 2008 Scottish Cup Final. Manager Laszlo said that he was happy with MacDonald's performance against Rangers but he then dropped him in favour of Slovakian loan signing Marian Kello. MacDonald said that in the absence of first team football, \"If there's a chance to go out on loan, and the gaffer agrees, that would be better for me. Then I can come back and show the manager I'm ready to play for Hearts.\" He stayed at Hearts and in all he made 7 appearances in his debut season, going on to sign a new three-year contract extending his stay until 2012.\n\nPlease enter the final count of unique paragraphs after removing duplicates. The output format should only contain the number, such as 1, 2, 3, and so on.\n\nThe final answer is: "} {"question_id": 50, "category": "longbench_samsum", "reference": ["Nicky has just left Sam's place. Her phone is off."], "prompt": "Summarize the dialogue into a few short sentences. The following are some examples.\n\nDialogue: Monica: how long will i have to wait for you?\r\nHugh: i told you i will be late\r\nMonica: but how long?\r\nHugh: one maybe two hours\r\nMonica: are you fucking kidding me?!\r\nHugh: i have to finish this project\r\nMonica: i dont care\r\nHugh: so go home\r\nMonica: you know if i will, we will never meet again?\r\nHugh: are you serious?\r\nMonica: absolutely\r\nHugh: it was nice to meet you, go home\r\nMonica: asshole\nSummary: Hugh is late for a meeting with Monica. She never wants to see him again.\nDialogue: Michael: Hi, Mr. Parker. You there?\r\nParker: Yes, Michael. What's up?\r\nMichael: I could start working on your house next week.\r\nMichael: If that's all right?\r\nParker: Any time, Michael. When do we start?\r\nMichael: I am thinking about next Wednesday?\r\nParker: Great, I'll wait for you then.\nSummary: Michael will start working on Parker's house next Wednesday. \nDialogue: Stanley: hey, did you submit your insurance paperwork today?\r\nMafalda: yes, just did. it should go into effect on December 1.\r\nStanley: great. which one did you choose? \r\nMafalda: the one with medium-level coverage\r\nStanley: that sounds reasonable\r\nMafalda: yes, its a pretty good deal\r\nStanley: will it include dental?\r\nMafalda: yes, but i had to pay extra of course.\r\nStanley: i see\nSummary: Stanley's insurance will be effective starting from December 1, and it will include dental.\nDialogue: Mira: Whats the name of this foundation u talked about yesterday\r\nKristina: MiracleEffect, you can buy it in many shops\r\nMira: I always buy cosmetics in the internet anyway\r\nKristina: Yea I should too, it’s cheaper\nSummary: Kristina talked about a foundation called MiracleEffect yesterday. Mira always buys her cosmetics online.\nDialogue: Lee: So, not a fan of democracy, then? Well, I've heard Russia is great time this of year!\r\nJo: It is actually! :) Lee, democracy is not perfect system! Take Brazil as an example! Chaos!!!\\\r\nLee: Would you like to propose a better system then? \r\nJo: Yes - a republican, representative electoral system. \r\nLee: Why is it so?\r\nJo: One there is minus the House of Lords. \r\nLee: Anything else?\r\nJo: And one where voters take responsibility for founding out facts and standing by the decisions they make would be a great start.\r\nLee: What you've just described is the way the referendum was organised. \r\nJo: Exactly.\r\nLee: So let's respect the will of majority, ok?\r\nJo: I don't agree with it nor i have to like it.\r\nLee: That's your right to have your own opinion. \nSummary: Jo believes republican system is better than democracy.\nDialogue: Jess: I am so mad!!!!!!\r\nCarla: what happened?\r\nJess: they postponed again\r\nCarla: whooo\r\nJess: the construction crew!! I will never live in my own flat again\r\nCarla: poor you :(\r\nJess: and living with my parents is no piece of cake either\r\nCarla: I can imagine\r\nJess: I need to leave the house. Wanna go check out that new italian place?\r\nCarla: Sure! I need an hour though, I'm in my sweats and all\r\nJess: Okay, I might be already drunk when you get there, sorry\r\nCarla: <3\r\nJess: <3\nSummary: Jess is staying with her parents as the construction crew is taking too long with her flat. She'll go to the Italian place with Carla.\nDialogue: Greta: \r\nGreta: it was the last time I bought sth online\r\nHillary: lol\r\nHillary: is that a tent?\r\nGreta: it was supposed to be number 8\r\nHillary: maybe it was an infinity symbol\r\nGreta: lol\r\nHillary: but you can return it, right?\r\nGreta: I think so\r\nGreta: but you know it eats your time\r\nGreta: I'll have to go shopping\r\nHillary: go out...\r\nGreta: exactly\r\nHillary: I can heroically go with you\r\nGreta: PLEASE\r\nHillary: I assume you want dark trousers number 8 \r\nGreta: I want to buy monochromatic, dark trousers with wool\r\nHillary: nice\r\nGreta: I need sth for winter\r\nHillary: how much are you willing to spend?\r\nGreta: I want to pay less than 30 $\r\nHillary: ok\r\nGreta: I really need them :c\r\nHillary: is Wednesday ok for you?\r\nGreta: I'm free after work\r\nHillary: ok so Wednesday it is\nSummary: Hillary and Greta will go shopping for monochromatic, dark trousers with wool size 8 for Greta. They will go on Wednesday after work. \nDialogue: Peter: Guys, billiard today at 6? I have to try my new cue\r\nAndrew: Sure\r\nEric: I already made plans :(\r\nPeter: No worries, beating Andrew will be pleasurable enough ;)\r\nAndrew: We saw what happened last time haha\nSummary: Peter and Andrew are playing billiard today at 6. Eric can't make it.\nDialogue: Julianna: U there?\r\nMaci: Yep\r\nJulianna: I need some help\r\nMaci: Tell me\r\nJulianna: Can I call u on viber just for 2 mins?\r\nMaci: I've just gone out give me 30 min and I can help\r\nJulianna: Oh u know my English friend was online so I asked her but thank you\r\nMaci: Haha ok\nSummary: Instead of waiting 30 minutes for Maci, Julianna asked her English friend for help.\nDialogue: Tanner: My phone is defaulted. \nTanner: Excuse me. I have no numbers saved now. Who is this, please?\nDee: Your girl friend I am?😶😶\nDee: (o.o)(o.o)\nDee: 😮😮😮😮😮😮😮\nSummary: Tanner has lost his phone contacts.\nDialogue: Joe: Did you just call me?\r\nHarry: No, why?\r\nJoe: It shows that you called?\r\nHarry: Oh, wait...my daughter was playing with me phone. It might have been her.\r\nJoe: Ok, no problem. Hey, do you know that we haven't spoken since last year?\r\nHarry: Yeah, it's been a while. Time flies... work, home, work, home, what can you do?\r\nJoe: We should hang out some time. What are you doing Fri?\r\nHarry: I have this thing at work, but maybe I can get out of going. What did you have in mind?\r\nJoe: Let's grab something to eat, burger?\r\nHarry: Sounds good. Know any good places?\r\nJoe: Like a ton of new places opened up, but Bourbon St. is supposed to be really good.\r\nHarry: Cool, call me when you get off work Fri.\r\nJoe: Ok, see ya\r\nHarry: Take care\nSummary: Joe and Harry haven't spoken since last year. They are going to meet up at Bourbon St. on Friday and grab a burger.\nDialogue: Kamil: I'm looking for some good movies/series for those dark and long winter days...\r\nKamil: Any suggestions?\r\nJurek: Do you like comedies?\r\nKamil: Sure, I'll consider every option\r\nJurek: Then you should definitely watch 'Clerks'\r\nLeszek: Yeeeah bro, that's a good one! I laughed myself to shit\r\nKamil: What's it about?\r\nJurek: I don't want to tell you too much, but the action's in the convenience and video stores, and is about titular clerks' daily routine\r\nLeszek: True, maybe it doesn't sound convincing but the dialogues are brilliant :D\r\nLeszek: After you finish this one, there's 'Clerks 2' waitin, even funnier!\r\nKamil: Well, all right I can give it a try.\r\nJurek: And if you want a series... I won't be original but what about Game of Thrones?\r\nKamil: Maaan, I'm not really into this whole movie world\r\nKamil: I've heard people talking about it and getting excited but I've never pushed myself to watch even an episode\r\nJurek: Dude, you can't imagine how much I'd like to be in your shoes now....\r\nKamil: I guess you won't tell me any details?\r\nJurek: Not really. But I'm sure that all those twists and turns'll make you want another episode\r\nLeszek: I've watched the whole series and actually I still can't understand what's so special about it\r\nLeszek: I figured that it's kinda blind admiration, I mean, everyone thinks it kicks ass so if so many people think so, I'm not going to stand out\r\nJurek: R U suggestin I'm a moron cause I liked the series?\r\nLeszek: Jurek, c'mon, you know it's nothing personal :) I'm just sayin how I see it\r\nLeszek: And ofc I'm not advising against watching it! So, Kamil. Now you've got 2 views on the series, you should watch it and let us know about your personal feelings :)\r\nKamil: I think, you've just recommended it well, guys. Opinions're divided, now I'd like to come to my own judgement\r\nJurek: That won't be wasted time, dude trust me.\r\nLeszek: Don't forget to let us know what you think! :)\r\nKamil: Sure, I will thanks fellas\nSummary: Kamil is looking for movie or series recommendations. Jurek and Leszek recommend \"Clerks\". Leszek recommends \"Clerks 2\". Jurek recommends \"Game of Thrones\". Leszek is not excited about the series. Kamil is skeptical at first, but will give the series a try.\nDialogue: Barbara: Hey, could you buy some eggs?\r\nAgatha: Sure, in Tesco now.\r\nBarbara: Perfect! Grab me some muffins as well, would you? :) Thanks! Love you lots xxx\nSummary: Agatha is at Tesco's and will buy eggs and muffins.\nDialogue: Maria: i've bought this new foundation\r\nLucy: lock it by Kat von D?\r\nMaria: yup\r\nLucy: and what?\r\nMaria: i have great colour, wihout any pink pigments\r\nLucy: is it long lasting?\r\nMaria: don't know yet\r\nMaria: i will test it on Saturday's party\r\nLucy: let me know after that what do you thing\r\nMaria: ok\r\nLucy: i was thinking about buying it\r\nLucy: but the price is devastating\r\nMaria: yes it is\r\nMaria: but i hope it's worth the hype\nSummary: Maria will test her new foundation at Saturday's party.\nDialogue: Blake: You!\r\nGeorge: What?? \r\nBlake: Mom is calling you for supper\r\nBlake: You can't hear her yelling? \r\nGeorge: Shit im coming downstairs\r\nBlake: You better be \nSummary: Mom is calling George to come for supper. He's coming now.\nDialogue: Alex: If I have a bag of lentils, what would I sensibly do with that?\r\nRuth: You would cook that into a lushes dahl.\r\nWinfred: What is dahl even really?\r\nRuth: Its a lentil mush that tastes yummy\r\nAlex: But what do you eat it with or on? \r\nRuth: You eat it with a curry, a salad or on its own\r\nWinfred: on it's own?\r\nRuth: yup\r\nAlex: Oh ok, I'll give it a go! Does anyone want to come for dinner?\r\nWinfred: no thanks! 😂\r\nRuth: yes please!!!\nSummary: Alec is after advice on cooking lentils. Ruth accepts his invitation to join him for dinner. \nDialogue: Christie: how are you after the party?\r\nKatie: really tired... and you?\r\nChristie: same\r\nChristie: the party was great!\r\nKatie: Yeah, we had fun! :)\nSummary: Christie and Katie are tired after the party.\nDialogue: Lake: guess what. Lynn got knocked up.\r\nEthel: whaaat?\r\nLake: she's pregnant!\r\nBrylee: you must be kiddin\r\nLake: no she told me!\r\nOuida: hell. who with???\r\nBrylee: if she knows\r\nEthel: fuuuck it aint funny\r\nLake: listen to that. she THINKS it adrian\r\nEthel: she thinks???\r\nBrylee: Adrian??? ff's sake!\r\nOuida: hows she feeling\r\nLake: just try and guess. she outta her mind\r\nEthel: you bet. shite we need t meet\r\nLake: donna. i see her moro and tell you whats up\r\nOuida: ohe yeah geez Adrian???\nSummary: Lynn got knocked up. She thinks Adrian's the father. She's out of her mind. Lake is meeting her tomorrow.\nDialogue: Ruth: hey do you know any plumber?\nAndy: errr... don't think so\nAndy: what's wrong?\nRuth: leaking tap in the kitchen\nAndy: \nAndy: try to call this guy\nSummary: Ruth will call the plumber to have her leaking tap fixed.\nDialogue: Thomas: I'm buying a ticket to Paris, when are you flying?\r\nHunter: 26 Dec\r\nEvan: I am flying 27 Dec, I bought it quite late, there were no cheap flights on 26 any more\r\nThomas: I've just found a flight for €25\r\nEvan: shite! how?\r\nThomas: skyscanner\r\nEvan: Ryanair?\r\nThomas: of course\r\nEvan: ok, with the luggage etc, it will be more than 50\r\nThomas: yup, but still cheap\nSummary: Hunter is flying to Paris on Dec 26th, Evan on the 27th. Thomas has found a 25€ flight for the 26th. It will cost more than 50 with luggage.\nDialogue: Anna: Hi Susanne :* when are you coming to visit me?\r\nSusanne: Honestly I would love to come but unfortunately I have so much to learn\r\nAnna: What about the winter break?\r\nSusanne: I thought about it too. In the first week I'm going to my parents but then I'll have 3 days off\r\nAnna: That's great, so I'm taking this days\r\nSusanne: Okay I'm buing tickets right now to not forget \r\nAnna: Great! I'm going to ask Tom if he will have time to meet\r\nSusanne: Oh yes I haven't see him for a long time\r\nAnna: Okay see ya \nSummary: Susanne is going to visit Anna during winter break. They might meet Tom, too.\nDialogue: Emily: Hey, I need your advice. Are you free for a sec?\r\nHarry: What sort of advice?\r\nEmily: My brother just bout 3 dresses for me. which one should I choose?\r\nHarry: I would only be able to tell you after watching them,\r\nEmily: OK Sending you pics :p\r\nHarry: Hmm...\r\nEmily: \r\nHarry: These pic are blur. But I would not choose Blue one If I were you.\r\nEmily: I was thinking the same. \r\nHarry: Why you have to reject one?\r\nEmily: Actually I am allowed to buy two dresses for now and my father has paid for only 2. That's why\r\nHarry: Would you come to college tomorrow?\r\nEmily: Yeah! I might wear one of these tomorrow\r\nHarry: OK See you at college then.\nSummary: Emily's brother bought 3 dresses for her and she might wear one of them to college tomorrow.\nDialogue: Harvey: yo!\r\nHarvey: let's see the ritual tonight! who's in?\r\nTommy: Working...\r\nDavid: me!\r\nRyan: i'm in!\r\nTommy: :(\r\nReuben: sure, let's!\r\nHarvey: c'mon, tommy, you can finish tomorrow!\r\nTommy: I wish... Today's the deadline :/\r\nHarvey: meh :| ok, see you guys at 9pm at my place! bring beer :D\r\nTommy: Have fun! :X\nSummary: David and Ryan will go to Harvey's place at 9pm tonight to see the ritual. Tommy has the deadline today so he will be working.\nDialogue: Jackson: Hey so I am having a going away party\r\nPauline: I am still sad that you're done and leaving this great town \r\nJackson: Everything good must come to an end \r\nPauline: 😪\r\nPauline: I hope you coming to visit next year\r\nJackson: Maybe\r\nPauline: Vaugh and I are going to miss you \r\nJackson: Let me know when you're both done school and we will settle down somewhere together hahaha\r\nPauline: Sounds like a dream \r\nJackson: sounds like a dream to follow\r\nPauline: Good luck in your job\r\nPauline: and remember to message us\r\nPauline: we gotta skype! \r\nJackson: I will! \nSummary: Jackson is leaving town and is throwing a party. Pauline will miss him and they would like to keep in touch. \nDialogue: Edward: mum do you have a sec?\r\nEdward: mum?\r\nDeborah: Sorry, can't right now\r\nEdward: Can I call you in the afternoon then?\r\nDeborah: yeah, something serious happened?\r\nEdward: no no, I just want some piece of advice :D\nSummary: Edward will call Deborah in the afternoon for some advice.\nDialogue: Maya: Did you hide my doll?\r\nDylan: No...\r\nMaya: I cannot find it anywhere... \nSummary: Dylan didn't hide Maya's doll that she cannot find anywhere. \nDialogue: Sebastian: Hi! Would you like to watch the game with us, at my place?\r\nMartin: Hello. :) That'd be my pleasure!\r\nSebastian: Glad to hear that\r\nSebastian: I'll text you the address in a moment\r\nSebastian: We start at 8\r\nMartin: I'll be there, thanks for inviting me!\r\nMartin: Should I bring anything, something to eat?\r\nSebastian: No, we're good :)\nSummary: Martin is invited to watch the game at Sebastian's place at 8.\nDialogue: Tony: How much do you charge for canvas prints 30 x40cm?\r\nJim: They're usually 60 pounds each.\r\nJim: But this week they're on promotion for 45 each.\r\nTony: Thanks. What's the lead time on the print?\r\nJim: Usually 7 days but we're a bit busy atm so it might be a little more.\r\nTony: How much more?\r\nJim: Up to 2 weeks.\r\nTony: I need them by this weekend.\r\nJim: How many were you thinking of ordering?\r\nTony: I need 12 of them.\r\nJim: Same design or each one different?\r\nTony: Same design.\r\nJim: Let me check with our print shop and I'll let you know if we can get them done.\r\nJim: Checked with the print shop and we can do them.\r\nJim: But we'll have to charge a little bit extra.\r\nJim: Cause it will be termed as express service.\r\nTony: Thanks for the info.\r\nTony: How much extra?\r\nJim: 65 each.\r\nTony: Thanks. I'll let you know if I decide to go with you.\r\nJim: I'd need the info from you by EOD if you want us to do the prints by the weekend.\r\nTony: OK.\nSummary: Jim is selling his canvas prints for 45 each this week. Tony needs 12 of them in the same design by this weekend. Jim would charge him in terms of express service. Tony will let him know by the end of the day if he decides to place the order.\nDialogue: Irene: Hey Ben, I took your advice and installed grammarly on my laptop.\nBen: Hi Irene, great, and how do you find it?\nIrene: It's wonderful, I use it for many things.\nIrene: For my reports, writing assignments etc.\nBen: Yeah, me too.\nBen: It's great that the app even corrects style mistakes.\nIrene: True, I also love the fact that it suggests synonyms.\nIrene: It let's me really polish my work and I even learn a lot while using it.\nBen: Awesome, I told you you'd be satisfied.\nIrene: I can't imagine working w/out it now :)\nSummary: Irene is happy with the Grammarly app she installed thanks to Ben's suggestion.\nDialogue: Alex: Hi, I've got the face cream samples you ordered \r\nMaya: Oh, great\r\nJonna: I forgot about it\r\nAlex: I can bring them to the next fitness class\r\nMaya: That'd be great\r\nMaya: Thanks\r\nJonna: Did you pay for them? \r\nAlex: They were free\r\nJonna: great, I'll get them at the classes\r\nJonna: Thanks\nSummary: Alex offers to bring the free face cream samples that Maya and Jonna ordered to the next fitness class.\nDialogue: Jett: Could you give me the recipe for that cheesecake you brought yesterday?\r\nJett: It was out of this world!\r\nAnnabella: You and baking? Now that's unexpected, but sure, let me find it!\r\nAnnabella: \r\nJett: Thanks!\r\nJett: Actually, I know Mary loves cheesecake, so I wanted to try making one for her birthday, haha.\r\nAnnabella: Oh I'm sure she'll love it!\r\nAnnabella: If my boyfriend made my favourite cake for me, I'd never let him go\r\nJett: Hahah\r\nAnnabella: Good luck, Jett! Let me know how it turned out when you've tried the recipe!\r\nJett: Will do!\nSummary: Annabella sent Jett her recipe for the cheesecake she had brought yesterday. Annabella with bake a cheesecake for Mary's birthday.\nDialogue: Jade: are you going to that trip\r\nWayne: was\r\nJade: what do you mean\r\nWayne: its portponed\r\nJade: are you kidding me XD\r\nWayne: im serious, why surprised\r\nJade: i had to go home and miss it xD\r\nWayne: oh, cool you can make it when we go\r\nJade: yea, yesss\r\nWayne: :D\nSummary: The trip Wayne was going to go on was postponed. Now Jade will be able to go to.\nDialogue: Lesly: I cant solve these problems?\r\nDarian: Neither do I :/\r\nLesly: maybe we can use Ethan's help\r\nDarian: Let me call him\r\nLesly: Sure\r\nDarian: He is asking to come his home at 5\r\nLesly: Will be at your house at 4:30\r\nDarian: k\nSummary: Lesly will come to Darian at 4:30 and they will meet Ethan at 5.\nDialogue: Arnold: Did you put some pub options on our One Note page for the weekend?\r\nGina: I sure did! There are tons right around where we're staying. We won't starve!\r\nArnold: Plus we have a kitchen! LOL!\r\nGina: That's a thing; should we get breakfast stuff?\r\nArnold: Maybe some bread and coffee?\r\nGina: Yeah, that would tide us over until we can make it out. \r\nArnold: Probably for lunch! LOL!\r\nGina: That's how we roll!\r\nArnold: LOL!\r\nGina: I'm ready for the gym tonight, though.\r\nArnold: Yes, yes, sure, why not...\r\nGina: Less than excited?\r\nArnold: Well...\r\nGina: Come on, we've been slacking all week. We're going to eat and drink this weekend!\r\nArnold: True.\r\nGina: We have to pay, that's how it works.\r\nArnold: I know, I know.\r\nGina: Just think about the bbq place tomorrow night.\r\nArnold: MEAT!\r\nGina: Exactly!\nSummary: Gina and Arnold are going to the gym before going away for the weekend. They will have breakfasts at their place and drink and dine in pubs. Arnold likes meat very much.\nDialogue: Emma: How much for the red skirt?\r\nAubrey: 30 dollars\r\nEmma: I'll give you 20 for it\r\nAubrey: The original price is 140, sorry, no way\r\nEmma: 25?\r\nAubrey: Non-negotiable\r\nEmma: Okay do you offer free shipment?\r\nAubrey: Yes\r\nEmma: 30 is fine then!\nSummary: Emma has bought the red skirt from Aubrey for 30 dollars.\nDialogue: Mona: I'm going to make my first pizza ever\r\nMona: But need somebody to instruct me though :D\r\nTina: Hahaha so I'm the lucky one?\r\nMona: Definitely :D\r\nMona: It's high time to add something awesome to my cooking repertoire\r\nTina: Aight, I think I can help you\r\nTina: The first and the most difficult part is to prepare the dough\r\nMona: Actually I've got some experience with making the dough\r\nMona: I've done that many times before for my mom\r\nTina: So you know the basics. But the pizza dough is specific\r\nTina: You'll need: 250 grams of wheat flour, 150 ml of warm water, 2 spoons of olive oil, 4 grams of yeast, half a teaspoon of salt and the same amount of sugar\r\nTina: You can also add 2 spoons of mixed herbs to that, but it's optional\r\nMona: Good cuz I have everything besides the herbs!\r\nTina: Awesome, so now the instruction. Ready?\r\nMona: Ready!\r\nTina: Pour the flour and yeast to a big bowl and mix them well\r\nTina: Now add the olive, sugar and salt and mix again\r\nTina: Now, while kneading the dough you need to add water little by little, until you get, say, a ball of dough\r\nMona: Got it! I guess I should leave it for some time to rise, right?\r\nTina: Exactly. Half an hour should be fine\r\nTina: Use this time to prepare all ingredients that you'd like to put on pizza\r\nMona: Olives, salami, onion, chicken... Yummy!\r\nTina: Ok, now smooth the baking sheet with a bit of oil and form the dough on it\r\nMona: Done\r\nTina: Time for tomato sauce and all the ingredients you've prepared.\r\nTina: Did I tell you to preheat the oven to 220 degrees? If not, do it now\r\nTina: Put your pizza in the oven and wait more less 20 minutes. Check how's the baking going from time to time, maybe you'll have to get it out of a bit earlier\r\nMona: Tina... You're fantastic! The first pizza I've ever made looks delicious!!\r\nMona: Thanks a million! \r\nTina: Looks good! Enjoy :D\nSummary: Tina instructed Mona how to make a pizza. It was Mona's first time doing it and it looks delicious.\nDialogue: Elijah: And Sanchez is still struggling at Old Trafford......😜😜😜\r\nFav: face ur club and leave Alexis alone.\r\nShrestha: LoL and what has Micki or Auba has done till now, at least he is playing CL football here not Europa 😂\r\nAbdi: There's no trophy for participation 😂😂\r\nSeth: He's simply being overpaid, and more of a liability to Manchester United\nSummary: According to Seth, they overpay Seth Sanchez for playng for Manchester United.\nDialogue: Memphis: always remember to lockup the front door when alone\r\nTina: you've been gone for hours and youre already worried?\r\nMemphis: haha, its a must, take care\r\nTina: ill be alright\nSummary: Memphis told Tina to lock up the front door.\nDialogue: Peter: Soooo how scattered are the 206 crew then? Let's start with who's back in the UK!? I'll start, Me!\r\nOlivier: I never left :-) glad to hear you're back <3\r\nClare: Living it up in Ghana still bros :D\r\nTina: I'm back too! Whoever is around, let's get a drink or dinner or something some time next week?\r\nThomas: Currently in Cambridge. Leaving for Russia again on Sunday.\r\nTina: How about Friday evening?\r\nAnne: Are you coming to the drinks reception tonight?\r\nHelen: I'm in Cambridge too! Will be at the drinks reception tonight, but am on fieldwork this Friday :(\r\nPeter: won't make it to drinks this eve... and Friday neither... But a meet up would be good, what about Saturday evening? or next week without Tom! haha\r\nAnnette: So if there is going to be drinks tomorrow let me know when and where! Amy you are responsible for keeping me posted! xxx\r\nAmy: This is 100% happening. We're gonna celebrate Tom embedding himself within the Russian government! \r\nAmy: But also, plans have never been my forte\r\nAmy: Pub half fiveish. Pub recommendations needed.\r\nPeter: Cool, I can join from about 6! Looking forward to catching up!\r\nAnnette: I will join you guys from around 6.30-7 pm! Hope you guys will still be around!\r\nAmy: 100%\r\nAnne: Sorry, won't be joining. Hopefully next time.\r\nAnnette: I might come at 5.30 actually so keep me posted on where you are at!\r\nAmy: I'm in spoons... Join whenever!\r\nClare: LOL. Wish I was there bros! <3 <3 <3 I'll have a few beers here in your honour\nSummary: Ann and Helen are going to the drinks reception tonight. Amy will let Annette know if she goes for drinks tomorrow. Amy, Peter and Annette are going to meet at a pub around 5:30 pm on Saturday. Amy is responsible for the meet-up so she needs pub recommendations.\nDialogue: Alex: I've just watched a program about depression. 1 in 5 people is depressed! It's shocking!\r\nEmma: i think some people may not even realise that they are depressed\r\nNancy: so it means many of our friends are depressed.. they just don't talk about it!\r\nMark: because people don't want to hear about it\r\nEmma: a friend of mine has been suffering from depression\r\nEva: depression is real and it sucks! everyday activities are a struggle..\r\nNancy: yeah, people don't take it seriously\r\nMark: the stigma has to end\r\nEmma: people just say don't worry it's all in your head just be positive!\r\nAlex: easier said than done!\r\nNancy: we need to open up our minds and open up the talk about depression\nSummary: Alex is shocked that 1 in 5 people suffer from depression. Emma thinks that people do not always realise that they have depression. Mark states that people ignore this problem. In Nancy's opinion people should talk openly about depression.\nDialogue: Nancy: Good morning. Just thought I’d give you a little update on my health. The doctor has put me on a new medication and I have lost 7 pounds of water weight! \r\nSusan: Hi there – thanks for the update, 7 pounds! Send one of those pills my way! LOL\r\nSusan: But really I hope you’re feeling better. What did the doctor say about your heart?\r\nNancy: My heart is good, just this water weight gain. \r\nSusan: That’s good news!\r\nNancy: Want to get together this weekend?\r\nSusan: Sure! What did you have in mind?\r\nNancy: Breakfast? Lunch? Movie?\r\nSusan: I’ll call you after work and we’ll discuss.\r\nNancy: Okay, L8R.\nSummary: Nancy has lost 7 pounds on a new medication. Nancy's heart is good. Susan and Nancy want to get together this weekend. Susan will call after work to discuss it. \nDialogue: Greg: Without giving details and jinxing anything, how is the Polish academic scene and how friendly/functional would it be for a foreigner, like me, who can't shut up in a timely fashion some days?\r\nGreg: Someone wants to bring me out as a visiting prof.\r\nSam: Visiting profs have quite a nice time in Poland\r\nSam: Red tape is hellish\r\nSam: But you won't have much of it as a visiting prof\r\nSam: Which uni invites u?\r\nGreg: I'll have to look up the name again. They sent a message after I was at a conference with their Chair or Vice-Chair, but I was afraid to just jump enthusiastically in.\r\nSam: Right\r\nSam: University and city matters and some faculties are more messy than others\r\nSam: But most Poles speak English so you won't have troubles communicating with tgem\r\nGreg: Thank you <3\r\nSam: Warsaw, Cracow and Poznań are the best for foreigners\r\nSam: Poles, like Americans I guess, are pretty divided right now and you can feel the right wing getting stronger\r\nSam: if you were to move in here, I would recommend postpone it till 2020, till new elections\r\nSam: but for a visiting prof it won't be an issue\r\nGreg: I'm such a chicken. I'm afraid of every town in the world.\r\nGreg: Thank you. I'll have to pull it up and tell them I'm interested. I'll send you an update around the same time.\r\nSam: it would be great if u were in Warsaw\r\nSam: I just told my bf that you would have lots to talk about, he studied Chinese language and culture and we could hang out!\r\nSam: but whenever you'll be in Poland, I would meet you up <3\r\nGreg: That would be fantastic! :D\r\nSam: :)\nSummary: Greg has been offered a visiting professor position in Poland after a conference he attended and would like to know the realities of academic life in Poland. Sam describes them to Greg. Greg will respond that he is interested in the offer.\nDialogue: Joe: Hi Kels, what you up to lately?\r\nKelly: Oh my God, Joe Johnson, it's been YEARS!\r\nJoe: Yes, I've been working abroad for the last 3 years, Italy, actually!\r\nKelly: Wow! Was that with your girlfriend, Josie?\r\nJoe: Yes, we actually got married out there 2 years ago! Unfortunately, it didn't last that long and we split after a year and a half.\r\nKelly: So sorry to hear that, Joe! What happened?\r\nJoe: Well, she was working all over the place and I hardly saw her, I was staying in her parent's house and working at her brother's garage.\r\nKelly: Hmm, I can sense a \"but\" coming up!\r\nJoe: Yes, well, I'm not proud of this, but her sister came back after Uni and one night we got a bit tiddly on Prosecco and brandy, not a great combo!\r\nKelly: I think I can guess the rest of the sorry tale. Why were they all living out there anyway? \r\nJoe: Well, if you remember, Josie' s last name is Andellino and her dad had gone back to where he'd come from to look after his mum and dad. Anyway, I came clean to Josie and told her what happened. We struggled on for a few more months, but she was away so often and we decided to call it a day.\r\nKelly: Now you're back in lovely Newport after the splendour of Rome!\r\nJoe: Right enough. Got my old job back with Tony too! How's the bank?\r\nKelly: Still there! I've moved into training and my line manager is retiring soon, soon, you never know, another promotion may be on the cards!\r\nJoe: Pleased for you, Kels! You are a real people person!\r\nKelly: Thanks Joe! Now what about that drink?\r\nJoe: Good memory, Kelly! Tell you what, I'll pop into the bank when it closes Friday and we'll decide then. Tony won't mind me nipping out half an hour early, I do plenty of overtime!\r\nKelly: Sounds ace, Joe! Looking forward to it!\r\nJoe: Arriverderci, bella!\r\nKelly: See you, mate!\nSummary: Joe got married but they split so he is back in Newport. Kelly works in the bank and is hoping for promotion. Joe will pop into the bank on Friday and they go out for a drink.\nDialogue: Lottie: hey \r\nLottie: I got earlier home and would like to cook dinner\r\nLottie: do you feel like eating spaghetti?\r\nElliot: wohooo, spaghetti sounds good!\r\nElliot: \r\nLottie: don't get that excited \r\nLottie: you're mom will come as well\r\nLottie: I bumped into her in the shop and she just invited herself to us\r\nElliot: she always does…\r\nLottie: \r\nLottie: I will also make some salad. Could you buy a bottle of wine then?\r\nElliot: ok \nSummary: Lottie got home earlier and she will make spaghetti and salad for dinner. Her mom will come as well. Elliot will buy a bottle of wine. \nDialogue: Lizzy: Where are you?\r\nTim: Toilet.\r\nTim: Take popcorn and go and find our seats.\r\nTim: 5 minutes and I will be back\r\nLizzy: Ehh. Everything's ok?\r\nTim: Yup. I've just been surprised by my digestive system.\nSummary: Lizzy and Tim are at the movies. Tim is in the toilet, he'll be back in 5 minutes. Lizzy will take popcorn and find the seats.\nDialogue: Thomas: How was the night with that blonde girl?\r\nMason: It was nice, but the condom broke\r\nThomas: Fuck, my nightmare. What did you do?\r\nMason: We got the Morning-After Pill.\r\nThomas: That's nice of you.\r\nMason: Of course, I am not a prick!\nSummary: Mason had a nice night with the blond girl. Mason's condom broke so they got the morning-after pill. Thomas reckons it's nice of Mason. \nDialogue: Simon: I'm running really late today. Can you please pick up the kids from school?\r\nShona: I guess so. Not impressed with this.\r\nSimon: Look, I'm really sorry. It's just that I have to stay back at work to get this project finished.\r\nShona: ... and leave me with all the crap to deal with?\r\nSimon: No. I'm not bailing on my responsibilities.\r\nShona: Really? \r\nSimon: I know we have a deal but sometimes work has to come first.\r\nShona: It always comes first. Tell me when was the last time that your work didn't come first?\r\nShona: Every time we make an arrangement your work somehow manages to get in the way.\r\nSimon: Yeah, I know.\r\nShona: You know that I have other things planned today and if I pick up the kids I'll have to reschedule everything. \r\nSimon: Yeah, I know.\r\nShona: Can't you get your sister to them up?\r\nSimon: I've tried to call her but sh isn't answering her phone for some reason. She's probably busy.\r\nShona: And I am not??!!\r\nSimon: Yeah I know hon. Just this once. Please.\r\nShona: It is always 'just this once'. Like everyday 'just this once'!\r\nSimon: I'll try to make it up to you on the weekend.\r\nShona: Promises, promises....\r\nSimon: So can I count on you picking up the kids or do I have to ring around and try to find someone else.\r\nShona: Yes, but this is the last time I'll do this. I refuse to cover for your lack of responsibility after this. \nSummary: Simon can't pick up the kids from school, because he has to finish a project at work. Shona reproached him for being irresponsible. She will reschedule the day and pick up the kids from school.\nDialogue: Kasia: Do you like the make up?\nLily: it's way to much\nMel: I agree, Katya, it's not Russia or Poland :P\nKasia: lol, you're mean\nSummary: Lily and Mel think Kasia put too much makeup.\nDialogue: Julia: What are you doing?\r\nDarcy: I'm going to the library? You?\r\nJulia: I'm going to the gym\r\nJulia: Later I'll be joining you.\r\nDarcy: Ok, I'll keep a place for you\r\nDarcy: You're coming in two hours, right?\r\nJulia: Yes, madam!\r\nDarcy: I prefer to work out in the evening\r\nDarcy: When I'm done with work\r\nDarcy: I have nothing else to do\r\nDarcy: Gym helps me to unwind\r\nJulia: I know. I used to go to the gym in the evening too\r\nJulia: But morning workout gives me so much energy for the day\r\nJulia: Anyways, see you in two hours :***\nSummary: Darcy is going to the library while Julia is going to the gym. Julia is going to join Darcy in two hours.\nDialogue: Greg: i can't get that song out of my head\r\nKevin: which one?\r\nGreg: that's the problem, i'm not really sure what song it is\r\nGreg: i'm just humming it\r\nKevin: who sings it?\r\nGreg: i don't know either, it's driving me nuts!!!\nSummary: Greg is humming a song but can't remember singer's name.\nDialogue: Mike: wanna go to that bar on 7th ave?\r\nMike: a couple of us will be going there\r\nJoe: i'm not feeling that great\r\nJoe: i'd rather netflix and chill tonight\r\nMike: text me later if you change your mind\nSummary: Mike is going to the bar on 7th Avenue. Joe will watch netflix and chill instead because he is not feeling well.\nDialogue: Arabella: Why is this Jada Smith person all over with her personal life?\r\nArabella: Man I don't care!\r\nKatie: I know. All about her sex life and kids and yikes...oversharing!\r\nArabella: Exactly! Who is she anyway?\r\nKatie: Some actress, married to the Fresh Prince guy.\r\nArabella: Doesn't she have anything better to do??\r\nKatie: Guess not!\r\nArabella: Hope she's getting paid. And her whole family. Even the kids overshare!\r\nKatie: Ugh...\nSummary: The actress Jada Smith overshares her personal life.\nDialogue: Derek: U there man?\nLars: Sorry\nLars: Cant' talk now, got work to do\nDerek: Ok, sorry\nSummary: Lars is busy and can't talk with Derek.\nDialogue: Marzena: Hi guys, I'll be in London on February!\r\nJeff: How amazing\r\nTony: are you coming back for good?\r\nMarzena: no, it's not even that easy now\r\nMarzena: with Brexit...\r\nTony: oh, c'mon. It may not even happen\r\nMarzena: I'll stay a week, I hope to meet you there\r\nTony: of course!\nSummary: Marzena is coming to London for a week in February. She's going to meet Jeff and Tony there.\nDialogue: Lora: Have you conveyed my message to Lilly?\r\nLiam: Yeah I have\r\nLora: Ty\nSummary: Liam has conveyed Lora's message to Lily. \nDialogue: Jimmy: Hey, guess what? My car's completely kaput!\r\nCarrie: What happened?\r\nJimmy: Don't know, either the battery, alternator, engine or a combination of all three\r\nCarrie: Where is it now?\r\nJimmy: Yesterday I managed to jump-start it and it was fine, but then Amy took the car and stopped to get something at the store, and then she couldn't get it to start again\r\nCarrie: Sucks! Wanna borrow my Mercedes?\r\nJimmy: How are you gonna get it to me? You live so far from the city now\r\nCarrie: I don't live that far! It's only like 20 km\r\nJimmy: I'll let you know\r\nCarrie: I can drive it into the city, and then you can drive me back home, then you'll have the car :)\r\nJimmy: :) Hmm… I still gotta do something about my car\r\nCarrie: Actually, you should buy mine and get rid of yours\r\nJimmy: :-/ Yeah, lately there's always something with it. Anyways, I'll let you know. I may need it, Amy's sister is coming to visit.\r\nCarrie: Ok, see ya\r\nJimmy: Bye\nSummary: Jimmy's car is broken. Carrie offers to lend him her car. Jimmy will let Carrie know later.\nDialogue: Jake: How are you?\r\nJackie: Better, thanks. I still have a soar throat but I feel almost fine :)\r\nJake: Good to hear. Will we see you on Friday at the party?\r\nJackie: Sure! Wouldn't miss it!\nSummary: Jake asks Jackie how she feels. Jackie was ill, but now it's better. Jake and Jackie will meet on Friday at the party.\nDialogue: David: \r\nDavid: hey, look whom I met :D\r\nMollie: is this Amanda \"Mandy\" Bower?\r\nDavid: exactly!\r\nMollie: what happened to her face?\r\nDavid: a few plastic surgeries I believe XD\r\nMollie: unbelievable, she was so pretty in high school!\r\nDavid: I know she was…\r\nDavid: She caught a really rich husband who liked improvements :/\r\nMollie: poor her!\r\nDavid: \nSummary: David met Amanda \"Mandy\" Bower and Mollie notices she had a few plastic surgeries and looks different than at high school. \nDialogue: Eternity: I want to ask you about sales volume as a only saleswoman\nEternity: As I know I sold 30 cars, and my supervisor sold 24 last month.\nFaith: Yes. That’s right.\nEternity: But why there was a difference in salary between my supervisor and me? Is it because he is in higher position than me?\nFaith: Are you asking me why the salary is different from your supervisor’s although you sold more? Am I correct?\nSummary: Eternity sold 30 cars last month while her supervisor sold 24, yet the supervisor received a higher salary.\nDialogue: Jack: Attention please! Big news time :)\nBetty: Good news bad news?\nClara: What is it?\nJack: May and I are having a baby!!!\nClara: What?!\nPaul: Congratulations man!!!\nBetty: Whoop whoop!\nClara: Oh this is so wonderful <3 What month is it?\nJack: Four :) It didn’t show for quite a long time and May had very few symptoms.\nBetty: When can you tell the sex?\nClara: I think they need to wait a bit for that ;)\nPaul: Can you see anything at all? Are you sure?\nJack: First photo \nBetty: I can’t see anything\nClara: How’s May feeling?\nJack: She’s fine, quite happy that she probably was spared the morning sickness\nPaul: What would like to have? A daughter or a son?\nJack: Hm, I thought son, but now I kinda don’t care anymore.\nBetty: Have you thought about the names?\nClara: Really, isn’t it a bit too early for that? ;)\nJack: It’s early, but we did think about it :) We were thinking about Julia and Robert\nPaul: Robert? Why Robert?\nJack: After my father\nBetty: I like it, nothing too fancy, traditional\nClara: Yes, Julia’s pretty as well <3\nBetty: Send our kisses to May!\nSummary: May and Jack are having a baby. May's four months pregnant and she feels fine. They don't know the sex yet, but they thought about the names for the child. It will be Julia or Robert, depending on its gender.\nDialogue: Gail: :P\nPaul: :O\nGail: Hi :)\nPaul: Oh... so you're no longer mad at me?\nGail: I never was, you know I like to pretend I'm angry ;)\nPaul: You were fucking with me as usual :P\nGail: Don't be vulgar\nPaul: Or...?\nGail: Or?\nPaul: Or you'll get mad at me again?\nGail: Oh come on now\nPaul: :P\nGail: You know I like you\nPaul: Yeah yeah yeah\nGail: You're worse than my spinster aunt :P\nPaul: Oh, now I understand who you got your evil woman genes from :P\nGail: Hah!\nPaul: Ok, just kidding\nGail: I would hope so!\nPaul: ;)\nGail: Heh\nPaul: Wanna go out tonight, eat a pizza or something?\nGail: Are you hitting on me?\nPaul: Yep\nGail: Now that was unexpected\nPaul: Nah, just kidding\nGail: :'( You just broke my heart\nPaul: Srsly?!?\nGail: Nah :P :D\nSummary: Paul jokingly invites Gail to a date tonight.\nDialogue: Emma: Hugh Jackman would coming at the restaurant this weekend <3\r\nJayden: Really?\r\nEmma: Would you want to be famous too?\r\nJayden: Never thought about it\r\nEmma: You should go for America's got talent you have good singing skills\r\nJayden: Will talk about that later xD\r\nEmma: Get ready to be at restaurant this weekend\r\nJayden: <3\nSummary: Emma says that Hugh Jackman will be at the restaurant this weekend.\nDialogue: Sid: I have your umbrella, you left it at our house\r\nPam: Ohh thanks, been looking for it!\r\nSid: no problem:)\nSummary: Pam left her umbrella at Sid's house. She was looking for it.\nDialogue: Harvey: Hey Dona, i'll be running late. please reschedule my meeting\r\nDona: but its an important one\r\nHarvey: yeah, i know, but please find a way\r\nDona: Okay Harvey, but better have an explanation for the client\r\nHarvey: Dont worry, i have one, but ill explain later after i arrive\r\nDona: okay sir\r\nHarvey: thanks Dona\nSummary: Dona will reschedule the meeting on Harvey's request.\nDialogue: SweetyMalongo: hi lover\r\nNigel: As far as I remember, I don't know you. Why are you contacting me?\r\nSweetyMalongo: u marrid?\r\nNigel: Yes I am. Married to an angel from heaven.\r\nSweetyMalongo: okk. bye.\nSummary: SweetyMalongo asked Nigel if he is married. Nigel replied that he is, to an angel, after which SweetyMalongo left.\nDialogue: Kerri: Did you see the apartment?\nStella: yes brb\nKerri: ok\nStella: Sorry I was driving\nStella: I saw it yesterday but it was already dark so I want to go again to see it in the morning\nStella: First of all, its really big, 130 sqm\nKerri: WOW\nStella: I could split it into 2 apartments\nStella: 90 and 40 sqm more or less\nKerri: Or 80 and 50?\nStella: Not really, there's only one way to split it\nStella: So I could stay in the big one with 3 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms\nKerri: Sounds good\nStella: I want to see it in the morning\nStella: The agent said the bedrooms are very sunny in the morning\nStella: Maybe I'll go tomorrow\nKerri: Took some photos?\nStella: \nStella: \nStella: \nKerri: Nice!!!\nKerri: The kitchen looks fantastic\nKerri: Its huge\nStella: It's the size of my living room!\nStella: We obviously don't need 3 bedrooms\nStella: But I could have a decent home office at last\nKerri: Has Greg seen it?\nStella: No, he's away this week\nSummary: Stella wants to see the apartment in the morning. She plans to split it into 2 apartments.\nDialogue: Chloe: R U up?\r\nPatricia: ...\r\nChloe: Mm, ok, rough night :D\r\nPatricia: I'm still in bed\r\nPatricia: but I REALLY need water\r\nPatricia: and it's so so so far away\r\nChloe: At least you're in good mood ;)\r\nPatricia: as good as it gets\r\nChloe: Did you get that guy's number?\r\nPatricia: yeah, I did.\r\nChloe: and...?\r\nChloe: did you give him yours?\r\nPatricia: you're crazy? I'm not giving my number to random guys\r\nChloe: even the cute ones? ;)\r\nPatricia: hahaha, they may not be so cute when you're sober\r\nChloe: come on, i wasn't drunk so you could count on my judgement ;)\r\nChloe: will you call him though?\r\nPatricia: don't know yet, definitely not now\r\nChloe: well, of course not now, but in general\r\nPatricia: probably not\nSummary: Patricia and Chloe went out last night. Patricia liked a man and got his number. However, she is not sure if she is going to call him. Chloe thinks he is handsome. \nDialogue: Jon: Hi! I saw you were looking for a Swedish-speaking person. Here I am! What's up?\nRory: Hey Jon!\nRory: Thanks for your message\nRory: Have you got any experience in translation of a web page then placement on translated text in to code?\nJon: Nope, I have never dealt with translations of this sort so far.\nRory: Well, I guess I can shoot you an email with what i need and you can see if you can manage it \nRory: If that's ok.\nJon: That sounds like a good idea\nJon: There you go: jon.jonsson (at) gmail.com\nRory: And if it's not interesting, I appreciate this as well.\nRory: Perfect thanks will send it to you by the end of the day or first thing tomorrow.\nJon: Thanks so much! I'll let you know as soon as I chew it over. \nSummary: Rory is looking for a Swedish-speaking translator for a website. He will email Jon the details tomorrow morning.\nDialogue: Jenny: Hey girl! What’s up?\nAudrey: hey you, I am doing great! And you?\nJenny: good, good. So Nadia is getting married in two months, and we need to organise an awesome bachelorette party for her 💃. Are you in to do it in the last week of June?\nAudrey: Oh yass!! That will be great if we can also gather the other girls. Do you have anything planned yet? \nJenny: well I though about organising a spa day with the girls, a nice restaurant afterwards…. And of course we can party all night long somewhere.\nAudrey: that sounds great, she loves pampering herself! So a day at a spa is PERFECT! \nJenny: yeah thought so too. \nAudrey: oh, we can buy some matching robes for us bridesmaids 😍and one in white for her… you know like the things we see on Instagram lol \nAudrey: \nJenny: oh yeah, these are so cute she would love them. And we will buy her a cute crown… gotta make her feel extra special. \nAudrey: haha 😹 yeah she’s so extra!\nSummary: Jenny enlists Audrey to help organise a hen party in the last week of June for Nadia who is getting married in two months. Jenny thinks about spending the day in a spa and going to a restaurant afterwards. Audrey suggests they buy matching outfits for them as bridesmaids and for the bride.\nDialogue: Regina: I can have such conversations with any guy on tinder. But the thing is that it's boring and annoying\r\nNelson: Fair enough! Not boring to me but it does take 2 to tango\r\nRegina: I just don't find it interesting to write things like that. It doesn't bring anything, fake empty sentences\r\nNelson: But i understand!\nSummary: Regina finds a certain type of conversation with guys on Tinder boring. Nelson doesn't find them boring, but understands Regina's point.\nDialogue: Jessica: I heard you got caught during the exam.\r\nGareth: ya... that sucks\r\nJessica: I told you, don't mess with her.\r\nGareth: cmon, it was impossible to learn everything\r\nJessica: at least you could have tried\r\nGareth: no, I had a shift yesterday\r\nJessica: but you knew about the exam from the beginning.\r\nGareth: you're not helping...\nSummary: Gareth got caught cheating in the exam.\nDialogue: Henry: Hey, I don't know if you remember me - I was the photographer at Vivian's party last Saturday. I've looked through the photos from the party and some of them are great. I have a fanpage on fb with my photography and I was wondering if I could post some of your photos there - here's a folder with everything I'd like to post . Let me know, if you agree to posting your pictures or if there are any particular photos you'd like me not to include.\r\nLydia: Hey, sure I remember you :) I'm at work right now. I'll look at the pictures in the evening and let you know, if they're ok.\r\nHenry: Of course, thanks a lot :)\r\nLydia: Generally, almost all of the pictures are good to go. If you could not include Photo_325 that would be great.\r\nHenry: Of course, I'll just delete from the public folder (although if you want to have it for yourself just let me know). May I ask why you don't want it included?\r\nLydia: I just don't like the beer in my hand in this picture. I know it's a party, but I just don't feel comfortable knowing some of my co-workers might stumble upon it.\r\nHenry: I understand completely. The picture's already deleted from the folder.\r\nLydia: Thanks for understanding :)\r\nHenry: No problem. By the way - is there a chance to let Peter know about my message? He might not have seen this conversation.\r\nLydia: Sure. I'm telling him right now.\r\nPeter: Hey, sorry, I didn't see your message there.\r\nPeter: I checked out the photos and they're all okay as far as I'm concerned.\r\nJason: Fantastic, thank you :)\r\nPeter: Do you plan to contact everyone you have on the pictures?\r\nJason: Yes, I'm contacting everyone.\r\nPeter: Good luck then.\r\nJason: Thank you :)\nSummary: Henry asks Lydia and Peter if he can post their photographs from Vivian's party. Lydia doesn't want one photograph to be posted. Peter is fine with all photos. Henry needs to ask everyone that are in the photos.\nDialogue: Maxfield: ive totally run out of food\r\nSinclair: go to the shops then\r\nMaxfield: and cash\r\nWayne: go and earn then. this is a bad place for begging\r\nSinclair: yeah crybaby. we wont help lol\nSummary: Maxfield has no money nor food. Wayne and Sinclair won't help him.\nDialogue: Sam: I'm so sorry. I can't make it on time.\nSandra: Should we start without you?\nSam: Please do. I'll be 30 min late.\nStaś: Ok\nSummary: Sam will be 30 minutes late. Sandra and Staś will start without Sam.\nDialogue: Carol: do you ever shop online?\r\nMichelle: yes I do!\r\nCarol: i just got a sweater and i think it may be too big\r\nMichelle: buying clothes online is always a risk\r\nCarol: i know!!! i'm having buyer's remorse.\r\nMichelle: lol\r\nCarol: what if it's too loose?\r\nMichelle: you can always return it\r\nCarol: that sounds like a big hassle\r\nMichelle: it is a hassle, i've had to do it a couple of times\r\nCarol: i shouldn't have ordered it!!!\r\nMichelle: if it's too big you can always run it on the dryer and it'll shrink\r\nCarol: wow, that's true! you're a genius\r\nMichelle: I sure am\nSummary: Carol can shrink the oversize sweater in the dryer instead of returning it.\nDialogue: Edric: i got 2 tix 4 hoops game 2moro\r\nBriar: oh cool id like 2go. how much\r\nEdric: nitch. got'em 4free but cant go\r\nCharity: cool briar so were going\nSummary: Charity and Briar will take Edric's tickets for hoops game tomorrow as he can't go.\nDialogue: Louise: i don't have anything too wear... :/\r\nJenniffer: tell me about it, I can't remember the last time I went shopping\r\nLouise: I know... this isn't how things should be, we need to do something about it!\r\nJenniffer: we definitely do! :D\r\nLouise: so... are you thinking what I am thinking? :>\r\nJenniffer: shopping, ice cream and coffe on saturday?\r\nLouise: shopping, ice cream and... drinks? :D\r\nJenniffer: yes please!!! <3\r\nLouise: my Mark can take us to the mall so we don't have to drive, we can get a cab to city center later\r\nJenniffer: sounds like a plan!\r\nLouise: I am just worried Tommy will be mad because we planned to spend saturday together...\r\nJenniffer: how about we ask our boys to spend evening together? They like each other right? :D\r\nLouise: you are a GENIUS <3\r\nJenniffer: hahaha - then it's settled, perfect <3\nSummary: Jenniffer and Louise are going to go shopping, have ice cream and drinks on Saturday. They will ask Tommy and Mark to hang out together in the evening.\nDialogue: Andrew: My wife is the best at baking!\r\nAndrew: She baked such a pumpkin cake I can't stop eating!\r\nNick: Good for you.\r\nNick: My wife's cheating on me...\r\nAndrew: WHAT?\r\nNick: I'm joking just to make you feel awkward :D\nSummary: Andrew is eating a pumpkin cake his wife has baked.\nDialogue: Mark: Mate can you grab some coffee on your way back home. \r\nJohn: Sure. No probs. Shall do.\r\nMark: Thanks. Much appreciated. \nSummary: John will grab some coffee for Mark on his way back home.\nDialogue: Andrew: \r\nAndrew: Care to join me? :D\r\nHerbert: HAHAHA! Are they really organizing CEMS party??\r\nAndrew: Why not, even such successful people need to let off some steam ;)\r\nOlga: What is so funny about them?\r\nAndrew: It is a course on our university filled with autists :D\r\nHerbert: Remember last year when I showed you that video of people on a show?\r\nOlga: Family Feud? That group from our uni?\r\nHerbert: Yea, the high guys\r\nAndrew: They weren't high, they were just retarded :D So imagine a full club of such people haha\r\nHerbert: Plus a handful of Indians taking that course\r\nAndrew: Oh yea, they can bring some spiked curry haha\r\nHerbert: HAHAHA\r\nOlga: I think I will pass on that :P\nSummary: There's going to be CEMS party, Andrew offers Herbert to go with him. They joke about it as it's a course at the university which is attended by autists and Indians.\nDialogue: Therese: we should buy Jeff a present, but I have no idea what...\r\nGordon: a board game, easy and he loves them\r\nAmalie: true! I can get something today on my way home, I'll be at the Strand\r\nTherese: perfect\nSummary: Amalie will buy Jeff a board game as a present.\nDialogue: Chloe: OMG, i saw ur designs for class. they're like SO LAME\r\nStella: What? how? no one was supposed to see those\r\nChloe: Yeah, well i did - and they'r like ridiculous!\r\nChloe: i can't believe u drew something so horrendous \r\nStella: stop it Chloe!! \r\nChloe: why? u gonna cry??\r\nStella: why do u have to be so mean all the time? \r\nChloe: please, i'm just doing u a favour\r\nChloe: now no one needs to see u or ur work again\r\nChloe: u should just quit while u can\r\nStella: but i like designing\r\nChloe: but u clearly have no talent\r\nChloe: no one is gonna want to hang out wiht a nobody like u\r\nStella: ur just saying tht\r\nChloe: i wouldn't be saying it if it wasnt *true*\r\nStella: i don't care - I'm not quitting! i love creating and designing!! \r\nStella: and i do have talent - Mrs Hall even said so!\r\nChloe: puh-lease, she was just saying that cos she felt sorry for u\r\nChloe: not that i blame her\r\nStella: i'm not gonna quit\r\nChloe: *yawn*\r\nStella: i'm serious\r\nChloe: whtaever, it's ur funeral\nSummary: Chloe dislikes Stella's designs and advises her to give up. Stella won't quit and Mrs Hall thinks she is talented too.\nDialogue: Penny: please let me know when you're at home\nDon: ok, I'm about to leave the hotel now\nPenny: I have to see my sis now but I'll be back before you arrive\nDon: ok\nPenny: drive safe :*\nDon: seeya at home\nSummary: Don's leaving the hotel and heading home. Penny will be back from her sister's before he arrives.\nDialogue: Catherine: I have to buy new clothes, I feel like a pig with nothing to wear\r\nMargaret: Me too!! Let's hit the mall on the weekend\r\nCatherine: Deal.\r\nMargaret: And do our nails\r\nCatherine: and have a nice healthy yet delicious lunch\r\nMargaret: and then order pizza in the evening\r\nCatherine: exactly\r\nMargaret: I browsed through online stores yesterday but I couldn't find anything nice\r\nCatherine: I know, I checked it out too. Also I keep ordering staff and ending up keeping it just because it's too big a hussle to return them\r\nMargaret: haha I know that feeling and these clothes don't even fit most of the times\r\nCatherine: If it's to small I just give it to my sister, if too big my mum get's a new pair of jeans\r\nMargaret: and we end up with nothing :D\r\nCatherine: \r\nMargaret: \nSummary: Catherine and Margaret will meet on the weekend to go to the mall, do nails and eat healthy lunch. They both keep ordering clothes online but most of the time they don't fit.\nDialogue: Delfina: Can you imagine what he just did!\r\nTera: What happened!\r\nDelfina: We were supposed to go to a spa for a weekend and now, two days before, he says he won’t go!\r\nTera: But why\r\nDelfina: He wouldn’t say, mentioned sth about work!\r\nTera: Well, it doesn’t look good\r\nDelfina: Yes and what am I supposed to do??\r\nTera: Go alone, enjoy yourself, and about him… you need to start being suspicious, because it looks bad, it’s not the first time\r\nDelfina: Yes, I think I have to focus on myself now, don’t think it leads to anywhere\r\nTera: Men will be men…\nSummary: Delfina is disappointed with him as he cancelled the spa trip 2 days beforehand. Tera advises she goes alone and enjoys herself. \nDialogue: Leo: I got a message from the university\r\nLeo: They know I play guitar and that we have a band\r\nLeo: They're askin if we want to play during some event that the univ is organizing next month. Some guest from abroad are expected\r\nDylan: How much r they payin?\r\nLeo: 300 bucks to share\r\nTheo: For how long we'll have to play?\r\nLeo: About an hour, they said that no more than that\r\nRiley: 300 bucks divided by 4 people makes... 75 for each of us\r\nRiley: Deal, some extra money would be nice\r\nLeo: Fine, I could be in too\r\nLeo: Dylan? Theo?\r\nTheo: Actually... What the hell, it's only an hour and the money's quite good\r\nTheo: And maybe some nice chicks will come around :-)\r\nLeo: You never know haha\r\nDylan: So I feel I've got no choice\r\nDylan: I'm with you guys, let the world admire us :-)\r\nLeo: That's the spirit!\r\nLeo: I'll let the univ know we agree, see you guys! :)\nSummary: Leo, Dylan, Theo and Riley will play at the university during some event next month, and they'll be paid 300 bucks to share. \nDialogue: Cheyenne: i'm making lasagna tonight! who wants to come?\r\nPatricia: OMFG lasagna. you must be kidding me\r\nLaney: what happened? :D\r\nCheyenne: actually, I passed my driver's licence :))\r\nLaney: SHIT CHEY THAT'S AMAZING!!!!!!!!\r\nPatricia: congratulations!!!! what didn't you say anything earlier you sneaky little bitch\r\nCheyenne: wanted to tell you over lasagna and some wine!!!\r\nLaney: i'm shook. was it hard?\r\nCheyenne: no, it went great :) i had a good driving day! i didn't believe I could even pass the first time around\r\nPatricia: well, I knew you would :)\r\nCheyenne: thanks, you're so sweet :)\r\nLaney: ok, in that case, I'm bringing champagne :D\r\nLaney: btw I knew that too :)\r\nCheyenne: yaaaaaay!\nSummary: Cheyenne is making lasagna tonight to celebrate passing her driver's licence. Patricia and Laney congratulate her. Laney is going to bring champagne.\nDialogue: Jake: Send me that pic please!\r\nTony: What pic?\r\nJake: You know, the one you took at the top of the mountain! My phone died\r\nLiz: Oh! I want that too!\r\nTony: one photo, coming up!\r\nLiz: You know, if you have more that you took I'll take those too\r\nTony: Sure thing\nSummary: Tony sends a photo he took at the top of the mountain to Jake and Liz. Liz wants to see more photos Tony took there.\nDialogue: Steve: I've got two tickets for Greenbook\r\nSteve: Wanna go?\r\nKaren: Sure!\r\nKaren: \r\nSteve: Sue says it's amazing\r\nSteve: she laughed all the time\r\nSteve: :D\r\nKaren: Yeah, someone told me the same thing\r\nKaren: Didn't it win Golden Globes or sth?\r\nSteve: Yeah, 3 of them I think!\r\nKaren: Then we'll definitely go, when is it?\r\nSteve: This Thursday at 8\r\nKaren: works for me :)\r\nSteve: Great, I'm glad.\nSummary: Steve has got tickets for Greenbook this Thursday at 8. Karen is happy to go with him. \nDialogue: Ola: What's up in your cart? Ours is horrible :p\r\nMateusz: Duno, normal. What is going on in yours?\r\nPiotr: A bunch of children just opened FUCKING KEBABS and started eating them\r\nMateusz: HAHAHAHA\r\nOla: It stinks so much :(\nSummary: Ola's cart is horrible and Mateusz's is normal. It stinks in Piotr's.\nDialogue: Jackie: \r\nMarisol: omg congrats!\r\nCarlita: :O\r\nEunica: I'm so happy for you1\r\nCarlita: \r\nMarisol: how did he propose?\r\nEunica: when will u get married?\r\nJackie: when we were walking in a park he dropped on his knee next to this fountain in the Central Park\r\nMarisol: *o*\r\nCarlita: how sweet\r\nJackie: he told me he wants to share everything what's beautiful with me \r\nMarisol: awwww\r\nJackie: he must have carried that ring for a while because I remember him complaining about the weather lately :D\r\nMarisol: it's so sweet he had been waiting\r\nJackie: we don't know yet when we'll get married but you are all invited ofc\r\nCarlita: PLEASE don't pick June, I'll be in Canada then\r\nEunica: I hate weddings but I'll make an exception\r\nMarisol: can't wait!\nSummary: Jackie is getting married. Marisol, Carlita and Eunica are excited. Carlita is in Canada in June. Eunica doesn't like weddings but she will come.\n\n\nDialogue: Dave: Hey, is Nicky still at your place? Her phone is off\r\nSam: She just left\r\nDave: Thanks!\nSummary: "} {"question_id": 51, "category": "longbench_triviaqa", "reference": ["Albert Enstien", "A Tribute to Einstein", "ALBERT EINSTEIN", "Albert Einstien", "Einstein (physicist)", "Einsetein", "Albert Einstin", "Einstien", "Albert Eienstein", "Albert Einstein", "Einstein, Albert", "Albert Enstein", "Einsteinian", "Alber Enstien", "Albert Einstein's", "Einstein", "Einstien, Albert", "A. Einstein", "Al Einstein", "Albert einstein", "Alber Einstein"], "prompt": "Answer the question based on the given passage. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words. The following are some examples.\n\nPassage:\nAudi and Volvo - Latin origin of the car company names ...\nAudi and Volvo - Latin origin of the car company names - High Names\n03.20.13 Posted in Naming blog by christa\nLet’s get back to the car business. We know a lot of the car companies are named after their founders – the trend was spread worldwide from the earliest electric automobiles. These include Ford (after Henry Ford), Peugeot (after the Peugeot family), also later Bentley (after Walter Owen Bentley), Porsche (after Ferdinand Porsche). The trend is also present in Asia by car manufacturers like Toyota (after Kiichiro Toyoda) and Honda (after Soichiro Honda).\nHowever, there are still original company names between the world-wide known brands in the car industry. The naming strategy is often so unique that they cannot be put in categories. But Audi and Volvo can. Can you guess what the connection between those two famous car companies is in terms of naming? Latin.\nVolvo – on the different car company names\nDespite that Volvo is a Swedish company the founders didn’t name the car Viking or Nordic or anything like that. They decided on the Latin word volvere, meaning to roll. It seems a logical word choice since the purpose of working on a Swedish car project was to build cars that could withstand the cold Scandinavian weather and uneven roads – basically a car that rolls. What they did is only conjugate the verb volvere in first person (because unlike in English many other languages use similar but still different words when saying I roll, you roll, etc) and voilà – you have Volvo. It’s like the car speaks to you – I roll.\nAudi – on the translated car company names\nThe reason for naming the famous car company Audi isn’t that spontaneous compared to Volvo. The truth is that the founder August Horch (and no the AU in Audi doesn’t come from the first two letters of the founder’s name) had originally founded another car company named August Horch & Co. This happened in 1904 when the German engineer had quit working for Karl Benz. However, after some problems in the company, in 1909 Horch founded a second company – but his family name could not be used again as a name for the company because he didn’t have the rights on the company name. The story says that one of his business partners’ son came up with the name Audi. But this wasn’t a random Latin word that simply starts with the letter A (as you may know by now from our blog posts having a company name that starts with A is great because you get listed early in alphabetically ordered lists). If you speak German you’ll know that horch comes from the infinitive form of horchen and actually has a meaning – to listen (carefully). Now, can you guess what the Latin translation of horchen is? It’s audire – a verb that when conjugated in the same form as horch, becomes audi. The name seemed logical since August Horch could no longer use his own name. And a little more than 100 years later Audi is still one of the most popular names in the car industry.\nQuestion:\nWhich car manufacturer's name is Latin for roll?\nAnswer:\nGlossary of Volvo features\nPassage:\nFarthing (British coin)\nThe British farthing (¼d) coin, from \"fourthing\", was a unit of currency of one quarter of a penny, or one nine hundred and sixtieth of a pound sterling. It was minted in bronze, and replaced the earlier copper farthings. It was used during the reign of six monarchs: Victoria, Edward VII, George V, Edward VIII, George VI and Elizabeth II, ceasing to be legal tender in 1960. It featured two different designs on its reverse during its one hundred years in circulation: from 1860 until 1936, the image of Britannia; and from 1937 onwards, the image of a wren. Like all British coinage, it bore the portrait of the monarch on the obverse. \n\nBefore Decimal Day in 1971, there were two hundred and forty pence in one pound sterling. There were four farthings in a penny, twelve pence made a shilling, and twenty shillings made a pound. Values less than a pound were usually written in terms of shillings and pence, e.g. three shillings and six pence (3/6), pronounced \"three and six\" or \"three and sixpence\". Values of less than a shilling were simply written in terms of pence, e.g. 8d, pronounced \"eightpence\". A price with a farthing in it would be written like this: (19/11¼), pronounced \"nineteen and elevenpence farthing\".\n\nAs of 2014, the purchasing power of a farthing in 1960 (at its demise) ranged between 2p and 7p (in 2014 GB Pound values). \n\nDesign \n\nThe original reverse of the coin, designed by Leonard Charles Wyon, is a seated Britannia, holding a trident, with the word above. Issues before 1895 also feature a lighthouse to Britannia's left and a ship to her right. Various minor adjustments to the level of the sea depicted around Britannia, and the angle of her trident were also made over the years. Some issues feature toothed edges, while others feature beading.\n\nOver the years, seven different obverses were used. Edward VII, George V, George VI and Elizabeth II each had a single obverse for farthings produced during their respective reigns. Over the long reign of Queen Victoria two different obverses were used, and the short reign of Edward VIII meant that no farthings bearing his likeness were ever issued.\n\nThe farthing was first issued with the so-called \"bun head\", or \"draped bust\" of Queen Victoria on the obverse. The inscription around the bust read (abbreviated Latin: Victoria by the grace of God queen of Britain defender of the faith). This was replaced in 1895 by the \"old head\", or \"veiled bust\". The inscription on these coins read (Victoria by the grace of God queen of Britain defender of the faith empress of India).\n\nCoins issued during the reign of Edward VII feature his likeness and bear the inscription (Edward VII by the grace of God king of all Britain defender of the faith emperor of India). Similarly, those issued during the reign of George V feature his likeness and bear the inscription (George V by the grace of God king of all Britain defender of the faith emperor of India).\n\nA farthing of King Edward VIII (1936) does exist, dated 1937, but technically it is a pattern coin i.e. one produced for official approval, which it would probably have been due to receive about the time that the King abdicated. The obverse shows a left-facing portrait of the king (who considered this to be his best side, and consequently broke the tradition of alternating the direction in which the monarch faces on coins — some viewed this as indicating bad luck for the reign); the inscription on the obverse is (Edward VIII by the grace of God king of all Britain defender of the faith emperor of India).\n\nThe pattern coin of Edward VIII and regular-issue farthings of George VI and Elizabeth II feature a redesigned reverse displaying the wren, one of Britain's smallest birds.\n\nGeorge VI issue coins feature the inscription (George VI by the grace of God king of all Britain defender of the faith emperor of India) before 1949, and (George VI by the grace of God king of all Britain defender of the faith) thereafter. Unlike the penny, farthings were minted throughout the early reign of Elizabeth II, bearing the inscription (Elizabeth II by the grace of God queen of all Britain defender of the faith) in 1953, and (Elizabeth II by the grace of God queen defender of the faith) thereafter.\n \nOBVERSE DESIGNS\n\nFile:Victoria farthing.jpg|Victoria (old)\nFile:Victorianewfarthingobv.jpg|Victoria (new)\nFile:EdwardvIIfarthingobv.jpg|Edward VII\nFile:1919farthingobv.jpg|George V\nFile:1944farthingobv.jpg|George VI\nFile:Britfarthing1954obv.jpg|Elizabeth II\n\nMintages\nQuestion:\nWhich bird was shown on the reverse side of a farthing\nAnswer:\nWren\nPassage:\nMuscovado\nMuscovado, called Khaand in Hindi language, is a type of partially refined to unrefined brown sugar with a strong molasses content and flavour. It is technically considered either a non-centrifugal cane sugar or a centrifuged, partially refined sugar according to the process used by the manufacturer. \n\nConfusion has been created over the meaning of the term muscovado sugar, and as there is no legal definition or Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), different manufacturers are free to use the term loosely to describe any dark, molasses-rich sugar they produce. The term was originally coined in 17th- to 18th-century English to designate a poorly refined sugar that had retained too high a content of molasses and was deemed low quality. \n\nIn a modern context muscovado is used to define sugar made from the juice of sugar cane by evaporation until crystallization occurs. This solution of crystals and mother liquor (molasses) is called massecuite. The massecuite is set into moulds directly, granulated in cooling pans by shear action (either the traditional manual method or through use of a spray drier) or sent to a centrifuge to separate a crystal-rich mush that is drained of its molasses in a vessel under gravity. \n\nCurrently there are two localities still producing a commercial sugar termed muscovado, Mauritius and the Philippines. Muscovado from Mauritius is produced by centrifuged massecuite left to drain naturally of its molasses, whilst Filipino muscovado may be generated from any of the three methods. \n\nThere is some effort being made to clean up the terminology of sugars produced over the world as there are various synonyms used to describe unrefined through poorly refined to partially refined sugars with high molasses content and a dark colour made from sugar cane, such as panela (Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Argentina), rapadura (Brazil), chancaca (Chile, Peru, Bolivia), piloncillo (Mexico), muscovado (Philippines, Mauritius), panocha (Philippines), raspadura (Panama), kokuto (Japan), jaggery (India, South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria) and papelon (Venezuela) \n\nHistory\n\nAlso known as \"Barbados sugar\", \"molasses sugar\" or \"moist sugar\", muscovado sugar is an English corruption of the Spanish azúcar mascabado or the Portuguese açúcar mascavado, meaning sugar of the lowest quality or lowest value. The name and meaning is tied to the state of sugar production and markets of the late 18th to earliest 19th century, when sugar that had been less refined was considered an inferior product by the industry; thus muscovado meant literally a low quality sugar that was poorly drained of its molasses.\n\nThroughout the British Empire sugars that had been refined enough to lose most of their molasses content were termed raw and deemed higher quality, while most poor quality sugars with a high molasses content were usually referred to as muscovado, though the term \"brown sugar\" was occasionally used interchangeably. Sugar in the 19th century was produced through a variety of methods ranging from traditional, outdated practices, through to more modern, industrialized methods which incorporated the latest technology, such as vacuum pans and centrifuges. Sugar imported into Britain from its colonies (the West Indies, Mauritius and India) or from foreign markets (Cuba, Java, Brazil, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Réunion, Louisiana or the French West Indies) was brought to port in a variety of purities that could be sold either as raw sugar direct to market or as muscovado bound for a British refinery such as those in Glasgow or London. Sugar refinement had reached a zenith in Britain (and also, incidentally, in Louisiana), so expensive industrial equipment did not need to be installed in the colonies. In the early 19th century muscovado sugar was being produced in Mauritius from centrifuges and sent to conical moulds, in which molasses dripped from the sugar crystals under gravity. At the same time muscovado was being produced in the West Indies by primitive shearing action (feet stamping into barrels) on clarified, evaporated cane juice. Both of these are examples of the divergent production methods used to make muscovado sugar.\n\nUses\n\nMuscovado is very dark brown and slightly coarser and stickier than most brown sugars. Muscovado takes its flavor and color from its source, sugarcane juice. It offers good resistance to high temperatures and has a reasonably long shelf life. It is commonly used in baking recipes and making rum. Muscovado sugar can be used in most recipes where brown sugar is called for, by slightly reducing the liquid content of the recipe. \n\nMuscovado sugar has 11 calories/ 4 grams (approx. 1 tsp). When produced under regulated conditions, it is nutritionally richer than other brown sugars or refined sugar, and retains most of the natural minerals inherent in sugarcane juice, as shown in this chart: \n\nMineral content of muscovado sugar (per 100 g):\n* Total mineral salts 740 mg max.\n* Phosphorus (P) 3.9 mg max.\n* Calcium (Ca) 85 mg max.\n* Magnesium (Mg) 23 mg max.\n* Potassium (K) 100 mg max.\n* Iron (Fe) 1.3 mg max.\n\nThis unrefined sugar can be used in coffee and other beverages, and was one of the most prominent export commodities of the Philippines, especially from the Negros region from the 19th century until the late 1970s. The production of muscovado sugar in the Philippines, Barbados, and elsewhere had experienced a long period of decline when large mills took over sugar production from small farmers with small mills until consumer interest in healthy and organic foods revived interest in muscovado sugar, creating a new market for muscovado sugar production from small mills.\nQuestion:\nWhat colour is muscovado sugar\nAnswer:\nOrangeish blacks\nPassage:\nCock Robin\n\"Who Killed Cock Robin\" is an English nursery rhyme, which has been much used as a murder archetype in world culture. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 494.\n\nLyrics\n\nThe earliest record of the rhyme is in Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book, published c. 1744, which noted only the first four verses. The extended version given below was not printed until c. 1770.I. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn., 1997), pp. 130–3.\n\nWho killed Cock Robin?\nI, said the Sparrow,\nwith my bow and arrow,\nI killed Cock Robin.\n\nWho saw him die?\nI, said the Fly,\nwith my little eye,\nI saw him die.\n\nWho caught his blood?\nI, said the Fish,\nwith my little dish,\nI caught his blood.\n\nWho'll make the shroud?\nI, said the Beetle,\nwith my thread and needle,\nI'll make the shroud.\n\nWho'll dig his grave?\nI, said the Owl,\nwith my little trowel,\nI'll dig his grave.\n\nWho'll be the parson?\nI, said the Rook,\nwith my little book,\nI'll be the parson.\n\nWho'll be the clerk?\nI, said the Lark,\nif it's not in the dark,\nI'll be the clerk.\n\nWho'll carry the link?\nI, said the Linnet,\nI'll fetch it in a minute,\nI'll carry the link.\n\nWho'll be chief mourner?\nI, said the Dove,\nI mourn for my love,\nI'll be chief mourner.\n\nWho'll carry the coffin?\nI, said the Kite,\nif it's not through the night,\nI'll carry the coffin.\n\nWho'll bear the pall?\nWe, said the Wren,\nboth the cock and the hen,\nWe'll bear the pall.\n\nWho'll sing a psalm?\nI, said the Thrush,\nas she sat on a bush,\nI'll sing a psalm.\n\nWho'll toll the bell?\nI said the Bull,\nbecause I can pull,\nI'll toll the bell.\n\nAll the birds of the air\nfell a-sighing and a-sobbing,\nwhen they heard the bell toll\nfor poor Cock Robin.\n\nThe rhyme has been often reprinted with illustrations, as suitable reading material for small children. The rhyme also has an alternative ending, in which the sparrow who killed cock robin is hanged for his crime. Several early versions picture a stocky, strong-billed bullfinch tolling the bell, which may have been the original intention of the rhyme. \n\nOrigin and meaning\n\nAlthough the song was not recorded until the mid-eighteenth century, there is some evidence that it might be much older. The death of a robin by an arrow is depicted in a 15th-century stained glass window at Buckland Rectory, Gloucestershire, and the rhyme is similar to a story, Phyllyp Sparowe, written by John Skelton about 1508. The use of the rhyme 'owl' with 'shovel', could suggest that it was originally used in older middle English pronunciation. Versions of the story appear to exist in other countries, including Germany.\n\nA number of theories have been advanced to explain the meaning of the rhyme:\n* According to Celtic calendar traditions, Lugh is the sun god who dies as the nights get longer after the summer solstice; a traditional feast in his honour was held on Lughnasadh or \"Lammas\" day on the first of August, a day marked in the old Celtic pictographic calendar with a bow-and-arrow shape. As Lugh was the primary god representing the red sun, his name in common parlance would have been \"Coch Rhi Ben\" anglicised to \"Cock Robin\" – a leftover from the belief that souls became birds after death. This idea is still sustained in the old folk song \"Who Killed Cock Robin\" in which the sparrow kills him with \"my bow and arrow\", the sparrow here representing Bran, the tanist incarnation or opposite of Lugh – the god of winter. (Via www.lablit.com/article/341)\n* The rhyme records a mythological event, such as the death of the god Balder from Norse mythology, or the ritual sacrifice of a king figure, as proposed by early folklorists as in the 'Cutty Wren' theory of a 'pagan survival'. \n* It is a parody of the death of King William II, who was killed by an arrow while hunting in the New Forest (Hampshire) in 1100, and who was known as William Rufus, meaning \"red\". \n* The rhyme is connected with the fall of Robert Walpole's government in 1742, since Robin is a diminutive form of Robert and the first printing is close to the time of the events mentioned.\n\nAll of these theories are based on perceived similarities in the text to legendary or historical events, or on the similarities of names. Peter Opie pointed out that an existing rhyme could have been adapted to fit the circumstances of political events in the eighteenth century.\n\nThe theme of Cock Robin's death as well as the poem's distinctive cadence have become archetypes, much used in literary fiction and other works of art, from poems, to murder mysteries, to cartoons.\n\nNotes\nQuestion:\nIn the nursery rhyme Who Killed Cock Robin, which animal dug the grave?\nAnswer:\nOWL\nPassage:\nCanal Turn\nThe Canal Turn is a fence on Aintree Racecourse's National Course and thus is jumped during the Grand National steeplechase which is held annually at the racecourse, located near Liverpool, England. Named for the Leeds & Liverpool Canal which passes alongside the racecourse at this point, it is jumped twice during the race, as the eighth and 24th fences.\n\nThe fence is notable for the sharp left turn that the runners have to take as soon as they have negotiated the fence. The turn is almost 90 degrees and it is not uncommon for jockeys to become unbalanced as they change course; unseatings and falls are common. Seven equine fatalities have been recorded at the Canal Turn in Grand Nationals since the race was first run officially in 1839; the most recent death was that of The Last Fling in 2002.\n\nThe Canal Turn has been the scene of a number of incidents that have had a major impact upon the outcome of the Grand National. In 1928, the favourite and top-weight Easter Hero refused at the ditch which at the time preceded the fence (this was filled in following the race). This refusal took out 20 horses. By the end of the first circuit only six horses remained in the field. By the final fence just two remained. Billy Barton fell at the last, leaving the 100/1 outsider Tipperary Tim to finish alone. Billy Barton was, however, remounted to pick up the second-place prize money.\n\nIn the 2001 Grand National the riderless Paddy's Return ran in front of the field as they approached the fence. This caused a number of horses to be stopped in their tracks or brought down. In total nine horses in the field were taken out of the race at the Canal Turn, including Amberleigh House, who went on to win the National in 2004. On the final lap Paddy's Return again ran across the fence, but this time Red Marauder, the eventual winner, and Smarty, who eventually took second, avoided the loose horse.\n\nThe 2015 Grand National saw the fence bypassed for the first time on the final lap as vets treated Balthazar King, who was injured in a fall on the first lap.\n\nNumber of fallers\n\nThis table documents the number of runners which fell in recent Grand Nationals at the Canal Turn, including those who unseated riders or were brought down, but not those who were pulled up or refused at the fence:\n\n* 1993 race void.\n† Fence was only jumped once in 2015.\nQuestion:\nFoinaven, Valentines and the Canal Turn are all features of which British racecourse?\nAnswer:\nAintree railway stations\nPassage:\nB&Q\nB&Q plc, originally known as Block & Quayle, is a British multinational DIY and home improvement retailing company with headquarters in Eastleigh, England, United Kingdom. Founded by Richard Block & David Quayle in 1969, it is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Kingfisher plc. \n\nB&Q currently has stores in mainland China, Ireland and Taiwan, as well as the United Kingdom. It is the largest DIY retail chain in China and the United Kingdom. It is the second largest in Europe, and the fourth largest in the world (behind the Home Depot, Lowe's & OBI). \n\nHistory\n\n1969 to 2000\n\nB&Q was founded in March 1969 in Southampton, England, by Richard Block & David Quayle. The first store opened in the Southampton suburb of Portswood, and was originally called Block & Quayle, soon shortened to B&Q. The chain quickly expanded, and by 1979 there were 26 stores across the United Kingdom, by which time the first of the co-founders had left the business: Block left in 1976 & Quayle in 1982. \n\nB&Q grew rapidly through a combination of mergers, acquisitions and expansions. In 1980, B&Q bought the Hampshire-based company Dodge City, and was itself acquired by the F. W. Woolworth Company. \nF. W. Woolworth's United Kingdom subsidiary (Woolworth's Ltd.) and B&Q were bought two years later by Paternoster, now known as Kingfisher plc and still B&Q's parent company. In the late 1980s, B&Q purchased Timberland DIY, based in the North East.\n\nB&Q developed two new trading formats: HomeCentres, retailing furniture, bathrooms, soft furniture, flooring and lighting; and AutoCentres, being similar to a Halfords, the first launch taking place at Cribbs Causeway, Bristol, in the late 1980s. The concept being to have a HomeCentre, AutoCentre and DIY Superstore with one communal car park. The forays into these new markets were relatively short lived, and the various sites were sold on a couple of years later. The AutoCentres becoming in the main 'Charlie Browns', the HomeCentres being sold off individually.\n\nIn the mid–1990s, B&Q opened a new format of store known as the Depot (later changed to B&Q Depot), a forerunner of a new class of store known as the B&Q Warehouse. The company also began to expand outside the United Kingdom. \n\nIn 1995, it co-operated with parent company Kingfisher plc to open its first overseas subsidiary in Taiwan, and in January 1996, the first overseas large home improvement center in Taoyuan City, Taiwan. In September 1998, it acquired NOMI, Poland's leading chain of DIY stores, and later that year merged with France's Castorama. The following year, B&Q opened a store in Shanghai, and acquired the British hardware company Screwfix.\n\n2000 to present\n\nB&Q opened its first store in Hong Kong on 1 June 2007, but was scheduled to close it on 13 September 2009. In December 2007, Kingfisher sold its 50 per cent stake in B&Q Taiwan to its joint venture partner. The $106.5 million (£52 million) proceeds were used to reduce debt. \n\nIn March 2009, B&Q closed 22 of its then 63 stores in China, blaming the housing slump. In May 2011, B&Q agreed to acquire 31 stores in the United Kingdom, from the administrators of Focus DIY for £23M. During 2011, B&Q opened a new regional distribution centre, at G.Park in Swindon. \n\nOn 31 January 2013, B&Q Ireland Ltd. filed for examinership in the Irish courts and PWC Ireland was appointed examiner. B&Q Ireland stores will continue to trade as normal for the next 100 days until a suitable buyer is found or alternative financing arrangements can be made. Gift vouchers will continue to be honoured in stores and its 700 staff will continue to be paid. It is proposed to close two of the nine Irish stores – in Waterford and Athlone. B&Q Ireland had made a loss in each of the preceding six years. \n\nCriticism\n\nIn June 2001, in Poole, Dorset, 69–year–old customer Pamela Jean Hinchliffe was fatally crushed by a forklift at the firm's Fleetsbridge store. In June 2004, B&Q were found guilty of causing death, and the following month they received a fine of £550,000. However, in September 2005, their legal costs were reduced on appeal. \n\nIn November 2002, Damian Nicholls, the forklift driver, was prosecuted by the Crown Prosecution Service, at Winchester Crown Court. On 16 June 2001, the court was told that Nicholls had hit some pallets, and a colleague commented that he would \"end up killing someone\". He was acquitted of manslaughter, and of causing death by dangerous driving. However, in October 2005, Nicholls' fine was reduced, again on appeal.\n\nStores\n\nBy 2000, B&Q had 51 of its larger Warehouse stores; this had doubled by 2003. By 3 May 2014, B&Q in the United Kingdom had 359 stores, and 20,887 employees. In Ireland B&Q operate 9 individual stores. \nIts 2004/2005 turnover was £4.1 billion and profit £400.5 million, \ncompared to published figures putting turnover at £3.9 billion and profit at £162.9 million for year ending February 2007. \n\nIn March 2015, Kingfisher said it would close 60 B&Q stores, in the United Kingdom & Ireland over the next two years. It would also close a few loss making stores in Europe. It also said that B&Q UK & Ireland could adequately meet local customer needs, from fewer stores, and some stores should be smaller.\nQuestion:\nRichard Block and David Quayle founded which British-based DIY retailing company in 1969?\nAnswer:\nB & Q\nPassage:\nGuy Garvey\nGuy Edward John Garvey (born 6 March 1974) is an English singer, songwriter and BBC 6 Music presenter. He is the lead singer and principal songwriter of the alternative rock band Elbow.\n\nEarly life\n\nGarvey grew up in a middle class family in Bury, Lancashire (now Greater Manchester). His father spent most of his working life as a newspaper proofreader, later joining ICI as a chemist; his mother was a police officer before becoming a psychologist. One of seven siblings, Garvey has five older sisters — Gina, Louise, Sam, Karen and Becky — whilst his younger brother is actor Marcus Garvey.\n\nCareer\n\nIn the early 90s, while at sixth-form college in Bury, Garvey formed Elbow with Mark and Craig Potter, Pete Turner, and Richard Jupp. He serves as the main songwriter and lyricist of Elbow, and has been widely praised for his songwriting throughout his career. As well as vocal duties Garvey has also played a wide variety of instruments live including both electric and acoustic guitar, trumpet, and various forms of percussion. Elbow won two Ivor Novello awards for best song writing for the 2008 single \"Grounds for Divorce\" as well as best contemporary song for \"One Day Like This\". He was awarded a lifetime achievement honour by the Radio Academy in 2014. In the same year, he also featured on the re-launched Band Aid charity's single to raise funds for the Ebola crisis in Africa. Garvey, with Elbow, was commissioned by the BBC to write the theme song for the 2012 London Olympics and Elbow performed this song, \"First Steps\" at the closing ceremony of the Olympics. \n\nAmongst other work, Garvey produced and recorded the I Am Kloot album Natural History (2001). Alongside Elbow keyboard player Craig Potter he also produced I Am Kloot's single \"Maybe I Should\" (2005, not associated with any album), their Mercury Music Prize nominated 2010 album Sky at Night and their 2013 album Let It All In. Elbow were themselves Mercury Music Prize nominees, in 2011, for the album Build a Rocket Boys! and won the prize in 2008 for their album \"The Seldom Seen Kid\". In addition, Garvey made an appearance on Massive Attack's 2010 album record Heligoland.\n\nHe is a member of the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA). In April 2012 Garvey became a patron of the [http://www.craftanddesign.com/ Manchester Craft and Design Centre]. In recognition of his outstanding contribution to music he received, in July of the same year, an honorary doctorate from Manchester Metropolitan University, to become a Doctor of Arts. \n\nGarvey has been a presenter on BBC 6 Music for over five years (Sunday afternoon 2 pm to 4 pm, British time) and previously presented a show on Sunday evenings on XFM. \nHe had a monthly column in the now-defunct listings magazine City Life and is a patron of the Mines Advisory Group (MAG), the Manchester-based charity responsible for clearing war zones of mines and munitions worldwide.\n\nIn 2015 Garvey presented Music Box, an iPlayer-exclusive series covering emerging and established bands. Garvey has also read several children's stories for the CBeebies \"Bedtime Stories\" program on the BBC.\n\nIn 2015 Garvey announced that he would be releasing his first solo studio album while continuing his duties as Elbow's lead songwriter. The resulting album, Courting the Squall, was released on 30 October 2015 by Polydor Records in the UK. On 27 October 2015 Garvey appeared on BBC Two's Later... with Jools Holland, where he performed \"Angela's Eyes\" and \"Belly of the Whale\". \n\nPersonal life\n\nGarvey was in a long-term relationship with writer Emma Jane Unsworth until 2012. He began dating actress Rachael Stirling in 2015. Garvey and Stirling married in June 2016 at Manchester Town Hall. \n\nDiscography\n\nWith Elbow\n\n*Asleep in the Back (2001)\n*Cast of Thousands (2003)\n*Leaders of the Free World (2005)\n*The Seldom Seen Kid (2008)\n*Build a Rocket Boys! (2011)\n*The Take Off and Landing of Everything (2014)\n\nSolo\n\n*Courting the Squall (2015)\nQuestion:\nGuy Garvey is the lead vocalist of which award-winning Bury-based band?\nAnswer:\nElbows\nPassage:\nHow did the planet Pluto get its name? | Reference.com\nHow did the planet Pluto get its name? | Reference.com\nHow did the planet Pluto get its name?\nA:\nQuick Answer\nFollowing the tradition of naming planets after ancient Roman gods, Pluto derives its name from the Roman god of the underworld. The Lowell Observatory named the planet after receiving the suggestion from 11-year-old Venetia Burney of Oxford, England. Pluto officially received its name on March 24, 1930.\nFull Answer\nThe Lowell Observatory received over 1,000 suggested names for the planet. Burney initially suggested the name to her grandfather, who passed the suggestion along to an astronomer. The astronomer, Herbert Hall Turner, passed the name on to astronomers at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Ariz. The name Pluto was selected unanimously from a short list, which also included the suggested names Minerva and Cronus.\nPluto's moons are named after figures associated with the god Pluto. Charon, the first discovered of Pluto's moons, is named after the boatman of the Roman underworld who ferries the souls of the dead across the river to the underworld. Discovered decades later, the moons Nix and Hydra are named after Charon's mother and the multi-head guardian of the underworld, respectively. Subsequently discovered moons are named after Kerberos, a three-headed dog from Greek mythology, and Styx, the name of the river across which Charon ferries souls to the underworld.\nWhile Pluto is the generally accepted name of the planet, some languages use the name of underworld figures from different traditions. Some East Asian languages call the planet Meiosei. In Hindi the planet is called Yama, while in Maori the planet is referred to as Whiro.\nQuestion:\nWhere did Pluto, discovered in 1930 (and designated a planet at the time), get its name?\nAnswer:\nLegends from greece\nPassage:\nRichard Poole (character)\nDetective Inspector Richard Poole is a character in the crime drama television series Death in Paradise, portrayed by Ben Miller.\n\nA British inspector assigned to Saint Marie to investigate the previous inspector's murder, Poole was instructed to remain on the island as the new police detective. Despite his distaste for the island and inexperience with tropical weather - to the point where he continued to wear his old suits - he often showed a useful knack for making deductive leaps based on minimal information and random events, and favoured making arrests by addressing all the suspects at once before identifying the killer. In series 2 he grew slightly more relaxed. He recommended Fidel for the sergeant's exam. Poole briefly returned to London, but in spite of his distaste for Saint Marie, he chose to return. Richard was murdered in the first episode of Series 3, at a Cambridge university reunion, by Helen Reid, when he threatened to expose her identity theft, and was replaced by DI Humphrey Goodman.\n\nPoole is an \"English eccentric with a hatred for island life\". According to Michael Hogan, Poole \"harrumphs around Hugh Grant-ishly in his uptight Brit suit and carries a briefcase, endlessly dabbing at his forehead with a hankie.\" Hogan goes on to argue that Poole is a \"bland blend of several dozen \"quirky\" screen sleuths: a bit of Morse here, a dash of Columbo there, a pinch of Precious Ramotswe and a lug of Jonathan Creek to taste.\"\nQuestion:\nWho plays Detective Inspector Richard Poole in the crime drama 'Death in Paradise'?\nAnswer:\nBen Miller\nPassage:\nThe Wise Little Hen\nThe Wise Little Hen is a Walt Disney's Silly Symphonies cartoon, based on the fairy tale The Little Red Hen. This cartoon marked the debut of Donald Duck, dancing to the Sailor's Hornpipe. Donald and his friend Peter Pig try to avoid work by faking stomach aches until Mrs. Hen teaches them the value of labor. This cartoon was released on June 9, 1934. It was animated by Art Babbitt, Dick Huemer, Clyde Geronimi, Louie Schmitt, and Frenchy de Tremaudan (with assistance from a group of junior animators headed by Ben Sharpsteen) and directed by Wilfred Jackson. It was also adapted as a Sunday comic strip by Ted Osborne and Al Taliaferro. \n\nPlot\n\nThe Wise Little Hen of the title is looking for someone to help her plant her corn. Peter Pig and Donald Duck both feign belly aches to get out of the chore. So, with help from her chicks, she plants it herself. Harvest time comes; again, Peter and Donald claim belly aches, but the hen sees through this. She cooks up a variety of corn dishes, and heads over to Peter and Donald to help her eat them, but before she can open her mouth, they already fake their belly aches. Once she asks, they are miraculously \"cured\" but all she gives them is castor oil, to teach them a lesson. As the hen eats the corn herself, Peter and Donald, with nothing but an appetite, repent with all their might by kicking each other.\n\nCast\n\n* Florence Gill - the Wise Little Hen (She only properly speaks in her sung lines when she asks Peter or/and Donald if they will \"Help her plant, harvest or eat her corn\")\n* Clarence Nash - Donald Duck, Peter Pig\n\nOther references\n\nThis short was one of the many featured in Donald Duck's 50th Birthday.\n\nHome video releases\n\n* Donald Duck Volume 1 (Betamax) 1986\n* Mickey Mouse & Donald Duck Volume 2 (VHS, Laserdisc) 1989\n* Donald Duck's 50 Birthday (VHS, Laserdisc) 1991\n* The Chronological Donald Volume 1 (DVD) 2005\n* Walt Disney's Timeless Tales Volume 3: Casey at the Bat/Little Hiwatha/Morris the Midget Moose (DVD) 2006\n* Walt Disney Animation Collection: Classic Short Films Volume 5: Wind in the Willows (DVD) 2009\n\nAdaptations\n\nThere was an adaptation story to the cartoon called \"Mrs. Cackles's Corn\" from Walt Disney's Story Land: 55 Favorite Stories. There are a couple of differences like instead of Donald Duck and Peter Pig, they use Daniel Duck and Podgo Pig in the story, the hen is called Mrs. Cackle, and Clara Cluck is telling the story.\nQuestion:\nWhich cartoon character first appeared in an animated feature called The Wise Little Hen ?\nAnswer:\nDonald Duck\nPassage:\nBingo (folk song)\n\"Bingo\", also known as \"Bingo Was His Name-O\", \"There Was a Farmer Who Had a Dog\", and \"C'era un contadino che aveva un cagnolino di nome Bingolino\" in Italy, is an English language children's song of obscure origin. Additional verses are sung by omitting the first letter sung in the previous verse and clapping instead of actually saying the word. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 589. \n\nLyrics\n\nThe contemporary version generally goes as follows: \n\nThere was a farmer, had a dog,\nand Bingo was his name-o.\nB-I-N-G-O\nB-I-N-G-O\nB-I-N-G-O\nAnd Bingo was his name-o.\n\nThere was a farmer had a dog,\nand Bingo was his name-o.\n(clap)-I-N-G-O\n(clap)-I-N-G-O\n(clap)-I-N-G-O\nAnd Bingo was his name-o.\n\nThere was a farmer had a dog,\nand Bingo was his name-o.\n(clap)-(clap)-N-G-O\n(clap)-(clap)-N-G-O\n(clap)-(clap)-N-G-O\nAnd Bingo was his name-o.\n\nThere was a farmer had a dog,\nand Bingo was his name-o.\n(clap)-(clap)-(clap)-G-O\n(clap)-(clap)-(clap)-G-O\n(clap)-(clap)-(clap)-G-O\nAnd Bingo was his name-o.\n\nThere was a farmer had a dog,\nand Bingo was his name-o.\n(clap)-(clap)-(clap)-(clap)-O\n(clap)-(clap)-(clap)-(clap)-O\n(clap)-(clap)-(clap)-(clap)-O\nAnd Bingo was his name-o.\n\nThere was a farmer had a dog,\nand Bingo was his name-o.\n(clap)-(clap)-(clap)-(clap)-(clap)\n(clap)-(clap)-(clap)-(clap)-(clap)\n(clap)-(clap)-(clap)-(clap)-(clap)\nAnd Bingo was his name-o.\n\nEarlier forms\n\nThe earliest reference to any form of the song is from the title of a piece of sheet music published in 1780, which attributed the song to William Swords, an actor at the Haymarket Theatre of London. Early versions of the song were variously titled \"The Farmer's Dog Leapt o'er the Stile\", \"A Franklyn's Dogge\", or \"Little Bingo\".\n\nAn early transcription of the song (without a title) dates from the 1785 songbook \"The Humming Bird\", and reads: This is how most people know the traditional children's song:\n\nThe farmer's dog leapt over the stile,\nhis name was little Bingo,\nthe farmer's dog leapt over the stile,\nhis name was little Bingo.\nB with an I — I with an N,\nN with a G — G with an O;\nhis name was little Bingo:\nB—I—N—G—O!\nHis name was little Bingo.\n\nThe farmer loved a cup of good ale,\nhe called it rare good stingo,\nthe farmer loved a cup of good ale,\nhe called it rare good stingo.\nS—T with an I — I with an N,\nN with a G — G with an O;\nHe called it rare good stingo:\nS—T—I—N—G—O!\nHe called it rare good stingo\n\nAnd is this not a sweet little song?\nI think it is —— by jingo.\nAnd is this not a sweet little song?\nI think it is —— by jingo.\nJ with an I — I with an N,\nN with a G — G with an O;\nI think it is —— by jingo:\nJ—I—N—G—O!\nI think it is —— by jingo.\n\nA similar transcription exists from 1840, as part of The Ingoldsby Legends, the transcribing of which is credited in part to a \"Mr. Simpkinson from Bath\". This version drops several of the repeated lines found in the 1785 version and the transcription uses more archaic spelling and the first lines read \"A franklyn's dogge\" rather than \"The farmer's dog\". A version similar to the Ingoldsby one (with some spelling variations) was also noted from 1888. \n\nThe presence of the song in the United States was noted by Robert M. Charlton in 1842. English folklorist Alice Bertha Gomme recorded eight forms in 1894. Highly-differing versions were recorded in Monton, Shropshire, Liphook and Wakefield, Staffordshire, Nottinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Derbyshire and Enborne. All of these versions were associated with children's games, the rules differing by locality. Early versions of \"Bingo\" were also noted as adult drinking songs.\n\nVariations on the lyrics refer to the dog variously as belonging to a miller or a shepherd, and/or named \"Bango\" or \"Pinto\". In some variants, variations on the following third stanza are added:\n\nThe farmer loved a pretty young lass, \nand gave her a wedding-ring-o.\nR with an I — I with an N,\nN with a G — G with an O;\n(etc.)\n\nThis stanza is placed before or substituted for the stanza starting with \"And is this not a sweet little song?\"\n\nVersions that are variations on the early version of \"Bingo\" have been recorded in classical arrangements by Frederick Ranalow (1925), John Langstaff (1952), and Richard Lewis (1960). Under the title \"Little Bingo\", a variation on the early version was recorded twice by folk singer Alan Mills, on Animals, Vol. 1 (1956) and on 14 Numbers, Letters, and Animal Songs (1972).\n\nThe song should not be confused with the 1961 UK hit pop song \"Bingo, Bingo (I'm In Love)\" by Dave Carey, which originated as a jingle for pirate station Radio Luxembourg.\nQuestion:\nFinish this line from a popular kids’ song: “There was a farmer had a dog, and ____ was his name-o!”\nAnswer:\nBingo\nPassage:\nI'll Never Fall in Love Again\n\"I'll Never Fall in Love Again\" is a popular song by the composer Burt Bacharach and the lyricist Hal David. Originally written for the 1968 musical Promises, Promises, the song's narrator ruminates on the various troubles that falling in love brings. The song charted at #93 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 during the summer of 1969. The song was nominated for Song of the Year in the 1969 Grammy awards.\n\nIn January 1970, the song was a number six hit on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and a number-one hit for three weeks on the Easy Listening chart for Dionne Warwick. Warwick's version, arranged and produced by Bacharach and recorded in 1969 with the session musician Gary Chester on drums, also reached number three on the Canadian Chart and crossed over into the Top 20 R&B Chart and became an international million seller. It also spent four weeks at number one on the Canadian Adult Contemporary chart. Warwick's album of the same name containing the single won a 1971 Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance-Female.\n\nThe song has charted with various other artists. Bobbie Gentry's reached number one on the UK Singles Chart for a single week in October 1969. Ella Fitzgerald's became a minor hit in September 1969 and charted briefly. It was also the best-charting single in a cover version for the Scottish band Deacon Blue, peaking at number two in the UK Singles Chart in 1990.\n\nChart performance\n\nWeekly singles charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCover versions\n\nApart from the above versions, this song has been covered many times:\n*Herb Alpert\n*Liz Anderson (reached #56 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1972)\n*Chet Atkins\n*Shirley Bassey (on her 1969 album Does Anybody Miss Me)\n*Deacon Blue (#2 UK, #2 IRL) on their EP Four Bacharach & David Songs in 1990 \n*The Carpenters\n*Mary Chapin Carpenter\n*Elvis Costello & Burt Bacharach (featured in the 1999 movie Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me)\n*The Dells\n*Ella Fitzgerald\n*Bobbie Gentry – Touch 'Em with Love (1969), Fancy (1970)\n*Anita Harris\n*Emmylou Harris (on her 1969 album Gliding Bird)\n*Isaac Hayes (on his 1971 album Black Moses)\n*Sean Hayes and Kristin Chenoweth\n*Bradley Joseph\n*Ronan Keating on the album When Ronan Met Burt (2011)\n*Mark Lindsay (on his 1970 album Arizona)\n*Johnny Mathis\n*Liza Minnelli\n*Anne Murray\n*Trijntje Oosterhuis\n*Patti Page\n*Evan Rachel Wood (part of the 2015 movie Strange Magic)\n*The Real Group\n*Sitti\n*Catherine Spaak & Johnny Dorelli\n*Tok Tok Tok\n*Ornella Vanoni\n*Dionne Warwick (#6 US, #3 Canada, #17 US R&B, #1 US Adult Contemporary)\n*The Whitlams\n*Wilson Simonal (Brazilian singer on the album \"Mexico 70\")\n*Elvis Presley\n*Chord Overstreet and Lea Michele in the season six episode of Glee, \"What the World Needs Now\"\nQuestion:\n\"Which female singer had a number 1 hit record with \"\"I'll never fall in love again\"\"which topped the charts in August 1969 ?\"\nAnswer:\nBOBBY GENTRY\nPassage:\nRisotto\nRisotto ( or) is a northern Italian rice dish cooked in a broth to a creamy consistency. The broth can be derived from meat, fish, or vegetables. Many types of risotto contain butter, wine, and onion. It is one of the most common ways of cooking rice in Italy.\n\nRisotto in Italy is normally a primo (first course), served on its own before the main course, but risotto alla milanese,, is often served together with ossobuco alla milanese.\n\nRice varieties\n\nA high-starch (amylopectin), low-amylose round medium- or short- grain white rice is usually used for making risotto. Such rices have the ability to absorb liquids and to release starch and so they are stickier than the long grain varieties. The principal varieties used in Italy are Arborio, Baldo, Carnaroli, Maratelli, Padano, Roma, and Vialone Nano. Carnaroli, Maratelli (historical Italian variety) and Vialone Nano are considered to be the best (and most expensive) varieties, with different users preferring one over another. They have slightly different properties. For example, Carnaroli is less likely than Vialone Nano to get overcooked, but the latter, being smaller, cooks faster and absorbs condiments better. Other varieties like Roma, Baldo, Ribe and Originario may be used but will not have the creaminess of the traditional dish. These varieties are considered better for soups and other non-risotto rice dishes and for making sweet rice desserts. Rice designations of Superfino, Semifino and Fino refer to the size and shape (specifically the length and the narrowness) of the grains, and not the quality.\n\nBasic preparation\n\nThere are many different risotto recipes with different ingredients, but they are all based on rice of an appropriate variety, cooked in a standard procedure.\n\nThe rice is first cooked briefly in a soffritto of onion and, butter or olive oil, to coat each grain in a film of fat, called tostatura; white or red wine is added and must be absorbed by the grains. When it has evaporated, then the heat is raised to medium high, and very hot stock is gradually added in small amounts, while the concoction is stirred gently, almost constantly: stirring loosens the starch molecules from the outside of the rice grains into the surrounding liquid, creating a smooth creamy-textured liquid. At that point, the pot is taken off the heat for the mantecatura (the point when diced cold butter is vigorously stirred in), to make the texture as creamy and smooth as possible. It may be removed from the heat a few minutes earlier and left to cook with its residual heat.\n\nProperly cooked risotto is rich and creamy, but has some resistance or bite (al dente) and separate grains. The traditional texture is fairly fluid, or all'onda (\"wavy, or flowing in waves\"). It is served on flat dishes and should easily spread out but not have excess watery liquid around the perimeter. It must be eaten at once, as it continues to cook in its own heat and can become too dry with the grains too soft.\n\nItalian regional variations\n\nMany variations have their own names:\nQuestion:\nRisotto is usually made with which type of rice?\nAnswer:\nArborio\n\n\nPassage:\nAlbert Einstein named Person of the Century by Time ...\nAlbert Einstein named Person of the Century by Time | World History Project\nDec 31 1999\nAlbert Einstein named Person of the Century by Time\nTime 100: The Most Important People of the Century is a compilation of the 20th century's 100 most influential people, published in Time magazine in 1999.\nThe idea for such a list started on February 1, 1998, with a debate at a symposium at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. The panel participants were former CBS Evening News anchor Dan Rather, historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, former New York governor Mario Cuomo, then-Stanford Provost Dr. Condoleezza Rice, publisher Irving Kristol, and Time managing editor Walter Isaacson.\nThe final list was published on June 14, 1999, in a special issue titled \"TIME 100: Heroes & Icons of the 20th Century\".\nIn a separate issue on December 31, 1999, Time recognized Albert Einstein as the Person of the Century.\nSource: Wikipedia Added by: Kevin Rogers\nAlbert Einstein, whose theories laid the groundwork for many modern technologies including nuclear weapons, has been named \"person of the century\" by Time magazine.\nTime called him a \"genius, political refugee, humanitarian, locksmith of the mysteries of the atom and the Universe\".\n\"In a century that will be remembered foremost for its science and technology ... one person clearly stands out as both the greatest mind and paramount icon of our age.\n\"The kindly, absent-minded professor whose wild halo of hair, piercing eyes, engaging humanity and extraordinary brilliance made his face a symbol and his name a synonym for genius, Albert Einstein,\" the magazine said.\nIt described him as \"the century's greatest thinker, as an immigrant who fled from oppression to freedom and as a political idealist, who best embodies what historians will regard as significant about the 20th Century.\"\n\"The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is ... technologies that flowed directly from advances in basic science,\" theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking wrote in a Time essay.\n\"Clearly, no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein.\"\nTime's runners-up for person of the century were US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who it said represented the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism and communism, and Mahatma Gandhi, who symbolised individuals struggling for their rights. The issue is out on Monday.\nThe previous issue named the founder of online bookstore Amazon, Jeff Bezos, \"man of the year\".\nSlow starter\nEarlier in the year, 100 of today's leading physicists voted Einstein the greatest physicist of all time.\nQuestion:\nDescribed as 'the paramount icon of our age', who did 'Time' Magazine name as the person of the 20th century?\nAnswer:\n"} {"question_id": 52, "category": "longbench_musique", "reference": ["trying to find a potential buyer for all of its operations in Finland", "FIN", "fi", "Finland"], "prompt": "Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nThe following are given passages.\nPassage 1:\nMovie Gallery\nMovie Gallery, Inc. (former NASDAQ ticker symbol MOVI) was the second largest movie and game rental company in the United States and Canada, behind Blockbuster Video. The company rented and sold Blu-ray Discs, DVDs, VHS tapes, and video games. Founded in Dothan, Alabama, the company was headquartered in Dothan, and later in Wilsonville, Oregon.\nOn April 30, 2010, Movie Gallery announced it was closing and liquidating all of its stores per a filing of Chapter 7 bankruptcy. At its peak the firm had about 4,700 stores in North America, operating mainly under the Movie Gallery, Hollywood Video, and GameCrazy brands. The last of the company's stores were closed in August 2010.\nIn 2011, three Movie Gallery locations in Northwest Arkansas reopened by an independent business owner who acquired the trademark rights in Arkansas. In 2013, an independent businessman in Jackson, Mississippi acquired the trademark rights in Mississippi to Movie Gallery and Hollywood Video and announced intentions to reopen select previously profitable stores.\nMost regular Movie Galleries were located in rural areas, while Hollywood Video locations, which competed directly with Blockbuster, were located in urban areas.\n\nHistory\nMovie Gallery was formed in 1985 by Joe Malugen and Harrison Parrish in Dothan, Alabama. Through its wholly owned subsidiary, M.G.A., the company's founders began operating video specialty stores in southern Alabama and the Florida panhandle, and franchising the Movie Gallery store concept. By June 1987 the company owned five stores and had a franchise operation of 45 stores. In 1988, the company began to consolidate the franchisees into company owned stores. By 1992, the company had a total of 37 stores and annual revenues of $6 million.\nIn August 1994, the company completed an initial public offering of its stock. With the proceeds from this offering, the company began to quickly complete acquisitions of various video chains, primarily in the southeast. In early 1995, the company raised additional public funds and continued the acquisition and development of stores. By the middle of 1996, only 22 months after beginning its aggressive expansion strategy, Movie Gallery had grown to over 850 stores through over 100 separate acquisitions.\nIn 1999, Movie Gallery announced plans to build 100 new stores. The company completed an 88-store acquisition of Blowout Entertainment in May and ended the year with more than 950 locations in 31 states. In 2000, Movie Gallery again set its goal at opening 100 new stores and relocating 25. This goal was surpassed.\nThe company moved forward with its largest single-chain acquisition to date, expanding its base of stores by 30%, in late December 2001. The addition of Video Update stores to the Movie Gallery family launched the company's international presence with 100 retail locations in Canada. Movie Gallery achieved the 1,678 store mark in 2002.In 2005, the company completed the largest acquisition to date with the Hollywood Entertainment merger. This combination of companies increased the store total to 4,700 with revenues in excess of $2.5 billion. In addition, Movie Gallery opened 61 new stores in Western Canada with the acquisition of VHQ Entertainment.\n\nDownfall\nThe company began having financial difficulties and announced the closure of 520 stores in September 2007. At the time Movie Gallery had about 4,500 locations. The next month, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. Because of these troubles, the stock price dropped below $1 per share and was removed from listing on the NASDAQ stock exchange in November 2007.An additional 400 stores were scheduled to close during the bankruptcy reorganization. Movie Gallery emerged from Chapter 11 in May 2008 and appointed C. J. Gabriel, Jr. as the new chief executive officer. Founder and former CEO Joe Malugen continued to serve on the Movie Gallery Board of Directors until leaving on July 30, 2008. The company relocated its headquarters to Wilsonville, Oregon, (home of the Hollywood Video subsidiary) in late 2008. In January 2009, they closed their Wilsonville distribution center.In early 2009, Movie Gallery operated about 2,700 locations and 1,300 Hollywood Video locations in the United States. Canadian operations included over 200 \"Movie Gallery\" branded stores, as well as approximately 60 under the VHQ brand in western Canada. In 2009 Movie Gallery closed its Wilsonville, Oregon distribution facility, merging it with one in Nashville, Tennessee.The Chapter 11 reorganization plan failed to solve all of the company's problems; Movie Gallery's stock fell from $1.25 at close in October 2009 to $0.05 a share at close on December 3, 2009, and many locations fell behind on rent. On February 1, 2010, stores received a report stating that about 800 stores were to be shut down. The company hired the law firm of Sonnenschein, Nath & Rosenthal to prepare for a second filing of bankruptcy, and on February 3, 2010, they again filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. During a company-wide conference call on April 30, 2010, it was announced that all U.S. Hollywood Video, Movie Gallery, and Game Crazy stores would file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in May 2010. On June 8, 2010, the company's Canadian stores also entered liquidation.The last US Movie Gallery and Hollywood Video locations closed on July 31, 2010, and the liquidation sale was completed. The remaining Canadian stores closed during the week of August 8. The contents of the company's headquarters were auctioned off in August 2010.\n\nSubsidiaries\nMovieBeam\nMovieBeam was a set-top service offered in larger cities in which customers could download movies to a set-top box. Most movies expired within 24 hours of downloading. The company was founded by Disney and other investors as an alternative to online movie downloads. A special set-top box had to be purchased by consumers for the service at a retail price of $149.95. Most major movie studios provided new release content to the service. However, MovieBeam failed to gain any serious traction in the marketplace. MovieBeam was shut down on December 15, 2007. As of June 2008 the remnants of MovieBeam, including its trademarks and other intellectual properties, were sold to an outside investors group for approximately $2 million as part of the company's restructuring. All in-store kiosks for the service were then removed as well.\n\nHollywood Video\nHollywood Video, a subsidiary of Movie Gallery, Inc., operated from Wilsonville, Oregon, as a DVD and video game rental shop chain in the United States. It was started in 1988 by former CEO Mark Wattles and his wife. The chain was the largest direct competitor of Blockbuster Video until it was purchased by Movie Gallery in 2005. Hollywood Video declared bankruptcy in February 2010 and announced that it would shut down three months later.\n\nPurchase of Hollywood Video\nHollywood Video was the target of a hostile takeover attempt, initially announced at the end of December 2004 by competitor Blockbuster Video. In February 2005, Blockbuster announced an exchange offer of $14.50 per share ($11.50 cash and $3.00 in Blockbuster shares).In order to create a stronger position against the hostile takeover, Hollywood Video agreed to a buyout on Monday, January 10, 2005, by its smaller competitor Movie Gallery. Movie Gallery paid $860 million, $13.25 per share, and the assumption of $380 million in debt. Stocks closed at $13.85 on January 10 after the news. Blockbuster then dropped its purchase plans, citing anti-trust concerns. Movie Gallery completed its purchase of Hollywood Video on April 27, 2005.\n\nHeadquarters\nMovie Gallery originally had its headquarters in Dothan, Alabama. In Dothan, the company had 70,000 square feet (6,500 m2) of space in the Porter Square Mall. Later in its life the company's headquarters were in Wilsonville, Oregon.In 2005 Movie Gallery bought Hollywood Video, gaining Hollywood's office space in Oregon. Movie Gallery operated its Oregon office out of the space, and Hollywood Video, now a subsidiary of Movie Gallery, maintained its headquarters in Wilsonville. In 2007 Movie Gallery filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. In 2008 when the company emerged from Chapter 11, its new upper management had no ties whatsoever to Dothan, Alabama. Joe Malugen, the founder of Movie Gallery, was no longer the CEO; instead, C. J. Gabriel, an Idaho resident, was named the CEO. Because of this, Jim Cook of The Enterprise Ledger said \"there may be little motivation for keeping the home office\" in Dothan. In 2008 the headquarters moved to Wilsonville. The former Porter Square Mall space went up for lease or sale. Movie Gallery kept some central employees in Dothan, and the company said that it would continue to have a \"presence\" in Dothan. Wendy Culverwell of the Portland Business Journal said that the headquarters move decision was \"unusual\" because \"most of Hollywood Entertainment's decision-making authority went to Alabama after the sale to Movie Gallery in 2005.\"After the company filed for Chapter 7, Great American Group, Inc. held an auction on August 17, 2010, at the Wilsonville, Oregon headquarters of Movie Gallery, auctioning away the company's equipment.\n\nSee also\nVeterans Memorial Stadium in Troy, Alabama, formerly Movie Gallery Stadium\nPassage 2:\nMV Miralda\nMV Miralda was one of nine Anglo Saxon Royal Dutch/Shell oil tankers converted to become a Merchant Aircraft Carrier (MAC ship). The group is collectively known as the Rapana class.\nMacoma was launched in July 1936 at Nederlandse Scheepsbouw Mij, Amsterdam as an oil tanker. Her conversion to a MAC ship was completed in January 1944.As a MAC ship, she had no aircraft hangar, and continued to carry normal cargoes, although operating under Royal Navy control. Only her air crew and the necessary maintenance staff were naval personnel.\nThe British Ship Adoption Society, a Maritime Charity, was formed in the early part of the Second World War, with a large number of schools taking part in the scheme, amassing comforts for a particular ship and in return the children would receive letters of thanks and news from various ports around the world to which it would sail. the M.V Miralda was adopted by Styal Cottage Homes, a home colony and school for orphaned and destitute children of Manchester.After the war, Miralda was reconverted and returned to merchant service as an oil tanker and served in that role until scrapped in Hong Kong in 1960. She was renamed Marisa in 1950.\nPassage 3:\nKosciuszko (album)\nKosciuszko is the fifth studio album by Australian alternative rock band Jebediah. Released on 15 April 2011, by Dew Process, the album introduced the award-winning band to mainstream audiences and commercial success.\n\nBackground and recording\nEven though Jebediah took five years to re-enter the studio after the release of their Anniversary E.P. (2005), the band began drafting the songs as early as 2006. Between the two albums, the band took a break, with lead singer–rhythm guitarist Kevin Mitchell relocating to Melbourne during the hiatus.\nRecording occurred at Blackbird Studios in Perth, Australia, and production duties were undertaken by Dave Parkin (owner of the studio) in collaboration with the band. Kevin Mitchell revealed in a radio interview:It's probably the only time we've ever made a record where it was actually finished when it was finished. Every other time you're pretty much given a month or a two month block. When that last day ticks over the record is finished; whether it's finished or not. So this was an absolutely luxury to do it that way.\n\nPromotion and release\nKosciuszko was released on 15 April 2011 by record label Dew Process. On each of the twelve days leading up to the album's release, a short video (around one minute) was uploaded to the band's YouTube page, in which the band provides insight into each of the album's songs.Its first single \"She's Like a Comet\" quickly became a hit, and the band performed the song on Australian morning television program Sunrise. \nThe album reached number 6 in the ARIA Chart, staying in the chart for six weeks. As well as being available on CD, a limited number of copies were also released on vinyl.\n\nTrack listing\nCharts\nPassage 4:\nHelix Producer 1\nHelix Producer I is a ship-shaped monohull floating production and offloading vessel, converted from the ferry MV Karl Carstens. It has no storage capability.\n\nMV Karl Carstens\nThe ship was built in 1986 for Deutsche Bundesbahn as a roll-on roll-off (RORO) ferry serving on the Vogelfluglinie, a connection between Fehmarn, Germany and Denmark. It remained in service from 1986 until 1997.\n\nHelix Producer I\nThe ship was reconfigured as a Floating Production vessel and converted between 2006–2008 at the Viktor Lenac Shipyard in Croatia. Topside production facilities were designed by OFD Engineering in Houston, Texas and installed in 2009 at the Kiewit shipyard in Corpus Christi, Texas, United States.Helix Producer I has a Disconectable Transfer system (DTS) designed and supplied by Flexible Engineered Solutions LTD (FES), UK, and consists of a riser buoy supporting sub-sea risers and control umbilicals that would be connected to a deep water well and can be released from the hull, allowing the vessel to move out of the way of an approaching hurricane. After the storm, the vessel would return to the site and reconnect the buoy resuming normal oil extraction. It is operated by the Helix Energy Solutions Group and was scheduled to operate on the Phoenix Oil Field in the Gulf of Mexico, but on 14 June 2010 Helix announced that the ship would be directed to assist BP at the Deepwater Horizon oil spill site.In its new configuration the ship has a length of 161.5 m (530 ft), a breadth of 29 m (95 ft) (increased from before 18 m (59 ft)), a depth of 14.2 m (47 ft), and a draft of 8.6 m (28 ft). The vessel has a maximum displacement of 29,000 t (29,000 long tons; 32,000 short tons), and as a light ship of 9,475 t (9,325 long tons; 10,444 short tons).\n\nService at Deepwater Horizon site\nIn June 2010, BP announced that Helix Producer I would join Discoverer Enterprise and Toisa Pisces at the Deepwater Horizon site to process oil that is flowing from the deepwater well. While Discover Enterprise can process about 18,000 barrels (760,000 US gallons; 2,900 cubic metres) of oil per day, Helix Producer I can handle about 30,000 barrels. The estimate of the uncontrolled oil flow at that time was up to 60,000 barrels. It was anticipated that Helix Producer I would be used for 2 months for this mission. Oil from Helix Producer I was to be offloaded by a shuttle tanker.\nStarting in early August mud, later cement was pumped into the well, eventually closing it, so that by 19 September 2010, it could be announced that the Macondo Well had been finally killed.\nPassage 5:\nTransavia Denmark\nTransavia Denmark ApS, also known as Transavia.com Denmark or Transavia Denmark and trading as transavia.com, was a Danish based low-cost airline operating as a subsidiary of Transavia group. Its main base was at Copenhagen Airport. Transavia Denmark chiefly operated scheduled and charter services to leisure destinations. It was headquartered in Kastrup, Tårnby Municipality. Operations ceased in 2011, although those in the Netherlands and France continue.\n\nHistory\nThe airline began operations on 6 November 2008; Sterling Airlines had gone bankrupt in October 2008 and Transavia saw a good opportunity to start operations in Denmark because of this, and announced that it would start operations at short notice.Transavia Denmark started flights from Billund Airport under a Danish tour operator. It operated five routes from Billund. It also announced a larger base at Copenhagen Airport from which it operated ten routes. Ticket sales for the new low-cost airline started on 7 November 2008.In September 2010, it was announced that Transavia Denmark would cease operations on 23 April 2011. From 1 November 2010 onwards the activities were gradually scaled down until the complete stop on 23 April 2011. The parent of Transavia Denmark, Air France-KLM, stated that the Danish part of Transavia had not met expectations.\n\nDestinations\nThis is a list of airports to which Transavia Denmark flew (including seasonal destinations):\nAustria\nInnsbruck - Innsbruck Airport\nSalzburg - Salzburg Airport\nDenmark\nBillund - Billund Airport\nCopenhagen - Copenhagen Airport\nFrance\nMontpellier - Montpellier - Méditerranée Airport\nNice - Côte d'Azur Airport\nGreece\nChania - Chania International Airport\nItaly\nNaples - Naples Airport\nPisa - Galileo Galilei Airport\nSpain\nBarcelona - Barcelona Airport\nLas Palmas de Gran Canaria - Gran Canaria Airport\nMálaga - Málaga Airport\nMenorca - Menorca Airport\nPalma de Mallorca - Son Sant Joan Airport\nTenerife - Reina Sofía Airport\n\nFleet\nThe Transavia Denmark fleet consisted of the following aircraft as of November 2010:\n\nIn-flight services\nTransavia.com offered the \"Assortment on Board\" buy on board service offering food and drinks for purchase.\n\nSee also\nTransavia\nTransavia France\nPassage 6:\nRoyal Dutch Shell\nShell plc is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England. Shell is a public limited company with a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and secondary listings on Euronext Amsterdam and the New York Stock Exchange. A core component of Big Oil, Shell is the second largest investor-owned oil and gas company in the world by revenue (after ExxonMobil), and among the world's largest companies out of any industry. Measured by both its own emissions, and the emissions of all the fossil fuels it sells, Shell was the ninth-largest corporate producer of greenhouse gas emissions in the period 1988–2015.Shell was formed in 1907 through the merger of Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company of the United Kingdom. The combined company rapidly became the leading competitor of the American Standard Oil and by 1920 Shell was the largest producer of oil in the world. Shell first entered the chemicals industry in 1929. Shell was one of the \"Seven Sisters\" which dominated the global petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the mid-1970s. In 1964, Shell was a partner in the world's first commercial sea transportation of liquefied natural gas (LNG). In 1970, Shell acquired the mining company Billiton, which it subsequently sold in 1994 and now forms part of BHP. In recent decades gas has become an increasingly important part of Shell's business and Shell acquired BG Group in 2016.Shell is vertically integrated and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry, including exploration, production, refining, transport, distribution and marketing, petrochemicals, power generation, and trading. Shell has operations in over 99 countries, produces around 3.7 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has around 44,000 service stations worldwide. As of 31 December 2019, Shell had total proved reserves of 11.1 billion barrels (1.76×109 m3) of oil equivalent. Shell USA, its principal subsidiary in the United States, is one of its largest businesses. Shell holds 44% of Raízen, a publicly-listed joint venture with Cosan, which is the third-largest Brazil-based energy company. In addition to the main Shell brand, the company also owns the Jiffy Lube, Pennzoil and Quaker State brands.\nShell is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index and had a market capitalisation of US$199 billion on 15 September 2022, the largest of any company listed on the LSE and the 44th-largest of any company in the world. By 2021 revenues, Shell is the second-largest investor-owned oil company in the world (after ExxonMobil), the largest company headquartered in the United Kingdom, the second-largest company headquartered in Europe (after Volkswagen), and the 15th largest company in the world. Until its unification in 2005 as Royal Dutch Shell plc, the firm operated as a dual-listed company, whereby the British and Dutch companies maintained their legal existence and separate listings but operated as a single-unit partnership. From 2005 to 2022, the company had its headquarters in The Hague, its registered office in London and had two types of shares (A and B). In January 2022, the firm merged the A and B shares, moved its headquarters to London, and changed its legal name to Shell plc.\n\nHistory\nOrigins\nThe Royal Dutch Shell Group was created in April 1907 through the amalgamation of two rival companies: the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company (Dutch: Koninklijke Nederlandse Petroleum Maatschappij) of the Netherlands and the Shell Transport and Trading Company Limited of the United Kingdom. It was a move largely driven by the need to compete globally with Standard Oil. The Royal Dutch Petroleum Company was a Dutch company founded in 1890 to develop an oilfield in Pangkalan Brandan, North Sumatra, and initially led by August Kessler, Hugo Loudon, and Henri Deterding. The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company (the quotation marks were part of the legal name) was a British company, founded in 1897 by Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted, and his brother Samuel Samuel. Their father had owned an antique company in Houndsditch, London, which expanded in 1833 to import and sell seashells, after which the company \"Shell\" took its name.For various reasons, the new firm operated as a dual-listed company, whereby the merging companies maintained their legal existence but operated as a single-unit partnership for business purposes. The terms of the merger gave 60 percent stock ownership of the new group to Royal Dutch, and 40 percent to Shell. Both became holding companies for Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij, containing the production and refining assets, and Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company, containing the transport and storage assets. National patriotic sensibilities would not permit a full-scale merger or takeover of either of the two companies. The Dutch company, Koninklijke Nederlandsche Petroleum Maatschappij at The Hague, was in charge of production and manufacture. The British Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company was based in London, to direct the transport and storage of the products.In 1912, Royal Dutch Shell purchased the Rothschilds' Russian oil assets in a stock deal. The Group's production portfolio then consisted of 53 percent from the East Indies, 29 percent from the Russian Empire, and 17 percent from Romania.\n\n20th century\nDuring the First World War, Shell was the main supplier of fuel to the British Expeditionary Force. It was also the sole supplier of aviation fuel and supplied 80 percent of the British Army's TNT. It also volunteered all of its shipping to the British Admiralty.The German invasion of Romania in 1916 saw 17% of the group's worldwide production destroyed.In 1919, Shell took control of the Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company and in 1921 formed Shell-Mex Limited, which marketed products under the \"Shell\" and \"Eagle\" brands in the United Kingdom. During the Genoa Conference of 1922 Royal Dutch Shell was in negotiations for a monopoly over Soviet oilfields in Baku and Grosny, although the leak of a draft treaty led to breakdown of the talks. In 1929, Shell Chemicals was founded. By the end of the 1920s, Shell was the world's leading oil company, producing 11 percent of the world's crude oil supply and owning 10 percent of its tanker tonnage.Shell Mex House was completed in 1931, and was the head office for Shell's marketing activity worldwide. In 1932, partly in response to the difficult economic conditions of the Great Depression, Shell-Mex merged its UK marketing operations with those of BP to create Shell-Mex & BP, a company that traded until the brands separated in 1975. Royal Dutch Company ranked 79th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts.\n\nThe 1930s saw Shell's Mexican assets seized by the local government. After the invasion of the Netherlands by Nazi Germany in 1940, the head office of the Dutch companies was moved to Curaçao. In 1945 Shell's Danish headquarters in Copenhagen, at the time being used by the Gestapo, was bombed by Royal Air Force De Havilland Mosquitoes in Operation Carthage.In 1937, Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), 23.75 percent owned by Royal Dutch Shell plc, signed an oil concession agreement with the Sultan of Muscat. In 1952, IPC offered financial support to raise an armed force that would assist the Sultan in occupying the interior region of Oman, an area that geologists believed to be rich in oil. This led to the 1954 outbreak of Jebel Akhdar War in Oman that lasted for more than 5 years.Around 1952, Shell was the first company to purchase and use a computer in the Netherlands. The computer, a Ferranti Mark 1*, was assembled and used at the Shell laboratory in Amsterdam. In 1970 Shell acquired the mining company Billiton, which it subsequently sold in 1994.In the 1990s, protesters criticised the company's environmental record, particularly the possible pollution caused by the proposed disposal of the Brent Spar platform into the North Sea. Despite support from the UK government, Shell reversed the decision under public pressure but maintained that sinking the platform would have been environmentally better. Shell subsequently published an unequivocal commitment to sustainable development, supported by executive speeches reinforcing this commitment. Shell was subsequently criticised by the European Commission and five European Union members after deciding to leave part of its decommissioned oil rigs standing in the North Sea. Shell argued that removing them would be too costly and risky. Germany said that the estimated 11,000 tonnes of raw oil and toxins remaining in the rigs would eventually seep into the sea, and called it a 'ticking timebomb'.On 15 January 1999, off the Argentinian town of Magdalena, Buenos Aires, the Shell tanker Estrella pampeana collided with a German cargo ship, emptying its contents into the lake, polluting the environment, drinkable water, plants and animals. Over a decade after the spill, a referendum held in Magdalena determined the acceptance of a US$9.5 million compensatory payout from Shell. Shell denied responsibility for the spill, but an Argentine court ruled in 2002 that the corporation was responsible.\n\n21st century\nIn 2002, Shell acquired Pennzoil-Quaker State through its American division for $22 USD per share, or about $1.8 billion USD. Through its acquisition of Pennzoil, Shell became a descendant of Standard Oil. With its acquisition, Shell inherited multiple auto part brands including Jiffy Lube, Rain-X, and Fix-a-Flat. The company was notably late in its acquisition as seen by journalists, with Shell seen as streamlining its assets around the same time of other major mergers and acquisitions in the industry, such as BP's purchase of Amoco and the merger of Exxon and Mobil.In 2004, Shell overstated its oil reserves, resulting in loss of confidence in the group, a £17 million fine by the Financial Services Authority and the departure of the chairman Philip Watts. A lawsuit resulted in the payment of $450 million to non-American shareholders in 2007.As a result of the scandal, the corporate structure was simplified. Two classes of ordinary shares, A (code RDSA) and B (code RDSB), identical but for the tax treatment of dividends, were issued for the company.In November 2004, following a period of turmoil caused by the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves, it was announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure, creating a new parent company to be named Royal Dutch Shell plc, with its primary listing on the LSE, a secondary listing on Euronext Amsterdam, its headquarters and tax residency in The Hague, Netherlands and its registered office in London. The company was already incorporated in 2002 as Forthdeal Limited, a shelf corporation incorporated by Swift Incorporations Limited and Instant Companies Limited, both based in Bristol. The unification was completed on 20 July 2005 and the original owners delisted their companies from the respective exchanges. On 20 July 2005, the Shell Transport & Trading Company plc was delisted from the LSE, whereas, Royal Dutch Petroleum Company from the New York Stock Exchange on 18 November 2005. The shares of the company were issued at a 60/40 advantage for the shareholders of Royal Dutch in line with the original ownership of the Shell Group.During the 2009 Iraqi oil services contracts tender, a consortium led by Shell (45%) and which included Petronas (30%) was awarded a production contract for the \"Majnoon field\" in the south of Iraq, which contains an estimated 12.6 billion barrels (2.00×109 m3) of oil. The \"West Qurna 1 field\" production contract was awarded to a consortium led by ExxonMobil (60%) and included Shell (15%).In February 2010, Shell and Cosan formed a 50:50 joint-venture, Raízen, comprising all of Cosan's Brazilian ethanol, energy generation, fuel distribution and sugar activities, and all of Shell's Brazilian retail fuel and aviation distribution businesses. In March 2010, Shell announced the sale of some of its assets, including its liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) business, to meet the cost of a planned $28bn capital spending programme. Shell invited buyers to submit indicative bids, due by 22 March, with a plan to raise $2–3bn from the sale. In June 2010, Shell agreed to acquire all the business of East Resources for a cash consideration of $4.7 billion. The transaction included East Resources' tight gas fields.Over the course of 2013, the corporation began the sale of its US shale gas assets and canceled a US$20 billion gas project that was to be constructed in the US state of Louisiana. A new CEO Ben van Beurden was appointed in January 2014, prior to the announcement that the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 percent lower than in 2012—the value of Shell's shares fell by 3 percent as a result. Following the sale of the majority of its Australian assets in February 2014, the corporation plans to sell a further US$15 billion worth of assets in the period leading up to 2015, with deals announced in Australia, Brazil and Italy.Shell announced on 8 April 2015 it had agreed to buy BG Group for £47 billion (US$70 billion), subject to shareholder and regulatory approval. The acquisition was completed in February 2016, resulting in Shell surpassing Chevron Corporation and becoming the world's second largest non-state oil company.On 7 June 2016, Shell announced that it would build an ethane cracker plant near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, after spending several years doing an environmental cleanup of the proposed plant's site.In January 2017, Shell agreed to sell £2.46bn worth of North Sea assets to oil exploration firm Chrysaor. In 2017, Shell sold its oil sands assets to Canadian Natural Resources in exchange of approximately 8.8% stake in that company. In May 2017, it was reported that Shell plans to sell its shares in Canadian Natural Resources fully exiting the oil sands business.On 5 November 2017, the Paradise Papers, a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investment, revealed that Argentine Energy Minister Juan José Aranguren was revealed to have managed the offshore companies 'Shell Western Supply and Trading Limited' and 'Sol Antilles y Guianas Limited', both subsidiaries of Shell. One is the main bidder for the purchase of diesel oil by the government through the state owned CAMMESA (Compañía Administradora del Mercado Mayorista Eléctrico).On 30 April 2020, Shell announced that it would cut its dividend for the first time since the Second World War, due to the oil price collapse following the reduction in oil demand during the COVID-19 pandemic. Shell stated that their net income adjusted for the cost of supply dropped to US$2.9 billion in three months to 31 March. This compared with US$5.3 billion in the same period the previous year. On 30 September 2020, the company said that it would cut up to 9,000 jobs as a result of the economic effects caused by the pandemic and announced a \"broad restructuring\". In December 2020, Shell forecast another write-down of $3.5-4.5 billion for the fourth quarter due to lower oil prices, following $16.8 billion of impairment in the second quarter.In February 2021, Shell announced a loss of $21.7 billion in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, despite reducing its operating expenses by 12%, or $4.5 billion, according to a Morningstar analysis cited by Barron's.In November 2021, Shell announced that it is planning to relocate their headquarters to London, abandon its dual share structure, and change its name from Royal Dutch Shell plc to Shell plc. The company's name change was registered in the Companies House on 21 January 2022.In December 2021, Shell pulled out of the Cambo oil field, off the Shetland Islands, claiming that \"the economic case for investment in this project is not strong enough at this time, as well as having the potential for delays\". The proposed oilfield had been the subject of intense campaigning by environmentalists in the run-up to the COP26 UN climate summit in Glasgow in November 2021.On 4 March 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine and in the midst of the growing boycott of Russian economy and related divestments, Shell bought a cargo of discounted Russian crude oil. The next day, following criticism from Ukraine's Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba, Shell defended the purchase as a short term necessity, but also announced that it intended to reduce such purchases, and it would put profits from any Russian oil it purchases into a fund that would go towards humanitarian aid to Ukraine. On 8 March, Shell announced that it would stop buying Russian oil and gas and close its service stations in the country.In 2022, the major oil and gas companies, including Shell, reported sharp rises in interim revenues and profits. In fact, this rise in profit for Shell was so sharp, that 2022 was the company's best year, as Shell recorded double the profits from 2021, and the highest profit in its entire history.\n\nCorporate affairs\nManagement\nOn 4 August 2005, the board of directors announced the appointment of Jorma Ollila, chairman and CEO of Nokia at the time, to succeed Aad Jacobs as the company's non-executive chairman on 1 June 2006. Ollila is the first Shell chairman to be neither Dutch nor British. Other non-executive directors include Maarten van den Bergh, Wim Kok, Nina Henderson, Lord Kerr, Adelbert van Roxe, and Christine Morin-Postel.Since 3 January 2014, Ben van Beurden has been CEO of Shell. His predecessor was Peter Voser who became CEO of Shell on 1 July 2009.Following a career at the corporation, in locations such as Australia and Africa, Ann Pickard was appointed as the executive vice president of the Arctic at Royal Dutch Shell, a role that was publicized in an interview with McKinsey & Company in June 2014.In January 2023, Wael Sawan succeeded Ben van Beurden as CEO.\n\nBoard of directors\nAs of 25 January 2023, the Shell board members are:\nAndrew Mackenzie (chair), former CEO of BHP Billiton\nEuleen Goh, former CEO of Standard Chartered Singapore\nWael Sawan, CEO of Shell plc\nSinead Gorman, CFO of Shell plc\nDick Boer, former president and CEO of Ahold Delhaize\nNeil Carson, former CEO of Johnson Matthey\nAnn Godbehere, former CFO of Swiss Re and Northern Rock\nCatherine J. Hughes, former executive at Nexen, Husky Oil, and Schlumberger\nJane Holl Lute, former president and CEO of SICPA North America\nMartina Hund-Mejean, former CFO of Mastercard\nAbraham Schot, former CEO of Audi AG\nCaroline Omloo, company secretary\n\nHistorical leadership\nName and logo\nThe name Shell is linked to The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company. In 1833, the founder's father, Marcus Samuel Sr., founded an import business to sell seashells to London collectors. When collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area in 1892, the younger Samuel realised there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region and commissioned the world's first purpose-built oil tanker, the Murex (Latin for a type of snail shell), to enter this market; by 1907 the company had a fleet. Although for several decades the company had a refinery at Shell Haven on the Thames, there is no evidence of this having provided the name.The Shell logo is one of the most familiar commercial symbols in the world. This logo is known as the \"pecten\" after the sea shell Pecten maximus (the giant scallop), on which its design is based. The yellow and red colours used are thought to relate to the colours of the flag of Spain, as Shell built early service stations in California, previously a Spanish colony. The current revision of the logo was designed by Raymond Loewy in 1971.The slash was removed from the name \"Royal Dutch/Shell\" in 2005, concurrent with moves to merge the two legally separate companies (Royal Dutch and Shell) to the single legal entity which exists today.On 15 November 2021, Royal Dutch Shell plc announced plans to change its name to Shell plc.\n\nLogo evolution\nOperations\nBusiness groupings\nShell is organised into four major business groupings:\nUpstream – manages the upstream business. It searches for and recovers crude oil and natural gas and operates the upstream and midstream infrastructure necessary to deliver oil and gas to the market. Its activities are organised primarily within geographic units, although there are some activities that are managed across the business or provided through support units.\nIntegrated Gas and New Energies – manages to liquefy natural gas, converting gas to liquids and low-carbon opportunities.\nDownstream – manages Shell's manufacturing, distribution, and marketing activities for oil products and chemicals. Manufacturing and supply include refinery, supply, and shipping of crude oil.\nProjects and technology – manages the delivery of Shell's major projects, provides technical services and technology capability covering both upstream and downstream activities. It is also responsible for providing functional leadership across Shell in the areas of health, safety and environment, and contracting and procurement.\n\nOil and gas activities\nShell's primary business is the management of a vertically integrated oil company. The development of technical and commercial expertise in all stages of this vertical integration, from the initial search for oil (exploration) through its harvesting (production), transportation, refining and finally trading and marketing established the core competencies on which the company was founded. Similar competencies were required for natural gas, which has become one of the most important businesses in which Shell is involved, and which contributes a significant proportion of the company's profits. While the vertically integrated business model provided significant economies of scale and barriers to entry, each business now seeks to be a self-supporting unit without subsidies from other parts of the company.Traditionally, Shell was a heavily decentralised business worldwide (especially in the downstream) with companies in over 100 countries, each of which operated with a high degree of independence. The upstream tended to be far more centralised with much of the technical and financial direction coming from the central offices in The Hague. The upstream oil sector is also commonly known as the \"exploration and production\" sector.Downstream operations, which now also includes the chemicals business, generate the majority of Shell's profits worldwide and is known for its global network of more than 40,000 petrol stations and its various oil refineries. The downstream business, which in some countries also included oil refining, generally included a retail petrol station network, lubricants manufacture and marketing, industrial fuel and lubricants sales, and a host of other product/market sectors such as LPG and bitumen. The practice in Shell was that these businesses were essentially local and that they were best managed by local \"operating companies\" – often with middle and senior management reinforced by expatriates.\n\nSponsorships\nShell has a long history of motorsport sponsorship, most notably Scuderia Ferrari (1951–1964, 1966–1973 and 1996-present), BRM (1962–1966 and 1968–1972), Scuderia Toro Rosso (2007–2013 and 2016), McLaren (1967–1968 and 1984–1994), Lotus (1968–1971), Ducati Corse (since 1999), Team Penske (2011–present), Hyundai Motorsport (since 2005), AF Corse, Risi Competizione, BMW Motorsport (2015–present with also Pennzoil) and Dick Johnson Racing (1987-2004 and 2017–present).Starting in 2023, Shell will become the official fuel for IndyCar Series, supplying E100 race fuel for all teams.\n\nOperations by region\nArctic\nKulluk oil rig\nFollowing the purchase of an offshore lease in 2005, Shell initiated its US$4.5 billion Arctic drilling program in 2006, after the corporation purchased the \"Kulluk\" oil rig and leased the Noble Discoverer drillship. At inception, the project was led by Pete Slaiby, a Shell executive who had previously worked in the North Sea. However, after the purchase of a second offshore lease in 2008, Shell only commenced drilling work in 2012, due to the refurbishment of rigs, permit delays from the relevant authorities and lawsuits. The plans to drill in the Arctic led to protests from environmental groups, particularly Greenpeace; furthermore, analysts in the energy field, as well as related industries, also expressed skepticism due to perceptions that drilling in the region is \"too dangerous because of harsh conditions and remote locations\".Further problems hampered the Arctic project after the commencement of drilling in 2012, as Shell dealt with a series of issues that involved air permits, Coast Guard certification of a marine vessel, and severe damage to essential oil-spill equipment. Additionally, difficult weather conditions resulted in the delay of drilling during mid-2012 and the already dire situation was exacerbated by the \"Kulluk\" incident at the end of the year. Shell had invested nearly US$5 billion by this stage of the project.As the Kulluk oil rig was being towed to the American state of Washington to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season, a winter storm on 27 December 2012 caused the towing crews, as well as the rescue service, to lose control of the rig. As of 1 January 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast Sitkalidak Island, near the eastern end of Kodiak Island. Following the accident, a Fortune magazine contacted Larry McKinney, the executive director at the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at Texas A&M, and he explained that \"A two-month delay in the Arctic is not a two-month delay ... A two-month delay could wipe out the entire drilling season.\"It was unclear if Shell would recommence drilling in mid-2013, following the \"Kulluk\" incident, and, in February 2013, the corporation stated that it would \"pause\" its closely watched drilling project off the Alaskan coast in 2013, and will instead prepare for future exploration. In January 2014, the corporation announced the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic, with chief executive van Beurden explaining that the project is \"under review\" due to both market and internal issues.A June 2014 interview with Pickard indicated that, following a forensic analysis of the problems encountered in 2012, Shell will continue with the project and Pickard stated that she perceives the future of the corporation activity in the Arctic region as a long-term \"marathon\". Pickard stated that the forensic \"look back\" revealed \"there was an on/off switch\" and further explained:\n\nIn other words, don't spend the money unless you're sure you're going to have the legal environment to go forward. Don't spend the money unless you're sure you're going to have the permit. No, I can't tell you that I'm going to have that permit until June, but we need to plan like we're going to have that permit in June. And so probably the biggest lesson is to make sure we could smooth out the on/off switches wherever we could and take control of our own destiny.\nBased upon the interview with Pickard, Shell is approaching the project as an investment that will reap energy resources with a lifespan of around 30 years.According to the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management report in 2015 the chances of a major spill in a deep-sea Arctic drilling is 75% before century's end.\n\nKodiak Island\nIn 2010, Greenpeace activists painted \"No Arctic Drilling\" using spilled BP oil on the side of a ship in the Gulf of Mexico that was en route to explore for Arctic oil for Shell. At the protest, Phil Radford of Greenpeace called for \"President Obama [to] ban all offshore oil drilling and call for an end to the use of oil in our cars by 2030.\"On 16 March 2012, 52 Greenpeace activists from five different countries boarded Fennica and Nordica, multipurpose icebreakers chartered to support Shell's drilling rigs near Alaska. Around the same time period, a reporter for Fortune magazine spoke with Edward Itta, an Inupiat leader and the former mayor of the North Slope Borough, who expressed that he was conflicted about Shell's plans in the Arctic, as he was concerned that an oil spill could destroy the Inupiat peoples hunting-and-fishing culture, but his borough also received major tax revenue from oil and gas production; additionally, further revenue from energy activity was considered crucial to the future of the living standard in Itta's community.In July 2012, Greenpeace activists shut down 53 Shell petrol stations in Edinburgh and London in a protest against the company's plans to drill for oil in the Arctic. Greenpeace's \"Save the Arctic\" campaign aims to prevent oil drilling and industrial fishing in the Arctic by declaring the uninhabited area around the North Pole a global sanctuary.A review was announced after the Kulluk oil rig ran aground near Kodiak Island in December 2012.In response, Shell filed lawsuits to seek injunctions from possible protests, and Benjamin Jealous of the NAACP and Radford argued that the legal action was \"trampling Americans' rights.\" According to Greenpeace, Shell lodged a request with Google to take down video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the Shell-sponsored Formula One (F1) Belgian Grand Prix on 25 August 2013, in which \"SaveTheArctic.org\" banners appear at the winners' podium ceremony. In the video, the banners rise up automatically—activists controlled their appearance with the use of four radio car antennas—revealing the website URL, alongside an image that consists of half of a polar bear's head and half of the Shell logo.Shell then announced a \"pause\" in the timeline of the project in early 2013 and, in September 2015, the corporation announced the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic.\n\nPolar Pioneer rig\nA June 2014 interview with the corporation's new executive vice president of the Arctic indicated that Shell will continue with its activity in the region.In Seattle protests began in May 2015 in response to the news that the Port of Seattle made an agreement with Shell to berth rigs at the Port's Terminal 5 during the off-season of oil exploration in Alaskan waters. The arrival of Shell's new Arctic drilling vessel, Polar Pioneer (IMO number: 8754140), a semi-submersible offshore drilling rig, was greeted by large numbers of environmental protesters paddling kayaks in Elliott Bay.On 6 May 2015, it was reported that during a coast guard inspection of Polar Pioneer, a piece of anti-pollution gear failed, resulting in fines and delay of the operation. Oil executives from Total and Eni interviewed by the New York Times, expressed scepticism about Shell's new ambitions for offshore drilling in the Arctic, and cited economic and environmental hurdles. ConocoPhillips and Equinor (formerly Statoil) suspended Arctic drilling earlier, after Shell's failed attempt in 2012.\n\nAustralia\nOn 20 May 2011, Shell's final investment decision for the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facility was finalized following the discovery of the remote offshore Prelude field—located off Australia's northwestern coast and estimated to contain about 3 trillion cubic feet of natural gas equivalent reserves—in 2007. FLNG technology is based on liquefied natural gas (LNG) developments that were pioneered in the mid-20th century and facilitates the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas, often too small to extract any other way.The floating vessel to be used for the Prelude field, known as Prelude FLNG, is promoted as the longest floating structure in the world and will take in the equivalent of 110,000 barrels of oil per day in natural gas—at a location 200 km (125 miles) off the coast of Western Australia—and cool it into liquefied natural gas for transport and sale in Asia. The Prelude is expected to start producing LNG in 2017—analysts estimated the total cost of construction at more than US$12 billion.Following the decision by the Shell fuel corporation to close its Geelong Oil Refinery in Australia in April 2013, a third consecutive annual loss was recorded for Shell's Australian refining and fuel marketing assets. Revealed in June 2013, the writedown is worth A$203 million and was preceded by a A$638m writedown in 2012 and a A$407m writedown in 2011, after the closure of the Clyde Refinery in Sydney, Australia.In February 2014, Shell sold its Australian refinery and petrol stations for US$2.6 billion (A$2.9 billion) to Swiss company Vitol.At the time of the downstream sale to Vitol, Shell was expected to continue investment into Australian upstream projects, with projects that involve Chevron Corp., Woodside Petroleum and Prelude. In June 2014, Shell sold 9.5% of its 23.1% stake in Woodside Petroleum and advised that it had reached an agreement for Woodside to buy back 9.5% of its shares at a later stage. Shell became a major shareholder in Woodside after a 2001 takeover attempt was blocked by then federal Treasurer Peter Costello and the corporation has been open about its intention to sell its stake in Woodside as part of its target to shed assets. At a general body meeting, held on 1 August 2014, 72 percent of shareholders voted to approve the buy-back, short of the 75 percent vote that was required for approval. A statement from Shell read: \"Royal Dutch Shell acknowledges the outcome of Woodside Petroleum Limited's shareholders' negative vote on the selective buy-back proposal. Shell is reviewing its options in relation to its remaining 13.6 percent holding.\"\n\nBrunei\nBrunei Shell Petroleum (BSP) is a joint venture between the Government of Brunei and Shell. The British Malayan Petroleum Company (BMPC), owned by Royal Dutch Shell, first found commercial amounts of oil in 1929. It currently produces 350,000 barrels of oil and gas equivalent per day. BSP is the largest oil and gas company in Brunei, a sector which contributes 90% of government revenue. In 1954, the BMPC in Seria had a total of 1,277 European and Asian staff.\n\nChina\nThe company has upstream operations in unconventional oil and gas in China. Shell has a joint venture with PetroChina at the Changbei tight gas field in Shaanxi, which has produced natural gas since 2008. The company has also invested in exploring for shale oil in Sichuan. The other unconventional resource which Shell invested in in China was shale. The company was an early entrant in shale oil exploration in China but scaled down operations in 2014 due to difficulties with geology and population density. It has a joint venture to explore for oil shale in Jilin through a joint venture with Jilin Guangzheng Mineral Development Company Limited.\n\nHong Kong\nShell has been active in Hong Kong for a century, providing Retail, LPG, Commercial Fuel, Lubricants, Bitumen, Aviation, Marine and Chemicals services, and products. Shell also sponsored the first Hong Kong-built aircraft, Inspiration, for its around-the-world trip.\n\nIndia\nShell India has inaugurated its new lubricants laboratory at its Technology Centre in Bangalore.\n\nIreland\nShell first started trading in Ireland in 1902. Shell E&P Ireland (SEPIL) (previously Enterprise Energy Ireland) is an Irish exploration and production subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell. Its headquarters are on Leeson Street in Dublin. It was acquired in May 2002. Its main project is the Corrib gas project, a large gas field off the northwest coast, for which Shell has encountered controversy and protests in relation to the onshore pipeline and licence terms.In 2005, Shell disposed of its entire retail and commercial fuels business in Ireland to Topaz Energy Group. This included depots, company-owned petrol stations and supply agreements stations throughout the island of Ireland. The retail outlets were re-branded as Topaz in 2008/9.The Topaz fuel network was subsequently acquired in 2015 by Couchetard and these stations began re-branding to Circle K in 2018.\n\nMalaysia\nShell discovered the first oil well in Malaysia in 1910, in Miri, Sarawak. Today the oil well is a state monument known as the Grand Old Lady. In 1914, following this discovery, Shell built Malaysia's first oil refinery and laid a submarine pipeline in Miri.\n\nNigeria\nShell began production in Nigeria in 1958. In Nigeria, Shell told US diplomats that it had placed staff in all the main ministries of the government. Shell continues however upstream activities/extracting crude oil in the oil-rich Niger Delta as well as downstream/commercial activities in South Africa. In June 2013, the company announced a strategic review of its operations in Nigeria, hinting that assets could be divested. In August 2014, the company disclosed it was in the process of finalizing the sale of its interests in four Nigerian oil fields. On 29 January 2021 a Dutch court ruled that Shell was responsible for multiple oil leaks in Nigeria.The presence of companies like Shell has led to extreme environmental issues in the Niger Delta. Many pipelines in the Niger Delta owned by Shell are old and corroded. Shell has acknowledged its responsibility for keeping the pipelines new but has also denied responsibility for environmental causes. This has led to mass protests from the Niger Delta inhabitants, Amnesty International, and Friends of the Earth the Netherlands against Shell. It has also led to action plans to boycott Shell by environmental and human rights groups. In January 2013, a Dutch court rejected four out of five allegations brought against the firm over oil pollution in the Niger Delta but found a subsidiary guilty of one case of pollution, ordering compensation to be paid to a Nigerian farmer.\n\nNordic countries\nOn 27 August 2007, Shell and Reitan Group, the owner of the 7-Eleven brand in Scandinavia, announced an agreement to re-brand some 269 service stations across Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark, subject to obtaining regulatory approvals under the different competition laws in each country. In April 2010 Shell announced that the corporation is in process of trying to find a potential buyer for all of its operations in Finland and is doing similar market research concerning Swedish operations. In October 2010 Shell's gas stations and the heavy vehicle fuel supply networks in Finland and Sweden, along with a refinery located in Gothenburg, Sweden were sold to St1, a Finnish energy company, more precisely to its major shareholding parent company Keele Oy.\n\nNorth America\nThrough most of Shell's early history, Shell USA business in the United States was substantially independent. Its stock was traded on the NYSE, and the group's central office had little direct involvement in running the operation. However, in 1984, Shell made a bid to purchase those shares of Shell Oil Company it did not own (around 30%) and, despite opposition from some minority shareholders which led to a court case, Shell completed the buyout for a sum of $5.7 billion.\n\nPhilippines\nRoyal Dutch Shell operates in the Philippines under its subsidiary, Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation. Its headquarters is in Makati and it has facilities in the Pandacan oil depot and other key locations.In January 2010, the Bureau of Customs claimed 7.34 billion pesos worth of unpaid excise taxes against Pilipinas Shell for importing Catalytic cracked gasoline (CCG) and light catalytic cracked gasoline (LCCG) stating that those imports are bound for tariff charges.In August 2016, Pilipinas Shell filed an application to sell US$629 million worth of primary and secondary shares to the investing public (registration statement) with the SEC. This was a prelude to filing its IPO listing application with the Philippine Stock Exchange. On 3 November 2016 the Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation was officially listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol SHLPH after they held its initial public offering on 19 to 25 October of the same year.Due to the economic slowdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on the global, regional and local economies, continually low refining margins, and competition with imported refined products, the management of Pilipinas Shell announced in August 2020 that the 110,000 bbl/d refinery in Tabangao, Batangas, which started operations in 1962, will be shutting down permanently and turned into an import terminal instead.\n\nRussia\nIn February 2022, Shell exited all its joint ventures with Gazprom because of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and, in March 2022, Shell announced that it would stop buying oil from Russia and close all its service stations there. In April 2022, it emerged that Shell was to book up to $5 billion in impairment charges from exiting its interests in Russia.\n\nSingapore\nSingapore is the main centre for Shell's petrochemical operations in the Asia Pacific region. Shell Eastern Petroleum limited (SEPL) have their refinery located in Singapore's Pulau Bukom island. They also operate as Shell Chemicals Seraya in Jurong Island. In November 2020, Shell announced that, as part of efforts to curtail pollution emissions, it will cut its oil-processing capacity in Singapore.\n\nUnited Kingdom\nIn the UK sector of the North Sea Shell employs around 4,500 staff in Scotland as well as an additional 1,000 service contractors: however in August 2014 it announced it was laying off 250 of them, mainly in Aberdeen. Shell paid no UK taxes on its North Sea operations over the period 2018 to 2021.\n\nAlternative energy\nIn the early 2000s Shell moved into alternative energy and there is now an embryonic \"Renewables\" business that has made investments in solar power, wind power, hydrogen, and forestry. The forestry business went the way of nuclear, coal, metals and electricity generation, and was disposed of in 2003. In 2006 Shell paid SolarWorld to take over its entire solar business and in 2008, the company withdrew from the London Array which when built was the world's largest offshore wind farm.Shell also is involved in large-scale hydrogen projects. HydrogenForecast.com describes Shell's approach thus far as consisting of \"baby steps\", but with an underlying message of \"extreme optimism\". In 2015, the company announced plans to install hydrogen fuel pumps across Germany, planning on having 400 locations in operation by 2023.Shell holds 44% of Raízen, a joint venture with Brazilian sugarcane producer Cosan which is the third-largest Brazil-based energy company by revenues and a major producer of ethanol. In 2015, the company partnered with Brazilian start-up company Insolar to install solar panels in Rio de Janeiro to deliver electricity to the Santa Marta neighbourhood.Shell is the operator and major shareholder of The Shell Canada Quest Energy project, based within the Athabasca Oil Sands Project, located near Fort McMurray, Alberta. It holds a 60% share, alongside Chevron Canada Limited, which holds 20%, and Marathon Canadian Oil Sands Holding Limited, which holds the final 20%. Commercial operations launched in November 2015. It was the world's first commercial-scale oil and sand carbon capture storage (CCS) project. It is expected to reduce CO2 emissions in Canada by 1.08 million tonnes per year.In December 2016, Shell won the auction for the 700 MW Borssele III & IV offshore wind farms at a price of 5.45 c/kWh, beating 6 other consortia. In June 2018, it was announced that the company and its co-investor Partners Group had secured $1.5bn for the project, which also involves Eneco, Van Oord, and Mitsubishi/DGE.In October 2017, it bought Europe's biggest vehicle charging network, \"NewMotion.\"In November 2017, Shell's CEO Ben van Beurden announced Shell's plan to cut half of its carbon emissions by 2050, and 20 percent by 2035. In this regard, Shell promised to spend $2 billion annually on renewable energy sources. Shell began to develop its wind energy segment in 2001, the company now operates six wind farms in the United States and is part of a plan to build two offshore wind farms in the Netherlands.In December 2017, the company announced plans to buy UK household energy and broadband provider First Utility. In March 2019 it rebranded to Shell Energy and announced that all electricity would be supplied from renewable sources.In December 2018, the company announced that it had partnered with SkyNRG to begin supplying sustainable aviation fuel to airlines operating out of San Francisco Airport (SFO), including KLM, SAS, and Finnair. In the same month, the company announced plans to double its renewable energy budget to investment in low-carbon energy to $4 billion US each year, with an aim to spend up to $2 billion US on renewable energy by 2021.In January 2018, the company acquired a 44% interest in Silicon Ranch, a solar energy company run by Matt Kisber, as part of its global New Energies project. The company took over from Partners Group, paying up to an estimated $217 million for the minority interest.In February 2019, the company acquired German solar battery company Sonnen. It first invested in the company in May 2018 as part of its New Energies project. As of late 2021, the company had 800 employees and has installed 70.000 home battery systems.On 27 February 2019, the company acquired British VPP operator Limejump for an undisclosed amount.In July 2019, Shell installed their first 150 kW electric car chargers at its London petrol stations with payments handled via SMOOV. They also plan to provide 350 kW chargers in Europe by entering into an agreement with IONITY.On 26 January 2021, Shell said it would buy 100 per cent of Ubitricity, owner of the largest public charging network for electric vehicles in the United Kingdom, as the company expands its presence along the power supply chain.On 25 February 2021, Shell announced the acquisition of German Virtual Power Plant (VPP) company Next Kraftwerke for an undisclosed amount. Next Kraftwerke connects renewable electricity generation- and storage projects to optimize the usage of those assets. The company mostly operates in Europe.In November 2022, it was announced Shell's wholly-owned subsidiary, Shell Petroleum NV, had acquired the Odense-headquartered renewable natural gas producer, Nature Energy Biogas A/S for nearly $2 billion USD.\n\nControversies\nGeneral issues\nShell's public rhetoric and pledges emphasize that the company is shifting towards climate-friendly, low-carbon and transition strategies. However, a 2022 study found that the company's spending on clean energy was insignificant and opaque, with little to suggest that the company's discourse matched its actions.In 1989, Shell redesigned a $3-billion natural gas platform in the North Sea, raising its height one to two meters, to accommodate an anticipated sea level rise due to global warming. In 2013, Royal Dutch Shell PLC reported CO2 emissions of 81 million metric tonnes.In 2017, Shell sold non-compliant foreign fuel to consumers.In 2020, the Northern Lights CCS project was announced, which is a joint project between Equinor, Shell and Total, operating in the European Union (Norway) and aiming to store liquid CO2 beneath the seabed.Environmentalists have expressed concern that Shell is processing oil from the Amazon region of South America. In the United States, the Martinez refinery (CA) and the Puget Sound Refinery (WA) carry Amazonian oil. In 2015, 14% of the Martinez refinery's gross, at 19,570 barrels per day, came from the Amazon.In 2021, Shell was ranked as the 10th most environmentally responsible company out of 120 oil, gas, and mining companies involved in resource extraction north of the Arctic Circle in the Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index (AERI).In December 2021, Royal Dutch Shell decided to move ahead with seismic tests to explore for oil in humpback whale breeding grounds along South Africa's eastern coastline. On 3 December 2021, a South African high court struck down an urgent application brought by environmentalists to stop the project, which will involve a vessel regularly firing an air gun that produces a very powerful shock wave underwater to help map subsea geology. According to Greenpeace Africa and the South African Deep Sea Angling Association, this could cause \"irreparable harm\" to the marine environment, especially to migrating humpback whales in the area.\n\nClimate change\nIn 2017, a public information film (\"Climate of Concern\") unseen for years resurfaced and showed Shell had clear grasp of global warming 26 years earlier but has not acted accordingly since, said critics.The burning of the fossil fuels produced by Shell are responsible for 1.67% of global industrial greenhouse gas emissions from 1988 to 2015. In April 2020, Shell announced plans to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 or sooner. However, internal documents from the company released by the Democratic-led House committee reveal a private 2020 communication saying Shell does not have any plans to bring emissions to zero for next 10–20 years.\n\nClimate case\nOn 5 April 2019, Milieudefensie (Dutch for \"environmental defense\"), together with six NGOs and more than 17,000 citizens, sued Shell, accusing the company of harming the climate despite knowing about global warming since 1986. In May 2021, the district court of The Hague ruled that Shell must reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 45% by 2030 (compared to 2019 levels).\n\nOil spills\nShell was responsible for around 21,000 gallons of oil spilled near Tracy, California, in May 2016 due to a pipeline crack.\nShell was responsible for an 88,200-gallon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in May 2016.\nTwo ruptures in a Shell Oil Co. pipeline in Altamont, California – one in September 2015 and another in May 2016 – led to questions on whether the Office of the State Fire Marshal, charged with overseeing the pipeline, was doing an adequate job.\nOn 29 January 2021, a Dutch court ordered Royal Dutch Shell plc's Nigerian unit to compensate for oil spills in two villages over 13 years ago. Shell Nigeria is liable for damages from pipeline leaks in the villages of Oruma and Goi, the Hague Court of Appeals said in a ruling. Shell said that it should not be liable, as the spills were the result of sabotage.\n\nAccusations of greenwashing\nOn 2 September 2002, Shell Chairman Philip Watts accepted the \"Greenwash Lifetime Achievement Award\" from the Greenwash Academy's Oscar Green, near the World Summit on Sustainable Development.In 2007, British ASA ruled against a Shell ad involving chimneys spewing flowers, which depicted Shell's waste management policies, claiming it was misleading the public about Shell's environmental impact.In 2008, the British ASA ruled that Shell had misled the public in an advertisement when it claimed that a $10 billion oil sands project in Alberta, Canada, was a \"sustainable energy source\".In 2021, Netherlands officials told Shell to stop running a campaign which claimed customers could turn their fuel \"carbon neutral\" by buying offsets, as it was concluded that this claim was devoid of evidence.In December 2022, U.S. House Oversight and Reform Committee Chair Carolyn Maloney and U.S. House Oversight Environment Subcommittee Chair Ro Khanna sent a memorandum to all House Oversight and Reform Committee members summarizing additional findings from the Committee's investigation into the fossil fuel industry disinformation campaign to obscure the role of fossil fuels in causing global warming, and that upon reviewing internal company documents, accused Shell along with BP, Chevron Corporation, and ExxonMobil of greenwashing their Paris Agreement carbon neutrality pledges while continuing long-term investment in fossil fuel production and sales, for engaging in a campaign to promote the use of natural gas as a clean energy source and bridge fuel to renewable energy, and of intimidating journalists reporting about the companies' climate actions and of obstructing the Committee's investigation, which ExxonMobil, Shell, and the American Petroleum Institute denied.\n\nHealth and safety\nA number of incidents over the years led to criticism of Shell's health and safety record, including repeated warnings by the UK Health and Safety Executive about the poor state of the company's North Sea platforms.\n\nReaction to the War in Ukraine\nShell already had previous experience exiting markets that were subject to sanctions pressure from NATO or EU member states. In particular, in 2013, Shell announced that it was suspending its operations in Syria. On 8 March 2022, Shell announced its intention to phase out all Russian hydrocarbon production and acquisition projects, including crude oil, petroleum products, natural gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG). In early 2022 the company criticized by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine for its slow response to the war in Ukraine. As of April 2023, Shell still had shares in Russian companies, such as 27.5% in Sakhalin Energy Investment Company (SEIC), a joint venture with Gazprom (50%), Mitsui (12.5%) and Mitsubishi (10%).\n\nroyaldutchshellplc.com\nThis domain name was first registered by a former marketing manager for Royal Dutch Shell plc, Alfred Donovan, and has been used as a \"gripe site\". It avoids being an illegal cybersquatter as long as it is non-commercial, active, and no attempt is made to sell the domain name, as determined by WIPO proceedings. In 2005, Donovan said he would relinquish the site to Shell after it \"gets rid of all the management he deems responsible for its various recent woes.\" The site has been recognized by several media outlets for its role as an Internet leak. In 2008 the Financial Times published an article based on a letter published by royaldutchshellplc.com, which Reuters and The Times also covered shortly thereafter. On 18 October 2006, the site published an article stating that Shell had for some time been supplying information to the Russian government relating to Sakhalin II. The Russian energy company Gazprom subsequently obtained a 50% stake in the Sakhalin-II project. Other instances where the site has acted as an Internet leak include a 2007 IT outsourcing plan, as well as a 2008 internal memo where CEO Jeroen van der Veer expressed disappointment in the company's share-price performance.The gripe site has also been recognized as a source of information regarding Shell by several news sources. In the 2006 Fortune Global 500 rankings, in which Royal Dutch Shell placed third, royaldutchshellplc.com was listed alongside shell.com as a source of information. In 2007 the site was described as \"a hub for activists and disgruntled former employees.\" A 2009 article called royaldutchshellplc.com \"the world's most effective adversarial Web site.\" The site has been described as \"an open wound for Shell.\"\n\nSee also\nNotes\nPassage 7:\nTotal Bellas\nTotal Bellas is an American reality television series that aired from October 5, 2016, to January 28, 2021 on E!. A spin-off of Total Divas, the series gave viewers a further look into the lives of twin sisters and professional wrestlers Brie and Nikki Bella, along with their immediate family and partners.\n\nProduction\nOn April 20, 2016, it was announced that former WWE wrestlers Brie and Nikki Bella—collectively known as the Bella Twins—would be getting a spin-off show entitled Total Bellas. The first season premiered on October 5, 2016. The show revolves around the lives of the twins and their family. Filming for the first season was set in Tampa, Florida as Brie Bella and Daniel Bryan moved in with Nikki Bella and John Cena to help Nikki after her neck surgery. Brie and Nikki's brother JJ and his wife Lauren had a recurring role along with their mother Kathy Colace and her now husband John Laurinaitis.\nOn November 16, 2016, it was announced that E! renewed the show for a second season. The second season premiered on September 6, 2017. The second season was filmed in Phoenix, Arizona as Nikki Bella and John Cena move in with Brie Bella and Daniel Bryan to help Brie through her first pregnancy. In addition to Brie's growing baby bump, the second season documented Daniel's travels under his new role as General Manager of WWE's SmackDown Live.On January 30, 2018, it was announced that a third season would be premiering in spring of 2018. On April 5, 2018, the premiere date for the third season was announced, airing on May 20, 2018.On August 7, 2018, E! and WWE announced that Total Bellas had been renewed for a fourth season. On November 28, 2018, it was announced that the fourth season would premiere on January 13, 2019.On June 19, 2019, while appearing on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, Brie and Nikki announced that the series would return for a fifth season which premiered on April 2, 2020.On June 11, 2020, the series was renewed for a sixth season which premiered on November 12, 2020.In June 2021, Essentially Sports reported that E! had canceled Total Bellas and its sister show Total Divas, citing low ratings and a lack of interest from those involved.\n\nCast\nMain\nRecurring\nEpisodes\nSeries overview\nSeason 1 (2016)\nSeason 2 (2017)\nSeason 3 (2018)\nSeason 4 (2019)\nSeason 5 (2020)\nSeason 6 (2020–21)\nAwards and nominations\nBroadcast\nThe show is broadcast in The United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, France and South Africa on the local E! network. \nThe series is also available on Hulu, WWE Network and Peacock.\n\nAnswer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nQuestion: MV Miralda's owner announced it was in the process of doing what in April 2010?\nAnswer:"} {"question_id": 53, "category": "longbench_2wikimqa", "reference": ["England"], "prompt": "Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nThe following are given passages.\nPassage 1:\nElizabeth of Carinthia, Queen of Germany\nElisabeth of Carinthia (also known as Elisabeth of Tyrol; c. 1262 – 28 October 1312), was a Duchess of Austria from 1282 and Queen of the Romans from 1298 until 1308, by marriage to King Albert I of Habsburg.\n\nLife\nBorn in Munich, Bavaria, Elisabeth was the eldest daughter of Count Meinhard of Gorizia-Tyrol, and Elizabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Germany, widow of the late Hohenstaufen King Conrad IV of Germany. \nElizabeth thus was a half-sister of Conradin, King of Jerusalem and Duke of Swabia. Elizabeth was in fact better connected to powerful German rulers than her future husband: a descendant of earlier monarchs, for example Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, she was also a niece of the Bavarian dukes, Austria's important neighbors.\n\nDuchess and Queen\nElisabeth was married in Vienna on 20 December 1274 to Count Albert I of Habsburg, eldest son and heir of the newly elected Rudolf I, King of the Romans, thus becoming daughter-in-law of the King of the Romans and Emperor-to-be. After Rudolf had defeated his rival King Ottokar II of Bohemia in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld, he invested his son Albert with the duchies of Austria and Styria at the Imperial Diet in Augsburg on 17 December 1282.Albert initially had to share the rule with his younger brother Rudolf II, who nevertheless had to waive his rights according to the Treaty of Rheinfelden the next year. Duke Albert and Elizabeth solidified their rule in what was to become the Habsburg \"hereditary lands\", also with the help of Elizabeth's father Meinhard, who in his turn was created Duke of Carinthia by King Rudolf I in 1286.Elizabeth was described as shrewd and enterprising, in possession of some commercial talents. The construction of the Saline plant in Salzkammergut goes back to her suggestion. \nUpon the death of Albert's father in 1291, the princes elected Count Adolf of Nassau German king, while Duke Albert himself became entangled in internal struggles with the Austrian nobility. Not until Adolf's deposition in 1298, Elizabeth's husband was finally elected King of the Romans on 23 June 1298. Two weeks later, Adolf was defeated and killed in the Battle of Göllheim. In 1299, Elizabeth was crowned Queen of the Romans in Nuremberg.\n\nLater life\nOn 1 May 1308 her husband was murdered by his nephew John \"the Parricide\" near Windisch, Swabia (in modern-day Switzerland). After Albert's assassination, Elizabeth had the Poor Clare monastery of Königsfelden erected at the site, where she died on 28 October 1312 and was also buried. Today her mortal remains rest at Saint Paul's Abbey in Carinthia.\n\nIssue\nElizabeth's and Albert's children were:\n\nAnna (1275, Vienna – 19 March 1327, Breslau).\nmarried in Graz ca. 1295 to Margrave Herman, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel (ca. 1275 – 1308);\nmarried in Breslau 1310 to Duke Heinrich VI of Breslau (1294-1335).\nAgnes (18 May 1281 – 10 June 1364, Königsfelden)\nmarried in Vienna on 13 February 1296 to King Andrew III of Hungary (ca. 1265-1301).\nRudolf III (ca. 1282 – 4 July 1307), married but line extinct. He predeceased his father.\nmarried on 25 May 1300 to Duchess Blanche of France (ca. 1282 – 1305);\nmarried in Prague on 16 October 1306 to Elizabeth Richeza of Poland (1288 – 1335).\nElisabeth (1285 – 19 May 1353).\nmarried in 1304 to Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine (1282 – 1328).\nFrederick I (1289 – 13 January 1330).\nmarried on 11 May 1315 to Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Germany (1305 – 1330) but line extinct.\nLeopold I (4 August 1290 – 28 February 1326, Strassburg).\nmarried in 1315 to Catherine of Savoy (1284 – 1336).\nCatherine (1295 – 18 January 1323, Naples).\nmarried in 1316 to Charles, Duke of Calabria (1328 – 1298).\nAlbert II (12 December 1298, Vienna – 20 July 1358, Vienna).\nmarried in Vienna on 15 February 1324 to Joanna of Pfirt (ca. 1300 – 1351).\nHenry the Gentle (1299 – 3 February 1327, Bruck an der Mur).\nmarried Countess Elizabeth of Virneburg but line extinct.\nMeinhard (1300 – 1301).\nOtto (23 July 1301, Vienna – 26 February 1339, Vienna).\nmarried on 15 May 1325 to Elizabeth of Bavaria, Duchess of Austria (ca. 1306 – 1330);\nmarried on 16 February 1335 to Anne of Bohemia, Duchess of Austria (1323 – 1338).\nJutta (1302 – 5 March 1329).\nmarried in Baden 26 March 1319 to Count Ludwig VI of Öttingen.\nPassage 2:\nJohn de Bohun, 5th Earl of Hereford\nJohn de Bohun, 5th Earl of Hereford (23 November 1306 – 20 January 1336) was born in St Clement's, Oxford to Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, a daughter of Edward I of England.\nAfter his father's death at the Battle of Boroughbridge, the family lands were forfeited. It was not until after the fall of the Despensers that John was permitted to succeed to his inherited position as Earl of Hereford and Essex, hereditary Constable of England, and Lord of Brecknock.\n\nMarriages\nHe married firstly, in 1325, to Alice FitzAlan (died 1326), daughter of Edmund FitzAlan, 2nd Earl of Arundel, and secondly to Margaret Basset (died 1355). After the marriage, it was discovered that the couple were related to the fourth degree of consanguinity and they were forced to live apart. An appeal to Pope John XXII resulted on 19 February 1331 in a papal commission to the bishops of Lichfield and London to hold an enquiry into the case. However, Roger Northburgh, the Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield, failed to act and the case was still pending when the Pope issued a further demand for an enquiry in 1334.\n\nDeath\nHe did not play much of a public role, despite his high titles and offices, most likely because he had some sort of incapacity. His younger brothers were often deputed to fulfil his duties as Constable. He died at Kirkby Thore, Westmorland and was interred in Stratford Langthorne Abbey, London.\n\n\n== Notes ==\nPassage 3:\nEdward I of England\nEdward I (17/18 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks and the Hammer of the Scots, was King of England from 1272 to 1307. Concurrently, he was Lord of Ireland, and from 1254 to 1306, he ruled Gascony as Duke of Aquitaine in his capacity as a vassal of the French king. Before his accession to the throne, he was commonly referred to as the Lord Edward. The eldest son of Henry III, Edward was involved from an early age in the political intrigues of his father's reign. In 1259, he briefly sided with a baronial reform movement, supporting the Provisions of Oxford. After reconciliation with his father, he remained loyal throughout the subsequent armed conflict, known as the Second Barons' War. After the Battle of Lewes, Edward was held hostage by the rebellious barons, but escaped after a few months and defeated the baronial leader Simon de Montfort at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. Within two years the rebellion was extinguished and, with England pacified, Edward left to join the Ninth Crusade to the Holy Land in 1270. He was on his way home in 1272 when he was informed of his father's death. Making a slow return, he reached England in 1274 and was crowned at Westminster Abbey.\nEdward spent much of his reign reforming royal administration and common law. Through an extensive legal inquiry, he investigated the tenure of several feudal liberties. The law was reformed through a series of statutes regulating criminal and property law, but the King's attention was increasingly drawn toward military affairs. After suppressing a minor conflict in Wales in 1276–77, Edward responded to a second one in 1282–83 by conquering Wales. He then established English rule, built castles and towns in the countryside and settled them with English people. After the death of the heir to the Scottish throne, Edward was invited to arbitrate a succession dispute. He claimed feudal suzerainty over Scotland and invaded the country, and the ensuing First Scottish War of Independence continued after his death. Simultaneously, Edward found himself at war with France (a Scottish ally) after King Philip IV confiscated the Duchy of Gascony. The duchy was eventually recovered but the conflict relieved English military pressure against Scotland. By the mid-1290s, extensive military campaigns required high levels of taxation and this met with both lay and ecclesiastical opposition. When the King died in 1307, he left to his son Edward II a war with Scotland and other financial and political burdens.\nEdward's temperamental nature and height made him an intimidating figure and he often instilled fear in his contemporaries, although he held the respect of his subjects for the way he embodied the medieval ideal of kingship as a soldier, an administrator and a man of faith. Modern historians are divided in their assessment of Edward; some have praised him for his contribution to the law and administration, but others have criticised his uncompromising attitude towards his nobility. Edward is credited with many accomplishments, including restoring royal authority after the reign of Henry III and establishing Parliament as a permanent institution, which allowed for a functional system for raising taxes and reforming the law through statutes. At the same time, he is also often condemned for his wars against Scotland and for expelling the Jews from England in 1290.\n\nEarly years, 1239–1263\nChildhood and marriage\nEdward was born at the Palace of Westminster on the night of 17–18 June 1239, to King Henry III and Eleanor of Provence. Edward, an Anglo-Saxon name, was not commonly given among the aristocracy of England after the Norman conquest, but Henry was devoted to the veneration of Edward the Confessor and decided to name his firstborn son after the saint. Edward's birth was widely celebrated at the royal court and throughout England, and he was baptised three days later at Westminster Abbey. He was commonly referred to as the Lord Edward until his accession to the throne in 1272. Among his childhood friends was his cousin Henry of Almain, son of King Henry's brother Richard of Cornwall. Henry of Almain remained a close companion of the prince for the rest of his life. Edward was placed in the care of Hugh Giffard – father of the future Chancellor Godfrey Giffard – until Bartholomew Pecche took over at Giffard's death in 1246. Edward received an education typical of an aristocratic boy his age, including in military studies, although the details of his upbringing are unknown.There were concerns about Edward's health as a child, and he fell ill in 1246, 1247, and 1251. Nonetheless, he grew up to become a strong, athletic, and imposing man. At 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) he towered over most of his contemporaries, hence his epithet \"Longshanks\", meaning \"long legs\" or \"long shins\". The historian Michael Prestwich states that his \"long arms gave him an advantage as a swordsman, long thighs one as a horseman. In youth, his curly hair was blond; in maturity it darkened, and in old age it turned white. The regularity of his features was marred by a drooping left eyelid ... His speech, despite a lisp, was said to be persuasive.\"In 1254, English fears of a Castilian invasion of the English-held province of Gascony induced King Henry to arrange a politically expedient marriage between fifteen-year-old Edward and thirteen-year-old Eleanor, the half-sister of King Alfonso X of Castile. They were married on 1 November 1254 in the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas in Castile. As part of the marriage agreement, Alfonso X gave up his claims to Gascony, and Edward received grants of land worth 15,000 marks a year. The marriage eventually led to the English acquisition of Ponthieu in 1279 upon Eleanor's inheritance of the county. Henry made sizeable endowments to Edward in 1254, including Gascony; most of Ireland, which was granted to Edward with the stipulation that it would never be separated from the English crown; and much land in Wales and England, including the Earldom of Chester. They offered Edward little independence for Henry retained much control over the land in question, particularly in Ireland, and benefited from most of the income from those lands. Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester had been appointed as royal lieutenant of Gascony the year before and drew its income, so in practice Edward derived neither authority nor revenue from this province. Around the end of November, Edward and Eleanor left Castile and entered Gascony, where they were warmly received by the populace. Here, Edward styled himself as \"ruling Gascony as prince and lord\", a move that the historian J. S. Hamilton states was a show of his blooming political independence.From 1254 to 1257, Edward was under the influence of his mother's relatives, known as the Savoyards, the most notable of whom was Peter II of Savoy, the Queen's uncle. After 1257, Edward became increasingly close to the Lusignan faction – the half-brothers of his father Henry III – led by such men as William de Valence. This association was significant because the two groups of privileged foreigners were resented by the established English aristocracy, who would be at the centre of the ensuing years' baronial reform movement. Edward's ties to his Lusignan kinsmen were viewed unfavourably by contemporaries, including the chronicler Matthew Paris, who circulated tales of unruly and violent conduct by Edward's inner circle, which raised questions about his personal qualities.\n\nEarly ambitions\nEdward showed independence in political matters as early as 1255, when he sided with the Soler family in Gascony in their conflict with the Colomb family. This ran contrary to his father's policy of mediation between the local factions. In May 1258, a group of magnates drew up a document for reform of the King's government – the so-called Provisions of Oxford – largely directed against the Lusignans. Edward stood by his political allies and strongly opposed the Provisions. The reform movement succeeded in limiting the Lusignan influence, and Edward's attitude gradually changed. In March 1259, he entered into a formal alliance with one of the main reformers, Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester and on 15 October announced that he supported the barons' goals, and their leader, the Earl of Leicester.The motive behind Edward's change of heart could have been purely pragmatic: the Earl of Leicester was in a good position to support his cause in Gascony. When the King left for France in November, Edward's behaviour turned into pure insubordination. He made several appointments to advance the cause of the reformers, and his father believed that Edward was considering a coup d'état. When Henry returned from France, he initially refused to see his son, but through the mediation of Richard of Cornwall and Boniface, Archbishop of Canterbury, the two were eventually reconciled. Edward was sent abroad to France, and in November 1260 he again united with the Lusignans, who had been exiled there.Back in England, early in 1262, Edward fell out with some of his former Lusignan allies over financial matters. The next year, King Henry sent him on a campaign in Wales against the Welsh prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, but Edward's forces were besieged in northern Wales and achieved only limited results. Around the same time, Leicester, who had been out of the country since 1261, returned to England and reignited the baronial reform movement. As the King seemed ready to give in to the barons' demands, Edward began to take control of the situation. From his previously unpredictable and equivocating attitude, he changed to one of firm devotion to protection of his father's royal rights. He reunited with some of the men he had alienated the year before – including Henry of Almain and John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey – and retook Windsor Castle from the rebels. Through the arbitration of King Louis IX of France an agreement was made between the two parties. This Mise of Amiens was largely favourable to the royalist side and would cause further conflict.\n\nCivil war and crusades, 1264–1273\nSecond Barons' War\nThe years 1264–1267 saw the conflict known as the Second Barons' War, in which baronial forces led by the Earl of Leicester fought against those who remained loyal to the King. Edward initiated the armed conflict by capturing the rebel-held city of Gloucester. When Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby, came to the assistance of the baronial forces, Edward negotiated a truce with the Earl. Edward later broke the terms of the agreement. He then captured Northampton from Simon de Montfort the Younger before embarking on a retaliatory campaign against Derby's lands. The baronial and royalist forces met at the Battle of Lewes, on 14 May 1264. Edward, commanding the right wing, performed well, and soon defeated the London contingent of the Earl of Leicester's forces. Unwisely, he pursued the scattered enemy, and on his return found the rest of the royal army defeated. By the Mise of Lewes, Edward and his cousin Henry of Almain were given up as hostages to Leicester.\nEdward remained in captivity until March 1265, and even after his release he was kept under strict surveillance. In Hereford, he escaped on 28 May while out riding and joined up with Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester, who had recently defected to the King's side. The Earl of Leicester's support was now dwindling, and Edward retook Worcester and Gloucester with little effort. Meanwhile, Leicester had made an alliance with Llywelyn and started moving east to join forces with his son Simon. Edward made a surprise attack at Kenilworth Castle, where the younger Montfort was quartered, before moving on to cut off the Earl of Leicester. The two forces then met at the Battle of Evesham, on 4 August 1265. The Earl of Leicester stood little chance against the superior royal forces, and after his defeat he was killed and mutilated on the field.Through such episodes as the deception of Derby at Gloucester, Edward acquired a reputation as untrustworthy. During the summer campaign he began to learn from his mistakes and gained the respect and admiration of contemporaries through actions such as showing clemency towards his enemies. The war did not end with the Earl of Leicester's death, and Edward participated in the continued campaigning. At Christmas, he came to terms with Simon the Younger and his associates at the Isle of Axholme in Lincolnshire, and in March he led a successful assault on the Cinque Ports. A contingent of rebels held out in the virtually impregnable Kenilworth Castle and did not surrender until the drafting of the conciliatory Dictum of Kenilworth in October 1266. In April it seemed as if the Earl of Gloucester would take up the cause of the reform movement, and civil war would resume, but after a renegotiation of the terms of the Dictum of Kenilworth, the parties came to an agreement. Around this time, Edward was made steward of England and began to exercise influence in the government. He was also appointed Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports in 1265. Despite this, he was little involved in the settlement negotiations following the wars. His main focus was on planning his forthcoming crusade.\n\nCrusade and accession\nEdward pledged himself to undertake a crusade in an elaborate ceremony on 24 June 1268, with his brother Edmund Crouchback and cousin Henry of Almain. Some of Edward's former adversaries, such as John de Vescy and the 7th Earl of Gloucester, similarly committed themselves, although some, like Gloucester, did not ultimately participate. With the country pacified, the greatest impediment to the project was acquiring sufficient finances. King Louis IX of France, who was the leader of the crusade, provided a loan of about £17,500. This was not enough, and the rest had to be raised through a direct tax on the laity, which had not been levied since 1237. In May 1270, Parliament granted a tax of one-twentieth of all movable property; in exchange the King agreed to reconfirm the Magna Carta, and to impose restrictions on Jewish money lending. On 20 August Edward sailed from Dover for France. Historians have not determined the size of his accompanying force with any certainty, but it was probably fewer than 1000 men, including around 225 knights.Originally, the Crusaders intended to relieve the beleaguered Christian stronghold of Acre in Palestine, but King Louis and his brother Charles of Anjou, the king of Sicily, decided to attack the emirate of Tunis to establish a stronghold in North Africa. The plans failed when the French forces were struck by an epidemic which, on 25 August, killed Louis himself. By the time Edward arrived at Tunis, Charles had already signed a treaty with the Emir, and there was little to do but return to Sicily. Further military action was postponed until the following spring, but a devastating storm off the coast of Sicily dissuaded both Charles and Philip III, Louis' successor, from any further campaigning. Edward decided to continue alone, and on 9 May 1271 he finally landed at Acre.The Christian situation in the Holy Land was precarious. Jerusalem had been reconquered by the Muslims in 1244, and Acre was now the centre of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Muslim states were on the offensive under the Mamluk leadership of Baibars, and were threatening Acre. Though Edward's men were an important addition to the garrison, they stood little chance against Baibars' superior forces, and an initial raid at nearby St Georges-de-Lebeyne in June was largely futile. An embassy to the Ilkhan Abaqa of the Mongols helped bring about an attack on Aleppo in the north, which distracted Baibars' forces. The Mongol invasion ultimately failed. In November, Edward led a raid on Qaqun, which could have served as a bridgehead to Jerusalem, but this was unsuccessful. The situation in Acre grew desperate, and in May 1272 Hugh III of Cyprus, who was the nominal king of Jerusalem, signed a ten-year truce with Baibars. Edward was initially defiant, but in June 1272 he was the victim of an assassination attempt by a member of the Syrian Order of Assassins, supposedly ordered by Baibars. Although he managed to kill the assassin, he was struck in the arm by a dagger feared to be poisoned, and was severely weakened over the following months. This finally persuaded Edward to abandon the campaign.It was not until 24 September 1272 that Edward left Acre. Shortly after arriving in Sicily, he was met with the news that his father had died on 16 November. Edward was deeply saddened by this news, but rather than hurrying home at once, he made a leisurely journey northwards. This was due partly to his still-poor health, but also to a lack of urgency. The political situation in England was stable after the mid-century upheavals, and Edward was proclaimed king after his father's death, rather than at his own coronation, as had until then been customary. In Edward's absence, the country was governed by a royal council, led by Robert Burnell. Edward passed through Italy and France, visiting Pope Gregory X and paying homage to Philip III in Paris for his French domains. Edward travelled by way of Savoy to receive homage from his uncle Count Philip I for castles in the Alps held by a treaty of 1246.Edward then journeyed to Gascony to order its affairs and put down a revolt headed by Gaston de Béarn. While there, he launched an investigation into his feudal possessions, which, as Hamilton puts it, reflects \"Edward's keen interest in administrative efficiency ... [and] reinforced Edward's position as lord in Aquitaine and strengthened the bonds of loyalty between the king-duke and his subjects\". Around the same time, the King organised political alliances with the kingdoms in Iberia. His four-year-old daughter Eleanor was promised in marriage to Alfonso, the heir to the Kingdom of Aragon, and Edward's heir Henry was betrothed to Joan, heiress to the Kingdom of Navarre. Neither union would come to fruition. Only on 2 August 1274 did Edward return to England, landing at Dover. The thirty-five-year-old king held his coronation on 19 August at Westminster Abbey, alongside Queen Eleanor. Immediately after being anointed and crowned by Robert Kilwardby, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Edward removed his crown, saying that he did not intend to wear it again until he had recovered all the crown lands that his father had surrendered during his reign.\n\nEarly reign, 1274–1296\nConquest of Wales\nLlywelyn ap Gruffudd enjoyed an advantageous situation in the aftermath of the Barons' War. The 1267 Treaty of Montgomery recognised his ownership of land he had conquered in the Four Cantrefs of Perfeddwlad and his title of Prince of Wales. Armed conflicts nevertheless continued, in particular with certain dissatisfied Marcher Lords, such as the Earl of Gloucester, Roger Mortimer and Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford. Problems were exacerbated when Llywelyn's younger brother Dafydd and Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn of Powys, after failing in an assassination attempt against Llywelyn, defected to the English in 1274. Citing ongoing hostilities and Edward's harbouring of his enemies, Llywelyn refused to do homage to the King. For Edward, a further provocation came from Llywelyn's planned marriage to Eleanor, daughter of Simon de Montfort the Elder.In November 1276, Edward declared war. Initial operations were launched under the captaincy of Mortimer, Edward's brother Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, and William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick. Support for Llywelyn was weak among his own countrymen. In July 1277 Edward invaded with a force of 15,500, of whom 9,000 were Welshmen. The campaign never came to a major battle, and Llywelyn soon realised he had no choice but to surrender. By the Treaty of Aberconwy in November 1277, he was left only with the land of Gwynedd, though he was allowed to retain the title of Prince of Wales.When war broke out again in 1282, it was an entirely different undertaking. For the Welsh, this war was over national identity, enjoying wide support, provoked particularly by attempts to impose English law on Welsh subjects. For Edward, it became a war of conquest rather than simply a punitive expedition, like the former campaign. The war started with a rebellion by Dafydd, who was discontented with the reward he had received from Edward in 1277. Llywelyn and other Welsh chieftains soon joined in, and initially the Welsh experienced military success. In June, Gloucester was defeated at the Battle of Llandeilo Fawr. On 6 November, while John Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury, was conducting peace negotiations, Edward's commander of Anglesey, Luke de Tany, decided to carry out a surprise attack. A pontoon bridge had been built to the mainland, but shortly after Tany and his men crossed over, they were ambushed by the Welsh and suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Moel-y-don. The Welsh advances ended on 11 December, when Llywelyn was lured into a trap and killed at the Battle of Orewin Bridge. The conquest of Gwynedd was complete with the capture in June 1283 of Dafydd, who was taken to Shrewsbury and executed as a traitor the following autumn; Edward ordered Dafydd's head to be publicly exhibited on London Bridge. Further rebellions occurred in 1287–88 and, more seriously, in 1294, under the leadership of Madog ap Llywelyn, a distant relative of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd. This last conflict demanded the King's own attention, but in both cases the rebellions were put down.\nBy the 1284 Statute of Rhuddlan, the principality of Wales was incorporated into England and was given an administrative system like the English, with counties policed by sheriffs. English law was introduced in criminal cases, though the Welsh were allowed to maintain their own customary laws in some cases of property disputes. After 1277, and increasingly after 1283, Edward embarked on a project of English settlement of Wales, creating new towns like Flint, Aberystwyth and Rhuddlan. Their new residents were English migrants, the local Welsh being banned from living inside them, and many were protected by extensive walls.An extensive project of castle-building was also initiated, under the direction of James of Saint George, a prestigious architect whom Edward had met in Savoy on his return from the crusade. These included the Beaumaris, Caernarfon, Conwy and Harlech castles, intended to act both as fortresses and royal palaces for the King. His programme of castle building in Wales heralded the introduction of the widespread use of arrowslits in castle walls across Europe, drawing on Eastern architectural influences. Also a product of the Crusades was the introduction of the concentric castle, and four of the eight castles Edward founded in Wales followed this design. The castles drew on imagery associated with the Byzantine Empire and King Arthur in an attempt to build legitimacy for his new regime, and they made a clear statement about Edward's intention to rule Wales permanently.In 1284, King Edward had his son Edward (later Edward II) born at Caernarfon Castle, probably to make a deliberate statement about the new political order in Wales. David Powel, a 16th-century clergyman, suggested that the baby was offered to the Welsh as a prince \"that was borne in Wales and could speake never a word of English\", but there is no evidence to support this widely reported account. In 1301 at Lincoln, the young Edward became the first English prince to be invested with the title of Prince of Wales, when the King granted him the Earldom of Chester and lands across North Wales. The King seems to have hoped that this would help in the pacification of the region, and that it would give his son more financial independence.\n\nDiplomacy and war on the Continent\nEdward never again went on crusade after his return to England in 1274, but he maintained an intention to do so, and in 1287 took a vow to go on another Crusade. This intention guided much of his foreign policy, until at least 1291. To stage a European-wide crusade, it was essential to prevent conflict between the sovereigns on the Continent. A major obstacle to this was represented by the conflict between the French Capetian House of Anjou ruling southern Italy and the Kingdom of Aragon in Spain. In 1282, the citizens of Palermo rose up against Charles of Anjou and turned for help to Peter III of Aragon, in what has become known as the Sicilian Vespers. In the war that followed, Charles of Anjou's son, Charles of Salerno, was taken prisoner by the Aragonese. The French began planning an attack on Aragon, raising the prospect of a large-scale European war. To Edward, it was imperative that such a war be avoided, and in Paris in 1286 he brokered a truce between France and Aragon that helped secure Charles's release. As far as the crusades were concerned, Edward's efforts proved ineffective. A devastating blow to his plans came in 1291, when the Mamluks captured Acre, the last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land.Edward had long been deeply involved in the affairs of his own Duchy of Gascony. In 1278 he assigned an investigating commission to his trusted associates Otto de Grandson and the chancellor Robert Burnell, which caused the replacement of the seneschal Luke de Tany. In 1286, Edward visited the region himself and stayed for almost three years. The perennial problem was the status of Gascony within the Kingdom of France, and Edward's role as the French king's vassal. On his diplomatic mission in 1286, Edward had paid homage to the new king, Philip IV, but in 1294 Philip declared Gascony forfeit when Edward refused to appear before him in Paris to discuss the recent conflict between English, Gascon, and French sailors that had resulted in several French ships being captured, along with the sacking of the French port of La Rochelle.Correspondence between Edward and the Mongol court of the east continued during this time. Diplomatic channels between the two had begun during Edward's time on crusade, regarding a possible alliance to retake the Holy Land for Europe. Edward received Mongol envoys at his court in Gascony while there in 1287, and one of their leaders, Rabban Bar Sauma, recorded an extant account of the interaction. Other embassies arrived in Europe in 1289 and 1290, the former relaying Ilkhan Abaqa's offer to join forces with the crusaders and supply them with horses. Edward responded favourably, declaring his intent to embark on a journey to the east once he obtained papal approval. Although this would not materialise, the King's decision to send Geoffrey of Langley as his ambassador to the Mongols revealed that he was seriously considering the prospective Mongol alliance.Eleanor of Castile died on 28 November 1290. The couple loved each other, and like his father, Edward was very devoted to his wife and was faithful to her throughout their marriage. He was deeply affected by her death, and displayed his grief by erecting twelve so-called Eleanor crosses, one at each place where her funeral cortège stopped for the night. As part of the peace accord between England and France in 1294, it was agreed that Edward should marry Philip IV's half-sister Margaret, but the marriage was delayed by the outbreak of war. Edward made alliances with the German king, the counts of Flanders and Guelders, and the Burgundians, who would attack France from the north. The alliances proved volatile and Edward was facing trouble at home at the time, both in Wales and Scotland. It was not until August 1297 that he was finally able to sail for Flanders, at which time his allies there had already suffered defeat. The support from Germany never materialised, and Edward was forced to seek peace. His marriage to Margaret in 1299 ended the war, but the whole affair had proven both costly and fruitless for the English. French possession of Gascony would not end until 1303, at which point it was partially returned to the English crown.\n\nGreat Cause\nThe relationship between England and Scotland by the 1280s was one of relatively harmonious coexistence. The issue of homage did not reach the same level of controversy as it did in Wales; in 1278 King Alexander III of Scotland paid homage to Edward, who was his brother-in-law, but apparently only for the lands he held in England. Problems arose only with the Scottish succession crisis of the early 1290s. When Alexander died in 1286, he left as heir to the Scottish throne Margaret, his three-year-old granddaughter and sole surviving descendant. By the Treaty of Birgham, it was agreed that Margaret should marry King Edward's six-year-old son Edward of Carnarvon, though Scotland would remain free of English overlordship. Margaret, by now seven years of age, sailed from Norway for Scotland in the autumn of 1290, but fell ill on the way and died in Orkney. This left the country without an obvious heir, and led to the succession dispute known to history as the Great Cause.Even though as many as fourteen claimants put forward their claims to the title, the foremost competitors were John Balliol and Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale. The Scottish magnates made a request to Edward to conduct the proceedings and administer the outcome, but not to arbitrate in the dispute. The actual decision would be made by 104 auditors – 40 appointed by Balliol, 40 by Brus and the remaining 24 selected by Edward from senior members of the Scottish political community. At Birgham, with the prospect of a personal union between the two realms, the question of suzerainty had not been of great importance to Edward. Now he insisted that, if he were to settle the contest, he had to be fully recognised as Scotland's feudal overlord. The Scots were reluctant to make such a concession, and replied that since the country had no king, no one had the authority to make this decision. This problem was circumvented when the competitors agreed that the realm would be handed over to Edward until a rightful heir had been found. After a lengthy hearing, a decision was made in favour of John Balliol on 17 November 1292.Even after Balliol's accession, Edward still continued to assert his authority over Scotland. Against the objections of the Scots, he agreed to hear appeals on cases ruled on by the court of guardians that had governed Scotland during the interregnum. A further provocation came in a case brought by Macduff, son of Malcolm II, Earl of Fife, in which Edward demanded that Balliol appear in person before the English Parliament to answer the charges. This the Scottish King did, but the final straw was Edward's demand that the Scottish magnates provide military service in the war against France. This was unacceptable; the Scots instead formed an alliance with France and launched an unsuccessful attack on Carlisle. Edward responded by invading Scotland in 1296 and taking the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed in a particularly bloody attack. At the Battle of Dunbar, Scottish resistance was effectively crushed. Edward confiscated the Stone of Destiny – the Scottish coronation stone – and brought it to Westminster, placing it in what became known as King Edward's Chair; he deposed Balliol and placed him in the Tower of London, and installed Englishmen to govern the country. The campaign had been very successful, but the English triumph would be only temporary.\n\nGovernment and law\nCharacter as king\nEdward had a reputation for a fierce and sometimes unpredictable temper, and he could be intimidating; one story tells of how the Dean of St Paul's, wishing to confront Edward over the high level of taxation in 1295, fell down and died once he was in the King's presence, and one 14th-century chronicler attributed the death of Archbishop Thomas of York to the King's harsh conduct towards him. When Edward of Caernarfon demanded an earldom for his favourite Piers Gaveston, the King erupted in anger and supposedly tore out handfuls of his son's hair. Some of his contemporaries considered Edward frightening, particularly in his early days. The Song of Lewes in 1264 described him as a leopard, an animal regarded as particularly powerful and unpredictable. At times, Edward exhibited a gentler disposition, and was known to be devoted to his large family. He was close to his daughters, and frequently lavished expensive gifts on them whenever they visited court.Despite his harsh disposition, Edward's contemporaries considered him an able, even an ideal, king. Though not loved by his subjects, he was feared and respected, as reflected in the fact that there were no armed rebellions in England during his reign. Edward met contemporary expectations of kingship in his role as an able, determined soldier and in his embodiment of shared chivalric ideals. In religious observance he also fulfilled the expectations of his age: he attended chapel regularly, gave alms generously and showed a fervent devotion to the Virgin Mary and Saint Thomas Becket. Like his father, Edward was a keen participant in the tradition of the royal touch, which had the supposed effect of curing those who were touched from scrofula. Contemporary records suggest that the King touched upwards of a thousand people each year. Despite his personal piety, Edward was frequently in conflict with the Archbishops of Canterbury who served during his reign. Relations with the Papacy were at times no better, Edward coming into conflict with Rome over the issue of ecclesiastical taxation.Edward took a keen interest in the stories of King Arthur, which were highly popular in Europe during his reign. In 1278 he visited Glastonbury Abbey to open what was then believed to be the tomb of Arthur and Guinevere, recovering \"Arthur's crown\" from Llywelyn after the conquest of North Wales; his castle-building campaign in Wales drew upon the Arthurian myths in their design and location. He held \"Round Table\" events in 1284 and 1302, involving tournaments and feasting, and chroniclers compared him and the events at his court to Arthur. In some cases Edward appears to have used his interest in the Arthurian myths to serve his own political interests, including legitimising his rule in Wales and discrediting the Welsh belief that Arthur might return as their political saviour.\n\nAdministration and the law\nSoon after assuming the throne, Edward set about restoring order and re-establishing royal authority after the troubled reign of his father. To accomplish this, he immediately ordered an extensive change of administrative personnel. The most important of these was the designation of Robert Burnell as chancellor in 1274, a man who would remain in the post until 1292 as one of the King's closest associates. The same year as Burnell's appointment, Edward replaced most local officials, such as the escheators and sheriffs. This last measure was taken in preparation for an extensive inquest covering all of England, that would hear complaints about abuse of power by royal officers. The second purpose of the inquest was to establish what land and rights the Crown had lost during the reign of Henry III.The inquest produced a set of census documents called the Hundred Rolls. These have been likened to the 11th-century Domesday Book, and they formed the basis for the later legal inquiries called the Quo warranto proceedings. The purpose of these inquiries was to establish by what warrant (Latin: Quo warranto) liberties were held. If the defendant could not produce a royal licence to prove the grant of the liberty, then it was the Crown's opinion – based on the writings of the influential thirteenth-century legal scholar Henry de Bracton – that the liberty should revert to the King. Both the Statute of Westminster 1275 and Statute of Westminster 1285 codified the existing law in England. By enacting the Statute of Gloucester in 1278 the King challenged baronial rights through a revival of the system of general eyres (royal justices to go on tour throughout the land) and through a significant increase in the number of pleas of quo warranto to be heard by such eyres.This caused great consternation among the aristocracy, who insisted that long use in itself constituted licence. A compromise was eventually reached in 1290, whereby a liberty was considered legitimate as long as it could be shown to have been exercised since the coronation of Richard the Lionheart in 1189. Royal gains from the Quo warranto proceedings were insignificant as few liberties were returned to the King, but he had nevertheless won a significant victory by establishing the principle that all liberties emanated from the Crown.The 1290 statute of Quo warranto was only one part of a wider legislative reform, which was one of the most important contributions of Edward's reign. This era of legislative action had started already at the time of the baronial reform movement; the Statute of Marlborough (1267) contained elements both of the Provisions of Oxford and the Dictum of Kenilworth. The compilation of the Hundred Rolls was followed shortly after by the issue of Westminster I (1275), which asserted the royal prerogative and outlined restrictions on liberties. The Statutes of Mortmain (1279) addressed the issue of land grants to the Church. The first clause of Westminster II (1285), known as De donis conditionalibus, dealt with family settlement of land, and entails. The Statute of Merchants (1285) established firm rules for the recovery of debts, and the Statute of Winchester (1285) dealt with security and peacekeeping on a local level by bolstering the existing police system. Quia emptores (1290) – issued along with Quo warranto – set out to remedy land ownership disputes resulting from alienation of land by subinfeudation. The age of the great statutes largely ended with the death of Robert Burnell in 1292.\n\nFinances, the expulsion of Jews, and Parliament\nEdward's reign saw an overhaul of the coinage system, which was in a poor state by 1279. Compared to the coinage already circulating at the time of Edward's accession, the new coins issued proved to be of superior quality. In addition to minting pennies, halfpences and farthings, a new denomination called the groat (which proved to be unsuccessful) was introduced. The coinmaking process itself was also improved. The moneyer William Turnemire introduced a novel method of minting coins that involved cutting blank coins from a silver rod, in contrast with the old practice of stamping them out from sheets; this technique proved to be efficient. The practice of minting coins with the moneyer's name on them became obsolete under Edward's rule because England's mint administration became far more centralised under the Crown's authority. During this time, English coins were frequently counterfeited on the Continent, especially the Low Countries, and despite a ban in 1283, English coinage was secretly exported to the European continent. In August 1280, Edward forbade the usage of the old long cross coinage, which forced the populace to switch to the newly minted versions. Records indicate that the coinage overhaul successfully provided England with a stable currency.\nEdward's frequent military campaigns put a great financial strain on the nation. There were several ways through which the King could raise money for war, including customs duties, money borrowing and lay subsidies, which were taxes collected at a certain fraction of the moveable property of all laymen who held such assets. In 1275, Edward negotiated an agreement with the domestic merchant community that secured a permanent duty on wool, England's primary export. In 1303, a similar agreement was reached with foreign merchants, in return for certain rights and privileges. The revenues from the customs duty were handled by the Riccardi, a group of bankers from Lucca in Italy. This was in return for their service as moneylenders to the crown, which helped finance the Welsh Wars. When the war with France broke out, the French king confiscated the Riccardi's assets, and the bank went bankrupt. After this, the Frescobaldi of Florence took over the role as money lenders to the English crown.Another source of crown income was represented by the English Jews. The Jews were the King's personal property, and he was free to tax them at will. By 1280, the Jews had been exploited to a level at which they were no longer of much financial use to the crown, but they could still be used in political bargaining. Their loan-with-interest business – a practice forbidden to Christians – had made many people indebted to them and caused general popular resentment. In 1275, Edward had issued the Statute of the Jewry, which outlawed loan with interest and encouraged the Jews to take up other professions; in 1279, in the context of a crack-down on coin-clippers, he arrested all the heads of Jewish households in England and had around 300 of them executed. In 1280, he ordered all Jews to attend special sermons, preached by Dominican friars, with the hope of persuading them to convert, but these exhortations were not followed. The final attack on the Jews in England came in the Edict of Expulsion in 1290, whereby Edward formally expelled all Jews from England. This not only generated revenues through royal appropriation of Jewish loans and property, but it also gave Edward the political capital to negotiate a substantial lay subsidy in the 1290 Parliament. The expulsion, which was reversed in the 1650s, followed a precedent set by other European rulers, including Philip II of France, John I, Duke of Brittany and Louis IX of France.Edward held Parliament on a regular basis throughout his reign. In 1295, a significant change occurred. For this Parliament, as well as the secular and ecclesiastical lords, two knights from each county and two representatives from each borough were summoned. The representation of commons in Parliament was nothing new; what was new was the authority under which these representatives were summoned. Whereas previously the commons had been expected simply to assent to decisions already made by the magnates, it was now proclaimed that they should meet with the full authority (plena potestas) of their communities, to give assent to decisions made in Parliament. The King now had full backing for collecting lay subsidies from the entire population. Whereas Henry III had only collected four of these in his reign, Edward collected nine. This format eventually became the standard for later Parliaments, and historians have named the assembly the \"Model Parliament\", a term first introduced by the English historian William Stubbs.\n\nLater reign, 1297–1307\nConstitutional crisis\nThe incessant warfare of the 1290s put a great financial demand on Edward's subjects. Whereas the King had levied only three lay subsidies until 1294, four such taxes were granted in the years 1294–1297, raising over £200,000. Along with this came the burden of prises, seizure of wool and hides, and the unpopular additional duty on wool, dubbed the maltolt (\"unjustly taken\"). The fiscal demands on the King's subjects caused resentment, which eventually led to serious political opposition. The initial resistance was caused not by the lay taxes, but by clerical subsidies. In 1294, Edward made a demand of a grant of one-half of all clerical revenues. There was some resistance, but the King responded by threatening opponents with outlawry, and the grant was eventually made. At the time, Robert Winchelsey, the designated Archbishop of Canterbury, was in Italy to receive consecration. Winchelsey returned in January 1295 and had to consent to another grant in November of that year. In 1296, his position changed when he received the papal bull Clericis laicos. This bull prohibited the clergy from paying taxes to lay authorities without explicit consent from the Pope. When the clergy, with reference to the bull, refused to pay, Edward responded with outlawry. Winchelsey was presented with a dilemma between loyalty to the King and upholding the papal bull, and he responded by leaving it to every individual clergyman to pay as he saw fit. By the end of the year, a solution was offered by the new papal bull Etsi de statu, which allowed clerical taxation in cases of pressing urgency. This allowed Edward to collect considerable sums by taxing the English clergy.\n\nOpposition from the laity took longer to surface. This resistance focused on two things: the King's right to demand military service and his right to levy taxes. At the Salisbury Parliament of February 1297, the Earl Marshal Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk, objected to a royal summons of military service. Bigod argued that the military obligation only extended to service alongside the King; if the King intended to sail to Flanders, he could not send his subjects to Gascony. In July, Bigod and Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford and Constable of England, drew up a series of complaints known as the Remonstrances, in which objections to the extortionate level of taxation were voiced. Undeterred, Edward requested another lay subsidy. This one was particularly provocative, because the King had sought consent from only a small group of magnates, rather than from representatives of the communities in Parliament. While Edward was in Winchelsea, preparing for the campaign in Flanders, Bigod and de Bohun arrived at the Exchequer to prevent the collection of the tax. As the King left the country with a greatly reduced force, the kingdom seemed to be on the verge of civil war. The English defeat by the Scots at the Battle of Stirling Bridge resolved the situation. The renewed threat to the homeland gave king and magnates common cause. Edward signed the Confirmatio cartarum – a confirmation of the Magna Carta and its accompanying Charter of the Forest – and the nobility agreed to serve with the King on a campaign in Scotland.Edward's problems with the opposition did not end with the Scottish campaign. Over the following years he would be held to the promises he had made, in particular that of upholding the Charter of the Forest. In the Parliament of 1301, the King was forced to order an assessment of the royal forests, but in 1305 he obtained a papal bull that freed him from this concession. Ultimately, it was a change in personnel that spelt the end of the opposition against Edward. De Bohun died late in 1298, after returning from the Scottish campaign. In 1302 Bigod arrived at an agreement with the King that was beneficial for both: Bigod, who had no children, made Edward his heir, in return for a generous annual grant. Edward finally got his revenge on Winchelsey, who had been opposed to the King's policy of clerical taxation, in 1305, when Clement V was elected pope. Clement was a Gascon sympathetic to the King, and on Edward's instigation had Winchelsey suspended from office.\n\nReturn to Scotland\nEdward believed that he had completed the conquest of Scotland when he left the country in 1296, but resistance soon emerged under the leadership of Andrew de Moray in the north and William Wallace in the south. On 11 September 1297, a large English force under the leadership of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey, and Hugh de Cressingham was routed by a much smaller Scottish army led by Wallace and Moray at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. The defeat sent shockwaves into England, and preparations for a retaliatory campaign started immediately. Soon after Edward returned from Flanders, he headed north. On 22 July 1298, in the only major battle he had fought since Evesham in 1265, Edward defeated Wallace's forces at the Battle of Falkirk. Edward underestimated the gravity of the ever-changing military condition in the north and was not able to take advantage of the momentum; the next year the Scots managed to recapture Stirling Castle. Even though Edward campaigned in Scotland both in 1300, when he successfully besieged Caerlaverock Castle and in 1301, the Scots refused to engage in open battle again, preferring instead to raid the English countryside in smaller groups.The Scots appealed to Pope Boniface VIII to assert a papal claim of overlordship to Scotland in place of the English. His papal bull addressed to King Edward in these terms was firmly rejected on Edward's behalf by the Barons' Letter of 1301. The English managed to subdue the country by other means: in 1303, a peace agreement was reached between England and France, effectively breaking up the Franco-Scottish alliance. Robert the Bruce, the grandson of the claimant to the crown in 1291, had sided with the English in the winter of 1301–02. By 1304, most of the other nobles of the country had also pledged their allegiance to Edward, and this year the English also managed to re-take Stirling Castle. A great propaganda victory was achieved in 1305 when Wallace was betrayed by Sir John de Menteith and turned over to the English, who had him taken to London where he was publicly executed. With Scotland largely under English control, Edward installed Englishmen and collaborating Scots to govern the country.The situation changed again on 10 February 1306, when Robert the Bruce murdered his rival John Comyn, and a few weeks later, on 25 March, was crowned King of Scotland. Bruce now embarked on a campaign to restore Scottish independence, and this campaign took the English by surprise. Edward was suffering ill health by this time, and instead of leading an expedition himself, he gave different military commands to Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, and Henry Percy, 1st Baron Percy, while the main royal army was led by the Prince of Wales. The English initially met with success; on 19 June, Aymer de Valence routed Bruce at the Battle of Methven. Bruce was forced into hiding, and the English forces recaptured their lost territory and castles.Edward acted with unusual brutality against Bruce's family, allies, and supporters. His sister, Mary, was imprisoned in a cage at Roxburgh Castle for four years. Isabella MacDuff, Countess of Buchan, who had crowned Bruce, was held in a cage at Berwick Castle. His younger brother Neil was executed by being hanged, drawn, and quartered; he had been captured after he and his garrison held off Edward's forces who had been seeking his wife, daughter and sisters. Edward now regarded the struggle not as a war between two nations, but as the suppression of a rebellion of disloyal subjects. This brutality, though, rather than helping to subdue the Scots, had the opposite effect, and rallied growing support for Bruce.\n\nDeath and burial\nIn February 1307, Bruce resumed his efforts and started gathering men, and in May he defeated Valence at the Battle of Loudoun Hill. Edward, who had rallied somewhat, now moved north himself. He developed dysentery on the way, and his condition deteriorated. On 6 July he encamped at Burgh by Sands, just south of the Scottish border. When his servants came the next morning to lift him up so that he could eat, the King died in their arms.Several stories emerged about Edward's deathbed wishes; according to one tradition, he requested that his heart be carried to the Holy Land, along with an army to fight the infidels. A more dubious story tells of how he wished for his bones to be carried along on future expeditions against the Scots. Another account of his deathbed scene is more credible; according to one chronicle, Edward gathered around him Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln; Guy de Beauchamp, 10th Earl of Warwick; Aymer de Valence; and Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron de Clifford, and charged them with looking after his son Edward. In particular they should make sure that Piers Gaveston, whom he had banished earlier that year, was not allowed to return to the country. This wish the son ignored, and had his favourite recalled from exile almost immediately. The new king, Edward II, remained in the north until August, but then abandoned the campaign and headed south, partially due to financial limitations. He was crowned king on 25 February 1308.\nEdward I's body was brought south, lying in state at Waltham Abbey, before being buried in Westminster Abbey on 27 October. There are few records of the funeral, which cost £473. Edward's tomb was an unusually plain sarcophagus of Purbeck marble, without the customary royal effigy, possibly the result of the shortage of royal funds. The Society of Antiquaries of London opened the tomb in 1774, finding that the body had been well preserved over the preceding 467 years, and took the opportunity to determine the King's original height. Traces of the Latin inscription Edwardus Primus Scottorum Malleus hic est, 1308. Pactum Serva (\"Here is Edward I, Hammer of the Scots, 1308. Keep the Troth\") can still be seen painted on the side of the tomb, referring to his vow to avenge the rebellion of Robert Bruce. This resulted in Edward being given the epithet the \"Hammer of the Scots\" by historians, but is not contemporary in origin, having been added by the Abbot John Feckenham in the 16th century.\n\nLegacy\nThe first histories of Edward in the 16th and 17th centuries drew primarily on the works of the chroniclers, and made little use of the official records of the period. They limited themselves to general comments on Edward's significance as a monarch, and echoed the chroniclers' praise for his accomplishments. During the 17th century, the lawyer Edward Coke wrote extensively about Edward's legislation, terming the King the \"English Justinian\" after the renowned Byzantine lawmaker Justinian I. Later in the century, historians used the available record evidence to address the role of Parliament and kingship under Edward, drawing comparisons between his reign and the political strife of their own century. Eighteenth-century historians established a picture of Edward as an able, if ruthless, monarch, conditioned by the circumstances of his own time.The influential Victorian historian William Stubbs instead suggested that Edward had actively shaped national history, forming English laws and institutions, and helping England to develop a parliamentary and constitutional monarchy. His strengths and weaknesses as a ruler were considered to be emblematic of the English people as a whole. Stubbs's student, Thomas Tout, initially adopted the same perspective, but after extensive research into Edward's royal household, and backed by the research of his contemporaries into the early Parliaments of the period, he changed his mind. Tout came to view Edward as a self-interested, conservative leader, using the parliamentary system as \"the shrewd device of an autocrat, anxious to use the mass of the people as a check upon his hereditary foes among the greater baronage.\"Historians in the 20th and 21st centuries have conducted extensive research on Edward and his reign. Most have concluded this was a highly significant period in English medieval history, some going further and describing Edward as one of the great medieval kings, although most also agree that his final years were less successful than his early decades in power. G. Templeman argued in his 1950 historiographical essay that \"it is generally recognized that Edward I deserves a high place in the history of medieval England\". More recently, Michael Prestwich argued that \"Edward was a formidable king; his reign, with both its successes and its disappointments, a great one,\" and he was \"without doubt one of the greatest rulers of his time\", and John Gillingham suggests that \"no king of England had a greater impact on the peoples of Britain than Edward I\" and that \"modern historians of the English state ... have always recognized Edward I's reign as pivotal.\" Fred Cazel similarly comments that \"no-one can doubt the greatness of the reign\". Most recently, Andrew Spencer has agreed with Prestwich, arguing that Edward's reign \"was indeed ... a great one\", and Caroline Burt states that \"Edward I was without a doubt one of the greatest kings to rule England\".Three major academic narratives of Edward have been produced during this period. F. M. Powicke's volumes, published in 1947 and 1953, forming the standard works on Edward for several decades, were largely positive in praising the achievements of his reign, and in particular his focus on justice and the law. In 1988, Michael Prestwich produced an authoritative biography of the King, focusing on his political career, still portraying him in sympathetic terms, but highlighting some of the consequences of his failed policies. Marc Morris's biography followed in 2008, drawing out more of the detail of Edward's personality, and generally taking a harsher view of his weaknesses and less pleasant characteristics, pointing out that modern analysts of Edward's reign denounce the King for his policies against the Jewish community in England. Considerable academic debate has taken place around the character of Edward's kingship, his political skills, and in particular his management of his earls, and the degree to which this was collaborative or repressive in nature.There is a great difference between English and Scottish historiography on King Edward. G. W. S. Barrow, in his biography of Robert the Bruce, accused Edward of ruthlessly exploiting the leaderless state of Scotland to obtain a feudal superiority over the kingdom followed by his determination to reduce it to nothing more than an English possession. Modern commentators have conflicting opinions on whether Edward's conquest of Wales was warranted. Contemporary English historians were firmly in favour of the King's campaigns there. Morris takes the position that the poor condition of Wales would have allowed England to dominate it at some point or another, whether by direct conquest or through natural deterioration.\n\nFamily\nFirst marriage\nBy his first wife Eleanor of Castile, Edward had at least fourteen children, perhaps as many as sixteen. Of these, five daughters survived into adulthood, but only one son outlived his father, becoming King Edward II (r. 1307–1327). Edward's children with Eleanor were:\nKatherine (1261 or 1263–1264)\nJoan (1265–1265)\nJohn (1266–1271)\nHenry (1268–1274)\nEleanor (1269–1298)\nUnnamed daughter (1271–1271 or 1272)\nJoan (1272–1307)\nAlphonso (1273–1284)\nMargaret (1275–1333)\nBerengaria (1276–1277 or 1278)\nUnnamed child (1278–1278)\nMary (1278–1332)\nElizabeth (1282–1316)\nEdward II (1284–1327)\n\nSecond marriage\nBy Margaret of France, Edward had two sons, both of whom lived to adulthood, and a daughter who died as a child. His progeny by Margaret of France were:\nThomas (1300–1338)\nEdmund (1301–1330)\nEleanor (1306–1311)A genealogy in the Hailes Abbey chronicle indicates that John Botetourt may have been Edward's illegitimate son, but the claim is unsubstantiated.\n\nGenealogical table\nSee also\nList of earls in the reign of Edward I of England\nSavoyard knights in the service of Edward I\n\nNotes\nPassage 4:\nElizabeth of Celje\nElizabeth of Celje (1441 – 1455), also Elizabeth of Cilli, was the first wife of Matthias Corvinus, the future King of Hungary.\n\nFamily background\nElizabeth was born to Ulrich II, Count of Celje and his wife Catherine Branković, daughter of the Serb despot George Branković. Her father was a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, with extensive domains in both the Empire and in the Kingdom of Hungary, centered in Lower Styria, Carniola, and Slavonia. Her mother was the sister of Mara Branković, a favorite wife of the Ottoman sultan Murad II.\nElizabeth was most likely born in Celje, the family seat. She seems to have had a twin sister, called Catherine, who died as a child. Elizabeth was baptised in the Eastern Orthodox faith of her mother, an arrangement that aroused consternation in the Roman Catholic milieu of Celje.\nBoth of her brothers, Hermann IV and George, died by 1452. Thereafter she remained her parents' sole child, and the last offspring of the House of Celje.\n\nBetrothal\nElizabeth was initially betrothed to John of Gorizia, son of count Henry IV of Gorizia, who was living in Celje under the tutelage of her father. However, it was later decided she would marry into the Hunyadi family.\nElizabeth's father and maternal grandfather were long-time opponents of John Hunyadi, as the houses of Celje and Hunyadi were competing for influence in the Kingdom of Hungary since the early 1440s. In June 1448, the two parties reached an agreement on the division of spheres of interest, sealed by Elizabeth's betrothal to Ladislaus, John Hunyadi's firstborn son.In the autumn of the same year, Hunyadi was defeated by the Ottomans at Kosovo; captured by George Branković during his retreat, he was forced to return several estates to him. With the help of the pope, Hunyadi had the disvantageous agreement dissolved; as a consequence, the settlement with the Celjes was called off, as well. Under pressure from the estates, protracted negotiations ensued. In August 1451, a settlement was reached in Smederevo. This time, it was agreed that Elizabeth would marry John's second-born son, Matthias. The wedding was set to 6 December 1453, with the stipulation that should the marriage fail to materialize because any fault attributable to Branković, the latter’s castles and other estates in Hungary would be transferred to Hunyadi and his sons.It was John Hunyadi himself, however, to call off the wedding few months before it was to take place. In the fall of 1453, in fact, Elizabeth's father fell out of favor with king Ladislaus, and Hunyadi took advantage of the situation to dissolve the alliance with the Celjes which limited his autonomy of action in Hungary. By February 1455, however, Ulrich was back in power, and George Branković was instrumental in renewing the alliance between his son-in-law and Hunyadi in order to secure a common front against the Ottoman threat.\n\nMarriage and death\nFollowing a renewal of the Celje-Hunyadi alliance, Elizabeth was married to Matthias in the spring of 1455, after having converted to Catholicism. By this time, Ulrich of Celje had remained without sons, with his wife approaching forty: Matthias thus became his most likely heir. He was sent to the royal court in Buda where Ulrich now resided as regent, while Elizabeth settled in the Hunyadis' estates; the two young spouses thus served mostly as hostages between their respective families.In the winter of 1455, Elizabeth fell seriously ill. The famous preacher John Capistran organized public prayers for her recovery. However, she died before the end of the year at the Hunyadi court in Transylvania. With her death, Ulrich of Celje remained childless, and the last link between the Hunyadi and Celje families was cut.\n\nAncestry\nNotes\n\n\n== Sources ==\nPassage 5:\nElizabeth of Rhuddlan\nElizabeth of Rhuddlan (7 August 1282 – 5 May 1316) was the eighth and youngest daughter of King Edward I of England and Queen Eleanor of Castile. Of all of her siblings, she was closest to her younger brother King Edward II, as they were only two years apart in age.\n\nFirst marriage\nIn April 1285 there were negotiations with Floris V for Elizabeth's betrothal to his son John I, Count of Holland. The offer was accepted and John was sent to England to be educated. On 8 January 1297 Elizabeth was married to John at Ipswich. In attendance at the marriage were Elizabeth's sister Margaret, her father, Edward I of England, her brother Edward, and Humphrey de Bohun. After the wedding Elizabeth was expected to go to Holland with her husband, but did not wish to go, leaving her husband to go alone. It is recorded that while in Ipswich the King, in some outburst, threw his daughter's coronet into the fire. A great ruby and a great emerald, stones supplied by Adam the Goldsmith, were lost as a result.After some time travelling England, it was decided Elizabeth should follow her husband. Her father accompanied her, travelling through the Southern Netherlands between Antwerp, Mechelen, Leuven and Brussels, before ending up in Ghent. There they remained for a few months, spending Christmas with her two sisters Eleanor and Margaret. On 10 November 1299, John died of dysentery, though there were rumours of his murder. No children had been born from the marriage.\n\nSecond marriage\nOn her return trip to England, Elizabeth went through Brabant to see her sister Margaret. When she arrived in England, she met her stepmother Margaret, whom Edward had married while Elizabeth was in Holland. On 14 November 1302 Elizabeth was married to Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford, 3rd of Essex, also Constable of England, at Westminster Abbey.In August 1304, she was pregnant and travelled from Linlithgow Palace in Scotland to Knaresborough Castle. She gave birth to her second son, Humphrey de Bohun, in September, assisted by a holy relic of the girdle of the Virgin, brought especially from Westminster Abbey. Humphrey died about six weeks later and was buried at Westminster Abbey with his sister Margaret.\n\nIssue\nThe children of Elizabeth and Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford were:\n\nMargaret de Bohun (born 1302 – died 7 Feb. 1304).\nHumphrey de Bohun (born c. Oct. 1303 – died c. Oct. 1304).\nLady Eleanor de Bohun (17 October 1304 – 1363)\nJohn de Bohun, 5th Earl of Hereford (23 November 1306 – 20 January 1336)\nHumphrey de Bohun, 6th Earl of Hereford (6 December c. 1309 – 1361)\nMargaret de Bohun, 2nd Countess of Devon (3 April 1311 – 1391)\nWilliam de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton (1312–1360).\nEdward de Bohun (1312–1334), twin of William\nAgnes, Married Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Baron Ferrers of Chartley, son of John de Ferrers, 1st Baron Ferrers of Chartley\nEneas de Bohun, (1314 – after 1322); he is mentioned in his father's will\nIsabel de Bohun (born and died 5 May 1316)\n\nLater life\nDuring Christmas 1315, Elizabeth, who was pregnant with her eleventh child, was visited by her sister-in-law, Queen Isabella of France. On 5 May 1316 she went into labour, giving birth to her daughter Isabella. Both Elizabeth and her daughter Isabella died shortly after the birth.\nElizabeth was interred at Waltham Abbey, Essex, together with her infant daughter & other members of the de Bohun family.\n\nAncestry\nPassage 6:\nAli Rahuma\nAli Khalifa Rahuma (Arabic: علي ارحومه) (born May 16, 1982) is a Libyan football midfielder, also a Libyan national. He currently plays for Al-Ittihad, and is a member of the Libya national football team.\n\nExternal links\nAli Rahuma at National-Football-Teams.com\nSoccerPunter. “Ali Khalifa Rahuma Profile and Statistics.” SoccerPunter. SoccerPunter, n.d. Web. 6 Sept. 2016\n\nAnswer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nQuestion: What nationality is Elizabeth Of Rhuddlan's father?\nAnswer:"} {"question_id": 54, "category": "longbench_hotpotqa", "reference": ["Jaleel Ahmad White"], "prompt": "Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nThe following are given passages.\nPassage 1:\nAmerican Nerd\nAmerican Nerd: The Story of My People is a book by Benjamin Nugent. The book discusses the history and origin of the term \"nerd\", as well as what the term means in today's age. Some of the important topics discussed include the racial differences for the term \"nerd\", such as how race played into Urkel, a nerdy character played by Jaleel White on the TV series Family Matters.\n\nAppearances\nThe book and the author were featured on Last Call with Carson Daly as well as The Sound of Young America on NPR.\nPassage 2:\nSteve Urkel\nSteven Quincy Urkel is a fictional character on the American ABC/CBS sitcom Family Matters, portrayed by Jaleel White. Although originally slated to be a one-time-only character on the show, he broke out to be its most popular character and gradually became its protagonist. Due to the Urkel character's off-putting characteristics and the way he would stir up events and underscore the plot or even move it along, he is considered a nuisance by the original protagonist's family, the Winslows, though they come to accept him over time.\nThe character is the epitome of a geek or nerd of the era, due to traits such as large, thick eyeglasses, flood pants held up by suspenders, multi-colored cardigan sweaters, saddle shoes, and a high-pitched voice. He professes love for his neighbor Laura Winslow, who is a character in the main family of the series, but this love of his is written as an accent on or trigger for events and crises and is therefore unrequited until the series' end.\nThroughout the series, starting from Urkel's debut, he is central to many of its running gags, primarily property damage and/or personal injury resulting from of his inventions going awry or his outright clumsiness. He becomes known by viewers and characters alike for several catchphrases uttered after some humorous misfortune occurs, including \"I've fallen and I can't get up!\" \"I don't have to take this. I'm going home.\" \"Did I do that?\" \"Whoa, Mama!\" and \"Look what you did!\" (on occasions when someone else caused the damage, though usually the accident was indirectly caused by Urkel).\n\nCharacter development\nIn syndication, Steve Urkel first appeared on the 4th episode of the first season, \"Rachel's First Date\" (as the show staff wanted to more naturally introduce him to audiences upon repeated viewings). In the 12th episode of the first season, \"Laura's First Date\", he reappears as a nerdy young boy who takes Laura Winslow out on a date. Despite him being madly in love with her, Laura finds Steve grating and doesn't return his affection. \nWhile initially intended to be a minor character, Urkel became very popular for his oddball antics, soon becoming a recurring character and joining the main cast, beginning with the season-two premiere \"Rachel's Place\".Family Matters co-creator Michael Warren named the character after his friend, writer, and director Steve Urkel. Due to the show and the character's tremendous popularity during the early 1990s, Erkel encountered difficulties using his own name; he received many prank phone calls from \"Laura\" asking for \"Steve\", and businesses found his name to be suspicious. Warren stated that had he known if the character would reappear for years, he would not have named him after his friend.\n\nPortrayal\nSteve Urkel embodies the stereotype of a socially inept intellectual who means well but often messes things up. Despite his intelligence, his actions often come across as clumsy and foolish. He is fiercely protective of and obsessed with his unrequited love, Laura Winslow, and this admiration extends to the rest of the Winslow family. However, Steve is comically clumsy and inept, and his attempts to help the Winslows often go awry. This puts him at odds with the family patriarch, Carl, who routinely throws Urkel out of his house. He has been shown to take responsibility for his own mistakes and reimburses the Winslows for the damages he's done. Steve is close to Harriette Winslow, who is delighted each time he comes over, much to Carl's chagrin.\nLater episodes suggest that Steve's attachment to the Winslows stems from his bad relationship with his own family. Urkel often hints that most of his relatives, including his (never seen) parents, despise him and refuse to associate with him. This culminates in the two moving to Russia without him, whereupon he moves in with the Winslows. The show has also revealed that Steve has at least four relatives who care about him who are Uncle Ernie who owns a horse trailer; Uncle Cecil who, despite his gambling problems, visits the Urkel home to keep an eye on him; Aunt Oona from Altoona, (played by singer, Donna Summer), who is like a mother to him; and cousin Myrtle. In the series finale, Steve responds to Carl talking about how proud he is of his future son-in-law by saying \"Thanks, Dad.\"\nUrkel dresses unfashionably for someone his age (he is most commonly seen wearing suspenders, brightly colored shirts, and high water pants) and has a number of hobbies and interests, including polka dancing and accordion playing. His motor vehicle of choice is the small three-wheeled Isetta. Unlike his friends, he has little interest in popular culture and athletic endeavors, though he enjoys playing basketball, once attempting to join the school team. This has caused Myra to be attracted to Urkel himself due to them not being interested in pop culture. However, Steve has shown little interest in her mainly due to her stalker behavior.\nWhile he is unpopular with his schoolmates, Urkel is a brilliant student and is on a first-name basis with his teachers. He is a genius inventor as well, and his fantastical but unreliable gadgets (including a transformation device and a time machine) are central to many Family Matters plots and gags.\nUrkel also has an adept sense of lawbreaking that involves peer pressure. This was explored four times, mainly with Eddie, since he often has to learn his lesson the hard way when he finds himself in situations outside of his control.\n\nStefan Urquelle\nDuring the season five episode \"Dr. Urkel and Mr. Cool\", in a takeoff on The Nutty Professor films, Urkel devises a plan to win Laura's heart: transforming his DNA using a serum, which suppresses his \"nerd genes\" and brings out his \"cool\" genes. This results in the alter ego known as Stefan Urquelle, played by Jaleel White in more casual attire. Initially, Laura is enamored with the smoother Stefan, but asks that he turn back into Steve when Stefan's self-centeredness makes itself apparent.\nSteve improves the formula in the season five episode \"Stefan Returns\" to reduce its negative effects on his personality, and invents a \"transformation chamber\" allowing him to become Stefan at will. He would change into Stefan several times – even while dating Myra – but some circumstance would force Steve to turn into his normal self again. With his narcissistic tendencies toned down, Laura falls deeply in love with Steve's alter-ego.\nIn the seventh-season finale \"Send in the Clones\", Steve creates a cloning machine and winds up creating a perfect duplicate of himself. Myra is initially excited, but eventually realizes that two Steves are just too much. To clear up the situation, Laura proposes that one of the Steves be permanently turned into Stefan, so that she and Myra can both be with the one they love. This Stefan becomes a recurring character and eventually proposes to Laura in the ninth season. After weighing her choices in the episode \"Pop Goes the Question\", Laura chooses Steve over Stefan. Stefan leaves and does not appear again.\n\nCultural impact\nIn 2010, Westside Middle School in Memphis, Tennessee, outlined its dress code policy on sagging pants, asking students to pull them up or get \"Urkeled\", a reference to the character. In this practice, teachers would forcibly pull students' pants up and attach them to their waist using zip ties. Students would also have their photo taken and posted on a board in the hallway, for all of their classmates to view. In an interview with NBC affiliate WMC-TV, Principal Bobby White stated that the general idea is to fight pop culture with pop culture. One teacher at the school claimed to have \"Urkeled\" up to 80 students per week, although after five weeks the number dropped to 18.\n\nRatings effect\nIn syndication, Steve is incorporated into the teaser scene of \"Rachel's First Date\"; his first appearance in the original broadcasts is in the 1989 episode \"Laura's First Date\", in which Carl and Eddie separately set up dates for Laura for a dance or party (both terms are used in the episode), and the first thing known about him is that he allegedly ate a mouse, and he later makes reference to a mouse when speaking to Carl, implying that it might be true. Prior to Steve Urkel's introduction, the show was on the brink of cancellation due to mediocre ratings. After Urkel was introduced, several scripts had to be hastily rewritten to accommodate the character, while several first-season episodes that had been completed had new opening gag sequences filmed featuring Steve trying to push open the Winslows' front door while the family holds it shut. The addition of Steve immediately helped the show boost its modest ratings. White was credited as a guest star in the first season and became a regular member of the cast in season two. In the opening credits for Seasons 5-9, White was the only regular whose character's name appeared alongside his own during the opening credits (Season 9 did not have the same credit sequence showing all the actors, it simply listed their names across the bottom of the screen, but White was listed \"as Steve Urkel\" there as well).\nJo Marie Payton, who played Harriette Winslow, admitted that she felt the Urkel character had hogged much of the show's attention and disrupted the close family relationship she had formed with the rest of the cast. Payton took particular umbrage when youngest sibling Judy Winslow was dismissed as a disposable character and her portrayer, Jaimee Foxworth, was fired to make room for more Urkel stories, because she felt particularly close to Foxworth as the baby of the cast. Payton experienced increasing burnout over the course of the show, became increasingly upset over the production staff allowing White free rein to misbehave, and felt that the overbearing focus on Urkel had made the show jump the shark; she very nearly quit when the show moved to CBS but agreed to stay for the first several episodes while a new actress, Judyann Elder, was cast as Harriet. In an interview with Entertainment Tonight, Payton recalled an instance where White insisted upon inserting something that would have violated Broadcast Standards and Practices, to the point where he and Payton nearly came to physical blows with each other. White is one of the few living members of the cast with whom Payton no longer speaks regularly. She nevertheless speaks well of her experiences and appreciates the effect that Urkel had on the show's popularity and thus the residuals everyone receives from the show. Reginald VelJohnson, in a 2022 interview with Entertainment Tonight, acknowledged that White could be difficult to work with on set but attributed the difficulties to White's young age and being surrounded by other teenagers, which VelJohnson (who himself never had children) found overwhelming. On the whole, VelJohnson had \"nothing but good memories\" of working with White.\n\nThe Urkel Dance\nThe Urkel Dance was a novelty dance that originated in the season two episode, \"Life of the Party\". It was based around the character of Steve Urkel and essentially incorporated movements that made the dancer's posture more like his.\nThe dance was popular enough to appear on another show, Step by Step, when the Steve Urkel character appeared in a crossover in the season one episode, \"The Dance\".\nJaleel White also performed the song, in character as Steve Urkel, on the 5th Annual American Comedy Awards. Bea Arthur (from Maude & The Golden Girls) joined him on stage to \"Do The Urkel\", after which she said, \"Hey, MC Hammer, try and touch that!\"A promotional cassette single of the song that accompanies the dance was produced and distributed in limited numbers. A T-shirt was also produced featuring lyrics and Urkel's likeness.\nRick Sanchez pays some form of homage to The Urkel Dance with \"The Rick Dance\" in the Rick and Morty episode \"Ricksy Business\".\n\nAppearances on other shows\nFull House – In the 1991 episode, \"Stephanie Gets Framed\", Steve is called in to help Stephanie Tanner (Jodie Sweetin) deal with her anxieties after she has to get glasses. He was cousin to a friend of D.J. He also jams with Uncle Jesse and gives Michelle a penny for her piggy bank, telling her that \"with prevailing interest rates, that penny will be worth three cents by the turn of the century\". Incidentally, Family Matters did not air on the night of the episode's original airdate (January 25, 1991). It is implied that he found himself in San Francisco in the Full House universe before paying a visit to the Lambert household from Step by Step.\nStep by Step – In the series' second episode, \"The Dance\", Steve lands in the Lambert-Foster family's backyard after launching himself with a rocket pack from the living room of the Winslows' house in the Family Matters episode \"Brain Over Brawn\" (the two scenes being shown in uninterrupted sequence, as Family Matters and Step by Step aired back to back on ABC's TGIF lineup at the time). He then helps his science-fair pen pal, Mark Foster (Christopher Castile), and lifts Alicia \"Al\" Lambert (Christine Lakin)'s spirits after her potential date dumps her just before a school dance. White reprises his \"Do the Urkel\" dance in the scene where Al gives the boy that dumped her his comeuppance. White also makes a brief two-second cameo as Steve in the 1997 episode \"A Star Is Born\", snapping a clapperboard on the set of the movie that Al was cast in over her two sisters.\nIn the Family Matters episode \"Beauty and the Beast\", Steve sends a chain letter to his friend Cory Matthews, who lived in Philadelphia. The reference is to Ben Savage's character from Boy Meets World, but there were no on-screen crossovers. In an episode of Boy Meets World, Cory says he receives a chain letter from his friend Steve.\nFuller House - In the Season 3 finale, Urkel was mentioned by D.J.. In a January 2018 interview with TVLine's Andy Swift, series creator and former show runner Jeff Franklin mentioned that they have talked about White reprising the role and that they had some ideas for the character if White decides to reprise the role (Franklin was dismissed from the show before this materialized, and Urkel never appeared in the series).\nScooby-Doo and Guess Who? - White reprised his role on the animated series Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? in the episode \"When Urkel- Bots Go Bad!\"\n\nMerchandise\nAt the height of his popularity, Urkel's name was branded to several products including a short-lived fruit flavored cereal known as Urkel-Os and a Steve Urkel pull string doll, which were both released in 1991. There was also a T-shirt line that was created in 2002, but was discontinued shortly after its inception.In 2021 White launched his own cannabis brand that featured a strain called \"Purple Urkel\". He reprised the role of Urkel in a skit with Snoop Dogg to promote the strain.\n\nReception\nIn 1999, TV Guide ranked Urkel #27 on its list of the \"50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time\". In 2004, he was listed at #98 in Bravo's 100 Greatest TV Characters.\n\n\n== Notes ==\nPassage 3:\nFamily Matters\nFamily Matters is an American television sitcom that debuted on ABC on September 22, 1989, and ended on May 9, 1997. However it moved to CBS, where it was shown from September 19, 1997, to July 17, 1998. A spin-off of Perfect Strangers, the series revolves around the Winslow family, an African-American middle class family living in Chicago, Illinois. Midway through the first season, the show introduced the Winslows' nerdy neighbor Steve Urkel (Jaleel White), who was originally scripted to appear as a one-time character. However, he quickly became the show's breakout character (and eventually the main character), joining the main cast.Running for nine seasons, Family Matters became the second-longest-running live action U.S. sitcom with a predominantly African-American cast, behind only The Jeffersons (11 seasons). It aired for 215 episodes, being ranked third, behind only Tyler Perry's House of Payne (280+ as of 2021), and The Jeffersons (253). Family Matters was the last live-action scripted primetime show that debuted in the 1980s to leave the air; the only scripted show that started in the 1980s and lasted longer in continuous production was The Simpsons.\n\nHistory\nThe series was a spinoff from the ABC sitcom Perfect Strangers; both shows aired Friday nights on ABC's primetime slot called \"TGIF\". Jo Marie Payton played Harriette Winslow, the elevator operator at a newspaper where Larry Appleton and Balki Bartokomous also worked. Reginald VelJohnson, who was coming off of growing fame from his role in Die Hard, made an appearance on the show as Harriette's husband Carl Winslow, a Chicago police officer. ABC and the producers loved the character Harriette for her great morale and quick-witted humor and decided to create a show that would focus on her and her family, husband Carl, son Eddie, elder daughter Laura, and younger daughter Judy (who appeared until the character was retconned after season four as having not existed).In the pilot episode, \"The Mama Who Came to Dinner\", the family had also opened their home to Carl's street-wise mother, Estelle (Rosetta LeNoire), usually known as \"Mother Winslow\". Prior to the start of the series, Harriette's sister, Rachel Crawford and her infant son, Richie, had moved into the Winslow household after the death of Rachel's husband. The Winslows' nerdy teenage next-door neighbor, Steve Urkel (Jaleel White), was introduced midway through the first season in the episode \"Laura’s First Date\" and quickly became the focus of the show.The popular sitcom was a mainstay of ABC's TGIF lineup from 1989 until 1997, at which point it became part of the CBS Block Party lineup for its final season. Family Matters was produced by Bickley-Warren Productions (1991–1998) and Miller-Boyett Productions, in association with Lorimar Television (1989–1993) and later Warner Bros. Television (1993–1998). As the show progressed, episodes began to center increasingly on Steve Urkel, and other original characters also played by White, including Steve's suave alter-ego, Stefan Urquelle (who is Jaleel White's real-life self), and his female cousin, Myrtle Urkel.\n\nNetwork change\nIn early 1997, CBS picked up Family Matters and Step by Step in a $40 million deal to acquire the rights to the programs from ABC. ABC then promised to pay Miller-Boyett Productions $1.5 million per episode for a ninth and tenth season of Family Matters. However, tensions had risen between Miller-Boyett Productions and ABC's corporate parent, The Walt Disney Company (which had bought the network in 1996 as part of its merger with ABC's then-parent Capital Cities/ABC Inc.). Miller-Boyett thought that it would not be a big player on ABC after the network's recent purchase by Disney.Miller-Boyett Productions agreed to a $40 million offer from CBS for a 22-episode season for both Family Matters and Step By Step. CBS scheduled Family Matters along with Meego and Step By Step as a part of its new Friday lineup, branded as the CBS Block Party. The network scheduled the family-oriented block against ABC's TGIF lineup, where the two series originated. Jo Marie Payton's contract had just expired and she was reluctant to continue, feeling the show had jumped the shark years prior. She agreed to stay to keep continuity but left midseason shortly after very nearly getting into a physical altercation with White in what would be her last regular episode; in that episode, White (playing a gangster instead of his usual Urkel) was attempting to insert material that violated Broadcast Standards and Practices. The resulting dispute between White and Payton escalated to the point where Darius McCrary had to separate the two. Payton would appear in only one more episode after that—a Christmas episode that also brought back several former characters from the ABC run who had been written out on CBS—before Judyann Elder took over as Harriette for the remainder of the season.\nWhile Family Matters continued to lose viewership compared to previous years, it was initially a modest success on CBS, beating the show that replaced it, You Wish. Meego, however, was a ratings failure and was canceled after six weeks. Near the end of the ninth season, the cast was informed that a tenth and final season was planned, so scripts and plot synopses were written for the show. After the holiday special season, CBS replaced Meego with Kids Say the Darndest Things, and with that show's child-centered focus, it was placed in Family Matters' 8/7c time slot, with Family Matters pushed an hour later and paired with Step by Step. The ratings for Family Matters fell even further in this later slot, and the entire block except for Kids Say... was canceled in spring 1998, with the remaining episodes burned off in the summer, On November 28, 2019 Bryton McClure who played the 2nd version of Richard \"Richie\" Crawford Sayed To OWN \"it was about time, relationships gone a little south and time to move on\", on November 28th, 2020 TV One Did a Thanksgiving Marathon called Family Matters: Turkel \nMarathon, Michelle Thomas went to talk to fellow co-star Reginald VelJohnson that she was sick, and the rest of the main cast never said their goodbyes after 25 years of her passing\n\nCast\nEpisodes\nProduction notes\nFamily Matters was created by William Bickley and Michael Warren (who also wrote for, and were producers of, parent series Perfect Strangers) and developed by Thomas L. Miller and Robert L. Boyett (who also served as executive producers on Perfect Strangers); all four also served as executive producers of the series. The series was produced by Miller-Boyett Productions, in association with Lorimar Television who co-produced the show until 1993, when Warner Bros. Television absorbed Lorimar (a sister company under the co-ownership of Time Warner).\nStarting with season three, the series was also produced by Bickley-Warren Productions. The series was filmed in front of a live studio audience; the Lorimar-produced episodes were shot at Lorimar Studios (later Sony Pictures Studios) in Culver City, California, while the Warner Bros.-produced episodes were filmed at Warner Bros. Studios in nearby Burbank.\nThe show's original theme was Louis Armstrong's \"What a Wonderful World\"; it was scrapped after the fifth episode of season one (\"Straight A's\"), though it was heard only in the pilot episode in syndicated reruns. The second theme, \"As Days Go By\", written by Jesse Frederick, Bennett Salvay and Scott Roeme and performed by Frederick, was the theme for the majority of the series until 1995. The sixth season's opening credits was last used in the season seven episodes \"Talk's Cheap\" and \"Fa La La La Laagghh\", the only two episodes during the final three seasons to feature the theme song (this was heard in season one episodes in ABC Family and syndicated airings). A longer version of \"As Days Go By\" was used during the first three seasons, though in syndicated reruns the short version is heard (in ABC Family airings, the long theme was used for all of the episodes during the first three seasons).\nFamily Matters is set in the same fictional universe as several other TV shows related to ABC's TGIF or CBS's Block Party. Before Family Matters, Harriette Winslow was originally the elevator operator at the Chicago Chronicle newspaper office in the third and fourth seasons of Perfect Strangers. Family Matters was a spin-off series given to this character in 1989. Characters from Family Matters appeared on other shows, including Full House, Boy Meets World, Step by Step and Meego.\n\nSyndication\nIn September 1993, Warner Bros. Television Distribution began distributing Family Matters for broadcast in off-network syndication; most television stations stopped carrying the show by around 2002, though some stations in larger markets such as WTOG in Tampa, Florida continued to air Family Matters until as recently as 2005 and New York's WPIX as 2006. In 1995, reruns of the series began airing on TBS Superstation, where it ran until 2003. TBS would air two episodes of Family Matters each weekday afternoon from October 1995 to September 1999. From 1999 to 2003, TBS only aired the series once per weekday typically playing in the early mornings. The series would return to TBS 17 years later on February 3, 2020 and airs in the early morning time slots paired with George Lopez.\nFrom 1997 to 2003, reruns of the series aired on WGN America. In 2003, ABC Family picked up the series and aired it for five years until February 29, 2008. From 2004 to 2006, UPN aired the show for 2 years. BET aired reruns briefly in December 2009 and began airing the series on a regular basis on March 1, 2013; the series returned to BET in mid-February 2023. MTV2 also began airing reruns on September 7, 2013. The show aired on Nick at Nite from June 29, 2008 to December 31, 2012. ABC Family and Nick at Nite airings cut the tag scenes at the end of all episodes, despite the fact that many episodes during the series have tag scenes during the closing credits. The series also currently airs on TV One since 2019. In Canada, the series also aired on CTV, CBC and currently airs on Family Channel.\nOn September 29, 2017, Family Matters became available for streaming on Hulu. In the UK it aired on Sky One whilst Perfect Strangers aired on BBC One.\nReruns of the series also started airing on Cartoon Network's ACME Night block on September 19, 2021.\nOn October 1, 2021, Family Matters began streaming on HBO Max after its streaming rights expired from Hulu, but has since returned to the Hulu platform.\n\nInternational airings\nIn France, it aired as La Vie de famille (Family Life) as part of the show Club Dorothée on January 1, 1995 and on RTL9 (from August 28, 1995), France 2 & M6 (from June 1, 2000).\nIn Italy, it aired as Otto sotto un tetto (Eight under one roof) on Canale 5, Italia 1 in 1992, with subsequent airings on Fox Retro & Sky Atlantic.\n\nHome media\nWarner Home Video has released the first four seasons of Family Matters on DVD in Region 1 while the remaining five seasons were released by the Warner Archive Collection. On February 4, 2014, Warner Home Video released season 4 on DVD, but consumers complained when it was found that the season 4 set contained syndication edits rather than the original broadcast masters. Warner Bros. responded to the complaints, offered a replacement program to receive corrected discs and reissuing the set with corrected broadcast copies on April 4, 2014. All episodes are the original broadcast form, except for the episode \"Number One With a Bullet\", disc 1, episode 6. The entire series is also available for digital download on Amazon.com and the iTunes Store, all but season 6 remastered in both SD and HD.\n\nAnimated Christmas TV movie\nOn September 1, 2021, it was announced an animated Christmas film Did I Do That to the Holidays? A Steve Urkel Story would air on Cartoon Network as part of the block ACME Night in 2022. It was set to be released on HBO Max. However, on August 22, 2022, it was announced the film will not be moving forward on HBO Max and will be shopped elsewhere due to the Warner Bros. Discovery merger. Current bidders are Apple TV+, Hulu and Netflix.\n\nAccolades\nNotes\nPassage 4:\nMichelle Thomas\nMichelle Doris Thomas (September 23, 1968 – December 23, 1998) was an American actress. She was known for her roles as Justine Phillips on the NBC sitcom The Cosby Show (1988–90), as Myra Monkhouse on the ABC/CBS sitcom Family Matters (1993–98), and as Callie Rogers on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless (1998).\n\nEarly life and education\nMichelle Thomas was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on September 23, 1968, to Phynjuar \"Penwah\" Thomas, a stage actress, and musician father Dennis \"Dee Tee\" Thomas, a saxophonist and founding member of the band Kool & the Gang. Thomas grew up in Montclair, New Jersey, and graduated from West Essex High School in 1987.As a child, she would accompany her mother to her theater rehearsals and performances. Her mother was her first acting coach, and coached her throughout the course of her career. A friend of her mother who had heard Michelle Thomas sing before had requested that she enter Miss Talented Teens. Thomas was crowned Miss Talented Teen New Jersey at the state's Hal Jackson's Talented Teen pageant, and then in July 1984, at the age of 15, she was crowned Miss Talented Teen International in Montego Bay, Jamaica from among 35 state and national representatives.\n\nCareer\nIn 1983, Michelle Thomas appeared in her first television commercial. In December 1984, she appeared with Hal Jackson on Soul Train after having won the Miss Talented Teen International pageant earlier in the year.From 1988 to 1990, Thomas portrayed Justine Phillips, the girlfriend of Theo Huxtable, on The Cosby Show. She appeared on various television programs, including A Man Called Hawk in 1989 and Thea in 1994. Thomas had a role in Dream Date in 1989 and had a small role in Hangin' with the Homeboys in 1991.\nThomas appeared in music videos for Mint Condition, Chubb Rock, and Dru Hill. Her publicist was Kahdijah Bell, daughter of Ronald Bell of Kool & the Gang. Thomas was a guest host of the weekly music series Soul Train in May 1996 and March 1997.From 1993 to 1998, she portrayed the role of Myra Monkhouse, the girlfriend of Steve Urkel, on Family Matters. After the sitcom ended in 1998, Thomas portrayed Callie Rogers, an aspiring singer and love interest of Malcolm Winters, on the daytime soap The Young and the Restless. In October 1998, Thomas took a medical leave from the series due to her ill health. Thomas had been in the studio recording music before her sudden turn in health. She appeared posthumously in the role of Anne in the film Unbowed in 1999.\n\nHealth and death\nIn August 1997, Thomas was diagnosed with a rare cancer, an intra-abdominal desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor (DSRCT). Thomas never smoked or drank alcohol, and was a vegetarian. Her mother added that \"they'd give her a sedation that was supposed to put her out for 20 minutes and she'd be asleep for four days. Her body couldn't take it.\" Thomas underwent surgery to remove a lemon-sized tumor shortly before landing her The Young and the Restless role in the spring of 1998. She underwent surgery again in October 1998 after a second cancerous growth ruptured. After being released from the hospital, Thomas flew home to New Jersey to spend Thanksgiving with her family in Weehawken, New Jersey.On December 23, at age 30, Thomas died in New York City at Manhattan's Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Malcolm-Jamal Warner, Thomas' longtime friend and former boyfriend, was among those at her bedside. On December 26, 1998, a Muslim funeral service was held, per her request. She was buried in New Jersey.\n\nFilmography\nFilm\nTelevision\nMusic videos\nHonors\nPassage 5:\nBoy Meets World (season 2)\nThe second season of the television comedy series Boy Meets World aired between September 23, 1994 and May 19, 1995, on ABC in the United States. The season was produced by Michael Jacobs Productions and Touchstone Television with series creator Michael Jacobs as executive producer. It was broadcast as part of the ABC comedy block TGIF on Friday evenings. This is the last season to have Lily Nicksay portray Morgan Matthews. (She would be replaced by Lindsay Ridgeway in season three.)\n\nCast\nMain\nBen Savage as Cory Matthews\nWilliam Daniels as George Feeny\nBetsy Randle as Amy Matthews\nWill Friedle as Eric Matthews\nRider Strong as Shawn Hunter\nDanielle Fishel as Topanga Lawrence\nLily Nicksay as Morgan Matthews\nAnthony Tyler Quinn as Jonathan Turner\nWilliam Russ as Alan Matthews\n\nEpisodes\nPassage 6:\nTwenty Vicodin\n\"Twenty Vicodin\" is the eighth season premiere episode of the American television medical drama series House and the 156th overall episode of the series. It aired on Fox on October 3, 2011. The episode introduces a new regular cast member to the series, Odette Annable, who plays Dr. Jessica Adams. Jaleel White, who played Steve Urkel on the ABC show Family Matters, makes a guest appearance in the episode. In the episode, the storyline picks up eleven months after the season seventh finale with House in prison.\n\nPlot\nEight months after being imprisoned for driving his car into Cuddy's living room, House has five days before he is granted parole, to which he has become eligible due to space issues and relatively good behavior. He is faced with prison bullies, mainly their leader (Jude Ciccolella), who extorts him into paying them \"twenty Vicodin\" as \"exit tax\", and meets Jessica Adams (Odette Annable), a young prison doctor who becomes fascinated with his medical skills. When a fellow prisoner collapses due to mysterious symptoms, House races against the clock and the head prison doctor to find the cure. During his imprisonment period, House has not had any phone calls or visitors; as House explains, human contact is what brought him there to begin with. In the end, House cures the man, but not without punishment from the parole board.\n\nProduction\n\"Twenty Vicodin\", the eighth season premiere of House, was written by Peter Blake. It debuted actress Odette Annable as Dr. Jessica Adams, a doctor working at the prison where Dr. House is incarcerated. David Shore stated that it was a challenge for him to appropriately punish House for the deed in the season 7 finale without turning the series into a prison show or changing House's characteristics (while changing the environment around him, i.e. removing Cuddy and \"chilling\" his relationship with Wilson), and that is why he decided to pick up the story eight months after House's incarceration.\n\nReception\nCritical reception\nThe episode was received with generally good reviews. The A.V. Club initially gave this episode a B− rating. Anthony Ocasio of ScreenRant.com gave the episode a positive review, stating \"the House season 8 premiere presents a wonderfully crafted case study, penned by executive producer Peter Blake, on the man that is House, in which Hugh Laurie masterfully traverses a new environment filled with intriguing challenges and compelling characters.\" Joseph Oliveto from screencrave.com gave the episode a very good review, awarding the episode 9/10. Oliveto commented that Twenty Vicodin was \"A tense season-opener [that] assures us that “House” hasn’t lost the magic\".\n\nRatings\nWith 9.78 million viewers, \"Twenty Vicodin\" was the 8th most watched program of the night. This was a decrease of 0.76 million viewers from the season seven premiere, but an increase of 0.67 million from the season 7 finale. The episode was the 14th most watched program of the week for adults 18-49. The season premiere was the second most watched program of the week in Canada with 2.81 million viewers.\nPassage 7:\nShawn Harrison (actor)\nShawn Harrison (born December 28, 1973) is an American actor best known for his role as Waldo Faldo, the dim-witted but lovable chef-in-training on the ABC sitcom Family Matters from 1990 to 1996.Before sixth grade, he appeared in seven commercials such as Fruity Pebbles and Burger King. In 1986, Harrison made an appearance in the Kidsongs video \"I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing\" in the role of Mike. His mother died when he was 17.\nHarrison has also made occasional appearances as the hairstylist Peaches on the UPN sitcom Girlfriends, and made several guest appearances on other series prior to that, including Moesha.\nHe provided the voice of Timber Wolf on the animated series Legion of Super Heroes, which premiered in fall 2006. He was also in an episode of Punky Brewster. He also played William K in two episodes The Ms. Pat Show.\n\nFilmography\nFilm\nTelevision\nPassage 8:\nTotal Blackout\nTotal Blackout is an American game show airing on Syfy that features contestants that have to complete challenges such as: identifying things with either their hands, nose, or mouth; gathering items; or getting from point A to Point B while being totally in the dark (hence the name \"Total Blackout\"). The host of the show is Jaleel White, known for roles like Steve Urkel on the ABC/CBS sitcom Family Matters, and Sonic the Hedgehog in three animated shows. Each episode has four players competing to win $5,000. On occasion, episodes will feature four teams of two. The player or team who either takes the longest to do a certain task or identifies the fewest items in the allowed time is eliminated at the end of each round. The show was renewed for a second season by SyFy that started on October 30, 2012. Season 1 and 2 are now available on iTunes.\nThe show is originally Danish and first aired in Denmark (created by Henrik Nielsen) on Kanal 5 in 2011, where Uffe Holm was host of the show. The show was later adapted to a U.S.version.\n\nEpisodes\nSeason 1 (2012)\nSeason 2 (2013)\nPassage 9:\nJaleel White\nJaleel Ahmad White (born November 27, 1976) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Steve Urkel on the sitcom Family Matters. The character was originally intended to be a one-time guest appearance on the show; however, he was an instant hit with audiences and White became a regular cast member. The series aired for a total of nine seasons, from 1989 to 1997 on ABC, mostly on its Friday night TGIF lineup, and from 1997 to 1998 on CBS, again on Friday nights, via their short-lived CBS Block Party attempt. White then reprised his role as Urkel for the first time in 21 years in the 2019 series Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?.\nWhite is also the first actor to voice the popular Sega video game character Sonic the Hedgehog in animated media, doing so in Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic the Hedgehog (also known as Sonic SatAM) and Sonic Underground, all of which were produced by the now-defunct DIC Entertainment studio. He then reprised his role as Sonic in the 2013 Sonic fan film.\nAfter Family Matters ended, White went on to star in the short-lived UPN comedy series Grown Ups (1999–2000). White then took brief hiatus from acting to attend UCLA in Los Angeles, California, where he graduated in 2001, earning a degree in film and television. He returned to acting with supporting roles in Dreamgirls (2006), and cameo appearances on another ABC series, Boston Legal, Fox's House, ABC's Castle, and USA's Psych. In 2010, he portrayed Dr. McCormick in the sci-fi film Mega Shark Versus Crocosaurus. In March 2012, White was a contestant in season 14 of Dancing with the Stars before he was voted off in May of that year, leaving him with a 7th place finish overall. In April 2012, White hosted the Syfy game show Total Blackout. In January 2017, White appeared in Bones as Officer Adams. In 2020, White had a recurring role in the one season-long Netflix series The Big Show Show.\n\nEarly life\nWhite was born in Culver City, California, the only child of Michael White, a dentist, and Gail White, who was a homemaker. His mother later became his manager. White attended John Marshall Fundamental High School in Pasadena, California, and South Pasadena High School before graduating from UCLA in 2001. On the advice of his preschool teacher, White began acting as a child. He got his start on TV commercials at age three. One of White's notable commercial appearances was for Jell-O pudding pops alongside Bill Cosby.\n\nCareer\nAfter starting his career at the age of three, White's first television role was a guest stint on The Jeffersons, in 1984. He later auditioned for the role of Rudy Huxtable on The Cosby Show. According to White, he was cast in the role (the character was originally intended to be male) but was replaced by Keshia Knight Pulliam when Bill Cosby decided to mirror his television family after his real life family. The following year, he was cast as the son of Flip Wilson and Gladys Knight on the CBS sitcom Charlie and Company. The series was intended to be CBS' answer to the highly rated Cosby Show which debuted on NBC in 1984. Unlike The Cosby Show, Charlie and Company did not catch on with audiences and was canceled in May 1986. In 1987, he appeared in the pilot episode for Good Morning, Miss Bliss, and had a guest role on Mr. Belvedere. In 1988, White had a supporting role in Cadets, a sitcom starring Soleil Moon Frye. The pilot episode aired during a preview special on September 25, 1988, on ABC. The series, however, was not picked up by the network. Also during the 1980s, he appeared in a few segments of NBC's One to Grow On.\nWhite had a role in the NBC television film Camp Cucamonga. The film features an ensemble cast including Sherman Hemsley, Jennifer Aniston, and Brian Robbins. Several other child actors of the era including Chad Allen, Candace Cameron, Danica McKellar, Josh Saviano, and Breckin Meyer also appear.\n\nFamily Matters\nAt the age of 12, White originated his most famous role, Steve Urkel, on Family Matters. The role was initially conceived as a one-time guest appearance, but the character proved to be popular and White was given a full-time starring role. He also played several other members of the Urkel family, including his alter ego Stefan Urquelle and Myrtle Urkel. During the height of Family Matters' popularity, the character of Urkel was marketed with breakfast cereal (Urkel-Os) and an Urkel doll. In addition to starring in the series, White also wrote several episodes, including one, at age 19, that was the series' highest rated for that year. The series was a staple of ABC's TGIF lineup and became one of the longest-running sitcoms with a predominantly black cast in television history.In 1992, he was featured in The Jaleel White Special, in which he played a fictionalized version of himself making a film, while also playing Steve Urkel.By the time the series ended in 1998, White, who was then 21 years old, was disillusioned with the role, and had been shaken by the death of his close friend and co-star Michelle Thomas from an aggressive form of stomach cancer. Shortly after the series' cancellation, he stated in a 1999 interview, \"If you ever see me do that character again, take me out and put a bullet in my head and put me out of my misery.\" Due to the character's popularity, White was so tightly defined by his Urkel character that he encountered difficulty finding other roles.In later years, White came to terms with the character. In a 2011 interview with Vanity Fair, he addressed the 1999 \"bullet\" quote stating, \"It's one of those things that it's very unfortunate how quotes are taken out of context. I remember that interview very vividly. I loved playing those characters ... But the fact is that I was maturing. ... To be honest, I was retarding my own growth as a man to maintain the authenticity to what I thought that character should be.\" When asked if he would ever reprise the Steve Urkel role, White said, \"I'll always say never say never; I'm a pretty creative person. I can't envision how I could do it in a way that would be irreverent and fun for both me and the viewing audience\".\n\nOther career highlights\nWhite was the original English voice of the popular video game character Sonic the Hedgehog, having been cast in 1993 (pre-dating Martin Burke and Ryan Drummond). He voiced the character in all of the DiC-produced animated series: Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic SatAM, and Sonic Underground, as well as the Christmas special, Sonic Christmas Blast. In Underground, White also voiced Sonic's brother and sister, Manic and Sonia. White did not return to voice Sonic when Sonic X was released in 2003.\nIn 1999, White returned to television in the UPN sitcom Grown Ups. The series was based around White as a young man striking out into adulthood. He also co-produced and wrote some episodes for the show, in which he starred as \"J\", a college graduate struggling to establish his role in life as an adult. The pilot episode featured another former child actor, Soleil Moon Frye, known for her role as Punky Brewster, as the girl whom he chose as a roommate. The show received poor reviews from critics but debuted in second place in the ratings upon its premiere. However, ratings soon dropped and UPN canceled the series after one season.White's acting roles have not been restricted to sitcoms. He has provided his voice to several animated projects including Warner Bros.' 1998 film Quest for Camelot. In 1999, he provided the voice for a teenaged Martin Luther King Jr., in Our Friend, Martin.\nIn 2001, White graduated from UCLA with a degree in film and television. He has continued acting and has had small parts in the films Big Fat Liar (in a cameo role) and Dreamgirls, and was featured as the lead role in the direct-to-DVD comedy Who Made the Potatoe Salad? in 2006. In 2007, he guest-starred on the CW series The Game, followed by a role as a law school graduate interviewing for a job at Crane, Poole and Schmidt in the ABC legal drama Boston Legal.In June 2009, White began appearing in the web series Road to the Altar. In the series, White stars as Simon, a 30-something black man marrying a young Jewish girl named Rochelle. In September 2009, White guest starred on the USA Network series Psych, as an estranged college singing buddy of the character Gus.\nIn June 2010, White starred in the web series Fake It Till You Make It. He also serves as writer and producer of the series. The series, which premiered on Hulu, follows the exploits of former child star Reggie Cullen (White) turned image consultant and his three protégés as they hustle to navigate Hollywood. In March 2011, White guest starred on the TBS sitcom Are We There Yet?, which reunited him with fellow Family Matters cast member Telma Hopkins. Later that same year, White appeared as the star in Cee-Lo Green's music video for his song \"Cry Baby\".In October 2011, White appeared in the season 8 premiere of House, titled \"Twenty Vicodin\", where he appears as a well-connected inmate, occasionally helping Hugh Laurie's character Gregory House to sneak contraband into the prison. In April 2012, White began hosting the Syfy game show Total Blackout.In March 2012, White began competing on the 14th season of Dancing with the Stars. He was partnered with two-time dance champion Kym Johnson. In the opening night's performance, White and Johnson danced the Foxtrot to \"The Way You Look Tonight\". They earned a total of 26 points out of 30. White was voted off the series in May 2012.In 2015, White appeared in a Scion commercial.In 2017, it was announced that CBS picked up his single camera comedy series Me, Myself & I with Bobby Moynihan, that premiered in September 2017. After six episodes, it was pulled from the fall schedule, leaving seven episodes unaired, with the network airing the remaining episodes in the summer.\n\nPersonal life\nWhite dated actress Christine Lakin from fellow TGIF show Step by Step in the early 90s.\nWhite has one daughter, Samaya (born in 2009), with ex-girlfriend Bridget Hardy.In 2021, White announced the launch of his ItsPurpl line of cannabis products featuring the Purple Urkle strain, set for debut on April 20 at California dispensaries.White has a memorial set up in his home for his Family Matters co-star Michelle Thomas, who died in 1998 of stomach cancer, shortly after the series had wrapped. He has described Thomas as a 'big sister' who was, for a period of time in the early seasons of the show, his closest friend on set, and has stated that his childhood seemed to officially end with her death.\n\nFilmography\nFilm\nTelevision\nWeb\nAwards and nominations\n\nAnswer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nQuestion: Which American actor portray Steve Urkel in \"Family Matters\"\nAnswer:"} {"question_id": 55, "category": "longbench_musique", "reference": ["Bill Pullman"], "prompt": "Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nThe following are given passages.\nPassage 1:\nThelma Hopkins (athlete)\nThelma Elizabeth Hopkins (born 16 March 1936) is a Northern Irish athlete, who competed in the high and the long jump.\nOn 5 May 1956 she broke the world record in high jump in Belfast with a jump of 1.74 metres, breaking the record of 1.73 metres set by Aleksandra Chudina of the USSR on 22 May 1954. Her record was broken on 14 July 1956 in Bucharest by Iolanda Balaș of Romania.Her achievement in breaking the world record is commemorated by a plaque in Cherryvale Playing Fields, South Belfast.\nHopkins was born in Kingston upon Hull. She competed for Great Britain in the 1956 Summer Olympics held in Melbourne, Australia, in the high jump event, where she won the silver medal jointly with Maria Pisareva. In the 1954 Commonwealth Games she won a gold medal for Northern Ireland.\nAs well as athletics she excelled at hockey where she was a regular choice for the Ireland women's national field hockey team, playing at forward and winning 40 caps. She also represented Ireland as an international Squash player.\nShe was one of many signatories in a letter to The Times on 17 July 1958 opposing 'the policy of apartheid' in international sport and defending 'the principle of racial equality which is embodied in the Declaration of the Olympic Games'.\nPassage 2:\nThat Certain Something\nThat Certain Something is a 1941 Australian musical film directed by Clarence G. Badger and starring Megan Edwards and Thelma Grigg. The plot concerns an American film director who decides to make a musical in Australia. It was the last film directed by Badger, a noted silent era director.\n\nPlot\nA famous director, Robert Grimble, comes to Australia to make a film about pioneering women and seeks for an unknown to play the lead role. He casts socialist Miss Hemingway, who soon proves to be temperamental. She is tricked into walking off the job by Jimmie Jones who wants his girlfriend Patsy cast. He succeeds and Patsy becomes a star.\n\nCast\nProduction\nThe film was the first from Argosy Films and was made with the assistance of a bank overdraft from the New South Wales government. It was directed by Clarence Badger, a Hollywood director who had retired to Australia. The original title was Daughters of Australia.Megan Edwards had only appeared in a few stage shows before being cast in the lead. She later received a three-year contract from a Hollywood manager.The seven-week shoot took place at Pagewood Studios, the first movie made there in three years. The colonial sequence was especially researched. The camera crew included notable cameraman John Howes, who died aged 29.\n\nRelease\nDespite securing distribution from RKO, reception to the film from critics and the public was poor.\nPassage 3:\nThe Proud and Profane\nThe Proud and Profane is a dramatic war romance made by William Perlberg-George Seaton Productions for Paramount Pictures released in theaters on June 13, 1956. It was directed by George Seaton and produced by William Perlberg, from a screenplay by George Seaton, based on the 1953 novel The Magnificent Bastards by Lucy Herndon Crockett. The film stars William Holden and Deborah Kerr with Thelma Ritter, Dewey Martin, William Redfield and Peter Hansen in supporting roles.\n\nPlot\nIn 1943, Lee Ashley, the widow of a Paramarine lieutenant killed in the Battle of Bloody Ridge on Guadalcanal has joined the American Red Cross un Noumea, New Caledonia, to entertain American servicemen. Her leader at the service club, Kate Connors, had initially been reluctant to have her assigned there lest she use her position as a pilgrimage to find out about her late husband. In addition to entertaining, serving the soldiers and giving French lessons, the Red Cross women are expected to help with the wounded — which Lee initially refuses to do.\nA Marine Raider battalion comes to New Caledonia after fighting in the South Pacific. Their commander, Lieutenant Colonel Colin Black, objects to the Red Cross women treating his men softly; he states that the only place for women in war are \"skirts\" that the men chase and the \"sweethearts\" that wait for them back home. He changes his mind when he tries to seduce the attractive Lee, who initially refuses his advances. Black decides to gain her interest by pretending he knew Lee's late husband and was with him shortly before he died. Though Lee despises the colonel's arrogance and demands, she is fascinated by him and falls in love with him.\nAnother member of the battalion is the Navy chaplain, Lieutenant Junior Grade Holmes, whom Kate notices is a changed, silent, and saddened man since she last knew him. During a battle, Holmes had gathered some Marines together in prayer. A Japanese soldier, thought to be dead, threw a hand grenade, killing several and wounding their sergeant. Black demotes the wounded sergeant because he should have known better than to let his men gather in the open and never lets him forget that his presence caused their deaths, with the bodies of the Marines shielding the chaplain from injury. Holmes's guilt is compounded by a tropical fever and exhaustion from working that has taken its toll.\nAnother man in the battalion is Private Eddie Wodcik, whom Kate had adopted and raised in New York. Kate loves him like her own child and he reciprocates when he is not being watched by his fellow Marines. Eddie feels that Lee looks exactly like his sister would have if she had not died and becomes her protector. Wodcik throws a disrespectful sailor to the floor using jiu jitsu.\nLee and the colonel have dinner on board an American warship. A former neighbor of Lee is now a naval officer aboard and is present at dinner. Lee and the naval officer spend the evening talking about their pre-war civilian lives in a wealthy community. An angry Black later relates to Lee his life of childhood poverty as a half-Indian in Montana. When the Raiders are shipped out for a couple of months, Lee discovers she is pregnant and that the colonel has a wife in Washington. She later learns things about her husband that she never knew. The hot-headed Wodcik also discovers what his colonel has done to Lee.\n\nCast\nProduction\nLucy Herndon Crockett (born 4 April 1914 in Honolulu) was a Red Cross worker in the Pacific during World War II. She traveled with Basil O'Connor, national chairman of the American Red Cross, during the war as his secretary and speechwriter. An author of nine books, she wrote the 1953 book The Magnificent Bastards about her experiences with the U.S. Marine Corps.\n\nFilming\nThe film was made with Defense Department cooperation in the United States Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico with production design reflecting New Caledonia in 1943. Technical advisors were Major John W. Antonelli former 1st Marine Raider Battalion and Mary Louise Dowling, Louise A. Wood and Margaret Hagan of the American Red Cross. \nParamount picked up the film rights for The Magnificent Bastards in 1954 and announced Deborah Kerr for the lead. Paramount also stated they would release the film under a different title.\n\nScore and original music\nComposer Victor Young wrote the film's score. Ross Bagdasarian Sr. wrote a tie-in song The Ballad of Colin Black.\n\nReception\nFilm critic Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote in his review: \"ANOTHER exhaustive contemplation of the effects of a wartime romance on a sensitive and susceptible woman is put forth in The Proud and Profane, a William Perlberg-George Seaton production for Paramount that came to the Astor yesterday. The lady who runs the emotional gamut for all to behold in this film is an American Red Cross worker at Noumea in the South Pacific during World War II, and the gentleman with whom she dilly-dallies more than somewhat is a major of American marines. With Deborah Kerr as the lady and William Holden as the marine, two earnest and versatile performances are initially guaranteed. That is the virtue of this picture. Miss Kerr does a continuously interesting job as a nervous and self-pitying widow of a marine killed on Guadalcanal who falls for the rough, tough, ruthless major that Mr. Holden plays. And he, in turn, commands attention with the unrelenting vigor and sting that he gives to this hardbitten soldier who starts the chase with only one thing in mind.\"\n\nAwards\nThe Proud and Profane was nominated for two Academy Awards, for Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Black-and-White (Hal Pereira, A. Earl Hedrick, Samuel M. Comer, Frank R. McKelvy) and Best Costume Design, Black-and-White (Edith Head).\n\nSee also\nList of American films of 1956\nPassage 4:\nThe Wiz (film)\nThe Wiz is a 1978 American musical adventure fantasy film directed by Sidney Lumet. A reimagining of L. Frank Baum's classic 1900 children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz featuring an all African-American cast, the film was adapted from the 1974 Broadway musical of the same title. It follows the adventures of Dorothy, a shy, twenty-four year old Harlem schoolteacher who finds herself magically transported to the urban fantasy Land of Oz, which resembles a dream version of New York City. Befriended by a Scarecrow, a Tin Man and a Cowardly Lion, she travels through the city to seek an audience with the mysterious Wiz, who they say is the only one powerful enough to send her home.\nProduced by Universal Pictures and Motown Productions, filming took place in Queens, New York from October to December 1977, with a cast starring Diana Ross, Michael Jackson (in his feature film debut), Nipsey Russell, Ted Ross, Mabel King, Theresa Merritt, Thelma Carpenter, Lena Horne and Richard Pryor. Its story was reworked from William F. Brown's Broadway libretto by Joel Schumacher, and Quincy Jones supervised the adaptation of Charlie Smalls and Luther Vandross' songs for it. A handful of new songs, written by Jones and the songwriting team of Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson, were added for the project.\nThe Wiz was theatrically released on October 24, 1978 to critical and commercial failure, marking the end of the resurgence of African-American films that began with the blaxploitation movement of the early 1970s. The film received generally negative reviews from critics, with many unfavorably comparing the film to its source material, and criticizing the casting of Diana Ross as Dorothy. Despite its initial failure, it became a cult classic among audiences, Jackson's fanbase and Oz enthusiasts. It also received four Oscar nominations at the 51st Academy Awards (Best Score, Best Cinematography, Best Art Direction, Best Costume Design). \nCertain aspects influenced The Wiz Live!, a live television adaptation of the musical, aired on NBC in 2015.\n\nPlot\nA crowded Thanksgiving dinner brings a host of family together in a small Harlem apartment, where shy, twenty-four-year-old elementary schoolteacher Dorothy Gale lives with her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry (\"The Feeling That We Once Had\"). Extremely introverted, she is teased by Aunt Em for having delayed moving out to start her life as an adult (\"Can I Go On?\"). While Dorothy cleans up after the meal, her dog Toto runs out the open kitchen door into a snowstorm. She succeeds in retrieving him but finds herself trapped in the storm. A magical whirlwind made of snow materializes and transports them to the realm of Oz, depicted as a dystopian version of New York City.\nAs Dorothy descends from the atmosphere she smashes through an electric \"Oz\" sign, which falls upon and kills Evermean, the Wicked Witch of the East who rules Munchkinland. As a result, she frees the Munchkins who populate the playground into which she lands. Dorothy soon meets the Munchkins' main benefactress, Miss One, the Good Witch of the North, a magical \"numbers runner\" who gives her Evermean's charmed silver slippers. Dorothy declares she just wants to get home to Aunt Em. Miss One urges her to follow the yellow brick road to the Emerald City and seek the help of the powerful \"Wiz\" (\"He's the Wiz\"). After telling her never to take the silver shoes off, Miss One and the Munchkins disappear and Dorothy is left to search for the road on her own (\"Soon As I Get Home\").\nThe next morning, Dorothy happens upon a mysterious scarecrow made of garbage and saves him from being teased by a group of humanoid crows (\"You Can't Win\"). The Scarecrow hopes the Wiz might be able to give him the one thing he feels that he lacks: a brain. They discover the yellow brick road and begin to \"Ease on Down the Road\". Along the way, they meet the Tin Man in an abandoned amusement park (\"If I Could Feel\"/\"Slide Some Oil to Me\") and a Cowardly Lion, banished from the jungle (\"I'm a Mean Ol' Lion\"). The Tin Man and Lion join them on their quest to find the Wiz, hoping to gain a heart and courage, respectively. En route to the Emerald City, the adventurers escape from a haunted subway station and a group of flamboyant prostitutes known as the \"Poppy Girls\", who seduce the Lion. The Lion feels deeply ashamed of leading Dorothy into a trap, but she and the rest of the gang cheer him up (\"Be a Lion\").\nFinally reaching the Emerald City, the four friends are granted an audience with the Wiz, who appears to them as a giant fire-breathing metallic head. He will only grant their wishes if they kill the sister of the Wicked Witch of the East, Evillene, the Wicked Witch of the West, who runs a sweatshop in the underground sewers of Oz. Before they can reach her domain, Evillene learns of their quest to kill her and sends out the Flying Monkeys to capture them (\"Don't Nobody Bring Me No Bad News\").\nVengeful for Dorothy having killed her sister, she dismembers the Scarecrow, flattens the Tin Man, and hangs the Lion up by his tail in hopes of making Dorothy give her the silver shoes. When she threatens to throw Toto into a fiery cauldron, Dorothy nearly gives in until the Scarecrow hints to her to activate a fire sprinkler switch. The sprinklers put out the fire and melt Evillene. With Evillene dead, her spells lose their power, resulting in the freedom of all her sweat shop workers and prisoners (\"A Brand New Day\").\nThe Flying Monkeys give Dorothy and her friends a triumphant ride back to the Emerald City, where they discover that the Wiz is actually Herman Smith, a failed politician from Atlantic City. The Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Lion are distraught that they will never receive their brain, heart, and courage, but Dorothy makes them realize that they already have had these things all along (\"Believe in Yourself\") even as she fears she will never find her own way home. Glinda appears and implores her to use the magic of the silver slippers (\"Believe in Yourself (Reprise)\"). After thanking Glinda and saying goodbye to her friends, she reminisces about \"Home\". She clicks her heels together three times and discovers she is back near home with Toto in her arms.\n\nCast\nMusic\nAll songs written by Charlie Smalls, unless otherwise noted.\n\nProduction\nPre-production and development\nThe Wiz was the eighth feature film produced by Motown Productions, the film/television division of Berry Gordy's Motown Records label. Gordy originally wanted the teenaged future R&B singer Stephanie Mills, who had originated the role on Broadway, to be cast as Dorothy. When Motown star Diana Ross asked Gordy if she could be cast as Dorothy, he declined, saying that Ross—then 33 years old—was too old for the role. Ross went around Gordy and convinced executive producer Rob Cohen at Universal Pictures to arrange a deal where he would produce if Ross was cast as Dorothy. Gordy and Cohen agreed to the deal. Pauline Kael, a film critic, described Ross's efforts to get the film into production as \"perhaps the strongest example of sheer will in film history.\"After filmmaker John Badham learned that Ross was cast as Dorothy, he decided not to direct, and Cohen replaced him with Sidney Lumet. Of his decision not to direct The Wiz, Badham recalled telling Cohen that he thought Ross was \"a wonderful singer. She's a terrific actress and a great dancer, but she's not this character. She's not the little six-year-old girl Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz.\" Lumet’s hiring was met with skepticism, as he was known as a dramatic filmmaker with no previous musical directing experience.Though 20th Century Fox had financially backed the stage musical, they ended up exercising their first refusal rights to the film production, which gave Universal an opening to finance the film. Initially, Universal was so excited about the film's prospects that they did not set a budget for production.\n\nWriting\nJoel Schumacher's script was influenced by Werner Erhard's teachings and his Erhard Seminars Training (\"est\") movement, as both Schumacher and Ross were \"very enamored of Werner Erhard\". \"Before I knew it,\" said Rob Cohen, \"the movie was becoming an est-ian fable full of est buzzwords about knowing who you are and sharing and all that. I hated the script a lot. But it was hard to argue with [Ross] because she was recognizing in this script all of this stuff that she had worked out in est seminars.\" Schumacher spoke positively of the results of the est training, stating that he was \"eternally grateful for learning that I was responsible for my life.\" However, he also complained that \"everybody stayed exactly the way they were and went around spouting all this bull shit.\" Of est and Erhard references in the film itself, The Grove Book of Hollywood notes that the speech delivered by Glinda the Good Witch at the end of the film was \"a litany of est-like platitudes\", and the book also makes est comparisons to the song \"Believe in Yourself\". Although Schumacher had seen the Broadway play before writing the script, none of the play's writing was incorporated into the film, a fact that was noted and heavily criticized after release.During production, Lumet felt that the finished film would be \"an absolutely unique experience that nobody has ever witnessed before.\" When asked about any possible influence from MGM's popular 1939 film adaptation of The Wizard of Oz, Lumet stated that \"there was nothing to be gained from [the 1939 film] other than to make certain we didn't use anything from it. They made a brilliant movie, and even though our concept is different – they're Kansas, we're New York; they're white, we're black, and the score and the books are totally different – we wanted to make sure that we never overlapped in any area.\"\n\nCasting\nMichael Jackson, a former Motown star and close friend of Ross, was cast as the Scarecrow. By the start of development, he and his brothers The Jacksons (with the exception of Jermaine Jackson) had left Motown for Epic Records in 1975, after the release of their tenth album Moving Violation, though Michael had yet to release a solo album since Forever, Michael. Cohen, head of Motown Productions, thought Jackson would be perfect for the role of the Scarecrow, and approached Gordy with the idea, who agreed, though Lumet was harder to convince. Lumet wanted Jimmie Walker, star of CBS-TV's Good Times, telling Cohen “Michael Jackson’s a Vegas act. The Jackson 5’s a Vegas act.” Quincy Jones was also skeptical of Jackson, but after Cohen arranged a meeting, flying 19-year-old Jackson to New York, Lumet and Jones saw the qualities that Cohen saw. Jackson's father, Joseph, was wary of the project and saw it as a threat to the Jacksons group cohesion. Cohen moved Michael and his sister La Toya into a Manhattan apartment, allowing him to be on his own for the first time. During production, he became a frequent visitor to New York's famous Studio 54. Jackson was dedicated to the Scarecrow role, and watched videotapes of gazelles, cheetahs and panthers in order to learn graceful movements for his part. The long hours of uncomfortable prosthetic makeup by Stan Winston did not bother him. During production, Jackson asked Quincy Jones who he would recommend as a producer on a yet unrecorded solo album project. Jones, impressed by Jackson's professionalism, talent and work ethic, offered to be producer of what became Off The Wall (1979), then later on the hugely successful albums Thriller (1982) and Bad (1987).\nTed Ross and Mabel King were brought in to reprise their respective roles from the stage musical, while Nipsey Russell was cast as the Tin Man. Lena Horne, mother-in-law to Lumet during the time of production, was cast as Glinda the Good Witch, and comedian Richard Pryor portrayed The Wiz. The film's choreographer was Louis Johnson.\n\nFilming\nPrincipal photography began on October 3, 1977 and concluded on December 29, 1977. It took place at Astoria Studios in Queens, New York. The decaying New York State Pavilion from the 1964 New York World's Fair was used as the set for Munchkinland, Astroland at Coney Island was used for the Tinman scene with The Cyclone as a backdrop, while the World Trade Center served as the Emerald City. The Emerald City scenes were elaborate, using 650 dancers, 385 crew members and 1,200 costumes. Costume designer Tony Walton enlisted the help of high fashion designers in New York City for the Emerald City sequence, and obtained exotic costumes and fabric from designers such as Oscar de la Renta and Norma Kamali. Albert Whitlock created the film's visual special effects, while Stan Winston served as the head makeup artist.\n\nSongs and score\nQuincy Jones served as musical supervisor and music producer. He later wrote that he initially did not want to work on the film, but did it as a favor to Lumet. The film marked Jones' first time working with Jackson, and Jones later produced three hit albums for Jackson: Off the Wall (1979), Thriller (1982) and Bad (1987). Jones recalled working with Jackson as one of his favorite experiences from The Wiz, and spoke of Jackson's dedication to his role, comparing his acting style to Sammy Davis, Jr. Jones had a brief cameo during the \"Gold\" segment of the Emerald City sequence, playing what looks like a fifty-foot grand piano.\nOf the 28 numbers originally composed by Charlie Smalls and company, 17 were retained in full or in part for the film. “Tornado Ballet”, “I Was Born On The Day Before Yesterday”, “Kalidah Battle”, “Lion's Dream”, “Emerald City Ballet (Psst)”, “So You Wanted to Meet the Wizard”, the Act 2 Entr'acte, “Funky Monkeys”, “Who Do You Think You Are?”, “Y'all Got It”, and “A Rested Body” were cut.\nFour new numbers were added, \"Can I Go On?\", the instrumental \"Poppy Girls Theme\", \"Emerald City Sequence\" and \"Is This What Feeling Gets? (Dorothy's Theme)\". “You Can't Win”, a song originally written for the musical’s Baltimore run that was cut after it was transferred to Broadway, was reincorporated.\n\nRelease and reception\nBox office\nThe Wiz proved to be a commercial failure, as the $24 million production only earned $13.6 million at the box office. Though prerelease television broadcast rights had been sold to CBS for over $10 million, in the end, the film produced a net loss of $10.4 million for Motown and Universal. At the time, it was the most expensive film musical ever made. The film's failure steered Hollywood studios away from producing the all-black film projects that had become popular during the blaxploitation era of the early to mid-1970s for several years.\n\nHome media\nThe film was first released on VHS home video in 1981 by MCA/Universal Home Video (with a reissue in 1992) and was first broadcast on television on CBS on October 11, 1980 then on May 5, 1984 (edited to 100 minutes), to capitalize on Jackson's massive popularity at the time. It continues to be broadcast periodically on Black-focused networks such as BET, TVOne, BET Her, and was the inaugural broadcast on the Bounce TV digital broadcast network. The Wiz is often broadcast on Thanksgiving Day (attributed to the opening scene of Dorothy's family gathered for a Thanksgiving dinner).The film was released on DVD in 1999; a remastered version entitled The Wiz: 30th Anniversary Edition was released in 2008. Extras on both DVD releases include a 1978 featurette about the film's production and the original theatrical trailer. A Blu-ray version was released in 2010.\n\nCritical reception\nCritics panned The Wiz upon its October 1978 release. Many reviewers directed their criticism at Diana Ross, whom they believed was too old to play Dorothy. Most agreed that what had worked so successfully on stage simply did not translate well to the screen. Hischak's Through the Screen Door: What Happened to the Broadway Musical When It Went to Hollywood criticized \"Joel Schumacher's cockamamy screenplay\", and called \"Believe in Yourself\" the score's weakest song. He described Diana Ross's portrayal of Dorothy as: \"cold, neurotic and oddly unattractive\"; and noted that the film was \"a critical and box office bust\". In his work History of the American Cinema, Harpole characterized the film as \"one of the decade's biggest failures\", and, \"the year's biggest musical flop\". The Grove Book of Hollywood noted that \"the picture finished off Diana Ross's screen career\", as the film was Ross's final theatrical feature. In his 2004 book Blockbuster, Tom Shone referred to The Wiz as \"expensive crud\". In the book Mr. and Mrs. Hollywood, the author criticized the script, noting, \"The Wiz was too scary for children, and too silly for adults.\" Ray Bolger, who played the Scarecrow in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, did not think highly of The Wiz, stating \"The Wiz is overblown and will never have the universal appeal that the classic MGM musical has obtained.\"The decision to hire Sidney Lumet, a dramatic filmmaker without any prior experience directing musicals, was criticized, with many critics believing his style was unsuited to the material or genre. The cinematography and production design, which replaced the fantastical Oz settings of the stage version with gritty urban cityscapes, were likewise criticized. Critics also questioned the decision to cut large portions of the original score, in some cases substituting original compositions that were regarded as inferior.Jackson's performance as the Scarecrow was one of the few positively reviewed elements, with critics noting that Jackson possessed \"genuine acting talent\" and \"provided the only genuinely memorable moments.\" Of the results of the film, Jackson stated: \"I don't think it could have been any better, I really don't.\" In 1980, Jackson stated that his time working on The Wiz was \"my greatest experience so far . . . I'll never forget that.\" Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert gave the film some of its most positive reviews on Sneak Previews. Siskel called it \"superior musical theater,\" said Diana Ross was \"superb,\" \"terrific\" and came across as \"a real star\" but had reservations about the film's \"heavy message.\" Ebert praised other cast members and numerous technical aspects of the film, saying it was \"fun\" and in the \"great tradition of the American musical.\" The film received another positive critique for its elaborate set design in the book American Jewish Filmmakers, which noted that it \"features some of the most imaginative adaptations of New York locales since the glory days of the Astaire-Rogers films.\" In a 2004 review of the film, Christopher Null wrote positively of Ted Ross and Richard Pryor's performances. However, Null's overall review of the film was critical, and he wrote that other than the song \"Ease on Down the Road\", \"the rest is an acid trip of bad dancing, garish sets, and a Joel Schumacher-scripted mess that runs 135 agonizing minutes.\" A 2005 piece by Hank Stuever in The Washington Post described the film as \"a rather appreciable delight, even when it's a mess\", and felt that the singing – especially Diana Ross's – was \"a marvel\".The New York Times analyzed the film within a discussion of the genre of blaxploitation: \"As the audience for blaxploitation dwindled, it seemed as if Car Wash and The Wiz might be the last gasp of what had been a steadily expanding black presence in mainstream filmmaking.\" The St. Petersburg Times noted, \"Of course, it only took one flop like The Wiz (1978) to give Hollywood an excuse to retreat to safer (i.e., whiter) creative ground until John Singleton and Spike Lee came along. Yet, without blaxploitation there might not have been another generation of black filmmakers, no Denzel Washington or Angela Bassett, or they might have taken longer to emerge.\" The Boston Globe commented, \"the term 'black film' should be struck from the critical vocabulary. To appreciate just how outmoded, deceptive and limiting it is, consider the following, all of which have been described as black films, . . .\" and characterized The Wiz in a list that also featured 1970s films Shaft (1971), Blacula (1972), and Super Fly (1972).Despite its lack of critical or commercial success in its original release, The Wiz became a cult classic, especially because it features Michael Jackson in his first starring theatrical film role. Jackson later starred in films such as Disney's Captain EO in 1986, the anthology film Moonwalker in 1988 and the posthumous documentary This Is It in 2009.As of November 2021, The Wiz holds a 41% rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 34 reviews, with the consensus; \"This workmanlike movie musical lacks the electricity of the stage version (and its cinematic inspiration), but it's bolstered by strong performances by Diana Ross and Michael Jackson.\" On Metacritic, the film has a score of 53 out of 100 based on 11 reviews, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".\n\nAccolades\nSee also\nAdaptations of The Wizard of Oz\nPassage 5:\nA League of Their Own\nA League of Their Own is a 1992 American sports comedy-drama film directed by Penny Marshall that tells a fictionalized account of the real-life All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL). It stars Tom Hanks, Geena Davis, Madonna, Lori Petty, Rosie O'Donnell, Jon Lovitz, David Strathairn, Garry Marshall and Bill Pullman. It was written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel from a story by Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson.\nA League of Their Own was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $132.4 million worldwide and garnering acclaim for Marshall's direction and the performances of its ensemble cast. In 2012, the Library of Congress selected it for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".\n\nPlot\nIn 1988, Dottie Hinson attends the opening of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League exhibit at the Baseball Hall of Fame. She sees many former teammates and friends, prompting a flashback to 1943.\nWhen World War II threatens to shut down Major League Baseball, Chicago Cubs owner Walter Harvey persuades his fellow owners to bankroll a women's league. Ira Lowenstein is put in charge. Scout Ernie Capadino attends an industrial-league softball game in Oregon and likes what he sees in Dottie, the catcher for a local dairy. She is not interested; she is happy with her life while waiting for her husband Bob to return from the war. Her younger sister Kit Keller, however, is desperate to get away and make something of herself. Capadino is unimpressed by Kit's batting and refuses to watch her pitch, but agrees to take her along if she changes Dottie's mind. Dottie agrees for her sister's sake.\nDottie and Kit travel to Harvey Field in Chicago for the tryout. They meet taxi dancer Mae \"All the Way Mae\" Mordabito and her best friend, bouncer Doris Murphy, soft-spoken right fielder Evelyn Gardner, illiterate left fielder Shirley Baker, pitcher/shortstop and former Miss Georgia beauty queen Ellen Sue Gotlander, left field/relief pitcher Betty \"Spaghetti\" Horn, second baseman Marla Hooch, first baseman Helen Haley, and Alice \"Skeeter\" Gaspers. They and five others constitute the Rockford Peaches, while 48 others make up the Racine Belles, Kenosha Comets, and South Bend Blue Sox.\nThe Peaches are managed by former star Cubs slugger Jimmy Dugan, a cynical alcoholic. He initially treats the whole thing as a joke, forcing Dottie to take over as on-field leader initially. Dugan is also abrasive toward his players. The team travels with Evelyn's spoiled bratty son Stillwell and tightly wound team chaperone Miss Cuthburt. With a Life magazine photographer in the stands, Lowenstein begs the players to do something spectacular, as the league has attracted little attention. Dottie obliges, catching a popped-up ball behind home plate while doing a split. The resulting photograph makes the magazine cover. A publicity campaign draws more people to the ballgames, but the owners remain unconvinced.\nThe teammates bond. Marla marries a man named Nelson whom she met on a raucous roadhouse outing and leaves the team for the rest of the season, Mae teaches Shirley to read, and Evelyn writes a team song. Lowenstein makes Dottie the face of the league, making Kit resentful. Their sibling rivalry intensifies, resulting in Kit's trade to the Racine Belles.\nThe Peaches end the season with the league's best record, qualifying for the World Series. Jimmy gives Betty a telegram informing her that her husband was killed in action in the Pacific Theater. Grief-stricken, she leaves the team. That evening, Dottie receives a surprise when Bob shows up, having been wounded and discharged from the Army. Jimmy discovers that Dottie is going home with Bob. Unable to persuade her to play in the World Series, he tells her she will regret her decision.\nThe Peaches face the Belles in the World Series, which goes the full seven games. Dottie rejoins the Peaches for the seventh game, while Kit is the starting pitcher for the Belles. With the Belles leading by a run in the top of the ninth, Dottie drives in the go-ahead run. Kit is distraught, but gets a second chance when she comes to bat with two outs in the bottom of the ninth. She gets a hit and, ignoring the third base coach's sign to stop, scores the winning run by knocking her sister over at the plate and dislodging the ball from Dottie's hand.\nThe sellout crowd convinces Harvey to give Lowenstein the owners' support. After the game, the sisters reconcile before Dottie leaves with Bob.\nIn the present, Dottie is reunited with the other players, including Kit, Capadino and Lowenstein. The surviving Peaches sing Evelyn's team song and pose for a photo. During the closing credits, they play baseball at Doubleday Field.\n\nCast\nRockford Peaches\nOthers\nProduction\nDevelopment\nDirector Penny Marshall was inspired by the 1987 TV documentary A League of their Own, about the AAGPBL. She had never heard of the league, and contacted the film's creators, Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson, to collaborate with the scriptwriters, Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz, on producing a screenplay for 20th Century Fox. Fox eventually passed on the script and Marshall signed with Sony Pictures, who were eager to produce it.\n\nCasting\nOn MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, director Penny Marshall talked about her initial interest in Demi Moore for the part of Dottie Hinson: \"Demi Moore, I liked, but by the time we came around, she was pregnant.\" Debra Winger was then cast as Dottie and spent three months training with the Chicago Cubs in preparation. However, she dropped out of the production four weeks before the start of principal photography, later saying that the casting of Madonna was the reason for her decision. Marshall chose Geena Davis to replace Winger.USC assistant baseball coach Bill Hughes was the film’s technical adviser and put the film’s ensemble cast through baseball camp three months before filming.\n\nFilming\nPrincipal photography began July 10, 1991. Filming the game scenes involved many physical mishaps: Anne Ramsay (Helen Haley) broke her nose with a baseball mitt while trying to catch a ball, and the large bruise seen on actress Renée Coleman's thigh was real.\nDiscussing the skirts they wore playing in the film, Geena Davis said on MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, \"Some of our real cast, from sliding into home, had ripped the skin off their legs. It was nutty.\" In a 2021 interview, Petty claimed to have broken her foot during filming, but reiterated her enjoyment of the shoot and the understanding of the film's importance at the time.The tryout scene, at a fictional Major League Baseball stadium in Chicago called Harvey Field, was filmed at the Chicago Cubs' home stadium, Wrigley Field. The Rockford Peaches' home games were filmed at League Stadium in Huntingburg, Indiana, and the championship game against Racine was filmed at Bosse Field in Evansville, Indiana. Additional games were filmed at Jay Littleton Ball Park in Ontario, California. The final week of shooting was during late October 1991 in Cooperstown, New York, where 65 original AAGPBL members appeared in scenes recreating the induction of the league into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988. Due to the length of the schedule, the cast entertained themselves by putting on an elaborate amateur production, \"Jesus Christ Superstar Goes Hawaiian.\"\n\nSoundtrack\nA League of Their Own soundtrack was released on CD and cassette tape by Columbia Records on June 30, 1992. The album peaked at #159 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart on July 25, 1992. Although Madonna contributed \"This Used to Be My Playground\" to the film, featured over the closing credits, her recording was not included on the soundtrack album for contractual reasons.\n\nReception\nBox office\nA League of Their Own was released on July 1, 1992, and grossed $13.2 million in its first weekend, finishing second at the box office behind Batman Returns. In its second weekend it dropped just 15%, making $11.5 million and finishing first. It ended up a commercial success, making $107.5 million in the United States and Canada, but only $24.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $132.4 million against a production budget of $40 million.\n\nCritical response\nThe film was well received by critics, who praised the cast.\nOn review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an approval rating of 81% based on 79 reviews, with an average score of 7/10. The website's critical consensus reads: \"Sentimental and light, but still thoroughly charming, A League of Their Own is buoyed by solid performances from a wonderful cast.\" On Metacritic, the film received a weighted average score of 69 based 21 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A−\" on an A+ to F scale.Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote: \"Though big of budget, A League of Their Own is one of the year's most cheerful, most relaxed, most easily enjoyable comedies. It's a serious film that's lighter than air, a very funny movie that manages to score a few points for feminism in passing.\" Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it 3 out of 4 stars and wrote: \"The movie has a real bittersweet charm. The baseball sequences, we've seen before. What's fresh are the personalities of the players, the gradual unfolding of their coach and the way this early chapter of women's liberation fit into the hidebound traditions of professional baseball.\"\n\nAccolades\nOn December 19, 2012, it was announced that A League of Their Own would be preserved in the United States National Film Registry.Jimmy Dugan's (Tom Hanks) remark to Evelyn Gardner (Bitty Schram), \"There's no crying in baseball!\", was ranked 54th on the American Film Institute's 2005 list AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes.\n\n20th anniversary Blu-ray edition\nA League of Their Own was released as a 20th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray on October 16, 2012.47 former AAGPBL players reunited in New York to celebrate the film and the real women who inspired it. Events included a trip to Cooperstown for a special program at the National Baseball Hall of Fame, reminiscent of the film's final scene depicting AAGPBL players and family meeting to honor the Women's Professional Baseball League. The reunion wrapped up with a game of softball held at Alliance Bank Stadium in nearby Syracuse.Former players also made an appearance at Bosse Field in Evansville, Indiana on June 6, 2012, where many of the film's game scenes were filmed. Bosse Field still retains many of the Racine Belles themes from the movie. The event included an outdoor screening of the film, and a display of cars featured in the film. In addition to Bosse Field, the production used Huntingburg, Indiana's League Stadium, another Southwestern Indiana field older than Bosse, that was renovated for it.\n\nSpinoffs\nA short-lived series of the same title based on the film aired on CBS in April 1993, with Garry Marshall, Megan Cavanagh, Tracy Reiner, Freddie Simpson, and Jon Lovitz reprising their roles. Carey Lowell took over Geena Davis's role. Only five of the six episodes made were broadcast.\nOn August 6, 2020, Amazon Video ordered a reboot series with the same title as the movie. The series debuted on August 12, 2022 on Amazon. On March 14, 2023 it was announced that the rebooted series would end with a four-episode second season bringing the total number of episodes of the series to twelve after having aired eight episodes in its first season.\n\nSee also\nWomen in baseball\nList of baseball films\nPassage 6:\nJean Grossholtz\nThelma Jean Grossholtz (April 17, 1929 – February 9, 2021) was an American professor emeritus of politics and women's studies at Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts. Beyond her academic work she was also known as an activist for peace and against forced prostitution, and as a senior bodybuilder.\n\nAcademic career\nAfter completing undergraduate work at Pennsylvania State University in 1956, Grossholtz earned a master's degree at the University of Denver in 1957, with a master's thesis on Germany–Spain relations in World War II. Grossholtz went on to earn a Doctor of Philosophy from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1961, where she trained as a specialist in South East Asian Politics. At Mount Holyoke, she became a founder of the women's studies program. She retired in 1999.\n\nOther activities\nGrossholtz was arrested as an anti-war protester over dates ranging from 1941 to 2014. She was one of several pacifists from the Pioneer Valley profiled in the 2005 documentary film The Peace Patriots.Although she was unathletic until her 50s, when she was 65 she won a silver medal in bodybuilding in the 1994 Gay Games . Grossholtz died February 9, 2021.\n\nSelected publications\nGrossholtz's publications include:\n\nGrossholtz, Jean (1964), Politics in the Philippines: A Country Study, Boston, Massachusetts: Little Brown\nBourque, Susan C.; Grossholtz, Jean (June 1974), \"Politics an unnatural practice: Political science looks at female participation\", Politics & Society, 4 (2): 225–266, doi:10.1177/003232927400400205, S2CID 143813325\nGrossholtz, Jean (1984), Forging Capitalist Patriarchy: The Economic and Social Transformation of Feudal Sri Lanka and Its Impact on Women, Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press\nPassage 7:\nThelma & Louise\nThelma & Louise is a 1991 American film directed by Ridley Scott and written by Callie Khouri. The film has elements of multiple genres and has been described as a drama, adventure or road movie with elements of a romantic comedy. It stars Susan Sarandon as Louise and Geena Davis as Thelma, two friends who embark on a road trip that ends up in unforeseen circumstances. Filming took place in California and Utah from June to August 1990. The supporting cast include Harvey Keitel, Michael Madsen, Christopher McDonald, and Brad Pitt in one of his first major film roles. \nThe film was a critical and commercial success, receiving six Academy Award nominations and winning for Best Original Screenplay. Scott was nominated for Best Director, and both Sarandon and Davis were nominated for Best Actress. To date, this is the most recent film to have two actors nominated in the same category for either Best Actor or Best Actress. It influenced other films and artistic works and became a landmark of feminist film.\nIn 2016, the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry, finding it \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".\n\nPlot\nBest friends Thelma Dickinson and Louise Sawyer set out for a weekend vacation at a fishing cabin in the mountains to take a break from their dreary lives in Arkansas. Thelma, a housewife, is married to disrespectful and controlling carpet salesman Darryl, while sharp-tongued Louise works as a waitress in a diner and is dating easygoing musician Jimmy, who is on the road most of the time.\nOn the way, they stop at a roadhouse bar, where Thelma dances with a flirtatious stranger, Harlan. He takes her to the parking lot and tries to rape her until Louise intervenes and threatens to shoot him. As the women walk away, Harlan yells vulgarities at them, so Louise shoots him in a fit of rage.\nAt a motel they discuss how to handle the situation. Thelma wants to go to the police, but Louise fears that no one will believe a claim of attempted rape as Thelma was drinking and dancing with Harlan and also having no evidence of the rape, and they will be charged with murder. They decide to flee to Mexico, but Louise demands they travel there without going through Texas, as something happened to her there several years earlier which she refuses to reveal. Heading west, they come across an attractive young drifter, J.D., to whom Thelma takes a liking. Louise contacts Jimmy, asking him to wire her life savings to her. He surprises her by delivering the money in person, and they spend the night together. Jimmy proposes to Louise, but she refuses. Thelma invites J.D. to her room, and they sleep together. She learns he is a convicted armed-robber who has violated the terms of his parole.\nThe following morning, they discover J.D. has stolen Louise's life savings and fled. Louise is distraught, so a guilty Thelma takes charge and later robs a nearby convenience store using tactics she learned from J.D.. Meanwhile, the FBI closes in on them after witnesses at the bar identify Louise's 1966 Ford Thunderbird convertible. Their whereabouts are also questioned by the owner of the fishing cabin after they failed to arrive.\nArkansas State Police Investigator Hal Slocumb, leading the investigation, questions both J.D. (who was caught) and Jimmy, and taps into the phone line at Darryl's house. He sympathizes with the pair's situation and understands why they did not report Harlan's killing (partly due to Louise's own experience in Texas). During a few brief phone conversations with Louise, Hal expresses his sympathy but is unsuccessful in persuading her to surrender.\nThelma tells Louise she understands if she wants to go back home, knowing she has Jimmy waiting for her, but explains she cannot go back to Darryl. Louise promises they will keep going together. While back on the road, Thelma recalls the incident with Harlan and tries to ask Louise if what happened with Harlan was what happened to Louise in Texas. Louise responds angrily and tells Thelma to never bring it up again.\nLater, they are pulled over by a New Mexico state trooper for speeding. Knowing he will soon discover they are wanted for murder and armed robbery, Thelma holds him at gunpoint and locks him in the trunk of his police car. Driving further west, they encounter a foul-mouthed truck driver who repeatedly makes obscene gestures at them. They pull over and demand an apology from him; when he refuses, they fire at his fuel tanker, causing it to explode. The women leave him stranded in the desert furious with the tanker's wreckage.\nThelma and Louise are finally cornered by the authorities only one hundred yards from the edge of the Grand Canyon. Hal arrives on the scene, but the women refuse his last chance to talk them into surrendering. Rather than be captured, Thelma proposes that they \"keep going\". Louise asks Thelma if she is certain, and Thelma says yes. They kiss and then hold hands, Louise steps on the gas, and, as Hal desperately pursues them on foot, they accelerate over the cliff to their presumed deaths.\n\nCast\nSusan Sarandon as Louise Sawyer\nGeena Davis as Thelma Dickinson\nHarvey Keitel as Arkansas State Police Detective Hal Slocumb\nMichael Madsen as Jimmy Lennox\nChristopher McDonald as Darryl Dickinson\nStephen Tobolowsky as FBI Agent Max\nBrad Pitt as J.D.\nTimothy Carhart as Harlan Puckett\nLucinda Jenney as The Waitress\nJason Beghe as State Trooper\nMarco St. John as Truck DriverCredits adapted from American Film Institute.\n\nProduction\nDevelopment\nThe idea for Thelma & Louise originated in the spring of 1988 when Callie Khouri, then a music video producer, was driving home from work to her apartment in Santa Monica. She spent the following six months working on her first screenplay, which was noted to have drawn inspiration from her own experience as well as her friendship with country music singer Pam Tillis. She had intended it to be a low-budget independent film, directed by herself and produced by fellow music video producer Amanda Temple (wife of English filmmaker Julien Temple). After shopping the project around and finding no takers, Temple showed the script to her friend Mimi Polk Gitlin, who ran Ridley Scott's Percy Main Productions (later Scott Free Productions). Gitlin in turn showed the script to Scott, who expressed great enthusiasm for the project. He agreed to produce the film and bought the film rights for $500,000. Pathé Entertainment, then led by Scott's friend and collaborator Alan Ladd Jr., came on board as a co-producer and financier.Scott considered four people for the role of director, all of whom turned down the opportunity. Per Gitlin's recollection, three of the candidates were Bob Rafelson, Kevin Reynolds and Richard Donner. Scott was reluctant to direct the film himself but eventually took on the role, having been persuaded by Michelle Pfeiffer.\n\nCasting\nMichelle Pfeiffer and Jodie Foster were originally chosen for the leads; both accepted their roles with enthusiasm. As pre-production of the film dragged on, the two eventually dropped out, with Pfeiffer going on to star in Love Field and Foster in The Silence of the Lambs. Meryl Streep and Goldie Hawn then offered to play the leads, but Streep later dropped out due to scheduling conflicts while Hawn was not considered right for the part. Geena Davis (who had been vigorously pursuing the lead role for nearly a year) and Susan Sarandon were ultimately chosen. The two took extensive driving and shooting lessons in preparation for their roles.Scott personally convinced Harvey Keitel to take on the role of Hal, the sympathetic Arkansas detective. The two had previously collaborated in Scott's feature directorial debut, the 1977 film The Duellists. Davis recommended her ex-boyfriend Christopher McDonald for the role of Darryl, Thelma's controlling husband. Scott wanted Michael Madsen for Harlan, Thelma's would-be rapist, but Madsen was unwilling; he eventually won the role of Jimmy, Louise's boyfriend. Brad Pitt auditioned for the hustler J.D.; however, the part originally went to Billy Baldwin. Pitt eventually secured the role after both Baldwin and his replacement dropped out. George Clooney, Robert Downey Jr., Mark Ruffalo, Grant Show, John Mellencamp, Dylan McDermott, James LeGros and Dermot Mulroney were also considered for the role of J.D. Davis did test scenes with Clooney, Show, Ruffalo and Pitt; her advice to the directors was to choose Pitt.\n\nFilming\nPrincipal photography for Thelma & Louise began on June 11, 1990, and concluded on August 31, 1990. Although the setting for the film is a fictional route between Arkansas and the Grand Canyon, it was filmed almost entirely in the states of California and Utah. The primary filming locations were rural areas around Bakersfield, California and Moab, Utah. The Grand Canyon scenes were filmed just south of Dead Horse Point State Park in Utah. Parts of the film were also shot at Shafer Overlook, Monument Valley, La Sal Mountains, La Sal Junction, Cisco, Old Valley City Reservoir, Thompson Springs, Arches National Park, and Crescent Junction in Utah.\n\nSoundtrack\nPete Haycock on slide guitar contributed to Thunderbird, the theme music for the film. In addition to Glenn Frey's \"Part of Me, Part of You\", which became the film's primary theme song, the soundtrack included songs performed by Chris Whitley (\"Kick The Stones\"), Martha Reeves (\"Wild Night\" written by Van Morrison), Toni Childs (\"House Of Hope\"), Marianne Faithfull (\"Ballad of Lucy Jordan\" written by Shel Silverstein), Charlie Sexton (\"Badlands\"), Grayson Hugh (\"I Can't Untie You From Me\"), B.B. King (\"Better Not Look Down\" written by Joe Sample & Will Jennings), Michael McDonald (\"No Lookin' Back\"), The Temptations (\"The Way You Do The Things You Do\" written by Smokey Robinson & Bobby Rogers), and Johnny Nash (\"I Can See Clearly Now\").\n\nRelease\nThelma & Louise was screened out of competition as the closing film at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival. Theatrical release was delayed due to financial turmoil at MGM-Pathé. The film eventually opened in American theaters on May 24, 1991 and was a box-office success, grossing $45 million within the country.In February 2023, The Criterion Collection announced the film would be joining the collection in May that year.\n\nReception\nThe film received critical acclaim. Janet Maslin of The New York Times had only praise for the film in her review:\n\nMr. Scott's Thelma and Louise, with a sparkling screenplay by the first-time writer Callie Khouri, is a surprise on this and many other scores. It reveals the previously untapped talent of Mr. Scott (best known for majestically moody action films like Alien, Blade Runner and Black Rain) for exuberant comedy, and for vibrant American imagery, notwithstanding his English roots. It reimagines the buddy film with such freshness and vigor that the genre seems positively new. It discovers unexpected resources in both its stars, Susan Sarandon and Geena Davis, who are perfectly teamed as the spirited and original title characters.\nRoger Ebert also praised the film but withheld a perfect score on the basis of \"the last shot before the titles begin. It's a freeze frame that fades to white, which is fine, except it does so with unseemly haste .... It's unsettling to get involved in a movie that takes 128 minutes to bring you to a payoff that the filmmakers seem to fear.\"After watching the film, singer-songwriter Tori Amos wrote \"Me and a Gun\", the story of her rape several years earlier.The final scene, where the two embrace before committing suicide by driving off a cliff, has become iconic. Numerous homages and parodies of the scene have appeared, including alternate film endings, cartoon parodies, video game \"Easter eggs\", and as a tragic ending to television series, music videos, and commercials. Right after the film's release, there were even a few copy cats who committed suicide by driving off the edge of the Grand Canyon.The film also received harsh criticism from those who thought it was biased against men and that its depictions of men were unfairly negative.On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 86% based on 147 reviews, with an average rating of 7.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, \"Simultaneously funny, heartbreaking, and peppered with action, Ridley Scott's Thelma & Louise is a potent, well-acted road movie that transcends the feminist message at its core.\" On Metacritic, the film received a score of 88 based on 12 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".The film placed second to The Silence of the Lambs as the best film of 1991 in a poll of 81 critics.\n\nFeminism\nNumerous critics and writers have remarked on the strong feminist overtones of Thelma & Louise. Film critic B. Ruby Rich praises the film as an uncompromising validation of women's experiences, while Kenneth Turan calls it a \"neo-feminist road movie\". In her essay \"The Daughters of Thelma and Louise\", Jessica Enevold argues that the film constitutes \"an attack on conventional patterns of chauvinist male behavior toward females\". In addition, it \"exposes the traditional stereotyping of male–female relationships\" while rescripting the typical gender roles of the road movie genre.In her review for the Los Angeles Times, film critic Sheila Benson objects to the characterization of the film as feminist, arguing that it is more preoccupied with revenge and violence than feminist values.In his review for the New York Post, film critic Kyle Smith describes the film as \"a misogynist tale about unbelievably ditzy women who lose what remains of their reason under pressure and suffer the ultimate punishment.\" Smith's review focused on the terrible decisions these female characters make throughout the entire film.In an article commemorating the film's 20th anniversary in 2011, Raina Lipsitz called it \"the last great film about women\" and said that it heralded the achievements of women that caused 1992 to become \"the year of the woman\". However, she also said that women-themed films have since been losing ground.\n\nAccolades\nThe British Film Institute published a book about the film in 2000 as part of a Modern Classics series. On the Writers Guild of America Award's list of 101 best screenplays, it made No. 72.\n\nNotes\nPassage 8:\nBreakwater Cat\nBreakwater Cat is the tenth album by American singer Thelma Houston, released in 1980 on RCA Records. The 12\" single \"Suspicious Minds\" became a popular club hit. Breakwater Cat contains five songs written by Jimmy Webb, who was also the executive producer of the album.\n\nTrack listing\nAll songs were written by Jimmy Webb; except where indicated.\n\n\"Breakwater Cat\" – 3:55\n\"Long and Lasting Love\" – 5:30\n\"Before There Could Be Me\" – 3:12\n\"Gone\" – 3:43\n\"What Was That Song\" – 4:19\n\"Suspicious Minds\" (Mark James) – 4:15\n\"Down the Backstairs of My Life\" (Eric Mercury, William Smith) – 3:00\n\"Understand Your Man\" (Alan Gordon) – 3:27\n\"Lost and Found\" (Daniel Moore) – 4:20\n\"Something We May Never Know\" (Shelby Flint) – 3:38\n\nPersonnel\nMusicThelma Houston – vocals\nSonny Burke – piano, arrangements\nMatthew McCauley – string and horn arrangements\nDavid T. Walker, Tim May, Steve Beckmeier, Carlos Rios, Steve Hunter, Fred Tackett, Greg Poree – guitar\nDavid Shields, Eddie N. Watkins Jr., Keni Burke, Scott Edwards, Dennis Belfield, Reggie McBride – bass guitar\nGary Morse - steel guitar on \"Something We May Never Know\"\nJerry Peters - keyboards\nJames Gadson – drums\nJerry Hey - horn\nPaulinho da Costa – percussion\nClydie King – backing vocals\nGreg Wright – backing vocals\nOren Waters – backing vocals\nTom Kelly – backing vocalsProductionJames Gadson – producer\nMichael Stewart – producer\nMike Vickers – assistant producer\nJimmy Webb – executive producer\nBrian Christian – engineer\nFrank \"Cheech\" D'Amici – engineer\nMark Linett – engineer\nRick Hart – engineer\nRick Ruggieri – engineer\nGribbitt! – art direction\nHenry Vizcarra – art direction\nTim Bryant – art direction\nCharles Veal, Jr. – contractor\nJerry Hoff – contractor\nSid Sharp – contractor\nLynne Morse – A&R coordinator\nLinda Gerrity – production coordinator\nGlenn Parsons - design\nGribbitt! - design\nJohn Arrias – mixing\nRon Slenzak – photography\nPassage 9:\nElizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden)\nElizabeth Alexeievna (Russian: Елизавета Алексеевна; 24 January [O.S. 13 January] 1779 – 16 May [O.S. 4 May] 1826), born Princess Louise of Baden (German: Luise Marie Auguste von Baden), was Empress of Russia during her marriage to Emperor Alexander I.\n\nPrincess of Baden\nElizabeth Alexeievna was born in Karlsruhe, on 24 January [O.S. 13 January] 1779 as Princess Louise Maria Auguste of Baden of the House of Zähringen. She was the third of seven children of Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden, and his wife, Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt. At birth, the child was so small and weak that doctors feared that she would not live.\n\nLouise grew up in a close, warm family environment. She would remain particularly attached to her mother, with whom she maintained an intimate correspondence until her death (The Margravine of Baden outlived her daughter). She received a thoughtful education at the Baden court. She spoke and wrote both in French and German; studied history, geography, philosophy, and French and German literature. Thanks to the close proximity between Baden and France, she was well acquainted with French culture and refinements, as was the custom of that era. Because her grandfather, the reigning Margrave of Baden, was not rich, the family lived modestly by royal standards.\nCatherine the Great was looking for a bride for her eldest grandson, the future Alexander I, and set her eyes on the Princesses of Baden who were the nieces of the Queen of Prussia and the deceased Grand Duchess Natalia Alexeievna (Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt) who had been the first spouse of Grand Duke Paul of Russia. Thus, an alliance to Prussia and several German royal houses they were closely related to would be a beneficial outcome. After favorable impressions, Catherine invited Princess Louise and her younger sister Frederica, who later became Queen of Sweden, to Russia. In the autumn of 1792, the two sisters arrived in St. Petersburg.\nThe Empress was delighted by Louise, finding her a model of beauty, charm, and honesty. Louise herself was attracted to Alexander; he was tall and handsome. At first, Alexander was shy with his future bride — very young and inexperienced, he did not know how to treat her — and she mistook his reserve for dislike. However, the young couple soon grew fond of each other. \"You tell me that I hold the happiness of a certain person in my hands\", she wrote to Alexander. \"If that is true, then his happiness is assured forever… this person loves me tenderly, and I love him in return, and that will be my happiness… you can be certain that I love you more than I ever can say\", she added. They were engaged in May 1793.\nThe Princess learned Russian, converted to the Orthodox Church, took the title of Grand Duchess of Russia and traded the name Louise Maria Auguste for Elizabeth Alexeievna. The wedding took place on 28 September 1793. \"It was a marriage between Psyche and Cupid\", Catherine wrote to the Prince of Ligne. Elizabeth was only fourteen, her husband a year older.\n\nGrand Duchess of Russia\nVery young when she was married, shy, and naïve, Elizabeth Alexeievna was ill-prepared for her new position. She was overwhelmed by the splendor of the Russian court and frightened by the vicious intrigues waged there with cold calculation. She was appalled by the intense sexual intrigues that flourished all around her in a court where adultery was an accepted form of entertainment. The Empress herself set the example for the licentious ways of the court. Catherine's lover, Platon Zubov, even tried to seduce Elizabeth Alexeievna.The Grand Duchess felt lonely and homesick, particularly after her sister Frederica returned to Baden. Elizabeth was abandoned in an alien world where she could never be herself, even among her servants and ladies-in-waiting. The relationship with Alexander was her only source of solace. \"Without my husband, who alone makes me happy, I should have died a thousand deaths\"The first years of the marriage were relatively happy, but the Grand Duchess disappointed Catherine II, who did not live to see a son be born to the young couple. The death of Catherine the Great in November 1796 brought Elizabeth's father-in-law Paul I to the Russian throne. During the years of his reign, Elizabeth avoided Paul's court. She utterly disliked her father-in-law and disapproved of the injustices of his government and the bluntness of his character.\n\nThe first cracks in Elizabeth's marriage began to appear. She did not find fulfillment for her romantic nature in a husband who neglected her. Elizabeth looked for emotional solace elsewhere. She first found refuge for her loneliness in a close intimate friendship with the beautiful Countess Golovina. Later, she started a romantic liaison with Alexander's best friend, the dashing and clever Polish prince, Adam Czartoryski. Their relationship lasted for three years.\nAfter more than five years of a childless marriage, on 29 May 1799, Elizabeth gave birth to a daughter, Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna. At court, some attributed the paternity to the Polish Prince. The child had black hair and dark eyes. At the baptism, Tsar Paul I did not fail to express his amazement that the two blonde and blue-eyed parents have a dark-haired child. Elizabeth Alexeievna soon lost both her lover and her daughter. Adam Czartoryski was sent on a diplomatic mission, and Elizabeth's baby daughter did not live long. \"As of this morning, I no longer have a child, she is dead\" she wrote to her mother on 27 July 1800. \"Not an hour of the day passes without my thinking of her, and certainly not a day without my giving her bitter tears. It cannot be otherwise so long as I live, even if she were to be replaced by two dozen children.\"\n\nPersonality and appearance\nElizabeth Alexeievna was distinguished by a soft, melodious voice and a beautiful oval face with delicate features; a Greek profile, large almond-shaped blue eyes and curly ash blond hair, which she usually left floating on her shoulders. With an elegant figure, regal carriage, and a beautiful angelic face, she was regarded by contemporaries as one of the most beautiful women in Europe and probably the most beautiful consort at that time.\nCharming, generous and intellectual, Elizabeth Alexeievna loved literature and the arts. She took music lessons from Ludwig-Wilhelm Tepper de Ferguson (1768–after 1824). Unfortunately, she possessed a shy, withdrawn personality which failed to endear her to either the Russian court or her in-laws. She preferred simplicity and solitude to the pomp and ceremony of life at court.\nHer marriage also failed to bring her fulfillment. Although Elizabeth Alexeievna loved her husband, and encouraged him in many personal and political crises, Alexander neglected her. Their relationship was harmonious, but emotionally distant, with each engaging in love affairs outside their marriage.\n\nRussian Empress\nThe eccentricities of Emperor Paul I led to a plot to overthrow him and place Alexander on the Russian throne. Elizabeth was well aware of this scheme and on the night of Paul's assassination, she was with her husband giving him support.\nOnce Alexander I became Emperor, Elizabeth Alexeievna encouraged him to leave behind the trauma of Paul I's murder and dedicate himself to serve Russia. As Empress Consort, she took part in court life and the duties of representation, but the first female rank in the Empire was reserved for her mother-in-law Empress Maria Feodorovna. During official events, Empress Maria Feodorovna walked next to the Emperor while Elizabeth was forced to walk alone behind them.\nAlexander I treated his wife indifferently, he was polite toward her in public ceremonies and made an effort to have his meals in her company. Elizabeth was said to be too soft and placid to keep a hold on a restless and soul tortured man such as her husband. In 1803, Alexander began a love affair that would continue for more than fifteen years with the Polish princess Maria Czetwertynska, wife of Prince Dmitri Naryshkin. Princess Maria Naryshkina flaunted her liaison at court in a tasteless, blatant fashion.\n\nElizabeth Alexeievna, for her part, found solace in her relationship with Adam Czartoryski, who had returned to Russia at Alexander I's ascension to the throne. This liaison ended when she started a love affair with a handsome staff captain, Alexis Okhotnikov. All the correspondence between Elizabeth and Alexis Okhotnikov, and some of her diaries were destroyed by Emperor Nicholas I after her death.\nThe affair with Okhotnikov had a tragic end. The staff captain, who suffered from tuberculosis, retired due to his worsened health and died in 1807. It was apparently rumored later that Alexander I or his brother Grand Duke Konstantin had ordered him killed; in the early twentieth century Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich turned those rumors into an elaborate legend for his biography of Elizabeth Alexeievna, although the chapter on Okhotnikov was not published at the time due to Nicholas II's personal intervention, and his other studies of that period.\nOn 16 November 1806, Elizabeth gave birth to a second daughter. There were rumors that the newborn, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Alexandrovna was not a child of Emperor Alexander but of Okhotnikov. After his death, Elizabeth Alexeievna felt more abandoned than ever and poured out all her affection on her daughter Elizabeth, \"Lisinka\". Fifteen months later, the little girl died suddenly of an infection blamed on teething. \"Now,\" wrote Elizabeth to her mother, \"I am not longer good for anything in this world, my soul has no more strength to recover from this last blow.\"The death of their daughter temporarily brought Alexander I and Elizabeth closer. Although Elizabeth Alexeievna was not yet thirty years old, neither she nor Alexander had further hopes of a family and they would have no more children.\nDuring the Napoleonic Wars, Elizabeth Alexeievna was a reliable supporter of her husband's policies as she had been in other personal and political crises. After the fall of Napoleon, she joined her husband and many of the crowned heads of Europe in the Congress of Vienna (1814), where she was reunited with her old paramour, Adam Czartoryski. He was still in love with her and forgave her past infidelity with Okhotnikov. Their reunion was short-lived.\n\nLast years and death\nOnce she reached forty, she left behind any romantic pretensions. Her husband also experienced a personal transformation that drove the couple closer than they ever were. In 1818, Alexander I, immersed in religious mysticism, broke his long relationship with Maria Naryshkina. From then on, the husband and wife started to spend more time together. The Empress sympathized deeply with him and Alexander found her supportive when he lost his beloved natural daughter Sophia. The marked reconciliation between the Emperor and the Empress caused general surprise. \"I am reduced to thinking of myself sometimes as Alexander's mistress, or as if we had been married secretly...\" Elizabeth wrote to her mother.\nBy 1825, Elizabeth Alexeievna's health was frail; she suffered from a lung condition and a nervous indisposition. The doctors recommended her to take a rest in a temperate climate and suggested the southern city of Taganrog by the Sea of Azov. With no comfortable palace, the imperial couple were established in a modest house in Taganrog by 5 October. They were happy together living in intimate simplicity. On 17 November 1825 Alexander returned to Taganrog from visiting Crimea with a cold, which developed into typhus, from which he died that December in the arms of his wife. Elizabeth was stricken by her loss, writing \"I do not understand myself, I do not understand my destiny... What am I to do with my will, which was entirely subjected to him, with my life, which I loved to devote to him?\" \n\nThe now Dowager Tsarina was too frail to come back to St. Petersburg for the funeral. When Elizabeth Alexeievna finally started her return journey to the capital, she felt so sick that she had to stop at Belev, Tula Province on the road to St. Petersburg, just a few hours before she was to meet her mother-in-law, who was coming south to greet her. In the early hours of 16 May 1826, towards 4.30 am, when her lady's maid went to check on the Empress, she found her dead in bed. Elizabeth Alexeievna had died of heart failure.\nThree days after her husband's death Elizabeth had written her mother, \"Do not worry too much about me, but if I dared, I would like to follow the one who has been my very life.\"\n\nChildren\nAlexander I and Elizabeth Alexeievna had two daughters, both of whom died in early childhood. Their common sorrow drew husband and wife closer together for a brief time.\n\nGrand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (St. Petersburg, 29 May 1799 – St. Petersburg, 8 July 1800)\nGrand Duchess Elizabeth Alexandrovna of Russia (St. Petersburg, 15 November 1806 – St. Petersburg, 12 May 1808)\n\nAncestry\nFootnotes\nPassage 10:\nThelma, Kentucky\nThelma is an unincorporated community in Johnson County, Kentucky, United States. The community was originally known as Buskirk, after a local family. But, when the community received its first post office on June 5, 1905, it was renamed Thelma after the daughter of Warren Meek. Meek was a successful pioneer in the newspaper field in the Big Sandy Valley.Thelma's ZIP code is 41260.\nThelma is located at an elevation of 636 feet.\n\nAnswer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\n\nQuestion: In A League of Their Own, who played the husband of the actress who played Thelma in Thelma and Louise?\nAnswer:"} {"question_id": 56, "category": "longbench_passage_retrieval_en", "reference": ["Paragraph 27"], "prompt": "Here are 30 paragraphs from Wikipedia, along with an abstract. Please determine which paragraph the abstract is from.\n\nParagraph 1: The journal Ex Tempore has been widely acclaimed in the Swiss press and received media attention from the Tribune de Geneve (9 April 1997, \"Les internationaux lancent un Salon littéraire\", p. 12, 4 March 1998, p. 11 \"l'Onu en poésie\", 12 February 2000, 28 February 2001 \"Ex Tempore a tenu sa soirée littéraire\", 12 February 2004 \"Le Cerce de poètes qui libère les onusiens\", Le Courrier 18 June 1998, \"Une revue cherche à tisser des liens entre l'ONU et la cité\", 10 February 2000 \"littérature\" p. 11, Le Journal de Genève, Le Temps, and DIVA International (2006 Nr. 2, p. 36). UN Special April 2008, p. 33: \"Ex Tempore- Nouveau Numéro et Soirée Littéraire\". Its members have been interviewed by local television stations such as Leman Bleu, and by local radio stations, including Radio Cité. The journal has its own issn number: and is kept by some 20 libraries worldwide, including the Library of Congress, the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek in Leipzig and the Schweizerisches Landesbilbiothek in Bern. On 5 October 2008 Ex Tempore hosted the Mahmoud Darwish memorial lecture during which poems of the Palestinian poet were read out in Arabic, English and French. On 25 January 2013 UNSW held its 17th annual salon, attended by 65 UN writers. On 24 January 2014 the 18th annual salon was held, attended by 62 UN staffers, on 23 January 2015 the 19th salon, on 22 January 2016 the 20th salon, on 20 January 2017 the 21st salon; the 22nd salon on 26 January 2018. The 23rd salon is scheduled on 25 January 2019. On 27 September 2019 the United Nations Library celebrated an event \"Express and De-Stress\" to commemorate 30 years of the UNSW and 30 years of publishing its literary journal Ex Tempore. The 24th salon was held on 24 January 2020 with 48 in the audience and 15 readers in English, French, German, Latin, Russian, Spanish and Vietnamese.\n\nParagraph 2: The second agent is Ray Nadeem (Jay Ali), a down on his luck agent in the New York office who has been a pawn of Fisk's for three years without even knowing him. Fisk cuts off his sister-in-law's medical insurance, forcing Nadeem to pay her medical bills and go into crippling debt, ruining his FICO score and delaying hopes of career advancement. When Nadeem visits Fisk in prison and Fisk informs on the Albanians to him, Nadeem readily accepts Fisk's information and his terms of relocation without considering the repercussions. Fisk takes advantage of Nadeem's pride to manipulate him into going after the members of Nelson & Murdock for ostensibly doing Fisk's dirty work. While he eventually realizes he's been played after Jasper Evans' death, it is too late for him to back out and he ends up being blackmailed by his boss Tammy Hattley (Kate Udall) into working with Dex to enforce Fisk's protection tax, and serves as a getaway driver during Dex's attempt on Karen. A conversation with Matt's mother Sister Maggie (Joanne Whalley) convinces Nadeem to grow a spine and stand up to Dex, by arranging with Foggy Nelson and Detective Brett Mahoney for Karen to be \"apprehended\" by the NYPD. Fisk attempts to kill Nadeem and his family right away, but Matt and Foggy rescue him and convince him to testify before a grand jury convened by District Attorney Blake Tower. Fisk foils their efforts by intimidating the grand jury. Nadeem flees back home and makes a video confession to everything he's witnessed before Dex shows up at his house to murder him on Vanessa's orders. The video, as his dying declaration, is considered thanks to a legal loophole to be credible evidence that allows the NYPD to arrest Fisk and put him back in prison.\n\nParagraph 3: Wild horses have lived in Britain for hundreds of thousands of years. Some remains found date as early as 700,000 BC, while others are as recent as 3,500 BC. No genetic studies to date have correlated these prehistoric remains to any modern breed. What has been studied are Y-chromosomes (Y-DNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The Y-chromosome is passed on through the male line, and worldwide shows very little genetic variation in horses, except for a second Y-chromosome haplotype found in China, suggesting that a very limited number of stallions contributed to the original genome of the domestic horse. The Exmoor pony shares this general Y-chromosome haplotype. In contrast, mitochondrial DNA is passed on though the female line, and shows far more variation than Y-DNA, indicating that a large number of wild mares from several regions have contributed to modern domestic breeds. Some mtDNA-haplotypes have been found in DNA samples obtained from wild horses in prehistoric deposits, while other mtDNA-haplotypes have only been found in domesticated horses, from both living individuals and archeological finds. The Exmoor pony has a high frequency of pre-domestication mtDNA-haplotypes; these are also found in some other breeds all around the world. Currently, for the British Isles, few DNA archeological samples have been studied.\n\nParagraph 4: Combat boots are military boots designed to be worn by soldiers during combat or combat training, as opposed to during parades and other ceremonial duties. Modern combat boots are designed to provide a combination of grip, ankle stability, and foot protection suitable for a rugged environment. They are traditionally made of hardened and sometimes waterproofed leather. Today, many combat boots incorporate technologies originating in civilian hiking boots, such as Gore-Tex nylon side panels, which improve ventilation and comfort. They are also often specialized for certain climates and conditions, such as jungle boots, desert boots, and cold weather boots as well as specific uses, such as tanker boots and jump boots.\n\nParagraph 5: Acoli was radicalised by the assassination of Martin Luther King in April 1968 and that same year joined the Harlem chapter of the Black Panther Party as its finance minister. He was arrested on April 2, 1969, in the Panther 21 conspiracy case, in which members were accused of planned coordinated bombing and long-range rifle attack on two police stations and an education office in New York City. A group called Computer People for Peace raised $50,000 bail for him but it was rejected by the judge. Acoli and the other defendants were ultimately acquitted of all charges in that case.\n\nParagraph 6: He was less than happy when an amazed McQueen discovered his past and asked, \"How could a car like you quit at the top of your game?\" Hudson bitterly admitted that he did not quit, but was forced into retirement after his crash by the rise of hot young racers. \"There was a lot left in me,\" Hudson said sadly, \"I never got the chance to show them.\" After McQueen finished fixing the Radiator Springs road that he damaged when arriving in town as part of Hudson's court ruling, McQueen decided to stay in town for one extra day, but Hudson was unable to bear having him around any longer and called the news and press, prompting McQueen to immediately leave for the Piston Cup championship race in California. After being scolded by Sally for revealing McQueen's location and making him leave out of his dislike of him, Hudson realizes that McQueen became more important to them than he thought since he helped them restore the town to its former glory just as they had helped him change his ways and began to regret his actions; he believed the town would be happier without McQueen, but was proven wrong. Eventually, he not only admitted to the townsfolk that he was the Fabulous Hudson Hornet, but took back his #51 racing colors to become McQueen's pit crew chief. Nearly the entire town travelled to California as McQueen's pit crew and cheering section. At the race, the commentators recognized his presence on the cameras and Hudson finally received a long-overdue acknowledgment for his return. During the final lap of the race, McQueen uses an old trick he learned from Hudson, which immediately puts a smile on Hudson's face and it shows he truly learned something from him, to take the lead. When McQueen chose to help an injured Strip Weathers (whom he did not want to suffer the same misfortune Hudson did) finish his last race instead of winning the Piston Cup, which is won by an egotistical Chick Hicks (who ends up being pelted and stoned by the media and fans for what he did to Weathers as well as cheating), he smiled once more and expressed how proud he was of McQueen for doing what's right rather than what's important to him.\n\nParagraph 7: All four upper secondary schools are bilingual and about one fourth of the tuition is given in English by native speakers. This also means that course materials are both in Swedish and English. The schools have students attending from all over the greater Stockholm region, making admission highly competitive. VRG Odenplan has some of the highest minimum admission requirements in the country. Admission to its natural sciences program with natural sciences orientation is especially competitive; in 2009 all students had perfect grades, and since 2016 all students has had a score of at least 330.0 (with a national average of 228.7; out of maximum possible 340.0) translated from their grades from Swedish primary school, due to high application rates.\n\nParagraph 8: The next day Chief Narbona came to Canyon de Chelly for a \"talk peace\", along with several other headmen. In the treaty the Navajo acknowledged the jurisdiction of the United States and allowed forts and trading posts in Navajo land. The United States, on its part promised \"such donations [and] such other liberal and humane measures, as [it] may deem meet and proper\". After reaching an accord, a scuffle broke out when a New Mexican thought he saw his stolen horse and tried to claim it from the Navajo. (The Navajo held that the horse had passed through several owners by this time, and rightfully belonged to its Navajo owner). Washington sided with the New Mexican. Since the Navajo owner took his horse and fled the scene, Washington told the New Mexican to pick out any Navajo horse he wanted. The rest of the Navajo also left. At this, Col. Washington ordered his soldiers to fire. Seven Navajo were killed in the volleys; the rest ran and could not be caught. One of the dying was Chief Narbona, who was scalped as he lay dying by a New Mexican souvenir hunter. This massacre prompted the warlike Navajo leaders such as Manuelito to gain influence over those who were advocates of peace.\n\nParagraph 9: A skilled commander, with a strong army fortified by war elephants (which the Romans were not experienced in facing), Pyrrhus enjoyed initial success against the Roman legions, but suffered heavy losses even in these victories. Plutarch wrote that Pyrrhus said after the second battle of the war, \"If we are victorious in one more battle with the Romans, we shall be utterly ruined.\" He could not call up more men from home and his allies in Italy were becoming indifferent. The Romans, by contrast, had a very large pool of military manpower and could replenish their legions even if their forces were depleted in many battles. This has led to the expression \"Pyrrhic victory\", a term for a victory that inflicts losses the victor cannot afford in the long term.\n\nParagraph 10: The German Bettina Hoy was initially awarded first place. During the first jumping phase, she received 14 time penalty points in an otherwise flawless round. This put her in eighth place going into the final phase. The Germans appealed those points, noting that the time on which the points had been assigned (the time from when Hoy had first crossed the starting line) was not the same time as the time displayed on the stadium clock and which Hoy had thought was the official time. The clock had been reset and displayed the time from when Hoy had crossed the starting line the second time, which was when she began her jumps. These points were then rescinded by the Jury of Appeal, which put Hoy in second place only 2.20 points behind the then-leader. In the final jumping phase, Hoy moved into first place and was awarded the gold medal on 18 August. The Court of Arbitration for Sport ruled on 21 August that the appeal had been incorrectly upheld and ordered that the 14 points be returned to Hoy's score. This stripped her of her medal and put her in ninth place.\n\nParagraph 11: In Akita Prefecture, authorities reported that twelve houses were damaged in Akita City while eight homes were damaged in Yokote, and there were two landslides. Passing over Shizuoka Prefecture with most of its former intensity, 8 roads were closed and 28 homes were damaged. A total of of rice as well as of vegetables were damaged, along with three agricultural facilities. Damage was estimated at 243.1 million yen ($1.68 million USD), but the extent was limited by the storm's fast forward motion. A 54-year-old hotel owner broke a rib when gusty winds toppled a seaside structure in Shizuoka. In Fukushima Prefecture, seven homes were damaged in four towns, thirty-nine roads were closed, of which two were national highways. A total of 1,350 households lost power, and power lines downed several trees. The towns of Nakakura and Yazukado suffered flooding. One person was killed in Toyama Prefecture. A landslide closed two roads in Kmoagane in Nagano Prefecture. Throughout the prefecture, 18 dwellings sustained damage and 68 trains were cancelled or delayed, resulting in 49,000 stranded travelers. In Tochigi Prefecture, 141 houses, 266 roads, 284 communication lines, and 6 bridges received damage, while 10 homes were damaged and 23 landslides occurred. River embankments were breached in 710 locations while of arable land was damaged, totaling 89.5 million yen ($617,000 USD). Damage there totaled to 1.32 billion yen ($9.1 million USD) and one person was hurt. In Gunma Prefecture, 26 structures, 35 roads, and of farmland were damaged. Prefecturewide, Winona inflicted 390.8 million yen ($2.7 million USD) in damage. Along coastal areas of Saitama Prefecture, 60 houses were damaged, of crops were damaged, 30 traffic accidents occurred, and five landslides were reported. In Ibaraki Prefecture, the storm dropped heavy rainfall, which resulted in four downed power lines, while one individual was injured. Damage in Yamanashi Prefecture totaled 6.62 billion yen ($45.7 million USD), including 4.80 billion yen ($33.1 million USD) in property damage. To the southeast of Tokyo, in Chiba Prefecture, 35 dwellings were damaged, and damage amounted to 3 million yen ($20,000 USD). Two people were hurt, a 56-year-old fractured his leg and a 78-year-old female fell due to strong winds, six embankments were breached, and thirty-two roads sustained damage. In Shizuoka Prefecture, the prefecture where the storm moved onshore, the heavy rainfall damaged 541 homes, destroyed 55 others, and triggered 13 landslides, which resulted in 12 damaged roads and 21 people homeless. The capital city of Tokyo was lashed with strong winds and heavy rain for several hours, with damage estimated at 34.9 million yen ($241,000 USD). Seven reservoirs in Tokyo received more than of water; the reservoirs reached 36% capacity, which prompted officials to lift restrictions on water use that were enacted following a drought. Ten homes were flooded and damage totaled 128.5 million yen ($886,000 USD) in Kanagawa Prefecture. Seven people were wounded, mostly due to gusty winds. The cyclone forced the first two days of the Karuizawa 72 Tokyu Ladies Open to be shortened.\n\nParagraph 12: Originally the area was called Kelly Bay in honour of its first settler, James Kelly, who lived as a hermit. In 1874, Oblate missionary Joseph Moffet (1852–1932) cleared some land and moved to Kelly Bay that came to be known as Baie-des-Pères (Bay of Fathers). In 1883, he was joined by a group of settlers from Nicolet. In 1886, the Parish of Notre-Dame-du-Saint-Rosaire-de-Ville-Marie was founded, and in 1891, the Baie-des-Père Post Office opened. The Village Municipality of Ville-Marie was incorporated in 1897 and the following year the post office was renamed to match the village's name. In 1899, the HBC post closed.\n\nParagraph 13: In 1364, Kirschroth had its first documentary mention as Rodde. It is certain, though, that it had already existed for quite some time, likely having arisen in the Early Middle Ages. Traces of human habitation may indeed stretch all the way back to Celtic and Roman times. The village was held by the Archbishops of Mainz well into the 12th century before being pledged to the Counts of Saarbrücken, and then about 1275 to the Waldgraves at the Kirburg. They then held it until the French Revolution in 1789. It was administered by a Schultheiß from Mainz who was subject to the castle count at Disibodenberg, or as of 1240 in Sobernheim and as of 1279 at Castle Böckelheim. In 1239, there was a serious dispute between the Archbishop and the counts in the Nahe area who opposed the ecclesiastical prince's quest for power in what they considered their domain. The local lordship over Kirschroth changed many times within the Waldgravial – and beginning in 1408 Waldgravial-Rhinegravial – family, because individual lines sometimes died out, arising from which were complicated divisions of inheritance. Until the 20th century, agriculture was the foremost income earner, and after that, winegrowing. In 1798, the French, to whom the Nahe area had finally fallen, set up their own Mairie (“Mayoralty”) of Meddersheim, which comprised the villages of Meddersheim, Kirschroth and Staudernheim. After the French had been driven out and Napoleon had been definitively defeated, there came a short transitional time, this mairie, now called a Bürgermeisterei (meaning the same thing in German) passed under the terms of the Congress of Vienna to the new Oberamt of Meisenheim within the Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg, passing once again along with this in 1866 to the Grand Dukes of Hesse-Darmstadt. They lost the Oberamt to the Kingdom of Prussia, which in 1869 made a small rural district out of it. In 1919, the Amt of Meddersheim was formed out of the Bürgermeistereien of Meddersheim and Merxheim, but this was dissolved along with the Meisenheim district in 1932. Beginning in 1935, Kirschroth was in a kind of “personal union” with the town of Sobernheim, and as of 1940, it was fully joined with it in a new Amt called Sobernheim. In 1969, the Amt of Sobernheim became the Verbandsgemeinde of Sobernheim. In 1990, Kirschroth placed third at the state level in the contest Unser Dorf soll schöner werden (“Our village should become lovelier”).\n\nParagraph 14: Harold Charles Schonberg was born in Washington Heights, Manhattan in New York City, New York on 29 November 1915. His parents were David and Minnie (Kirsch) Schonberg, and he had a brother (Stanley) and a sister (Edith). His aunt, Alice Frisca was an early influence and his first music teacher; she was a former concert pianist, and had studied with Leopold Godowsky. He started piano lessons with Frisca at four years old, and \"discovered early on that he had a superb musical memory that allowed him to remember pieces in great detail after a single hearing\". Schonberg himself cited the first performance he saw at the Metropolitan Opera around age 12 as particularly formative to his musical upbringing. A performance of Richard Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg with the conductor Artur Bodanzky, he would later write on the experience 39 years later, reflecting on the opera's opening chord that it \"rose to the dress circle, and he felt as though he could reach out, touch it, caress it. He had been to concerts before, but somehow, in this vast dark auditorium, there was a different feeling to the texture and even the organization of this chord. It sounded warm and cozy. It covered him like a blanket.\" In his recounting of the event, Schonberg claimed the experience as having inaugurated his desire to be a music critic. \n\nParagraph 15: The 1976 season began with the Panthers ranked ninth in the AP preseason poll. The first game was at Notre Dame, where the Irish grew the grass long on the playing field in a failed attempt to slow down Dorsett, who had burned them for 303 rushing yards the year before. Their efforts were in vain as Dorsett ran for a 61-yard touchdown on Pitt's first play from scrimmage on the way to a 31–10 win. The season continued with a 42–14 win at Georgia Tech and a 36–19 win over Miami. On October 23, the Panthers travelled to Annapolis to face Navy during which Dorsett broke the NCAA career rushing record on a 32-yard touchdown run in Pitt's 45–0 victory. Dorsett's achievement prompted a mid-game celebration in which even Navy saluted the feat with a cannon blast. Pitt next defeated eastern rival Syracuse 23–13, and on November 6, number two ranked Pitt easily handled Army while number one ranked Michigan lost to Purdue. For the first time since 1939, the Pitt Panthers were the number one ranked team in the country. The following week, they successfully defended their top rating in a close Backyard Brawl against rival West Virginia. With a record of 10–0, the Panthers headed into their regular season finale with only heated instate rival Penn State standing in the way of Pitt's national title aspirations. At a packed Three Rivers Stadium on the day after Thanksgiving, the Nittany Lions held Dorsett to 51 yards in the first half and had the game tied 7-7. Majors adjusted for the second half by shifting Dorsett from tailback to fullback, enabling him to explode for an additional 173 yards as Pitt rolled to a 24–7 victory that capped an undefeated regular season. In December, Dorsett became the first Pitt Panther to win the Heisman Trophy as the nation's best college football player. Dorsett also won the Maxwell Award, the Walter Camp Player of the Year Award, and was named UPI Player of the Year. The 11-0 Panthers accepted an invitation to the 1977 Sugar Bowl to face second ranked Georgia. Pitt defeated the Bulldogs 27-3 and was voted number one in both the final Associated Press and Coaches polls, claiming their ninth national championship. This was Pitt's first undefeated national championship since 1937. The American Football Coaches Association (AFCA) named Majors the 1976 Coach of the Year. Following this historic season, Majors returned to his alma mater, the University of Tennessee, to take the head coaching job.\n\nParagraph 16: At the Royal Rumble, AJ Styles defeated Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn in a handicap match to retain the WWE Championship, although Owens, who was pinned, was not the legal man. On the following episode of SmackDown, Owens and Zayn interrupted 2018 Men's Royal Rumble winner Shinsuke Nakamura and said that they should be the co-WWE Champions, but the referee failed at his job. Styles and Nakamura then teamed up and defeated Owens and Zayn. During the match, there were tensions between Owens and Zayn as a result of General Manager Daniel Bryan scheduling them to face each other the following week to determine the number one contender for the WWE Championship at Fastlane. Their match ended in a double disqualification, however, as Styles was provoked by Zayn and attacked both men, leading to Bryan scheduling a triple threat match between the three for the title. Commissioner Shane McMahon then announced on Twitter that the winner of a match between Dolph Ziggler and Baron Corbin the following week would be added to the championship match to make it a fatal four-way. Before that match started, Owens and Zayn attacked Corbin in the backstage area and later went after Ziggler to prevent either from being added. In response, Shane scheduled Owens to face Corbin and Zayn to face Ziggler, with both Corbin and Ziggler being added if they won their respective matches, while also threatening that if Owens or Zayn interfered in the other's match, that person would be removed from the title match. Corbin and Ziggler won their respective matches, thus making it a fatal five-way for the WWE Championship at Fastlane. On the February 27 episode, free agent John Cena, who was unsuccessful in becoming the number one contender for Raw's Universal Championship at Elimination Chamber two nights prior, made his return to SmackDown, determined to earn a match at WrestleMania 34. Bryan gave him the opportunity to be added to the WWE Championship match at Fastlane if he could defeat Styles in a non-title match. Cena defeated Styles, turning the championship match into a six-pack challenge. A brawl then ensued between all six competitors. To keep himself from being interrupted, Cena used his free agent status and appeared on the March 5 episode of Raw and said that he would break his and Ric Flair's tied record and become a 17-time world champion, and said that Styles should use his rematch clause to make the WWE Championship match at WrestleMania a triple threat match with Nakamura. On the final SmackDown before the pay-per-view, Owens and Zayn caused a double disqualification in a match between Styles and Ziggler; a five-way match with the addition of Corbin was scheduled, which saw Zayn score the win by turning on and pinning Owens.\n\nParagraph 17: The NROOGD Tradition of the Craft originated in 1967 with a group of friends (including e.l.f. Silverlocke, Glen Turner, Judy Greenwood, and Aidan Kelly). e.l.f. Silverlocke was taking a class at San Francisco State College, which gave her the assignment of creating and leading a ritual. She came up with the idea of recreating a Witches' Sabbath, using published sources from Robert Graves, Margaret Murray and Gerald Gardner, a ritual was composed that has served as the basis of NROOGD practice ever since. After repeat performances of this rite yielded results on a number of occasions, a decision was made to create a group identity and train others in its performance.\n\nParagraph 18: A weak circulation developed along the axis of a trough situated offshore North Carolina in early September, with a tropical depression forming on September 3. The depression moved southward and likely dissipated by the next day. An inverted trough and a tropical wave merged and briefly developed into a tropical depression well offshore Georgia on September 11. By the next day, the circulation had either dissipated or merged with a cold front. A strong tropical wave developed into a tropical depression between the Cape Verde Islands and Senegal on September 21. Moving generally westward, the depression was last noted between the islands of Fogo and Santiago on September 22. The latter island observed sustained winds of . On October 2, a tropical depression likely formed over the eastern Gulf of Mexico about south of Panama City, Florida. The depression continued westward and may have made landfall in Texas just north of Corpus Christi on October 5. However, there is no evidence of a closed circulation beyond October 3. A tropical depression – possibly subtropical – formed on October 28 over the central Gulf of Mexico. The depression moved northward and made landfall near the Alabama–Mississippi state line on October 31 and quickly dissipated. Pensacola, Florida, recorded a 5-minute wind gust of . The depression dropped mostly light rainfall in the area, with 24-hour amounts ranging from .\n\nParagraph 19: In the summer of 1915, after attending officer training camp in Plattsburgh, New York, for a proposed volunteer army (an outgrowth of the movement to prepare the United States for entry into World War I) and earning a commendation as a marksman, Heidelberger traveled to Lake Kezar in Maine for a vacation. After performing Pergolese's Nina there, his piano accompanist exclaimed, \"meet Nina,\" and in walked a young lady, Nina Tachau. They were married in 1916 to the strains of a wedding march composed by Heidelberger. She was a writer and activist for the New York chapter of the League of Women Voters and, during the 1940s, for the American Association for the United Nations. After her death from cancer in 1946, Heidelberger continued her work on behalf of the United Nations, and was a member of the U.S. delegation to meetings of the World Federation of United Nations Organizations in Prague, Bangkok, and other cities. He met his second wife Charlotte Rosen at a concert. She was the violist in a Mozart trio in which Heidelberger performed. They married in 1956. For ten years prior to her death in 1988, he took care of her at home while she suffered from Alzheimer's disease.\n\nParagraph 20: According to the content there are basically three forms of FDI: establishing new branch, acquiring control share of an existing firm, and participating jointly in a domestic firm. As Albanian economy has changed from a centrally planned to a market oriented one, FDI is seen as an important component of the transition process toward a market-led economic system, since it contributes to the development of a country through multiple channels (Kukeli, et al., 2006; Kukeli, 2007). In their study, a limited number of successful mobile networks entry cases have been selected for deep investigation of entry models in Albania, to find out the most important and efficient determinants of foreign mobile networks entry into Albania's telecommunication market in the future as well. It provides a successful Albanian business experience for the newcomers in mobile telecommunications industry. With its developing market economy, Albania offers many opportunities for investors-property as labour costs are low, the young and educated population is ready to work, and tariffs and other legal restrictions are low in many cases and are being eliminated in some others (Albinvest, 2010). Location of Albania in itself offers a notable trade potential, especially with EU markets, since it shares borders with Greece and Italy. In the last years Albania has entered the free trade agreements with Balkan Countries creating the opportunity for trade throughout the region. As Albanian economy tends to grow, the prospects and opportunities of multinational enterprises (MNEs) to invest in Albania for a long-term period has increased also. However, after the transition to democracy since 1992, the country has taken a long way in terms of economic, political and social life (Ministry of Economy 2004, p. 9-10). Demirel (2008) finds all of these changes to form the strengths of Albania in terms of FDI. In his study Demirel (2008) emphasizes that Albania has one of the most friendly investment environments in the region of the South- Eastern European Countries (SEECs) with her impressive economic performance in the last decade, liberal economic legislation, rapid privatisation process and country specific advantages. By taking into account all of these factors, the aim of this study is to offer a new perspective by the case studies of foreign telecommunications companies, which form the majority of MNEs in this field, by finding the most significant determinants before entering into Albania, with a successful entry strategy and crucial consideration of FDI in Albania. It is crucially important to find the determinants and factors that affect multinational firms when deciding on their entry modes, in order to successfully compete in the Albanian mobile telecoms industry. There are four operators in these industries; two of the leading firms expand rapidly in Albania by utilizing successful and aggressive entry strategies, and the other ones are new entries in Albanian market. Lin (2008) emphasizes that the evaluation of the entry modes’ determinants is better to be applied in some main theories and models such as transaction cost theory, eclectic theory and internationalization model, which serve as theoretical foundation in these kind of studies, where host-country condition, political and economic context, and organization capabilities are important factors and require major consideration.\n\nParagraph 21: Royal Rangers is an adventure-based, merit-driven, faith-based, church ministry and mentoring program for boys in grades K-12, providing “Christlike character formation and servant leadership development for boys and young men in a highly relational and fun environment\". The Royal Rangers program is active throughout the United States as well as in over 90 other nations; consequently, in 2002, 'Royal Rangers International' (RRI) was started. Royal Rangers in the USA is a boys-only program, unless the church does not have a girls ministry program; programs in some other nations allow both boys and girls to participate. The uniforms, mottos, practices and operation are derived from the Boy Scouts.\n\nParagraph 22: Adebisi began as a minor character; a member of the Homeboys and lieutenant of leader Jefferson Keane. He is first shown threatening to rape new cellmate Tobias Beecher on the latter's first night in prison. Like Keane and most of the other Homeboys, he immediately clashes with new muslim inmate Kareem Said, whose strict religious values oppose the Homeboys' reputation for drug abuse and violence. After Kareem begins to change Jefferson's mind and eventually converts him to Islam, Adebisi remains opposed, calling Said's teachings \"bullshit\" and continuing to side with the rest of the Homeboys. Following Keane's execution in Episode 4, Paul Markstrom takes over as the new leader of the Homeboys until Adebisi and Kenny Wangler kill him when it is discovered he is an undercover cop. Adebisi then takes over as the new leader and immediately partners in the drug trade with the Wiseguys, the prison's Italian gang. Their boss Nino Schibetta is shown to respect his leadership skills, seeing him as the best drug player among the black inmates. Adebisi, who works in the kitchen and sees himself as the boss, later grows annoyed with Schibetta after he instates Ryan O'Reily as the new boss of the kitchen. O'Reily however immediately begins to plot Schibetta's death, pitching to Adebisi the idea to insert crushed glass into Schibetta's food, which will slowly but painfully kill him. Adebisi agrees and the two form somewhat of an alliance, successfully carrying out their plan over the following weeks as Schibetta is eventually killed in episode 7. In the Season 1 finale, Adebisi, along with O'Reily, Said, Miguel Alvarez and Scott Ross, is one of the leaders of the Emerald City riot, representing the Homeboys. Throughout the episode, Adebisi and the rest of his gang are constantly seen abusing heroin, until they run out and are unable to source any more in the wake of the riot. Adebisi suffers a breakdown from the withdrawal, begging Said for more heroin, or \"tits\", as it is referred to in Oz; he and the rest of the Homeboys are subsequently tied up and taken prisoner by the other inmates towards the end of the standoff between the inmates and guards. In that episode, it is revealed that Adebisi's crime was exploited to have swept the previous governor out of office and gave Governor James Devlin his opening to reinstate the death penalty, which later resulted in Keane's execution.\n\nParagraph 23: Revolution broke out in Spain in July 1936, marking what quickly came to be seen as the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. Thanks to his engineering skills and training Bibbi was initially involved in the urgent tasks around reconfiguring and reorganising a range of production facilities in the industrial areas surrounding Valencia. The timelines in the sources become somewhat blurred in respect of his activities during the Civil War years between 1936 and 1939. There are references to his having used his piloting skills, for instance in terms of \"flying reconnaissance flights\", but having moved on quite soon after finding that the republican air force had come under the control of \"Stalinist\" elements. His activities during the Civil War evidently also involved him in frequent travel between Valencia and Barcelona and further afield, notably to Paris. It was in Paris that on 13 October 1936 Bibbi was suddenly arrested and sentenced to an eight-day prison sentence in respect of a new \"infringement of a decree of expulsion\". Back in Spain, it appears that he was keen to enlist as an aviator, to judge by a surviving message dated 3 November 1936, and sent from the Italian consulate in Tunis to the Interior Ministry in Rome, though the message in question is not entirely clear on the point. In December 1936 he was arrested by the local (republican) police and narrowly avoided being lynched by a crowd that quickly gathered round and accused him of being a \"Mussolini spy\". His life was saved only through the intervention of the Valencia regional CNT (trades union confederation) and the local council from Gandia, the nearby village in which he was still living with his family. During this part of the civil war he seems to have engaged in \"unseen warfare\", engaged in sabotage actions behind the frontlines, and in \"arms procurement and smuggling\" on behalf of republican fighters. Bibbi was nevertheless hampered in his effectiveness not just by the surveillance squads monitoring the role of Italian exiled anarchists in the fighting, but also by the constant attentions of Togliatti's \"secret police\". Togliatti's first loyalty was not to any Italian party but to Stalin, whom many across Europe on the non-anarchist political left continued to view as the best hope for a non-fascist future. It was Togliatti who is believed to have ordered and choreographed the deaths of Berneri and Francesco Barnieri during May 1937.\n\nParagraph 24: After the re-fit, she operated from Scapa Flow escorting Arctic convoys through the long Arctic nights of late 1943. From 1944, she patrolled the English Channel in preparation for the Normandy Landings. In this capacity, she closely co-operated with the Canadian Tribal-class destroyers and . For the invasion, she patrolled the channel and guarded against German surface ships in the Southwest Approaches and the Bay of Biscay area. On 9 June, a German destroyer group was found off Brittany and engaged by Ashanti, Huron, Haida, as well as , , and the Polish destroyers and in the Battle of Ushant. The Kriegsmarine ship was driven ashore and wrecked, was severely damaged and , the ex-Dutch destroyer Gerard Callenburgh, was sunk. Her last action in the war was prevention of the evacuation of German personnel from France. On 5 August 1944, she engaged a German convoy off the Île d'Yeu and sank two escort minesweepers and a Patrol Vessel. Haida was damaged in the engagement. Ashanti was then taken in for an extensive and expensive re-fit and played no further part in the fighting. Other Royal Navy Tribal-class destroyers were sent to Asia to fight against the Empire of Japan.\n\nParagraph 25: With Willoughby's ambush plan ruined, the scattered boats sought to rejoin Nereide, passing directly through the French squadron. Although several boats were in danger of being run down by the French ships and one even bumped alongside Minerve, all eventually rejoined Nereide safely. The opportunity to cause significant damage to the French in the narrow channel had been lost, with Bellone joining the squadron in passing through the channel with minimal resistance. In addition to British losses in the explosion at the fort, two men had been killed and one wounded on Nereide. French losses were more severe, Minerve suffered 23 casualties and Ceylon eight. With both sides recognising that further action was inevitable, Willoughby sent a boat to Sirius requesting additional assistance and Duperré sent a message overland with Lieutenant Morice, requesting support from Hamelin's squadron (Morice fell from his horse during the mission and was severely injured). Command of Victor passed to Henri Moisson. In the afternoon, Willoughby used mortars on Île de la Passe to shell the French squadron, forcing Duperré to retreat into the shallow harbour at Grand Port and Willoughby subsequently sent officers into Grand Port on 21 August under a flag of truce, demanding the release of Victor, which he insisted had surrendered and should thus be handed over to the blockade squadron as a prize. Duperré refused to consider the request. One French ship had failed to enter the channel off Grand Port: the captured East Indiaman Windham. Early on 21 August, her French commander attempted to shelter in Rivière Noire. Sirius spotted the merchant ship under the batteries there and sent two boats into the anchorage, stormed the ship and brought her out without a single casualty, despite the boarding party having forgotten to take any weapons with them and being only armed with wooden foot-stretchers wielded as clubs.\n\nParagraph 26: While the US Army deactivated its heavy armor units with the reception of the new M60 series main battle tanks in 1963, the remaining M103s stayed within the US Marine Corps inventory until they began receiving the M60 series main battle tank. With the disappearance of the heavy tank from US forces came the full acceptance of the main battle tank in 1960 for the US Army, and 1973 for the US Marine Corps. Although the later M1 Abrams main battle tank utilizes the same caliber of main gun, 120 mm, the M103's cannon was a rifled gun firing a separate-loading round, in which the projectile was loaded into the breech, followed by a cartridge case consisting of a brass case, primer, and propellant in a fixed unit. This separate-loading system necessitated the use of two loaders. The only part of the cartridge case consumed during firing was the propellant and a plastic cap on the end of the brass cartridge case. The spent brass cartridge case was ejected after firing. The M1 tank's 120 mm main gun is a smooth bore firing a semi-caseless round, ejecting only a back cap of the original loaded round; the bulk of the M1's 120 mm shell casing is consumed during firing.\n\nParagraph 27: The Grant County Airport was dedicated on November 30, 1951, serving the communities of Silver City, Hurley, Lordsburg, and Deming, New Mexico, as well as smaller communities in the so-called \"Mining District,\" including Arenas Valley, Fort Bayard, Central (now Santa Clara), Bayard, and Santa Rita.The next day, on December 1, 1951 Frontier Airlines began operating flights from the airport as a stop on their route from El Paso to Phoenix, which also included stops at Clifton, Safford, and Tucson, Arizona. Before the opening of the Grant County Airport, the airline was serving local airports in Deming, NM and Lordsburg, NM; however, service to those cities was then discontinued. By 1956 the route to Phoenix was modified to originate in Albuquerque rather than El Paso and service to Clifton and Safford was later discontinued which made for nonstop flights from Silver City to Tucson and Phoenix. At that time and on into the mid-1960s, the airline was flying the Douglas DC-3. Later, Frontier served the airport with larger Convair 340 prop aircraft followed by Convair 580 turboprops. Frontier's flights to Tucson and Phoenix were discontinued in 1974 and a small commuter carrier, Zia Airlines, began flights to Albuquerque with Cessna 402 and Handley Page Jetstream propjets in 1976. In the midst of growing into an all jet airline, Frontier ended their service in late 1979. Zia Airlines went out of business in early 1980 and Air Midwest began operating later that year under an Essential Air Service (EAS) contract with flights to Albuquerque using Swearingen Metroliner aircraft. Another commuter, Airways of New Mexico, operated flights to El Paso for a short time in 1980 as well. In 1985 the EAS contract was shifted from Air Midwest to Mesa Airlines which came to Silver City with service to Albuquerque using Beechcraft 99 and Beechcraft 1900D. Mesa's flights continued for 20 years until 2005 when the EAS contract was awarded to Great Lakes Airlines. Great Lakes started service with flights to Albuquerque, also using Beech 1900D's, but switched the flights to Phoenix in late 2012. Great Lakes ended all service in late 2014 and the EAS contract was then awarded to Boutique Air which began service in early 2015. Boutique provided flights to both Albuquerque and Phoenix using Pilatus PC-12 aircraft for four years until the EAS contract was then transferred to Advanced Air. Advanced Air began service in early 2019 with similar service to Albuquerque and Phoenix but uses a larger, multi engine, Beechcraft Super King Air model 350. Two other commuter airlines that served the Silver City to El Paso market for short periods were Aztec Airlines in 1966 and Turner Air in 1985.\n\nParagraph 28: With the rapid weakening erosion of the authority of the Qing dynasty in 1840s–1850s, Korea resisted traditional subservience to China. Japan was rapidly modernizing in the second half of the 19th century but worried that China or Russia would use Korea to threaten Japan. With the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876, Japan decided the expansion of their settlement, the addition of the market and acquired an enclave in Busan. A severe conflict at court between Heungseon Daewongun, the biological father of Gojong (king of the Joseon Dynasty), and Gojong's wife Empress Myeongseong continued. In 1882, Daewongun was seized by the Qing military, and confined in Tianjin City (Jingo Incident). The Min clan including Queen Min assumed authority, but relations between Korea and Japan did not turn better, the Min clan changing their policies from being pro-Japanese to pro-Qing China. When Japan beat China in 1895 in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Treaty of Shimonoseki was concluded, and removed China's suzerainty over Korea. Japan became alarmed when Russia enhanced its grip and influence over the Korean peninsula by acquiring vital state assets such as the mining rights in Chongsong and Gyeongwon sold off by Queen Min, such as timber rights in the north, and tariff rights, so it purchased back and restored many of these. Japan's victory against China in the First Sino-Japanese War, released Korea from China's tributary system and the Treaty of Shimonoseki forced China to acknowledge Korea as an \"independent\" nation. Japan began the process of invading Korea; however, the Min clan, including the Queen Min, started attempts to protect Korea from the rise of Japanese power in Korea. In 1895, Queen Min was gang raped, assassinated and then burned in public by Japan's military, in retaliation for her efforts to promote Russian influence and resist the Japanese invasion. The brutal assassination of the queen was a traumatic event, given Queen Min's popularity among the Korean people. The Gabo Reform and the assassination of Empress Myeongseong generated backlash against Japanese presence in Korea; it caused some Confucian scholars, as well as farmers, to form over 60 successive righteous armies to fight for Korean freedom on the Korean peninsula.\n\nParagraph 29: Roger Ebert gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4 and wrote, \"The character that Goldie Hawn creates in this movie is so refreshing and so interesting that they should have gone ahead and made the extra effort and written an intelligent screenplay about her.\" Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune awarded 2 stars out of 4 and wrote that it played like a \"bad sequel\" to Hawn's earlier hit, Private Benjamin. Siskel suggested that \"it might have been intended as some kind of emotional Frank Capra film with Hawn in the Jimmy Stewart role. But Stewart never would have stood for all the grade-Z slapstick material here, including a truly pathetic, protracted barroom brawl scene in which an Arab stereotype (André Gregory in a humiliating role) is turned on by sado-masochism.\" Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote, \"Though everything in 'Protocol' has been most carefully contrived, it has been contrived by talented people, particularly by Mr. Henry.\" Variety stated, \"Moving far away from the disaster of 'Swing Shift' and back toward the smash success of 'Private Benjamin,' Hawn is once again properly bubbly (and brainy), but one big problem here is an oh-so-obvious effort to reinvent the formula that boosted 'Benjamin' to new heights.\" Paul Attanasio of The Washington Post called it \"the kind of corny screwball comedy you thought nobody made anymore. By the end, its ersatz political moralism is almost too much to take; but buoyed by Buck Henry's often hilarious script, a wiggy performance by Goldie Hawn as a not-so-dumb blond, and director Herbert Ross' sure comic touch, 'Protocol' is pleasant piffle for a Sunday afternoon.\" Michael Wilmington of the Los Angeles Times wrote that \"Goldie Hawn is likable—even if this movie (which might actually be subtitled 'Private Benjamin' Goes to Washington') is not.\" Kim Newman of The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote that the movie's most obvious influence was the 1950 film Born Yesterday, \"but without displaying any understanding of why it worked so well. Its most explicit borrowing is from what now seems Born Yesterday's most embarrassing scene—the dumb blond being converted to committed patriotism by reading the original Constitution and touring Washington's state monuments.\"\n\nParagraph 30: When HUD finished terminating its interests in the project in 1977 the completed structures from the new city were one of the educational and community facilities, one of the community pools, one of the community parks, underground infrastructure (Electric, Water, Sewer, Gas and Cable TV) and a water treatment facility. The original educational and community facility housed the entire K-12 school system until the 1980s when Richard Mann Elementary was built on the site of the former community garden at 1366 Waterford Road. After renovations the HUD-financed facility contained grades 6-12 until the early 2000s, when the completion of Ruben A. Cirillo high school meant that the original building would only house grades 6-8 and the District offices. The single completed community pool was at 3290 Wildflower Drive and was operated by the community until the early 1990s when financial difficulties caused the property to be sold to the YMCA of Greater Rochester. It operated as a YMCA facility until the early 2000s when it shut down for the last time. The pool and original pool building still exist though now as part of a private residence. The community did not lose access to a public pool though as the opening of Ruben A. Cirillo high school also brought about major renovations and additions to Richard Mann Elementary, one of which was an indoor pool open to the public. The only completed public park was Fox Tail Park, located in the center of the area Wildflower drive encircles. It originally contained a full playground and sports fields of which only the sports fields remain (presently used by the Middle School). The playground was removed in the early 1990s for a new parking lot and gym addition on the present-day Middle school. In 2018 a new playground was built at the Gananda Elementary School. The older grass sports field was also replaced with AstroTurf, new track, bleachers, and security fencing. In addition to these buildings, Gananda is still unique from its neighboring towns in the sense that all utility lines are buried underground whereas once one leaves Gananda utilities are once again carried above ground by utility poles. When HUD discontinued its financial backing of the project the roadbed for both sides of a four-lane Gananda Parkway had already been constructed from Eddy Road to almost Walworth/Penfield Road, State Route 441 (itself slated to have been widened to a four-lane highway had the City of Gananda ever come to fruition). However, with funding from the original project gone, only one side was completed which forms the current Gananda Parkway. The roadbed for the other side of the original four-lane Gananda Parkway is still visible in person as well as via satellite imagery and an easement still exists if population growth ever warrants its completion.\n\nThe following is an abstract.\n\nThe Grant County Airport in New Mexico was opened in 1951 and served several communities in the area. Frontier Airlines began operating flights from the airport the following day, connecting it to El Paso and Phoenix, with stops at various cities along the way. Over the years, the airline changed its routes and aircraft, eventually discontinuing its flights to Tucson and Phoenix in 1974. After Frontier, several other commuter airlines operated at the airport, including Zia Airlines, Airways of New Mexico, Mesa Airlines, Great Lakes Airlines, Boutique Air, and Advanced Air. Each airline offered flights to Albuquerque and/or Phoenix, using different aircraft models. Aztec Airlines and Turner Air also briefly served the Silver City to El Paso market.\n\nPlease enter the number of the paragraph that the abstract is from. The answer format must be like \"Paragraph 1\", \"Paragraph 2\", etc.\n\nThe answer is: "} {"question_id": 57, "category": "longbench_passage_retrieval_en", "reference": ["Paragraph 1"], "prompt": "Here are 30 paragraphs from Wikipedia, along with an abstract. Please determine which paragraph the abstract is from.\n\nParagraph 1: There is little written information about the people of Għargħur in earlier days. One source of information is the Dejma list, which mentions Għargħur in conjunction with Ħal Samudi (Madliena). In the Middle Ages, Għargħur was most probably a very small rural community. An abbey was established in Ħal Għargħur in the Middle Ages, in an area now called Tar-Rħieb (Friars' (old Maltese) place). There is no evidence as to when and why this abbey was abandoned, but the reason could have been the constant pirate attacks on the village, which led to a severe depopulation of both Għargħur and nearby settlements. During these raids, settlements were looted and those considered valuable enough were taken into slavery. Indeed, in this period houses in Għargħur were built so as to allow the residents to lock themselves in. One feature of these houses was a secret room in which females used to hide during these attacks. Also, the old streets and alleys are planned in a way that would confuse visitors. These raids continued well into the years, even after Għargħur became a parish. Indeed, on one occasion the residents of Għargħur found refuge in the parish church and vowed that if they were unharmed, there would be an annual pilgrimage to the shrine of [Mellieħa]. Nobody was harmed or taken into slavery on that occasion, and thus the tradition of holding this pilgrimage was started.\n\nParagraph 2: Hundreds of holiday tourists on the Phi Phi Islands were washed out to sea. Tuk-tuk drivers were quick to offer assistance, driving victims to hospitals, higher grounds and away from the surging waters. The nearby Ko Lanta Yai, however, was not afflicted as badly. At some places in Phuket and Phang Nga provinces, elephants were used to move and lift heavy wreckage to search for victims and to clear roads. These included six male Indian elephants which had previously been used in making the movie Alexander. On a beach in Thailand, a man was leading an elephant to entertain tourists, when the tsunami came. The elephant's natural instinct to flee the sea saved the life of a young girl who was upon his back.\n\nParagraph 3: Jamal's sexuality is a point of contention very early on for him and his father, while his mother sees the signs and loves him anyway. Lee Daniels made a conscious effort to remove the \"stereotype\" from Jamal's sexuality. \"Look... there are all different types of gay people\" Daniels remarked. Smollett said the show is \"not shoving anything down your throat. It's not preaching, it's not telling you the way you should feel about a certain issue, but it is giving you options. Lee [Daniels] holds up the mirror to us as human beings.\" Thanks to his own experience as a gay man, Daniels is able to construct the world of Empire around Jamal who is written as a \"down-the-middle, well-mannered, even-keeled, guy-next-door type\". Daniels wanted to \"normalize\" gay romances, specifically between men of color. Show runner Ilene Chaiken said \"We're going to go places with Jamal that are unexpected and that you've never seen a television show go – certainly not on a broadcast television show – with a gay black character... Maybe not with any gay character, frankly.\" Daniels said \"Homophobia is rampant in the African-American community\" and using the character of Jamal, \"I wanted to blow the lid off it.\" \"We are behind closed doors in a family situation and trying to tell it as honestly as possible. The things my father said to me because of homophobia frightened the devil out of me.\" said Terrence Howard. He continued, \"What we're really trying to do... is give people an opportunity to see what they're doing is painful. It's crushing someone that could be beautiful.\" The scene in which Lucious throws a 4-year-old Jamal into a trash can after Jamal dresses up in Cookie's heels comes from actual events from Daniels own childhood. While Jamal's sexuality is known in his personal life, Ilene Chaiken explained that Jamal is \"coming out to the world which not everybody gets\". However, it would be very difficult for Jamal not only as an artist, but also as the son of someone with such fame. In addition, Jamal is black and he is a part of the hip-hop community. This is a \"very, very big deal and it's a huge story to tell\" Chaiken said. However, Jamal wants to come out on his own terms, and that causes some trouble for him. According to Smollett, Jamal changes his mind about coming out in episode 102, \"The Outspoken King\" because \"It just wasn't the right time for him, especially to do it in such a grand way – with the press conference and the performance. That was a show! That's not Jamal.\"\n\nParagraph 4: In addition to the army wagons, some 75 additional civilian wagons belonging to cotton speculators followed along behind. General Steele had strongly instructed Lieutenant-Colonel Drake not to attempt a crossing of the Moro Bayou bottom—a few miles west of Marks Mills—after nightfall. According to Captain Samuel Swiggett of the 36th Iowa, as the supply train approached the bottom on Sunday afternoon, Drake was confronted with a nearly impassible road through the bottom due to flooding caused by recent heavy spring rainfall. Additionally, according to Swiggett, the civilian teamsters tagging along behind were growing argumentative and hard to handle due to the slow pace. Drake therefore ordered the train into encampment in a field on the side of the road west of Moro crossing at 2 pm, and meanwhile ordered several dozen Black contrabands accompanying the train forward as pioneers to begin cutting down timber and laying a corduroy road across the muddy bottom. Others, including members of the 43rd Indiana, stated later that the train went into camp closer to 4pm. Regardless of the precise time, it is likely—as Swiggett pointed out—that the entire train could have crossed the Moro Bottom by evening. Union General Powell Clayton, in command at Pine Bluff, knew that Steele would be sending more wagons to Pine Bluff for additional supplies and he had posted some of his troops at Mount Elba, halfway between Marks Mills and Pine Bluff, to provide escort for any federal trains enroute Pine Bluff. It is Swiggett's contention, therefore, that had Drake pressed on that Sunday afternoon, the train would have successfully crossed Moro bottom and could have been well on its way up the Pine Bluff Road to Mount Elba by nightfall. Swiggett reported that as they lay in camp on the west bank of the Moro, all experienced a feeling or foreboding. Swiggett's opinion is supported by the fact that the Confederate forces had crossed the Ouachita River well below Camden and made an all-night forced march of 52 miles on 24 April in order to get in front of Drake's command, and consequently the Confederates had just barely arrived at the ambush site in force early Monday morning and they were still sorting out their ambush plan when Drake's command crossed the Moro and continued up the road into the clearing at Marks Mills. Thus, had Drake pressed forward on Sunday instead of going into camp in mid-afternoon, it is very possible that the train would have been well ahead of the ambush site by 8:00 am on Monday morning and within range of Clayton's cavalry escort posted at Mount Elba.\n\nParagraph 5: In recent times, Eurostat publishes the \"business investment rate\" (also called the \"gross investment rate of non-financial corporations\") in its quarterly sector accounts for the EU27. This ratio is defined as gross fixed capital formation divided by gross value added, in other words the share of GFCF in gross product. It provides an indication of how much of the total factor income is reinvested in new fixed assets. Normally that ratio is about 20–23% of gross value-added. However, calling it the \"business investment rate\" or the \"gross investment rate\" is somewhat deceptive, since this indicator refers only to fixed investment, and more specifically, the net fixed investment (fixed assets bought, less disposals of fixed assets). The actual total funds which are spent by enterprises on investments, in gross terms, are much larger, both because enterprises invest in far more than fixed assets only (they also buy intermediate goods and services, and some financial assets), and because the total money they spend on buying fixed assets is larger than the same sum netted of asset disposals. The main reason why this Eurostat indicator is published is that it shows something about the longer-term expectations of enterprises. If business confidence is low, enterprises are less likely to tie up new earnings in additional fixed assets, which are usually held for a number of years. If, on the other hand, business confidence is buoyant, it is more likely that enterprises will spend more of their current earnings on longer-term investments in fixed assets. In turn, the rate at which enterprises invest earnings in longer-term assets is an indicator of business expansion – if the rate declines, then this typically lowers the rate of cumulative business expansion. For example, in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2008-2009, the ratio dropped to slightly below 20% in Q1 2010 from a high of 23% in Q2 2008. Although this 3% drop in the ratio may not seem so large, in reality it signifies a very large amount of money that was no longer spent. The reason is that the total gross investment and gross value-added for the European Union amount to trillions of euro's, while the total gross value-added also fell significantly in 2008-2010.\n\nParagraph 6: When bowling, Trumble made the most of his height, bringing the ball over the full extent of his right arm. His action was described by his team-mate and bowling partner, Monty Noble, as \"sidelong and insinuating, with his neck craned like a gigantic bird\". He bowled off spinners with an impeccable length at medium pace and was able to swing the new ball. He had a well-disguised slower ball, hoodwinking batsmen such as Stanley Jackson, who said, \"You old devil. You get me caught-and-bowled whenever you like but I'll pick that slow one sooner or later.\" He preferred English pitches, saying he hardly saw one on which he could not get some turn and the temperate weather allowed him to bowl all day. In Australia, Trumble had to work harder for his wickets on firmer pitches, relying on his change of pace and consistent accuracy; he claimed he could land the ball on a saucer away five times out of six. Johnnie Moyes named him as an \"immortal of the art\" who succeeded by \"attacking the batsman's strength\". W. G. Grace called him \"the best bowler Australia has sent us\". While Trumble was able to score 1,183 runs during the 1899 tour of England, the demands of bowling did not allow him to consistently score heavily. His long, prehensile fingers helped him make a reputation as a fine slips fieldsman and he was the first to take 20 catches in an Australian season. English cricketer Johnny Douglas said, \"Trumble should not be allowed on the cricket field—his natural place would be up trees in the bush.\" He practised slip fielding by catching a tennis ball thrown against a brick wall; he believed this practise trained him not to \"snatch\" at the ball but allow it to fall into his safe hands.\n\nParagraph 7: Operations against al-Qaeda linked terrorists continued in 2009 when on 14 September several U.S. Navy helicopters launched a raid in Baraawe against Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan, killing him as well as five other militants. Also in 2009, Operators from the SAS and the SRR were deployed to Djibouti as part of Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa to conducting operations against Islamist terrorists in Somalia; carrying out missions focusing on surveillance and targeting of terrorists, alongside their US counterparts, they have also been carrying out this role in Yemen. On 25 January 2012, two U.S. Navy SEAL teams raided a compound north of Adow, Somalia, freeing two hostages while killing nine pirates and capturing five others. On 5 October 2013, American commandos from DEVGRU launched an amphibious raid on the town of Baraawe engaging with al-Shabaab militants and inflicting some casualties on them before withdrawing. On 5 March 2016, U.S. airstrikes carried out by aircraft and unmanned drones killed more than 150 Al-Shabaab terrorists at a terrorist training camp called \"Camp Raso\", located about 120 miles north of Mogadishu as they were completing \"training for a large-scale attack\" according to a Pentagon spokesman. The camp had been under surveillance for some time before the strike. In the early hours of 9 March 2016, U.S. special forces and Somali national army special forces killed between 1 and 15 Al-Shabaab terrorists in a heliborne-attack on the Al-Shabaab-controlled town of Awdhegele, as well as capturing an undisclosed number of high-value Al-Shabaab figures the militants were training for a major operation against coalition forces. On 11/12 April 2016, two U.S. airstrikes on Al-Shabaab targets in the town of Kismayo killed about a dozen suspected militants who posed an \"imminent threat\" to American troops in the country. As of May 2016, roughly 50 U.S. special operations troops operate at undisclosed locations across southern Somalia, with their headquarters at the airport in Mogadishu; advising and assisting, Kenyan, Somali and Ugandan forces in their fight against Al-Shabaab. Also in that month, U.S. personnel helped those forces plan an operation against illegal checkpoints. On 13 May, a U.S. strike targeted nine al-Shabab militants, three of them were allegedly killed. On 1 June 2016, the Pentagon announced that it had conducted an airstrike that killed a senior Al-Shabaab leader in Somalia on 27 May. On 3 August 2016, a contingent of elite American troops acting as military advisers assisted Somali commandos in an assault on an al-Shabaab checkpoint in Saakow, as the Somali-led force approached the checkpoint the militants opened fire, a gun battle ensued that resulted in 3 militants killed. On 29 September 2016, the Military Times reported that on 26 September a bomb-manufacturing network linked al-Shabaab attacked a small team of U.S. and Somali troops, who were conducting an operation near Kismayo, with small-arms fire. A Pentagon spokesman said the U.S. military \"conducted a self-defense strike to neutralize the threat and in doing so killed nine enemy fighters.\" Also on 28 September, near the town of Galkayo, a Somali army unit conducting counterterrorism operations nearby, when the Somali soldiers came under fire from al-Shabab militants. The Somali soldiers engaged them, then broke contact and rejoined with their nearby American advisers and soon afterwards the militants \"began to maneuver in an offensive manner\" so the U.S. conducted a self-defense airstrike, killing 4 militants.\n\nParagraph 8: In 1907, Thomas W. Lawson was under charter to the Anglo-American Oil Company (part of Standard Oil) and set sail on November 19 from the piers of Marcus Hook Refinery (20 miles south of Philadelphia) to London with 58,000 barrels of light paraffin oil. Two days before leaving, the new captain, George Washington Dow, had to hire six new men to the crew because six other seamen had quit their jobs due to payment problems. Those new men weren't able seamen and some didn't speak fluent English. Leaving the mouth of the Delaware River, on November 20, the large schooner set course for England under fair weather conditions. But the following day the weather turned considerably worse. The ship was not sighted for more than 20 days during its first transatlantic journey, which was quite horrible in extremely stormy weather. With the loss of most of her sails, all but one lifeboat, and the breach of hatch no. 6, causing the ship's pumps to clog due to a mixture of intruding seawater and the engine's coal in the ship's hold, the schooner reached the Celtic Sea northwest of the Isles of Scilly. On December 13, entering the English Channel, she mistakenly passed inside the Bishop Rock lighthouse. Her captain anchored between the Nundeeps shallows and Gunner's Rock, northwest of the island of Annet, to ride out an impending gale, refusing several requests of St. Agnes and St. Mary's lifeboat crews to abandon the ship. Captain Dow, trusting in his anchors, only accepted the Trinity House pilot Billy \"Cook\" Hicks from St. Agnes lifeboat, who came aboard at 5 p.m. on Friday 13. Both lifeboats of St. Agnes and St. Mary's had to return to their stations because of an unconscious crewman on the former and a broken mast on the latter. They cabled to Falmouth, Cornwall, for a tug which couldn't put to sea, unable to face the storm.\n\nParagraph 9: Towards the end of the Second World War he served in the Royal Corps of Signals. After a brilliant undergraduate career at Christ Church, Oxford (BA 1947) he studied for ordination at Westcott House, Cambridge. After his first curacy in Edinburgh, he worked for the Student Christian Movement. From 1961 to 1966 he was a member of staff of the World Council of Churches (Executive Secretary for Faith and Order). He returned from Geneva after being nominated (but not elected) as General Secretary of the WCC. In the event the post went to the Revd Eugene Carson Blake. During his service as an Anglican Bishop he was also chair of the Churches' Unity Commission and president of the Conference of European Churches. As Bishop of Oxford he presided over the beginning of an Area scheme which delegated functions from the diocesan to his suffragan or \"Area\" bishops, in order to decentralise the work of the diocese. In retirement he served as an assistant bishop in the Diocese of Edinburgh. In 1989, he published Songs in a Strange Land, a devotional book on praying with the Psalms.\n\nParagraph 10: In 1708 after realizing that Ivan Mazepa sided with Carl XII, Peter the Great order to destroy Baturyn and transfer capital to Hlukhiv. Here in November 1708 was elected a new Hetman of Zaporizhian Host Ivan Skoropadsky, while the Metropolitan of Kyiv, Halych and all Little Russia Ioasaf was forced to proclaim anathema onto Mazepa in the St. Trinity Cathedral (destroyed in 1962). Hlukhiv served as the capital of the Cossack Hetmanate in 1708-64 and until 1773 the administrative center of the Little Russia Governorate. Under the last hetmans of Ukraine, the town was remodeled in the Baroque style. Subsequently, it declined in consequence of frequent fires, so that very few of its architectural gems survived.\n\nParagraph 11: All-Star center DeMarcus Cousins joined the Warriors in 2018–19. While teammates with Curry and Thompson on the 2014 US FIBA Basketball World Cup team, he had joked that he was the third Splash Brother. At the time, he had made nine of his 61 three-point attempts (14.8%) in his four-year career, but had improved to 35.1 percent in the four years since. On October 29, 2018, against the Chicago Bulls, Thompson hit an NBA-record 14 threes to break Curry's former mark of 13. Thompson scored 52 points in 27 minutes while making 14-for-24 of his threes. His 10 three-pointers in the first half tied Chandler Parsons' record set in 2014, and Golden State made 17 threes in the first half to set the NBA record for a half. With Curry having already scored 51 points in a game earlier in 2018–19, the Splash Brothers became the first NBA teammates to have each scored 50 or more points in a contest through their team's first eight games. In the 2019 playoffs, the Warriors eliminated the Los Angeles Clippers in the first round 4–2, but both Curry and Thompson suffered sprained ankles in Game 6, and they were questionable entering Game 1 of the conference semifinals against Houston. The series was tied 2–2 after four games, and the Splash Brothers were struggling with their 3-point shooting, combining to miss at least two-thirds of their attempts in five straight games, the longest streak in their postseason history. With the two struggling with their shooting, Kevin Durant had been the Warriors best player in the playoffs, averaging a team-leading 35.4 points entering Game 5. However, Durant left the game with 2:05 remaining in the third quarter after suffering a strained right calf; he was later ruled out indefinitely. Curry led the Golden State to a Game 5 win after scoring 16 of his 25 points after Durant exited, while Thompson had seven of his 27 during that stretch. The Warriors captured the series on the road in Game 6, when Thompson scored 21 of his 27 in the first half, and Curry collected all of his 33 points in the second half. Golden State lost 4–2 in the 2019 finals against the Toronto Raptors. Already without Durant, who returned and tore his Achilles in Game 5, the Warriors lost Thompson near the end of the third quarter of the deciding Game 6 after he tore the anterior cruciate ligament in his left knee.\n\nParagraph 12: The Tự Đức Bảo Sao or Đồng Sao (銅鈔, billets of copper) were introduced by the Ministry of Revenue (戸部, Hộ Bộ) in the year Tự Đức 14 (1961) for large transactions and taxes on behalf of stores of the government of Đại Nam, the introduction of the Tự Đức Bảo Sao marked the redefinition of the tiền or mạch denominations and the quàn (strings of cash coins) where the quàn was made equal to 10 mạch and the mạch was made the equivalent of 60 zinc cash coins, under these exchange rates 1 quàn was worth a string of 600 zinc cash coins. The Đồng Sao series of cash coins was introduced as zinc cash coins were heavy in quantity to carry around for the payment of larger sums of money, to this end the government introduced a system of monetary units determined by their nominal value in zinc cash coins as opposed to their intrinsic market value, it is possible that this might have been inspired by contemporary Chinese coinage of the Xianfeng era in the Qing dynasty where large denomination coins from 4 up to 1000 văn circulated alongside each other with little to no difference in intrinsic value in a fiduciary system, this system was also used by the Vietnamese. When the Tự Đức Bảo Sao was first proposed the Mandarins of the imperial court of Đại Nam suggested to simply increase the weight of the brass Tự Đức Thông Bảo to make them worth more relative to the zinc Tự Đức Thông Bảo cash coins as 1 brass cash coin with a weight of 9 phần was worth four zinc cash coins. The value of the Đồng Sao cash coins was indicated on the reverses of the coins expressed in their worth in zinc cash coins preceded by the character (chuẩn, regarded as equal to), despite the fact that Sao (鈔) means \"paper money\", though imperfectly the denominations of these coins attempted to take the respective value of brass and zinc cash coins into account which means that they can't be fully qualified as a fiat currency. The Ministry of Revenue of Đại Nam originally set the exchange rate between the brass Tự Đức Bảo Sao and zinc cash coins heavily in favour of the larger denominations which wasn't accepted by the market which resulted in the imperial court attempting to adjust the exchange rate more to the contemporary exchange values of brass and zinc cash coins that were in circulation. In January 1868 by decree the exchange rate between brass 9 phần cash and zinc cash coins was fixed 1:4 replacing the early ratio of 1:2.67 that had been in place since 1858. The Tự Đức Bảo Sao was generally well received by the population of Đại Nam despite the fact that their circulation was reduced due to their high purchasing power relative to their intrinsic value until their weight was decreased, which was done by the government to conform to the new official exchange between brass and zinc cash coins.\n\nParagraph 13: Daring was en route from the Kiel Canal to Londonderry Port when she was redirected to the Mediterranean. She paused at Gibraltar, and went alongside at Malta. A new crew were flown out from UK in November 1956. To all of the engineering staff she was a completely new design with high pressure four drum boilers and two furnaces operating at 650psi and 850 F superheat. They had a very short period in which to acquaint themselves with the ship and machinery before setting off for the Suez during the Crisis of 1956. On completion of that tour she returned to the Western Mediterranean. She teamed up with three other 'Darings' and carried out exercises with them in the Golfe du Lion. One exercise was a high speed night maneuvering carried out at 30 knots+. Steaming in line abreast under complete blackout the four ships received a signal from Capt. 'D' to turn to starboard 90 degrees into line ahead. Daring was on the end of the line with HMS Diana on her starboard side. When the 'Execute' order was received, Diana failed to respond and Daring turned directly at her. The first lieutenant was on the bridge with the Capt. in the radar plot room. I was i/c 'B' boiler room and saw the repeater telegraph move to \"Full Astern\". This is an order which has to be obeyed immediately regardless of damage to machinery. The safety valves on my boiler lifted within seconds as the engine room responded shutting off steam to the ahead turbine. The pressure rapidly fell then as the astern maneuvering valves were opened, falling to 150psi before beginning to recover. Water in some quantity must have gone with the steam as several rows of the astern turbine were carried away. Fortunately, being the port engine in 'B' Unit, they managed to get the engine into reverse mode somewhat more quickly than the 'A' Unit which pulled the ship round to port very narrowly avoiding the almost inevitable collision. The ship then made its way to Gibraltar on the one shaft where it spent three months in the dockyard refitting a new astern turbine.\n\nParagraph 14: The Zasuul (literally meaning a \"fixer\") of the wrestler is an on-field guide and coach of the wrestler. In lower round competitions when there are many wrestlers, most wrestlers don't have their own zasuuls. Successful wrestlers and those that get to the higher rounds get their own zasuuls. A Zasuuls' role is to hold the hat of his wrestler while he wrestles and give him encouragement and motivation on the field. For instance, if the match is going slowly, a zasuul might slap the buttocks of his wrestler to encourage him to engage his opponent faster. Zasuuls are not technically coaches in the literal sense. They are usually an elder and a friend of the wrestler who is there on the field to serve as a guide and help set up a fair competition. Also, unlike other grappling sports, a Zasuul does not have to be a former wrestler. When the match starts, the wrestlers are divided about evenly into left and right sides, and sometimes a zasuul will sing a praise of his wrestler to open a challenge from that side in the higher rounds, and the other side's zasuul will also respond with his own praise of his wrestler. The poetic praise of a wrestler by his zasuul comes from the wrestler with the highest rank on that side.\n\nParagraph 15: Although Quintessence played many hundreds of concerts and festivals all over Europe, they turned down a U.S. record deal negotiated by Island Records' Chris Blackwell and did not play at a concert at New York's Carnegie Hall lined up in early 1972, or tour the U.S., because four of the band's members wanted a larger monetary advance. This disappointed Blackwell and he dropped the band from the record label. Quintessence then signed with RCA and recorded one album with Jones and Dev. Raja Ram then unexpectedly 'fired' the pair after that album was released. Jones and Dev went on to form the short-lived outfit called Kala, along with Davey 'Crabsticks' Trotter. Meanwhile, Quintessence played on into the 1980s before breaking up.\n\nParagraph 16: The team was formed in 1985 by brothers Leo and Richard Jackson. At the Daytona 500 that year, the team entered the No. 55 and No. 66 cars, sponsored by U.S. Smokeless Tobacco through its Copenhagen and Skoal brands and driven by another pair of brothers, Benny Parsons and his brother Phil. Benny finished 31st and Phil finished 29th, both suffering engine failure. Phil ran fourteen races with the team that year and posted three top 10s while splitting time with another ride, and Benny ran fourteen races as well and had six top 10 finishes running a limited schedule. The two returned for 1986, when BP had four top tens and won the team's first pole position. Phil ran a limited schedule himself and had five top-tens. After Benny left at the end of the year, his brother moved from the No. 66 to the No. 55. In his first year with the No. 55, Phil Parsons finished a then career-high fourth at Martinsville and finished 14th in points. The No. 66 ran only one race that year, with IndyCar driver Tom Sneva running at Daytona before dropping out with engine failure. In 1988, Parsons improved to a ninth-place finish in points, with the highlight of his year coming with his victory at the Winston 500 despite running out of fuel earlier in the race. In 1989 the team returned to a two-car operation, signing Harry Gant away from Mach 1 Racing with the Skoal sponsorship coming with him. The Jacksons also traded numbers with Mach 1 owner Hal Needham and ran the No. 33 alongside the No. 55. Gant won early in the season at Darlington Speedway and finished seventh in points, while Parsons, despite additional sponsorship from Crown Petroleum, only had three top-tens and dropped to 21st in points. At the end of the year, Parsons left for Morgan-McClure Motorsports.\n\nParagraph 17: The John P. Stevens award-winning theatre company has been an ongoing program in the school for many years now. Since the foundation of the company, several Broadway and off-Broadway shows have been performed; some notable include: Grease, Into the Woods, Pippin, The Wiz, Leader of the Pack and Urinetown: The Musical. The theatre company's production of Urinetown garnered several honorable mentions and nominations by the NJ Paper Mill Playhouse Rising Star Awards. Other productions by the company from the past include Macbeth, The Musical Comedy Murders of 1940, A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, You're A Good Man, Charlie Brown and Working among others. The theatre company put on a production of Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee's Inherit the Wind in November 2007. The company put on perhaps their most successful and lauded show ever: the Stephen Sondheim musical Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street in April 2008. Since then, they have put on The Odyssey, Tommy, The Crucible, and Jekyll & Hyde. In the fall of 2010, the company performed the play, Metamorphoses. In 2011, the company performed the rock opera hit Rent and Our Town. In 2019, their musical was Chicago: The Musical and their Fall Play was A Midsummer Night's Dream. In the fall of 2019, their fall play was Vintage Hitchcock: A Live Radio Play. Their musical for the 2020 school year was The Addams Family, but the production was cut to two show nights due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Likewise, due to the pandemic, the company did not have a formal fall show, but opted to present a series of online one-acts under the title of \"Virtuality.\" In spring 2021, the company's spring musical was The Theory of Relativity, a musical about the importance of relationships and connectivity, teaching lessons that everyone needed to hear amidst a global pandemic. The fall play for the 2021-22 school year was Almost, Maine by John Cariani, and the musical was Mamma Mia!.\n\nParagraph 18: Max apologises to Danny for treated him poorly and says he believes in his diving ability but Danny refuses to let Max train him again. Danny and Shane arrange their own training sessions and Danny enters a local competition, which he wins. Max is not pleased and he later tells Maria coaching was his thing and he is no longer needed. Maria tells Max to move on and says they have more time to be a couple. Max supports Danny when he is wrongly accused of robbing Carol Brown (Merrin Canning) and confronts her about the accusation but later admits he thinks Danny is guilty. He catches Danny sneaking out to meet with his friend Scott Robinson (Jason Donovan) and almost strikes him. The boys run away and Maria feels Max was too hard on Danny, and Max appears not to care if Danny returns home. When Maria asks Max why he does not love Danny as much as Shane, he says he was never sure Danny was his biological son; after demanding the truth from her, Maria tells Max he is not. Maria was afraid to tell Max in case it worsened his relationship with Danny. Max realises Maria became pregnant during a brief separation and tells Jim he never thought she would do that to him. Jim suggests Max speak to Maria but he refuses. Max later tells Maria he will never come to terms with Danny not being his son; he tells Maria their marriage is over and he moves into a bedsit. Max is visited by an old school friend Nick Burman (Vic Hawkins), who says he has feelings for Maria. Nick takes Max to the pub and insists Max drives them home but they are involved in an accident and Max is charged with drink-driving. \n\nParagraph 19: She had a small part in Sullivan's 1977 softcore sex comedy Come Play with Me, alongside Alfie Bass and Irene Handl. Although critically panned, the film was highly successful, running continuously for four years at one London cinema. It then became one of the first British films to sell in large numbers on the new VHS format. This was followed by a larger role in The Playbirds (1978), in which she was cast as a policewoman working undercover as a nude model. Although her lack of acting training was evident, The Playbirds was a commercial success. Like Come Play with Me it was extensively trailed in Sullivan's magazines. She made many public appearances at this time, promoting her films in regional cinemas, opening shops and restaurants, and raising money for the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. At the height of her fame she was also working behind the counter in Sullivan's sex shops, mainly in the Whitehouse shop in Norbury. She continued working as a call girl, which she had done since her early modelling days. She then made a cameo appearance in Confessions from the David Galaxy Affair (1979), which was a flop, and played the title role in Queen of the Blues (1979). She appeared in other sex movies such as Eskimo Nell (1975), Intimate Games (1976) and Derek Ford's What's Up Superdoc! (1978).\n\nParagraph 20: Joe Mott insists that he will soon re-open his casino. The English Cecil \"The Captain\" Lewis and South African Piet \"The General\" Wetjoen, who fought each other during the Boer War, are now good friends, and both insist that they'll soon return to their nations of origin. Harry Hope has not left the bar since his wife Bess's death 20 years ago. He promises that he'll walk around the block on his birthday, which is the next day. Pat McGloin says he hopes to be reinstated into the police force, but is waiting for the right moment. Ed Mosher prides himself on his ability to give incorrect change, but he kept too much of his illegitimate profits to himself and was fired; he says he will get his job back someday. Hugo Kalmar is drunk and passed out for most of the play; when he is conscious, he pesters the other patrons to buy him a drink. Chuck Morello says that he will marry Cora tomorrow. Larry Slade is a former syndicalist-anarchist who looks pityingly on the rest. Don Parritt is a former anarchist who shows up later in the play to talk about his mother (Larry's ex-girlfriend) to Larry; specifically her arrest due to her involvement in the anarchist movement.\n\nParagraph 21: In 1997, the television show 20/20 featured an exposé on hazing in the sorority system that included a hazing by three members of Kappa Kappa Gamma at DePauw University in Greenpaw, Indiana, and a local sorority Lambda Delta Sigma at Concordia College in Saint Paul, Minnesota. The three members of Kappa Kappa Gamma, on November 6, 1997, were accused of branding three pledges with cigarettes in a family hazing rite after a night of heavy drinking. After being burned, the pledges were encouraged to streak across campus and to grovel for cigarettes at a fraternity house. The result was severe enough to send one of the pledges to the hospital with minor burn injuries. The discovery of the incident caused investigations by the sorority and campus to be launched. The members who were involved with the incident were not charged by the state of Indiana with criminal recklessness under the hazing statute, as had been reported. They did, however, face a possible trial for alcohol possession but due to difficulty proving who provided the alcohol, the members were given community service instead. DePauw's reaction to the hazing for the chapter was to put the chapter on social probation until Fall 1999 and cut its pledge class in half for two years. The thirteen members who had either been involved with the incident or had known about it were given one-semester suspensions and social probation for their participation, and were voted by their chapter to retain membership within the chapter.\n\nParagraph 22: In England, the common law of private international law applies the lex fori or encores any provision of the lex causae if the area of penal, even, and other public laws. This is a matter of justiciability, and not merely jurisdiction. That is to say, not only does the English court hold that it has no jurisdiction in the matter, it is unable to hear matters relating to penal, revenue, or other public laws as the recognition of foreign states is one of statecraft and is a power retained by the sovereign, not with the courts. The reasoning of the court in Australia through the spycatcher case was that complying with friendly foreign government decisions placed the courts in difficult positions in the future to determine matters which derived from the sovereign. This was confirmed in the UK through The Barakat Galleries v Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The identification of foreign penal laws or foreign revenge law is relatively straight forward, a foreign penal law is a law which imposes a fine and is paid to the state. English law considers this lex fori. Payment to a private individual is unlikely to be considered penal, even if the payment is seen as a penalty or deterrent. By contrast, a revenue law is one which a party cannot opt out of, enforcement cannot be by action in the English courts. The English courts determine a foreign revenue law on the ground that a party may receive a hand back as evidence that the obligation to pay the state is not a foreign revenue law. The third category of 'other public laws' is traditionally one which relate to a claim in action in which only a state can claim, such as tort damages and costs of quashing a rebellion/revolution. Any claim which is founded on a right which is uniquely governmental will not be adjudicated.\n\nParagraph 23: Record companies put forth huge sums of money to produce, release, and promote an album. Recording time, manufacturing, packaging, photos, distribution, marketing, and music videos are just some of the areas where the label must spend money on an act it has signed. The label usually absorbs these expenses, but in some artists' contracts, some of this money may be due back to the label, unless otherwise worded. Advances (upfront money that is paid directly to a recording artist) are normally always owed back to the label. Once (and if) the advance has been paid back from record sales, the artist then begins to see royalty payments for additional sales. Advancing an act money is a risk the label endures as it does not know how well the act's album will sell. Capitol Records suspended Linda Ronstadt's contract in the early 1970s, as Capitol had spent more money on Ronstadt then it had yielded. She continued to tour partly to pay Capitol back for her 1960s deal, and a string of hits in the mid-1970s allowed her to finally clear the debt. Record companies expect to make a profit, and little concern themselves with a given performer's lack of business or financial savvy, as artists such as George Michael have discovered. \"Walking out\" on a deal is very difficult or nearly impossible, as is attempting to strike a new deal without completing an old one. Donna Summer signed a new deal with Geffen Records in 1980, and released an album on Geffen. She was then told by her previous label, Polygram Records, that she owed them another album, per her agreement. She recorded and delivered an album to Polygram that the label released, and it became a hit. Summer then went back to recording for Geffen Records for her next project. The Mamas & the Papas were forced into a reunion, years after their 1968 breakup, by the letter of their Dunhill Records contract, which required one more album to be completed -which became 1971's People Like Us.\n\nParagraph 24: All parts of the plant have a strong garlic odour. The underground bulb is 1–2 cm diameter, with a fibrous outer layer. The main stem grows to 30–120 cm tall, bearing 2–4 leaves and an apical inflorescence 2–5 cm diameter comprising a number of small bulbils and none to a few flowers, subtended by a basal bract. The leaves are slender hollow tubes, 15–60 cm long and 2–4 mm thick, waxy texture, with a groove along the side of the leaf facing the stem. The inflorescence is a tight umbel surrounded by a membranous bract in bud which withers when the flowers open. Each individual flower is stalked and has a pinkish-green perianth long. There are six tepals, six stamens and a pistil formed from three fused carpels. Mixed with the flowers are several yellowish-brown bulbils. The fruit is a capsule but the seeds seldom set and propagation usually takes place when the bulbils are knocked off and grow into new plants. Plants with no flowers, only bulbils, are sometimes distinguished as the variety Allium vineale var. compactum, but this character is probably not taxonomically significant.\n\nParagraph 25: Unnimaya (Mohini), a young girl is married to Palakunnath Namboothiri (Jagannatha Varma), a man in his sixties. She is his fourth wife. Unnimaya is an educated girl hailing from Kizhakkedath Mana, a progressive family in Kerala. Due to various social and economic factors, she is compelled to marry Palakunnath Namboothiri, a rich gentleman. Coming from a progressive household, Unnimaya finds it hard to adjust with the severe orthodox practices at her new home. The sudden death of her husband brings her face-to-face with the customary rituals practiced among Namboothiri community towards widowed women. She realizes that her widowhood makes her almost a shunned individual - one who cannot participate in any celebrations, or even attend any music/dance events or performances. Kunjunni Namboothiri (Manoj K. Jayan), the elder son of Palakkunath, is the only person who shows compassion and support towards her. Kunjunni is actively involved in reformation among the Namboothiris and is considered as a rebel among the orthodox community. Unnimaya meets Madhavan (Vineeth), an upcoming Kathakali artist, and falls in love with him. They share some intimate moments, and later Unnimaya realizes that she is pregnant. The orthodox Namboothiri community is shocked when it learns about her pregnancy and decides to excommunicate her through Smarthavicharam. A group of senior Namboothiris, under the leadership of Moothedath Bhattathiri (Thilakan), conducts a series of rituals, first to extract the name of the one who impregnated her, and then later, to throw her out of the community. Unnimaya expects Madhavan to come save her, but he is unable to muster the courage to rescue her. Realizing that he is a coward and that she cannot expect him to deliver her out of the situation, Unnimaya decides to stand up to the orthodox Namboothiris. She answers their questions with clarity and confidence, angering them further. Ultimately, the decision is made to excommunicate her, and all the necessary rituals are completed. Kunjunni arrives as her savior. He gives her shelter at his home. The progressive Yogakshema Sabha, that he is part of, finds his ways too bohemian and dismisses him from the group. Madhavan, realizing his mistake, arrives to accept Unnimaya, but now she shows him the door declaring that he is not the father of her unborn child and that the fathers are Arjuna, Bhima, Nala (the heroic characters performed by Madhavan as part of his dance performances). Unnimaya involves herself in social service and becomes a Congress volunteer deciding to do something for the downtrodden society.\n\nParagraph 26: Featuring Christopher Eccleston and David Tennant as The Doctor. This fortnightly magazine and trading card game partwork from GE Fabbri lasted over four years, with five sets of cards being released within that time. The first set, \"Exterminator\", featured 275 cards including characters from both the first and second series, as well as the 2005 Christmas special. The second set, \"Annihilator\", included 100 cards featuring characters from the second series and the 2006 Christmas special. The third set, \"Invader\", included 225 cards featuring characters from the third series. The fourth set, \"Ultimate Monsters\", included 225 cards and was the first set to venture back into Classic Who, featuring monsters and villains featured with all ten doctors. The fifth and final set, \"Devestator\", included 250 cards featuring characters from the 2007 Christmas special and the fourth series. In addition to these 1075 cards, a further 31 cards were produced – an exclusive 18 card \"Daleks vs. Cybermen\" mini-set, issued with issue 18; an exclusive 10 card \"Sarah Jane Adventures\" mini-set, issued with issue #62; the 'Dalek Blaster' bonus card, issued with the Invader launch issue; the 'Psychic Paper' bonus card, issued with the very first issue; and 'Super Rose', the ultimate \"Gold\" card, found in only 1 in every 1000 packs of cards.\n\nParagraph 27: In late 1983, Party Secretary of Shenzhen Mayor Liang Xiang led a team to Singapore to study its mass transit system. Upon returning it was decided that on each side of Shennan Avenue should be protected as a green belt, and to set aside a wide median reserved for a light rail or light metro line. In 1984, the \"Shenzhen Special Economic Zone Master Plan (1985–2000)\" pointed out that, with the growing population and traffic in Shenzhen, a light metro system would not have sufficient capacity to meet future demand. Instead the report proposed a heavy rail subway line to be built along Shennan Avenue. The project was finally approved by the Central Planning Department in 1992.\n\nParagraph 28: After the Civil War, the area began to grow as coal production escalated in the state of West Virginia and abundant water made the generation of power inexpensive. In the early part of the 1900s, a dam was constructed across the river from Glen Ferris. Trains operated on both sides of the river, carrying passengers as well as coal. In 1917, Union Carbide purchased a small hydro electrice plant in Glen Ferris, the brick remains of which can still be seen on the edge of the Kanawha River and which is being presently renovated. While continuing to operate this small plant, in 1929-30, Carbide built a much larger ferro-alloys plant at Alloy, a few miles downriver from Glen Ferris, which, at that time, was the world's largest ferro-alloys plant, employing some 2800 people, during its heyday from the time of its construction through the early 1960s. In order to generate power for the larger plant by diverting water from the New River, the company had a 3-mile long tunnel built through the mountain at Hawks Nest. The rock through which the tunnel was built consisted of 98% pure silica and caused acute silica poisoning among hundreds of unprotected workers, many of whom died. Many who died were buried close by in mass graves on the property which is now the Hawks Nest Country Club. At the time, the nearby town of Gauley Bridge became known as \"the town of the walking dead\". The disaster became the focus of Congressional hearings in Washington, D.C., in the mid-thirties, and acute silicosis was identified as an occupational illness for the first time. The town of Glen Ferris followed the pattern already set by mine companies in the area. Union Carbide built a majority of the homes in Glen Ferris, as well as in other towns in the Upper Kanawha Valley and leased them to workers and their families. During its heyday, Union Carbide also provided a recreation hall in the upper end of the village. A post office/general store, an elementary school, a tennis court, a bowling alley, and a playground also served the residents. After the 1950s, as plant production declined, Union Carbide began to sell the houses to their occupants. In the 1970s, several homes were constructed on the mountainside above Glen Ferris in the north end of town; these would be Glen Ferris' largest homes and lead to its continued development as a place where people chose to live, primarily for its scenic views and in contrast to surrounding towns along Route 60. In recent years, several even larger homes have been built on the northern edge of Glen Ferris, close to Gauley Bridge. The elementary school was closed in 1961; the apostolic church stands there now. Nearby whitewater rafting on the New River Gorge has brought many tourists to the town.\n\nParagraph 29: Deoli Fish Farm, (15 km from New Bilaspur township towards Mandi just below the Shimla-Mandi Road). Comprising 4.4 hectares comes in existence 1962. It consists of two big brood stock tanks and 14 nursery ponds. The total outlay on setting up this hatchery was 3.68 lacks. In beginning the farms activities were limited to meet the seed stocking requirements of Gobind Sagar reservoir, but its targets were increased year to year and research, training, technique and demonstration brought under the farm programmed. During 1978 fish species being record at the farm were demonstrated to the people by constructing a small aquarium. During 1989 a training center and Hostel were constructed within the farm premises so that training course be imparted to the departmental personnel and interested fish farmers. Now training camps are being conducted with modern fish breeding and culture technique training are imparted. This farm has not only historic importance but is can be known as a center breeding excellent training in fish culture and research programmed. Keeping in view the commendable work done in the field of breeding, the Punjab University extended its recognition for undertaking research work at this farm. The Deoli fish farm has played a major role in breeding fish population in Gobind Sagar reservoir, income of the reservoir fishermen and their lives prosperous. For the first time Silver Carp fish was stocked in Gobind Sagar reservoir from Deoli farm. Every year 30-40 lacks mirror carp fingerlings are being produced at the farm and these are stocked in Gobind Sagar reservoir and other water bodies in the State and distributed to the private fish farms. Due to regular stocking in Gobind Sagar reservoir for the last decade at has a unique capacity of fish production per hectare in the country and this credit goes to Deoli farm. The scientists of ICAR and State Fisheries Department initiated a joint research project viz. 'Genetic Rejuvenation of Fish Stock in HP'. The 'Bio-Science Department' started this project entire funded about 18.00 lacks. A quality strain of fish is being reared under this project and distributed to the fish farmers. Under this technique demonstration programme a new scheme namely 'Fish Culture in Running Water' was introduced for the first time at the farm. This scheme was observed suitable especially in high altitude of Himachal Pradesh on the basis of success of this technique the Govt of India incorporated this scheme under the Centrally Sponsored Fish Farmers' Development Agency subsidy programme. The NABARD Bank has also approved this scheme namely 'Fish Culture in Running Water' which resulted in setting up of about 1000 units in the State. In recent years sport fisheries is fostering in the Gobind Sagar reservoir which clearly indicates vast potential of attracting tourists. The Deptt regularly organizes angling completions every year. In Gobind Sagar and Mahseer fish which is an important fish of this reservoir. As the breeding of Mahseer fish is not an easy job hence the Punjab University and State Fisheries Department jointly prepared a project of Rs. 19.00 lacks it was got approved from ICAR. Present hatchery set up at the Deoli farm has been constructed under this scheme. Under this scheme matured Mahseer fish would be brought from his habitat and bred in comfortable situation.\n\nParagraph 30: Baum described The Sexual Brain as engaging and readable, and ideal for educated laypeople. However, he criticized LeVay for being unaware of some relevant research, and making a number of factual errors, such as that orgasm is caused by the neurotransmitter oxytocin, that female rats fail to display maternal behavior after hypophysectomy, that lesions of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus reduce presentational behavior displayed by female monkeys, that antiandrogenic drugs block the masculinization of the sexually dimorphic subdivision of the medial preoptic area in male rats, and that vaginal olfactory cues are the primary determinants of masculine sexual arousal in male primates. Publishers Weekly described the book as an \"expert, drily written, often technical account of the biological basis of human sexual behavior and orientation\" and predicted that it would be equally as controversial as LeVay's \"1991 Science article describing a difference in the hypothalamic brain structure of homosexual and heterosexual men.\"The Sexual Brain has been criticized by authors such as the queer theorist Robert McRuer, the philosopher Timothy F. Murphy, the biologist Steven Rose, the classicist Bruce Thornton, the psychiatrist and medical historian Vernon Rosario, and the philosopher Edward Stein. McRuer compared The Sexual Brain to the political scientist Charles Murray and the psychologist Richard Herrnstein's The Bell Curve (1994), arguing that just as Murray and Herrnstein presented inequality as inevitable rather than the consequence of economic institutions that could be changed, LeVay failed to question the institution of heterosexuality. Murphy maintained that LeVay failed to show conclusively that the differences in brain structure he found between gay men and straight men were not due to AIDS. Rose criticized the publicity that surrounded the publication of The Sexual Brain, arguing that LeVay over-stated the importance of his findings, behavior which Rose considered similar to that of researchers such as the geneticist Dean Hamer. Rose noted that the sexual orientation of the men in LeVay's hypothalamus study was presumed rather than demonstrated. Thornton questioned the value of LeVay's work, writing that while LeVay asserted that the future would bring progress in understanding the development of sexuality, it was uncertain what good such knowledge would accomplish. Rosario accused LeVay of biological determinism and reductionism. Stein criticized LeVay for failing to discuss social constructionism, despite its relevance to his topic.Kirkus Reviews wrote in 2010 that The Sexual Brain was \"well received, but soon out of date\" because of subsequent scientific research.\n\nThe following is an abstract.\n\nThe text explains that there is limited information about the people of Għargħur in earlier times. One source of information is the Dejma list, which mentions Għargħur in connection with Ħal Samudi. It suggests that during the Middle Ages, Għargħur was likely a small rural community. An abbey was established in Ħal Għargħur during this time, but it is unknown when and why it was abandoned. It is speculated that constant pirate attacks on the village may have led to a decline in population. During these raids, houses were built with secret rooms for residents, particularly females, to hide in. The streets and alleys were also designed in a way to confuse invaders. The pirate raids continued even after Għargħur became a parish. On one occasion, the residents sought refuge in the parish church and vowed to hold an annual pilgrimage to the shrine of Mellieħa if they were unharmed. Since nobody was harmed or enslaved on that occasion, the tradition of the pilgrimage began.\n\nPlease enter the number of the paragraph that the abstract is from. The answer format must be like \"Paragraph 1\", \"Paragraph 2\", etc.\n\nThe answer is: "} {"question_id": 58, "category": "longbench_samsum", "reference": ["Jennifer, Jack and Reece will match the latest Mad Max on Netflix tomorrow evening. Jack has already seen it."], "prompt": "Summarize the dialogue into a few short sentences. The following are some examples.\n\nDialogue: Darcy: It's an e-mail service provider created at CERN.\r\nBenny: Where?\r\nCory: You know the great particle collider in Switzerland?\r\nBenny: Sure.\r\nDarcy: Well, their scientists came together and created an e-mail service which is truly private.\r\nCory: That's so cool.\nSummary: Scientists from CERN in Switzerland created a truly private e-mail service. \nDialogue: Jackie: \r\nJackie: \r\nJackie: Look, I went shopping! :D\r\nChristian: what? Again?\r\nChristian: you're an addict, this is sick\r\nJackie: but this table was so beautiful!\r\nJackie: it wasn't that expensive\r\nChristian: you spend to much money, it's not normal\r\nJackie: \r\nChristian: last month you bought this ridiculous armchair\r\nJackie: you just don't know what is good\r\nJackie: it's famous Danish design!\r\nChristian: I don't care if it's Danish or Chinese\r\nJackie: \r\nChristian: we're gonna talk about it when I get back home\nSummary: Jackie bought a table and last month an armchair. Jackie and Christian will have a talk when he gets back home. \nDialogue: Clair: Morning! How are the kids? Any better?\r\nNatasha: Morning! No, not really. I think Charlotte caught another cough 😢\r\nClair: Oh poor baby, hope she feels better asap!\r\nClair: Did you have a safe trip?\r\nNatasha: Yes thanks. Here safe and sound!\nSummary: Charlotte has a cough. Natasha had a safe trip.\nDialogue: Mark: Hey bro!\r\nMark: Send me the address of the hotel you visited last summer.\r\nAdam: Here u are\r\nAdam: \nSummary: Mark asked Adam to give him the address of the hotel he stayed at last summer.\nDialogue: Winston: Hey, so do you know when you should be here?\r\nJess: Hey hey, not yet, still in NY\r\nWinston: Nick waiting for you? :)\r\nJess: He will be here around 9, I'm still at the airport\r\nWinston: Awesome, you two have fun!\r\nJess: Will do! :)\r\nWinston: So you'll still be coming back to San Fran?\r\nJess: Yes. And then I'll decide when I'm coming over to see you\r\nWinston: Great, just keep us posted\r\nJess: Should know tomorrow. Why, you have any plans?\r\nWinston: No rush, it's only monday today.\r\nJess: I'll try to get myself sorted :)\r\nWinston: It's been extra warm here, shorts and tshirt kind of weather\r\nJess: That's awesome! \r\nWinston: Just a heads up, we might need to go and check out a car on Wed\r\nJess: Ohhh you're getting a car??? YAY :D\r\nWinston: Yeah, we need another car and I found a good deal on craigslist, just need to see in person though\r\nJess: Sure sure\r\nWinston: Do you know how to ski?\r\nJess: ohhh I haven't in years! I could give it a try though. Should I bring my ski gear?\r\nWinston: No need, my sister has plenty so don't worry\r\nJess: I know how to skate!!\r\nWinston: Great! We can do that too. So just let me know once you figure everything out\r\nJess: Yay! can't wait to see you guys :)\nSummary: Jess is in NY. She'll be coming to San Francisco and she will see Winston. They might go skiing or skating together. On Wednesday Winston will see a car. \nDialogue: Greg: How r u beauty? :)\r\nMartha: and you are?...\r\nGreg: Have some mutual friends, thought we could chat, love your pictures.\r\nMartha: Thanks, but, just fyi, I have a boyfriend so\r\nGreg: You can always have a new one ;)\r\nMartha: Hahaha, no\r\nGreg: Dont be like that, you dont even know me.\r\nMartha: yeah, maybe let's keep it that way?\r\nGreg: bitch much ;/\r\nMartha: bye bye go away much?\nSummary: Greg and Martha have mutual friends and Greg wants to get to know Martha. Martha does not want it, because she has a boyfriend.\nDialogue: Kyle: ok Ive had it\r\nStan: what? what did i do\r\nKyle: not you I just have to change jobs\r\nStan: ok... \r\nStan: sooo what happened\r\nKyle: doesn't matter I'm changing jobs asap\r\nStan: ok I'll let you know if we're looking for anyone\r\nKyle: ok thanks\nSummary: Kyle needs to change the job immediately. Stan will let him know if they have vacant positions.\nDialogue: Doris: \r\nDoris: have you seen this?\r\nAustin: yeah, it's so funny!\r\nAustin: \nSummary: Austin has seen it and considers it funny.\nDialogue: Edward: I'm upset with my mom.\r\nSabrina: Why is that?\r\nEdward: I warned her about her new boyfriend. She didn't listen to me.\r\nSabrina: What happened?\r\nEdward: I gave her $1,000 for her birthday. I told her to spend it on herself.\r\nSabrina: Oh that was very nice of you!\r\nEdward: I found out that she gave it to her new boyfriend.\r\nSabrina: Why did she do that?\r\nEdward: He said he would buy her a nice ring.\r\nSabrina: And did he?\r\nEdward: Of course not... he went to Las Vegas and lost it all gambling.\r\nSabrina: Omg that's awful, I hope your mom ends up with him.\nSummary: Edward is upset with his mom. He gave her $1,000 for her birthday. Mom gave the money to her boyfriend, who promised to buy her a ring. He didn't, he went to Las Vegas and lost the money gambling.\nDialogue: Abigail: do you like cucumber?\r\nCharlotte: not really why?\r\nAbigail: I went to the shop and got like 20 extra ones\r\nAbigail: i thought about making HUGE HUMONGOUS SALAD\r\nAbigail: but now i don't feeli like it\r\nAbigail: and don't know what to do with them\r\nCharlotte: isn't there a food bank near where you live?\r\nAbigail: that's right!!! totally forgot\r\nCharlotte: the homeless will appreciate it\r\nCharlotte: and will be your good deed for the day\nSummary: Abigail bought 20 cucumbers for a salad but she doesn't want to make it anymore. Charlotte doesn't like cucumbers. She suggests donating cucumbers to a food bank.\nDialogue: Jonathan: Lisa! Have you bought a Christmas gift for Mum yet?\r\nLisa: I haven't... I'm still thinking about it. I always have a problem choosing something for her.\r\nJonathan: So do I! She's a tough one, isn't she.\r\nLisa: Well, it's just that she always says she doesn't need anything and she's only interested in gardening...\r\nJonathan: Right, and I think she's got all the tools already, so buying something like that is out of question.\r\nLisa: Yeah, and we don't even really know what's good anyway. I don't know these gardening brands, to be honest.\r\nJonathan: Me neither. Hmm. I've been thinking that maybe I should buy her a book.\r\nLisa: Sounds like a good idea, but have you got anything specific in mind?\r\nJonathan: Not really, but I think I've heard about some new book by this famous gardener. What's his name...\r\nLisa: Don't ask me! I wouldn't know, haha...\r\nJonathan: I think I could ask a coworker. She's told me she likes gardening, so she might know something?\r\nLisa: I guess so! Eh, I still have no idea, though. If I get her a book too, that might be a bit much.\r\nJonathan: Hmm, I googled it and most ideas are tools... But what about a pot?\r\nLisa: A pot?\r\nJonathan: Yeah, like this one! \r\nLisa: Oh! I think she might like it! I'll order it before I forget, thank you!\nSummary: Jonathan and Lisa are going to buy Mum a pot for Christmas. Lisa is going to order it. Lisa and John know nothing about gardening, which is Mum's only interest.\nDialogue: Paul: you there ?\r\nTony: yup !!\r\nPaul: can you send me your assignment ? I just want to see it to get an idea\r\nTony: what assignment ?\r\nPaul: DUDE !!!\r\nPaul: if you don't want to give it to me then okay......but don't lie atleast\r\nTony: why would i lie to you ? I really haven't even started it yet\r\nPaul: okay forget it\nSummary: Paul wants to see Tony's assignment, but he hasn't even started it yet. \nDialogue: Ruth: hey, are we going to buy anything for Dev?\r\nMira: Hi \r\nMira: Good idea\r\nRuth: no ideas yet :) just asking who's in\r\nMira: Me and Chris for sure\r\nMartin: I've already bought him something but I can join you anyway\r\nRuth: what did you buy?\r\nMartin: nothing special, just a book \r\nRuth: okay. let's see who's in first \r\nTamara: I want to participate too!\r\nTamara: but I dont know him so well, cant think of any ideas...\r\nMira: Dev loves hiking\r\nMartin: how about some equipment?\r\nChris: hi guys, great idea! let's get him something big :)\r\nRuth: so who's going shopping? :)\r\nMartin: you Ruth? :)\r\nRuth: ok but I'm not going alone!\r\nMartin: I'm out of town till Friday night :(\r\nChris: l can go with you Ruth\r\nChris: Wednesday afternoon?\r\nRuth: that's perfect, thanks\r\nElla: hi all! Ruth I can't go with you on Wednesday but I have an idea. Dev needs a new backpack!\r\nRuth: thanks Ella! ok... Chris I'll definitely need your help with this :)\r\nElla: I would suggest a Deuter, at least. or something better\r\nChris: ok! :)\r\nMartin: totally right ella I saw his old backpack lol\r\nElla: I know right? :)\r\nRuth: oh you mean the red one?!\r\nElla: the red and stinky one ;)\nSummary: Martin has already bought a book for Dev. Martin is out off town till Friday. Chris, Ruth and Ella want to buy a new backpack on Wednesday afternoon.\nDialogue: Breanna: Guys, let's plan our amazing winter vacation\r\nCharles: yes!\r\nBreanna: so first, where should we go?\r\nJade: 1. sun 2. sea\r\nCharles: 3. something exotic\r\nBreanna: 4. something safe (no Dominican Rep, Haiti, Morocco etc)\r\nBreanna: so what could it be?\r\nJade: Madagascar would be amazing, but not so safe\r\nBreanna: exactly, other options?\r\nCharles: Bali? or too banal\r\nBreanna: 🤮 banal as fuck!\r\nCharles: but everything \"warm and safe with water\" is banal!\r\nBreanna: but Bali is the archetype of summer banality \r\nJade: what about the Maldives? \r\nCharles: no, too expensive\r\nJade: Mauritius?\r\nCharles: that sounds good!\r\nJade: so let's do it\r\nBreanna: ok, let's research on Mauritius and talk tomorrow if it's a place for us\r\nBreanna: but it seems it is!\nSummary: Breanna, Charles and Jade plan to go to Mauritius.\nDialogue: Zoe: Jame, could you take the laundry out of the washing maching?\r\nZoe: i've totally forgotten about it.\r\nJames: ok\r\nJames: babe, it stinks really bad\r\nZoe: shoot\r\nZoe: can you switch it on once again then?\r\nZoe: i'll be back in about 2 hours, so i'll empty it myself\r\nJames: all right\nSummary: Zoe forgot to take the laundry out of the washing machine. James switched the washing machine on again, because the laundry stunk. Zoe will be back in about 2 hours and she will empty the washing machine herself. \nDialogue: Rodney: Read any good books lately?\r\nWalt: No, not really. Oh wait, yeah. A really good one is Conqueror by Conn Iggulden. I highly recommend it!\r\nRodney: What genre is it?\r\nWalt: Well, it's kind of like fantasy, set in the times of Ghengis Khan.\r\nRodney: Anything else? You know I really like biographies.\r\nWalt: Well, the last biography I read was about R.A. Dickey. You know that knuckleball pitcher?\r\nRodney: I didn't know he wrote a book.\r\nWalt: Yeah, it's really good, and it's really personal. It deals with the sexual abuse he suffered as a kid. It's a really good read!\r\nRodney: Do you have those books at home?\r\nWalt: I have Conqueror, but the R.A. is on my kindle.\r\nRodney: Ok, can you bring it to work tomorrow?\r\nWalt: Sure. You know that there's a little library at work, right?\r\nRodney: Yeah, but it's all crap. I've checked the books there.\r\nWalt: Ok, see you tomorrow.\r\nRodney: Bye\nSummary: Rodney asks Walt to recommend some good books. Walt has recently read Conqueror by Conn Iggulden and he can recommend it to Rodney. Apart from that, he's read a biography about R.A. Dickey. Walt has Conqueror and R.A. on his kindle. He will bring it to work tomorrow.\nDialogue: Veronica: Have you seen the new iPhone?\r\nTaylor: Yeah! It's gorgeous!\r\nVeronica: I know! I need it badly!\r\nTaylor: But you bought a new one last year.\r\nVeronica: So?\r\nTaylor: Do you really need it?\r\nVeronica: Oh, ok, I want it so much!\r\nTaylor: Have you been to the iStore yet?\r\nVeronica: No. Will look at it on the website first.\r\nTaylor: I just opened apple.com\r\nVeronica: Look at those colours! I'm getting the rose gold one! It's really glaaam!\r\nTaylor: Yeah, it's gorgeous! Which size?\r\nVeronica: The smaller one. I don't like big phones.\r\nTaylor: I meant which storage capacity.\r\nVeronica: Depends on the price :P\r\nTaylor: Well, you're in for a surprise ;)\r\nVeronica: Y?\r\nTaylor: Look at the prices.\r\nVeronica: This has to be a mistake.\r\nTaylor: Yeah, I know. The basic model costs like two my phones...\r\nVeronica: Last year's model didn't cost that much... But still, I want it!\r\nTaylor: And how are you going to get the money? You don't earn that much...\r\nVeronica: I'll sell my liver.\r\nTaylor: Lol. But srsly?\r\nVeronica: Probably will borrow money from family or take a loan. \r\nTaylor: Really? Borrow money for a phone?\r\nVeronica: And what is there to do? \r\nTaylor: Not buy it?\r\nVeronica: But I REALLY want it!\r\nTaylor: You're just hopeless...\nSummary: Veronica bought a new phone last year, but wants to buy the new iPhone. She prefers the smaller model in a rose gold casing. The new iPhone is very expensive. Veronica will probably borrow money or take a loan to buy the phone. \nDialogue: Maureen: Hey, do you want to meet up for that Thanksgiving dinner we were talking about?\r\nAusten: Sure, but we have to decide on a date that would work for everyone.\r\nMaureen: How about the first week of Dec? Next week it's my bday and then we have guests coming for the weekend.\r\nAusten: I think that would work.\r\nMaureen: Do you think your car can make it to my place?\r\nAusten: I don't think so. The shocks are shot and the wheel bearings need to be replaced. I'm afraid of getting stuck on that road :)\r\nMaureen: Ok, we'll work something out. I can bring over the Honda and pick you guys up and then you can take the Honda back.\r\nAusten: Cool, actually I was meaning to ask if we can borrow the Honda for a longer bit. \r\nMaureen: Sure, it's just sitting here. It'd be good for someone to use it.\r\nAusten: I'll pay you something for it, of course.\r\nMaureen: Don't worry about it, that's what friends are for, right?\r\nAusten: :)\r\nMaureen: Now, what about that dinner. What shall we have? :) I can take care of the turkey, you can bring salads and cake. What do you think?\r\nAusten: Sounds good to me. Do you even have a big table we can all sit at?\r\nMaureen: Ya, I have one that opens up and extends. It can fit 10 people.\r\nAusten: Ok, cool. So Sat. Dec. 1st at what time?\r\nMaureen: I can come and get you guys after 2 because James has his soccer training before then.\r\nAusten: Ok, sounds good. Nathan should be back from his drum lessons at around 2:30.\r\nMaureen: Ok, I'll call before we come.\r\nAusten: Cool, see ya\r\nMaureen: Bye\nSummary: Austen and Maureen are going to have a Thanksgiving dinner together on the 1st of December. Maureen is going to pick Austen and her family up after 2 pm. Austen is going to borrow the Honda from Maureen for a time. Maureen will prepare the turkey and Austen will bring salads and cake.\nDialogue: Bill: man, youve been watching the news about those fires?\r\nSylvia: yeah, right now actually. it's brutal. i feel so bad for the people out there\r\nBill: there a lot of people working overtime to stop it.\r\nSylvia: it's really sad. so many people losing loved ones and their homes. Pets too\r\nBill: I donated some money the other day\r\nSylvia: thats a good idea. i bet they could use all the money they could get.\r\nBill: yeah. it seems as though theres no end in sight\r\nSylvia: didn't you have family in california\r\nBill: I did. my aunt and uncle. but they moved to Iowa several years ago. they go back every once in a while\r\nSylvia: oh, i see\r\nBill: I thought you had family out there too.\r\nSylvia: nearly. nevada. they go to california every year though for a visit.\r\nBill: where in nevada?\r\nSylvia: carson city. they really like it for some reason.\r\nBill: hmm... never been\r\nSylvia: i don't know what to make of it. i've only spent a few days there.\r\nBill: well, i think that would be enough\r\nSylvia: hey, I'm going to go back to watching.\r\nBill: ok, me too. ttyl\nSummary: There are big fires going on. People are losing their homes and lives and others are working hard to stop it. Bill's aunt and uncle used to live in California, but moved to Iowa. Sylvia has family in Carson City, Nevada, where she has spent a few days.\nDialogue: Ann: I have got a plusnet mobile sim card that I pay 5.00 a month for it has 500 minutes, 100 more than the skype one, plus I have a decent phone that I can use with it, not my own\r\nRob: I think I should buy a number - such as 0333 and then redirect it to your mobile, which will redirect if no one answers (I think you can set that up on your mobile?)\r\nRob: We can then measure how many CS notepads call us and adjust the monthly package accordingly\r\nAnn: Possibly as the main company number yes, but with my mobile number to call direct in office hours or text out of hours as they may not like calling a 03 number and getting replies from a strange mobile\r\nRob: possibility\r\nAnn: Its worth just trying the mobile number at the moment maybe. Does the 0333 number you have already belong to CS? Why can you not keep that number and just redirect calls from that?\r\nRob: 0333 numbers are mobile friendly, like 0800 numbers. I dont fancy adding a mobile on the site as it makes us look too small. I want people to think they are dealing with a larger business\r\nAnn: Ahh Yes I didn’t think of that, it will be ok on my emails though? Rather than the skype one? I do have a landline number that only gets used once in a blue moon, but that has a Gloucester code, I’m happy for you to use that if that could be of use\r\nRob: Im setting up a new 0333 number - what is your mobile number?\r\nAnn: That’s a very good question because until I get the phone unlocked I cant call to see what the number is and as I never used it myself\r\nAnn: I ve been paying 5 a month for the last year but not used it. So I will get it to you asap, I am going over to Tesco shortly and I can get it unlocked there hopefully tonight \r\nRob: ok no rush\r\nAnn: Did you sort out the Cawson invoice?\r\nRob: oh no good job you reminded me I will do it now\r\nAnn: yes the files are on driver and I already have a template invoice set up for them, you just need to see haw many courses they took this month\r\nRob: I think they had quite a few this month, I need to get onto Chris Lamport and hurry up his reports as I cant send them an invoice if they dont have all the reports\r\nAnn: Hes getting annoying being late with reports all the time\r\nRob: I'm thinking about cutting his jobs, hes getting a bit too comfortable\r\nAnn: well that wont hurt for a while, he is taking more local tutors jobs really\r\nAnn: I know its great that he is able to cover areas that we are short on but apart from that we should leave him to his own area\r\nRob: I think you are right good idea\nSummary: Ann and Rob are discussing ideas related to redirecting phone calls to a company phone. Rob is setting a 0333 number to redirect calls to Ann's new sim card. Ann also reminds Rob about an invoice they have problems issuing as Chris is late with necessary reports for trainings.\nDialogue: Steph: oi!!!\nSteph: why are you ignoring me?\nPoppy: yes, they are fine - they wont have internet for the moment\nPoppy: and no, she is not ignoring you\nSteph: andrea?\nSteph: the hacker - scoundrel!\nSummary: Steph is trying to talk to Poppy but her account has been hacked by Scoundrel. \nDialogue: Catherine: hey stef\r\nStefan: whats up Cate?\r\nCatherine: im cool, what about you\r\nStefan: me too, whatsup, i know you?😜🤣\r\nCatherine: haha, i need your help\r\nStefan: i knew it..what is it\r\nCatherine: im bored, come get me\r\nStefan: haha, alright then\nSummary: Catherine is bored and wants Stefan to come get her.\nDialogue: Jo: Hey, have you already made the order online?\r\nKate: you mean the clothes?\r\nJane: Yes, yesterday\r\nJo: What a shame! \r\nJo: I wanted to buy that silky blouse...\r\nJane: Next time... \r\nJo: I need something more official like that this weekend\r\nJo: for the function\r\nKate: Why don't you borrow sth from me or Jane?\r\nKate: I've got this grey suit\r\nJane: It'd look good on you\r\nJane: you should try it on\r\nJo: oh, thanks - that's awesome!\r\nJo: I will come by tomorrow, ok?\r\nKate: Sure :)\nSummary: Jo needs new clothes for the function but Kate have already made the order online. Jo will come tomorrow to try on Kate's grey suit. \nDialogue: Mike: Hey\nArchie: Hey\nMike: Anthem's gonna be out tomorrow, right?\nArchie: Yep\nMike: I hope it's good\nArchie: Dunno, I don't trust those guys too much\nMike: Well, that's well deserved, I'd say XD\nArchie: They've ruined too many games already\nMike: Oh well, let's hope it's good. It certainly looks good\nArchie: Yeah, better than the faces on Mass Effect Andromeda XD\nMike: Yep XD\nArchie: I've seen a few reviews on yt\nMike: Ok, I'll watch them, I don't have nothing better to do today\nArchie: Ok\nSummary: Mike and Archie are waiting for the release of Anthem which is due tomorrow. They are anxious though because the game development studio ruined their previous game Mass Effect Andromeda.\nDialogue: Ron: Which one is your favorite harry potter?\r\nHarry: I love them all\r\nRon: but if you HAD TO choose\r\nHarry: movie or book?\r\nRon: first book than movie\r\nHarry: book? 1 and 7\r\nRon: and movie?\r\nHarry: 7 part 1!!!\nSummary: Harry's favourite Harry Potter's books are the 1st and the 7th ones. When it comes to the movies, he prefers the 1st part of the 7th movie. \nDialogue: Daniel: Look who's dancing!\nDaniel: \nJake: no way!\nEva: hahaha love it <3\nJay: you go boy :D\nSummary: Daniel was dancing.\nDialogue: Chloe: Do you know what happened to Mark?\r\nChloe: He's not returning my calls.\r\nRory: I'm not surprised.\r\nChloe: What do you mean?\r\nRory: He's on his annual trek in the mountains.\r\nRory: I doubt he has reception and/or access to Internet at the moment.\r\nChloe: Ah, don't know why but I believed his trek starts next months.\r\nRory: Weather forecast for next months was really bad so he decided to go earlier.\r\nRory: I'm sure he'll call you back/write to you when he has the chance.\r\nChloe: That's okay, I was worried that something happened to him.\r\nChloe: He's usually pretty quick with calling back.\r\nRory: True but like I said nothing to worry about.\r\nChloe: Great, thanks for the info.\r\nRory: No problem!\nSummary: Mark's not returning Chloe's phone calls. He's trekking in the mountains, as Rory said.\nDialogue: Eva: Hey, How's it goin? Are you painting?? And how was with Daniel?\r\nZoe: Awesome thanks, I'm like a machine haha He went to Norway I guess.\r\nEva: I'm asking about something else :D\r\nZoe: the date was super cool, very very nice\r\nEva: (Y)\r\nZoe: he's got class\r\nEva: no sex though haha\r\nZoe: who knows...\r\nEva: hahaa\r\nZoe: if he hjmusps me down, I wont fight him! :D\r\nEva: ??\r\nZoe: Haha!\r\nEva: if he WHAT?\r\nZoe: if he HUMPS me\r\nEva: haha ok\nSummary: Zoe had a date with Daniel, it went well, but they didn't have sex.\nDialogue: Yvette: doing anything special for the long wknd?\r\nSteph: not sure yet\r\nSteph: maybe I'll visit my parents\r\nSteph: they always complain I dont visit so often\r\nCaro: Im staying in Warsaw\r\nCaro: and you, Yvette?\r\nYvette: we're thinking of going somewhere nice\r\nYvette: but we havent planned anything ;)\r\nYvette: if we go, it will be last minute ;P\r\nCaro: you need to think of something soon then!\r\nYvette: yep :P\nSummary: Caro is staying in Warsaw for the weekend, Steph maybe will visit her parents, and Yvette doesn't have any plans.\nDialogue: Gregg: I just saw your crush at the uni 😄\nMax: lucky! I still didn't even talk to her lol 😆\nGregg: then what are you waiting for?\nMax: a perfect moment dude, perfect moment\nGregg: urgh, romantic 😂\nSummary: Gregg has just seen the girl Max is infatuated with. Max has not talked to her yet, since he is waiting for a perfect moment to do so.\nDialogue: Jackie: \r\nMarisol: omg congrats!\r\nCarlita: :O\r\nEunica: I'm so happy for you1\r\nCarlita: \r\nMarisol: how did he propose?\r\nEunica: when will u get married?\r\nJackie: when we were walking in a park he dropped on his knee next to this fountain in the Central Park\r\nMarisol: *o*\r\nCarlita: how sweet\r\nJackie: he told me he wants to share everything what's beautiful with me \r\nMarisol: awwww\r\nJackie: he must have carried that ring for a while because I remember him complaining about the weather lately :D\r\nMarisol: it's so sweet he had been waiting\r\nJackie: we don't know yet when we'll get married but you are all invited ofc\r\nCarlita: PLEASE don't pick June, I'll be in Canada then\r\nEunica: I hate weddings but I'll make an exception\r\nMarisol: can't wait!\nSummary: Jackie got engaged in Central Park. Marisol, Carlita, Eunica are excited. Jackie doesn't know the date yet but they are all invited. \nDialogue: Sean: We're leaving before 8 AM, we decided\r\nJeff: So early?!\r\nSteven: Yes, it's just we want to see sth more than yesterday, if you want to sleep till noon you can join us somewhere afterwards\r\nSean: we want to go to the Guggenheim in the morning \r\nSteven: then we will have a lunch break and probably proceed to the city museum\r\nJeff: I want to go to the Guggenheim!\r\nJeff: to come to NYC and sleep instead of going to the Guggenheim is a disgrace \r\nSean: Your choice really, but we won't wait for you this time \r\nJeff: Couldn't we just leave at 9?\r\nJeff: they're opening at 10!\r\nSean: ok, we can leave at 9 but not later\r\nSteven: yes, 9 is fine with me as well\r\nJeff: so come to my hostel at 9, I'll be ready\r\nSteven: ok!\nSummary: Steven, Sean and Jeff are meeting at 9 AM at Jeff's hostel. They are going to the Guggenheim Museum. The hour is quite early for Jeff, but he is motivated to visit the museum. Steven and Sean will not wait for him if he wants to sleep longer.\nDialogue: Jim: so do u need anything from the grocery? \r\nCathie: hmm... garlic and cheap white wine, please\r\nJim: what for?\r\nJim: vampires? \r\nCathie: nope:P\r\nCathie: sea food :D \r\nJim: u wanna cook sea food tonite? <3 <3 :D :D?\r\nCathie: ^^\r\nJim: \r\nCathie: actually, we gonna cook sea food :P\r\nJim: hah, let's try.\r\nJim: gonna start with a glass of white wine , good one:D\r\nCathie: :***\nSummary: Jim will buy garlic and cheap white wine in the grocery. He and Cathie are going to cook sea food tonight.\nDialogue: Tamara: Should we go to the meeting of the community?\r\nMartha: It seems something very boring\r\nMaria: I would surely not go alone\r\nMartha: And what's the point of all of this?\r\nTamara: I think that they like that all the people leaving in the neighbourhood meet every month and discuss some issues\r\nMartha: But we're students, we only sleep here\r\nMartha: We don't care about sandpits, playgrounds and dogs...\r\nTamara: But we live here, and we care about things like silence after 10PM or waste sorting \r\nMaria: Tamara is right. But as said - I will not go alone\r\nTamara: But would you go with me Maria?\r\nMaria: why not?\r\nMaria: When do they meet?\r\nTamara: next Thursday at 9PM\r\nMaria: perfect, let's go together, can be even interesting\r\nMartha: ok, in this case maybe I'll also join you. I don't want to be a black sheep :P\nSummary: Maria, Martha and Tamara will attend the next meeting of the community next Thursday at 9 pm.\nDialogue: Mila: Hi love\r\nPeter: Hi, are you on the way?\r\nMila: yes, but the train was late\r\nPeter: Italy all over!\r\nMila: oh, it happens even more often in the UK!\r\nPeter: hehhe, stereotype\r\nMila: exactly, I hope I will manage to catch the flight. A bit of stress\r\nPeter: I'll keep my fingers crossed, let me know as soon as you land\nSummary: Mila's train was late so she's worried about catching her flight. Peter wants Mila to let him know as soon as she lands.\nDialogue: Hugo: Do you guys need something?\r\nLeon: grab me 2 beers\r\nLeon: or better 3\r\nElliot: get me a sprite please\r\nHugo: Ok. That's all?\r\nLeon: elliot is gay\nSummary: Leon wants Hugo to bring him 3 beers. Elliot wants sprite. \nDialogue: Pete: Mom can Tino come today for a sleepover?\r\nMom: But he was at ours only last week.\r\nPete: A long time ago. Can he come again?\r\nMom: I don't know. I'd have to talk to his parents first.\r\nPete: They agreed. I've already talked to them.\r\nMom: Peter! It is me who has to talk to them.\r\nPete: Will you?\r\nMom: Maybe when I get home.\r\nPete: But he has to come today!\r\nMom: Why \"has to\"? What are you two up to?\r\nPete: Cause he has this game and we have to train to get to the next stage and we can do it only together and it's best when at night and nobody bothers us.\r\nMom: But if he has the game, as you say, why don't you go for a sleepover to his place? Just for a change.\r\nPete: Cause you are a better cook and his mom can only prepare pasta and I hate pasta and you always prepare good things for us and you get us this pink juice and we don't have to put on our pijamas.\r\nMom: Pyjamas.\r\nPete: Can he?\r\nMom: I don't think so. Not today anyway. Now I need my time to work. Take care Pete!\r\nPete: Mom! It's important!\nSummary: Pete wants Tino to come for a sleepover today. They need to practice playing some game. Mom doesn't agree.\nDialogue: Ron: what time are we leaving tomorrow?\r\nBen: sixish?\r\nRon: I was thinking more like fivish\r\nBen: damn, you're killing me. 5.30? :D\nSummary: Ben and Ron are going to leave tomorrow around fivish, sixish.\nDialogue: Don: do you have a minute?\r\nJoyce: Sure, go ahead.\r\nDon: I have a problem with my browser. It doesn't seem to load certain pages like fb for example. It's just a blank page.\r\nJoyce: That's pretty basic, but have you tried turning it off and on again? ;)\r\nDon: yes, but it hasn't helped.\r\nJoyce: And have you tried it with the whole computer?\r\nDon: yeah, that too, but the problem is still there.\r\nJoyce: It's Firefox you're using, right?\r\nDon: correct.\r\nJoyce: You can try clicking on the drop-down menu in top right corner. Then go to settings, then safety & privacy where there's a section called something like \"cookies and web data\". You can try clearing the web cache - that usually helps. Let me know, if it works.\r\nDon: ok, thanks a lot.\nSummary: Joyce helps Don with his browser that does not load.\nDialogue: Stefan: Hey Daniel.\r\nDaniel: What?\r\nStefan: I just heard Anna singing a song in the class.\r\nDaniel: Yeah, so?\r\nStefan: I was singing the exact same song 5 minutes ago.\r\nDaniel: I don't get your point.\r\nStefan: Dude you don't understand. She was sitting right behind me when I was doing it.\r\nDaniel: Yeah I don't think you have anything to worry about.\r\nStefan: Why not?\r\nDaniel: I don't know man let's go.\r\nStefan: You ruin it for me every time.\nSummary: Anna was singing a song in the class. Stefan was singing the same song before her.\nDialogue: Ed: Did you join the music club? \r\nAnne: No why? \r\nEd: I saw on the list your name\r\nEd: Anne Smith 😂\r\nAnne: Hahaha not me then\r\nEd: Probably a different Anne Smith then \r\nAnne: Maybe! I dont think I signed up for any clubs \r\nAnne: this year \r\nEd: You should \r\nAnne: I don't have time... 😂\r\nEd: I think Im joining the computer lab club\r\nAnne: This would definitely help you \r\nAnne: WIth your studies! \r\nEd: Hope so! 😂\nSummary: Ed saw Anne Smith on the list in the music club but it is not Anne. Anne doesn't have time for this. Ed is considering joining the computer lab club.\nDialogue: MikeRoss: cant sleep, i'm nervous\r\nRachael: relax mike, you got this.\r\nMikeRoss: what if i mess up\r\nRachael: it might be the biggest case in your life, but you've done your homework\r\nMikeRoss: the opposing attorney has a very good record also\r\nRachael: he doesnt stand a chance\r\nMikeRoss: thanks\r\nRachael: thats you mike, go kick some ass tomorrow\r\nMikeRoss: cool, i'm just preping myself with the case files\r\nRachael: the court and the jury will be pleased with you\r\nMikeRoss: thanks\r\nRachael: we will do a pro bono together after this case\r\nMikeRoss: yeah, its always fun working with you\r\nRachael: ok, you need your sleep, nyt nyt\r\nMikeRoss: nyt nyt rachael\nSummary: MikeRoss cannot sleep prior to the case tomorrow. Rachel shows him her support. \nDialogue: Judith: ey, have you seen this girl with that ridiculous makeup on her face? XDDDDDD\r\nSalomea: oh jesus, don't you remind me that\r\nBerenika: yes xDDDDDDDD\r\nJudith: I can't believe she's walking like that and not feeling that something's wrong xDDDD\r\nSalomea: I've noticed people are talking to her and not laughing, so maybe she simply doesn't know it looks awful\r\nBerenika: that's possible. but still... it looks shitty as fuck, I can see her from the 10m distance.....\nSummary: There is a girl with ridicolous makeup and she is probably not aware it looks awful.\nDialogue: Joseph: I have a surprise for you!\r\nSara: Sweet <3 I'm curious.\r\nJoseph: You always are...\nSummary: Joseph has a surprise for Sara.\nDialogue: Til: collect me from the office\r\nDanny: when? \r\nTil: asap I'm sick \nSummary: Til needs Danny to collect her from work because she's sick.\nDialogue: Adrian: \r\nAdrian: If you will ever think about buying me any gift, please take this under special cosideration\r\nJim: What's that?\r\nAdrian: Lunchpad\r\nAdrian: For making music\r\nJim: Aaaah I know.\r\nAdrian: Check this out\r\nAdrian: \nSummary: Adrian wants to get a lunchpad.\nDialogue: Jessie: Hey Rose, when are you free to work on this project?\r\nRose: Aw fuck. When is it due again.\r\nJessie: End of next week. \r\nRose: I'm like super swamped with all my other classes, but I have play practice all week too. \r\nJessie: Yeah, I mean I get you, I have a lot going on too, but I think it's important we meet at least twice this week.\r\nRose: Is there no way we can just work separately and just figure out some of this stuff online?\r\nJessie: Rose? Seriously.\r\nRose: I mean I feel like this isn't really that big of a deal. Mrs. Coud isn't that harsh of a grader anyway. \r\nJessie: That's not the point. The point is that we decided to work together. As a group to get this done. I think we need to meet to get this done.\r\nRose: You are being way too serious about this. It is not that big of a deal. We can literally turn in anything and get a good grade.\r\nJessie: I don't want to be the only person putting in the effort on this one. If you don't want to work together on this, I can talk to Mrs. Cloud about being on different teams.\r\nRose: Whoa Jess, chill. It's cool. I'll find some time this week. I'll let you know tomorrow. \r\nJessie: ok.\nSummary: Jessie are Rose need to hand in a project by the end of next week. They're both very busy, but Jessie insists on meeting. Rose eventually agrees to meet some time this week.\nDialogue: Adam: Congratulations on your new position! :)\r\nGabrielle: Thank you! It's not that new... I just updated my profile ;)\r\nAdam: Oh, I can see that now...\r\nGabrielle: Yeah, I started in June.\r\nAdam: Congrats anyway! :)\nSummary: Gabrielle got promoted in June. Adam congratulated her with delay.\nDialogue: Niidia: waiting for the quiz results has been agony :-(\r\nKarina: you''ve being overly dramatic again!! lol\r\nKarina: you ALWAYS do great even though you ALWAYS say you'll fail\r\nNiidia: maybe it'll be different this time!!! maybe i'll fail!!!!\r\nKarina: you're so annoying!!! lol, you know you'll do great\nSummary: Niidia is impatiently waiting for the quiz results. \nDialogue: Albert: Good evening, I am writing in connection with the advance payment which I transferred before the first lesson in your sports’ club. \r\nAlbert: It was impossible for me to attend lessons this year.\r\nBenjamin: Good evening, pursuant to the rules of procedure, we are unable to return your advance payment. We checked that your last visit at our club was one year ago.\r\nAlbert: Can I count on some partial return of my advance payment?\r\nBenjamin: I’m afraid we cannot return any sum transferred to us at that time. I invite you to read the regulations available on our website.\r\nAlbert: Ok, thank you very much.\r\nBenjamin: You’re welcome\nSummary: Albert is a member of a sports’ club. He wants a partial return of his advance payment. Benjamin says that the club is unable to return any money.\nDialogue: Mat: So I started to walk home and on the way I found a tenner and a fiver on the ground\r\nMat: Went to the shop and got myself a bunch of stuff cuz why not\r\nIsabel: omg no way :)\r\nMat: aye Ino I was pure buzzin\r\nIsabel: I would be too\r\nIsabel: What u get?\r\nMat: got myself a bunch of sweets and some chocolate\r\nMat: Absolutely unreal\r\nIsabel: :)) :)) :))\nSummary: On his way home Mat found money on the ground. Mat went to the shop and bought sweets for the money he found.\nDialogue: Adam: any idea for holiday this year?\r\nTheo: dunno. i guess ann and the boys would like to fly swh\r\nAdam: in summer?\r\nTheo: dunno. it might be sort of expensive in peak season. \r\nAdam: you mean it's better to go before or after?\r\nTheo: dfntly. we were actually considering october. could be 30% off \r\nAdam: sounds attractive enough. but we can't both go at teh same time right\r\nTheo: yeah, the boss wouldn't be very happy\r\nAdam: perhaps i'll look for sth in June then?\r\nTheo: thats' a thought. any ideas where to?\r\nAdam: in my case it's more of a question who with haha\r\nTheo: you really argued with Layla?\r\nAdam: she's still pretty angry about that party you know\r\nTheo: yeah but June is still a couple of months to go\r\nAdam: we'll need to talk with her about everythihng\r\nTheo: you better do before you book the tickets :)\r\nAdam: will have to. cheers\nSummary: Theo is thinking about going for holiday in October this year. Adam is thinking about June. He had argued with Layla, so he's not sure if she'll come along. He's going to talk with her.\nDialogue: Phillip: Has anyone seen my backpack?\r\nJane: I saw it in the office and I thought you would be coming back\r\nKayla: I saw it too\nSummary: Jane and Kayla saw Phillip's backpack in the office.\nDialogue: Abigail: I just got a phone call\r\nAbigail: guess what\r\nAlex: ??\r\nAbigail: he cancelled.\r\nAlex: no.\r\nAbigail: yes.\r\nAlex: that's despicable \r\nAbigail: Right?\nSummary: Abigail has just got a phone call and he cancelled. Abigail and Alex think it was very unpleasant. \nDialogue: Barry: Can u pick me up from the station?\r\nMira: When?\r\nBarry: 17:45.\r\nMira: I can be there at 18:00. You wait?\r\nBarry: Yes. I'll do some shopping meanwhile. \nSummary: Mira will pick Barry from the station at 18:00. He will arrive at 17:45 and do some shopping meanwhile.\nDialogue: Sarah: still mad?\r\nAlex: A bit.\r\nSarah: what can I do to make u forgive me?\r\nAlex: Dunno, just don’t ignore me next time.\r\nSarah: r u free at 12?\r\nAlex: Yes, why?\r\nSarah: let’s go grab some lunch and talk.\r\nAlex: OK\nSummary: Sarah and Alex will grab lunch at 12 to talk and make up.\nDialogue: Karol: hey loser, you got an F for your assignment\r\nAdam: wtf? I thought I did a good job\r\nKarol: the teacher said that it was off-topic\r\nAdam: her life is off-topic... I'll have to talk to her cuz I'm sure I did well\r\nKarol: whatever... my part is done, I informed you haha\r\nAdam: very funny, asshole\nSummary: Adam got an F for his assignment, because it was off-topic. Karol's role was to inform Adam.\nDialogue: Theresa: I'm going for a date on Saturday.\nBlanca: OMG with whom??\nIris: It's been a while Theresa...\nTheresa: I know\nTheresa: He's a good looking guy\nTheresa: Met him at the club\nBlanca: The one with the hat that you talked to?\nTheresa: Yes :-)\nIris: Did he tell you that he came from heaven?\nBlanca: And that you are prettier than all the angels he have seen there?\nTheresa: How do you know?\nBlanca: This guy has a reputation...\nIris: And also a big dick\nIris: Enjoy it while it lasts \nTheresa: Did you sleep with him?\nBlanca: All the girls in the club did \nTheresa: :-( \nSummary: Theresa is going on a date on Saturday. Theresa met a guy at the club. All the girls in the club slept with him.\nDialogue: Kenna: What u doing?\r\nPatience: Watching TV. You?\r\nKenna: Going to a store to buy some orange juice\r\nPatience: Oh ok\nSummary: Patience is watching TV. Kenna is going to the store to buy some orange juice.\nDialogue: Emma: Have you bought new mouse for the PC?\r\nWilliam: What hpnd to the previous one?\r\nEmma: idk. its not working.\r\nWilliam: I just bought this before a week\r\nEmma: I dont know bou that. We need a new one. :/\r\nWilliam: Can you wait for another two days?\r\nEmma: But I need to my assignment tomorrow and I need it right now\r\nWilliam: K dont worry. Ill do something\nSummary: The computer mouse doesn't work. Emma needs a new one now to make an assignment for tomorrow. William will do something. \nDialogue: Denis: Gurls, I've just landed \r\nMarilyn: Perfect, I'm outside waiting for you\r\nAmber: 🎉\r\nAmber: Are you hungry? Mar will bring you to my place\r\nAmber: I'm cooking something you really like\r\nDenis: you're so nice!\r\nDenis: Both of you\r\nMarilyn: Have you left the plane already?\r\nDenis: There is a strange queue, and they are sooooo sloooow\r\nMarilyn: do you have only hand luggage?\r\nDenis: nope, I have to wait for my suitcase at the belts\r\nMarilyn: ok, so it may take some time, I'll be at the \"lino\" bar\r\nDenis: no problem, I'll find you\nSummary: Denis landed, he has some luggage to retrieve, Marilyn waits for him at the Lino bar. She will bring him to Amber's. \nDialogue: Sophie: Hey, r u still awake?\r\nMatt: Yup, I think I'm pulling an all-nighter.\r\nMatt: There's so much 2 learn 4 this exam.\r\nSophie: Same here.\r\nSophie: Can u scan me ur notes from 7.12?\r\nSophie: I just realized I'm missing a lesson.\r\nMatt: OFC, give me 10 mins.\r\nSophie: Great, thanks!\r\nSophie: Good luck studying!\nSummary: Matt is still awake and learning for the exam. Sophie is learning as well. Matt will send Sophie a scan of his notes from the lesson from 7.12.\nDialogue: Edith: Hi Ruth, I am writing because I have some questions concerning the fundraiser\r\nRuth: How can I help you?\r\nEdith: Do you have the decorations team ready?\r\nRuth: Yes, Michael volunteered and we should have enough help\r\nEdith: Perfect, is the idea still the same?\r\nRuth: Yes\r\nEdith: Great then I'll see you in a week!\r\nRuth: see you in a week.\nSummary: Edith has some questions to Ruth concerning the fundraiser. Ruth has the decorations team ready, Michael volunteered. Ruth and Edith will meet in a week. \nDialogue: Mason: I'm looking for a university grant in Europe, can you recommend anything?\r\nPeter: sure, Denmark has the best offers\r\nLia: seems to be true indeed, I've heard this from so many friends\r\nJeff: Germany has quite good offers as well\r\nPeter: yes, but Denmark does not only offer free universities but a lot of options to finance your life there\r\nMason: but isn't Copenhagen a shithole?\r\nPeter: hahaha, the capital not that much\r\nPeter: but there are some unis outside Copenhagen, in smaller towns like Aarhus etc.\r\nMason: god, to move there from NYC could be a real shock\r\nPeter: for sure\r\nLia: but shocks are sometimes good\r\nMason: maybe you're right\r\nMason: I'll research it\r\nPeter: do it!\nSummary: Mason needs a European university grant recommendation. Lia and Peter think Denmark is the best, Jeff also likes Germany. Danish universities are free and there are many ways to finance your life there. University locations include i.a. Copenhagen and Aarhus. Mason worries about leaving NY.\nDialogue: Oleg: Are you ok? I don’t know if youre angry at me or sth\r\nDakota: I was busy for a few days then I realized I’m better off without you\r\nOleg: -_- Are you fucking kidding me\r\nDakota: It’s true, I don’t want to talk to you\r\nOleg: What the fuck did I do to you?\r\nDakota: I’m not going to explain you that\r\nOleg: One day youre laying in bed with me, cuddling and the next youre telling me youre better off without me wtf\r\nDakota: Shit happens\r\nOleg: you are the reason guys treat girls like shit\r\nDakota: Oh am i\r\nOleg: I shouldve just kick you out after fucking you\r\nDakota: youd really do that\r\nOleg: after all I did for you, you say sth like that\r\nDakota: pls just leave me alone\r\nOleg: I hope you get pregnant\r\nDakota: read what you wrote again, thanks for convincing me I was right about you\r\nOleg: you are never right if I told you half the truth you wouldnt deal with the reality\r\nDakota: Goodbye\nSummary: Dakota doesn't want to talk to Oleg. She believe she is better off without him. Oleg is angry at Dakota. Oleg hopes Dakota will get pregnant.\nDialogue: Adam: Hi Mona said you bought a new TV?\r\nCarl: Yes, we broke old.\r\nAdam: Which model?\r\nCarl: Philips Ambilight 55 E524532.\nSummary: Carl bought a new Philips Ambilight 55 E524532 TV because the old one is broken.\nDialogue: Jack: did you get it?\r\nArchie: get what?\r\nJack: the car! damn it! DID YOU GET THE FUCKING CAR!\r\nArchie: whoa.., no not yet\r\nArchie: what the fuck is up with you?\nSummary: Archie did not get the car yet.\nDialogue: Teo: i will order pizza today\r\nTeo: wanna join?\r\nBruce: of course i will be in an hour :)\nSummary: Teo will order pizza today. Bruce will join him in an hour.\nDialogue: Rick: that goes without saying!! what type of music should we have their then?\r\nEvelyn: Haha of course 🙂Hmm how about sound of music?\r\nRick: which song?\r\nEvelyn: I've got no idea\r\nRick: ohh - iv got music for my dramatic entrance!!\r\nEvelyn: Ooh go on ;)\r\nRick: its the spy theme tune they always play in spy movies\r\nEvelyn: Haha like your a new detective ;)\r\nRick: you know - dun dun, de de, dun dun, de de, dun dun, de de dun...\r\nEvelyn: Of course I know what you mean ;) yeah sure 🙂\r\nRick: de de duuuunnn, de de duuuuuuuuunn, de de duuuuuuuuunnn, de dem\r\nEvelyn: You're erm gettin rather carried away now aren't you ;)\nSummary: Rick picked a spy theme for his dramatic entrance.\nDialogue: Simon: Love you.\r\nLorelai: I love you too, pumpkin! <3\r\nSimon: \nSummary: Simon and Lorelai love each other.\nDialogue: Peter: Hi, wanna grab something to eat after work?\r\nDiana: Sure, maybe that new restaurant at Elm Street?\r\nPeter: You read my mind, I was gonna suggest that :)\r\nDiana: Perfect, see you there at 4.\r\nPeter: See ya <3\nSummary: Peter is asking Diana if she wants to go eat with him. Diana is suggesting a new restaurant at Elm Street, a place where Peter also wants to go. They both will meet there at 4. \nDialogue: Frank: Hi boss, I cant' get to work tomorrow\r\nZeph: anything a problem Frank?\r\nFrank: I guess it's a kind of virus.\r\nZeph: OK, thanks for letting me know, make sure you see the doc tomorrow\r\nFrank: I will boss, good night\r\nZeph: Sleep well Frank\nSummary: Frank has caught a virus and can't come to work tomorrow.\nDialogue: Kyla: What time we r meeting?\r\nEdna: About 7pm?\r\nKyla: Make that half past, I need to do sth before\r\nEdna: ok, that's fine with me. Will you let the others know?\r\nKyla: Yeah, I'll call them\r\nEdna: Great. See u on the bridge\r\nKyla: yeah, bye\nSummary: Edna and Kyla are meeting at 7.30 pm on the bridge. Kyla will call the others to let them know where and when they are meeting.\nDialogue: Chris: bue me a coffe on your way to office\r\nAmanda: 2 shots of espresso?\r\nChris: yes, thanks, u know me so well :)\nSummary: Amanda will buy a double espresso for Chris.\nDialogue: Pedro: I got promoted!\nSamantha: Great! Well deserved. \nJake: Let's celebrate \nSummary: Pedro got promoted. \nDialogue: Rick: What are we doing with the New Year's Eve?\r\nAlfred: What about that plan with Jim's fathers house? Is that still on?\r\nJim: I spoke with him yesterday, he agreed to give us the keys. Just that it will be dirty, no one was there for almost 6 months\r\nAlfred: Amazing :D\r\nRick: So how many people are we inviting? We need to organise everything fast, it is in less than 3 weeks\r\nAlfred: True, how many people CAN we even invite? How big is the house?\r\nJim: There are 6 beds, two of which are king sized. But there is a lot of room, so people can sleep anywhere ;)\r\nAlfred: We also need to think about transportation\r\nJim: I will drive there and can take 4 people. But getting there by public transportation really sucks :/\r\nAlfred: Should we ask in the class group?\r\nJim: I will write there in a second\r\nAlfred: Ok, we will see what they say and plan the rest later\r\nRick: We can give them until Sunday to reply?\r\nJim: Ok, I will mention that :)\nSummary: Jim, Rick and Alfred are organizing the New Year's Eve in Jim's father's house. It is less than 3 weeks to go. The house is quite big but dirty. They also need to organize transportation amongst other things. Jim will inform and invite friends on a class group.\nDialogue: Ozzi: I got a scarf at LV!\r\nOzzi: \r\nJake: Nice! \r\nOzzi: I spent quite a lot tho \r\nJake: How much? \r\nOzzi: Like 300 bucks xd \r\nJake: are you for real... \r\nOzzi: Had to treat myself! 💯\nSummary: Ozzi spent 300 bucks on LV scarf.\nDialogue: Miranda: Hi\nMiranda: Take a look at these\nMiranda: \nMiranda: \nMiranda: \nMiranda: Want to try it on?\nRobyn: What are you doing? :)\nMiranda: I want to get rid of some old stuff\nMiranda: I won't wear that anymore\nRobyn: Are you sure?\nMiranda: Pretty sure ;) But all of this is almost new\nMiranda: I want to go shopping as a reward ;)\nRobyn: Oh and you need more space, I see ;)\nMiranda: Exactly!\nRobyn: I'm afraid it's all too small for me :/\nMiranda: No way!\nSummary: Miranda offered Robyn her old clothes that were almost unused but Robyn couldn't fit in them.\nDialogue: Karen: The time is passing so fast...\nKaren: I'm already 30 :)\nWilliam: hahahha\nWilliam: and I'm 35 and I feel great about it\nWilliam: Stop complaining!\nWilliam: Let's go out tomorrow :)\nSummary: Karen is 30 years old, William is 35. They want to meet tomorrow.\nDialogue: Rose: \r\nDelilah: glitter, glitter, glitter! :D\r\nRose: I bought it on Ali.\r\nDelilah: You are a hybrid freak! You've got like 1000 of them! :D\r\nRose: It's not a hybrid nail polish! It's a regular one.\r\nDelilah: No way!! It looks amazing! I would never think it's the regular one.\r\nDelilah: I must have it too! What other colurs are there?\r\nRose: \r\nDelilah: Thanks!\r\nDelilah: The blue one is pretty awesome.\r\nRose: I will buy the red one next.\nSummary: Rose bought a beautiful nail polish on Ali.\nDialogue: Pat: Is there any work for me to do today?\r\nLesley: Not really. No point coming in today, because most people are out on projects. \r\nPat: OK, I will get in touch again tomorrow. \r\nLesley: Cheers.\nSummary: Pat doesn't need to go to work today as everybody is out on projects. Lesley will let her know about tomorrow.\nDialogue: Michael: Hi, just so you know, I've just got home, I'll let you know when I'm leaving. \r\nTracy: Ok, cool, do whatever you need to do and I'm ready as you are.\r\nMichael: I think I'll take the bus at around 7 pm, so I'm at your place at 7:30 pm. \r\nTracy: Sounds fine! Any ideas what to do later tonight?\r\nMichael: I'll text Josh, maybe he can join for a drink?\r\nTracy: Oh, I haven't seen him for ages, that'd be so cool! \r\nMichael: Texting him right away! \r\nTracy: Shall we go to the new dive bar they've just opened up near the big park?\r\nMichael: Why not, we can try it out! I'm dying to have a good G&T after this tough week! \r\nTracy: I wouldn't mind a drink either! \r\nMichael: Ok, let me take a shower, fix some things here and I'll keep you posted!\r\nTracy: Sure! See you soon! \r\nMichael: Josh has replied! He'll come over! \r\nTracy: Fantastic! Tell him I'm really looking forward to seeing him! And you of course!\nSummary: Michael just got home. He will get ready and take the 7 pm bus and be at Tracy's at 7.30. Josh, Michael, and Tracy will go to the new dive bar tonight to have drinks.\nDialogue: Bonita: Hello Mum, am on my way home now.\r\nMummy: Excellent. I marinated the meat 3 hours ago.\r\nBonita: I'm so horribly drowsy. I hope I'll pull myself together before I get home.\r\nMummy: Was it so bad today darling?\r\nBonita: As usual. It's just getting more and more repetitive. Just boring.\r\nMummy: It's 4 more weeks and it's over. No big deal really.\r\nBonita: And I hate this whole commuting! We are stuck in a jam now. Nothing's moving. Nothing.\r\nMummy: Oh dear...\r\nBonita: And I'm so hungry!!\r\nBonita: It seems we're approaching Kings Road. So hopefully not more than 10 more mins.\r\nMummy: See you darling.\nSummary: Bonita is hungry and stuck in traffic on her way home. Mummy marinated the meat 3 hours ago. Bonita is going to do an activity she considers dull for the next 4 weeks. Bonita's commuting should not take longer than 10 minutes.\nDialogue: Eric: Champions League is coming soon :D\r\nCurtis: Oh, yea I forgot about that.\r\nCurtis: when exactly?\r\nEric: 26th of June\r\nEric: but there is still a very long way.\r\nCurtis: any predictions?\r\nEric: It's too early for that.\r\nCurtis: True, last year you were betting a lot\r\nEric: I lost a lot :P \r\nEric: I'm gonna roar back this year :)\r\nCurtis: good luck, I'm not into risking money\r\nEric: You have 50% chance to win.\r\nCurtis: I'll pass anyway.\r\nEric: okay\nSummary: Eric wants to bet during the Champions League this year although he lost a lot of money last year. Curtis won't bet.\nDialogue: Nickie: hey ladies!!!! I'm home for the weekend, how about doing a ladies night?\r\nJanine: Nickie, at last! I thought you were not coming\r\nNicole: hey B-) I'm in\r\nNicole: and Janine is right, explain yourself xd\r\nNickie: I'm so sorry girls, but it's all so different here...I have a lot of work, like at the university, apart from that I'm doing two courses and this job at the hostel...it's too much\r\nJanine: two courses? what courses?\r\nNickie: the one from legal English, translations and so on and the other one from Italian, just to refresh the language\r\nNicole: how many shifts do you have at work?\r\nNickie: sometimes it's 3, sometimes 4...often at night, it's extremely overwhelming\r\nJanine: jesus..do you sleep? do you even have time for that?\r\nNickie: I do, but it's about 5 or sometimes even 4 hours...I'm tired :/\r\nNicole: I think you should give up one of these activities or at least organize it somehow, cause you're not a strongwoman\r\nNickie: I know, I'm trying my best \r\nNickie: but getting back to our plans, when are you free? maybe Sunday?\r\nNicole: I'm free on these two days\r\nJanine: Saturday sounds cool\r\nNickie: Saturday then!\nSummary: Janine, Nickie and Nicole will meet on Saturday for a ladies night. Nickie is lately very busy and tired, because she works at the hostel, study at the university and does two language courses.\nDialogue: Anna Telka: I think Im going to DQ\r\nAnna Novackova: For that cream cone again? 😂\r\nAnna Telka: Yea 😂\r\nJake: Girl on diet... Xd\nSummary: Anna Telka will eat a cream cone at DQ again.\n\n\nDialogue: Jennifer: hey do u like mad max\nJennifer: coz the latest film is on Netflix now\nJennifer: wanna watch it with me?\nJack: seen it, it's pretty dope\nJack: but might as well watch it again\nReece: yeah me too\nReece: great movie\nJennifer: ok, tomorrow evening?\nReece: fine with me\nJack: sure\nJennifer: awesome :) \nSummary: "} {"question_id": 59, "category": "longbench_passage_retrieval_en", "reference": ["Paragraph 11"], "prompt": "Here are 30 paragraphs from Wikipedia, along with an abstract. Please determine which paragraph the abstract is from.\n\nParagraph 1: and approx. 120 other newspaper titles. In addition, the acquiring company purchased The Greater Detroit Newspaper Network. This 21st Century Company operated as the major group selling arm of 21st Century Newspapers. They generated approx. $25. million of annual profit by selling to national companies with most revenue coming from pre-printed inserts. The sale of 21st Century Newspapers in August 2005 was the largest newspaper sales by dollar volume in the US for the year 2005. Shepherd remained a consultant for the purchasing company for a short period then left and joined other newspaper companies Board of Directors. In 2012 he finally retired to Charlevoix, Michigan where he still resides. He started a township newspaper in 2018 and it still is published monthly and has a website. Shepherd began his newspaper career in Port Huron, Michigan as a carrier boy for The Port Huron Times Herald owned by the \"Weil Family\". He rose to become Classified Manager then the company purchased a weekly, Utica Sentinel, in Utica, Michigan. Shepherd became General Manager and turned the weekly into a daily newspaper, The Daily Sentinel. It was sold to Gannett in the late 1960's. Shepherd previously worked for Scripps Howard Newspapers in Cincinnati, Ohio as VP of Operations from 1983 until 1991. He was recruited by Stauffer Communications in 1991 as President and CEO and a member of The Board of Directors. Previously, Shepherd also worked for Panax Corporation of East Lansing, Michigan, and was a member of their Board of Directors. He joined the company in 1968 and headed the sale of the company, in part to Rupert Murdock(Texas newspapers) in August 1980. Shepherd then moved to Houston, Texas where he founded the book publishing company, Pioneer Publishing Company. He sold that company to his partner and took a consulting job with a California publishing company headed by Charles Morris of Morris Publishing in Savannah, Georgia. After the consulting agreement Shepherd joined Scripps Howard in Cincinnati as VP of Newspaper Operations where he stayed from 1982 until 1992. His career spanned the 50's through the 2000s. From hot-metal days until offset and heatset printing. He mastered all 3 processes but empire-building; buying, building, and selling was his forte. His last venture was 21st Century Newspapers, Inc. which employed over 2,000 employees. He was considered an early pioneer in suburban journalism and a leader in \"clustering\" suburban newspapers into shared printing, sales, and accounting services. He studied rotogravure printing with Axel-Springer in Hamburg, Germany, and build printing plants in South Africa at the behest of the South African Gov't. \n\nParagraph 2: Trulsen participated in both the and World Junior Championships, finishing both tournaments with 2-7 and 4-5 records respectively. However, after participating in the and European championships, he was back at the juniors in where he won the silver medal, losing to Canada's John Base in the final. It took Trulsen 9 more years to get back on the world stage, at the 1992 Winter Olympics, where curling was a demonstration sport. At this event he won a silver medal, losing to Switzerland's Urs Dick in the final. After four World Championship tournaments in 1993, 1997, 1999 and 2000 in which he did not receive any medals, Trulsen won the bronze at the 2001 Ford World Curling Championship, defeating one of the games great teams of Randy Ferbey (David Nedohin throwing 4th stones), in the bronze medal game. A year later, Trulsen became world-famous as he won the gold medal at the Olympics defeating Canada's Kevin Martin in the final. After reaching the top, Trulsen would later decline, winning silver at the 2002 Ford World Curling Championship, bronze at the 2003 Ford World Curling Championship and a fourth-place finish at the 2004 Ford World Curling Championship where he missed a fairly standard final draw against European arch rival and eventual winner Peja Lindholm in the semi finals.\n\nParagraph 3: 63 meters long and 32 meters wide, the cathedral owes its monumentality to the height of its middle dome – the dome of the Pantocrator (the Almighty). 52 meters high on the inside and 83 meters high on the outside, the middle dome is surmounted by a 7-meter-high cross and sustained by 10 decorative chains and golden buckles. At one point, the building was the third tallest in the country, after Casa Scânteii (104 m) and the People's House (84 m), both located in Bucharest. Due to the marshy terrain, the cathedral stands on a concrete slab supported by 1,186 reinforced concrete pillars, driven at a depth of 20 m. The built area is 1,542 m2, while the total construction volume is about 50,000 m3. The seven bells, cast in Anton Novotny's workshop, have a total weight of 7,000 kg and were made of an alloy of metals brought from Indonesia (Sumatra and Borneo). Their harmonization was done by the composer Sabin Drăgoi. The interior and exterior painting was executed by a group of painters led by the painter . The iconostasis was carved and gilded in 22-carat gold by master Ștefan Gajo, who also made the three chandeliers, the two candlesticks and the Lord's Tomb (located in the pronaos).\n\nParagraph 4: Soustelle’s first concern for the implementation of his plan was to inject funds into the Algerian economy for small improvement projects designed to have an immediate effect. After a short struggle with the finance ministry in Paris, an allocation of 4,300 million francs was obtained. Thereafter, Soustelle engaged in social-political reforms by sending out a circular, making it compulsory on all persons in authority to pursue a \"policy of consideration and confidence\". His intention was to eradicate the superiority complex which the European population had adopted in terms of discrimination and condescension towards the Arab-Algerian populace. Third, Soustelle took into consideration the agricultural situation of Algeria as this was the primary source of revenue for the country. However, there were several obstacles; erosion had claimed per year. Furthermore, there was an overpopulation problem in Algeria; the Muslim population was growing at the alarming rate where production fell behind the birth rate dramatically. To meet the challenge of the countryside, Soustelle administered an agency with wide powers to acquire public and private land for redistribution to Muslim peasants and to secure land beneficiaries with the technical and financial assistance which could improve these new holdings. He also expanded the existing facilities such as the Provident Societies and Rural Improvement Sectors and also abolished the cultural phenomenon of khammessat, a sharecropping system under which the tenant got one fifth of the crop and the landowner four-fifths. As the cost of power in Algeria was 60% higher than in metropolitan France; Soustelle advocated lower costs of power which increased industrialization. He sought to amalgamate the Algerian Gas and Power Company with the nationalized Electricité de France or through a system of tax relief. Fourthly, Soustelle had concerns about the social structure of the country also. Only 29% of civil jobs were held by Muslims the rest were occupied by Europeans. To amend this anomaly, Soustelle instituted an Administration Training Center in Algiers, as a means of finding qualified Muslim candidates for suitable jobs. He also attempted, without success, to implement a system whereby qualified Muslims would be exempted from completing any competitive entry examination. Likewise, Soustelle was passionate about schools. He fought for funding to build 1,200 schools instead of the originally planned 600 schools. Faced with an overwhelming number of requests from teachers that wanted to leave the unsettled areas of Algeria, he hired supplementary teachers to keep the schools open. Likewise, he proposed to make the study of Arabic compulsory or at least optional in all schools. He also planned to envelop the country with social centers which would combat illiteracy, promote hygiene and encourage small crafts. Fifth, the administrative system needed several revisions. His goal was to reduce the large territory division into more manageable units and to bring administration closer to the people. He intended to create several departments to aid him. Soustelle proposed to divide the previous administrative townships into smaller rural townships each corresponding with their own natural community. Soustelle envisaged that the rural townships would remain under the subtle tutelage of the administration until they were ready to self-govern themselves. Finally to fill in the vacuum between the civil administrator and the dispersed inhabitants Soustelle set up 400 Specialized Administration Sections (S.A.S) to be manned by a new corps of Algerian Affairs officer. Amongst their many duties were to create a protective web for populations that might be subject to rebels or trammeled by the army or both. \n\nParagraph 5: Ritter promoted the idea that Germany displayed the same traits as other countries and could not be singled out. In a 1962 essay, Ritter contended that Germany's principal goal in 1914 was to maintain Austria-Hungary as a great power, and thus German foreign policy was largely defensive as opposed to Fischer's claim that it was mostly aggressive. Ritter claimed that Fischer attached unwarranted significance to the highly bellicose advice about waging a \"preventive war\" in the Balkans offered in July 1914 to the Chief of Cabinet of the Austro-Hungarian foreign ministry, Count Alexander Hoyos, by the German journalist Viktor Naumann. Ritter charged that Naumann was speaking as a private individual and not as Fischer claimed on behalf of the German government. Ritter felt that Fischer had been dishonest in his portrayal of Austro-German relations in July 1914. Ritter charged that it was not true that Germany had pressured a reluctant Austria-Hungary into attacking Serbia. Ritter argued that the main impetus for war within Austria-Hungary was internal, and though there were divisions of opinion about the course to pursue in Vienna and Budapest, it was not German pressure that led to war being chosen. In Ritter's opinion, the most Germany can be criticized for in July 1914 was a mistaken evaluation of the state of European power politics. Ritter claimed that the German government had underrated the state of military readiness in Russia and France, falsely assumed that British foreign policy was more pacific than what it really was, overrated the sense of moral outrage caused by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on European opinion, and above all, overestimated the military power and political common sense of Austria-Hungary. Ritter felt that in retrospect it was not necessary from the German point of view to maintain Austria-Hungary as a great power but claimed that at the time most Germans regarded the Dual Monarchy as a \"brother empire\" and viewed the prospect of the Balkans being in the Russian sphere of influence as an unacceptable threat. Ritter argued that though the Germans supported the idea of an Austrian-Hungarian invasion of Serbia, this was more of an ad hoc response to the crisis gripping Europe as opposed to Fischer's claim that Germany was deliberately setting off a war of aggression. Ritter complained that Fischer relied too much on the memories of Austro-Hungarian leaders such as the Count István Tisza and Count Ottokar Czernin who sought to shift all of the responsibility for the war on German shoulders. Ritter ended his essay by writing he felt profound \"sadness\" over the prospect that the next generation of Germans would not be as nationalistically-minded as previous generations as a result of reading Fischer.\n\nParagraph 6: John Bluthal (born Isaac Bluthal; 12 August 1929 – 15 November 2018) was a Polish-born Australian actor and comedian, noted for his six-decade career internationally in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States. He started his career during the Golden Age of British Television, where he was best known for his comedy work in the UK with Spike Milligan, and for his role as Manny Cohen in the television series Never Mind the Quality, Feel the Width. In later years, he was known to television audiences as the bumbling Frank Pickle in The Vicar of Dibley. At 85 he played Professor Herbert Marcuse in the Coen brothers' film Hail, Caesar! (2016).\n\nParagraph 7: Lossky was one of the preeminent Russian neo-idealists of his day. Lossky's Гносеология or gnosiology is called Intuitivist-Personalism and had in part adapted the Hegelian dialectical approach of first addressing a problem in thought in terms of its expression as a duality or dichotomy. Once the problem is expressed as a dichotomy the two opposing ideas are fused in order to transcend the dichotomy. This transition is expressed in the concept of sobornost, integrality or mystical communal union. Lossky also followed and developed his ontological and gnosiological interpretation of objective reality from Christian neoplatonism based on the Patristic Fathers. This along with Origen and the works of Russian mystics Kireevsky and Khomyakov and the later works of V. Solovyov among many others. Understanding and comprehension coming from addressing an object, as though part of the external world, something that joins the consciousness of the perceiving subject directly (noesis, insight), then becoming memory, intuitionism as the foundation of all noema or processes of consciousness. In that human consciousness comprehends the essence or noumena of an object and the object's external phenomenon which are then assembled into a complete organic whole called experience. Much of an object's defining and understanding in consciousness is not derived discursively but rather intuitively or instinctively as an object has no meaning outside of the whole of existence. Lossky summed up this concept in the term \"all is imminent in all\". As such much of reality as uncreated or uncaused is irrational, or random (see libertarianism below) and can not be validated rationally (i.e. freedom and love as energy are uncaused, uncreated). Therefore, consciousness in its interaction with reality operates not strictly as rational (only partially) much of consciousness operates intuitively. This is intuitively done by the nous. The nous, consciousness or the focal point of the psyche as the \"organic connection\" to the object and therefore the material world as a whole. The psyche here is the sensory input from the physical body to the inner being, mind or consciousness. This interaction causing different levels of maturing consciousness over time (reinterpretation). As a dynamic retention, experience constitutes the process of learning i.e. reflective differentiation.\n\nParagraph 8: After many days of imprisonment without food, the Lamanites came to slay them. As they were approached, Lehi and Nephi were suddenly encircled about by a pillar of fire, which protected them from harm from their captors. Their hearts did take courage by this miracle and emboldened them to testify of God’s power and spoke marvelous words. As they did so, the earth and the walls of the prison shook exceedingly, a thick cloud of darkness and fear came over their captors, and a voice with perfect mildness call them to repentance. The quake and the voice came a second and a third time, and spoke marvelous words that cannot be uttered by man. The Lamanites were immovable because of the cloud of darkness which did overshadow them and the fear that it struck within them. There was a dissenter among them, a Nephite by birth who belonged to the Church of God at one time, and whose name was Aminadab. He told the Lamanites that he saw the faces of Lehi and Nephi, through the cloud of darkness; and their faces did shine exceedingly, even as the faces of angels; that they were conversing with angels, and that the Lamanites should repent. They all had a change of heart and each one was encircled about with a pillar of fire. The Holy Spirit came down and filled their hearts. They heard the voice of the Father testify of His Well Beloved. As they looked to see from whence the voice came, they saw the heavens open and angels came down and ministered unto them. There were about three hundred souls who saw and heard these things. These witnesses went forth in all the regions round about, ministering unto the people, and declaring what they saw and heard, insomuch that the majority of the Lamanites were convinced, laid down their weapons of war, and also their hatred. They gave back to the Nephites the lands of their possession.\n\nParagraph 9: In 1992, In My Life, Lamond's sophomore album was released, bolstered by the lead single, \"Where Does That Leave Love\", which quickly charted high. The album contained a solid mix of freestyle and pop along with a couple ballads, all intended to further build his name within mainstream music. However, national pop radio, at the time, was going thru a seismic shift, with a heavy R&B influence. By the Spring, 1993 release of the album's third and final single, \"I Want You Back\", a remake of the Jackson 5 classic featuring a then-relatively unknown Marc Anthony on backing vocals, Lamond was no longer a priority as far as promotion, and he would subsequently be dropped from Columbia Records.\n\nParagraph 10: He studied at Berlin and Leipzig, held various educational appointments from 1833 onwards at Berlin, Danzig, and Posen, and became in 1859 head of the gymnasium in Gotha, where he died in 1882. The dedication of his treatise Historiae equitum romanorum libri quatuor (1841) to Lachmann led to his being recommended to the publisher of Wilhelm Adolf Becker's Handbuch der römischen Alterthumer to continue the work on the death of Becker in 1846. The work took twenty years to complete, and met with such success that a new edition was soon called for. Finding himself unequal to the task single-handed, Marquardt left the preparation of the first three volumes (Römisches Staatsrecht) to Theodor Mommsen, while he himself contributed volumes V-VI (Römische Staatsverwaltung, 1873–1878) and volume VII (Das Privatleben der Römer, 1879–1882).\n\nParagraph 11: With war approaching, against the advice of the other National Liberal leaders, Monrad formed a government after the resignation of Hall, due to disagreement with Christian IX. As Council President (1863–1864), Monrad was the Danish state leader during the early part of the Second Schleswig War against the German Confederation led by Otto von Bismarck. With none of the other National Liberal bigwigs wanting to continue in office, Monrad became the most, and arguably often the only, important figure for cabinet decision-making. Yet, at critical moments during the war, Monrad was indecisive. Thus, during an armistice, he let the king decide on a peace proposal at the London Conference to divide Schleswig approximately along the language line between majorities of Danish and German speakers (see also the Schleswig-Holstein Question). The king, who held an unrealistic hope to maintain a personal union with the duchies, rejected, the conference ended with no result, and war resumed resulting in further military defeat. Next, the king dismissed Monrad and his government. The Peace of Vienna resulted in the loss of much of the monarchy's territory, including almost all of Schleswig. Denmark was relegated to a minor power. In what was labelled his speech of madness, Monrad spoke in Parliament for continued resistance and against ratifying the peace treaty even if such actions would look like 'madness'.\n\nParagraph 12: Balance-sheet insolvency is when a person or company does not have enough assets to pay all of their debts. The person or company might enter bankruptcy, but not necessarily. Once a loss is accepted by all parties, negotiation is often able to resolve the situation without bankruptcy. A company that is balance-sheet insolvent may still have enough cash to pay its next bill on time. However, most laws will not let the company pay that bill unless it will directly help all their creditors. For example, an insolvent farmer may be allowed to hire people to help harvest the crop, because not harvesting and selling the crop would be even worse for his creditors.\n\nParagraph 13: Fitz, though bitter and grieving after the death of his beloved wit-partner, the wolf Nighteyes, reluctantly takes the post of Skillmaster to teach prince Dutiful the Skill. He feels he must since he is almost Dutiful's father. Dutiful, the heir to the throne, was conceived by Verity using Fitz's body fifteen years earlier with the use of the skill, and because of this is both Skilled and Witted. Fitz is not a great teacher and barely has control of his own Skill, but he is the only one left that has been actually taught how to use it. He knows that Dutiful must be protected from the addictive qualities of the Skill, as well as the dangerous temptations of the Wit and the political machinations surrounding both as the Piebalds threaten to throw the Six Duchies into civil war.\n\nParagraph 14: The Cairo Fire resulted in the dismissal of Nahhas Pasha and the formation of a new short-lived government headed by Ali Maher Pasha. The new government decided to send an official Egyptian delegation to the funeral of King George VI as a reconciliatory measure towards the United Kingdom. Amr Pasha was dispatched to London in his capacity as ambassador, along with Prince Muhammad Abdel Moneim, in order to attend the funeral, which was held on 15 February 1952. Nevertheless, Amr did not present new letters of credence to the new British sovereign, Queen Elizabeth II. The Maher government had to address two major national issues: the departure () of British military forces from the Suez Canal zone, and the unification () of Egypt and Sudan, which had hitherto been jointly administered by Egypt and the United Kingdom as a condominium. As a result, Anglo-Egyptian talks about negotiations were conducted, in which Amr Pasha played a major role. As Egypt's ambassador to the United Kingdom, he shuttled between London and Cairo trying to convey the Egyptian position to British politicians, notably Foreign Minister Anthony Eden, and then advise Egyptian leaders on the response. After the fall of the Maher government and its replacement by that of El-Hilali Pasha, the first official negotiating meeting took place on 22 March 1952. Amr was part of the Egyptian negotiating team, which also included El-Hilali Pasha himself as well as Foreign Minister Abdel-Khaleq Hassouna Pasha. The British side refused to commit itself publicly to \"the principle of evacuation\" before the start of the negotiations. The day after the official start of the negotiations, the Egyptian Parliament was dismissed. New elections were scheduled for 18 May, and martial law was extended indefinitely. The extreme political instability Egypt was witnessing at the time resulted in a military coup on 23 July 1952. After King Farouk's abdication in favor of his infant son Fuad II, the new Regency Council forced Amr into retirement at the end of August of the same year, replacing him as ambassador in London by Mahmoud Fawzi.\n\nParagraph 15: On 7 May 2018, the Federal Ministry of the Interior announced the results of an internationally open program competition for the building academy to be rebuilt. In August 2018, Berlin's Senator for Construction Katrin Lompscher (Die Linke) spoke out in favor of the reconstruction of the Bauakademie under the motto \"As much Schinkel as possible\". The implementation competition for the building should \"take into account Schinkel's specifications for the building, structure and facade\". In January 2019, the Federal Bauakademie Foundation was founded as the supporting organization for the reconstruction of the building. In November 2019, the SPD politician Florian Pronoldas the founding director and in January 2020 the cultural manager Julia Rust von Krosigk was elected as the vice director of the Bundesstiftung Bauakademie. Pronold's election provoked criticism in parts of the architecture community, which the Federal Ministry of the Interior, the Building Academy and Pronold himself rejected. Two competitors filed a lawsuit against the recruitment process. On 7 January, the labor court in Berlin issued an injunction in the proceedings of the plaintiff Philipp Oswalt , which prohibited the foundation from filling the director's position with Pronold, as the proceedings did not meet the requirements of the best selection that apply to public office. On 10 March 2020, Pronold announced that it would not take up the position as director On 12 June, the regional labor court confirmed the temporary injunction as a second instance on the grounds that the Federal Bauakademie Foundation is \"designed according to the rules of the statutes in the sense of continued state control. The Federal Republic of Germany as the founder, represented by the Federal Government, represented by the Federal Ministries, has a continuing significant influence in the sense of a possible implementation of essential decisions. There is a financial and personal dependency, 'ruling through' in the above sense is possible. \" On 9 September 2020, the Federal Ministry of the Interior for Building and Home Affairs announced that the director's position would be based on the judgment of the Berlin-Brandenburg State Labor Courtis rewritten.\n\nParagraph 16: After much speculation in the summer of 2010, Juventus and CSKA agreed on a fee for Krasić reported to be in the range of about €15 million. Krasić officially became a Juventus player on 21 August and was given the number 27 shirt. Krasić was instrumental in his home debut against Sampdoria, assisting a goal and creating many chances. The game ended 3–3. In his second away game in the Serie A, against Udinese, Krasić proved once again instrumental in their 4–0 victory, assisting Fabio Quagliarella and Claudio Marchisio for a goal each. Krasić scored his first Juventus goals against Cagliari on 26 September 2010, netting a hat-trick.\n\nParagraph 17: At the time of the 1857 uprising, old hostilities between the Raja of Mainpuri and the Nawab of Farrukhabad nearly led to open war, but after a face-off between their forces in Bewar in July, both forces joined hands against British rule. The Raja did not oppose a British armed unit led by Sir James Hope Grant when it marched through the district in October, but in December he heard that Brigadier Seaton was coming with a small force from Etah to join General Walpole at Mainpuri, and advanced to Kuraoli with the intention of barring the road. Seaton, however, easily outmaneuvered the local forces, and the rebels fled in disorder, losing eight guns and about a hundred men. It was after this action that the famous Hodson of Hodson's Horse in 1857-58 carried out one of his most daring exploits. Accompanied by his second-in-command, McDowell, and 75 men, he rode across a countryside swarming with rebels to carry despatches to the Commander-in-Chief, Sir Colin Campbell. He left most of his men at Bewar, but pushed on to Chhibramau with McDowell and 25 native men. There he learnt that Campbell was not at Gursahaiganj as expected, but at Miran ki Sarai, 15 miles further. The two officers rode on alone and reached Campbell's camp in safety, having ridden 55 miles in ten hours without changing horses. On their return the same evening they were warned by a native, to whom Hodson had given alms in the morning, that after their departure a party of 2,000 rebels had entered Chhibramau, killed the twenty-five troopers left there, and were now waiting for Hodson's return. Hodson and his companion nevertheless pressed on and, reaching the village, dismounted and passed quietly through it, unnoticed by the enemy. At Bewar they found a party sent by Seaton, who had heard of the disaster, and next day marched to Chhibramau himself, joining forces there with Brigadier Walpole on 3 January and proceeding with him to Fatehgarh. The civil authorities then reoccupied the district, and regained complete control late in 1858.\n\nParagraph 18: \"After the Fireworks\" was released as a single in the same year by Keith Glass, owner of the label Missing Link, who explained that he did so to recoup money he had lost on the Birthday Party in studio time.\"[The Birthday Party] were in AVV. It was costing top dollar—$1,000 a night... One night they came up with [\"After the Fireworks\"] because they had nothing better to do. So I said, \"We'll use it as a vehicle to parlay against accrued costs\"... I think Nick Cave came up with the idea to put it out as the Tuff Monks... It sold quite a few copies.\" – Keith Glass\n\nParagraph 19: In 1845, the Warsaw Governorate had established a new coat of arms, in form of a shield divided into seven fields, in three rows. The two bottom rows consisted of four rectangular fields of equal sizes, with two fields in both rows. The top row consisted of three triangular fields, with curved boundaries between them. It was dived into two smaller fields that bordered the sidewall and the row below, and a field twice the size of other two, located in the middle of the row, bordering the top wall. The top left field featured a red background, with a white (silver) Lamb of God facing right, with its head turned left, and a yellow (golden) aureola behind it. It hold a white (silver) banner with the red cross on it, and stood next to a yellow (golden) chalice, to which, it was bleeding blood from its chest. The top central field consisted of white and red chessboard, with the head of a black aurochs with a yellow (golden) crown, and a yellow (golden) ring in its nose. The top right field featured a background divided vertically onto two identical stripes, yellow and red. It depicted a left-facing half of a white lion, joined with a right-facing half of a white (silver) eagle, both wearing together a yellow (golden) crown on their head. The central left field featured a red background with a white (silver) eagle, with raised wings, its head turned left, and a yellow (golden) legs. The central right field featured a yellow (golden) background, with a left-facing half of a black lion, joined with a right-facing half of a white (silver) eagle, both wearing together a yellow (golden) crown on their heads. The bottom left field featured a background divided vertically onto two identical stripes, white and red. It depicted a left-facing half of a red lion, joined with a right-facing half of a white (silver) eagle, both wearing together a yellow (golden) crown on their heads. The bottom right field featured a red background, with a red eagle with raised wings, its head turned left, and a yellow (golden) legs, and a yellow (golden) letter R in a ring, placed on its chest. The four charges represented a historical subdivisions of Poland, that used to exist within the borders of the voivodeship. Those were from left to right, and from top to bottom: Wieluń Land, Kalisz Voivodeship, Sieradz Voivodeship, Masovian Voivodeship, voivodeships of Brześć Kujawski and Inowrocław, Łęczyca Voivodeship, and Rawa Voivodeship. The coat of arms had been used until 1866.\n\nParagraph 20: A 1996 paper from Gleick argued for defining and quantifying a basic water requirement of 50 liters of water per person per day for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and sanitation, and the United Nations cited this work in General Comment 15, drafted in 2002, which provided their clearest definition of the human right to water to that point United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in General Comment 15 drafted in 2002. General Comment 15 was a non-binding interpretation that access to water was a condition for the enjoyment of the right to an adequate standard of living, inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of health, and therefore a human right. It stated: \"The human right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses.\" In 2010, the UN General Assembly formally adopted the human right to water and sanitation in General Assembly Resolution 64/292 on 28 July 2010. That Resolution recognized the right of every human being to have access to sufficient, safe, and affordable water for personal and domestic uses. In September 2010, the UN Human Rights Council adopted a resolution recognizing that the human right to water and sanitation forms part of the right to an adequate standard of living. Gleick’s work on basic water requirements and human rights was also used in the Mazibuko v. City of Johannesburg court case in South Africa addressing the human right to water in Phiri, one of the oldest areas of the Soweto township. The Pacific Institute contributed legal testimony for this case based on the work of Dr. Peter Gleick and the work of the Centre for Applied Legal Studies (CALS) of the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa and the Pacific Institute in Oakland, California was acknowledged with a 2008 Business Ethics Network BENNY Award.\n\nParagraph 21: In October 2021 a PIL was also filed in the Himachal Pradesh High Court which re-ignited the quest for recognizing Pahari (Himachali) or Western Pahari dialect chain spoken in Himachal as one of official languages of Himachal Pradesh.The petitioners through the PIL also requested the court to direct the State government to promote Pahari (Himachali) and other local languages as the medium of instruction in primary and middle-level schools as per the National Education Policy, 2020. As well as also prayed that the court direct the state government to include Pahari (Himachali) language as a separate category for the 2021 Census of India and simultaneously undertake an awareness campaign to create awareness amongst the masses, especially the youth of the State who speak Pahari (Himachali), to get it marked as their mother tongue in the upcoming Census. A bench of Chief Justice Mohammad Rafiq and Justice Sabina while disposing off the PIL stated,“The direction as has been prayed for, cannot be issued to the State Government until and unless it is established on record that the Pahari (Himachali) language has its own script and that a common Pahari dialect is spoken throughout the State of Himachal Pradesh.  We, however, set the petitioner at liberty to approach the Department of Language Art & Culture to the Government of Himachal Pradesh with his demand for undertaking research to promote a common Pahari (Himachali) nuclear language structure and nuclear Tankri script. If the petitioner approaches the respondents-State through its Additional Chief Secretary (Language Art & Culture) to the Government of Himachal Pradesh) for the prayer made in the Civil Writ Public Interest Litigation, it would be for the said authority to consider the same in accordance with the law.” Additionally, the petition had emphasised that Sanskrit, which is the second official language of the state, had only 936 speakers according to the 2011 census and Pahari (Himachali) dialect chain which is spoken by more than 40 lakh people was being neglected and has not been made an official language even after having so many speakers.\n\nParagraph 22: Four days later, the ship departed Norfolk in the screen of the aircraft carrier , bound ultimately for the western Pacific. Steaming via the Panama Canal and San Diego, California, the destroyer arrived in Pearl Harbor on 25 September. She conducted training exercises there for almost a month before departing the Hawaiian Islands on 23 October in the screen of . Steaming via Eniwetok and Manus Island, she arrived in Ulithi on 5 November. There, she became a unit of Task Group (TG) 38.4, of the fast carrier task force, with which she sortied that day for a series of air strikes on targets in the Philippines. The warship returned from that foray to Ulithi on 22 November and lay at anchor there until 27 November when she got underway with Destroyer Squadron (DesRon) 60 for the Philippines. She arrived in San Pedro Bay, Leyte, on 29 November and joined the screen of TG 77.2 operating in Leyte Gulf. She returned to the anchorage at San Pedro Bay on 4 December and remained there until 6 December when she departed with TG 78.3 to support landings from Ormoc Bay on the western coast of Leyte. The troops of the United States Army's 77th Infantry Division stormed ashore unopposed on 7 December, but the Japanese mounted heavy kamikaze attacks on the supporting ships in an attempt to foil the assault. During those air raids, Walke assisted the destroyer when three kamikazes of a nine-plane raid succeeded in crashing into her. After rescuing a number of Mahans crewmen, Walke sent the stricken destroyer to the bottom with a torpedo and gunfire. The next day, en route back to San Pedro Bay, she helped to splash an attacking enemy aircraft. She safely reached her destination later that day and operated in Leyte Gulf and at San Pedro Bay until 13 December.\n\nParagraph 23: It is often held that the roots of scientific ecology may be traced back to Darwin. This contention may look convincing at first glance inasmuch as On the Origin of Species is full of observations and proposed mechanisms that clearly fit within the boundaries of modern ecology (e.g. the cat-to-clover chain – an ecological cascade) and because the term ecology was coined in 1866 by a strong proponent of Darwinism, Ernst Haeckel. However, Darwin never used the word in his writings after this year, not even in his most \"ecological\" writings such as the foreword to the English edition of Hermann Müller’s The Fertilization of Flowers (1883) or in his own treatise of earthworms and mull formation in forest soils (The formation of vegetable mould through the action of worms, 1881). Moreover, the pioneers founding ecology as a scientific discipline, such as Eugen Warming, A. F. W. Schimper, Gaston Bonnier, F.A. Forel, S.A. Forbes and Karl Möbius, made almost no reference to Darwin’s ideas in their works. This was clearly not out of ignorance or because the works of Darwin were not widespread. Some such as S.A.Forbes studying intricate food webs asked questions as yet unanswered about the instability of food chains that might persist if dominant competitors were not adapted to have self-constraint. Others focused on the dominant themes at the beginning, concern with the relationship between organism morphology and physiology on one side and environment on the other, mainly abiotic environment, hence environmental selection. Darwin’s concept of natural selection on the other hand focused primarily on competition. The mechanisms other than competition that he described, primarily the divergence of character which can reduce competition and his statement that \"struggle\" as he used it was metaphorical and thus included environmental selection, were given less emphasis in the Origin than competition. Despite most portrayals of Darwin conveying him as a non-aggressive recluse who let others fight his battles, Darwin remained all his life a man nearly obsessed with the ideas of competition, struggle and conquest – with all forms of human contact as confrontation.\n\nParagraph 24: The Rabbit Ears Pass area covers 56 square miles in north central Colorado at the junction of the Rabbit Ears Range and the Park Range. The Rabbit Ear Pass highway, which is one of the most important transcontinental road links in the nation, was built by the state of Colorado, Routt, Grand, and Jackson counties, and the United States Forest Service. It was started in 1911 and was not completed until 1917. Present work is along lines of reducing curves and improving the roadbed. The road connects Routt with Jackson and Grand counties and furnishes direct connection with Denver by way of Kremmling and Berthoud Pass, where the main range is crossed again. The pass straddles the Continental Divide at the southern end of the Park Range. The name is taken from nearby Rabbit Ears Peak, a mountain in Jackson County, CO in the Park Range to the north that is prominently visible from the east side of the pass during good weather. The pass separates the upper basin of the Yampa River on the west from North Park and the upper basin of the North Platte River on the east. U.S. Highway 40 travels over the pass between Steamboat Springs and Kremmling; this is one of three crossings of the Continental Divide along the highway, along with nearby Muddy Pass to the southeast and the much higher Berthoud Pass closer to Denver.\n\nParagraph 25: At the 1715 general election he was returned again for Wilton and voted regularly with the Administration. He became Colonel of the Princess of Wales's Own Regiment of Horse in 1715 and served in the Jacobite Rebellion. He was said to have lost over £50,000 in the South Sea Bubble. He was returned again for Wilton at the 1722 general election. He became Colonel of Prince George of Denmark's Regiment in 1726. At the 1727 general election he was returned as a Member of Parliament for the notorious rotten borough of Old Sarum in Wiltshire. In 1728 he was appointed Governor of the Leeward Islands and vacated his seat in the House of Commons.\n\nParagraph 26: The land on which the village of Amissville is now situated was part of the 5.3 million acre Northern Neck Proprietary owned in the 1700s by Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron. In 1649 King Charles II of England, then in exile in France after the execution of his father, Charles I, had given this unmapped and unsettled region to seven loyal supporters. By 1688 the proprietary was owned solely by Thomas Lord Culpeper whose only child married Thomas 5th Lord Fairfax in 1690. They acquired the proprietary on the death of Lord Culpeper and the region became synonymous with the Fairfax name. In 1719, Thomas 6th Lord Fairfax inherited the land. During 1747 to 1766, Lord Fairfax granted land that encompassed the area of today's Amissville to five individuals: Thomas Burk received 200 acres, Samuel Scott received 270 acres and 470 acres, James Genn received two grants of 400 acres each, Gabriel Jones received 380 acres, and Philip Edward Jones received 452 acres. It is widely believed that individuals with surnames Amiss and Bayse received land grants from Lord Fairfax in the Amissville area. However, there are no grants to anyone with these surnames recorded in the Virginia Colonial land grant books maintained by the Library of Virginia. Rather, Joseph Amiss and Edmond Bayse purchased existing land grants. On 14 July 1766 Joseph Amiss purchased, for 40 pounds, the 380 acres that had been granted to Gabriel Jones. On 15 October 1770 Edmond Bayse purchased, for 90 pounds, the 800 acres that had been granted to James Genn. On 1 July 1794, Joseph Amiss distributed his land and slaves as gifts to his three living sons William, Philip, and Thomas, and his grandsons William (son of William) and John (son of Thomas). In return, Joseph and his wife Constant were given a life estate to the property (10)Constant is believed to have been a daughter of Gabriel Jones. The sons and grandsons and their children purchased additional land in the Amissville area. On 20 April 1778, Edmond Bayse gave his son Elijamon 190 acres of the 800 acres that Edmond had acquired in 1770. This was the northern part of the 800 acres, located adjacent to today's Route 211. Although Elijamon sold this land in 1789, he and his children acquired other land in the Amissville area and became major landowners. The post office was established on 2 October 1810, with Thomas Amiss as its first postmaster. In 1854, Amissville was described as a small post-village with about 75 inhabitants.\n\nParagraph 27: Low Coniscliffe is a village in the civil parish of Low Coniscliffe and Merrybent, in County Durham, England. The population of the civil parish taken at the 2011 Census was 716. It is situated west of Darlington. Its present built-up area is confined in practice between the A1, the A67 and the Tees, but its old boundaries probably extend much further. Its most obvious landmark on the A67 is the Baydale Beck Inn. The village contains a couple of listed buildings and the probable site of a medieval manor house. There was once a gallows in the village. A rare fungus Rhodotus palmatus was found nearby.\n\nParagraph 28: Since the 11th century, some cities of central-northern Italy such as Arezzo, Pisa, Bologna had been the centre of the study of Roman law, after the was rediscovered in western Europe. In the second half of the 11th century and at the beginning of the 12th century Roman law was generally studied and applied only in the cities (seat of the diocese) in which there was an imperial Prefecture, where imperial and ecclesiastical jurists (and courts) coexisted (such as Pisa and Bologna), with mutual interference. However, from the first editorial stages of the it is clear that Gratian had little knowledge of Roman law and that he had a great sense of depth in the disputes dealt with in the ecclesiastical seats, especially in the appeal judgments dealt with in the Roman curia. Therefore, some scholars today exclude that he was trained in Justinian Roman law and that (at the beginning of his career) he worked mainly in certain cities (such as Arezzo, Pisa or Bologna) where Roman law was known and applied for years, it being plausible that he came from an episcopal city in which all jurisdiction, both civil and ecclesiastical, was dealt with by the only court present: the ecclesiastical one. Perhaps also for this reason he feels the need to create a legal work to be applied only in ecclesial courts and only for cases relating to canon law, putting an end to the mixture between civil and ecclesiastical jurisdictions. It is no coincidence that Dante Alighieri writes that he helped \"one and the other forum\", that is, he separated the canonical jurisdiction from the civil one. Gratian's work was an attempt, using early scholastic method, to reconcile seemingly contradictory canons from previous centuries. Gratian quoted a great number of authorities, including the Bible, papal and conciliar legislation, church fathers such as Augustine of Hippo, and secular law in his efforts to reconcile the canons. Gratian found a place in Dante's Paradise among the doctors of the Church: \n\nParagraph 29: Pedro de Alvarado and his army advanced along the Pacific coast unopposed until they reached the Samalá River in western Guatemala. This region formed a part of the Kʼicheʼ kingdom, and a Kʼicheʼ army tried unsuccessfully to prevent the Spanish from crossing the river. Once across, the conquistadors ransacked nearby settlements in an effort to terrorise the Kʼicheʼ. On 8 February 1524 Alvarado's army fought a battle at Xetulul, called Zapotitlán by his Mexican allies (modern San Francisco Zapotitlán). Although suffering many injuries inflicted by defending Kʼicheʼ archers, the Spanish and their allies stormed the town and set up camp in the marketplace. Alvarado then turned to head upriver into the Sierra Madre mountains towards the Kʼicheʼ heartlands, crossing the pass into the fertile valley of Quetzaltenango. On 12 February 1524 Alvarado's Mexican allies were ambushed in the pass and driven back by Kʼicheʼ warriors but the Spanish cavalry charge that followed was a shock for the Kʼicheʼ, who had never before seen horses. The cavalry scattered the Kʼicheʼ and the army crossed to the city of Xelaju (modern Quetzaltenango) only to find it deserted. Although the common view is that the Kʼicheʼ prince Tecun Uman died in the later battle near Olintepeque, the Spanish accounts are clear that at least one and possibly two of the lords of Qʼumarkaj died in the fierce battles upon the initial approach to Quetzaltenango. The death of Tecun Uman is said to have taken place in the battle of El Pinar, and local tradition has his death taking place on the Llanos de Urbina (Plains of Urbina), upon the approach to Quetzaltenango near the modern village of Cantel. Pedro de Alvarado, in his third letter to Hernán Cortés, describes the death of one of the four lords of Qʼumarkaj upon the approach to Quetzaltenango. The letter was dated 11 April 1524 and was written during his stay at Qʼumarkaj. Almost a week later, on 18 February 1524, a Kʼicheʼ army confronted the Spanish army in the Quetzaltenango valley and were comprehensively defeated; many Kʼicheʼ nobles were among the dead. Such were the numbers of Kʼicheʼ dead that Olintepeque was given the name Xequiquel, roughly meaning \"bathed in blood\". In the early 17th century, the grandson of the Kʼicheʼ king informed the alcalde mayor (the highest colonial official at the time) that the Kʼicheʼ army that had marched out of Qʼumarkaj to confront the invaders numbered 30,000 warriors, a claim that is considered credible by modern scholars. This battle exhausted the Kʼicheʼ militarily and they asked for peace and offered tribute, inviting Pedro de Alvarado into their capital Qʼumarkaj, which was known as Tecpan Utatlan to the Nahuatl-speaking allies of the Spanish. Alvarado was deeply suspicious of the Kʼicheʼ intentions but accepted the offer and marched to Qʼumarkaj with his army.\n\nParagraph 30: Since 2010, there have been numerous instances of tourist murders. On 27 August 2010, an Italian tourist, Emiliano Astore, was murdered on his boat anchored off Margarita Island in an apparent robbery. Two police officers and a civilian were arrested. A third officer was implicated in the \"exploitation of objects\" from the crime. On 18 July 2011, 28-year-old Briton Tom Ossel was killed resisting seven armed robbers who had tricked their way into the Posada Casa Rosa backpackers' hotel in Playa El Agua before they took the guests hostage and raiding rooms for valuables. On 29 March 2011, French tourist Yves Le Bras was murdered in a robbery at the Laguna Mar hotel, while he and his wife dined at the Guacuco restaurant. In March 2011, Belgian tourist Philippe Bonne was murdered while eating in a fast food outlet in Playa El Agua, Margarita. On 20 January 2012, about 30 or 35 Brazilian tourists were robbed in their hotel in Antolin del Campo, Margarita, by a gang of between 13 and 15 armed robbers. On 3 September 2013, a Dutch sailor was killed on his yacht while resisting armed robbers attempting to board his boat. On 7 February 2014, a few hours after arriving on the island, German cruise ship passenger Horst Kurt Fritz was killed by two gunmen on a motorcycle at a shop near the Sambil shopping center.\n\nThe following is an abstract.\n\nIn this text, it is mentioned that with war approaching, Monrad formed a government despite the advice of other National Liberal leaders. He became the Danish state leader during the early part of the Second Schleswig War but was criticized for being indecisive during critical moments. During an armistice, he let the king decide on a peace proposal that was ultimately rejected, leading to the continuation of the war and further military defeat. Monrad and his government were dismissed by the king, and the Peace of Vienna resulted in the loss of much of Denmark's territory and its relegation to a minor power. Monrad gave a speech in Parliament calling for continued resistance and against ratifying the peace treaty, even if it seemed like madness to do so.\n\nPlease enter the number of the paragraph that the abstract is from. The answer format must be like \"Paragraph 1\", \"Paragraph 2\", etc.\n\nThe answer is: "} {"question_id": 60, "category": "longbench_passage_retrieval_en", "reference": ["Paragraph 25"], "prompt": "Here are 30 paragraphs from Wikipedia, along with an abstract. Please determine which paragraph the abstract is from.\n\nParagraph 1: Pocahontas was the subject of widespread media coverage between May and July 1921 due to mechanical problems, sabotage and mutiny. The vessel left New York on 23 May 1921 en route to Naples. On 25 May, she was anchored off Nobska Point in Vineyard Sound in need of repair. A gang of boilermakers and mechanics boarded the ship to make repairs en route to Boston. Further repairs were undertaken in the Azores in June. The vessel did not arrive in Naples until 4 July, spending 43 days at sea. It was later reported that the vessel had been subject to sabotage and that some of the crew \"began to threaten the commander and to damage the machinery and the electric light apparatus and even attempt ... to sink the steamer\" Just before entering Naples, the assistant engineer drowned when he jumped overboard. On arrival in Naples, the ship's captain submitted a full report to the American consul, who conducted an investigation. The crew, in turn, filed charges of cruelty against the captain with the Italian authorities. While the crew were returned to the United States, the ship was repaired in Naples. A \"great deal\" of cotton waste was found in the steamer's pumps, but otherwise it suffered only minor damage. Although she was due to sail for New York on 31 July, the ship was ordered to stay in port pending payment of debts incurred in relation to the repair work. The total repair bill amounted to 2,700,000 lire. Despite intervention from the American consul, the ship did not sail until 8 September. Due to frequent bunker fires, however, the ship was considered to be in worse condition \"than when it was in drydock\". The vessel was again laid up on 22 September, this time in Gibraltar, having suffered further damage to her machinery. Passengers were transferred to other vessels. The ship then remained inactive until she was sold in 1922.\n\nParagraph 2: currently engaged to Tanya. Shortly after Dana and Tanya announce their engagement, Alice visits Dana to tell her she can't marry Tanya and impulsively kisses her, and their true feelings for one another are revealed as Dana kisses her back. Dana eventually splits up with Tanya (made easier when Tanya casually admits she had been cheating on Dana, implying that Tanya was only interested in Dana for her fame). Though the two seem happy in their relationship, Dana's ex Lara comes back at the end of the second season, raising Alice's suspicions, particularly when Dana shows surprise at Alice's suggestion that they live together and refuses to say she loves her. Though Dana confides in Alice that she wants to visit Lara to talk and get closure on their past relationship, Alice's fears are realized when it is revealed in the third season that Dana's dinner with Lara was Lara's attempt to resume their relationship knowing that Alice is with Dana. As a result, Alice is subsequently left devastated to the point of stalking and obsessing over Dana despite her friends' attempts to get her to move on. Alice has a brief affair with a woman named Uta, whom Alice becomes convinced is a vampire, and is slowly able to overcome her heartbreak, but Dana is later diagnosed with terminal breast cancer, and in her depression she shuns Lara, telling her to leave and find someone else, and turns to Alice for support. Alice and Dana's friends all provide her with love and friendship during her final weeks. After Dana dies Alice and the others are devastated. They attend her visitation but are treated as secondary people by not being allowed to sit near the front, which was for \"close friends and relatives\". During the service the minister said Dana could have found a man to care for her, which does not go over well with her friends and ends with Alice standing up and proclaiming that \"Dana was Gay\" and then leaving the room.\n\nParagraph 3: In a traditional RISC design, better referred to as load-store architecture, memory is accessed explicitly through commands that load data into registers and back out to memory. Instructions that manipulate those data generally work solely on the registers. This allows the processor to clearly separate the movement of data from the processing done on it, making it easier to tune the instruction pipelines and add superscalar support. However, programming languages do not actually operate in this fashion. Generally they use a stack containing local variables and other information for subroutines known as a stack frame or activation record. The compiler writes code to create activation records using the underlying processor's load-store design.\n\nParagraph 4: On his fifteenth birthday, he discovered that he was not related to his mother, Akane, and his sister, Rumi. His actual parents were Akane's best friends, Ryousuke and Haru. When Bossun was about to be born, his parents died in two separate accidents. His father died while saving a child, and his mother died from giving birth. He ran away from home and wandered around aimlessly. After meeting Taisuke Mishima, the child who his father had saved, Bossun received the present that Ryousuke had meant to give to Haru after the birth. Bossun read the letters, saying about how he should help other people. However, in anger, he flung down the letters and claimed that he would only live for himself. After watching a student his age be bullied (it was actually Tsubaki, but he had longer hair and glasses then, so they didn't recognize each other after they met again), he discovered that he had truly inherited his parents' blood because he couldn't resist helping other people. He, later on, returned to Akane and Rumi, and continued to live with them. Bossun continued to believe that he was alone in the world, before the doctor who had helped deliver him came to him on his 17th birthday and told him that he had a younger twin brother. As a result, he realized that his brother was actually Tsubaki Sasuke from the Student Council. Bossun felt deep down that he had already known because everybody kept saying that they were similar. Despite knowing that they were brothers, both Tsubaki and Bossun continue to have an awkward rivalry with each other, often breaking into fights, but slowly getting closer, as brothers should. He also has inherited some behavior from Akane having shown that whenever she yells at Bossun at some point she would end up saying \"dummy\" repeatedly. He has shown a great assortment of talents, such as being able to draw as well as a manga artist, able to make origami be extremely lifelike, and being excellent at riddles, the second-best in the school. He is the older twin of Tsubaki, he is slightly lazier and childish than him, but he can be mature when in a serious case, also he is more creative than Tsubaki. In the last chapter of the manga, he graduated from Kaimei High School and Himeko revealed her true feelings for him. He is last seen living in the United States helping two children crying near a road.\n\nParagraph 5: São Paulo LGBTQ Pride Parade () is an annual gay pride parade that has taken place in Avenida Paulista, in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, since 1997. It is South America’s largest Pride parade, and is listed by Guinness World Records as the biggest pride parade in the world starting in 2006 with 2.5 million people. They broke the Guinness record in 2009 with four million attendees. They have kept the title from 2006 to at least 2016. They had five million attendants in 2017. As of 2019 it has three to five million attendants each year. In 2019, it was also the second larger event of the city of São Paulo in terms of total revenue (after Carnaval) and the first in terms of daily revenue. In 2010, the city hall of São Paulo invested 1 million reais in the parade. According to the LGBT app Grindr, the gay parade of the city was elected the best in the world.\n\nParagraph 6: Russ Breimeier of Christianity Today stated \"Things are off to a strong start for 24-year-old singer/songwriter Jon McLaughlin from Anderson, Indiana. After opening for the likes of O.A.R., Live, and Marc Broussard, his debut album (named for his home state) released to the mainstream last May. Much like his friend and tour mate Matt Wertz, McLaughlin offers subtle expressions of faith, but they still inform his broad spectrum of songwriting. All of this is delivered with impressive piano pop reminiscent of Ben Folds and Gabe Dixon crossed with Scott Krippayne and Mark Schultz—the piano runs in 'People' and 'Industry' would impress even Bruce Hornsby. It's a nice alternative to all the Jack Johnson and John Mayer copycats out there. Though some of the pop songs are as predictable as average Christian adult contemporary, the strong production values by Greg Wells (Rufus Wainwright, Natasha Bedingfield) and Jamie Houston (Jessica Simpson, Macy Gray) helps elevate it. McLaughlin's considerable skills shine, enough so to make you glad that he's using his talents to reach a broader audience.\" JesusFreakHideout's Jessica Gregorious claimed \"The debut from this Indiana-bred singer and songwriter is proof that he finished at the top of his class at Anderson University. A musician with this much talent needs not go unnoticed. Indiana is, if anything, a fresh take on a fairly overplayed genre. It was easy to fully expect another pop record with the same old thing we hear over and over, but this album offers much more than your typical ballads on love and life. Indiana is one everyone can relate to, young or old. If you were going to invest in a pop/rock record this year, look no further. Not only does Jon McLaughlin offer up piano-playing talent on a silver platter, he offers an acceptable and more artistic alternative to the likes of Gavin DeGraw and Josh Kelley.\" AllMusic said \"Not to be confused with the innovative jazz guitarist of the same (differently spelled) name, Jon McLaughlin is a young singer-songwriter with a knack for catchy pop songs and earnest sentiments. McLaughlin's debut album Indiana, named after his home state, is packed with tunes that tackle love, loss, family, and friends with all the honesty and ardor of a young troubadour setting out to make his mark with nothing but a piano and some great pop hooks. Indiana is a promising first effort from an artist who should appeal to both pop aficionados and singer-songwriter fans.\"\n\nParagraph 7: In early 2008, CDTA announced that it was going forward with the bus rapid transit line on NY 5, which included 19 upgraded stations. NY 5 BRT service began on Monday, April 4, 2011, with new silver and red-branded Gillig 40-foot hybrid buses, numbered Route #905 and referred to as BusPlus. When NY 5 BusPlus service began, Route #55 was renumbered Route #355 and shortened to provide Rt. 5 local service, between Downtown Schenectady and Colonie Center. Route #1 continues to provide Rt. 5 local service between Downtown Albany and Colonie Center. Route #55x (the Schenectady/Albany Express buses) was replaced with Routes #530, #531 and #532 (Route #532 was merged with Route #531 on November 13, 2011). Route #2 was replaced with Routes #125 and #138 during Phase 1 of the Albany County Route Restructuring in November 2011. BusPlus service runs the entire length of the Route 5 corridor, although it currently operates differently from the original plans. In the short term, transit signal priority and queue jump lanes are being constructed and will be rolled out as features of the bus rapid transit service. Although it is called bus rapid transit, Route #905 is more of an enhanced limited-stop service than an actual BRT service, with only 19 stops between Downtown Schenectady and Downtown Albany. Improvements and expansions to BusPlus are still in planning, with proposed lines along the Washington Ave./Western Ave. corridor in Albany and along the NY 32/Broadway corridor between Downtown Albany, Menands and Troy/Cohoes. In November 2020, the BRT BusPlus Service was expanded from one to three routes with #905 being referred to as the \"Red Line\" and the two new routes that operate along the NY 32/Broadway corridor between Downtown Albany, Menands, and Troy/Cohoes, #922 & #923, as the \"Blue Line\". The proposed line along the Washington Ave./Western Ave. corridor is being referred to as the \"Purple Line\".\n\nParagraph 8: By contrast with its competitors, CBS had contributed a scant number of made-for-TV feature-length films; and what little they had scheduled were mostly produced in association with independent companies like QM Productions, or CBS-owned Cinema Center Films, through its television film unit, Cinema Center 100. However, four years earlier, CBS had entered into an agreement with Universal to contribute $340,000 to the studio's million-dollar budgeted remake of the classic western The Plainsman (1966). In return, CBS was granted the right to exclusively premiere the film as a Thursday Night Movie telecast. However, once production was completed and The Plainsman was screened for Universal's top brass, they concluded they had a hit movie on their hands. Thus, the studio re-negotiated with CBS to drop its commitment to run the film first so that Universal could instead open The Plainsman in theaters. The network agreed, but only on condition Universal promise in return \"to give [CBS] an existing feature film from their backlog.\" (That replacement feature turned out to be the 1950 fantasy Harvey, starring James Stewart.) Nevertheless, CBS vice-president Michael Dann, a fan of the TV-movie innovation, predicted two months afterward that in the near-future \"the studios will be making 50 to 75 such pictures a year.\" The 1970-71 season would prove him correct. And when the Thursday Night Movie opened its fall schedule with the premiere of a low-budget, made-for-TV movie, rather than a proven Hollywood blockbuster guaranteed to lure mass viewership, it became CBS's way of declaring its commitment to product that, although cheaply manufactured, was nevertheless new and topical. In this case, the movie was The Brotherhood of the Bell, and the film's star was Glenn Ford, a movie actor who had never appeared in a television-film. In fact, before shooting on the project even began, Ford had been warned by friends in the industry that he would hate the experience. Instead, the actor reported that \"it was five of the most enjoyable weeks I've ever spent working...it was a good solid script with people like Maurice Evans and Dean Jagger working with me.\" The film received respectable notices from the critics, and its reputation has grown ever since. In 1986, for example, critic David Deal would label Brotherhood \"one of the very best television movies of the era...a first-rate production.\" And in recent years, it has acquired the reputation of a conspiracy-theory cult classic. As a result of the film's success, the new season would witness CBS's determination to increase its output of works produced directly for television—especially during late February to early April 1971, when 5 out of 11 features shown were made-for-TV world premieres.\n\nParagraph 9: Gaston Le Breton (1845-1920) - Léon de Vesly (1844-1920) - André Dubosc (-1935) - Georges Dubosc (1854-1927) - Raoul Aubé (1846-1921) - Édouard Duveau (1839-1917) - Narcisse Beaurain - Edmond Bonet - Émile Bellon - Charles Collette - G. Debray - Louis Deglatigny (1854-1936) - François Depeaux (1853-1920) - F. Devaux - Ernest Fauquet - Eugène Fauquet (1850-1926) - J. Félix - J.-B. Faucher - A. Fleury - Albert Fromage (1843-1904) - R. Garreta - Onésime Geoffroy - Émile Janet - Jules Lecerf - Lucien Lefort (1850-1916) - Legrip - Ferdinand Marrou (1836-1917) - G. Moïse - V. Quesné - Paul Toutain - A. Witz - Marie - Raoul Brunon (1854-1929) - Balley - Antonio Keittinger (1855-1902) - Henri Delamare - Paul Brunon - Gustave Leseigneur - Ruel Martin - René Martin - François Hue - Levesque - Élie Percepied - Édouard Pelay (1842-1921) - Ferdinand Coutan (1852-1952) - Leverdier - Desmonts - Guérin - Jean Lafond (1888-1975) - Émile Schneider - Georges Lemeilleur - Henri Gadeau de Kerville (1858-1940) - Le Testu - Émile Bellon - Marcel Cartier (1861-1926) - Émile Fauquet - Chivet - Julien Loth (1837-1913) - Héron - Paul Pinchon - Roncero y Martinez - Lamain - Paul Piquet - Henri Hie - Marcel Nicolle (1871-1934) - G. Laurent - Lancesseur - Lassire - Héaullé - Denize - J. Fontaine - Brunet-Debaines - A. de Rothiacob - Albert Lambert - Chédanne - Lestringant - Raymond Loisel - Delarue - G. Vallée - Le Villain - Laborde - Latouche - Heurion - Lefèvre-Mézand - Ernest Delaunay (1854-1939) - Armand Descande - Paul Barre - E. Simon - A? Boutrolle - Julien Robert - Montier - Morel - Dardel - Lamy - Léon Coutil (1856-1943) - Richard Waddington (1838-1913) - François-Xavier Knieder (-1904) - Lucien Deglatigny - C. Caill - Louvet-Renaux - G. Girieud - Lambard - Thénard - Édouard Delabarre (1871-1951) - Abel Blanchet - Georges de Robillard de Beaurepaire (1863-1941) - Verpillot - Keittinger - Daniel Lenoir - Calippe - Paissard - Stanislas Villette - Mainnemare - Charles Leblond - Robert Lesage - Louis Dupendant - Laurent Trévoux - Pierre Le Verdier - Bernard Héronchelle - Lesourd - Giraud - Augé - Robert de Pomereu (1860-1937) - G. Chavoutier - Ridel - Gaston Lévy - Bonet-Paon - Le Plé - Le Bocq - Auguste Jeanne - Wilhelm - Ravenez - Henri Cavrel - Maurice Lemarchand - Paul Baudoüin (1844-1931) - Sevin - Augustin Le Marchand - A. Chevalier - Martin - Allais - Auguste Leblond - Georges Ruel (1860-1942) - Georges Privey - Gaston Bertel - Armand Le Corbeiller - Vaumousse - Hoffman - Georges Monflier - Georges Drouet - Achille Manchon - Louis Prévost - H. Godron - Manfred Wanckel - Georges Delacaisse - Pierre Derocque (1872-1934) - Maurice Nibelle (1860-1933) - Foucher fils - Henri Geispitz - Octave Marais - Henri Huet - G.-A. Godillot - André Dubosc - Joseph Dépinay - Taupin - Laquerière - Ch. Sahut - Pierre Chirol (1881-1953) - Albert Letourneur - Roussel - Bourgeois - Cartier - Maurice Allinne (1868-1942) - Jean-Pierre Bardet (1937-) - Louis Boucher (1857-1940) - Raymonde Bouttier (-1997) - Charles Brisson (1890-1979) - Alfred Cerné (1856-1937) - Élisabeth Chirol (1915-2001) - Louis Dubreuil (1873-1943) - Jeanne Dupic (1901–1984) - Henri Labrosse (1880-1942) - Daniel Lavallée (1925-1989) - Paul Le Cacheux (1873-1938) - Georges Liebert (-1951) - Raymond Quenedey (1868-1938) - Patrice Quéréel (1946-2015) - René Rouault de la Vigne (1889-1985) - Georges Vanier (1877-1961) - Pierre-René Wolf (1899-1972) - Lucien-René Delsalle (1935-2018)\n\nParagraph 10: The final section of the road was a late creation, consisting of a road laid out in 1805 when Morfe Heath was enclosed (as far as Six Ashes and then various existing roads for the rest of its route. This was turnpiked in 1816 and remained under the control of a trust until 1877. It terminates in the Quinton area on Halesowen's border with Birmingham and Oldbury. The split junction with Stourbridge Ring Road on the western side of the town replaced the formerly two way narrow section of the road but which necessitated the demolition of buildings on the new alignment.\n\nParagraph 11: Wessel, Duval & Co. was founded in Boston, Massachusetts in 1825 Augustus Hemenway (Edward Augustus Holyoke Hemenway) (1805-1876) as Hemenway & Co.. Augustus Hemenway started the shipping company to move his timber products to markets. Augustus Hemenway had timberland in Maine and started his schooner shipping company to take timber to Eastcoast ports. Later he opened a sugar plant in Cuba, his ships would take lumber to Cuba and bring back sugar. Next, he expanded his timber products to Argentina and other Western South American ports. By 1828 the company expanded to Valparaiso, Chile. Augustus Hemenway married into a Boston merchant family, marrying Mary Tileston (1820-1894) in 1840. In 1865 Héctor Beéche (?-1914) became a partner in the firm and a subsidiary company, Wessel, Duval y Cía, was founded in Chile by Charles P. Hemenway, Augustus's brother. Charles had acted on Augustus' behalf in other matters as needed and became a partner in 1870. T. Quincy Browne became a partner in 1870 also and for a few years the firm was called Hemenway & Browne. In 1875 William Muller joined as a partner, the name returned to Hemenway & Co. Augustus Hemenway died in Cuba in 1876. The partnership continued as Hemenway & Co. till 1885. In 1885 Muller retired and Carlos Wolff joined the partnership, the company name was changed to Hemenway, Beeche and Co.. In 1888 Peter \"Perdo\" M. Wessel (1851-1821) joined the partnership and the company name was changed to Browne, Beeche and Co.. In 1891 a New York City office was opened on 68 Brad Street, and most key workers moved to New York. The next year the Boston office was closed. In 1896 Wolff retired and in 1897 George L. Duval (1855-1931), W. L. Parker, and q became partners. With the new partners, the company name was changed to Beeche and Co.. In 1905 T. F. Budge and Robert Jaffray became partners. In 1907 the company name was changed to Wessel, Duval & Co. In the 1900s the company moved from sailing ships to steamships and opened a new West Coast Line at 47 Cedar Street, later moved to 1 Broadway. The West Coast Line started regular service from New York City to Valparaiso and Callao, Peru. West Coast Line main cargo was railroad and mining equipment to the expanding business in Chile and Peru, along with general cargo. The Chile rail firm, Ferrocarril del Llano de Maipo in Santiago used Wessel, Duval & Co. to import their railroad equipment in 1890. The return cargo from Chile was nitrate of soda. The West Coast Line chartered steamship as needed and was the US manager and agent for other shipping lines. West Coast Line also shipped UK and US coal for coal ships and to nations. For the West coast of South America both the steamer and sail ships used the starits of Magellan, this changed on August 15, 1914, with the opening of the Panama Canal, some routes began to use the Panama Canal cutting about 10,000 miles off the trip. The outbreak of World War I changed service, some charted ships were requisition by their home country, and the United States Shipping Board, gave some ships to the Line to operate for the War effort. Normal operations did not return till 1924, all post-war work have been completed. In from 1920 to 1932, West Coast Line was the US agent for Compania Sud Americana de Vapores, the South America Steamship Company of Chile. South America Steamship Company had luxury passenger service to and from Chile and New York City, on a fleet of luxury steamers: SS Renaico, SS Aconcagua and SS Teno. During World War II Wessel Duval & Company operated ships to support the war in the Pacific War and European theatre. Wessel, Duval & Co. operated some ships in the support of Korean war in the early 1950s. As ships aged and were retired Wessel, Duval & Co. has moved into media, advertising and marketing.\n\nParagraph 12: The huayru is a dice game played in South America at funerals. The game is traditionally played with llama bones, as they are believed to have a special power to attract the soul of the deceased. There are many reasons for the playing of this game, but all of which revolve around divining the will of the recently deceased. There is an example of how the huayru game was used in order to divine the fate of the community during an ecuadorian agrarian reform, and interpreted the dice throw as the deceased being unhappy with the direction the community was heading. This shows that the game provided a link between the living and the deceased, with the game serving as a way to communicate and receive guidance. The game also represents the journey of the deceased, with the dice representing llamas that undertake a journey throughout places associated with commodities such as a silver mine, and it is this journey that introduces ambiguity into the game. The players of the game try to influence the results of the dice by offering prayers or pouring libations, indicating it is a game of chance. This is in contrast to the cultural context of the game, where the deceased is the one who controls how the dice fall, and the players react as such, beating on the corpse of the deceased and questioning why it wishes them to fail if the dice do not fall in their favour. The dice themselves in some cultures instead are carved out of manioc or plantain as opposed to llama bones, and are carved in the shape of a canoe. Both llamas and canoes hold significance as they are both symbols of travel, with both llamas and canoes being used to carry cargo long distances, and so the playing of the game assists the soul of the deceased on its journey. For some Amazonian societies, the symbol is more powerful as the corpse of the deceased is placed in a hollowed tree called a canoe.\n\nParagraph 13: The majority of the main characters in Robin Hood are based on the English folk tale of the same name. The title character (Jonas Armstrong) has returned to England after five years fighting in the Third Crusade as part of the King's Guard. He is shocked to find the Sheriff of Nottingham, Vaisey (Keith Allen), running the town with an iron fist upon his return. Robin is soon made an outlaw, and takes it upon himself to steal from the rich to feed the poor along with his gang, which consists of his best friend Much (Sam Troughton); two young men he saved from hanging, Will Scarlett (Harry Lloyd) and Allan A Dale (Joe Armstrong); the ex-leader of a band of outlaws already in the woods, Little John (Gordon Kennedy); and another young man named Roy (short for \"Royston White\") (William Beck), who is killed in episode 4, and replaced in episode 5 by Djaq (Anjali Jay), a Saracen slave using the alias of her dead brother. Robin is pleased to find that Lady Marian (Lucy Griffiths) is still unmarried. It is hinted that they had previously been romantically linked in their youth, prior to Robin leaving to fight in the Holy Land. Their relationship upon his return is strained, but develops into a friendship. Their relationship comes to a dramatic climax in the series one finale, both admitting their love for one another. A love triangle challenges their relationship in series two with Marian becoming closer to the Sheriff's second-in-command, Sir Guy of Gisborne (Richard Armitage). Guy often puts Marian in difficult situations where she has to appear to help him, when actually working to protect Robin and the people of Nottingham. Marian has her own alias,'The night watchman' dubbed by the people she secretly helps; Robin is initially unaware, until her identity is revealed in episode three of the first season. The Sheriff plots to kill King Richard (played by Steven Waddington) in his role as leader of the Black Knights, who wish to place Prince John on the throne. The Sheriff constantly tries to capture or kill Robin and the outlaws for continuously interfering in his scheme to take over England. The second series sees the Sheriff step up his plans to take control, finally culminating in a battle in the Holy Land. As the outlaws foil the Sheriff's attack on King Richard with aid from Marian who is killed by Guy of Gisborne whilst she is protecting the injured King. Robin and Marian are married as she lies dying, with the outlaw gang as witnesses. Djaq and Will, now together, decide to stay in the Holy Land after they encounter a friend of Djaq's uncle.\n\nParagraph 14: The German Bettina Hoy was initially awarded first place. During the first jumping phase, she received 14 time penalty points in an otherwise flawless round. This put her in eighth place going into the final phase. The Germans appealed those points, noting that the time on which the points had been assigned (the time from when Hoy had first crossed the starting line) was not the same time as the time displayed on the stadium clock and which Hoy had thought was the official time. The clock had been reset and displayed the time from when Hoy had crossed the starting line the second time, which was when she began her jumps. These points were then rescinded by the Jury of Appeal, which put Hoy in second place only 2.20 points behind the then-leader. In the final jumping phase, Hoy moved into first place and was awarded the gold medal on 18 August. The Court of Arbitration for Sport ruled on 21 August that the appeal had been incorrectly upheld and ordered that the 14 points be returned to Hoy's score. This stripped her of her medal and put her in ninth place.\n\nParagraph 15: The source of the commotion is a group of men pursuing a young woman who is swimming frantically away from the other ship. Templar rescues the woman who, after some considerable hesitation, identifies herself as Loretta Page, a private detective who is investigating the mysterious disappearance of sunken treasure from the Atlantic. When she learns her rescuer is The Saint, she enlists his help in tracking down a group of modern-day pirates. These pirates, led by Kurt Vogel, are using newly developed bathyscape technology to reach the sea floor and scour recent shipwrecks for gold and other booty before officially sanctioned salvage operations arrive. And Vogel is not against committing cold-blooded murder to keep his operation going.\n\nParagraph 16: Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure was born into a wealthy, aristocratic, Genevan family, many of whose members were accomplished in the natural sciences, including botany. He was the second child of Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1740–1799), who was an eminent geologist, meteorologist, physicist and Alpine explorer, and Albertine-Amélie Boissier (1745–1817). His great uncle, Charles Bonnet, was a famous naturalist whose research included experiments on plant leaves. His grandfather Nicolas de Saussure was a noted agriculturist, for whom Nicolas-Théodore was named. Nicolas-Théodore was called \"Théodore\" to distinguish him from his grandfather, and he published his professional papers under the name Théodore de Saussure after his father died. (While his father was alive, Théodore's papers were published under the name \"de Saussure fils\", as was the custom of the day for the sons of scientists having the same surname. Nicolas-Théodore, his sister, Albertine, and brother, Alphonse, were educated at home because their father thought the educational system of the day was inferior. From 1782 to 1786, he attended the University of Geneva, where he studied math, science, and history. During the early years of the French Revolution he traveled abroad, meeting with eminent scientists in London. He traveled abroad again in the late 1790s, and in 1800 became acquainted with Parisian scientists and other luminaries. While there, he took courses in chemistry and presented a paper. Upon returning to Geneva in 1802, he accepted an honorary professorship of mineralogy and geology at the University of Geneva. Although he taught very little, he remained on the faculty until 1835. He lived quietly and somewhat reclusively, doing research in his own private laboratory (as was the custom for scientists of his day), but, like others in his family, he was active in public affairs in Geneva, and he served on the Genevan representative council.\n\nParagraph 17: Don and friends Cyril, Steve and Edwin are bus mechanics at the huge London Transport bus overhaul works in Aldenham, Hertfordshire. During a miserably wet British summer lunch break, Don arrives, having persuaded London Transport to lend him and his friends an AEC Regent III RT double-decker bus. They convert the bus into a holiday caravan, which they drive across continental Europe, intending to reach the South of France. On the way, they are joined by a trio of young women Sandy, Angie and Mimsie, who are a singing group Do-Re-Mi, and change their destination to Athens in Greece, which means passing through Yugoslavia. They are also joined by a runaway singer Barbara pretending to be a boy, herself being pursued by her mother Stella and agent Jerry.\n\nParagraph 18: Things change when Seibei's childhood friend Tomoe (sister of Iinuma Michinojo, one of his better, kinder samurai friends and much higher ranked in the clan) returns to town. Tomoe is atypical in that she was a tom-boy as a child and as an adult questions points of etiquette, such as obeying her elder brother's wife and not attending peasant festivals. Recently divorced from an abusive alcoholic husband (Koda, a samurai captain), Tomoe finds comfort and solace with Seibei's daughters. Tomoe's ex-husband Koda barges into the household of Michinojo in the middle of night in a drunken demand for Tomoe and challenges Michinojo to a duel which Seibei accepts on Michinojo's behalf believing Michinojo could not win. This takes place with Seibei knowing his clan forbids duels and the penalty is usually death for the winner as the loser is already dead. Michinojo arrives before Seibei and is facing Koda. Seibei interrupts and decides to use only a wooden stick whilst Koda brandishes a steel katana. Koda, after being disarmed and asked if that can be the end of it, picks up his sword so Seibei knocks him unconscious, sparing both their lives. A few days later, Captain of the Guard Yogo passes by Seibei while Seibei is working in the stores and quietly announces he is friends with Koda who has asked him for help in seeking vengeance on Seibei. Recognising that Seibei has some skill and learning that Seibei has learnt a particular style of fighting Yogo hopes they can duel someday. Seibei's workmates learn of the duel and wonder if they should stop calling him by his nickname.\n\nParagraph 19: Tree rings are especially useful as climate proxies in that they can be well-dated via dendrochronology, i.e. matching of the rings from sample to sample. This allows extension backwards in time using deceased tree samples, even using samples from buildings or from archeological digs. Another advantage of tree rings is that they are clearly demarked in annual increments, as opposed to other proxy methods such as boreholes. Furthermore, tree rings respond to multiple climatic effects (temperature, moisture, cloudiness), so that various aspects of climate (not just temperature) can be studied. However, this can be a double-edged sword.\n\nParagraph 20: A vanity plate or personalized plate (United States and Canada); prestige plate, private number plate, cherished plate or personalised registration (United Kingdom); personalised plate (Australia, New Zealand, and United Kingdom) or custom plate (Canada, Australia and New Zealand) is a special type of vehicle registration plate on an automobile or other vehicle. The owner of the vehicle pays extra money to have their own choice of numbers or letters, usually portraying a recognizable phrase, slogan, or abbreviation, on their plate. Sales of vanity plates are often a significant source of revenue for North American provincial and state licensing agencies. In some jurisdictions, such as British Columbia, vanity plates have a different color scheme and design.\n\nParagraph 21: The process of finding qualified individuals begins with call for nominations put out each spring by the Saskatchewan Honours Advisory Council, which then makes its selected recommendations to the lieutenant governor. Posthumous nominations are accepted within one year of the date of death and in 2001 the Provincial Emblems and Honours Act was amended to allow for honorary membership in the order, granted to those who are neither current nor former residents of Saskatchewan; Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, was the first honorary member of the Saskatchewan Order of Merit, having been appointed on 24 April 2001. The lieutenant governor, who is ex officio a member and the Chancellor of the Saskatchewan Order of Merit and remains a member following his or her departure from viceregal office, then makes all appointments into the fellowship's single grade of membership by letters patent bearing the viceroyal sign-manual and the Great Seal of the province; thereafter, the new Members are entitled to use the post-nominal letters SOM and have their portrait added to the Athabasca Gallery at the Saskatchewan Legislative Building.\n\nParagraph 22: In March 2016, Bonez Dubb released his first single titled \"I Can't Wait\" which was accompanied by a music video. A week later he released his second single titled \"Laid Back\". In mid/late March he released his third single titled \"Mobb Murda\" featuring Canonize Productions artist Saint Decay. On March 31, 2016, the fourth and final single was released titled \"You Ain't Real\" featuring Young Lyte and Str8 Jacket. On June 17, 2016, it was announced by Bonez Dubb that he will be releasing a new clothing line called \"Truth Clothing Company\", he will release a new music video for the song \"Laid Back\", and lastly he will release a new mixtape titled: \"Show Me The Truth\". During the AMB seminar at the 2016 Gathering of the Juggalos it was announced that Young Wicked and Bonez Dubb would be releasing solo albums. Also it was announced that Cutt & Stitched Vol. 2 would be released soon. Finally it was announced that the new Axe Murder Boyz album titled Muerte will be released in mid 2017. On September 24, 2016, Young Wicked announced that he will be headlining his own Halloween Show in Denver, Colorado on October 31, 2016, and would feature J-Dirty. On September 25, 2016, Young Wicked released the rest of the Halloween Tour dates dubbed \"Hallows Eve Slaughter Show\" running from October 28, 2016, through October 31, 2016. Bonez Dubb and Mindshot will be the supporting acts for the mini tour. Also announced was a list of tour dates for the \"Slaughter Tour\" will be released soon. The tour is to support Young Wicked's debut solo album Slaughter which was released on September 4, 2015, via solely on Psychopathic Records. On November 17, 2016, it was announced that Str8Jaket was the new in-house engineer for Psychopathic Records creating speculation if Young Wicked is a producer/engineer on the label or has been fired. Young Wicked is scheduled to perform at Twiztid's New Years Evil 9 and Twiztid's release party for The Continuous Evilution Of Life's ?'s on January 27, 2017, at The Roxy in Denver, Colorado with Boondox. Bonez Dubb is setting up a tour with Native World Inc.'s Kegan Ault. The tour is called The Wicked Wild West Tour. On December 31, 2016, it was announced that Young Wicked has signed to Majik Ninja Entertainment and has 2 new shirts available on Twiztid-Shop, as well as a brand new CD available titled, Vengeance EP, cementing the speculation that he had been let go and had left Psychopathic Records.\n\nParagraph 23: With his brothers Charles and Albert, Gustav formed Stickley Brothers & Company in 1883, the same year he married Eda Ann Simmons. Within five years, the company was dissolved and Stickley’s ambitions led him to partner with Elgin Simonds, a salesman in the furniture trade, to form the firm Stickley & Simonds in Binghamton, New York. During the 1890s, Stickley divided his efforts between his new enterprise and the Auburn State Prison. At the prison he and his brother Leopold served as a foremen of furniture operations. In 1898, he orchestrated the removal of his business partner and formed the Gustave Stickley Company (he dropped the use of the \"e\" from his first name in 1903).\n\nParagraph 24: The Einarson rink had a slow start to the 2021–22 season, failing to win any of their first five tour events. Their best finish came at the 2021 Sherwood Park Women's Curling Classic where they lost in the final to Tracy Fleury. The team reached the quarterfinals of the 2021 Masters, however, then missed the playoffs at the 2021 National. At the 2021 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials, the team went through the round robin with a 4–4 record. This earned them a spot in the first tiebreaker, where they defeated Casey Scheidegger 8–6. They then faced Krista McCarville in the second tiebreaker, where they lost 4–3 and were eliminated. The team's next event was the 2022 Scotties Tournament of Hearts in Thunder Bay, Ontario. Through the round robin, the defending Scotties champions posted a perfect 8–0 record, earning a spot in the playoffs. They then lost in the seeding round to New Brunswick's Andrea Crawford, meaning they would have to win three straight games to defend their championship title. In the playoffs, the team won the 3 vs. 4 page playoff against Team Fleury and then defeated New Brunswick's Crawford in the semifinal to reach the Scotties final where they would face Northern Ontario's McCarville rink. After controlling the entire game, Team Einarson sealed the victory with a steal of one in the tenth end. With the win, they became just the fourth team to win three consecutive Scotties titles. They then went on to represent Canada at the 2022 World Women's Curling Championship, where they fared much better than in 2021. The team finished the round robin tied for second place with a 9–3 record, however, due to their draw shot challenge, finished third overall. This placed them in the qualification game where they defeated Denmark's Madeleine Dupont to advance to the semifinal. There, they took on South Korea's Kim Eun-jung. After taking control in the seventh end, South Korea stole the ninth and tenth ends to hand the Canadian team a 9–6 loss. They were able to rebound in the bronze medal game with an 8–7 victory over Sweden's Anna Hasselborg. Team Einarson wrapped up their season at the final two Slams of the season. At the 2022 Players' Championship, they made it all the way to the final where they were defeated by the Hasselborg rink. At the 2022 Champions Cup, the team secured their fourth Grand Slam title as a foursome with a 10–6 victory over Gim Eun-ji.\n\nParagraph 25: At his wedding, Godefroy de Montmirail is interrupted by the news that his bride's father, Duke Fulbert, is gravely ill. Consulting the wizard Eusebius, Godefory finds out that the corridors of time are somehow being held open and this is killing his future father-in-law. Godefroy is determined to find how this has happened and who is responsible. Back in present day, Jaquouille and Ginete rob a supermarket, and drive to Beatrice for work. Jean-Pierre, the dentist who is married to Beatrice, has many patients who Jacquouille scares away, so Beatrice decides to let him watch TV. He believes it is a work of Satan, and destroys it and sets the house on fire. In the meantime, Jacquart is being tortured by the Inquisition by water cure. The inquisition shoves a funnel in his mouth and turns on a water pipe. Jacquart's belly begins rapidly growing to the point where his belly button pops out. He admits that Godefroy burnt his Range Rover (a reference to the first film), but the Inquisition believes that it was a person, Range Robert, and they are about to torture Jacquart further when Godefroy intervenes. In the future, Beatrice gives Jacquouille and Ginette the potion, and Jean-Pierre accidentally drinks one glass. She says the spell, and Jean-Pierre and Jacquouille fall in to the year 1123. Montmirail is being invaded, and he and Jacquouille fight the invaders. Godefroy is riding by, and he saves Jacquouille, but he sees that Jacquouille is wearing a huge ruby ring. Realising that Jacquouille stole the Duke's treasure and that the remaining items are in the future keeping the corridors of time open, they return, along with Jean-Pierre, and Jacquart. Jean-Pierre ends up in the forest, the others under the castle. They escape and terrorize the hotel, except for Jacquart who is urinating everywhere due to the water torture he underwent. Jaquouille and Godefory go to Ginette, who tried to turn in the rubies for money, and instead was beaten up. Cousin Hubert's ex-wife, Cora has the jewels, she tells them. They go to Cora's house, and take the jewels. In the morning, they go to Montmirail where a wedding is taking place. They create havoc at the wedding, by pouring ice cream into a woman's cleavage, and using a plunger to destroy the police chief's hat. They take the potion, and say the spell, however, the potion has again been made wrongly, and they end up in 18th century France, during the French Revolution. Jacquouille sees his descendant, Jacqouillet, as an adviser to Napoleon Bonaparte, and screams to him as they are arrested as aristocrats.\n\nParagraph 26: The earliest documents recognised by English Heritage in relation to this hall are 1681 Court of Chancery papers, written when the Jenison family owned it. However it has been suggested that part of it dates from around 1500 and that in the early 16th century it was the dower house to Walworth Castle. Low Walworth was sold by Francis Jenison when he moved to the continent in 1775 and was later made a Count of the Holy Roman Empire. It is a sizeable 17th- or early-18th-century house with 19th-century additions to the left and rear. It is built of partially rendered coursed rubble and ashlar, brickwork chimneys and a Welsh slate roof. The left−hand or western addition to the south−facing main block, with the ball finial on the parapet (see image), is 18th-century or earlier and possibly a former barn.\n\nParagraph 27: This crater became of interest to scientists when the Lunar Prospector detected unusually high concentrations of hydrogen on the floor of this and other nearby craters using a neutron spectrometer. The floor of this crater is kept in permanent shadow from the Sun, and thus maintains a temperature below . Thus the floor forms a cold trap, and any molecules of water that wander into the crater from cometary impacts can deposit on the floor and remain there almost permanently. The instruments on board Lunar Prospector gave a concentration of about 146 ppm of hydrogen, compared to 50 ppm for the average lunar surface.\n\nParagraph 28: The Hogon-ji Temple (see fig. 4) seen today is very reminiscent of the Amida style Buddhist halls and is a good example of traditional Japanese twists on Chinese architecture. This can be seen in the Chinese trait of the temple being off the ground on a base platform. However, despite the fact that the temple is on an elevated platform, it does not make the building look isolated and removed from its environment as some Chinese structures appear to be, but instead the Japanese architects have made it appear as if it is floating on the terrain and integrated with the environment. The fact that the Hogon-ji Temple was built in honor of Benzaiten probably explains why the temple looks like it is floating on the ground and why flowing lines in the architecture are important. The temple obviously uses the traditional Chinese and Japanese post-and-lintel style. This is evidenced in the vertical columns that support horizontal beams. The front of the temple appears to have three bays or architectural sections, kens in Japanese terms: one bay on the left side of the doors, the bay with the three doors, and the bay on the right side of the doors. On top of the wooden vertical columns in the front of the temple are typical Japanese 3-on-1 bracket complexes. These bracket complexes are what support the horizontal beams above them. The three part eave on the front of the temple is a stylistic trait of the Amida Halls. The middle section of the temple's exterior makes the temple look as if it is more than one story; however, due to the style of Amida Halls it is most likely just a mokoshi. A mokoshi being a gap in the architectural rafters that make a structure appear more stories than it actually is. Mokoshis also make a structure appear as if it has one roof over another. Note the three-stepped bracket complexes that support the actual roof. Three-stepped bracket complexes are composed of three of the 3-on-1 looking brackets stacked on top of each other with each 3-on-1 bracket supporting a ceiling beam. The ends of these beams can be seen decoratively sticking out from the structure at the corners of the actual roof. This bracket system is a very common trait of traditional Japanese architecture. Also it is documented that the more complex a structure's bracket system is, the more important it supposedly is. Therefore, the Hogon-ji Temple would have been pretty important seeing how it has the complex three-stepped bracketing system. The square flying rafters that extend just to the edge of the underside of the eave roofs and actual roof are an excellent touch that both accentuates the curvature of the roofs and adds a natural element of simple decoration. As apparent, the roof is indeed curved, a trait carried over from Chinese architecture. However, Chinese curved roofs were curved much shallower than their Japanese successors. As seen in fig. 4, the curvature of the temple's actual roof is quite drastic. Also, the downward angle of the actual roof itself is quite steep. This angle is most likely to help with rainwater run-off and symbolic of apotropaic qualities. Curved roofs were commonly believed to ward off evil spirits because evil spirits hated curves and that they would also fall off of the roof due to its drastic angle. Thus, curved roofs are very commonly used in Chinese and Japanese architecture. The sag in both the eave roof and the actual roof is a trait reminiscent of Chinese architecture. Yet, the upward turned corners of the roof are a distinctly Japanese trait that was not seen in Japanese architecture before the Heian period. The temple has what is termed a hogyō, a pyramidal roof that converges at a central point. Also commonly seen in Chinese and Japanese architecture are ridges curving along the top curves of the actual roof. Overall, the architecture of the temple is very plain and undecorated compared to some of the more ornate temples. This could be because the temple is Buddhist and therefore, its patrons hold to the idea of moderation in life. Yet, because of its simplicity it looks very elegant, flowing, and natural in the surrounding environment.\n\nParagraph 29: Asked recently by the Sunday Times if he had ever been \"hard up\" he responded \"No. When I got pocket money as a young boy, I would save it. Apart from a blip when I was first in business, I've always had money. From the age of 16, I worked as a milkman in my holidays and saved to buy my first car, a Mini van\". In the same article, Davies was asked if he was better off than his parents had been. \"Financially, I am. But \"better off\" should be measured by more than finance. My parents were an amazingly happy couple and never wanted for anything. My father was the manager of a sausage factory and my mother bought and ran a post office in her fifties\".\n\nParagraph 30: In April 2021, the Senate Parliamentarian—an in-house rules expert—determined that the Senate can pass two budget reconciliation bills in 2021: one focused on fiscal year 2021 and one focused on fiscal year 2022. In addition, the Senate can pass additional budget reconciliation bills by describing them as a revised budget resolution that contains budget reconciliation instructions. However, the Parliamentarian later clarified that the “auto-discharge” rule that allows a budget resolution to bypass a Budget Committee vote and be brought directly to the Senate floor does not apply to a revised budget resolution. As a result of this ruling, a revised budget resolution would need to be approved by a majority vote of the Budget Committee before proceeding to the Senate floor, or deadlocked with a tied vote and then brought to the Senate floor via a motion to discharge. In a 50-50 Senate where committees are evenly divided between parties, this has the functional effect of requiring at least one member of the minority party on the Budget Committee to be present in order to provide a quorum for a vote. Considering the inherently partisan nature of reconciliation legislation, it is highly unlikely that a member of the minority party will cooperate with the majority by providing a quorum on the Committee, thus practically limiting the majority of a 50-50 tied Senate to one reconciliation bill per fiscal year.\n\nThe following is an abstract.\n\nThe text describes the events that transpire after Godefroy de Montmirail is interrupted at his wedding by news of his bride's gravely ill father. Consulting a wizard, he learns that the corridors of time are being held open, causing harm to his future father-in-law. Determined to find the culprit, Godefroy embarks on a mission. In the present day, two characters named Jacquouille and Ginete rob a supermarket and eventually end up working for Beatrice. Beatrice's husband, Jean-Pierre, a dentist, scares away his patients, leading Beatrice to allow Jacquouille to watch TV, which he believes is the work of Satan and destroys. Jacquart, another character, is tortured by the Inquisition. Godefroy intervenes to stop the torture and admits to Burning Jacquart's Range Rover. Jacquouille and Ginette receive a potion from Beatrice that sends them back to the year 1123 where they help Godefroy fight invaders. They discover that Jacquouille has stolen the Duke's treasure, and the remaining items are in the future, keeping the corridors of time open. They return to their own time, terrorize a hotel, and retrieve the stolen jewels from Jacqouille's ex-wife. They later attend a wedding and cause chaos before mistakenly being sent to 18th-century France during the French Revolution. Jacquouille recognizes his descendant, Jacqouillet, as Napoleon Bonaparte's advisor, but they are arrested as aristocrats.\n\nPlease enter the number of the paragraph that the abstract is from. The answer format must be like \"Paragraph 1\", \"Paragraph 2\", etc.\n\nThe answer is: "}